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msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1710692386#3_1926583257	Title: Romanticism - Wikipedia Headings: Romanticism Romanticism Contents Defining Romanticism Basic characteristics Etymology Period Context and place in history Literature Germany Great Britain Scotland France Poland Russia Spain Portugal Italy South America United States Influence of European Romanticism on American writers Architecture Visual arts Music Outside the arts Sciences Historiography Theology Chess Romantic nationalism Polish nationalism and messianism Gallery Emerging Romanticism in the 18th century French Romantic painting Other Romantic authors Scholars of Romanticism See also References Citations Sources Further reading External links Content: Contents 1 Defining Romanticism 1.1 Basic characteristics 1.2 Etymology 1.3 Period 1.4 Context and place in history 2 Literature 2.1 Germany 2.2 Great Britain 2.2.1 Scotland 2.3 France 2.4 Poland 2.5 Russia 2.6 Spain 2.7 Portugal 2.8 Italy 2.9 South America 2.10 United States 2.10.1 Influence of European Romanticism on American writers 3 Architecture 4 Visual arts 5 Music 6 Outside the arts 6.1 Sciences 6.2 Historiography 6.3 Theology 6.4 Chess 7 Romantic nationalism 7.1 Polish nationalism and messianism 8 Gallery 9 Romantic authors 10 Scholars of Romanticism 11 See also 11.1 Related terms 11.2 Opposing terms 11.3 Related subjects 11.4 Related movements 12 References 12.1 Citations 12.2 Sources 13 Further reading 14 External links Defining Romanticism Basic characteristics The nature of Romanticism may be approached from the primary importance of the free expression of the feelings of the artist. The importance the Romantics placed on emotion is summed up in the remark of the German painter Caspar David Friedrich, "the artist's feeling is his law". For William Wordsworth, poetry should begin as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings", which the poet then "recollect [s] in tranquility", evoking a new but corresponding emotion the poet can then mold into art. To express these feelings, it was considered that content of art had to come from the imagination of the artist, with as little interference as possible from "artificial" rules dictating what a work should consist of. Samuel Taylor Coleridge and others believed there were natural laws the imagination—at least of a good creative artist—would unconsciously follow through artistic inspiration if left alone. As well as rules, the influence of models from other works was considered to impede the creator's own imagination, so that originality was essential. The concept of the genius, or artist who was able to produce his own original work through this process of creation from nothingness, is key to Romanticism, and to be derivative was the worst sin. This idea is often called "romantic originality". Translator and prominent Romantic August Wilhelm Schlegel argued in his Lectures on Dramatic Arts and Letters that the most phenomenal power of human nature is its capacity to divide and diverge into opposite directions. William Blake, The Little Girl Found, from Songs of Innocence and Experience, 1794 Not essential to Romanticism, but so widespread as to be normative, was a strong belief and interest in the importance of nature.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_era
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1710692386#4_1926586724	Title: Romanticism - Wikipedia Headings: Romanticism Romanticism Contents Defining Romanticism Basic characteristics Etymology Period Context and place in history Literature Germany Great Britain Scotland France Poland Russia Spain Portugal Italy South America United States Influence of European Romanticism on American writers Architecture Visual arts Music Outside the arts Sciences Historiography Theology Chess Romantic nationalism Polish nationalism and messianism Gallery Emerging Romanticism in the 18th century French Romantic painting Other Romantic authors Scholars of Romanticism See also References Citations Sources Further reading External links Content: As well as rules, the influence of models from other works was considered to impede the creator's own imagination, so that originality was essential. The concept of the genius, or artist who was able to produce his own original work through this process of creation from nothingness, is key to Romanticism, and to be derivative was the worst sin. This idea is often called "romantic originality". Translator and prominent Romantic August Wilhelm Schlegel argued in his Lectures on Dramatic Arts and Letters that the most phenomenal power of human nature is its capacity to divide and diverge into opposite directions. William Blake, The Little Girl Found, from Songs of Innocence and Experience, 1794 Not essential to Romanticism, but so widespread as to be normative, was a strong belief and interest in the importance of nature. This particularly in the effect of nature upon the artist when he is surrounded by it, preferably alone. In contrast to the usually very social art of the Enlightenment, Romantics were distrustful of the human world, and tended to believe a close connection with nature was mentally and morally healthy. Romantic art addressed its audiences with what was intended to be felt as the personal voice of the artist. So, in literature, "much of romantic poetry invited the reader to identify the protagonists with the poets themselves". According to Isaiah Berlin, Romanticism embodied "a new and restless spirit, seeking violently to burst through old and cramping forms, a nervous preoccupation with perpetually changing inner states of consciousness, a longing for the unbounded and the indefinable, for perpetual movement and change, an effort to return to the forgotten sources of life, a passionate effort at self-assertion both individual and collective, a search after means of expressing an unappeasable yearning for unattainable goals".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_era
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1710692386#5_1926589481	Title: Romanticism - Wikipedia Headings: Romanticism Romanticism Contents Defining Romanticism Basic characteristics Etymology Period Context and place in history Literature Germany Great Britain Scotland France Poland Russia Spain Portugal Italy South America United States Influence of European Romanticism on American writers Architecture Visual arts Music Outside the arts Sciences Historiography Theology Chess Romantic nationalism Polish nationalism and messianism Gallery Emerging Romanticism in the 18th century French Romantic painting Other Romantic authors Scholars of Romanticism See also References Citations Sources Further reading External links Content: This particularly in the effect of nature upon the artist when he is surrounded by it, preferably alone. In contrast to the usually very social art of the Enlightenment, Romantics were distrustful of the human world, and tended to believe a close connection with nature was mentally and morally healthy. Romantic art addressed its audiences with what was intended to be felt as the personal voice of the artist. So, in literature, "much of romantic poetry invited the reader to identify the protagonists with the poets themselves". According to Isaiah Berlin, Romanticism embodied "a new and restless spirit, seeking violently to burst through old and cramping forms, a nervous preoccupation with perpetually changing inner states of consciousness, a longing for the unbounded and the indefinable, for perpetual movement and change, an effort to return to the forgotten sources of life, a passionate effort at self-assertion both individual and collective, a search after means of expressing an unappeasable yearning for unattainable goals". Etymology The group of words with the root "Roman" in the various European languages, such as "romance" and "Romanesque", has a complicated history. By the 1700s, European languages – notably German, French and Russian – were using the term "Roman" in the sense of the English word " novel ", i.e. a work of popular narrative fiction. This usage derived from the term "Romance languages", which referred to vernacular (or popular) language in contrast to formal Latin. Most such novels took the form of " chivalric romance ", tales of adventure, devotion and honour. The founders of Romanticism, critics August Wilhelm Schlegel and Friedrich Schlegel, began to speak of romantische Poesie ("romantic poetry") in the 1790s, contrasting it with "classic" but in terms of spirit rather than merely dating.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_era
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1729930712#8_1950020031	Title: Rosmah Mansor - Wikipedia Headings: Rosmah Mansor Rosmah Mansor Contents Personal life Allegations of corruption 1MDB scandal Lawsuit by Global Royalty Trading SAL Claims by Adi Hasan AlFardan Jewellery Arrest and court proceedings Honours Honours of Malaysia Honorary degrees References External links Content: Arrest and court proceedings Rosmah has been summoned three times by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) to assist an investigation into the alleged misappropriation of money banked into her husband's account ties to the 1MDB scandal. The first was on 5 June 2018, where she was questioned for 5 hours; the second on 26 September 2018 for 13 hours; and the third was on 3 October 2018, which led to her arrest on the same day. On 4 October 2018, Rosmah pleaded not guilty to 17 charges of money laundering involving about MYR7mil at the Sessions Court under the Anti-Money Laundering, Anti-Terrorism and Financing and Proceeds of Unlawful Activities Act. The court sets MYR2 million bail, ordered that she surrender her passport and not to approach any of the witnesses. The case will be heard on 8 November 2018. If Rosmah is convicted by the court, she might be facing a fine of up to MYR5 million, a maximum jail term of five years, or both, for offences committed before September 2014. For offences committed after September 2014, Rosmah could be looking at a maximum sentence of 15 years in jail and a fine of not less than five times the sum of the proceeds of the unlawful activity or MYR5 million, whichever is higher. Honours Honours of Malaysia Kedah :	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosmah_Mansor
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1751788380#5_1973649315	Title: Rub' al Khali - Wikipedia Headings: Rub' al Khali Rub' al Khali Contents Description Terrain Lake beds Climate Biodiversity Oil History People Expeditions In fiction Additional images See also Notes References External links Content: The lakes are thought to have formed as a result of "cataclysmic rainfall" similar to present-day monsoon rains and most probably lasted for only a few years. However, lakes in the Mundafen area in the southwest of the Rub' al Khali show evidence of lasting longer, up to 800 years, due to increased runoff from the Tuwaiq Escarpment. Evidence suggests that the lakes were home to a variety of flora and fauna. Fossil remains indicate the presence of several animal species, such as hippopotamus, water buffalo, and long-horned cattle. The lakes also contained small snails, ostracods, and when conditions were suitable, freshwater clams. Deposits of calcium carbonate and opal phytoliths indicate the presence of plants and algae. There is also evidence of human activity dating from 3,000 to 2,000 years ago, including chipped flint tools, but no actual human remains have been found. Climate The region is classified as " hyper-arid ", with annual precipitation generally less than 35 millimetres (1.4 in), and daily mean relative humidity of about 52% in January and 15% in June–July. Daily maximum temperatures average 47 °C (117 °F) in July and August, reaching peaks of 51 °C (124 °F). The daily minimum average is 12 °C (54 °F) in January and February, although frosts have been recorded.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%27_al_Khali
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1769090460#2_1995571835	Title: Russia–European Union relations - Wikipedia Headings: Russia–European Union relations Russia–European Union relations Contents Gas disputes Russian opposition to the invasion of Iraq Tensions over Association Agreements Sanctions over Ukraine Russian political influence and financial links Allegations of Russian intimidation and destabilisation of EU states Intelligence activities Cyber attacks Military doctrines Assassinations and abductions Use of migration issues Putin's propaganda Russian medical aid to Italy Anti-Russian propaganda and conspiracy theories Russian minorities in the EU Russian organised crime in the EU Trade The joint "Partnership for modernization" Other issues Kaliningrad Energy Siberian flights Meat from Poland 2014 Russian food embargo Partnership and Cooperation Agreement The Four Common Spaces Common Economic Space Common Space of Freedom, Security and Justice Common Space on External Security Common Space on Research, Education, Culture Visa liberalization dialogue EU membership discussion Russian and EU public opinion Russia's foreign relations with EU member states See also References Further reading External links Content: Furthermore, four European Union-Russia Common Spaces are agreed as a framework for establishing better relations. The latest EU-Russia strategic partnership was signed in 2011, but it was later challenged by the European Parliament in 2015 following the annexation of Crimea and the war in Donbas. Russia borders five EU member states: Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland . Contents 1 Gas disputes 2 Russian opposition to the invasion of Iraq 3 Tensions over Association Agreements 4 Sanctions over Ukraine 5 Russian political influence and financial links 6 Allegations of Russian intimidation and destabilisation of EU states 6.1 Intelligence activities 6.2 Cyber attacks 6.3 Military doctrines 6.4 Assassinations and abductions 6.5 Use of migration issues 6.6 Putin's propaganda 7 Russian medical aid to Italy 8 Anti-Russian propaganda and conspiracy theories 9 Russian minorities in the EU 10 Russian organised crime in the EU 11 Trade 11.1 The joint "Partnership for modernization" 12 Other issues 12.1 Kaliningrad 12.2 Energy 12.3 Siberian flights 12.4 Meat from Poland 12.5 2014 Russian food embargo 13 Partnership and Cooperation Agreement 14 The Four Common Spaces 14.1 Common Economic Space 14.2 Common Space of Freedom, Security and Justice 14.3 Common Space on External Security 14.4 Common Space on Research, Education, Culture 15 Visa liberalization dialogue 16 EU membership discussion 16.1 Russian and EU public opinion 17 Russia's foreign relations with EU member states 18 See also 19 References 20 Further reading 21 External links Gas disputes See also: Russia in the European energy sector Left to right: President of the European Council Herman Van Rompuy, President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev and President of the European Commission José Manuel Barroso in 2010 The Russia–Ukraine gas dispute of 2009 damaged Russia's reputation as a gas supplier. After a deal was struck between Ukraine and the EU on 23 March 2009 to upgrade Ukraine's gas pipelines According to Russian Energy Minister Sergei Shmatko the plan appeared to draw Ukraine legally closer to the European Union and might harm Moscow's interests. The Russian Foreign Ministry called the deal "an unfriendly act" (on 26 March 2009). Professor Irina Busygina of the Moscow State Institution for Foreign Relations has said that Russia has better relations with certain leaders of some EU countries than with the EU as a whole because the EU has no prospect of a common foreign policy.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1769090460#3_1995575796	Title: Russia–European Union relations - Wikipedia Headings: Russia–European Union relations Russia–European Union relations Contents Gas disputes Russian opposition to the invasion of Iraq Tensions over Association Agreements Sanctions over Ukraine Russian political influence and financial links Allegations of Russian intimidation and destabilisation of EU states Intelligence activities Cyber attacks Military doctrines Assassinations and abductions Use of migration issues Putin's propaganda Russian medical aid to Italy Anti-Russian propaganda and conspiracy theories Russian minorities in the EU Russian organised crime in the EU Trade The joint "Partnership for modernization" Other issues Kaliningrad Energy Siberian flights Meat from Poland 2014 Russian food embargo Partnership and Cooperation Agreement The Four Common Spaces Common Economic Space Common Space of Freedom, Security and Justice Common Space on External Security Common Space on Research, Education, Culture Visa liberalization dialogue EU membership discussion Russian and EU public opinion Russia's foreign relations with EU member states See also References Further reading External links Content: Russia in the European energy sector Left to right: President of the European Council Herman Van Rompuy, President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev and President of the European Commission José Manuel Barroso in 2010 The Russia–Ukraine gas dispute of 2009 damaged Russia's reputation as a gas supplier. After a deal was struck between Ukraine and the EU on 23 March 2009 to upgrade Ukraine's gas pipelines According to Russian Energy Minister Sergei Shmatko the plan appeared to draw Ukraine legally closer to the European Union and might harm Moscow's interests. The Russian Foreign Ministry called the deal "an unfriendly act" (on 26 March 2009). Professor Irina Busygina of the Moscow State Institution for Foreign Relations has said that Russia has better relations with certain leaders of some EU countries than with the EU as a whole because the EU has no prospect of a common foreign policy. In September 2012, the European Commission (EC) opened an antitrust investigation relating to Gazprom 's contracts in central and eastern Europe. Russia responded by enacting, also in September 2012, legislation hindering foreign investigations. In 2013, the poorest members of the EU usually paid the highest prices for gas from Gazprom. The commission's investigation was delayed due to Russia's military intervention in Ukraine. In April 2015, the EC accused Gazprom of unfair pricing and restricting competition.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1769090460#4_1995578646	Title: Russia–European Union relations - Wikipedia Headings: Russia–European Union relations Russia–European Union relations Contents Gas disputes Russian opposition to the invasion of Iraq Tensions over Association Agreements Sanctions over Ukraine Russian political influence and financial links Allegations of Russian intimidation and destabilisation of EU states Intelligence activities Cyber attacks Military doctrines Assassinations and abductions Use of migration issues Putin's propaganda Russian medical aid to Italy Anti-Russian propaganda and conspiracy theories Russian minorities in the EU Russian organised crime in the EU Trade The joint "Partnership for modernization" Other issues Kaliningrad Energy Siberian flights Meat from Poland 2014 Russian food embargo Partnership and Cooperation Agreement The Four Common Spaces Common Economic Space Common Space of Freedom, Security and Justice Common Space on External Security Common Space on Research, Education, Culture Visa liberalization dialogue EU membership discussion Russian and EU public opinion Russia's foreign relations with EU member states See also References Further reading External links Content: In September 2012, the European Commission (EC) opened an antitrust investigation relating to Gazprom 's contracts in central and eastern Europe. Russia responded by enacting, also in September 2012, legislation hindering foreign investigations. In 2013, the poorest members of the EU usually paid the highest prices for gas from Gazprom. The commission's investigation was delayed due to Russia's military intervention in Ukraine. In April 2015, the EC accused Gazprom of unfair pricing and restricting competition. The European Commissioner for Competition, Margrethe Vestager, stated that "All companies that operate in the European market – no matter if they are European or not – have to play by our EU rules. I am concerned that Gazprom is breaking EU antitrust rules by abusing its dominant position on EU gas markets." Gazprom said it was "outside of the jurisdiction of the EU" and described itself as "a company which in accordance with the Russian legislation performs functions of public interest and has a status of strategic state-controlled entity." Lithuanian president Dalia Grybauskaitė said that the Kremlin was using Gazprom as "a tool of political and economic blackmail in Europe". In October 2016 general Leonid Ivashov explained in Russian Channel One that Russia's engagement in the Syrian Civil War was critical to prevent construction of hydrocarbon pipelines from Middle East to Europe, which would be catastrophic for Gazprom and, in turn, for the budget of Russian Federation.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1769090460#5_1995581603	Title: Russia–European Union relations - Wikipedia Headings: Russia–European Union relations Russia–European Union relations Contents Gas disputes Russian opposition to the invasion of Iraq Tensions over Association Agreements Sanctions over Ukraine Russian political influence and financial links Allegations of Russian intimidation and destabilisation of EU states Intelligence activities Cyber attacks Military doctrines Assassinations and abductions Use of migration issues Putin's propaganda Russian medical aid to Italy Anti-Russian propaganda and conspiracy theories Russian minorities in the EU Russian organised crime in the EU Trade The joint "Partnership for modernization" Other issues Kaliningrad Energy Siberian flights Meat from Poland 2014 Russian food embargo Partnership and Cooperation Agreement The Four Common Spaces Common Economic Space Common Space of Freedom, Security and Justice Common Space on External Security Common Space on Research, Education, Culture Visa liberalization dialogue EU membership discussion Russian and EU public opinion Russia's foreign relations with EU member states See also References Further reading External links Content: The European Commissioner for Competition, Margrethe Vestager, stated that "All companies that operate in the European market – no matter if they are European or not – have to play by our EU rules. I am concerned that Gazprom is breaking EU antitrust rules by abusing its dominant position on EU gas markets." Gazprom said it was "outside of the jurisdiction of the EU" and described itself as "a company which in accordance with the Russian legislation performs functions of public interest and has a status of strategic state-controlled entity." Lithuanian president Dalia Grybauskaitė said that the Kremlin was using Gazprom as "a tool of political and economic blackmail in Europe". In October 2016 general Leonid Ivashov explained in Russian Channel One that Russia's engagement in the Syrian Civil War was critical to prevent construction of hydrocarbon pipelines from Middle East to Europe, which would be catastrophic for Gazprom and, in turn, for the budget of Russian Federation. Russian opposition to the invasion of Iraq Russia strongly opposed the U.S.-led 2003 invasion of Iraq. Some EU member states, including Poland and Britain, have agreed to join the United States in the " coalition of the willing ". The foreign ministers of Russia, France and Germany made a joint declaration that they will "not allow" passage of a UN Security Council resolution authorising war against Iraq. Tensions over Association Agreements President of the European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, and Russian President Putin in July 2017 The run-up to the 2013 Vilnius Summit between the EU and its eastern neighbours saw what The Economist called a "raw geopolitical contest" not seen in Europe since the end of the Cold War, as Russia attempted to persuade countries in its " near abroad " to join its new Eurasian Economic Union rather than sign Association Agreements with the EU. The Russian government under president Putin succeeded in convincing Armenia (in September) and Ukraine (in November) to halt talks with the EU and instead begin negotiations with Russia.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1769505344#0_1995864367	Title: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes - Wikipedia Headings: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Contents Historical background Disputes of the 1990s Dispute of 2005–2006 Dispute of 2007–2008 Dispute of 2008–2009 2010 natural gas agreement Prologue Agreement Dispute of 2013–2014 Annexation of Crimea June 2014 gas supplies to Ukraine cut off November 2015 gas supplies stop Public reaction in Ukraine See also References External links Content: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes - Wikipedia Russia–Ukraine gas disputes From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Parts of this article (those related to the 31 Oct 2014 settlement) need to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( October 2014) Natural gas pipelines from Russia to Europe The Russia–Ukraine gas disputes refer to a number of disputes between Ukrainian oil and gas company Naftohaz Ukrayiny and Russian gas supplier Gazprom over natural gas supplies, prices, and debts. These disputes have grown beyond simple business disputes into transnational political issues—involving political leaders from several countries—that threaten natural gas supplies in numerous European countries dependent on natural gas imports from Russian suppliers, which are transported through Ukraine. Russia provides approximately a quarter of the natural gas consumed in the European Union; approximately 80% of those exports travel through pipelines across Ukrainian soil prior to arriving in the EU. A serious dispute began in March 2005 over the price of natural gas supplied and the cost of transit. During this conflict, Russia claimed Ukraine was not paying for gas, but diverting that which was intended to be exported to the EU from the pipelines. Ukrainian officials at first denied the accusation, but later Naftogaz admitted that because of harsh winter (lower than minus 30C) some natural gas intended for other European countries was retained and used for domestic needs. Ukraine said it will still meet its contractual transit obligations.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_disputes
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1769505344#1_1995866730	Title: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes - Wikipedia Headings: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Contents Historical background Disputes of the 1990s Dispute of 2005–2006 Dispute of 2007–2008 Dispute of 2008–2009 2010 natural gas agreement Prologue Agreement Dispute of 2013–2014 Annexation of Crimea June 2014 gas supplies to Ukraine cut off November 2015 gas supplies stop Public reaction in Ukraine See also References External links Content: approximately 80% of those exports travel through pipelines across Ukrainian soil prior to arriving in the EU. A serious dispute began in March 2005 over the price of natural gas supplied and the cost of transit. During this conflict, Russia claimed Ukraine was not paying for gas, but diverting that which was intended to be exported to the EU from the pipelines. Ukrainian officials at first denied the accusation, but later Naftogaz admitted that because of harsh winter (lower than minus 30C) some natural gas intended for other European countries was retained and used for domestic needs. Ukraine said it will still meet its contractual transit obligations. The dispute reached a high point on 1 January 2006, when Russia cut off all gas supplies passing through Ukrainian territory. On 4 January 2006, a preliminary agreement between Russia and Ukraine was achieved, and the supply was restored. The situation calmed until October 2007 when new disputes began over Ukrainian gas debts. This led to reduction of gas supplies in March 2008. During the last months of 2008, relations once again became tense when Ukraine and Russia could not agree on the debts owed by Ukraine.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_disputes
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1769505344#2_1995868613	Title: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes - Wikipedia Headings: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Contents Historical background Disputes of the 1990s Dispute of 2005–2006 Dispute of 2007–2008 Dispute of 2008–2009 2010 natural gas agreement Prologue Agreement Dispute of 2013–2014 Annexation of Crimea June 2014 gas supplies to Ukraine cut off November 2015 gas supplies stop Public reaction in Ukraine See also References External links Content: The dispute reached a high point on 1 January 2006, when Russia cut off all gas supplies passing through Ukrainian territory. On 4 January 2006, a preliminary agreement between Russia and Ukraine was achieved, and the supply was restored. The situation calmed until October 2007 when new disputes began over Ukrainian gas debts. This led to reduction of gas supplies in March 2008. During the last months of 2008, relations once again became tense when Ukraine and Russia could not agree on the debts owed by Ukraine. In January 2009, this disagreement resulted in supply disruptions in many European nations, with eighteen European countries reporting major drops in or complete cut-offs of their gas supplies transported through Ukraine from Russia. In September 2009 officials from both countries stated they felt the situation was under control and that there would be no more conflicts over the topic, at least until the Ukrainian 2010 presidential elections. However, in October 2009, another disagreement arose about the amount of gas Ukraine would import from Russia in 2010. Ukraine intended to import less gas in 2010 as a result of reduced industry needs because of its economic recession; however, Gazprom insisted that Ukraine fulfill its contractual obligations and purchase the previously agreed upon quantities of gas.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_disputes
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1769505344#3_1995870651	Title: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes - Wikipedia Headings: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Contents Historical background Disputes of the 1990s Dispute of 2005–2006 Dispute of 2007–2008 Dispute of 2008–2009 2010 natural gas agreement Prologue Agreement Dispute of 2013–2014 Annexation of Crimea June 2014 gas supplies to Ukraine cut off November 2015 gas supplies stop Public reaction in Ukraine See also References External links Content: In January 2009, this disagreement resulted in supply disruptions in many European nations, with eighteen European countries reporting major drops in or complete cut-offs of their gas supplies transported through Ukraine from Russia. In September 2009 officials from both countries stated they felt the situation was under control and that there would be no more conflicts over the topic, at least until the Ukrainian 2010 presidential elections. However, in October 2009, another disagreement arose about the amount of gas Ukraine would import from Russia in 2010. Ukraine intended to import less gas in 2010 as a result of reduced industry needs because of its economic recession; however, Gazprom insisted that Ukraine fulfill its contractual obligations and purchase the previously agreed upon quantities of gas. On 8 June 2010, a Stockholm court of arbitration ruled Naftohaz of Ukraine must return 12.1 billion cubic metres (430 billion cubic feet) of gas to RosUkrEnergo, a Swiss-based company in which Gazprom controls a 50% stake. Russia accused Ukrainian side of diverting gas from pipelines passing through Ukraine in 2009. Several high-ranking Ukrainian officials stated the return "would not be quick". Russia plans to completely abandon gas supplies to Europe through Ukraine after 2018. Gazprom has already substantially reduced the volumes of gas it transits across Ukraine, and expressed its intention of reducing the level further by means of transit diversification pipelines (Nord Stream, Turkish Stream, etc.).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_disputes
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1769505344#4_1995872888	Title: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes - Wikipedia Headings: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Contents Historical background Disputes of the 1990s Dispute of 2005–2006 Dispute of 2007–2008 Dispute of 2008–2009 2010 natural gas agreement Prologue Agreement Dispute of 2013–2014 Annexation of Crimea June 2014 gas supplies to Ukraine cut off November 2015 gas supplies stop Public reaction in Ukraine See also References External links Content: On 8 June 2010, a Stockholm court of arbitration ruled Naftohaz of Ukraine must return 12.1 billion cubic metres (430 billion cubic feet) of gas to RosUkrEnergo, a Swiss-based company in which Gazprom controls a 50% stake. Russia accused Ukrainian side of diverting gas from pipelines passing through Ukraine in 2009. Several high-ranking Ukrainian officials stated the return "would not be quick". Russia plans to completely abandon gas supplies to Europe through Ukraine after 2018. Gazprom has already substantially reduced the volumes of gas it transits across Ukraine, and expressed its intention of reducing the level further by means of transit diversification pipelines (Nord Stream, Turkish Stream, etc.). Contents 1 Historical background 2 Disputes of the 1990s 3 Dispute of 2005–2006 4 Dispute of 2007–2008 5 Dispute of 2008–2009 6 2010 natural gas agreement 6.1 Prologue 6.2 Agreement 7 Dispute of 2013–2014 7.1 Annexation of Crimea 7.2 June 2014 gas supplies to Ukraine cut off 8 November 2015 gas supplies stop 9 Public reaction in Ukraine 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Historical background This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( July 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, oil import prices to Ukraine reached world market levels in 1993. However, gas import prices and transit fees remained below European levels for Russian exports to Europe through pipelines in Ukraine;	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_disputes
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1769505344#5_1995875247	Title: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes - Wikipedia Headings: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Contents Historical background Disputes of the 1990s Dispute of 2005–2006 Dispute of 2007–2008 Dispute of 2008–2009 2010 natural gas agreement Prologue Agreement Dispute of 2013–2014 Annexation of Crimea June 2014 gas supplies to Ukraine cut off November 2015 gas supplies stop Public reaction in Ukraine See also References External links Content: Contents 1 Historical background 2 Disputes of the 1990s 3 Dispute of 2005–2006 4 Dispute of 2007–2008 5 Dispute of 2008–2009 6 2010 natural gas agreement 6.1 Prologue 6.2 Agreement 7 Dispute of 2013–2014 7.1 Annexation of Crimea 7.2 June 2014 gas supplies to Ukraine cut off 8 November 2015 gas supplies stop 9 Public reaction in Ukraine 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Historical background This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( July 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, oil import prices to Ukraine reached world market levels in 1993. However, gas import prices and transit fees remained below European levels for Russian exports to Europe through pipelines in Ukraine; these were set in bilateral negotiations. At the same time Ukraine remained the main transit corridor for Russia's gas export. In 2004–2005, 80% of Russian gas exports to the European Union were made through Ukrainian territory. Two-thirds of Gazprom's revenue comes from the sale of gas that crosses Ukraine. Ukraine's own annual gas consumption in 2004–2005 was around 80 billion cubic metres (2.8 trillion cubic feet), of which around 20 billion cubic metres (710 billion cubic feet) were produced domestically, 36 billion cubic metres (1.3 trillion cubic feet) were bought from Turkmenistan, and 17 billion cubic metres (600 billion cubic feet) were received from Russia in exchange for transport of Russian natural gas.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_disputes
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1769505344#6_1995877624	Title: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes - Wikipedia Headings: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Contents Historical background Disputes of the 1990s Dispute of 2005–2006 Dispute of 2007–2008 Dispute of 2008–2009 2010 natural gas agreement Prologue Agreement Dispute of 2013–2014 Annexation of Crimea June 2014 gas supplies to Ukraine cut off November 2015 gas supplies stop Public reaction in Ukraine See also References External links Content: these were set in bilateral negotiations. At the same time Ukraine remained the main transit corridor for Russia's gas export. In 2004–2005, 80% of Russian gas exports to the European Union were made through Ukrainian territory. Two-thirds of Gazprom's revenue comes from the sale of gas that crosses Ukraine. Ukraine's own annual gas consumption in 2004–2005 was around 80 billion cubic metres (2.8 trillion cubic feet), of which around 20 billion cubic metres (710 billion cubic feet) were produced domestically, 36 billion cubic metres (1.3 trillion cubic feet) were bought from Turkmenistan, and 17 billion cubic metres (600 billion cubic feet) were received from Russia in exchange for transport of Russian natural gas. The remaining 8 billion cubic metres (280 billion cubic feet) were purchased from Russia. The gas trading system differed substantially from the gas sale to the European Union and caused problems in the form of large-scale deliveries of relatively cheap Russian gas causing an increase of energy-intensive industries and supporting Ukraine's status as one of the world's least energy-efficient countries and largest gas importers, the accumulation of Ukrainian debts and non-payment of same, unsanctioned diversion of gas and alleged theft from the transit system, and Russian pressure on Ukraine to hand over infrastructure in return for relief of debts accumulated over natural gas transactions. Gas trading was conducted under a framework of bilateral intergovernmental agreements which provided for sales, transit volumes, gas prices, gas storage, and other issues such as the establishment of production joint ventures. Commercial agreements were negotiated between the relevant companies within the guidelines and dictates of that framework and supplemented by annual agreements specifying exact prices and volumes for the following year. Gas sales prices and transit tariffs were determined in relationship to each other.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_disputes
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1769505344#7_1995880291	Title: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes - Wikipedia Headings: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Contents Historical background Disputes of the 1990s Dispute of 2005–2006 Dispute of 2007–2008 Dispute of 2008–2009 2010 natural gas agreement Prologue Agreement Dispute of 2013–2014 Annexation of Crimea June 2014 gas supplies to Ukraine cut off November 2015 gas supplies stop Public reaction in Ukraine See also References External links Content: The remaining 8 billion cubic metres (280 billion cubic feet) were purchased from Russia. The gas trading system differed substantially from the gas sale to the European Union and caused problems in the form of large-scale deliveries of relatively cheap Russian gas causing an increase of energy-intensive industries and supporting Ukraine's status as one of the world's least energy-efficient countries and largest gas importers, the accumulation of Ukrainian debts and non-payment of same, unsanctioned diversion of gas and alleged theft from the transit system, and Russian pressure on Ukraine to hand over infrastructure in return for relief of debts accumulated over natural gas transactions. Gas trading was conducted under a framework of bilateral intergovernmental agreements which provided for sales, transit volumes, gas prices, gas storage, and other issues such as the establishment of production joint ventures. Commercial agreements were negotiated between the relevant companies within the guidelines and dictates of that framework and supplemented by annual agreements specifying exact prices and volumes for the following year. Gas sales prices and transit tariffs were determined in relationship to each other. Commercial agreements and trade relations have been non-transparent and trade has been conducted via intermediaries such as Itera, EuralTransGaz, and RosUkrEnergo. RosUkrEnergo's involvement in the Russian-Ukrainian gas trade has been controversial. There are allegations that the company is controlled by Semion Mogilevich and its beneficiaries include strategically placed officials in the Russian and Ukrainian gas industries and governmental structures related to the energy sector. Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin has made accusations that RosUkrEnergo is owned by a business ally of Ukraine's ex-president, Viktor Yushchenko. The Ukrainian investigation into RosUkrEnergo, during Yulia Tymoshenko 's first term as Prime Minister, was closed after she was fired by Yushchenko in September 2005.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_disputes
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1769772139#9_1995985252	Title: Russia–United States relations - Wikipedia Headings: Russia–United States relations Russia–United States relations Russia–United States relations Contents Country comparison Leaders of Russia and the United States from 1992 Background Russian Empire–United States relations United States and the Russian Empire United States and the Soviet Union Soviet–American relations History From dissolution of the Soviet Union through Yeltsin’s terms (1991–99) Putin and George W. Bush: 2000–2009 Controversy over U.S. plan to station missiles in Poland (2007–2008) Russian-Georgian clash (August, 2008) From Obama’s first term to election of Trump (2009–16) "Reset" under Obama and Medvedev (2009–11) Start of Putin's third term. Obama's Syria "red line" (2012–2015) Increased tension: Overview (2012–15) Edward Snowden affair (2013–present) Ukraine crisis, sanctions (2014–present) Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War (from September 30, 2015) U.S. election of 2016 Between the 2016 election and Trump's inauguration (November 8, 2016–January 20, 2017) During the Trump administration (January 20, 2017–January 20, 2021) 2017 2018 2019 2020 Trump viewed as under Putin's influence From Biden's inauguration to present (January 20, 2021–present) Russian and U.S. intelligence operations Mutual perceptions by the countries' populations Propaganda Timeline of relations between the United States and Russia Yeltsin era, 1991–99 Putin era, 2000 to present Space exploration Nuclear arms race Economic ties Military ties NATO–Russia relations Joint operations and mutual support See also Notes References Further reading To 1945 Cold War Since 1991 External links Content: In the late 1980s, Eastern Europe nations took advantage of the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule. The relationship greatly improved in the final years of the USSR. On December 3, 1989, Gorbachev and the U.S. president George H. W. Bush declared the Cold War over at the Malta Summit. History From dissolution of the Soviet Union through Yeltsin’s terms (1991–99) With Communism defunct, on December 25, 1991, the Soviet Union dissolved, and the Commonwealth of Independent States, a loose association was formed by 12 of the 15 former Soviet constituent republics, leaving out the three Baltic states. The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became Russia. It was now an independent state that inherited the USSR's UN Security Council permanent membership and became the successor state to the USSR. Strobe Talbott, who was Washington's chief expert on Russia, has argued that Clinton hit it off with Russian Boris Yeltsin, the president of Russia 1991-1999: The personal diplomacy between Clinton and Yeltsin, augmented by the channel that Gore developed with Yeltsin’s longest-serving prime minister, Victor Chernomyrdin, yielded half a dozen major understandings that either resolved or alleviated disputes over Russia’s role in the post–cold war world. The two presidents were the negotiators in chief of agreements to halt the sale of Russian rocket parts to India; remove Soviet-era nuclear missiles from Ukraine in exchange for Russian assurances of Ukraine’s sovereignty and security;	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1769772139#10_1995988892	Title: Russia–United States relations - Wikipedia Headings: Russia–United States relations Russia–United States relations Russia–United States relations Contents Country comparison Leaders of Russia and the United States from 1992 Background Russian Empire–United States relations United States and the Russian Empire United States and the Soviet Union Soviet–American relations History From dissolution of the Soviet Union through Yeltsin’s terms (1991–99) Putin and George W. Bush: 2000–2009 Controversy over U.S. plan to station missiles in Poland (2007–2008) Russian-Georgian clash (August, 2008) From Obama’s first term to election of Trump (2009–16) "Reset" under Obama and Medvedev (2009–11) Start of Putin's third term. Obama's Syria "red line" (2012–2015) Increased tension: Overview (2012–15) Edward Snowden affair (2013–present) Ukraine crisis, sanctions (2014–present) Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War (from September 30, 2015) U.S. election of 2016 Between the 2016 election and Trump's inauguration (November 8, 2016–January 20, 2017) During the Trump administration (January 20, 2017–January 20, 2021) 2017 2018 2019 2020 Trump viewed as under Putin's influence From Biden's inauguration to present (January 20, 2021–present) Russian and U.S. intelligence operations Mutual perceptions by the countries' populations Propaganda Timeline of relations between the United States and Russia Yeltsin era, 1991–99 Putin era, 2000 to present Space exploration Nuclear arms race Economic ties Military ties NATO–Russia relations Joint operations and mutual support See also Notes References Further reading To 1945 Cold War Since 1991 External links Content: It was now an independent state that inherited the USSR's UN Security Council permanent membership and became the successor state to the USSR. Strobe Talbott, who was Washington's chief expert on Russia, has argued that Clinton hit it off with Russian Boris Yeltsin, the president of Russia 1991-1999: The personal diplomacy between Clinton and Yeltsin, augmented by the channel that Gore developed with Yeltsin’s longest-serving prime minister, Victor Chernomyrdin, yielded half a dozen major understandings that either resolved or alleviated disputes over Russia’s role in the post–cold war world. The two presidents were the negotiators in chief of agreements to halt the sale of Russian rocket parts to India; remove Soviet-era nuclear missiles from Ukraine in exchange for Russian assurances of Ukraine’s sovereignty and security; withdraw Russian troops from the Baltic states; institutionalize cooperation between Russia and an expanding NATO; lay the ground for the Baltic states to join the alliance; and ensure the participation of the Russian military in Balkan peacekeeping and of Russian diplomacy in the settlement of NATO’s air war against Serbia. Relations between Yeltsin and the administrations of George H. W. Bush (1989–1993) and Bill Clinton (1993–2000) started off well, but deteriorated after 1997.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1770243199#0_1996336174	Title: Russia in the European energy sector - Wikipedia Headings: Russia in the European energy sector Russia in the European energy sector Contents History Natural gas deliveries Disputes and diversification efforts Nuclear fuel supplies See also References Content: Russia in the European energy sector - Wikipedia Russia in the European energy sector From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( August 2018) Sources of European natural gas, 2010–2017. Russia (dark brown) was the source of 35% of total EU natural gas consumption in 2017. The Russian Federation supplies a significant volume of fossil fuels and is the largest exporter of oil, natural gas and hard coal to the European Union. In 2017, energy products accounted around 60% of the EU's total imports from Russia. According to Eurostat, 30% of the EU's petroleum oil imports and 39% of total gas imports came from Russia in 2017. For Estonia, Poland, Slovakia and Finland, more than 75% of their imports of petroleum oils originated in Russia. The Russian state-owned company Gazprom exports natural gas to Europe. It also controls many subsidiaries, including various infrastructure assets.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1770243199#1_1996337687	Title: Russia in the European energy sector - Wikipedia Headings: Russia in the European energy sector Russia in the European energy sector Contents History Natural gas deliveries Disputes and diversification efforts Nuclear fuel supplies See also References Content: In 2017, energy products accounted around 60% of the EU's total imports from Russia. According to Eurostat, 30% of the EU's petroleum oil imports and 39% of total gas imports came from Russia in 2017. For Estonia, Poland, Slovakia and Finland, more than 75% of their imports of petroleum oils originated in Russia. The Russian state-owned company Gazprom exports natural gas to Europe. It also controls many subsidiaries, including various infrastructure assets. According to a study published by the Research Centre for East European Studies, the liberalization of the EU gas market has driven Gazprom's expansion in Europe by increasing its share in the European downstream market. It has established sale subsidiaries in many of its export markets, and has also invested in access to industrial and power generation sectors in Western and Central Europe. In addition, Gazprom has established joint ventures to build natural gas pipelines and storage depots in a number of European countries. Transneft, a Russian state-owned company responsible for the national oil pipelines, is another Russian company that supplies energy to Europe. In September 2012, the European Commission opened formal proceedings to investigate whether Gazprom was hindering competition in Central and Eastern European gas markets, in breach of EU competition law.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1770243199#2_1996339494	Title: Russia in the European energy sector - Wikipedia Headings: Russia in the European energy sector Russia in the European energy sector Contents History Natural gas deliveries Disputes and diversification efforts Nuclear fuel supplies See also References Content: According to a study published by the Research Centre for East European Studies, the liberalization of the EU gas market has driven Gazprom's expansion in Europe by increasing its share in the European downstream market. It has established sale subsidiaries in many of its export markets, and has also invested in access to industrial and power generation sectors in Western and Central Europe. In addition, Gazprom has established joint ventures to build natural gas pipelines and storage depots in a number of European countries. Transneft, a Russian state-owned company responsible for the national oil pipelines, is another Russian company that supplies energy to Europe. In September 2012, the European Commission opened formal proceedings to investigate whether Gazprom was hindering competition in Central and Eastern European gas markets, in breach of EU competition law. In particular, the Commission looked into Gazprom's usage of 'no resale' clauses in supply contracts, alleged prevention of diversification of gas supplies, and imposition of unfair pricing by linking oil and gas prices in long-term contracts. The Russian Federation responded by issuing blocking legislation, which introduced a default rule prohibiting Russian strategic firms, including Gazprom, to comply with any foreign measures or requests. Compliance is subject to prior permission granted by the Russian government. Contents 1 History 2 Natural gas deliveries 3 Disputes and diversification efforts 4 Nuclear fuel supplies 5 See also 6 References History In the early 1980s there were American efforts, led by the Reagan administration, to convince European countries, through which a proposed Soviet gas pipeline was to be built, to deny firms responsible for construction the ability to purchase supplies and parts for the pipeline and associated facilities. Ronald Reagan feared that a Kremlin-controlled European natural gas pipeline infrastructure would increase the USSR's influence not only in Eastern Europe, but also in Western Europe.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1770243199#3_1996342000	Title: Russia in the European energy sector - Wikipedia Headings: Russia in the European energy sector Russia in the European energy sector Contents History Natural gas deliveries Disputes and diversification efforts Nuclear fuel supplies See also References Content: In particular, the Commission looked into Gazprom's usage of 'no resale' clauses in supply contracts, alleged prevention of diversification of gas supplies, and imposition of unfair pricing by linking oil and gas prices in long-term contracts. The Russian Federation responded by issuing blocking legislation, which introduced a default rule prohibiting Russian strategic firms, including Gazprom, to comply with any foreign measures or requests. Compliance is subject to prior permission granted by the Russian government. Contents 1 History 2 Natural gas deliveries 3 Disputes and diversification efforts 4 Nuclear fuel supplies 5 See also 6 References History In the early 1980s there were American efforts, led by the Reagan administration, to convince European countries, through which a proposed Soviet gas pipeline was to be built, to deny firms responsible for construction the ability to purchase supplies and parts for the pipeline and associated facilities. Ronald Reagan feared that a Kremlin-controlled European natural gas pipeline infrastructure would increase the USSR's influence not only in Eastern Europe, but also in Western Europe. For this reason, during his first term in office, he attempted – unsuccessfully – to stop the first natural gas pipeline from being built between the USSR and Germany. The pipeline was built despite these protests and the rise of large Russian gas firms such as Gazprom as well as increased Russian fossil fuel production has facilitated a large expansion in the quantity of gas supplied to the European market since the 1990s. Natural gas deliveries Major existing and planned natural gas pipelines supplying Russian gas to Europe In 2017, 39% of the European Union's natural gas total imports originated in Russia. As of 2009, Russian natural gas was delivered to Europe through 12 pipelines, of which three were direct pipelines (to Finland, Estonia and Latvia), four through Belarus (to Lithuania and Poland) and five through Ukraine (to Slovakia, Romania, Hungary and Poland). In 2011, an additional pipeline, Nord Stream (directly to Germany through the Baltic Sea ), opened.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1770243199#4_1996344620	Title: Russia in the European energy sector - Wikipedia Headings: Russia in the European energy sector Russia in the European energy sector Contents History Natural gas deliveries Disputes and diversification efforts Nuclear fuel supplies See also References Content: For this reason, during his first term in office, he attempted – unsuccessfully – to stop the first natural gas pipeline from being built between the USSR and Germany. The pipeline was built despite these protests and the rise of large Russian gas firms such as Gazprom as well as increased Russian fossil fuel production has facilitated a large expansion in the quantity of gas supplied to the European market since the 1990s. Natural gas deliveries Major existing and planned natural gas pipelines supplying Russian gas to Europe In 2017, 39% of the European Union's natural gas total imports originated in Russia. As of 2009, Russian natural gas was delivered to Europe through 12 pipelines, of which three were direct pipelines (to Finland, Estonia and Latvia), four through Belarus (to Lithuania and Poland) and five through Ukraine (to Slovakia, Romania, Hungary and Poland). In 2011, an additional pipeline, Nord Stream (directly to Germany through the Baltic Sea ), opened. The largest importers of Russian gas in the European Union are Germany and Italy, accounting together for almost half of the EU's gas imports from Russia. Other larger Russian gas importers (over 5 billion cubic meter per year) in the European Union are France, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Poland, Austria and Slovakia. The largest non-EU importers of Russian natural gas are Ukraine, Turkey and Belarus. In 2013 the shares of Russian natural gas in the domestic gas consumption in EU countries were: Estonia 100% Finland 100% Latvia 100% Lithuania 100% Slovakia 100% Bulgaria 97% Hungary 83% Slovenia 72% Greece 66% Czech Republic 63% Austria 62% Poland 57% Germany 46% Italy 34% France 18% Netherlands 5% Belgium 1.1% Disputes and diversification efforts See also:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1770243199#5_1996346865	Title: Russia in the European energy sector - Wikipedia Headings: Russia in the European energy sector Russia in the European energy sector Contents History Natural gas deliveries Disputes and diversification efforts Nuclear fuel supplies See also References Content: The largest importers of Russian gas in the European Union are Germany and Italy, accounting together for almost half of the EU's gas imports from Russia. Other larger Russian gas importers (over 5 billion cubic meter per year) in the European Union are France, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Poland, Austria and Slovakia. The largest non-EU importers of Russian natural gas are Ukraine, Turkey and Belarus. In 2013 the shares of Russian natural gas in the domestic gas consumption in EU countries were: Estonia 100% Finland 100% Latvia 100% Lithuania 100% Slovakia 100% Bulgaria 97% Hungary 83% Slovenia 72% Greece 66% Czech Republic 63% Austria 62% Poland 57% Germany 46% Italy 34% France 18% Netherlands 5% Belgium 1.1% Disputes and diversification efforts See also: Liquefied natural gas and Nord Stream 2 Angela Merkel criticized the United States's sanctions against Russia that target EU–Russia energy projects. On the eve of the 2006 Riga summit, Senator Richard Lugar, head of the U.S. Senate's Foreign Relations Committee, declared that "the most likely source of armed conflict in the European theatre and the surrounding regions will be energy scarcity and manipulation." Since then, the variety of national policies and stances of larger exporters versus larger dependents of Russian gas, together with the segmentation of the European gas market, has become a prominent issue in European politics toward Russia, with significant geopolitical implications for economic and political ties between the EU and Russia. These ties have occasionally led to calls for greater European energy diversity, although such efforts are complicated by the fact that many European customers have long term legal contracts for gas deliveries despite the disputes, most of which stretch beyond 2025–2030. The EU's failure to successfully advance a common energy policy can be further exemplified by the building of the Nord Stream pipeline, which embodies the divisions between the center and the periphery of the EU—between Old and New Europe.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1770243199#6_1996349404	Title: Russia in the European energy sector - Wikipedia Headings: Russia in the European energy sector Russia in the European energy sector Contents History Natural gas deliveries Disputes and diversification efforts Nuclear fuel supplies See also References Content: Liquefied natural gas and Nord Stream 2 Angela Merkel criticized the United States's sanctions against Russia that target EU–Russia energy projects. On the eve of the 2006 Riga summit, Senator Richard Lugar, head of the U.S. Senate's Foreign Relations Committee, declared that "the most likely source of armed conflict in the European theatre and the surrounding regions will be energy scarcity and manipulation." Since then, the variety of national policies and stances of larger exporters versus larger dependents of Russian gas, together with the segmentation of the European gas market, has become a prominent issue in European politics toward Russia, with significant geopolitical implications for economic and political ties between the EU and Russia. These ties have occasionally led to calls for greater European energy diversity, although such efforts are complicated by the fact that many European customers have long term legal contracts for gas deliveries despite the disputes, most of which stretch beyond 2025–2030. The EU's failure to successfully advance a common energy policy can be further exemplified by the building of the Nord Stream pipeline, which embodies the divisions between the center and the periphery of the EU—between Old and New Europe. Natural gas presented as an instrument of Russian state power A number of disputes over the natural gas prices in which Russia was using pipeline shutdowns in what was described as "tool for intimidation and blackmail" caused the European Union to significantly increase efforts to diversify its energy sources. Some have even argued that Russia has developed "the capacity to use unilateral economic sanctions in the form of gas pricing and gas disruptions against many European North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) member states". During an anti-trust investigation initiated in 2011 against Gazprom, a number of internal company documents were seized that documented a number of "abusive practices" in an attempt to "segment the internal [EU] market along national borders" and impose "unfair pricing". Part of the aim of the Energy Union is to diversify the EU’s gas supplies away from Russia, which has already proved to be an unreliable partner, first in 2006 and then in 2009, and which threatened to become one again at the outbreak of the conflict in Ukraine in 2013–2014. — European Council of Foreign Relations, 2015 The planned Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline from Russia to Germany was opposed by Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko, Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki, U.S. President Donald Trump and British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1770243199#7_1996352547	Title: Russia in the European energy sector - Wikipedia Headings: Russia in the European energy sector Russia in the European energy sector Contents History Natural gas deliveries Disputes and diversification efforts Nuclear fuel supplies See also References Content: Natural gas presented as an instrument of Russian state power A number of disputes over the natural gas prices in which Russia was using pipeline shutdowns in what was described as "tool for intimidation and blackmail" caused the European Union to significantly increase efforts to diversify its energy sources. Some have even argued that Russia has developed "the capacity to use unilateral economic sanctions in the form of gas pricing and gas disruptions against many European North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) member states". During an anti-trust investigation initiated in 2011 against Gazprom, a number of internal company documents were seized that documented a number of "abusive practices" in an attempt to "segment the internal [EU] market along national borders" and impose "unfair pricing". Part of the aim of the Energy Union is to diversify the EU’s gas supplies away from Russia, which has already proved to be an unreliable partner, first in 2006 and then in 2009, and which threatened to become one again at the outbreak of the conflict in Ukraine in 2013–2014. — European Council of Foreign Relations, 2015 The planned Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline from Russia to Germany was opposed by Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko, Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki, U.S. President Donald Trump and British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson. In 2017, Germany, France, Austria and European Commission criticized the United States over new sanctions against Russia that target Nord Stream 2. The United States has been encouraging European countries to diversify Russian-dominated energy supplies, with Qatar as possible alternative supplier. The goal of the Southern Gas Corridor, which connects the giant Shah Deniz gas field in Azerbaijan to Europe, is to reduce Europe's dependency on Russian gas. To compare with alternative sources, Germany produced 10.5% of its electricity from fossil natural gas in 2019 and 8.6% (44 TWh) from renewable biomass, largely biogas. As only 13% of Germany's gas use was for power production, this replaced just above 1 percent of its overall gas consumption.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1770243199#8_1996355155	Title: Russia in the European energy sector - Wikipedia Headings: Russia in the European energy sector Russia in the European energy sector Contents History Natural gas deliveries Disputes and diversification efforts Nuclear fuel supplies See also References Content: In 2017, Germany, France, Austria and European Commission criticized the United States over new sanctions against Russia that target Nord Stream 2. The United States has been encouraging European countries to diversify Russian-dominated energy supplies, with Qatar as possible alternative supplier. The goal of the Southern Gas Corridor, which connects the giant Shah Deniz gas field in Azerbaijan to Europe, is to reduce Europe's dependency on Russian gas. To compare with alternative sources, Germany produced 10.5% of its electricity from fossil natural gas in 2019 and 8.6% (44 TWh) from renewable biomass, largely biogas. As only 13% of Germany's gas use was for power production, this replaced just above 1 percent of its overall gas consumption. Replacing natural gas with gas produced with Renewable energy in Power-to-gas processes or by direct use of power has more potential for further expansion. Power-to-gas is as yet limited to small-scale demonstration projects, as the carbon dioxide resulting from the combustion of natural gas can be emitted cheaply or for free, and Russia does not take back carbon dioxide from the combustion of Russian gas for underground storage in its depleted gas reservoirs. In January 2020 Russia halted oil deliveries to Belarus over another price dispute. See also: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes, ORLEN Lietuva, Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline, and Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act See also:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1770243199#9_1996357079	Title: Russia in the European energy sector - Wikipedia Headings: Russia in the European energy sector Russia in the European energy sector Contents History Natural gas deliveries Disputes and diversification efforts Nuclear fuel supplies See also References Content: Replacing natural gas with gas produced with Renewable energy in Power-to-gas processes or by direct use of power has more potential for further expansion. Power-to-gas is as yet limited to small-scale demonstration projects, as the carbon dioxide resulting from the combustion of natural gas can be emitted cheaply or for free, and Russia does not take back carbon dioxide from the combustion of Russian gas for underground storage in its depleted gas reservoirs. In January 2020 Russia halted oil deliveries to Belarus over another price dispute. See also: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes, ORLEN Lietuva, Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline, and Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act See also: 2004 Russia-Belarus energy dispute and 2007 Russia–Belarus energy dispute Nuclear fuel supplies Sergey Kiriyenko, the head of state-owned nuclear corporation Rosatom from 2005 to 2016 Ukraine has been traditionally sourcing fuel for its nuclear power plants from Russia, although with the outbreak of Russian military intervention in Donbass it saw an urgent need to at least diversify supplies of fuel and started talks with a number of Western suppliers, most notably Westinghouse branch in Sweden. In response, Russia started an intimidation campaign which included supplying deliberately incorrect technical specifications of the existing fuel supplies, alluding to "second Chernobyl" and staging protests in Kyiv. In spite of these efforts, Ukraine secured a number of framework contracts with numerous suppliers, eventually supplying 50% of the fuel from Russia and 50% from Sweden. See also Russia portal Energy portal References ^ "Russia has maintained though throughout the whole period 2007-2017 its position as the leading supplier to the EU of the main primary energy commodities	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1776017685#0_2000322056	Title: Headings: Content: Propaganda in the Russian Federation - Wikipedia Propaganda in the Russian Federation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Russian propaganda) Jump to navigationJump to search "Russian propaganda" redirects here. For propaganda in Soviet Russia, see Propaganda in the Soviet Union. The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide viewof the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. ( June 2018)(Learn how and when to remove this template message) Shirtless photographs of Vladimir Putinhave been described as a form of propaganda[1][2] Politics of Russia Constitution Law Mental Health Law Russian Criminal Code Politics of Russia Tax Code Presidency President: Vladimir Putin(list) Presidential Administration Security Council State Council Executive Government Prime Minister: Mikhail Mishustin Cabinet (56th) Legislature Federal Assembly Federation Council Members Chairwoman: Valentina Matviyenko State Duma 7th convocation Chairman: Vyacheslav Volodin Judiciary Law enforcement Constitutional Court Supreme Court Prosecutor General Legal system Elections Central Election Commission Presidential elections Legislative elections Gubernatorial elections Regional elections Local elections Electoral geography Political parties Federalism Federal subjects Heads of federal subjects Regional parliaments Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Sergey Lavrov Diplomatic missions of/ in Russia Nationality law Passports Visa requirements Visa policy(History) Russia and the United Nations United Nations Security Council P5 Union State EAEU CIS SCO BRICS APEC EAS G20 European Union United States China India NATO Arab League Arctic policy Related topics Administrative divisions Armed forces Civic Chamber Accounts Chamber E-Government Opposition Human rights Political abuse of psychiatry Russia portal Other countries v t e The propaganda of the Russian Federationis propagandathat promotes views, perceptions or agendas of the government of Russia.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_propaganda
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1776017685#1_2000324491	Title: Headings: Content: Vladimir Putin(list) Presidential Administration Security Council State Council Executive Government Prime Minister: Mikhail Mishustin Cabinet (56th) Legislature Federal Assembly Federation Council Members Chairwoman: Valentina Matviyenko State Duma 7th convocation Chairman: Vyacheslav Volodin Judiciary Law enforcement Constitutional Court Supreme Court Prosecutor General Legal system Elections Central Election Commission Presidential elections Legislative elections Gubernatorial elections Regional elections Local elections Electoral geography Political parties Federalism Federal subjects Heads of federal subjects Regional parliaments Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Sergey Lavrov Diplomatic missions of/ in Russia Nationality law Passports Visa requirements Visa policy(History) Russia and the United Nations United Nations Security Council P5 Union State EAEU CIS SCO BRICS APEC EAS G20 European Union United States China India NATO Arab League Arctic policy Related topics Administrative divisions Armed forces Civic Chamber Accounts Chamber E-Government Opposition Human rights Political abuse of psychiatry Russia portal Other countries v t e The propaganda of the Russian Federationis propagandathat promotes views, perceptions or agendas of the government of Russia. The media include state-run outlets and online technologies,[3][4]and may involve using "Soviet-style 'active measures' as an element of modern Russian 'political warfare'".[5] Contemporary Russian propaganda focuses on promoting a cult of personality around Vladimir Putinand the Russian government has also been highly actives in debates on Soviet history;[6]Russia has established a number of organizations such as the Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia's Interests, the Russian web brigadesand others than engage in political propaganda to promote the views of the Putin government. Contents 1State-sponsored global PR effort 2Use of social media 3Reactions 4See also 5References 6External links State-sponsored global PR effort[edit] At the end of 2008, Lev Gudkov, based on the Levada Centerpolling data, pointed out the near-disappearance of public opinionas a socio-political institution in contemporary Russia and its replacement with the state propaganda. [ 7] Shortly after the Beslan school hostage crisisin September 2004, Putin enhanced a Kremlin-sponsored program aimed at "improving Russia's image" abroad.[8] One of the major projects of the program was the creation in 2005 of Russia Today (now known as RT) an English language TV news channel providing 24-hour news coverage. Towards its start-up budget, $30 million of public funds were allocated. [ 9][10]A CBS Newsstory on the launch of Russia Today quoted Boris Kagarlitskyas saying it was "very much a continuation of the old Soviet propagandaservices". [	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_propaganda
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1776017685#2_2000327703	Title: Headings: Content: The media include state-run outlets and online technologies,[3][4]and may involve using "Soviet-style 'active measures' as an element of modern Russian 'political warfare'".[5] Contemporary Russian propaganda focuses on promoting a cult of personality around Vladimir Putinand the Russian government has also been highly actives in debates on Soviet history;[6]Russia has established a number of organizations such as the Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia's Interests, the Russian web brigadesand others than engage in political propaganda to promote the views of the Putin government. Contents 1State-sponsored global PR effort 2Use of social media 3Reactions 4See also 5References 6External links State-sponsored global PR effort[edit] At the end of 2008, Lev Gudkov, based on the Levada Centerpolling data, pointed out the near-disappearance of public opinionas a socio-political institution in contemporary Russia and its replacement with the state propaganda. [ 7] Shortly after the Beslan school hostage crisisin September 2004, Putin enhanced a Kremlin-sponsored program aimed at "improving Russia's image" abroad.[8] One of the major projects of the program was the creation in 2005 of Russia Today (now known as RT) an English language TV news channel providing 24-hour news coverage. Towards its start-up budget, $30 million of public funds were allocated. [ 9][10]A CBS Newsstory on the launch of Russia Today quoted Boris Kagarlitskyas saying it was "very much a continuation of the old Soviet propagandaservices". [ 11] Russia's deputy foreign minister Grigory Karasinsaid in August 2008, in the context of the Russia-Georgia conflict: " Western mediais a well-organized machine, which is showing only those pictures that fit in well with their thoughts. We find it very difficult to squeeze our opinion into the pages of their newspapers." [ 12]In June 2007, Vedomostireported that the Kremlin had been intensifying its official lobbyingactivities in the United States since 2003, among other things hiring such companies as Hannaford Enterprises and Ketchum. [ 13] In a 2005 interview with U.S government-owned external broadcaster Voice of America, the Russian-Israeli blogger Anton Nossiksaid the creation of RT "smacks of Soviet-style propagandacampaigns." [	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_propaganda
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1776017685#3_2000330283	Title: Headings: Content: 11] Russia's deputy foreign minister Grigory Karasinsaid in August 2008, in the context of the Russia-Georgia conflict: " Western mediais a well-organized machine, which is showing only those pictures that fit in well with their thoughts. We find it very difficult to squeeze our opinion into the pages of their newspapers." [ 12]In June 2007, Vedomostireported that the Kremlin had been intensifying its official lobbyingactivities in the United States since 2003, among other things hiring such companies as Hannaford Enterprises and Ketchum. [ 13] In a 2005 interview with U.S government-owned external broadcaster Voice of America, the Russian-Israeli blogger Anton Nossiksaid the creation of RT "smacks of Soviet-style propagandacampaigns." [ 14]Pascal Bonnamour, the head of the European department of Reporters Without Borders, called the newly announced network "another step of the state to control information." [ 15]In 2009, Luke Harding(then the Moscow correspondent) of The Guardiandescribed RT's advertising campaign in the United Kingdom as an "ambitious attempt to create a new post-Soviet global propaganda empire." [ 16]According to Lev Gudkov, the director of the Levada Center, Russia's most well respected polling organization. Putin's Russia's propaganda is "aggressive and deceptive... worse than anything I witnessed in the Soviet Union"[17] In 2014, Ivan Zassoursky, a professor of Media and Theory of Communications in the Journalism Department of Moscow State University, said that: " Today there are many complex schemes of influence in the world that can be labeled as soft power.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_propaganda
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1776017685#4_2000332106	Title: Headings: Content: 14]Pascal Bonnamour, the head of the European department of Reporters Without Borders, called the newly announced network "another step of the state to control information." [ 15]In 2009, Luke Harding(then the Moscow correspondent) of The Guardiandescribed RT's advertising campaign in the United Kingdom as an "ambitious attempt to create a new post-Soviet global propaganda empire." [ 16]According to Lev Gudkov, the director of the Levada Center, Russia's most well respected polling organization. Putin's Russia's propaganda is "aggressive and deceptive... worse than anything I witnessed in the Soviet Union"[17] In 2014, Ivan Zassoursky, a professor of Media and Theory of Communications in the Journalism Department of Moscow State University, said that: " Today there are many complex schemes of influence in the world that can be labeled as soft power. But traditional thuggish methods of propaganda and direct control used by the Russian government cannot be considered effective from the professional standpoint and acceptable from the viewpoint of journalist morality." [ 18] Following Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea, a significant increase in Russian propaganda was noted by NATO.[19] In February 2017, a fabricated audio recording of NATO Secretary Jens Stoltenbergsupposedly interacting with Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenkowas published by Russian news website Life.ru. The supposed voice of Poroshenko was revealed to be Russian pranksters. Russia has been accused of comparing Ukrainian Nationalist fighters in Donbass to members of ISIS.[20] Political scholar Nikolay Kozhanov has claimed that Russia has used propaganda to convey nationalistic as well as pro-Assad messages during the Syrian Civil War. Kozhanov claims that Russia has made an effort through propaganda to paint Russia and Syria as a stable force "in the struggle against instability caused by the Americans and terrorism supported by the US regional partners." [	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_propaganda
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1776017685#5_2000334275	Title: Headings: Content: But traditional thuggish methods of propaganda and direct control used by the Russian government cannot be considered effective from the professional standpoint and acceptable from the viewpoint of journalist morality." [ 18] Following Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea, a significant increase in Russian propaganda was noted by NATO.[19] In February 2017, a fabricated audio recording of NATO Secretary Jens Stoltenbergsupposedly interacting with Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenkowas published by Russian news website Life.ru. The supposed voice of Poroshenko was revealed to be Russian pranksters. Russia has been accused of comparing Ukrainian Nationalist fighters in Donbass to members of ISIS.[20] Political scholar Nikolay Kozhanov has claimed that Russia has used propaganda to convey nationalistic as well as pro-Assad messages during the Syrian Civil War. Kozhanov claims that Russia has made an effort through propaganda to paint Russia and Syria as a stable force "in the struggle against instability caused by the Americans and terrorism supported by the US regional partners." [ 20] RT and Sputniknews agency are also accused of spreading false information. [ 21][22][23][24]In the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, the Bellingcatwebsite of Eliot Higginsgave evidence about the manipulation of satellite images released by the Russian Ministry of Defensewhich was used by RT and Sputnik news agency based in Edinburgh, Scotland. [ 25][26] See also: Crucified Boy Use of social media[edit] Further information: Cyberwarfare by Russia Russia has been accused of using social mediaplatforms to spread messages of propaganda to a global audience by spreading fake newsas well as putting out advertisements and creating pseudo-activist movements.[27] The popularity of Sputnik on social media and its use of viral, clickbaitheadlines has led it to be described as "the BuzzFeedof Propaganda" by Foreign Policymagazine. [	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_propaganda
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1776017685#6_2000336427	Title: Headings: Content: 20] RT and Sputniknews agency are also accused of spreading false information. [ 21][22][23][24]In the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, the Bellingcatwebsite of Eliot Higginsgave evidence about the manipulation of satellite images released by the Russian Ministry of Defensewhich was used by RT and Sputnik news agency based in Edinburgh, Scotland. [ 25][26] See also: Crucified Boy Use of social media[edit] Further information: Cyberwarfare by Russia Russia has been accused of using social mediaplatforms to spread messages of propaganda to a global audience by spreading fake newsas well as putting out advertisements and creating pseudo-activist movements.[27] The popularity of Sputnik on social media and its use of viral, clickbaitheadlines has led it to be described as "the BuzzFeedof Propaganda" by Foreign Policymagazine. [ 28][29] Russia was accused by the U.S. authorities for efforts to spread fake news and propaganda in an attempt to meddle in the 2016 US Presidential Election. [ 30][31]Russia is alleged to have used tactics such as creating fraudulent social media accounts, organization of political rallies and online political advertisements in an effort to help Republican presidential nominee Donald Trumpwin the election.[32] Senior executives of American social media platforms made an effort to counter alleged Russian propaganda by deleting automated accounts and alerting users of the presence of alleged misinformation on their platforms and interactions users may have had. In January 2017, Twitterestimated that approximately 677,000 users had "interacted with Russian propaganda or bots during the 2016 campaign." Three weeks later Twitter officials said that it is likely more than 1.4 million users were exposed to content stemming from these accounts. [ 33][34]In 2018, Twitter deleted approximately 200,000 tweets that were found to have stemmed from accounts linked to Russia.[35] On October 31, 2017, executives from Facebook, Google and Twitter testified on Russia's alleged use of social media in the 2016 election, before the House Intelligence Committee.[36] In an effort to combat fake news, Facebookannounced a plan in January 2018 to attempt to highlight "reliable" sources of news. [	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_propaganda
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1776017685#7_2000338880	Title: Headings: Content: 28][29] Russia was accused by the U.S. authorities for efforts to spread fake news and propaganda in an attempt to meddle in the 2016 US Presidential Election. [ 30][31]Russia is alleged to have used tactics such as creating fraudulent social media accounts, organization of political rallies and online political advertisements in an effort to help Republican presidential nominee Donald Trumpwin the election.[32] Senior executives of American social media platforms made an effort to counter alleged Russian propaganda by deleting automated accounts and alerting users of the presence of alleged misinformation on their platforms and interactions users may have had. In January 2017, Twitterestimated that approximately 677,000 users had "interacted with Russian propaganda or bots during the 2016 campaign." Three weeks later Twitter officials said that it is likely more than 1.4 million users were exposed to content stemming from these accounts. [ 33][34]In 2018, Twitter deleted approximately 200,000 tweets that were found to have stemmed from accounts linked to Russia.[35] On October 31, 2017, executives from Facebook, Google and Twitter testified on Russia's alleged use of social media in the 2016 election, before the House Intelligence Committee.[36] In an effort to combat fake news, Facebookannounced a plan in January 2018 to attempt to highlight "reliable" sources of news. [ 37] On May 17, 2017 Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosensteinappointed former FBI Director Robert Muellerto serve as special counsel to the US Justice Departmentin an investigation into alleged Russian interference in the 2016 election.[38] On February 16, 2018 The US Justice Departmentindicted thirteen Russian nationals and three Russian companies on charges of attempting to influence the 2016 election in support of the Trump Campaign.[39] Among the organizations indicted was the Internet Research Agency, a St. Petersburg based company that is said to use social media to spread fake news promoting Russian interests. The indictment claims that employees of the IRA were urged to "use any opportunity to criticize Hillary". [ 40] Russia has been accused of engaging in propaganda campaigns in an effort to sway public opinion concerning the nation's annexation of Crimea in 2014. Russian social media operations were allegedly undertaken to use misinformation to appeal to Pro-Russian forces in Crimea, while discrediting rebel and separatist groups. Notably, a false story was spread throughout social media of a young child being crucified by Ukrainian Nationalist Troops in Slovyansk.[41] The Ukrainian government also banned several Russian internet services, including the popular social media network, Vkontakte, which	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_propaganda
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1783369804#1_2008165687	Title: Ryan Patrick - Wikipedia Headings: Ryan Patrick Ryan Patrick Contents Early life and education Career Personal life References External links Content: In 2012, Texas Governor Rick Perry appointed Patrick to be a judge at the 177th state district court, and Patrick was elected to the position in 2012, though he lost the seat in 2016 in an election sweep by Democrats after winning a four-year term in November 2012. Patrick subsequently returned to private practice. Patrick swore-in his father as the 42nd Lieutenant Governor of Texas at his inauguration ceremony in 2015. In July 2017, the Trump administration selected Patrick to serve as the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Texas, and U.S. President Donald Trump made his nomination official on November 1, 2017. The United States Senate confirmed Patrick by voice vote on December 20, 2017. He assumed office on January 8, 2018, and his investiture ceremony occurred on September 18, 2018. On February 8, 2021, he along with 55 other Trump-era attorneys were asked to resign. On February 22, he submitted his resignation, effective February 28. On March 22, 2021, Patrick joined the Houston office of international law firm Haynes and Boone, LLP as a partner in their white collar and government investigations practice. Personal life Patrick and his wife have four children and live in Houston, Texas.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Patrick
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1811005119#12_2039694379	Title: Sabkha - Wikipedia Headings: Sabkha Sabkha Contents Origin and development The Abu Dhabi Sabkha Khor lagoon Dune field Climate effects Hydrocarbon reservoirs See also References External links Content: Flooded dune field in the Lençóis Maranhenses National Park (Brazil). Flooded dune field in the Badain Jaran Desert (China). Climate effects The climate is one of the main factors in sabkha development. Rainfall in this arid region usually occurs as thunderstorms and averages 4 cm/year. Temperatures can range in excess of 50 °C to as low as 0 °C. Humidity is linked to the wind direction, with humidity as low as 20% in the mornings from off the dry interior and building in the afternoon as a strong, onshore wind prevail. At night, relative humidity of 100% can lead to dense fogs. Water temperatures vary by depth with shallow water as much as 10 °C warmer. These high temperatures drive high rates of evaporation in the Persian Gulf, as much as 124 cm/year leading salinity to increase in the shallow lagoons to as much as 70 ppt. The net rate of evaporation from the sabkha can be as much as an order of magnitude less and has averaged 6 cm for the last 4,000 to 5,000 years.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabkha
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1813567318#0_2042749322	Title: Sacrament - Wikipedia Headings: Sacrament Sacrament Contents Etymology Catholicism Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy Hussite Church and Moravian Church Lutheranism Anglicanism and Methodism Reformed (Continental Reformed, Congregationalist, and Presbyterian) Irvingism Latter-day Saints Other traditions Non-sacramental churches References External links Content: Sacrament - Wikipedia Sacrament From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Christian rite recognized as of particular importance and significance This article is about the religious term. For other uses, see Sacrament (disambiguation). The Seven Sacraments, an altarpiece by Rogier van der Weyden, c. 1448 A series of articles on Grace in Christianity Common grace Free grace Irresistible grace Prevenient grace Sola gratia Sacraments v t e A sacrament is a Christian rite recognized as of particular importance and significance. There are various views on the existence and meaning of such rites. Many Christians consider the sacraments to be a visible symbol of the reality of God, as well as a channel for God's grace. Many denominations, including the Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican, Free Church of England, Methodist, and Reformed, hold to the definition of sacrament formulated by Augustine of Hippo: an outward sign of an inward grace, that has been instituted by Jesus Christ. Sacraments signify God's grace in a way that is outwardly observable to the participant. The Catholic Church, Hussite Church and the Old Catholic Church recognise seven sacraments: Baptism, Reconciliation (Penance or Confession), Eucharist (or Holy Communion), Confirmation, Marriage (Matrimony), Holy Orders, and Anointing of the Sick (Extreme Unction).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1813567318#1_2042751258	Title: Sacrament - Wikipedia Headings: Sacrament Sacrament Contents Etymology Catholicism Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy Hussite Church and Moravian Church Lutheranism Anglicanism and Methodism Reformed (Continental Reformed, Congregationalist, and Presbyterian) Irvingism Latter-day Saints Other traditions Non-sacramental churches References External links Content: Many denominations, including the Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican, Free Church of England, Methodist, and Reformed, hold to the definition of sacrament formulated by Augustine of Hippo: an outward sign of an inward grace, that has been instituted by Jesus Christ. Sacraments signify God's grace in a way that is outwardly observable to the participant. The Catholic Church, Hussite Church and the Old Catholic Church recognise seven sacraments: Baptism, Reconciliation (Penance or Confession), Eucharist (or Holy Communion), Confirmation, Marriage (Matrimony), Holy Orders, and Anointing of the Sick (Extreme Unction). The Eastern Churches, such as the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodox Church as well as the Eastern Catholic Churches, also believe that there are seven major sacraments, but apply the corresponding Greek word, μυστήριον ( mysterion ), also to rites that in the Western tradition are called sacramentals and to other realities, such as the Church itself. Many Protestant denominations, such as those within the Reformed tradition, identify two sacraments instituted by Christ, the Eucharist (or Holy Communion) and Baptism. The Lutheran sacraments include these two, often adding Confession (and Absolution) as a third sacrament. Anglican and Methodist teaching is that "there are two Sacraments ordained of Christ our Lord in the Gospel, that is to say, Baptism and the Supper of the Lord," and that "those five commonly called Sacraments, that is to say, Confirmation, Penance, Orders, Matrimony, and Extreme Unction, are not to be counted for Sacraments of the Gospel." Some traditions, such as Quakerism and the Salvation Army do not observe any of the rites, or, in the case of Anabaptists, hold that they are simply reminders or commendable practices that do not impart actual grace—not sacraments but " ordinances " pertaining to certain aspects of the Christian faith.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1813567318#2_2042753771	Title: Sacrament - Wikipedia Headings: Sacrament Sacrament Contents Etymology Catholicism Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy Hussite Church and Moravian Church Lutheranism Anglicanism and Methodism Reformed (Continental Reformed, Congregationalist, and Presbyterian) Irvingism Latter-day Saints Other traditions Non-sacramental churches References External links Content: The Eastern Churches, such as the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodox Church as well as the Eastern Catholic Churches, also believe that there are seven major sacraments, but apply the corresponding Greek word, μυστήριον ( mysterion ), also to rites that in the Western tradition are called sacramentals and to other realities, such as the Church itself. Many Protestant denominations, such as those within the Reformed tradition, identify two sacraments instituted by Christ, the Eucharist (or Holy Communion) and Baptism. The Lutheran sacraments include these two, often adding Confession (and Absolution) as a third sacrament. Anglican and Methodist teaching is that "there are two Sacraments ordained of Christ our Lord in the Gospel, that is to say, Baptism and the Supper of the Lord," and that "those five commonly called Sacraments, that is to say, Confirmation, Penance, Orders, Matrimony, and Extreme Unction, are not to be counted for Sacraments of the Gospel." Some traditions, such as Quakerism and the Salvation Army do not observe any of the rites, or, in the case of Anabaptists, hold that they are simply reminders or commendable practices that do not impart actual grace—not sacraments but " ordinances " pertaining to certain aspects of the Christian faith. Contents 1 Etymology 2 Catholicism 3 Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy 4 Hussite Church and Moravian Church 5 Lutheranism 6 Anglicanism and Methodism 7 Reformed (Continental Reformed, Congregationalist, and Presbyterian) 8 Irvingism 9 Latter-day Saints 10 Other traditions 10.1 Non-sacramental churches 11 References 12 External links Etymology The English word " sacrament " is derived indirectly from the Ecclesiastical Latin sacrāmentum, from Latin sacrō ("hallow, consecrate"), from sacer ("sacred, holy"). This in turn is derived from the Greek New Testament word "mysterion". In Ancient Rome, the term meant a soldier's oath of allegiance. Tertullian, a 3rd-century Christian writer, suggested that just as the soldier's oath was a sign of the beginning of a new life, so too was initiation into the Christian community through baptism and Eucharist. Catholicism Main article:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1813567318#3_2042756593	Title: Sacrament - Wikipedia Headings: Sacrament Sacrament Contents Etymology Catholicism Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy Hussite Church and Moravian Church Lutheranism Anglicanism and Methodism Reformed (Continental Reformed, Congregationalist, and Presbyterian) Irvingism Latter-day Saints Other traditions Non-sacramental churches References External links Content: Contents 1 Etymology 2 Catholicism 3 Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy 4 Hussite Church and Moravian Church 5 Lutheranism 6 Anglicanism and Methodism 7 Reformed (Continental Reformed, Congregationalist, and Presbyterian) 8 Irvingism 9 Latter-day Saints 10 Other traditions 10.1 Non-sacramental churches 11 References 12 External links Etymology The English word " sacrament " is derived indirectly from the Ecclesiastical Latin sacrāmentum, from Latin sacrō ("hallow, consecrate"), from sacer ("sacred, holy"). This in turn is derived from the Greek New Testament word "mysterion". In Ancient Rome, the term meant a soldier's oath of allegiance. Tertullian, a 3rd-century Christian writer, suggested that just as the soldier's oath was a sign of the beginning of a new life, so too was initiation into the Christian community through baptism and Eucharist. Catholicism Main article: Sacraments of the Catholic Church The Council of Trent defined the seven sacraments. Roman Catholic theology enumerates seven sacraments: Baptism, Confirmation (Chrismation), Eucharist (Communion), Penance (Reconciliation, Confession), Matrimony (Marriage), Holy Orders (ordination to the diaconate, priesthood, or episcopate) and Anointing of the Sick (before the Second Vatican Council generally called Extreme Unction). The list of seven sacraments already given by the Second Council of Lyon (1274) and the Council of Florence (1439) was reaffirmed by the Council of Trent (1545–1563), which stated: CANON I. – If any one saith, that the sacraments of the New Law were not all instituted by Jesus Christ, our Lord;	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1813567318#9_2042766703	Title: Sacrament - Wikipedia Headings: Sacrament Sacrament Contents Etymology Catholicism Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy Hussite Church and Moravian Church Lutheranism Anglicanism and Methodism Reformed (Continental Reformed, Congregationalist, and Presbyterian) Irvingism Latter-day Saints Other traditions Non-sacramental churches References External links Content: Catechumens and all those who, even without knowing Christ and the Church, still (under the impulse of grace) sincerely seek God and strive to do his will can also be saved without Baptism ( Baptism of desire ). The Church in her liturgy entrusts children who die without Baptism to the mercy of God." In the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church, "the sacraments are efficacious signs of grace, instituted by Christ and entrusted to the Church, by which divine life is dispensed to us. The visible rites by which the sacraments are celebrated signify and make present the graces proper to each sacrament. They bear fruit in those who receive them with the required dispositions." While the sacraments in the Catholic Church are regarded as means of Divine Grace, The Catholic definition of a sacrament is an event in Christian life that is both spiritual and physical. The seven Catholic sacraments have been separated into three groups. The first three Sacraments of Initiation are Baptism, Communion, and Confirmation. The two Healing Sacraments are Anointing of the Sick and Penance. The two Sacraments of Vocation are Matrimony and Holy Orders.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1813567318#10_2042768411	Title: Sacrament - Wikipedia Headings: Sacrament Sacrament Contents Etymology Catholicism Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy Hussite Church and Moravian Church Lutheranism Anglicanism and Methodism Reformed (Continental Reformed, Congregationalist, and Presbyterian) Irvingism Latter-day Saints Other traditions Non-sacramental churches References External links Content: While the sacraments in the Catholic Church are regarded as means of Divine Grace, The Catholic definition of a sacrament is an event in Christian life that is both spiritual and physical. The seven Catholic sacraments have been separated into three groups. The first three Sacraments of Initiation are Baptism, Communion, and Confirmation. The two Healing Sacraments are Anointing of the Sick and Penance. The two Sacraments of Vocation are Matrimony and Holy Orders. The Church teaches that the effect of the sacraments comes ex opere operato, by the very fact of being administered, regardless of the personal holiness of the minister administering it. However, as indicated in this definition of the sacraments given by the Catechism of the Catholic Church, a recipient's own lack of proper disposition to receive the grace conveyed can block a sacrament's effectiveness in that person. The sacraments presuppose faith and, through their words and ritual elements, nourish, strengthen and give expression to faith. Though not every individual has to receive every sacrament, the Church affirms that for believers the sacraments are necessary for salvation. Through each of them, Christ bestows that sacrament's particular healing and transforming grace of the Holy Spirit, making them participants in the divine nature through union with Christ.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1813670470#0_2042869663	Title: Sacramental - Wikipedia Headings: Sacramental Sacramental Contents Biblical basis Denominational usage Anglican Catholic Pentecostal References External links Content: Sacramental - Wikipedia Sacramental From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Sacramentals) Jump to navigation Jump to search Material object or action (sacramentalia) set apart or blessed to manifest the respect due to the Sacraments A Palm Sunday photo of the blessing of palms, a sacramental in Christianity A sacramental is a material object or action (in Latin sacramentalia) ritually blessed by a priest to signal its association with the Sacraments and so to incite reverence during acts of worship. They are recognised by the Roman and Eastern Catholic churches, the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, the Church of the East, as well as certain Anglican, Independent Catholic and Old Catholic, Lutheran churches, and Methodist churches. Holy water, for example, is a sacramental that believers use to recall their baptism; other common sacramentals include blessed candles (often given to churchgoers on Candlemas ), blessed palms (given away at churches on Palm Sunday ), blessed ashes (placed on believers' foreheads on Ash Wednesday services), a cross necklace (often taken to be blessed by a pastor before daily use), blessed salt, and holy cards, as well as Christian art, especially a crucifix. Apart from those worn daily, such as a cross necklace or devotional scapular, sacramentals such as a Family Bible, are often kept on home altars in Christian households. As an adjective, sacramental means "of or pertaining to sacraments". Contents 1 Biblical basis 2 Denominational usage 2.1 Anglican 2.2 Catholic 2.3 Pentecostal 3 References 4 External links Biblical basis The Biblical basis for the use of sacramentals is that Jesus used a form of sacramentals himself; for example, when Christ healed a blind man, he made a mud paste that He put over the eyes of the man, before telling him to wash in the Pool of Siloam. Denominational usage Anglican The Anglican Rosary sitting atop the Anglican Breviary and the Book of Common Prayer A text of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America includes items such as the Anglican rosary, ashes, and palms among objects counted as sacramentals. Catholic The Catholic Church currently defines sacramentals as "sacred signs which... signify effects, particularly of a spiritual nature, which are obtained through the intercession of the Church.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramentals
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1814233608#3_2043461709	Title: Sacraments of initiation - Wikipedia Headings: Sacraments of initiation Sacraments of initiation Contents Eastern and Western approaches Celebration See also References Bibliography Content: Loyola Press. Retrieved 16 November 2018. ^ "Sacraments of Healing". Vatican. Retrieved 16 November 2018. ^ "Sacraments of Service". St John XXIII Catholic Parish. Retrieved 16 November 2018. ^ Fitzgerald, Thomas. " Understanding the Sacraments of the Orthodox Church".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacraments_of_Initiation
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1814233608#4_2043462367	Title: Sacraments of initiation - Wikipedia Headings: Sacraments of initiation Sacraments of initiation Contents Eastern and Western approaches Celebration See also References Bibliography Content: ^ "Sacraments of Service". St John XXIII Catholic Parish. Retrieved 16 November 2018. ^ Fitzgerald, Thomas. " Understanding the Sacraments of the Orthodox Church". Greek Orthodox archdiocese of America. Retrieved 16 November 2018. ^ Divinae consortium naturae ^ Translation in Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1212 ^ Liam G. Walsh (1988) The Sacraments of Christian Initiation, p. 1 ^ Pope Siricius, Letter to Himerius, 2.3; PL 13,1134 ^ Edward Yarnold SJ, (1971), The awe inspiring rites of initiation, p. 7. Bibliography Raniero Cantalamessa OFMCap, (1993) Introduction, in:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacraments_of_Initiation
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1814238152#0_2043467148	Title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church - Wikipedia Headings: Sacraments of the Catholic Church Sacraments of the Catholic Church Contents Enumeration History Current Dogmatic aspects Faith and grace Sacraments of initiation Baptism Confirmation Eucharist Restored order of initiation Sacraments of healing Penance Anointing of the Sick Sacraments of service Holy Orders Matrimony Validity and liceity Impediments Conditional conferral See also References Bibliography External links Content: Sacraments of the Catholic Church - Wikipedia Sacraments of the Catholic Church From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Catholic visible rites This article is about the Catholic rites. For other uses, see Sacrament (disambiguation). Seven Sacraments Altarpiece by Rogier van der Weyden, c. 1448 Part of a series on the Catholic Church St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City Overview Pope: Francis Hierarchy History ( timeline) Theology Liturgy Sacraments Mary Background Jesus Crucifixion Resurrection Ascension Early Christianity Peter Paul Fathers History of the Catholic Church History of the papacy Ecumenical councils Magisterium Four Marks of the Church One true church Apostolic succession Organisation Holy See Roman Curia College of Cardinals Ecumenical councils Episcopal polity Latin Church Eastern Churches Canon law Theologies Doctrine God Trinity Father Son Holy Ghost Consubstantialitas Filioque Divinum illud munus Divine Law Decalogus Ex Cathedra Deificatio Realms beyond the States of the Church Heaven Purgatory Limbo Hell Paschal mystery Passion of Jesus Crucifixion of Jesus Harrowing of Hell Resurrection Ascension Blessed Virgin Mary Mariology Veneration Immaculate Conception Mater Dei Perpetual virginity Assumption Dormition Titles Queen Apparition Mediatrix Salvation Baptism of desire Divine grace Outside the Church there is no salvation Infused righteousness Invincible ignorance Justification Means of grace Merit Mortal sin Satisfaction Moral influence Sanctification Synergism Venial sin Ecclesiology College of Bishops Deposit of faith Infallibility of the Church Mystical Body of Christ Papal primacy People of God Perfect community Subsistit in Other teachings Josephology Morality Body Lectures Sexuality Apologetics Amillennialism Original sin Hypostatic union Predestination Seven deadly sins Beatific vision Saints Dogma Texts Bible Old Testament New Testament Official Bible Vulgate Sixtine Vulgate Sixto-Clementine Vulgate Nova Vulgata Peshitta Apostles' Creed Nicene Creed Athanasian Creed Catechism of the Catholic Church Papal bull Apostolic exhortation Epistula Encyclica Philosophy Cardinal Virtues Just war Natural law Catholic ethics Personalism Probabilism Social teaching Philosophy of canon law Philosophers Virtue ethics Schools Augustinianism Scholasticism Thomism Scotism Occamism Christian humanism Molinism Neo-scholasticism Worship Liturgy Mass Divine Liturgy Holy Qurbana Divine Office Liturgical year Sacraments Baptism Penance Eucharist Confirmation Anointing of the Sick Matrimony Holy orders Prayer Devotions Bible Biblical canon Rites Latin Roman Post-Vatican II Tridentine Anglican Use Zaire Use Gallican Ambrosian Braga Mozarabic Eastern Antiochene Maronite West Syriac Syro-Malankara Chaldean East Syriac Syro-Malabar Byzantine Armenian Alexandrian Ethiopic Miscellaneous Antipopes Anti-Catholicism Criticism Deism / Pandeism Ecumenism Monasticism Relations with: Islam Judaism Protestantism Societal issues Art Evolution Health care HIV/AIDS Homosexuality Sexual abuse Music Nazi Germany Politics ( in the United States) Role in civilization Science Sex and gender roles Slavery the Age of Discovery Links and resources Index Outline Glossary Category Media Templates WikiProject Vatican City portal Catholic Church portal v t e There are seven sacraments of the Catholic Church, which according to Catholic theology were instituted by Jesus and entrusted to the Church. Sacraments are visible rites seen as signs and efficacious channels of the grace of God to all those who receive them with the proper disposition. The sevenfold list of sacraments is often organized into three categories: the sacraments of initiation (into the Church, the body of Christ ), consisting of Baptism, Confirmation, and the Eucharist; the sacraments of healing, consisting of Penance and Anointing of the Sick; and the sacraments of service:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1814238152#1_2043472008	Title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church - Wikipedia Headings: Sacraments of the Catholic Church Sacraments of the Catholic Church Contents Enumeration History Current Dogmatic aspects Faith and grace Sacraments of initiation Baptism Confirmation Eucharist Restored order of initiation Sacraments of healing Penance Anointing of the Sick Sacraments of service Holy Orders Matrimony Validity and liceity Impediments Conditional conferral See also References Bibliography External links Content: Sacraments are visible rites seen as signs and efficacious channels of the grace of God to all those who receive them with the proper disposition. The sevenfold list of sacraments is often organized into three categories: the sacraments of initiation (into the Church, the body of Christ ), consisting of Baptism, Confirmation, and the Eucharist; the sacraments of healing, consisting of Penance and Anointing of the Sick; and the sacraments of service: Holy Orders and Matrimony. Contents 1 Enumeration 1.1 History 1.2 Current 2 Dogmatic aspects 3 Faith and grace 4 Sacraments of initiation 4.1 Baptism 4.2 Confirmation 4.3 Eucharist 4.4 Restored order of initiation 5 Sacraments of healing 5.1 Penance 5.2 Anointing of the Sick 6 Sacraments of service 6.1 Holy Orders 6.2 Matrimony 7 Validity and liceity 7.1 Impediments 7.2 Conditional conferral 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Enumeration The seven sacraments of the Catholic Church History The number of the sacraments in the early church was variable and undefined; Peter Damian for example had listed eleven, including the ordination of kings. Hugh of Saint Victor enumerated nearly thirty, although he put Baptism and Holy Communion first with special relevance. The current seven sacraments were set out in the Sentences by Peter Lombard, and these seven were confirmed by the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1213.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1814238152#2_2043474141	Title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church - Wikipedia Headings: Sacraments of the Catholic Church Sacraments of the Catholic Church Contents Enumeration History Current Dogmatic aspects Faith and grace Sacraments of initiation Baptism Confirmation Eucharist Restored order of initiation Sacraments of healing Penance Anointing of the Sick Sacraments of service Holy Orders Matrimony Validity and liceity Impediments Conditional conferral See also References Bibliography External links Content: Holy Orders and Matrimony. Contents 1 Enumeration 1.1 History 1.2 Current 2 Dogmatic aspects 3 Faith and grace 4 Sacraments of initiation 4.1 Baptism 4.2 Confirmation 4.3 Eucharist 4.4 Restored order of initiation 5 Sacraments of healing 5.1 Penance 5.2 Anointing of the Sick 6 Sacraments of service 6.1 Holy Orders 6.2 Matrimony 7 Validity and liceity 7.1 Impediments 7.2 Conditional conferral 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Enumeration The seven sacraments of the Catholic Church History The number of the sacraments in the early church was variable and undefined; Peter Damian for example had listed eleven, including the ordination of kings. Hugh of Saint Victor enumerated nearly thirty, although he put Baptism and Holy Communion first with special relevance. The current seven sacraments were set out in the Sentences by Peter Lombard, and these seven were confirmed by the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1213. Current The Catechism of the Catholic Church lists the sacraments as follows: " The whole liturgical life of the Church revolves around the Eucharistic sacrifice and the sacraments. There are seven sacraments in the Church: Baptism, Confirmation or Chrismation, Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony ." The list of seven sacraments already given by the Council of Florence (1439) was reaffirmed by the Council of Trent (1545–1563), (1545–1563), which stated:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1814238152#3_2043476324	Title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church - Wikipedia Headings: Sacraments of the Catholic Church Sacraments of the Catholic Church Contents Enumeration History Current Dogmatic aspects Faith and grace Sacraments of initiation Baptism Confirmation Eucharist Restored order of initiation Sacraments of healing Penance Anointing of the Sick Sacraments of service Holy Orders Matrimony Validity and liceity Impediments Conditional conferral See also References Bibliography External links Content: Current The Catechism of the Catholic Church lists the sacraments as follows: " The whole liturgical life of the Church revolves around the Eucharistic sacrifice and the sacraments. There are seven sacraments in the Church: Baptism, Confirmation or Chrismation, Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony ." The list of seven sacraments already given by the Council of Florence (1439) was reaffirmed by the Council of Trent (1545–1563), (1545–1563), which stated: CANON I.- If any one saith, that the sacraments of the New Law were not all instituted by Jesus Christ, our Lord; or that they are more, or less, than seven, to wit, Baptism, Confirmation, the Eucharist, Penance, Extreme Unction, Order, and Matrimony; or even that any one of these seven is not truly and properly a sacrament; let him be anathema . CANON IV.- If any one saith, that the sacraments of the New Law are not necessary unto salvation, but superfluous;	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1814238152#7_2043483813	Title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church - Wikipedia Headings: Sacraments of the Catholic Church Sacraments of the Catholic Church Contents Enumeration History Current Dogmatic aspects Faith and grace Sacraments of initiation Baptism Confirmation Eucharist Restored order of initiation Sacraments of healing Penance Anointing of the Sick Sacraments of service Holy Orders Matrimony Validity and liceity Impediments Conditional conferral See also References Bibliography External links Content: Their power comes not from the celebrant nor from the recipient but from God. In them Christ himself is at work. However, the actual effects ("the fruits") of the sacrament depends also on the recipient's disposition: " in order that the liturgy may be able to produce its full effects, it is necessary that the faithful come to it with proper dispositions, that their minds should be attuned to their voices, and that they should cooperate with divine grace lest they receive it in vain". Faith and grace Distribution of divine graces by means of the Catholic Church, the sacraments and hats (Johannes Hopffe, Wrisberg epitaph, Hildesheim, before 1615) The Catholic Church teaches that the sacraments are "efficacious signs of grace, instituted by Christ and entrusted to the Church, by which divine life is dispensed to us." The Church teaches that the effect of a sacrament comes ex opere operato, by the very fact of being administered, regardless of the personal holiness of the minister administering it. However, a recipient's own lack of proper disposition to receive the grace conveyed can block the effectiveness of the sacrament in that person. The sacraments presuppose faith and through their words and ritual elements, are meant to nourish, strengthen and give expression to faith. While the Church itself is the universal sacrament of salvation, the sacraments of the Catholic Church in the strict sense are seven sacraments that "touch all the stages and all the important moments of Christian life: they give birth and increase, healing and mission to the Christian's life of faith". "	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1814238152#8_2043486132	Title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church - Wikipedia Headings: Sacraments of the Catholic Church Sacraments of the Catholic Church Contents Enumeration History Current Dogmatic aspects Faith and grace Sacraments of initiation Baptism Confirmation Eucharist Restored order of initiation Sacraments of healing Penance Anointing of the Sick Sacraments of service Holy Orders Matrimony Validity and liceity Impediments Conditional conferral See also References Bibliography External links Content: The Church teaches that the effect of a sacrament comes ex opere operato, by the very fact of being administered, regardless of the personal holiness of the minister administering it. However, a recipient's own lack of proper disposition to receive the grace conveyed can block the effectiveness of the sacrament in that person. The sacraments presuppose faith and through their words and ritual elements, are meant to nourish, strengthen and give expression to faith. While the Church itself is the universal sacrament of salvation, the sacraments of the Catholic Church in the strict sense are seven sacraments that "touch all the stages and all the important moments of Christian life: they give birth and increase, healing and mission to the Christian's life of faith". " The Church affirms that for believers the sacraments of the New Covenant are necessary for salvation", although not all are necessary for every individual. Sacraments of initiation Main article: Sacraments of initiation The Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church states: " Christian initiation is accomplished by means of the sacraments which establish the foundations of Christian life. The faithful born anew by Baptism are strengthened by Confirmation and are then nourished by the Eucharist."	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1814238152#11_2043490896	Title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church - Wikipedia Headings: Sacraments of the Catholic Church Sacraments of the Catholic Church Contents Enumeration History Current Dogmatic aspects Faith and grace Sacraments of initiation Baptism Confirmation Eucharist Restored order of initiation Sacraments of healing Penance Anointing of the Sick Sacraments of service Holy Orders Matrimony Validity and liceity Impediments Conditional conferral See also References Bibliography External links Content: The Roman Catholic Church sees baptism as the first and basic sacrament of Christian initiation. In the Western or Latin Church, baptism is usually conferred today by pouring water three times on the recipient's head, while reciting the baptismal formula: " I baptize you in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit " (cf. Matthew 28:19 ). In the Eastern Catholic Churches of Byzantine Rite immersion or submersion is used, and the formula is: " The servant of God, N., is baptized in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit." Though sprinkling is not normally used, its validity is accepted, provided that the water flows over the skin, since otherwise it is not a w	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1826939938#0_2058512707	Title: Saint John River (Bay of Fundy) - Wikipedia Headings: Saint John River (Bay of Fundy) Saint John River (Bay of Fundy) Contents Hydronym Geography and ecology Upper basin Middle basin Lower basin Formation and hydrology Flooding Human history Gallery See also References External links Content: Saint John River (Bay of Fundy) - Wikipedia Saint John River (Bay of Fundy) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search River defining parts of the border of Maine and New Brunswick Saint John River Fleuve Saint-Jean Saint John River in Fredericton, NB The course of the Saint John River Etymology Feast Day of John the Baptist Native name Wolastoq Location Countries Canada United States Provinces New Brunswick Quebec State Maine Cities Edmundston Fredericton Saint John Physical characteristics Source Saint John Ponds • location Somerset County, Maine, United States • elevation 360 m (1,180 ft) 2nd source Little Saint John Lake • location Saint-Zacharie, Quebec, Canada 3rd source Lac Frontière • location Montmagny Regional County Municipality, Quebec, Canada Source confluence • location Aroostook County, Maine, United States • coordinates 46°33′47″N 69°53′06″W / 46.5630°N 69.8850°W / 46.5630; -69.8850 Mouth Bay of Fundy • location Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada • coordinates 45°16′N 66°4′W / 45.267°N 66.067°W / 45.267; -66.067 Coordinates: 45°16′N 66°4′W / 45.267°N 66.067°W / 45.267; -66.067 Length 673 km (418 mi) Basin size 54,986 km 2 (21,230 sq mi) Discharge • average 990 m 3 /s (35,000 cu ft/s) Basin features Tributaries • left Tobique River, Jemseg River, Belleisle Bay, Kennebecasis River • right Allagash River, Aroostook River, Nerepis River Designations National Historic Site of Canada Official name Wolastoq National Historic Site of Canada Designated July 19, 2011 Reference no. 18954 The Saint John River ( French: Fleuve Saint-Jean) is a 673 kilometres (418 mi) long river that flows from Northern Maine into Canada, and runs south along the western side of New Brunswick, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean in the Bay of Fundy. Eastern Canada's longest river, its drainage basin is one of the largest on the east coast at about 55,000 square kilometres (21,000 sq mi). A part of the border between New Brunswick and Maine follows 130 km of the river. A tributary forms 55 km of the border between Quebec and Maine.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John_River_%28Bay_of_Fundy%29
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1836824927#9_2069745551	Title: Salish peoples - Wikipedia Headings: Salish peoples Salish peoples Contents Salish language Language and cultural revitalization Powwows Art and material culture Salish weaving Use of cedar Totem poles Contemporary Salish artists Subgroups and territory Nuxalk (Bella Coola) Coast Salish Interior Salish See also External links References Content: In the early to mid-nineteenth century, the fur trade brought Hudson's Bay blankets to the Pacific Northwest. The influx of these cheaper, machine-made blankets led to the decline of native wool blankets that were expensive and labor-intensive to produce. Salish weaving continued to a lesser extent, but the weavers largely transitioned to using sheep's wool yarn brought to the area by traders, as it was less costly than keeping the salmon-eating woolly dogs. There was a revival of Salish weaving in the 1960s, and the Salish Weavers Guild was formed in 1971. Objects made with cedar at Tulalip Tribes Hibulb Cultural Center Use of cedar Plentiful in the Pacific Northwest, the Western Red Ceda r was a vital resource in Coast Salish peoples' lives. Canoes, longhouses, totem poles, baskets, mats, clothing, and more were all made using cedar. Totem poles Totem poles were less common in Coast Salish culture than with neighboring non-Salish Pacific Northwest Coast peoples such as the Haida, Tsimshian, Tlingit, and Kwakiutl tribes. It wasn’t until the twentieth century that the totem pole tradition was adopted by the northern Coast Salish peoples including the Cowichan, Comox, Pentlatch, Musqueam, and Lummi tribes. These tribes created fewer free-standing totem poles, but are known for carving house posts in the interior and exterior of longhouses. Musqueam interior house post Musqueam exterior house posts Cowichan housefront with carved house posts Salish wooden carvings at The Field Museum, Chicago Totem pole by Lummi carver Joe Hillaire, 1962 "Musqueam welcome figures" by Susan A. Point in the International Arrivals hall of Vancouver International Airport Salish peoples located in the Pacific Northwest and parts of Southern Alaska were known to build totem poles that were meant to symbolize a tribe member's spirit animal or family crest.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salish_peoples
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1836824927#10_2069747969	Title: Salish peoples - Wikipedia Headings: Salish peoples Salish peoples Contents Salish language Language and cultural revitalization Powwows Art and material culture Salish weaving Use of cedar Totem poles Contemporary Salish artists Subgroups and territory Nuxalk (Bella Coola) Coast Salish Interior Salish See also External links References Content: Canoes, longhouses, totem poles, baskets, mats, clothing, and more were all made using cedar. Totem poles Totem poles were less common in Coast Salish culture than with neighboring non-Salish Pacific Northwest Coast peoples such as the Haida, Tsimshian, Tlingit, and Kwakiutl tribes. It wasn’t until the twentieth century that the totem pole tradition was adopted by the northern Coast Salish peoples including the Cowichan, Comox, Pentlatch, Musqueam, and Lummi tribes. These tribes created fewer free-standing totem poles, but are known for carving house posts in the interior and exterior of longhouses. Musqueam interior house post Musqueam exterior house posts Cowichan housefront with carved house posts Salish wooden carvings at The Field Museum, Chicago Totem pole by Lummi carver Joe Hillaire, 1962 "Musqueam welcome figures" by Susan A. Point in the International Arrivals hall of Vancouver International Airport Salish peoples located in the Pacific Northwest and parts of Southern Alaska were known to build totem poles that were meant to symbolize a tribe member's spirit animal or family crest. They continue on this legacy today by selling hand carved totem poles formed in the same fashion. Contemporary Salish artists Susan A. Point is a Musqueam wood carver and glass artist. Her work "Musqueam Welcome Figures", inspired by Coast Salish house posts, is featured in the Vancouver International Airport. Matika Wilbur is a Swinomish and Tulalip photographer, and the creator of Project 562, which documents contemporary Native Americans from the 562 federally-recognized tribes in the United States. Debra Sparrow is a Musqueam artist and weaver.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salish_peoples
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839458635#1_2072681387	Title: Salsa (dance) - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa (dance) Salsa (dance) Contents Origin Description Venues Rhythm Styles New York style Los Angeles style Cuban style / Casino Miami-style Casino Rueda de Casino Colombian / Cali style See also References External links Content: Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (July 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " Salsa" dance – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Salsa training in Ecuador Salsa is a Latin dance associated with the music genre of the same name which was first popularized in the United States in the 1960s in New York City. Salsa is an amalgamation of Cuban dances such mambo, pachanga, and rumba as well as American dances such as swing and tap . It was primarily developed by Puerto Ricans and Cubans living in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(dance)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839458635#2_2072683012	Title: Salsa (dance) - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa (dance) Salsa (dance) Contents Origin Description Venues Rhythm Styles New York style Los Angeles style Cuban style / Casino Miami-style Casino Rueda de Casino Colombian / Cali style See also References External links Content: Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " Salsa" dance – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Salsa training in Ecuador Salsa is a Latin dance associated with the music genre of the same name which was first popularized in the United States in the 1960s in New York City. Salsa is an amalgamation of Cuban dances such mambo, pachanga, and rumba as well as American dances such as swing and tap . It was primarily developed by Puerto Ricans and Cubans living in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Different regions of Latin America and the United States (including countries in the Caribbean) have distinct salsa styles of their own, such as Cuban, Puerto Rican, Colombian, and New York styles. Salsa dance socials are commonly held in nightclubs, bars, ballrooms, restaurants, and outside, especially when part of an outdoor festival. Salsa's tempo ranges from about 150 bpm (beats per minute) to around 250 bpm, although most dancing is done to music somewhere between 160 and 220 bpm. The basic Salsa dance rhythm consists of taking three steps for every four beats of music. The odd number of steps creates the syncopation inherent to salsa dancing and ensures that it takes eight beats of music to loop back to a new sequence of steps.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(dance)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839458635#3_2072684903	Title: Salsa (dance) - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa (dance) Salsa (dance) Contents Origin Description Venues Rhythm Styles New York style Los Angeles style Cuban style / Casino Miami-style Casino Rueda de Casino Colombian / Cali style See also References External links Content: Different regions of Latin America and the United States (including countries in the Caribbean) have distinct salsa styles of their own, such as Cuban, Puerto Rican, Colombian, and New York styles. Salsa dance socials are commonly held in nightclubs, bars, ballrooms, restaurants, and outside, especially when part of an outdoor festival. Salsa's tempo ranges from about 150 bpm (beats per minute) to around 250 bpm, although most dancing is done to music somewhere between 160 and 220 bpm. The basic Salsa dance rhythm consists of taking three steps for every four beats of music. The odd number of steps creates the syncopation inherent to salsa dancing and ensures that it takes eight beats of music to loop back to a new sequence of steps. Contents 1 Origin 2 Description 3 Venues 4 Rhythm 5 Styles 5.1 New York style 5.2 Los Angeles style 5.3 Cuban style / Casino 5.3.1 Miami-style Casino 5.3.2 Rueda de Casino 5.4 Colombian / Cali style 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Origin Students from Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City perform at Culture Week Salsa dancing evolved as a dance to accompany salsa music which was popularized in the 1960s. Many of the movements found in salsa dancing originated from earlier forms of Latin dance such as mambo, cha cha cha, and pachanga as well as other dances popular at the time such as swing dance . Originally a street dance, salsa dance steps came to be more formalized once schools began opening up teaching students how to dance salsa with a set curriculum. One of the early influential instructors in salsa was Eddie Torres who helped to formalize the timing for New York-style salsa, and popularized the style around the world. There is some debate surrounding the exact origins of the name "salsa".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(dance)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839458635#4_2072687174	Title: Salsa (dance) - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa (dance) Salsa (dance) Contents Origin Description Venues Rhythm Styles New York style Los Angeles style Cuban style / Casino Miami-style Casino Rueda de Casino Colombian / Cali style See also References External links Content: Contents 1 Origin 2 Description 3 Venues 4 Rhythm 5 Styles 5.1 New York style 5.2 Los Angeles style 5.3 Cuban style / Casino 5.3.1 Miami-style Casino 5.3.2 Rueda de Casino 5.4 Colombian / Cali style 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Origin Students from Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City perform at Culture Week Salsa dancing evolved as a dance to accompany salsa music which was popularized in the 1960s. Many of the movements found in salsa dancing originated from earlier forms of Latin dance such as mambo, cha cha cha, and pachanga as well as other dances popular at the time such as swing dance . Originally a street dance, salsa dance steps came to be more formalized once schools began opening up teaching students how to dance salsa with a set curriculum. One of the early influential instructors in salsa was Eddie Torres who helped to formalize the timing for New York-style salsa, and popularized the style around the world. There is some debate surrounding the exact origins of the name "salsa". Some claim that it originated from something musicians shouted while they were playing their music to generate excitement. The term was popularized by the record label Fania Records to better market their music, and Fania founder Johnny Pacheco says he chose the word "salsa" because of its spicy and hot connotations. Whatever its origin, the term is fitting because salsa dancing and music is a mixture of different styles, just like salsa or "sauce" in Latin American countries is a mixture of different ingredients. Description Salsa is a partnered dance where the lead leads the follow through a series of spins and turn patterns to music. Salsa dancers can also break apart during a dance to dance solo, known as "shines".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(dance)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839480365#0_2072707656	Title: Salsa (sauce) - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa (sauce) Salsa (sauce) Salsa Contents History Types Prepared salsas Importance of proper storage See also References External links Content: Salsa (sauce) - Wikipedia Salsa (sauce) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is about the condiment in Mexican cuisine. For the dance, see Salsa (dance). For the music, see Salsa music. For other uses, see Salsa. Salsa A variety of salsas Type Condiment Region or state Spain, Mexico, Venezuela, United States Main ingredients Varies Cookbook: Salsa Media: Salsa Salsa is a variety of sauces used as condiments for tacos and other Mexican and Mexican-American foods, and as dips for tortilla chips. They may be raw or cooked, and are generally served at room temperature. Though the word salsa means any kind of sauce in Spanish, in English, it refers specifically to these Mexican table sauces, especially to the chunky tomato -and- chili -based pico de gallo, as well as to salsa verde . Tortilla chips with salsa are a ubiquitous appetizer in Mexican-American restaurants, but not in Mexico itself.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(sauce)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839480365#1_2072708981	Title: Salsa (sauce) - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa (sauce) Salsa (sauce) Salsa Contents History Types Prepared salsas Importance of proper storage See also References External links Content: Salsa Media: Salsa Salsa is a variety of sauces used as condiments for tacos and other Mexican and Mexican-American foods, and as dips for tortilla chips. They may be raw or cooked, and are generally served at room temperature. Though the word salsa means any kind of sauce in Spanish, in English, it refers specifically to these Mexican table sauces, especially to the chunky tomato -and- chili -based pico de gallo, as well as to salsa verde . Tortilla chips with salsa are a ubiquitous appetizer in Mexican-American restaurants, but not in Mexico itself. A dish of sauce or relish is as indispensable to the Mexican table as our salt, pepper, and mustard. Diana Kennedy, The Cuisines of Mexico Syrian Jews in Mexico combine the Levantine dish kibbeh with salsa verde. Contents 1 History 2 Types 3 Prepared salsas 4 Importance of proper storage 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History The use of salsa as a table dip was first popularized by Mexican restaurants in the United States. In the 1980s, tomato-based Mexican-Style salsas gained in popularity. While some salsa fans do not consider jarred products to be real salsa cruda, their widespread availability and long shelf life have been credited with much of salsa's enormous popularity in states outside the southwest, especially in areas where salsa is not a traditional part of the cuisine.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(sauce)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839480365#2_2072710717	Title: Salsa (sauce) - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa (sauce) Salsa (sauce) Salsa Contents History Types Prepared salsas Importance of proper storage See also References External links Content: A dish of sauce or relish is as indispensable to the Mexican table as our salt, pepper, and mustard. Diana Kennedy, The Cuisines of Mexico Syrian Jews in Mexico combine the Levantine dish kibbeh with salsa verde. Contents 1 History 2 Types 3 Prepared salsas 4 Importance of proper storage 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History The use of salsa as a table dip was first popularized by Mexican restaurants in the United States. In the 1980s, tomato-based Mexican-Style salsas gained in popularity. While some salsa fans do not consider jarred products to be real salsa cruda, their widespread availability and long shelf life have been credited with much of salsa's enormous popularity in states outside the southwest, especially in areas where salsa is not a traditional part of the cuisine. In 1992, the dollar value of salsa sales in the United States exceeded those of tomato ketchup. Mango pineapple salsa, made with jalapeños, red onion, and cilantro (coriander), served in a ramekin Tomato-based salsas later found competition from salsas made with fruit, corn or black beans. Since the 2000s sweet salsas combining fruits with peppers like habanero, Scotch bonnet and datil have grown in popularity and are served with frozen dessert, cheesecakes and pound cakes. In the United States, salsa is used in marinades, salad dressings, stews and cooked sauces. In addition to accompanying various fish, poultry and meat dishes, it is also used as a condiment for baked potatoes, pasta dishes and pizza.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(sauce)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839480365#3_2072712612	Title: Salsa (sauce) - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa (sauce) Salsa (sauce) Salsa Contents History Types Prepared salsas Importance of proper storage See also References External links Content: In 1992, the dollar value of salsa sales in the United States exceeded those of tomato ketchup. Mango pineapple salsa, made with jalapeños, red onion, and cilantro (coriander), served in a ramekin Tomato-based salsas later found competition from salsas made with fruit, corn or black beans. Since the 2000s sweet salsas combining fruits with peppers like habanero, Scotch bonnet and datil have grown in popularity and are served with frozen dessert, cheesecakes and pound cakes. In the United States, salsa is used in marinades, salad dressings, stews and cooked sauces. In addition to accompanying various fish, poultry and meat dishes, it is also used as a condiment for baked potatoes, pasta dishes and pizza. Types Various types of Mexican salsas, including moles A chorizo and egg breakfast burrito with salsa Salsa is a common ingredient in Mexican cuisine, served as a condiment with tacos, stirred into soups and stews, or incorporated into tamale fillings. Salsa fresca is fresh salsa made with tomatoes and hot peppers. Salsa verde is made with cooked tomatillos and is served as a dip or sauce for chilaquiles, enchiladas and other dishes. Chiltomate is a widely used base sauce made of tomatoes and chiles. The type of pepper used for chiltomate varies by region, with fresh green chiles being more common than habanero in Chiapas.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(sauce)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839480365#5_2072715869	Title: Salsa (sauce) - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa (sauce) Salsa (sauce) Salsa Contents History Types Prepared salsas Importance of proper storage See also References External links Content: Tamales are often identified according to the type of salsa they are filled with, either salsa verde, salsa roja, salsa de rajas or salsa de mole. Mexican salsas were traditionally produced using the mortar and pestle -like molcajete, although blenders are now used. Mexican salsas include: Salsa roja, one of the two most common and well known types of salsa, "red sauce", is used as a condiment in Mexican and Southwestern (U.S.) cuisines; usually includes cooked tomatoes, chili peppers, onion, garlic, and fresh cilantro (coriander). Salsa cruda, "raw sauce", is an uncooked mixture of chopped tomatoes, onions, jalapeño chilies, and cilantro. Prepared salsas Jarred salsa's widespread availability and long shelf life have been credited with much of salsa's enormous popularity in states outside the southwest, especially in areas where salsa is not a traditional part of the cuisine. In 1992, the dollar value of salsa sales in the United States exceeded those of tomato ketchup. Importance of proper storage A salsa bar at a Mexican restaurant in California The WHO says care should be taken in the preparation and storage of salsa and any other types of sauces, since many raw-served varieties can act as growth media for potentially dangerous bacteria, especially when unrefrigerated. In 2002 a study by the University of Texas–Houston, found sauces contaminated with E. coli in:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(sauce)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839480365#6_2072717640	Title: Salsa (sauce) - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa (sauce) Salsa (sauce) Salsa Contents History Types Prepared salsas Importance of proper storage See also References External links Content: Salsa cruda, "raw sauce", is an uncooked mixture of chopped tomatoes, onions, jalapeño chilies, and cilantro. Prepared salsas Jarred salsa's widespread availability and long shelf life have been credited with much of salsa's enormous popularity in states outside the southwest, especially in areas where salsa is not a traditional part of the cuisine. In 1992, the dollar value of salsa sales in the United States exceeded those of tomato ketchup. Importance of proper storage A salsa bar at a Mexican restaurant in California The WHO says care should be taken in the preparation and storage of salsa and any other types of sauces, since many raw-served varieties can act as growth media for potentially dangerous bacteria, especially when unrefrigerated. In 2002 a study by the University of Texas–Houston, found sauces contaminated with E. coli in: 66% of the sauces from restaurants tested in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico 40% of those from restaurants tested in Houston, Texas In 2010 the CDC reported that 1 in 25 foodborne illnesses between 1998 and 2008 was traced back to restaurant sauces (carelessly prepared or stored). A 2010 paper on salsa food hygiene described refrigeration as "the key" to safe sauces. This study also found that fresh lime juice and fresh garlic (but not powdered garlic) would prevent the growth of Salmonella. See also food portal List of condiments List of dips List of Mexican dishes Hot sauce Mole sauce Sofrito Matbukha Galayet bandora Ajika References ^ Sharon Hudgins, "Salsa" in Andrew F. Smith, ed., Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink, 2009, ISBN 0195387090, p. 517 ^ David Kamp, The United States of Arugula, 2006, ISBN 0767915798, p. 310 ^ Diana Kennedy, The Cuisines of Mexico, 1972, ISBN 0060123443, p. 296 ^ Taste, Politics, and Identities in Mexican Food.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(sauce)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839502410#0_2072746028	Title: Salsa music - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa music Salsa music Contents Salsa as a musical term Issues of identity and ownership Lyrics Instrumentation Son Conjunto String charanga Percussion Music structure Verse and chorus sections Clave Percussion and clave alignment Guajeo Bass tumbao Moñas History Pre-salsa: Cuban dance music in New York City 1930-1940 1970s Divergence of salsa and Cuban popular music 1980s "Salsa cubana" and the birth of timba African salsa 1990s to the present Films See also References Notes Bibliography Further reading External links Content: Salsa music - Wikipedia Salsa music From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Salsa band) Jump to navigation Jump to search Latin American dance music genre Not to be confused with Salsa (sauce). Salsa Stylistic origins Son cubano jazz Cultural origins 1960s, Cuban and Puerto Rican communities in New York City, United States Subgenres Salsa romántica salsa dura Fusion genres Charanga-vallenata songo-salsa vallenato-salsa salsaton Regional scenes Cuba Puerto Rico Dominican Republic Colombia Panama Venezuela Mexico Conga drums, one of the foundational instruments of salsa music. Salsa music is a popular dance music genre that initially arose in New York City during the 1960s. Salsa is the product of various Cuban musical genres including the Afro-Cuban son montuno, guaracha, cha cha chá, mambo, and Puerto Rican plena and bomba. Latin jazz (which was also developed in New York City) has had a significant influence on salsa arrangers, piano guajeos, and instrumental soloists. Salsa is primarily Cuban son, itself a fusion of Spanish canción and guitar and Afro-Cuban percussion. Salsa also occasionally incorporates elements of Latin jazz, bomba and plena. All of these non-Cuban elements are grafted onto the basic Cuban son montuno template when performed within the context of salsa. The first salsa bands were predominantly Cubans and Puerto Ricans. The music eventually spread throughout Colombia and the rest of the Americas.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_band
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839502410#1_2072748301	Title: Salsa music - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa music Salsa music Contents Salsa as a musical term Issues of identity and ownership Lyrics Instrumentation Son Conjunto String charanga Percussion Music structure Verse and chorus sections Clave Percussion and clave alignment Guajeo Bass tumbao Moñas History Pre-salsa: Cuban dance music in New York City 1930-1940 1970s Divergence of salsa and Cuban popular music 1980s "Salsa cubana" and the birth of timba African salsa 1990s to the present Films See also References Notes Bibliography Further reading External links Content: Salsa is primarily Cuban son, itself a fusion of Spanish canción and guitar and Afro-Cuban percussion. Salsa also occasionally incorporates elements of Latin jazz, bomba and plena. All of these non-Cuban elements are grafted onto the basic Cuban son montuno template when performed within the context of salsa. The first salsa bands were predominantly Cubans and Puerto Ricans. The music eventually spread throughout Colombia and the rest of the Americas. Ultimately, it became a global phenomenon. Some of the founding salsa artists were Johnny Pacheco (the creator of the Fania All-Stars ), Celia Cruz, Rubén Blades, Richie Ray, Bobby Cruz, Ray Barretto, Willie Colón, Larry Harlow, Roberto Roena, Bobby Valentín, Eddie Palmieri, and Héctor Lavoe. Contents 1 Salsa as a musical term 2 Issues of identity and ownership 3 Lyrics 4 Instrumentation 4.1 Son Conjunto 4.2 String charanga 4.3 Percussion 5 Music structure 5.1 Verse and chorus sections 5.2 Clave 5.3 Percussion and clave alignment 5.4 Guajeo 5.5 Bass tumbao 5.6 Moñas 6 History 6.1 Pre-salsa: Cuban dance music in New York City 1930-1940 6.2 1970s 6.3 Divergence of salsa and Cuban popular music 6.4 1980s 6.5 "Salsa cubana" and the birth of timba 6.6 African salsa 6.7 1990s to the present 7 Films 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Salsa as a musical term Salsa means ' sauce ' in the Spanish language, and carries connotations of the spiciness common in Latin and Caribbean cuisine. In the 20th century, salsa acquired a musical meaning in both English and Spanish.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_band
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839502410#2_2072750694	Title: Salsa music - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa music Salsa music Contents Salsa as a musical term Issues of identity and ownership Lyrics Instrumentation Son Conjunto String charanga Percussion Music structure Verse and chorus sections Clave Percussion and clave alignment Guajeo Bass tumbao Moñas History Pre-salsa: Cuban dance music in New York City 1930-1940 1970s Divergence of salsa and Cuban popular music 1980s "Salsa cubana" and the birth of timba African salsa 1990s to the present Films See also References Notes Bibliography Further reading External links Content: Ultimately, it became a global phenomenon. Some of the founding salsa artists were Johnny Pacheco (the creator of the Fania All-Stars ), Celia Cruz, Rubén Blades, Richie Ray, Bobby Cruz, Ray Barretto, Willie Colón, Larry Harlow, Roberto Roena, Bobby Valentín, Eddie Palmieri, and Héctor Lavoe. Contents 1 Salsa as a musical term 2 Issues of identity and ownership 3 Lyrics 4 Instrumentation 4.1 Son Conjunto 4.2 String charanga 4.3 Percussion 5 Music structure 5.1 Verse and chorus sections 5.2 Clave 5.3 Percussion and clave alignment 5.4 Guajeo 5.5 Bass tumbao 5.6 Moñas 6 History 6.1 Pre-salsa: Cuban dance music in New York City 1930-1940 6.2 1970s 6.3 Divergence of salsa and Cuban popular music 6.4 1980s 6.5 "Salsa cubana" and the birth of timba 6.6 African salsa 6.7 1990s to the present 7 Films 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Salsa as a musical term Salsa means ' sauce ' in the Spanish language, and carries connotations of the spiciness common in Latin and Caribbean cuisine. In the 20th century, salsa acquired a musical meaning in both English and Spanish. In this sense salsa has been described as a word with "vivid associations". Cubans and Puerto Ricans in New York have used the term analogously to swing or soul music. In this usage salsa connotes a frenzied, "hot" and wild musical experience that draws upon or reflects elements of Latin culture, regardless of the style. Various music writers and historians have traced the use of salsa to different periods of the 20th century. Max Salazar traces the word back to the early 1930s, when Ignacio Piñeiro composed "Échale salsita", a Cuban son protesting tasteless food.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_band
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839502410#4_2072755483	Title: Salsa music - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa music Salsa music Contents Salsa as a musical term Issues of identity and ownership Lyrics Instrumentation Son Conjunto String charanga Percussion Music structure Verse and chorus sections Clave Percussion and clave alignment Guajeo Bass tumbao Moñas History Pre-salsa: Cuban dance music in New York City 1930-1940 1970s Divergence of salsa and Cuban popular music 1980s "Salsa cubana" and the birth of timba African salsa 1990s to the present Films See also References Notes Bibliography Further reading External links Content: While Salazar describes this song as the origin of salsa meaning "danceable Latin music", Ed Morales describes the usage in the same song as a cry from Piñeiro to his band, telling them to increase the tempo to "put the dancers into high gear". Morales claims that later in the 1930s, vocalist Beny Moré would shout salsa during a performance "to acknowledge a musical moment's heat, to express a kind of cultural nationalist sloganeering [and to celebrate the] 'hotness' or 'spiciness' of Latin American cultures". World music author Sue Steward claims salsa was originally used in music as a "cry of appreciation for a particularly piquant or flashy solo". She cites the first use in this manner to a Venezuelan radio DJ named Phidias Danilo Escalona; In 1955 Cheo Marquetti created a new band called Conjunto Los Salseros and recorded some new songs (Sonero and Que no muera el son). In 1955 José Curbelo recorded some other salsa songs (La familia, La la la and Sun sun sun ba bae). The contemporary meaning of salsa as a musical genre can be traced back to New York City Latin music promoter Izzy Sanabria: In 1973, I hosted the television show Salsa which was the first reference to this particular music as salsa. I was using [the term] salsa, but the music wasn't defined by that. The music was still defined as Latin music.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_band
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839502410#5_2072757616	Title: Salsa music - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa music Salsa music Contents Salsa as a musical term Issues of identity and ownership Lyrics Instrumentation Son Conjunto String charanga Percussion Music structure Verse and chorus sections Clave Percussion and clave alignment Guajeo Bass tumbao Moñas History Pre-salsa: Cuban dance music in New York City 1930-1940 1970s Divergence of salsa and Cuban popular music 1980s "Salsa cubana" and the birth of timba African salsa 1990s to the present Films See also References Notes Bibliography Further reading External links Content: In 1955 José Curbelo recorded some other salsa songs (La familia, La la la and Sun sun sun ba bae). The contemporary meaning of salsa as a musical genre can be traced back to New York City Latin music promoter Izzy Sanabria: In 1973, I hosted the television show Salsa which was the first reference to this particular music as salsa. I was using [the term] salsa, but the music wasn't defined by that. The music was still defined as Latin music. And that was a very, very broad category, because it even includes mariachi music. It includes everything. So salsa defined this particular type of music ... It's a name that everyone could pronounce. Sanabria's Latin New York magazine was an English language publication. Consequently, his promoted events were covered in The New York Times, as well as Time and Newsweek magazines.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_band
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839502410#6_2072759227	Title: Salsa music - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa music Salsa music Contents Salsa as a musical term Issues of identity and ownership Lyrics Instrumentation Son Conjunto String charanga Percussion Music structure Verse and chorus sections Clave Percussion and clave alignment Guajeo Bass tumbao Moñas History Pre-salsa: Cuban dance music in New York City 1930-1940 1970s Divergence of salsa and Cuban popular music 1980s "Salsa cubana" and the birth of timba African salsa 1990s to the present Films See also References Notes Bibliography Further reading External links Content: And that was a very, very broad category, because it even includes mariachi music. It includes everything. So salsa defined this particular type of music ... It's a name that everyone could pronounce. Sanabria's Latin New York magazine was an English language publication. Consequently, his promoted events were covered in The New York Times, as well as Time and Newsweek magazines. They reported on this "new" phenomenon taking New York by storm— salsa. But promotion certainly wasn't the only factor in the music's success, as Sanabria makes clear: " Musicians were busy creating the music but played no role in promoting the name salsa." Johnny Pacheco, the creative director and producer of Fania Records, molded New York salsa into a tight, polished and commercially successful sound. The unprecedented appeal of New York salsa, particularly the "Fania sound", led to its adoption across Latin America and elsewhere.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_band
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839502410#7_2072760937	Title: Salsa music - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa music Salsa music Contents Salsa as a musical term Issues of identity and ownership Lyrics Instrumentation Son Conjunto String charanga Percussion Music structure Verse and chorus sections Clave Percussion and clave alignment Guajeo Bass tumbao Moñas History Pre-salsa: Cuban dance music in New York City 1930-1940 1970s Divergence of salsa and Cuban popular music 1980s "Salsa cubana" and the birth of timba African salsa 1990s to the present Films See also References Notes Bibliography Further reading External links Content: They reported on this "new" phenomenon taking New York by storm— salsa. But promotion certainly wasn't the only factor in the music's success, as Sanabria makes clear: " Musicians were busy creating the music but played no role in promoting the name salsa." Johnny Pacheco, the creative director and producer of Fania Records, molded New York salsa into a tight, polished and commercially successful sound. The unprecedented appeal of New York salsa, particularly the "Fania sound", led to its adoption across Latin America and elsewhere. Globally, the term salsa has eclipsed the original names of the various Cuban musical genres it encompasses. Ironically, Cuban-based music was promoted more effectively worldwide in the 1970s and 1980s by the salsa industry, than by Cuba. For a brief time in the early 1990s a fair number of Cuban musicians embraced the term, calling their own music salsa Cubana. The practice did not catch on however. Issues of identity and ownership Graciela on claves and her brother Machito on maracas;	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_band
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839502410#8_2072762757	Title: Salsa music - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa music Salsa music Contents Salsa as a musical term Issues of identity and ownership Lyrics Instrumentation Son Conjunto String charanga Percussion Music structure Verse and chorus sections Clave Percussion and clave alignment Guajeo Bass tumbao Moñas History Pre-salsa: Cuban dance music in New York City 1930-1940 1970s Divergence of salsa and Cuban popular music 1980s "Salsa cubana" and the birth of timba African salsa 1990s to the present Films See also References Notes Bibliography Further reading External links Content: Globally, the term salsa has eclipsed the original names of the various Cuban musical genres it encompasses. Ironically, Cuban-based music was promoted more effectively worldwide in the 1970s and 1980s by the salsa industry, than by Cuba. For a brief time in the early 1990s a fair number of Cuban musicians embraced the term, calling their own music salsa Cubana. The practice did not catch on however. Issues of identity and ownership Graciela on claves and her brother Machito on maracas; Machito said that salsa was much like what he had been playing from the 1940s. There is considerable controversy surrounding the term salsa and the idea that it is its own distinct genre. Several Cuban New York musicians who had already been performing Cuban dance music for decades when salsa was popularized initially scoffed at the term. For example, Cuban-born Machito declared: " There's nothing new about salsa, it is just the same old music that was played in Cuba for over fifty years."	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_band
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839502410#9_2072764524	Title: Salsa music - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa music Salsa music Contents Salsa as a musical term Issues of identity and ownership Lyrics Instrumentation Son Conjunto String charanga Percussion Music structure Verse and chorus sections Clave Percussion and clave alignment Guajeo Bass tumbao Moñas History Pre-salsa: Cuban dance music in New York City 1930-1940 1970s Divergence of salsa and Cuban popular music 1980s "Salsa cubana" and the birth of timba African salsa 1990s to the present Films See also References Notes Bibliography Further reading External links Content: Machito said that salsa was much like what he had been playing from the 1940s. There is considerable controversy surrounding the term salsa and the idea that it is its own distinct genre. Several Cuban New York musicians who had already been performing Cuban dance music for decades when salsa was popularized initially scoffed at the term. For example, Cuban-born Machito declared: " There's nothing new about salsa, it is just the same old music that was played in Cuba for over fifty years." Similarly, New York native Tito Puente stated: " The only salsa I know is sold in a bottle called ketchup. I play Cuban music." Eventually though, both Machito and Puente embraced the term as a financial necessity. The salsa conflict can be summarized as a disagreement between those who do not recognize salsa as anything other than Cuban music with another name, and those who strongly identify with salsa as a music and culture distinct from its Cuban primogenitor.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_band
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839502410#10_2072766269	Title: Salsa music - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa music Salsa music Contents Salsa as a musical term Issues of identity and ownership Lyrics Instrumentation Son Conjunto String charanga Percussion Music structure Verse and chorus sections Clave Percussion and clave alignment Guajeo Bass tumbao Moñas History Pre-salsa: Cuban dance music in New York City 1930-1940 1970s Divergence of salsa and Cuban popular music 1980s "Salsa cubana" and the birth of timba African salsa 1990s to the present Films See also References Notes Bibliography Further reading External links Content: Similarly, New York native Tito Puente stated: " The only salsa I know is sold in a bottle called ketchup. I play Cuban music." Eventually though, both Machito and Puente embraced the term as a financial necessity. The salsa conflict can be summarized as a disagreement between those who do not recognize salsa as anything other than Cuban music with another name, and those who strongly identify with salsa as a music and culture distinct from its Cuban primogenitor. The concept of salsa music which began as a marketing ploy created by Izzy Sanabria was successfully exploited by Fania Records, then eventually took on a life of its own, organically evolving into an authentic pan-Latin American cultural identity. Music professor and salsa trombonist Christopher Washburne writes: This pan-Latino association of salsa stems from what Felix Padilla labels a 'Latinizing' process that occurred in the 1960s and was consciously marketed by Fania Records: ' To Fania, the Latinizing of salsa came to mean homogenizing the product, presenting an all-embracing Puerto Rican, Pan-American or Latino sound with which the people from all of Latin America and Spanish-speaking communities in the United States could identify and purchase.' Motivated primarily by economic factors, Fania's push for countries throughout Latin America to embrace salsa did result in an expanded market.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_band
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839502410#11_2072768427	Title: Salsa music - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa music Salsa music Contents Salsa as a musical term Issues of identity and ownership Lyrics Instrumentation Son Conjunto String charanga Percussion Music structure Verse and chorus sections Clave Percussion and clave alignment Guajeo Bass tumbao Moñas History Pre-salsa: Cuban dance music in New York City 1930-1940 1970s Divergence of salsa and Cuban popular music 1980s "Salsa cubana" and the birth of timba African salsa 1990s to the present Films See also References Notes Bibliography Further reading External links Content: The concept of salsa music which began as a marketing ploy created by Izzy Sanabria was successfully exploited by Fania Records, then eventually took on a life of its own, organically evolving into an authentic pan-Latin American cultural identity. Music professor and salsa trombonist Christopher Washburne writes: This pan-Latino association of salsa stems from what Felix Padilla labels a 'Latinizing' process that occurred in the 1960s and was consciously marketed by Fania Records: ' To Fania, the Latinizing of salsa came to mean homogenizing the product, presenting an all-embracing Puerto Rican, Pan-American or Latino sound with which the people from all of Latin America and Spanish-speaking communities in the United States could identify and purchase.' Motivated primarily by economic factors, Fania's push for countries throughout Latin America to embrace salsa did result in an expanded market. But in addition, throughout the 1970s, salsa groups from Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Venezuela, among other Latin American nations, emerged, composing and performing music that related to their own specific cultural experiences and affiliations, which posited salsa as a cultural identity marker for those nations as well. The Cuban origins of the music do not conveniently fit into the pan-Latino narrative. Many leading salsa artists have described salsa in broad and inclusive, but vague terms, making no mention of the music's Cuban foundation. For example, Johnny Pacheco has consistently articulated a vision of salsa as a broad, multi-ethnic movement: " Salsa was, and still is, a Caribbean musical movement."	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_band
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839590627#1_2072778155	Title: Salsa (dance) - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa (dance) Salsa (dance) Contents Origin Description Venues Rhythm Styles Afro-Latino style Colombian / Cali style Cuban style / Casino Miami-style Casino Rueda de Casino Los Angeles style New York style See also References External links Content: Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (July 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " Salsa" dance – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Salsa training in Ecuador Salsa is a Latin dance associated with the music genre of the same name which originated in the 1960s in New York City. Salsa is an amalgamation of Puerto Rican, Dominican and Cuban dances that were popular in the ballrooms and nightclubs of San Juan and la Havana by the end of the 1950s (e.g. "casino", mambo and pachanga ), as well as American jazz dances. It was primarily developed by Dominicans and Puerto Ricans living in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_dance
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839590627#2_2072779887	Title: Salsa (dance) - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa (dance) Salsa (dance) Contents Origin Description Venues Rhythm Styles Afro-Latino style Colombian / Cali style Cuban style / Casino Miami-style Casino Rueda de Casino Los Angeles style New York style See also References External links Content: Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " Salsa" dance – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Salsa training in Ecuador Salsa is a Latin dance associated with the music genre of the same name which originated in the 1960s in New York City. Salsa is an amalgamation of Puerto Rican, Dominican and Cuban dances that were popular in the ballrooms and nightclubs of San Juan and la Havana by the end of the 1950s (e.g. "casino", mambo and pachanga ), as well as American jazz dances. It was primarily developed by Dominicans and Puerto Ricans living in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Different regions of Latin America and the United States have distinct salsa styles of their own, such as Cuban, Dominican, Puerto Rican, Cali Colombia, L.A. and New York styles. Salsa dance socials are commonly held in nightclubs, bars, ballrooms, restaurants, and outside, especially when part of an outdoor festival. In many styles of salsa dancing, as a dancer shifts their weight by stepping into the middle to have 50/50 weight, the upper body remains level and nearly unaffected by the weight changes. the movement rotates in a figure of eight to cause the hips to move. Arm and shoulder movements are also incorporated.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_dance
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839590627#3_2072781769	Title: Salsa (dance) - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa (dance) Salsa (dance) Contents Origin Description Venues Rhythm Styles Afro-Latino style Colombian / Cali style Cuban style / Casino Miami-style Casino Rueda de Casino Los Angeles style New York style See also References External links Content: Different regions of Latin America and the United States have distinct salsa styles of their own, such as Cuban, Dominican, Puerto Rican, Cali Colombia, L.A. and New York styles. Salsa dance socials are commonly held in nightclubs, bars, ballrooms, restaurants, and outside, especially when part of an outdoor festival. In many styles of salsa dancing, as a dancer shifts their weight by stepping into the middle to have 50/50 weight, the upper body remains level and nearly unaffected by the weight changes. the movement rotates in a figure of eight to cause the hips to move. Arm and shoulder movements are also incorporated. Salsa's tempo ranges from about 150 bpm (beats per minute) to around 250 bpm, although most dancing is done to music somewhere between 160 and 220 bpm. The basic Salsa dance rhythm consists of taking three steps for every four beats of music. The odd number of steps creates the syncopation inherent to Salsa dancing and ensures that it takes eight beats of music to loop back to a new sequence of steps. Contents 1 Origin 2 Description 3 Venues 4 Rhythm 5 Styles 5.1 Afro-Latino style 5.2 Colombian / Cali style 5.3 Cuban style / Casino 5.3.1 Miami-style Casino 5.3.2 Rueda de Casino 5.4 Los Angeles style 5.5 New York style 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Origin Students from Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City perform at Culture Week Johnny Pacheco founded Fania record label in the 1960s and gave the name "Salsa" to a blend of different influences, rhythms and styles of Latin music in New York City, especially in el Barrio, Spanish Harlem, and the Bronx. Salsa means sauce which represented son, guaguanco, son montuno, Jazz elements, Latin Jazz, Cuban influences.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_dance
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1839590627#5_2072786352	Title: Salsa (dance) - Wikipedia Headings: Salsa (dance) Salsa (dance) Contents Origin Description Venues Rhythm Styles Afro-Latino style Colombian / Cali style Cuban style / Casino Miami-style Casino Rueda de Casino Los Angeles style New York style See also References External links Content: Prior to that time, each style was recognized in its pure original form and name. It evolved from forms such as Son, Son Montuno, cha cha cha, and Mambo which were popular in the Caribbean, Latin America and the Latino communities in New York since the 1940s. Salsa, like most music genres and dance styles, has diversified through the years and incorporated elements of other Afro-Caribbean dances such as Pachanga created by johnny pacheco as well. Different regions of Latin America and the United States have distinct salsa styles of their own, such as Cuban, Dominican, Puerto Rican, Cali Colombia. There is some controversy surrounding the origins of the word "salsa," which has been ascribed to the dance since the mid-1800s. Some claim that it was based on a cry shouted by musicians while they were playing their music. Others believe that the term was created by record labels to better market their music, who chose the word "salsa" because of its spicy and hot connotations. Still, others believe the term came about because salsa dancing and music is a mixture of different styles, just like salsa or "sauce" in Latin American countries is a mixture of different ingredients. Description In many styles of salsa dancing, as a dancer shifts their weight by stepping, the upper body remains level and nearly unaffected by the weight changes. Weight shifts cause the hips to move.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_dance
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1845431258#0_2080087502	Title: Sam Hunt - Wikipedia Headings: Sam Hunt Sam Hunt From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Life and career Early life and football career 2014–2016: X2C and Montevallo 2017–present: Southside Artistry Vocals Influences Lyrical and musical style Personal life Legal issues Discography Awards and nominations Academy of Country Music Awards American Country Countdown Awards American Music Awards ASCAP Country Music Awards Billboard Music Awards Country Music Association Awards CMT Music Awards Grammy Awards Music Biz Awards People's Choice Awards Taste of Country Music Awards Teen Choice Awards References Content: Sam Hunt - Wikipedia Sam Hunt From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 22 May 2021. Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is about the American musician. For other people of the name, see Samuel Hunt. American singer and songwriter Sam Hunt Hunt performing at C2C Festival in London's O2 Arena, 2015 Background information Birth name Sam Lowry Hunt Born ( 1984-12-08) December 8, 1984 (age 36) Cedartown, Georgia, U.S. Origin Nashville, Tennessee, U.S. Genres Country country pop R&B Occupation (s) Singer songwriter Instruments Vocals guitar Years active 2008–present Labels MCA Nashville Website samhunt .com Sam Lowry Hunt (born December 8, 1984) is an American singer and songwriter. Born in Cedartown, Georgia, Hunt played football in his high school and college years and once attempted to pursue a professional sports career before signing with MCA Nashville in 2014. Prior to his successful solo career, Hunt was credited for writing singles for Kenny Chesney, Keith Urban, Billy Currington, and Reba McEntire. His debut studio album, Montevallo, broke several chart records with five singles spawned from the record, including three consecutive Hot Country Songs chart and four Country Airplay chart number ones. The lead single from the album, " Leave the Night On ", peaked concurrently on the Hot Country Songs and Country Airplay charts, making Hunt the first country artist in 22 years, since Billy Ray Cyrus, to reach the top of three country charts simultaneously in the Nielsen SoundScan -era. He is also the first country artist since Clint Black to occupy both year-end number one album and single with Montevallo and " Take Your Time ". The fifth single " Make You Miss Me " from Montevallo, hit number one on the Country Airplay chart, thus making Hunt the first solo male artist to land four number ones on the Country Airplay chart from a debut studio album.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Hunt
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1878245528#12_2114752340	Title: Sansei - Wikipedia Headings: Sansei Sansei Contents History Brazilian Sansei American Sansei Canadian Sansei Peruvian Sansei Cultural profile Generations Sansei Aging History Internment and redress Life under United States policies before and after World War II Politics Notable individuals See also Notes References Further reading External links Content: Japanese American life before World War II and Japanese American life after World War II Politics See also: Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States The sansei became known as the "activist generation" because of their large hand in the redress movement and individuals that have become a part of the American mainstream political landscape. Notable individuals See also: List of Japanese Americans The numbers of sansei who have earned some degree of public recognition has continued to increase over time; but the quiet lives of those whose names are known only to family and friends are no less important in understanding the broader narrative of the Nikkei. Although the names highlighted here are over-represented by sansei from North America, the Latin American member countries of the Pan American Nikkei Association (PANA) include Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, in addition to the English-speaking United States and Canada. This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. Francis Fukuyama Robert S. Hamada Ryan Higa Mike Honda Kaisei Ichiro Lawson Fusao Inada Soji Kashiwagi Janice Kawaye Kyle Larson Doris Matsui Robert Matsui Dale Minami Patsy Mink Kent Nagano Suzy Nakamura Desmond Nakano Lane Nishikawa Linda Nishio Bev Oda Sophie Oda Steven Okazaki Ellison Onizuka Pete Rouse Lenn Sakata Roger Shimomura Mike Shinoda Eric Shinseki David Suzuki Ronald Takaki Mark Takano Dan Tani Chris Tashima David Tsubouchi Gedde Watanabe Kristi Yamaguchi Jan Yanehiro See also Asian American Asian Canadian Hyphenated American Japanese American Citizens League Japanese American National Library Japanese American Internment Museum Japanese American National Museum Japanese Canadian Japanese Brazilian Japanese community in the United Kingdom Japanese people List of Japanese Americans Model minority Nisei Baseball Research Project Pacific Movement of the Eastern World Japanese American internment Gila River War Relocation Center Granada War Relocation Center Heart Mountain War Relocation Center Jerome War Relocation Center Manzanar National Historic Site Minidoka National Historic Site Poston War Relocation Center Rohwer War Relocation Center Topaz War Relocation Center Tule Lake War Relocation Center 100th Infantry Battalion (United States) 442nd Infantry Regiment (United States)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansei
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1890466969#4_2128612810	Title: Sarcasm - Wikipedia Headings: Sarcasm Sarcasm Contents Etymology Usage In psychology Understanding Vocal indication Punctuation Identifying Legality See also References External links Content: There is an extremely close connection between sarcasm and irony, and literary theorists in particular often treat sarcasm as simply the crudest and least interesting form of irony." Also, he adds: First, situations may be ironic, but only people can be sarcastic. Second, people may be unintentionally ironic, but sarcasm requires intention. What is essential to sarcasm is that it is overt irony intentionally used by the speaker as a form of verbal aggression. While Henry Watson Fowler writes: Sarcasm does not necessarily involve irony. But irony, or the use of expressions conveying different things according as they are interpreted, is so often made the vehicle of sarcasm ... The essence of sarcasm is the intention of giving pain by (ironical or other) bitter words. Sarcasm can be making uncertainty seem very certain, in fact, already done and that it was easy to determine. In psychology Professionals in psychology and related fields have long looked upon sarcasm negatively, particularly noting that sarcasm tends to be a maladaptive coping mechanism for those with unresolved anger or frustrations.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcasm
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1890466969#5_2128614300	Title: Sarcasm - Wikipedia Headings: Sarcasm Sarcasm Contents Etymology Usage In psychology Understanding Vocal indication Punctuation Identifying Legality See also References External links Content: While Henry Watson Fowler writes: Sarcasm does not necessarily involve irony. But irony, or the use of expressions conveying different things according as they are interpreted, is so often made the vehicle of sarcasm ... The essence of sarcasm is the intention of giving pain by (ironical or other) bitter words. Sarcasm can be making uncertainty seem very certain, in fact, already done and that it was easy to determine. In psychology Professionals in psychology and related fields have long looked upon sarcasm negatively, particularly noting that sarcasm tends to be a maladaptive coping mechanism for those with unresolved anger or frustrations. Psychologist Clifford N. Lazarus describes sarcasm as " hostility disguised as humor". While an occasional sarcastic comment may enliven a conversation, Lazarus suggests that too frequent use of sarcasm tends to "overwhelm the emotional flavor of any conversation". Understanding Understanding the subtlety of this usage requires second-order interpretation of the speaker's or writer's intentions; different parts of the brain must work together to understand sarcasm. This sophisticated understanding can be lacking in some people with certain forms of brain damage, dementia, and sometimes autism, and this perception has been located by MRI in the right parahippocampal gyrus.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcasm
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1890466969#6_2128616011	Title: Sarcasm - Wikipedia Headings: Sarcasm Sarcasm Contents Etymology Usage In psychology Understanding Vocal indication Punctuation Identifying Legality See also References External links Content: Psychologist Clifford N. Lazarus describes sarcasm as " hostility disguised as humor". While an occasional sarcastic comment may enliven a conversation, Lazarus suggests that too frequent use of sarcasm tends to "overwhelm the emotional flavor of any conversation". Understanding Understanding the subtlety of this usage requires second-order interpretation of the speaker's or writer's intentions; different parts of the brain must work together to understand sarcasm. This sophisticated understanding can be lacking in some people with certain forms of brain damage, dementia, and sometimes autism, and this perception has been located by MRI in the right parahippocampal gyrus. Research has shown that people with damage in the prefrontal cortex have difficulty understanding non-verbal aspects of language like tone, Richard Delmonico, a neuropsychologist at the University of California, Davis, told an interviewer. Such research could help doctors distinguish between different types of neurodegenerative diseases, such as frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease, according to David Salmon, a neuroscientist at the University of California, San Diego. In William Brant's Critique of Sarcastic Reason, sarcasm is hypothesized to develop as a cognitive and emotional tool that adolescents use in order to test the borders of politeness and truth in conversation. Sarcasm recognition and expression both require the development of understanding forms of language, especially if sarcasm occurs without a cue or signal (e.g., a sarcastic tone or rolling the eyes). Sarcasm is argued to be more sophisticated than lying because lying is expressed as early as the age of three, but sarcastic expressions take place much later during development (Brant, 2012).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcasm
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1890636793#1_2128894640	Title: Sarcoplasmic reticulum - Wikipedia Headings: Sarcoplasmic reticulum Sarcoplasmic reticulum Contents Structure Calcium absorption Calcium storage Calcium release Role in rigor mortis References Content: This means that small increases in calcium ions within the cell are easily detected and can bring about important cellular changes (the calcium is said to be a second messenger; see calcium in biology for more details). Calcium is used to make calcium carbonate (found in chalk) and calcium phosphate, two compounds that the body uses to make teeth and bones. This means that too much calcium within the cells can lead to hardening ( calcification) of certain intracellular structures, including the mitochondria, leading to cell death. Therefore, it is vital that calcium ion levels are controlled tightly, and can be released into the cell when necessary and then removed from the cell. Contents 1 Structure 2 Calcium absorption 3 Calcium storage 4 Calcium release 5 Role in rigor mortis 6 References Structure The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules that extend throughout muscle cells, wrapping around (but not in direct contact with) the myofibrils (contractile units of the cell). Cardiac and skeletal muscle cells contain structures called transverse tubules (T-tubules), which are extensions of the cell membrane that travel into the centre of the cell. T-tubules are closely associated with a specific region of the SR, known as the terminal cisternae in skeletal muscle, with a distance of roughly 12 nanometers, separating them. This is the primary site of calcium release. The longitudinal SR are thinner projects, that run between the terminal cisternae/junctional SR, and are the location where ion channels necessary for calcium ion absorption are most abundant.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoplasmic_reticulum
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1890636793#2_2128896628	Title: Sarcoplasmic reticulum - Wikipedia Headings: Sarcoplasmic reticulum Sarcoplasmic reticulum Contents Structure Calcium absorption Calcium storage Calcium release Role in rigor mortis References Content: Contents 1 Structure 2 Calcium absorption 3 Calcium storage 4 Calcium release 5 Role in rigor mortis 6 References Structure The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules that extend throughout muscle cells, wrapping around (but not in direct contact with) the myofibrils (contractile units of the cell). Cardiac and skeletal muscle cells contain structures called transverse tubules (T-tubules), which are extensions of the cell membrane that travel into the centre of the cell. T-tubules are closely associated with a specific region of the SR, known as the terminal cisternae in skeletal muscle, with a distance of roughly 12 nanometers, separating them. This is the primary site of calcium release. The longitudinal SR are thinner projects, that run between the terminal cisternae/junctional SR, and are the location where ion channels necessary for calcium ion absorption are most abundant. These processes are explained in more detail below and are fundamental for the process of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle . Calcium absorption The SR contains ion channel pumps, within its membrane that are responsible for pumping Ca 2+ into the SR. As the calcium ion concentration within the SR is higher than in the rest of the cell, the calcium ions won't freely flow into the SR, and therefore pumps are required, that use energy, which they gain from a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These calcium pumps are called Sarco (endo)plasmic reticulum Ca 2+ ATPases (SERCA). There are a variety of different forms of SERCA, with SERCA 2a being found primarily in cardiac and skeletal muscle.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoplasmic_reticulum
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1913443674#0_2153166070	Title: Scarcity (social psychology) - Wikipedia Headings: Scarcity (social psychology) Scarcity (social psychology) Contents Examples Heuristics Quantity Rarity Time Restriction and censorship Studies Conditional variations New scarcity Quantifying value in scarce and competitive situations Other applications Competition See also References Bibliography Further reading Content: Scarcity (social psychology) - Wikipedia Scarcity (social psychology) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Scarcity, in the area of social psychology, works much like scarcity in the area of economics. Simply put, humans place a higher value on an object that is scarce, and a lower value on those that are in abundance. For example diamonds are more valuable than rocks because diamonds are not as abundant. The scarcity heuristic is a mental shortcut that places a value on an item based on how easily it might be lost, especially to competitors. The scarcity heuristic stems from the idea that the more difficult it is to acquire an item the more value that item has. In many situations we use an item’s availability, its perceived abundance, to quickly estimate quality and/or utility. This can lead to systemic errors or cognitive bias. There are two social psychology principles that work with scarcity that increase its powerful force. One is social proof. This is a contributing factor to the effectiveness of scarcity, because if a product is sold out, or inventory is extremely low, humans interpret that to mean the product must be good since everyone else appears to be buying it.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarcity_(social_psychology)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1913443674#5_2153176097	Title: Scarcity (social psychology) - Wikipedia Headings: Scarcity (social psychology) Scarcity (social psychology) Contents Examples Heuristics Quantity Rarity Time Restriction and censorship Studies Conditional variations New scarcity Quantifying value in scarce and competitive situations Other applications Competition See also References Bibliography Further reading Content: It is particularly common to be biased by the scarcity heuristic when assessing four parameters: quantity, rarity, time, and censorship. Quantity The simplest manifestation of the scarcity heuristic is the fear of losing access to some resource resulting from the possession of a small or diminishing quantity of the asset. For example, your favorite shirt becomes more valuable when you know you cannot replace it. If you had ten shirts of the same style and color, losing one would likely be less distressful because you have several others to take its place. Cialdini theorizes that it is in our nature to fight against losing freedom, pointing out that we value possessions in low quantities partly because as resources become less available they are more likely not to be available at all at some point in the future. If the option to use that resource disappears entirely, then options decrease and so does our freedom. Cialdini draws his conclusion from psychological reactance theory, which states that whenever free choice is limited or threatened, the need to retain freedom makes us desire the object under threat more than if it was not in danger of being lost. In the context of the scarcity heuristic, this implies that when something threatens our prior access to a resource, we will react against that interference by trying to possess the resource with more vigor than before. Rarity Objects can increase in value if we feel that they have unique properties, or are exceptionally difficult to replicate.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarcity_(social_psychology)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1920609270#10_2161985241	Title: School District of Philadelphia - Wikipedia Headings: School District of Philadelphia School District of Philadelphia Contents Schools Demographics Historical demographics Organization Governance History Pre-1990s Takeover by the state 2013 Hunger Strike Policies Classifying schools Staff hiring and performance measure Parent and community engagement Art in the public schools Budget State basic education funding Accountability Block Grants Ready to Learn grant PreK Counts grant Classrooms for the Future grant Science It's Elementary grant Other grants Federal Stimulus grant Race to the Top grant 21st Century learning grant See also References Further reading External links Content: The legislature's plan was a reaction to Hornbeck's threatening to shut down the schools because of a financial crisis. "Holding students and their parents and teachers hostage in an effort to gain additional funding is certainly bold but not very wise", commented Representative Dwight Evans, Democratic chair of the House Appropriations Committee and prime architect of the takeover bill. Two lawsuits were filed by the city and the Philadelphia School District in 1997 and 1998 to address what they considered inadequate funding levels. The first, filed by the school district, the city and community leaders, contended that Pennsylvania did not provide a "thorough and efficient" education; it was dismissed outright by the state court. The second case, a civil rights suit filed in Federal District Court, by the district, the city, and other interested parties, contended that the state's funding practices discriminated against school districts with large numbers of non-White students; the School District of Philadelphia was a key complainant in this case. The city agreed to put this case on hold when Mayor Street negotiated the "friendly" state takeover of the district, with the promise of additional funding from the state. In June 2000, under increasing pressure to find a solution to the fiscal and academic problems facing the district, school superintendent David W. Hornbeck ended his six-year tenure. Hornbeck said he did not have the financial support of state and city officials to continue his school reform program (and a year later launched a statewide advocacy organization, Good Schools Pennsylvania, to mobilize citizens in support of improved state funding for public education).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_District_of_Philadelphia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1921422048#1_2162521762	Title: School integration in the United States - Wikipedia Headings: School integration in the United States School integration in the United States Contents Background Early history of integrated schools The Jim Crow South Black schools Legal action Initial responses to school integration Criticism Praise Implementation Brown II Integration in response to Brown Opposition to integration Integration of Southern universities University of Texas System 1950-1956 University of Georgia 1961 Georgia Tech 1961 University of Mississippi 1962 University of Alabama 1956/1963 Impact on Hispanic populations Impact on modern schools Educational implications Social implications See also References Footnotes Sources Further reading Books Articles External links Content: The disparity in the average poverty rate in the schools whites attend and blacks attend is the single most important factor in the educational achievement gap between white and black students. Contents 1 Background 1.1 Early history of integrated schools 1.2 The Jim Crow South 1.3 Black schools 2 Legal action 3 Initial responses to school integration 3.1 Criticism 3.2 Praise 4 Implementation 4.1 Brown II 4.2 Integration in response to Brown 4.3 Opposition to integration 4.4 Integration of Southern universities 4.4.1 University of Texas System 1950-1956 4.4.2 University of Georgia 1961 4.4.3 Georgia Tech 1961 4.4.4 University of Mississippi 1962 4.4.5 University of Alabama 1956/1963 4.5 Impact on Hispanic populations 5 Impact on modern schools 5.1 Educational implications 5.2 Social implications 6 Related court cases 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Footnotes 8.2 Sources 9 Further reading 9.1 Books 9.2 Articles 10 External links Background Main article: School segregation in the United States Early history of integrated schools Some schools in the United States were integrated before the mid-20th century, the first ever being Lowell High School in Massachusetts, which has accepted students of all races since its founding. The earliest known African American student, Caroline Van Vronker, attended the school in 1843. The integration of all American schools was a major catalyst for the civil rights action and racial violence that occurred in the United States during the latter half of the 20th century. After the Civil War, the first legislation providing rights to African Americans was passed. The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, also known as the Reconstruction Amendments, which were passed between 1865 and 1870, abolished slavery, guaranteed citizenship and protection under the law, and prohibited racial discrimination in voting, respectively. The Jim Crow South Despite these Reconstruction amendments, blatant discrimination took place through what would come to be known as Jim Crow laws. As a result of these laws, African Americans were required to sit on different park benches, use different drinking fountains, and ride in different railroad cars than their white counterparts, among other segregated aspects of life. Though the Civil Rights Act of 1875 prohibited discrimination in public accommodations, in 1896 the Supreme Court ruled in the landmark case Plessy v. Ferguson that racially segregated public facilities such as schools, parks, and public transportation were legally permissible as long as they were equal in quality.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_desegregation
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1921422048#2_2162525339	Title: School integration in the United States - Wikipedia Headings: School integration in the United States School integration in the United States Contents Background Early history of integrated schools The Jim Crow South Black schools Legal action Initial responses to school integration Criticism Praise Implementation Brown II Integration in response to Brown Opposition to integration Integration of Southern universities University of Texas System 1950-1956 University of Georgia 1961 Georgia Tech 1961 University of Mississippi 1962 University of Alabama 1956/1963 Impact on Hispanic populations Impact on modern schools Educational implications Social implications See also References Footnotes Sources Further reading Books Articles External links Content: After the Civil War, the first legislation providing rights to African Americans was passed. The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, also known as the Reconstruction Amendments, which were passed between 1865 and 1870, abolished slavery, guaranteed citizenship and protection under the law, and prohibited racial discrimination in voting, respectively. The Jim Crow South Despite these Reconstruction amendments, blatant discrimination took place through what would come to be known as Jim Crow laws. As a result of these laws, African Americans were required to sit on different park benches, use different drinking fountains, and ride in different railroad cars than their white counterparts, among other segregated aspects of life. Though the Civil Rights Act of 1875 prohibited discrimination in public accommodations, in 1896 the Supreme Court ruled in the landmark case Plessy v. Ferguson that racially segregated public facilities such as schools, parks, and public transportation were legally permissible as long as they were equal in quality. This separate but equal doctrine legalized segregation in schools. Black schools Main article: Black school This institutionalized discrimination led to the creation of black schools —or segregated schools for African-American children. With the help of philanthropists such as Julius Rosenwald and black leaders such as Booker T. Washington, black schools began to establish themselves as esteemed institutions. These schools soon assumed prominent places in black communities, with teachers being seen as highly respected community leaders.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_desegregation
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1921422048#3_2162527911	Title: School integration in the United States - Wikipedia Headings: School integration in the United States School integration in the United States Contents Background Early history of integrated schools The Jim Crow South Black schools Legal action Initial responses to school integration Criticism Praise Implementation Brown II Integration in response to Brown Opposition to integration Integration of Southern universities University of Texas System 1950-1956 University of Georgia 1961 Georgia Tech 1961 University of Mississippi 1962 University of Alabama 1956/1963 Impact on Hispanic populations Impact on modern schools Educational implications Social implications See also References Footnotes Sources Further reading Books Articles External links Content: This separate but equal doctrine legalized segregation in schools. Black schools Main article: Black school This institutionalized discrimination led to the creation of black schools —or segregated schools for African-American children. With the help of philanthropists such as Julius Rosenwald and black leaders such as Booker T. Washington, black schools began to establish themselves as esteemed institutions. These schools soon assumed prominent places in black communities, with teachers being seen as highly respected community leaders. However, despite their important role in black communities, black schools remained underfunded and ill-equipped, particularly in comparison to white schools. For example, between 1902 and 1918, the General Education Board, a philanthropic organization created to strengthen public schools in the South, gave only $2.4 million to black schools compared to $25 million given to white schools. Legal action Throughout the first half of the 20th century there were several efforts to combat school segregation, but few were successful. However, in a unanimous 1954 decision in the Brown v. Board of Education case, the United States Supreme Court ruled segregation in public schools unconstitutional. The NAACP legal team representing Brown, led by Thurgood Marshall, argued that racially separate schools were inherently unequal, as society as a whole looked down upon African Americans and racially segregated schools only reinforced this prejudice.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_desegregation
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1921422048#4_2162530382	Title: School integration in the United States - Wikipedia Headings: School integration in the United States School integration in the United States Contents Background Early history of integrated schools The Jim Crow South Black schools Legal action Initial responses to school integration Criticism Praise Implementation Brown II Integration in response to Brown Opposition to integration Integration of Southern universities University of Texas System 1950-1956 University of Georgia 1961 Georgia Tech 1961 University of Mississippi 1962 University of Alabama 1956/1963 Impact on Hispanic populations Impact on modern schools Educational implications Social implications See also References Footnotes Sources Further reading Books Articles External links Content: However, despite their important role in black communities, black schools remained underfunded and ill-equipped, particularly in comparison to white schools. For example, between 1902 and 1918, the General Education Board, a philanthropic organization created to strengthen public schools in the South, gave only $2.4 million to black schools compared to $25 million given to white schools. Legal action Throughout the first half of the 20th century there were several efforts to combat school segregation, but few were successful. However, in a unanimous 1954 decision in the Brown v. Board of Education case, the United States Supreme Court ruled segregation in public schools unconstitutional. The NAACP legal team representing Brown, led by Thurgood Marshall, argued that racially separate schools were inherently unequal, as society as a whole looked down upon African Americans and racially segregated schools only reinforced this prejudice. They supported their argument with research from psychologists and social scientists in order to empirically prove that segregated schools inflicted psychological harm on black students. These expert testimonies, coupled with the concrete knowledge that black schools had worse facilities than white schools and that black teachers were paid less than white teachers, contributed to the landmark unanimous decision. Initial responses to school integration The Little Rock Nine was a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas. They then attended after the intervention of President Dwight D. Eisenhower.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_desegregation
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1921722264#4_2162899071	Title: School meal - Wikipedia Headings: School meal School meal Contents History Types Free school meal Reduced price meals Europe Estonia Nutritional guidelines Finland History Current status Higher education Objectives and role in learning Contents and nutritional guidelines The School Lunch Diploma France History Current status Contents and nutritional guidelines Italy Norway Sweden United Kingdom History Current status School meal standards 2014 Eligibility Disadvantaged Children and Pupil Premium Advocacy Asia China India History Contents Iran Japan History Current status Contents and nutritional guidelines Malaysia Philippines Singapore South Korea United Arab Emirates North America Canada United States History Current status Contents and nutritional guidelines Africa Nigeria Oceania Australia New Zealand See also General: Notes References Further reading External links Content: The federal government wasn't involved until the Great Depression (1920s), farmers and labors weren't doing well financially and the school lunch program was a solution that benefited everyone. In recent years, school districts have faced government or community pressure to change the foods served in schools. The addition of vegan school lunch and Meatless Mondays are examples of these changes. Types Free school meal Sweden, Finland, Estonia and India are among the few countries which provide free school meals to all pupils in compulsory education, regardless of their ability to pay. Many countries provide meals to improve attendance rates. In India, where all the Government School students are provided with free lunch meals through the Midday Meal Scheme, staple food that varies between different states and regions is provided along with free education. In high-income countries, free meals are usually available only to children who meet income-based criteria. A study of a free school meal program in the United States found that providing free meals to elementary and middle school children in areas characterized by high food insecurity led to better school discipline among the students. Reduced price meals Reduced price meals are also available in some countries to those who need a degree of assistance with costs. Lower-cost meals are available to students in such countries as France, Italy, Hong Kong, Japan, and the United States.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_meal
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1921786350#1_2162922740	Title: School meal programs in the United States - Wikipedia Headings: School meal programs in the United States School meal programs in the United States Contents Food insecurity in children Prevalence Implications History of school meal programs Pre-World War II 1946–2000 21st century Organizational structure National School Lunch Program School Breakfast Program Costs and funding Participation and eligibility Nutritional guidelines Unhealthy meals and malnutrition Competitive foods Obesity School nutrition and childhood obesity Outcomes Educational attainment Student reactions School meal programs during Covid-19 See also References Content: The text of the National School Lunch Act, which established the program, called it a "measure of national security, to safeguard the health and well-being of the nation's children and to encourage domestic consumption of nutritious agricultural commodities". The NSLP currently operates in more than 100,000 public schools, nonprofit private schools, and residential care institutions. It provides more than 5 billion low-cost or free lunches per year to eligible students, with the goal of ensuring nutritious meals for children who might not otherwise have access to a proper diet. In 2012, it served more than 31 million children per day. Contents 1 Food insecurity in children 1.1 Prevalence 1.2 Implications 2 History of school meal programs 2.1 Pre-World War II 2.2 1946–2000 2.3 21st century 3 Organizational structure 3.1 National School Lunch Program 3.2 School Breakfast Program 4 Costs and funding 5 Participation and eligibility 6 Nutritional guidelines 6.1 Unhealthy meals and malnutrition 6.1.1 Competitive foods 6.2 Obesity 7 School nutrition and childhood obesity 8 Outcomes 8.1 Educational attainment 8.2 Student reactions 9 School meal programs during Covid-19 10 See also 11 References Food insecurity in children Food insecurity includes both inadequate quantity and inadequate quality of food. Children need not just enough calories, but also enough nutrients for proper growth and development, and improper or stunted growth can have a variety of medical and developmental implications. Food insecurity and malnutrition can affect children's educational outcomes, family life, and overall health. It has been linked to worse development outcomes for children, such as impaired social and reading skills. Prevalence Food insecurity has risen in recent years. Between 2007 and 2008, the rate in the U.S. increased from 11.1 percent to 14.6 percent, the largest annual increase since researchers began tracking the rate in the mid-1990s.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_meal_programs_in_the_United_States
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1922283558#0_2163595160	Title: School prayer in the United States - Wikipedia Headings: School prayer in the United States School prayer in the United States Contents School prayer prior to 1962 A Turning Point: The "Regents' Prayer" and Engel v. Vitale 1963 and after Controversy Public opinion "Moment of silence" Yoga See also Notes Further reading Content: School prayer in the United States - Wikipedia School prayer in the United States From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search School prayer in the United States if organized by the school is largely banned from public elementary, middle and high schools by a series of Supreme Court decisions since 1962. Students may pray privately, and join religious clubs in after-school hours. Public schools are those operated by government agencies, such as local school districts. They are banned from conducting religious observances such as prayer. Private and parochial schools are not covered by these rulings, nor are colleges and universities. Elementary and secondary schools are covered because students are required to attend, and are considered more at risk from official pressure than are older students and adults. The Constitutional basis for this prohibition is the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which requires that... Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof... The first part of the amendment ("Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion") is known as the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, while the second part ("or prohibiting the free exercise thereof") is known as the Free Exercise Clause . Although each of these clauses originally applied only to the central US government, the Fourteenth Amendment extended the scope of the entire First Amendment to all levels of government, including the state and local levels, thus compelling states and their public schools to adopt an equally detached approach to religion in schools. Since 1962, the Supreme Court has repeatedly ruled that school-mandated prayers in public schools are unconstitutional. The Supreme Court has also ruled that so-called "voluntary" school prayers are also unconstitutional, because they force some students to be outsiders to the main group, and because they subject dissenters to intense peer group pressure.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_prayer_in_the_United_States

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