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msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1922283558#1_2163597758 | Title: School prayer in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: School prayer in the United States
School prayer in the United States
Contents
School prayer prior to 1962
A Turning Point: The "Regents' Prayer" and Engel v. Vitale
1963 and after
Controversy
Public opinion
"Moment of silence"
Yoga
See also
Notes
Further reading
Content: Elementary and secondary schools are covered because students are required to attend, and are considered more at risk from official pressure than are older students and adults. The Constitutional basis for this prohibition is the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which requires that...
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof...
The first part of the amendment ("Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion") is known as the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, while the second part ("or prohibiting the free exercise thereof") is known as the Free Exercise Clause . Although each of these clauses originally applied only to the central US government, the Fourteenth Amendment extended the scope of the entire First Amendment to all levels of government, including the state and local levels, thus compelling states and their public schools to adopt an equally detached approach to religion in schools. Since 1962, the Supreme Court has repeatedly ruled that school-mandated prayers in public schools are unconstitutional. The Supreme Court has also ruled that so-called "voluntary" school prayers are also unconstitutional, because they force some students to be outsiders to the main group, and because they subject dissenters to intense peer group pressure. Contents
1 School prayer prior to 1962
1.1 A Turning Point: The "Regents' Prayer" and Engel v. Vitale
2 1963 and after
3 Controversy
3.1 Public opinion
3.2 "Moment of silence"
3.2.1 Yoga
4 See also
5 Notes
6 Further reading
School prayer prior to 1962
In the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, it was common practice for public schools to open with an oral prayer or Bible reading. The 19th century debates over public funding for religious schools, and reading the King James Protestant Bible in the public schools was most heated in 1863 and 1876. Partisan activists on the public-school issue believed that exposing the Catholic school children to the King James Bible would loosen their affiliation to the Catholic Church. In response the Catholics repeatedly objected to the distinct Protestant observations performed in the local schools. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_prayer_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1922466336#0_2163756282 | Title: School shooting - Wikipedia
Headings: School shooting
School shooting
Contents
Profiling
Family dynamics
Parental supervision
Younger age
School bullying
Notoriety
Injustice collectors
Mental illness
Aftereffects
Violent media theory
Taking influences from literature
Frequency trends
By region
Africa
Asia
Canada
Europe
Mexico
Oceania
South America
United States
List of school shootings in the United States
Studies of United States school shootings
Cultural references
Political impact
Police response and countermeasures
College and university response and countermeasures
School countermeasures
Armed classrooms
Preventive measures
Countermeasures
See also
References
Sources
External links
Content: School shooting - Wikipedia
School shooting
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from School shootings in the United States)
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Occurrence in which gun violence takes place at an educational institution
This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( December 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Terrorism
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t
e
A school shooting is an attack at an educational institution, such as a primary school, secondary school, or university, involving the use of firearms. Many school shootings are also categorized as mass shootings due to multiple casualties. The phenomenon is most widespread in the United States, which has the highest number of school-related shootings, but school shootings have taken place in many countries across the world. According to studies, factors behind school shooting include family dysfunction, lack of family supervision, ready access to firearms, and mental illness among many other psychological issues. Among the topmost motives of attackers were: bullying/persecution/threatened (75%) and revenge (61%), while 54% reported having numerous reasons. The remaining motives included an attempt to solve a problem (34%), suicide or depression (27%), and seeking attention or recognition (24%). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_shootings_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1922466336#1_2163760175 | Title: School shooting - Wikipedia
Headings: School shooting
School shooting
Contents
Profiling
Family dynamics
Parental supervision
Younger age
School bullying
Notoriety
Injustice collectors
Mental illness
Aftereffects
Violent media theory
Taking influences from literature
Frequency trends
By region
Africa
Asia
Canada
Europe
Mexico
Oceania
South America
United States
List of school shootings in the United States
Studies of United States school shootings
Cultural references
Political impact
Police response and countermeasures
College and university response and countermeasures
School countermeasures
Armed classrooms
Preventive measures
Countermeasures
See also
References
Sources
External links
Content: The phenomenon is most widespread in the United States, which has the highest number of school-related shootings, but school shootings have taken place in many countries across the world. According to studies, factors behind school shooting include family dysfunction, lack of family supervision, ready access to firearms, and mental illness among many other psychological issues. Among the topmost motives of attackers were: bullying/persecution/threatened (75%) and revenge (61%), while 54% reported having numerous reasons. The remaining motives included an attempt to solve a problem (34%), suicide or depression (27%), and seeking attention or recognition (24%). School shootings have sparked a political debate over gun violence, zero tolerance policies, gun rights and gun control . Contents
1 Profiling
1.1 Family dynamics
1.2 Parental supervision
1.3 Younger age
1.4 School bullying
1.5 Notoriety
1.6 Injustice collectors
1.7 Mental illness
1.8 Aftereffects
1.9 Violent media theory
1.10 Taking influences from literature
2 Frequency trends
3 By region
3.1 Africa
3.2 Asia
3.3 Canada
3.4 Europe
3.5 Mexico
3.6 Oceania
3.7 South America
3.8 United States
3.8.1 List of school shootings in the United States
3.8.2 Studies of United States school shootings
3.8.3 Cultural references
3.8.4 Political impact
4 Police response and countermeasures
5 College and university response and countermeasures
6 School countermeasures
6.1 Armed classrooms
6.2 Preventive measures
6.3 Countermeasures
7 See also
8 References
9 Sources
10 External links
Profiling
The United States Secret Service published the results from a study regarding 37 school shooting incidents, involving 41 individuals in the United States from December 1974 through May 2000. In a previous report of 18 school shootings by the FBI, they released a profile that described shooters as middle-class, lonely/alienated, awkward, Caucasian males who had access to guns. The most recent report cautioned against the assumption that a perpetrator can be identified by a certain 'type' or profile. The results from the study indicated that perpetrators came from varying backgrounds, making a singular profile difficult when identifying possible assailant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_shootings_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1922466336#2_2163763370 | Title: School shooting - Wikipedia
Headings: School shooting
School shooting
Contents
Profiling
Family dynamics
Parental supervision
Younger age
School bullying
Notoriety
Injustice collectors
Mental illness
Aftereffects
Violent media theory
Taking influences from literature
Frequency trends
By region
Africa
Asia
Canada
Europe
Mexico
Oceania
South America
United States
List of school shootings in the United States
Studies of United States school shootings
Cultural references
Political impact
Police response and countermeasures
College and university response and countermeasures
School countermeasures
Armed classrooms
Preventive measures
Countermeasures
See also
References
Sources
External links
Content: School shootings have sparked a political debate over gun violence, zero tolerance policies, gun rights and gun control . Contents
1 Profiling
1.1 Family dynamics
1.2 Parental supervision
1.3 Younger age
1.4 School bullying
1.5 Notoriety
1.6 Injustice collectors
1.7 Mental illness
1.8 Aftereffects
1.9 Violent media theory
1.10 Taking influences from literature
2 Frequency trends
3 By region
3.1 Africa
3.2 Asia
3.3 Canada
3.4 Europe
3.5 Mexico
3.6 Oceania
3.7 South America
3.8 United States
3.8.1 List of school shootings in the United States
3.8.2 Studies of United States school shootings
3.8.3 Cultural references
3.8.4 Political impact
4 Police response and countermeasures
5 College and university response and countermeasures
6 School countermeasures
6.1 Armed classrooms
6.2 Preventive measures
6.3 Countermeasures
7 See also
8 References
9 Sources
10 External links
Profiling
The United States Secret Service published the results from a study regarding 37 school shooting incidents, involving 41 individuals in the United States from December 1974 through May 2000. In a previous report of 18 school shootings by the FBI, they released a profile that described shooters as middle-class, lonely/alienated, awkward, Caucasian males who had access to guns. The most recent report cautioned against the assumption that a perpetrator can be identified by a certain 'type' or profile. The results from the study indicated that perpetrators came from varying backgrounds, making a singular profile difficult when identifying possible assailant. For example, some perpetrators were children of divorce, lived in foster homes, or came from intact nuclear families. The majority of individuals had rarely or never gotten into trouble at school and had a healthy social life. Some, such as Alan Lipman, have warned against the dearth of empirical validity of profiling methods. Family dynamics
One assumption into the catalytic causes of school shootings comes from the "non-traditional" household perspective, which focuses on how family structure and family stability are related to child outcomes. Broadly speaking, proponents of this hypothesis claim that family structures such as single mothers, same-sex parents, extended family, or cohabitation are more harmful to the development of a child's mental well-being, than heterosexual, married parents (often equated with the idea of a nuclear family ). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_shootings_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1927359250#0_2168365293 | Title: Science of morality - Wikipedia
Headings: Science of morality
Science of morality
Contents
Overview
History
In philosophy
In popular literature
Views in scientific morality
Training to promote good behaviour
The role of government
The role of punishment
Research
Other implications
Criticisms
See also
Notes
References
Content: Science of morality - Wikipedia
Science of morality
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For moral sciences as the study of human life and activity, see Human science. For the comparative study of moral systems across cultures or species, see Moral psychology and Evolution of morality. The science of morality may refer to various forms of ethical naturalism grounding morality in rational, empirical consideration of the natural world. It is sometimes framed as using the scientific approach to determine what is right and wrong, in contrast to the widespread belief that "science has nothing to say on the subject of human values". Contents
1 Overview
2 History
2.1 In philosophy
2.2 In popular literature
3 Views in scientific morality
3.1 Training to promote good behaviour
3.1.1 The role of government
3.1.2 The role of punishment
3.2 Research
3.3 Other implications
4 Criticisms
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
Overview
Moral science may refer to the consideration of what is best for, and how to maximize the flourishing of, either particular individuals or all conscious creatures. It has been proposed that "morality" can be appropriately defined on the basis of fundamental premises necessary for any empirical, secular, or philosophical discussion and that societies can use the methods of science to provide answers to moral questions. In sum, from the perspective of neuroscience and brain evolution, the routine rejection of scientific approaches to moral behavior based on Hume ’s warning against deriving ought from is seems unfortunate, especially as the warning is limited to deductive inferences. The dictum can be set aside for a deeper, albeit programmatic, neurobiological perspective on what reasoning and problem-solving are, how social navigation works, how evaluation is accomplished by nervous systems, and how mammalian brains make decisions. — Patricia Churchland in her book Braintrust (emphasis added)
The norms advocated by moral scientists (e.g. rights to abortion, euthanasia, and drug liberalization under certain circumstances) would be founded upon the shifting and growing collection of human understanding. Even with science's admitted degree of ignorance, and the various semantic issues, moral scientists can meaningfully discuss things as being almost certainly "better" or "worse" for promoting flourishing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_of_morality |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1929016237#0_2169735934 | Title: Scientism - Wikipedia
Headings: Scientism
Scientism
Contents
Overview
Definitions
Relevance to debates about science and religion
Philosophy of science
Anti-scientism
Pro-scientism
Rhetoric of science
Rationalization and modernity
Media references
See also
References
Bibliography
External links
Content: Scientism - Wikipedia
Scientism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Belief that scientific method is the only applicable tool over other aspects of fields
Scientism is the promotion of science as the best or only objective means by which society should determine normative and epistemological values. While the term was originally defined to mean "methods and attitudes typical of or attributed to the natural scientist", some religious scholars (and subsequently many others) adopted it as a pejorative with the meaning "an exaggerated trust in the efficacy of the methods of natural science applied to all areas of investigation (as in philosophy, the social sciences, and the humanities)". The term scientism is often used critically, implying an unwarranted application of science in situations considered not amenable to application of the scientific method or similar scientific standards. Contents
1 Overview
2 Definitions
3 Relevance to debates about science and religion
4 Philosophy of science
4.1 Anti-scientism
4.2 Pro-scientism
5 Rhetoric of science
6 Rationalization and modernity
7 Media references
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Overview
In the philosophy of science, the term scientism frequently implies a critique of the more extreme expressions of logical positivism and has been used by social scientists such as Friedrich Hayek, philosophers of science such as Karl Popper, and philosophers such as Mary Midgley, the later Hilary Putnam, and Tzvetan Todorov to describe (for example) the dogmatic endorsement of scientific methodology and the reduction of all knowledge to only that which is measured or confirmatory. More generally, scientism is often interpreted as science applied "in excess". This use of the term scientism has two senses: The improper usage of science or scientific claims. This usage applies equally in contexts where science might not apply, such as when the topic is perceived as beyond the scope of scientific inquiry, and in contexts where there is insufficient empirical evidence to justify a scientific conclusion. It includes an excessive deference to the claims of scientists or an uncritical eagerness to accept any result described as scientific. This can be a counterargument to appeals to scientific authority. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientism |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1929016237#4_2169746292 | Title: Scientism - Wikipedia
Headings: Scientism
Scientism
Contents
Overview
Definitions
Relevance to debates about science and religion
Philosophy of science
Anti-scientism
Pro-scientism
Rhetoric of science
Rationalization and modernity
Media references
See also
References
Bibliography
External links
Content: It is used to criticize a totalizing view of science as if it were capable of describing all reality and knowledge, or as if it were the only true way to acquire knowledge about reality and the nature of things; It is used, often pejoratively, to denote a border-crossing violation in which the theories and methods of one (scientific) discipline are inappropriately applied to another (scientific or non-scientific) discipline and its domain. An example of this second usage is to label as scientism any attempt to claim science as the only or primary source of human values (a traditional domain of ethics) or as the source of meaning and purpose (a traditional domain of religion and related worldviews ). The term scientism was popularized by F.A. Hayek, who defined it as the "slavish imitation of the method and language of Science". Karl Popper defines scientism as "the aping of what is widely mistaken for the method of science". Mikael Stenmark proposed the expression scientific expansionism as a synonym of scientism. In the Encyclopedia of Science and Religion, he wrote that, while the doctrines that are described as scientism have many possible forms and varying degrees of ambition, they share the idea that the boundaries of science (that is, typically the natural sciences) could and should be expanded so that something that has not been previously considered as a subject pertinent to science can now be understood as part of science (usually with science becoming the sole or the main arbiter regarding this area or dimension). According to Stenmark, the strongest form of scientism states that science has no boundaries and that all human problems and all aspects of human endeavor, with due time, will be dealt with and solved by science alone. This idea has also been called the Myth of Progress. E. F. Schumacher, in his A Guide for the Perplexed, criticized scientism as an impoverished world view confined solely to what can be counted, measured and weighed. " | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientism |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1935104015#0_2176536916 | Title: Scott Brady (lawyer) - Wikipedia
Headings: Scott Brady (lawyer)
Scott Brady (lawyer)
See also
References
External links
Content: Scott Brady (lawyer) - Wikipedia
Scott Brady (lawyer)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
American attorney
Scott Brady
United States Attorney for the Western District of Pennsylvania
In office
December 22, 2017 – February 28, 2021
President
Donald Trump
Joe Biden
Preceded by
David J. Hickton
Succeeded by
Steve Kaufman (acting)
Personal details
Education
Harvard University ( BA)
Pennsylvania State University ( JD)
Scott W. Brady is an American attorney who was the United States Attorney for the Western District of Pennsylvania from 2017 to 2021. Before becoming the U.S. Attorney, he was the head of litigation for Federated Investors. Brady was previously an Assistant United States Attorney in Pittsburgh, from 2004 to 2010, where he prosecuted white collar crime, violent crime and drug trafficking offenses. He was also an associate at Jones Day and at Reed Smith, where his practice focused on multi-district litigation, white collar criminal matters and internal investigations. Brady is an adjunct faculty member at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law. A graduate of Harvard University and the Pennsylvania State University School of Law, Brady clerked for Thomas Hardiman of the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania. Before law school, he worked in emergency relief and development in Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia. The New York Times reported in December 2020 that some Justice Department colleagues saw him as a "deeply partisan leader" who had said he would never serve under a Democratic president, and had left the department upon the election of Barack Obama but returned after Trump became president. Some Pittsburgh prosecutors and agents saw Brady as a Trump loyalist who might be positioning himself to run for political office. In early 2020, attorney general Bill Barr directed Brady to scrutinize information that had been gathered in Ukraine by Trump's personal attorney Rudy Giuliani, relating to Trump's opponent in the 2020 presidential campaign Joe Biden and his son, Hunter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brady_(lawyer) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1935104015#1_2176539354 | Title: Scott Brady (lawyer) - Wikipedia
Headings: Scott Brady (lawyer)
Scott Brady (lawyer)
See also
References
External links
Content: A graduate of Harvard University and the Pennsylvania State University School of Law, Brady clerked for Thomas Hardiman of the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania. Before law school, he worked in emergency relief and development in Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia. The New York Times reported in December 2020 that some Justice Department colleagues saw him as a "deeply partisan leader" who had said he would never serve under a Democratic president, and had left the department upon the election of Barack Obama but returned after Trump became president. Some Pittsburgh prosecutors and agents saw Brady as a Trump loyalist who might be positioning himself to run for political office. In early 2020, attorney general Bill Barr directed Brady to scrutinize information that had been gathered in Ukraine by Trump's personal attorney Rudy Giuliani, relating to Trump's opponent in the 2020 presidential campaign Joe Biden and his son, Hunter. Brady met with Giuliani in Pittsburgh to discuss the materials, and the arrangement raised concerns within the FBI and DOJ about the agencies being drawn into a politicized investigation. On February 8, 2021, he and 55 other Trump-era attorneys were asked to resign. He resigned on February 28, 2021. See also
Trump–Ukraine scandal
References
^ a b "President Donald J. Trump Announces Sixth Wave of United States Attorney Nominations". The White House. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brady_(lawyer) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1935104015#2_2176541119 | Title: Scott Brady (lawyer) - Wikipedia
Headings: Scott Brady (lawyer)
Scott Brady (lawyer)
See also
References
External links
Content: Brady met with Giuliani in Pittsburgh to discuss the materials, and the arrangement raised concerns within the FBI and DOJ about the agencies being drawn into a politicized investigation. On February 8, 2021, he and 55 other Trump-era attorneys were asked to resign. He resigned on February 28, 2021. See also
Trump–Ukraine scandal
References
^ a b "President Donald J. Trump Announces Sixth Wave of United States Attorney Nominations". The White House. September 8, 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017 – via National Archives. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Schmitt, Ben (September 9, 2017). " Trump nominates Scott Brady U.S. attorney for Western District of Pennsylvania". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brady_(lawyer) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1935104015#8_2176545485 | Title: Scott Brady (lawyer) - Wikipedia
Headings: Scott Brady (lawyer)
Scott Brady (lawyer)
See also
References
External links
Content: ^ Balsamo, Michael (February 9, 2021). " Justice Dept. seeks resignations of Trump-era US attorneys". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 11, 2021. ^ "U.S. Attorney Scott Brady announces resignation" (Press release). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: United States Attorney's Office. February 26, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brady_(lawyer) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1958502607#0_2203327608 | Title: Seasonal effects on suicide rates - Wikipedia
Headings: Seasonal effects on suicide rates
Seasonal effects on suicide rates
Contents
General effects
Popular belief
Related factors
Gender
Biochemistry
Environment
Psychology
See also
References
Content: Seasonal effects on suicide rates - Wikipedia
Seasonal effects on suicide rates
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. ( November 2018)
Research on seasonal effects on suicide rates suggests that the prevalence of suicide is greatest during the late spring and early summer months, despite the common belief that suicide rates peak during the cold and dark months of the winter season. Contents
1 General effects
2 Popular belief
3 Related factors
3.1 Gender
3.2 Biochemistry
3.3 Environment
3.4 Psychology
4 See also
5 References
General effects
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Center for Health Statistics report that suicide rates in the United States are lowest during the winter months and highest in the spring and summer. Stephen Bridges asserts that there is "a high incidence in early spring (April and May) and also a low incidence in winter" of suicide rates. Bridges's study focused on seasonal effects on suicide risk by examining the monthly distribution of suicides in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s via a "harmonic time series model" with six observable harmonic cycles within each consecutive year. The results show a consistent pattern of suicide risk with most suicides occurring in the spring/summer and the fewest during the winter months. Specifically, Bridges found that in the 1970s "about 47% of the total variances can be explained by the seasonal components" within that given decade (with more suicides in spring/summer). In the 1980s, "the seasonal component of suicide incidence for the time period 1981 through 1990 is clearly significant and records about a 27.7% increase in seasonal contribution by comparison with the previous period". In the 1990s, "the significant seasonal rhythm were explained in 63% of the total variation". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_effects_on_suicide_rates |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1958502607#1_2203330110 | Title: Seasonal effects on suicide rates - Wikipedia
Headings: Seasonal effects on suicide rates
Seasonal effects on suicide rates
Contents
General effects
Popular belief
Related factors
Gender
Biochemistry
Environment
Psychology
See also
References
Content: Bridges's study focused on seasonal effects on suicide risk by examining the monthly distribution of suicides in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s via a "harmonic time series model" with six observable harmonic cycles within each consecutive year. The results show a consistent pattern of suicide risk with most suicides occurring in the spring/summer and the fewest during the winter months. Specifically, Bridges found that in the 1970s "about 47% of the total variances can be explained by the seasonal components" within that given decade (with more suicides in spring/summer). In the 1980s, "the seasonal component of suicide incidence for the time period 1981 through 1990 is clearly significant and records about a 27.7% increase in seasonal contribution by comparison with the previous period". In the 1990s, "the significant seasonal rhythm were explained in 63% of the total variation". According to Bridges, recent research from industrialized countries (including Finland, Sweden, Australia, New Zealand, England, and Wales) has provided enough information to show a decrease in seasonal effects on suicide rates over the past few decades. In the case of Greece, seasonal variations in mortality from suicide are "more frequent during the spring and summer months…but [have] no regular annual rhythm". The Greek researchers proposed that "the seasonal variation of suicide follows more closely to the seasonal variation of sunshine, rather than the corresponding variation of temperature". Few scientific assessments have focused on seasonal suicide Epidemiology of suicide variations in the southern hemisphere. Studies in Brazil have shown that "the peak number of suicides occurred in spring (November) in men and women of Rio Grande do Sul state and in men of Paraná and Santa Catarina states, and in early summer (January) for women of Paraná state." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_effects_on_suicide_rates |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1958502607#2_2203332457 | Title: Seasonal effects on suicide rates - Wikipedia
Headings: Seasonal effects on suicide rates
Seasonal effects on suicide rates
Contents
General effects
Popular belief
Related factors
Gender
Biochemistry
Environment
Psychology
See also
References
Content: According to Bridges, recent research from industrialized countries (including Finland, Sweden, Australia, New Zealand, England, and Wales) has provided enough information to show a decrease in seasonal effects on suicide rates over the past few decades. In the case of Greece, seasonal variations in mortality from suicide are "more frequent during the spring and summer months…but [have] no regular annual rhythm". The Greek researchers proposed that "the seasonal variation of suicide follows more closely to the seasonal variation of sunshine, rather than the corresponding variation of temperature". Few scientific assessments have focused on seasonal suicide Epidemiology of suicide variations in the southern hemisphere. Studies in Brazil have shown that "the peak number of suicides occurred in spring (November) in men and women of Rio Grande do Sul state and in men of Paraná and Santa Catarina states, and in early summer (January) for women of Paraná state." One international study on seasonal effects on suicide rates involving 20 countries showed an early summer peak in suicides. She concluded that "seasonal variation in suicide incidence could be explained by the increase in sunshine in summer months because of a relationship between sunshine, high temperatures, and suicide rate". Australian researchers found a "spring peak in the number of suicides committed in Brisbane, Australia, but the results were not statistically significant…and that Dublin reported the incidence of suicide varied according to seasons in the northern hemisphere". French sociologist Émile Durkheim had found similar results, reporting that more suicides occurred in the spring than in the summer. Rather than emphasizing the role of nature, Durkheim interpreted the seasonal variation in sociological terms; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_effects_on_suicide_rates |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1958502607#3_2203334756 | Title: Seasonal effects on suicide rates - Wikipedia
Headings: Seasonal effects on suicide rates
Seasonal effects on suicide rates
Contents
General effects
Popular belief
Related factors
Gender
Biochemistry
Environment
Psychology
See also
References
Content: One international study on seasonal effects on suicide rates involving 20 countries showed an early summer peak in suicides. She concluded that "seasonal variation in suicide incidence could be explained by the increase in sunshine in summer months because of a relationship between sunshine, high temperatures, and suicide rate". Australian researchers found a "spring peak in the number of suicides committed in Brisbane, Australia, but the results were not statistically significant…and that Dublin reported the incidence of suicide varied according to seasons in the northern hemisphere". French sociologist Émile Durkheim had found similar results, reporting that more suicides occurred in the spring than in the summer. Rather than emphasizing the role of nature, Durkheim interpreted the seasonal variation in sociological terms; he wrote that most suicides took place in the spring because "everything begins to awake; activity is resumed, relations spring up, interchanges increase. In other words, it is the density of human interactions, and not the environment that caused higher incidence of suicide in spring or summer". Popular belief
Many people believe that suicide rates peak during the winter months. Intuitively, this makes sense given the existence of seasonal affective disorder and the tendency to associate winter with depression. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_effects_on_suicide_rates |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1958502607#4_2203336584 | Title: Seasonal effects on suicide rates - Wikipedia
Headings: Seasonal effects on suicide rates
Seasonal effects on suicide rates
Contents
General effects
Popular belief
Related factors
Gender
Biochemistry
Environment
Psychology
See also
References
Content: he wrote that most suicides took place in the spring because "everything begins to awake; activity is resumed, relations spring up, interchanges increase. In other words, it is the density of human interactions, and not the environment that caused higher incidence of suicide in spring or summer". Popular belief
Many people believe that suicide rates peak during the winter months. Intuitively, this makes sense given the existence of seasonal affective disorder and the tendency to associate winter with depression. Weather in the colder season increases the prevalence of afflictions such as pneumonia and hypothermia, which largely proceeds from the minimal amount of sunlight exposure in the wintertime. As winter is popularly associated with a decrease in sunlight and an uptick in distempers, so it is by extension with suicide rates. Some also believe that "holiday cheer amplifies loneliness and hopelessness in people who have lost loved ones, or who have high expectations of renewed happiness during the holiday season, only to be disappointed". Related factors
Suicide attempts as well as other related behaviors and thought processes can be analyzed either exogenously (within the boundaries of social and economic elements) or endogenously (demographic, pathological, clinical, and seasonal aspects). Gender
As noted in a study led by Timo Partonen and colleagues, "There was a seasonal effect on suicide occurrence among the study population in Finland, and the risk of suicide was highest in May and lowest in February over the study period"…males with an incidence of 42.56 (N=21,622) and females with an incidence of 10.86 (N=5847). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_effects_on_suicide_rates |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1958502607#5_2203338706 | Title: Seasonal effects on suicide rates - Wikipedia
Headings: Seasonal effects on suicide rates
Seasonal effects on suicide rates
Contents
General effects
Popular belief
Related factors
Gender
Biochemistry
Environment
Psychology
See also
References
Content: Weather in the colder season increases the prevalence of afflictions such as pneumonia and hypothermia, which largely proceeds from the minimal amount of sunlight exposure in the wintertime. As winter is popularly associated with a decrease in sunlight and an uptick in distempers, so it is by extension with suicide rates. Some also believe that "holiday cheer amplifies loneliness and hopelessness in people who have lost loved ones, or who have high expectations of renewed happiness during the holiday season, only to be disappointed". Related factors
Suicide attempts as well as other related behaviors and thought processes can be analyzed either exogenously (within the boundaries of social and economic elements) or endogenously (demographic, pathological, clinical, and seasonal aspects). Gender
As noted in a study led by Timo Partonen and colleagues, "There was a seasonal effect on suicide occurrence among the study population in Finland, and the risk of suicide was highest in May and lowest in February over the study period"…males with an incidence of 42.56 (N=21,622) and females with an incidence of 10.86 (N=5847). Their findings demonstrate that both male and female suicide rates tend to be higher during the spring and summer months (combined gender inference of: April ~ 27.24; May ~ 30.04; June ~ 28.86; July ~ 27.83) compared to winter (Nov. ~ 25.77; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_effects_on_suicide_rates |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1958502607#6_2203340549 | Title: Seasonal effects on suicide rates - Wikipedia
Headings: Seasonal effects on suicide rates
Seasonal effects on suicide rates
Contents
General effects
Popular belief
Related factors
Gender
Biochemistry
Environment
Psychology
See also
References
Content: Their findings demonstrate that both male and female suicide rates tend to be higher during the spring and summer months (combined gender inference of: April ~ 27.24; May ~ 30.04; June ~ 28.86; July ~ 27.83) compared to winter (Nov. ~ 25.77; Dec. ~ 23.17; Jan. ~ 24.07; Feb. ~ 23.16). Similar results were reported in Lester and Franks’ article "Sex differences in the seasonal distribution of suicides". These researchers focused on the influence of climate and social integration, in regards to suicide rates categorized by gender. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_effects_on_suicide_rates |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1958502607#7_2203341546 | Title: Seasonal effects on suicide rates - Wikipedia
Headings: Seasonal effects on suicide rates
Seasonal effects on suicide rates
Contents
General effects
Popular belief
Related factors
Gender
Biochemistry
Environment
Psychology
See also
References
Content: Dec. ~ 23.17; Jan. ~ 24.07; Feb. ~ 23.16). Similar results were reported in Lester and Franks’ article "Sex differences in the seasonal distribution of suicides". These researchers focused on the influence of climate and social integration, in regards to suicide rates categorized by gender. Their data suggest that both genders showed a "bimodal distribution of suicides and the sexes, but did not differ significantly from each other (x@=l2.29, d.f.=ll, P>0.30)". The authors hypothesized that the high summer peaks in suicide deaths are the result of an ultimately disappointed hope amongst the emotionally discomforted that winter might bring an end to the "social isolation and depression brought about by the cold weather". In contrast to these findings, some studies indicate that males have only one peak of suicide during the spring and early summer while women show two peaks of suicide throughout the year, during the spring and fall: " The seasonal distribution of suicides among the 117 males was similar and showed a significant seasonality: spring and summer peaks (33 and 29%, respectively) and fall–winter lows (18% and 20%, respectively, χ2=7.684, d.f.=3, P=0.053)". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_effects_on_suicide_rates |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1958502607#8_2203343210 | Title: Seasonal effects on suicide rates - Wikipedia
Headings: Seasonal effects on suicide rates
Seasonal effects on suicide rates
Contents
General effects
Popular belief
Related factors
Gender
Biochemistry
Environment
Psychology
See also
References
Content: Their data suggest that both genders showed a "bimodal distribution of suicides and the sexes, but did not differ significantly from each other (x@=l2.29, d.f.=ll, P>0.30)". The authors hypothesized that the high summer peaks in suicide deaths are the result of an ultimately disappointed hope amongst the emotionally discomforted that winter might bring an end to the "social isolation and depression brought about by the cold weather". In contrast to these findings, some studies indicate that males have only one peak of suicide during the spring and early summer while women show two peaks of suicide throughout the year, during the spring and fall: " The seasonal distribution of suicides among the 117 males was similar and showed a significant seasonality: spring and summer peaks (33 and 29%, respectively) and fall–winter lows (18% and 20%, respectively, χ2=7.684, d.f.=3, P=0.053)". Biochemistry
Biological explanations of seasonal effects on suicide rates tend to focus on seasonal variation in hormone changes and neurotransmitter levels. Chronobiological research, conducted by a team of clinical scientists in Belgium, has revealed that many "biochemical, metabolic and immune functions, which may be related to suicide, suicidal behavior or ideation or major depression, are organized along a multifrequency seasonal time-structure". Evidence was found by calculating "serum total cholesterol concentrations to show a clear seasonality with lower levels in midyear than in winter" Similarly, medical researchers in Pennsylvania indicate that neuropeptides in normal controls have lower serum cholesterol levels and may be related to a higher occurrence of suicide. These findings clearly state that there is a relationship between summer suicide rates and biochemical (e.g., plasma L-TRP and melatonin levels, [3H]paroxetine binding to blood platelets), metabolic (serum total cholesterol, calcium and magnesium concentrations), and immune (number of peripheral blood lymphocytes and serum sIL-2R) variables. Another study focused on the association between depression, suicide, and the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_effects_on_suicide_rates |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1958502607#9_2203345835 | Title: Seasonal effects on suicide rates - Wikipedia
Headings: Seasonal effects on suicide rates
Seasonal effects on suicide rates
Contents
General effects
Popular belief
Related factors
Gender
Biochemistry
Environment
Psychology
See also
References
Content: Biochemistry
Biological explanations of seasonal effects on suicide rates tend to focus on seasonal variation in hormone changes and neurotransmitter levels. Chronobiological research, conducted by a team of clinical scientists in Belgium, has revealed that many "biochemical, metabolic and immune functions, which may be related to suicide, suicidal behavior or ideation or major depression, are organized along a multifrequency seasonal time-structure". Evidence was found by calculating "serum total cholesterol concentrations to show a clear seasonality with lower levels in midyear than in winter" Similarly, medical researchers in Pennsylvania indicate that neuropeptides in normal controls have lower serum cholesterol levels and may be related to a higher occurrence of suicide. These findings clearly state that there is a relationship between summer suicide rates and biochemical (e.g., plasma L-TRP and melatonin levels, [3H]paroxetine binding to blood platelets), metabolic (serum total cholesterol, calcium and magnesium concentrations), and immune (number of peripheral blood lymphocytes and serum sIL-2R) variables. Another study focused on the association between depression, suicide, and the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). They state that "depression is accompanied by a depletion of n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids". Their methodology involved taking periodic blood samples—every month for one year—of healthy volunteers, allowing them to analyze the "PUFA composition in serum phospholipids and [relating] those data to the annual variation in the mean weekly number of suicides". They used an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to document their results, finding that PUFA like arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid all occurred at significantly lower rates in winter than in summer months. The association between depression, suicide, and PUFA rates is indicative of there being a biological factor in seasonal effects on suicide rates. Environment
Environmental variables, such as the amount of sunlight, occurrence of natural disasters, and the inability to protect and shelter oneself, can result in suicidal behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_effects_on_suicide_rates |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1958502607#10_2203348493 | Title: Seasonal effects on suicide rates - Wikipedia
Headings: Seasonal effects on suicide rates
Seasonal effects on suicide rates
Contents
General effects
Popular belief
Related factors
Gender
Biochemistry
Environment
Psychology
See also
References
Content: They state that "depression is accompanied by a depletion of n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids". Their methodology involved taking periodic blood samples—every month for one year—of healthy volunteers, allowing them to analyze the "PUFA composition in serum phospholipids and [relating] those data to the annual variation in the mean weekly number of suicides". They used an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to document their results, finding that PUFA like arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid all occurred at significantly lower rates in winter than in summer months. The association between depression, suicide, and PUFA rates is indicative of there being a biological factor in seasonal effects on suicide rates. Environment
Environmental variables, such as the amount of sunlight, occurrence of natural disasters, and the inability to protect and shelter oneself, can result in suicidal behaviors. For example, parasuicide, which is the strongest known indicator for a future completed suicide attempt, is known to have a strong association with weather patterns. As noted by Barker et al. in their 1994 article on seasonal and weather factors in parasuicide, "A major finding of this study was…the greatest mean daily number of parasuicide episodes in late spring/early summer and a trough in December/January". Their approach involved developing a linear model to accurately separate any "seasonal effects and seasonally-related weather effects". Climate factors affect parasuicide differently in women and men. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_effects_on_suicide_rates |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1958502607#11_2203350517 | Title: Seasonal effects on suicide rates - Wikipedia
Headings: Seasonal effects on suicide rates
Seasonal effects on suicide rates
Contents
General effects
Popular belief
Related factors
Gender
Biochemistry
Environment
Psychology
See also
References
Content: For example, parasuicide, which is the strongest known indicator for a future completed suicide attempt, is known to have a strong association with weather patterns. As noted by Barker et al. in their 1994 article on seasonal and weather factors in parasuicide, "A major finding of this study was…the greatest mean daily number of parasuicide episodes in late spring/early summer and a trough in December/January". Their approach involved developing a linear model to accurately separate any "seasonal effects and seasonally-related weather effects". Climate factors affect parasuicide differently in women and men. The data indicated that the meteorological factors to account for large parasuicidal effects in women were maximum temperature, rainfall, and cloud cover. On the other hand, rain, cloud cover, poor visibility, and windy days were the most important meteorological factors in men. Additionally, " | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_effects_on_suicide_rates |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1963151460#8_2208056260 | Title: Second-term curse - Wikipedia
Headings: Second-term curse
Second-term curse
Contents
Presidents of the curse
See also
Notes
References
Content: Is There Really a Second-Term Curse?". The New York Times. Retrieved May 19, 2013. My view, then, is that the idea of the second-term curse is sloppy as an analytical concept. There is certainly a historical tendency for presidents who earn a second term to become less popular — but some of this reflects reversion to the mean. And some recent presidents have overcome the supposed curse and actually become more popular on average during their second terms. ^ a b c d e f g h "Second-term blues". The Economist. January 26, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2016. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-term_curse |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1969262016#0_2213071816 | Title: Secondary trauma - Wikipedia
Headings: Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
Content: Secondary trauma - Wikipedia
Secondary trauma
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Secondary trauma can be incurred when an individual is exposed to people who have been traumatized themselves, disturbing descriptions of traumatic events by a survivor, or others inflicting cruelty on one another. Symptoms of secondary trauma are similar to those of PTSD (e.g. intrusive re-experiencing of the traumatic material, avoidance of trauma triggers /emotions, negative changes in beliefs and feelings and hyperarousal). Secondary trauma has been researched in first responders, nurses and physicians, mental health care workers, and children of traumatized parents. Contents
1 Affected populations
1.1 Mental health care workers/social workers
1.2 First responders
1.3 Nurses and physicians
1.4 Children of traumatized parents
2 Sex differences
3 Measurements
4 Interventions
5 Similar concepts
5.1 Compassion fatigue
5.2 Vicarious trauma
5.3 Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
5.4 Job burnout
6 References
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) impacts many individuals in the mental health field and as of 2013 the prevalence rates for STS amongst different professions is as follows: 15.2% among social workers, 16.3% in oncology staff, 19% in substance abuse counselors, 32.8% in emergency nurses, 34% in child protective services workers, and 39% in juvenile justice education workers There is a strong correlation between burnout and secondary traumatic stress among mental health care professionals who are indirectly exposed to trauma and there are a multitude of different risk factors that contribute to the likelihood of developing secondary traumatic stress amongst individuals who conduct therapy with trauma victims. Workers who have had a history of trauma are more likely to develop STS. Additionally, individuals who have less work support as well as less social support are at higher risk for developing STS. Lastly, as the number of patients seen by these workers increases, so do the chances of developing STS. Some of the protective factors for mental health care workers include years of experience in the profession, more time spent in self-care activities and high self-efficacy. First responders
Studies explain how secondary traumatic stress can negatively impact job performance in first responders which can lead to adverse outcomes not only for the first responders, but for the victims they seek to help. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_Trauma |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1969262016#1_2213074952 | Title: Secondary trauma - Wikipedia
Headings: Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
Content: Workers who have had a history of trauma are more likely to develop STS. Additionally, individuals who have less work support as well as less social support are at higher risk for developing STS. Lastly, as the number of patients seen by these workers increases, so do the chances of developing STS. Some of the protective factors for mental health care workers include years of experience in the profession, more time spent in self-care activities and high self-efficacy. First responders
Studies explain how secondary traumatic stress can negatively impact job performance in first responders which can lead to adverse outcomes not only for the first responders, but for the victims they seek to help. Job context is a greater risk factor for developing STS in first responders compared to the job content. This highlights the need for strategies targeted toward the organizational and systemic level in addition to the individual level. Organizational changes that can be addressed include work culture, workload, group support, supervision and education, and the modification of the work environment. Changes in these areas would foster resiliency for developing STS. Nurses and physicians
Similarly, research highlights the importance of psychological services for nurses and medical professionals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_Trauma |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1969262016#2_2213076823 | Title: Secondary trauma - Wikipedia
Headings: Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
Content: Job context is a greater risk factor for developing STS in first responders compared to the job content. This highlights the need for strategies targeted toward the organizational and systemic level in addition to the individual level. Organizational changes that can be addressed include work culture, workload, group support, supervision and education, and the modification of the work environment. Changes in these areas would foster resiliency for developing STS. Nurses and physicians
Similarly, research highlights the importance of psychological services for nurses and medical professionals. Services similar to the ones listed above for the first responder population were valuable for reducing secondary traumatic stress symptoms amongst medical staff working with traumatic populations in hospital settings. Children of traumatized parents
Van Ijzendoorn et al. ( 2003) conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies with 4,418 participants in which they explored secondary trauma in children of Holocaust survivors. The authors found that in non-clinical studies no evidence of secondary traumatization, while clinical studies only showed evidence for secondary traumatization when additional stressors were also present. Intergenerational trauma or transgenerational trauma is also applied to describe the process by which parental traumatic experiences may lead to secondary trauma symptoms in their offspring, when additional stressors, such as war, famine, or displacement are present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_Trauma |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1969262016#3_2213078885 | Title: Secondary trauma - Wikipedia
Headings: Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
Content: Services similar to the ones listed above for the first responder population were valuable for reducing secondary traumatic stress symptoms amongst medical staff working with traumatic populations in hospital settings. Children of traumatized parents
Van Ijzendoorn et al. ( 2003) conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies with 4,418 participants in which they explored secondary trauma in children of Holocaust survivors. The authors found that in non-clinical studies no evidence of secondary traumatization, while clinical studies only showed evidence for secondary traumatization when additional stressors were also present. Intergenerational trauma or transgenerational trauma is also applied to describe the process by which parental traumatic experiences may lead to secondary trauma symptoms in their offspring, when additional stressors, such as war, famine, or displacement are present. Refugee children who are exposed to these additional stressors display heightened anxiety levels, and have an increased likelihood of experiencing traumatic life events, compared with non-refugee children in the United States. Sex differences
There are also gender differences in the prevalence and vulnerability of secondary trauma. Research suggests that women are more likely than men to develop secondary traumatization. Additionally, not only are women more susceptible to experience the symptoms of STS, but they experience symptoms of STS at a greater intensity compared to men. It is theorized that this discrepancy may be due to women being more empathetic, more reactive to other people's emotions and are more likely to have caretaker burden. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_Trauma |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1969262016#4_2213081101 | Title: Secondary trauma - Wikipedia
Headings: Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
Content: Refugee children who are exposed to these additional stressors display heightened anxiety levels, and have an increased likelihood of experiencing traumatic life events, compared with non-refugee children in the United States. Sex differences
There are also gender differences in the prevalence and vulnerability of secondary trauma. Research suggests that women are more likely than men to develop secondary traumatization. Additionally, not only are women more susceptible to experience the symptoms of STS, but they experience symptoms of STS at a greater intensity compared to men. It is theorized that this discrepancy may be due to women being more empathetic, more reactive to other people's emotions and are more likely to have caretaker burden. The greater the connection is with another individual while hearing their traumatic experience, the greater the likelihood of developing STS. Lastly, STS symptoms are consistent with what previous research has shown to be true regarding gender differences in PTSD symptomology. Measurements
Secondary Trauma Self-Efficacy (STSE) Scale is a seven-item measure used to assess a person's beliefs about their ability to cope with barriers associated with secondary traumatic stress. The STSE measures one's "ability to cope with the challenging demands resulting from work with traumatized clients and perceived ability to deal with the secondary traumatic stress symptoms". In addition this the STSE, there is the STSS. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_Trauma |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1969262016#5_2213083141 | Title: Secondary trauma - Wikipedia
Headings: Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
Content: The greater the connection is with another individual while hearing their traumatic experience, the greater the likelihood of developing STS. Lastly, STS symptoms are consistent with what previous research has shown to be true regarding gender differences in PTSD symptomology. Measurements
Secondary Trauma Self-Efficacy (STSE) Scale is a seven-item measure used to assess a person's beliefs about their ability to cope with barriers associated with secondary traumatic stress. The STSE measures one's "ability to cope with the challenging demands resulting from work with traumatized clients and perceived ability to deal with the secondary traumatic stress symptoms". In addition this the STSE, there is the STSS. The Secondary Trauma Stress Scale (STSS), is a 17-item questionnaire that measures the frequency of secondary traumatic stress symptoms over the past month. Questions on the STSS addresses issues with intrusion, avoidance and arousal symptoms similar to those found in PTSD. Interventions
Phipps and Byrne (2003) detail some potential treatments for STS based on the premise that STS and PTSD symptomology are similar in nature. Some brief interventions for STS include critical incident stress debriefing (CISD), critical incident stress management (CISM) and stress inoculation training (SIT). CISD is a one session exposure-based intervention aimed at reducing distress by having the client recall and explain the traumatic event to a group and a facilitator 48–72 hours after the traumatic incident. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_Trauma |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1969262016#6_2213085236 | Title: Secondary trauma - Wikipedia
Headings: Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
Content: The Secondary Trauma Stress Scale (STSS), is a 17-item questionnaire that measures the frequency of secondary traumatic stress symptoms over the past month. Questions on the STSS addresses issues with intrusion, avoidance and arousal symptoms similar to those found in PTSD. Interventions
Phipps and Byrne (2003) detail some potential treatments for STS based on the premise that STS and PTSD symptomology are similar in nature. Some brief interventions for STS include critical incident stress debriefing (CISD), critical incident stress management (CISM) and stress inoculation training (SIT). CISD is a one session exposure-based intervention aimed at reducing distress by having the client recall and explain the traumatic event to a group and a facilitator 48–72 hours after the traumatic incident. The facilitator then provides education on the reasons for the symptoms and processes of trauma in a safe environment. The seven-phase debriefing technique includes: 1. Introduction, 2. Expectations and facts, 3. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_Trauma |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1969262016#7_2213086824 | Title: Secondary trauma - Wikipedia
Headings: Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
Content: The facilitator then provides education on the reasons for the symptoms and processes of trauma in a safe environment. The seven-phase debriefing technique includes: 1. Introduction, 2. Expectations and facts, 3. Thoughts and impressions, 4. Emotional reactions, 5. Normalization, 6. Future planning/coping and 7. Disengagement. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_Trauma |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1969262016#8_2213087718 | Title: Secondary trauma - Wikipedia
Headings: Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
Content: Thoughts and impressions, 4. Emotional reactions, 5. Normalization, 6. Future planning/coping and 7. Disengagement. This has been shown by multiple studies to have damaging effects on the survivors and actually exacerbates the trauma symptoms present. CISM is another one session exposure-based intervention aimed at reducing distress by having the client recall and explain the traumatic event but has a follow up component. CISM consists of 3 phases: 1. Pre-trauma training, 2. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_Trauma |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1969262016#9_2213088763 | Title: Secondary trauma - Wikipedia
Headings: Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
Content: This has been shown by multiple studies to have damaging effects on the survivors and actually exacerbates the trauma symptoms present. CISM is another one session exposure-based intervention aimed at reducing distress by having the client recall and explain the traumatic event but has a follow up component. CISM consists of 3 phases: 1. Pre-trauma training, 2. Debriefing and 3. Individual follow-up. CISM differs from CISD in the sense that two components are added and believed to be the driving factors for symptom reduction in individuals with STS. Firstly, the pre-trauma training of Stress Inoculation training is implemented and secondly the follow-up assessments after one month. SIT is a type of training that uses skills to lower autonomic arousal when exposed to the traumatic material. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_Trauma |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1969262016#12_2213093663 | Title: Secondary trauma - Wikipedia
Headings: Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
Content: Although there is no empirical support for the efficacy of these interventions, there still are some interventions that are recommended for reducing symptoms of STS. Accelerated Recovery Program (ARP) has been specifically designed to treat symptoms of STS. ARP is a five-session program aimed to reduce negative arousal states that result from STS. Primary focus of STS symptom reduction has been at the individual level, but some interventions to reduce STS symptoms have been proposed at the organizational level. These organizational interventions include the provision of supervision, workshops and supportive organizational culture. Similar concepts
Secondary trauma is often used interchangeably with several terms that have similar meanings including compassion fatigue, vicarious trauma, second victim syndrome, and job burnout. Although there is an overlap in terminology, there are nuanced differences. Compassion fatigue
Compassion fatigue refers to a reduced capacity to help as a health care professional after being exposed to the suffering and distress of their patients. Secondary traumatic stress was later renamed compassion fatigue in 1995 by Charles Figley who described compassion fatigue as the natural emotions that arise as a result of learning about a significant others' experience with a traumatic event. Overall, compassion fatigue is often used interchangeably with secondary traumatic stress but the difference between the two is that STS is specific to individuals who treat traumatized populations whereas CF generalizes to individuals who treat an array of other populations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_Trauma |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1969262016#13_2213095841 | Title: Secondary trauma - Wikipedia
Headings: Secondary trauma
Secondary trauma
Contents
Affected populations
Mental health care workers/social workers
First responders
Nurses and physicians
Children of traumatized parents
Sex differences
Measurements
Interventions
Similar concepts
Compassion fatigue
Vicarious trauma
Second Victim Syndrome (SVS)
Job burnout
References
Content: Similar concepts
Secondary trauma is often used interchangeably with several terms that have similar meanings including compassion fatigue, vicarious trauma, second victim syndrome, and job burnout. Although there is an overlap in terminology, there are nuanced differences. Compassion fatigue
Compassion fatigue refers to a reduced capacity to help as a health care professional after being exposed to the suffering and distress of their patients. Secondary traumatic stress was later renamed compassion fatigue in 1995 by Charles Figley who described compassion fatigue as the natural emotions that arise as a result of learning about a significant others' experience with a traumatic event. Overall, compassion fatigue is often used interchangeably with secondary traumatic stress but the difference between the two is that STS is specific to individuals who treat traumatized populations whereas CF generalizes to individuals who treat an array of other populations. Vicarious trauma
Vicarious traumatization (VT) is defined as a transformation of a helper's inner experience that is a result of empathic engagement with a client's traumatic experiences. This engagement with the client results in a shift in the cognitive schemas about oneself | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_Trauma |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1981344104#2_2228380848 | Title: Seiza - Wikipedia
Headings: Seiza
Seiza
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Form
History
Floor
Difficulties
Use in traditional arts
Shikkō
Alternative sitting positions
Agura
Yokozuwari
Wariza
Kiza
See also
References
Content: Seiza" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR
(July 2010)
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Narendra Modi (Prime Minister of India) and Shinzō Abe (Prime Minister of Japan) sitting seiza -style during a tea ceremony
Seiza ( 正座 or 正坐, literally "proper sitting") is the Japanese term for the standard formal traditional way of sitting in Japan . Contents
1 Form
2 History
3 Floor
4 Difficulties
5 Use in traditional arts
5.1 Shikkō
6 Alternative sitting positions
6.1 Agura
6.2 Yokozuwari
6.3 Wariza
6.4 Kiza
7 See also
8 References
Form
To sit seiza -style, one must first be kneeling on the floor, folding one's legs underneath one's thighs, while resting the buttocks on the heels. The ankles are turned outward as the tops of the feet are lowered so that, in a slight "V" shape, the tops of the feet are flat on the floor and big toes overlapped, the right always on top of the left, and the buttocks are finally lowered all the way down. Depending on the circumstances, the hands are folded modestly in the lap, or are placed palm down on the upper thighs with the fingers close together, or are placed on the floor next to the hips, with the knuckles rounded and touching the floor. The back is kept straight, though not unnaturally stiff. Traditionally, women sit with the knees together while men separate them slightly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiza |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1981344104#5_2228387795 | Title: Seiza - Wikipedia
Headings: Seiza
Seiza
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Form
History
Floor
Difficulties
Use in traditional arts
Shikkō
Alternative sitting positions
Agura
Yokozuwari
Wariza
Kiza
See also
References
Content: People's social circumstances, clothing styles, and the places where they sat naturally brought about their manners of sitting. The development, in the Muromachi period, of Japanese architecture in which the floors were completely covered with tatami (thick straw mats), combined with the strict formalities of the ruling warrior class for which this style of architecture was principally designed, heralded the adoption of the sitting posture known today as seiza as the respectful way to sit. By the middle of the Edo period, it had become a convention for samurai to sit in this manner when meeting authority figures such as the Shogun as a symbol of obedience and loyalty. However, it probably was not until around the years surrounding the turn of the 18th century (the Genroku to Kyōhō eras in Japanese history) that the Japanese generally adopted this manner of sitting in their everyday lives and during the Meiji era, it had become firmly established as the proper sitting posture, as part of the "Japanese culture and tradition" purposefully created during this time. The posture serves as the standard floor sitting posture for most traditional formal occasions, and it is generally considered the respectful way to sit in the presence of superiors or elders unless otherwise permitted. Floor
Seiza involves sitting down on the floor and not on a chair. In traditional Japanese architecture, floors in various rooms designed for comfort have tatami floors. Seiza thus is closely connected with tatami flooring. There are circumstances, however, when people sit seiza -style on carpeted and hardwood floors. In many martial arts, for instance, this sitting position generally takes place on hardwood floors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiza |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1981344104#9_2228395541 | Title: Seiza - Wikipedia
Headings: Seiza
Seiza
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Form
History
Floor
Difficulties
Use in traditional arts
Shikkō
Alternative sitting positions
Agura
Yokozuwari
Wariza
Kiza
See also
References
Content: They allow one to maintain the appearance of sitting seiza while discreetly taking pressure off the heels and feet. A new law coming into effect in April 2020 recognizes seiza for extended periods of time as a morally unacceptable form of punishment according to Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Use in traditional arts
The judo practitioner at right performs a bow while seated in seiza
Doing seiza is an integral and required part of several traditional Japanese arts, such as certain Japanese martial arts and tea ceremony (a table-style version of tea ceremony known as ryūrei was invented in the 19th century). Seiza is also the traditional way of sitting while doing other arts such as shodō (calligraphy) and ikebana (flower arranging), though with the increasing use of western-style furniture it is not always necessary nowadays. Many theatres for traditional performing arts such as kabuki and sumo still have audience seating sections where the spectators sit in seiza style. Shikkō
Walking on the feet and knees while in the seiza posture, known as shikkō (膝行, knee-movement), is considered more polite than standing up and walking regularly. Shikkō is today quite rare, but is found in some traditional formal restaurants and ryokan, and is practiced in the martial art of aikido, where practitioners learn to defend themselves while moving in shikkō . To perform this knee-walking movement correctly the heels must be kept close together, and the body must move as a whole unit. Movement in shikkō forces one to engage the hips in a way that is considered valuable for aikido training. Alternative sitting positions
Agura
Sakakibara Yasumasa sitting in agura position
Main article: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiza |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1981344104#10_2228397727 | Title: Seiza - Wikipedia
Headings: Seiza
Seiza
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Form
History
Floor
Difficulties
Use in traditional arts
Shikkō
Alternative sitting positions
Agura
Yokozuwari
Wariza
Kiza
See also
References
Content: Shikkō
Walking on the feet and knees while in the seiza posture, known as shikkō (膝行, knee-movement), is considered more polite than standing up and walking regularly. Shikkō is today quite rare, but is found in some traditional formal restaurants and ryokan, and is practiced in the martial art of aikido, where practitioners learn to defend themselves while moving in shikkō . To perform this knee-walking movement correctly the heels must be kept close together, and the body must move as a whole unit. Movement in shikkō forces one to engage the hips in a way that is considered valuable for aikido training. Alternative sitting positions
Agura
Sakakibara Yasumasa sitting in agura position
Main article: Agura
Sitting cross-legged, agura, is considered informal: it is appropriate for certain situations but not others. It is common in informal situations, such as eating at a low table in a casual restaurant, and allowed in formal situations especially for those for whom seiza is difficult, such as elderly or non-Japanese people . Yokozuwari
A seated Samurai holding his sword with one hand. Some sitting postures (e.g. agura, tatehiza, etc.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiza |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1981344104#11_2228399345 | Title: Seiza - Wikipedia
Headings: Seiza
Seiza
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Form
History
Floor
Difficulties
Use in traditional arts
Shikkō
Alternative sitting positions
Agura
Yokozuwari
Wariza
Kiza
See also
References
Content: Agura
Sitting cross-legged, agura, is considered informal: it is appropriate for certain situations but not others. It is common in informal situations, such as eating at a low table in a casual restaurant, and allowed in formal situations especially for those for whom seiza is difficult, such as elderly or non-Japanese people . Yokozuwari
A seated Samurai holding his sword with one hand. Some sitting postures (e.g. agura, tatehiza, etc.) are impossible to do in skirts or certain types of women's traditional clothing (such as the premodern kimono) without risk of exposure, so an alternative informal sitting posture has both legs off to one side, with one side of the hips on the floor, termed yokozuwari (横座り, literally "sideways sitting"). Wariza
Another informal sitting posture for women is called wariza (割座, literally "separate or split sitting", "w-sitting" or "reverse tailor style sitting" in English) which resembles seiza posture, whereby the buttocks are on the floor and the lower legs are bent off to their respective sides. Kiza
This iaido practitioner is executing a cut directly from kiza
To sit in seiza requires coming to a kneeling position momentarily, with the heels propped up; if one remains seated on the heels with the balls of the feet touching the floor and toes flexed forward, it is called kiza (跪座 / 跪坐). If one then lowers the tops of the feet to the floor, one then will be in the seiza position. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiza |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1981344104#12_2228401265 | Title: Seiza - Wikipedia
Headings: Seiza
Seiza
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Form
History
Floor
Difficulties
Use in traditional arts
Shikkō
Alternative sitting positions
Agura
Yokozuwari
Wariza
Kiza
See also
References
Content: are impossible to do in skirts or certain types of women's traditional clothing (such as the premodern kimono) without risk of exposure, so an alternative informal sitting posture has both legs off to one side, with one side of the hips on the floor, termed yokozuwari (横座り, literally "sideways sitting"). Wariza
Another informal sitting posture for women is called wariza (割座, literally "separate or split sitting", "w-sitting" or "reverse tailor style sitting" in English) which resembles seiza posture, whereby the buttocks are on the floor and the lower legs are bent off to their respective sides. Kiza
This iaido practitioner is executing a cut directly from kiza
To sit in seiza requires coming to a kneeling position momentarily, with the heels propped up; if one remains seated on the heels with the balls of the feet touching the floor and toes flexed forward, it is called kiza (跪座 / 跪坐). If one then lowers the tops of the feet to the floor, one then will be in the seiza position. In some schools of iaido, practitioners stand up to draw the sword and cut after momentarily assuming kiza, so as not to sprain the instep jumping up directly from seiza . See also
Genuflection
Kowtow
Vajrasana (yoga)
References
^ "IroMegane: Is Seiza really the traditional way to sit for Japanese people?". iromegane.com. ^ "正座は日本の文化，でも明治の文化。". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiza |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1984938572#1_2232814388 | Title: Self-care - Wikipedia
Headings: Self-care
Self-care
Contents
Requisites
Middle-range theory of chronic illness
Measuring instruments
Maintenance
Illness prevention behaviours
Hygiene
Factors
Improvement
Monitoring
Barriers
Improvement
Management
Behaviors
Factors
Improvement
Support
Approaches
Philosophy
See also
References
External links
Content: See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (February 2019)
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This article may contain indiscriminate, excessive, or irrelevant examples. Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions. (February 2019)
This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (October 2020)
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Self-care
Walking is beneficial for the maintenance of good health
MeSH
D012648
[ edit on Wikidata]
Self care is the individual practise of health management without the aid of a medical professional. In health care, self-care is any human regulatory function which is under individual control, deliberate and self-initiated, for the purpose of the maintenance of health and wellbeing. It can additionally be described as the "practice of activities that an individual initiates and performs on their own behalf in maintaining life, health, and well-being.” Self-care and health care providers can be considered to be opposing ends on a health-related continuum and possess a complex relationship. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-care |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1984938572#2_2232816425 | Title: Self-care - Wikipedia
Headings: Self-care
Self-care
Contents
Requisites
Middle-range theory of chronic illness
Measuring instruments
Maintenance
Illness prevention behaviours
Hygiene
Factors
Improvement
Monitoring
Barriers
Improvement
Management
Behaviors
Factors
Improvement
Support
Approaches
Philosophy
See also
References
External links
Content: Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (October 2020)
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Self-care
Walking is beneficial for the maintenance of good health
MeSH
D012648
[ edit on Wikidata]
Self care is the individual practise of health management without the aid of a medical professional. In health care, self-care is any human regulatory function which is under individual control, deliberate and self-initiated, for the purpose of the maintenance of health and wellbeing. It can additionally be described as the "practice of activities that an individual initiates and performs on their own behalf in maintaining life, health, and well-being.” Self-care and health care providers can be considered to be opposing ends on a health-related continuum and possess a complex relationship. For example, there is an expectation for nurses to act as supporters and facilitators to improve a patient’s health in an ongoing manner, long after a medical event. In modern medicine, preventive medicine aligns most closely with self-care. A lack of adherence to medical advice or the onset of a mental disorder make the practise of self-care difficult. Self-care is seen as a partial solution to the global rise in health care costs that are placed on governments. Self-care is considered to be a primary form of care for patients with self-managed chronic illness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-care |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1985026833#2_2232887206 | Title: Self-censorship - Wikipedia
Headings: Self-censorship
Self-censorship
Contents
Freedom of Expression
Journalism
Europe
China
Politics
Religion
Science
Risks from scientific publications
Taste and decency
Information society and hygiene
See also
References
Content: Article 19 explicitly states that "everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers." Contents
1 Freedom of Expression
2 Journalism
2.1 Europe
2.2 China
3 Politics
4 Religion
5 Science
5.1 Risks from scientific publications
6 Taste and decency
7 Information society and hygiene
8 See also
9 References
Freedom of Expression
People often communicate to affirm their identity and sense of belonging. People may express their opinions or withhold their opinions due to the fear of exclusion or unpopularity. Shared social norms and beliefs create a sense of belonging, but they can also create a suppression of expression in order to comply or belong. People may adjust their beliefs or opinions to go along with the majority attitude. There are different factors that contribute to self-censorship, such as gender, age, education, political interests, and media exposure. For some, the reason for their change in beliefs and opinions is rooted in fear of isolation and exclusion. For these people, the expression of their own beliefs is less important than the fear of negative reactions of others to the expression of those beliefs. According to the survey on self-censorship in Germany, conducted from May 3–16, 2019 by Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach for the newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ), 59% of respondents said they can express their views among friends, but only 18% believe the same is possible in public. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-censorship |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2004471826#0_2254307376 | Title: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole - Wikipedia
Headings: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Contents
Medical uses
Susceptibility
Pregnancy and breast feeding
Babies
Adverse effects
Contraindications
Interactions
Overdose
Pharmacology
Society and culture
Approval
Indications for co-trimoxazole
Route
Trade names
Cost
References
External links
Content: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole - Wikipedia
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Septra DS)
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Antiobiotic
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Trimethoprim (top) and sulfamethoxazole (bottom)
Combination of
Sulfamethoxazole
Sulfonamide antibiotic
Trimethoprim
Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor
Clinical data
Trade names
Bactrim, Cotrim, Septra, others
Other names
Co-trimoxazole ( BAN UK)
AHFS / Drugs.com
Monograph
License data
US DailyMed : Sulfamethoxazole_and_trimethoprim
Pregnancy
category
AU: C
US: N (Not classified yet)
Routes of
administration
By mouth, intravenous
ATC code
J01EE01 ( WHO) J04AM08 ( WHO)
Legal status
Legal status
AU: S4 (Prescription only)
CA: ℞-only
UK: POM (Prescription only)
US: ℞-only
Identifiers
CAS Number
8064-90-2
PubChem CID
358641
DrugBank
DB01015
DB00440
ChemSpider
318412
UNII
JE42381TNV
AN164J8Y0X
ChEBI
CHEBI:3770
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID0032233
(verify)
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole ( TMP/SMX ), also known as co-trimoxazole among other names, is an antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. It consists of one part trimethoprim to five parts sulfamethoxazole. It is used for urinary tract infections, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin infections, travelers' diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, and cholera, among others. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septra_DS |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2004471826#1_2254309417 | Title: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole - Wikipedia
Headings: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Contents
Medical uses
Susceptibility
Pregnancy and breast feeding
Babies
Adverse effects
Contraindications
Interactions
Overdose
Pharmacology
Society and culture
Approval
Indications for co-trimoxazole
Route
Trade names
Cost
References
External links
Content: ℞-only
UK: POM (Prescription only)
US: ℞-only
Identifiers
CAS Number
8064-90-2
PubChem CID
358641
DrugBank
DB01015
DB00440
ChemSpider
318412
UNII
JE42381TNV
AN164J8Y0X
ChEBI
CHEBI:3770
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID0032233
(verify)
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole ( TMP/SMX ), also known as co-trimoxazole among other names, is an antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. It consists of one part trimethoprim to five parts sulfamethoxazole. It is used for urinary tract infections, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin infections, travelers' diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, and cholera, among others. It may be used both to treat and prevent pneumocystis pneumonia and toxoplasmosis in people with HIV/AIDS. It can be given by mouth or intravenously. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, rash, and diarrhea. Severe allergic reactions and Clostridium difficile diarrhea may occasionally occur. Its use in pregnancy is not recommended. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septra_DS |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2025623143#6_2278100149 | Title: Sex differences in crime - Wikipedia
Headings: Sex differences in crime
Sex differences in crime
Contents
General theory of crime
Nature, nurture, and life course
Onset
Sociology
Sociobiological and evolutionary psychology perspective
Aggression and violence among peers and in relationships
Court system
Statistics
In the United States
In Canada
Worldwide homicide statistics by gender
See also
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Content: more men than women commit crimes. This fact has been true over time and across cultures. Also, there is a greater number of men that commit serious crimes resulting in injury or death than women. In a study that looked at self-reports of delinquent acts, researchers identified several sex differences by looking at sex ratios. For every woman, 1.28 men drink alcohol, which is a large influencer in deviant behavior. For every woman, 2.7 men committed the crime of stealing up to $50. Lastly, for every woman, 3.7 men steal more than $50. Also, more males are involved in homicides, as both the perpetrators and victims, than females. Furthermore, one male is more delinquent than another for mainly the same reasons that men typically engage in criminal acts more than women. Nature, nurture, and life course
Main article: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_differences_in_crime |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2025623143#11_2278111339 | Title: Sex differences in crime - Wikipedia
Headings: Sex differences in crime
Sex differences in crime
Contents
General theory of crime
Nature, nurture, and life course
Onset
Sociology
Sociobiological and evolutionary psychology perspective
Aggression and violence among peers and in relationships
Court system
Statistics
In the United States
In Canada
Worldwide homicide statistics by gender
See also
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Content: One key reason contended for this lack of attention to females in crime and deviance is due to the view that female crime has almost exclusively been dealt with by men, from policing through to legislators, and that this has continued through into the theoretical approaches, quite often portraying what could be considered as a one-sided view, as Mannheim suggested. However, other contentions have been made as explanations for the invisibility of women in regard to theoretical approaches, such as: females have an '...apparently low level of offending'); that they pose less of a social threat than their male counterparts; that their 'delinquencies tend to be of a relatively minor kind', but also due to the fear that including women in research could threaten or undermine theories, as Thrasher and Sutherland feared would happen with their research. Further theories have been contended, with many debates surrounding the involvement and ignoring of women within theoretical studies of crime; however, with new approaches and advances in feminist studies and masculinity studies, and the claims of increases in recent years in female crime, especially that of violent crime. Past studies explained gender and crime through psychological and biological aspects. However, now specific sociological theories analyze the gender differences when it comes to committing crime. Brezina's research focuses on the "general strain theory," specifically, on why males and females have a gap rate in crime. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_differences_in_crime |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2026134848#11_2278416176 | Title: Sex offender - Wikipedia
Headings: Sex offender
Sex offender
Contents
Overview
Recidivism
Post-incarceration registries and restrictions
Therapies and treatment
Risk assessment
Controversy
See also
Articles
Laws
Monitoring, assessment, other
Offenders
Victims
Activists
Shows and organizations
References
External links
Content: The law is enacted and enforced on a state-by-state basis. Most states also restrict where convicted sex offenders can live after their release, prohibiting residency within a designated distance of schools and daycare centers (usually 1,000–2,000 feet (300–610 m)). Guided by the 2007 Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act, sex offenders must avoid such areas as schools, bus stops, gyms, recreation centers, playgrounds, parks, swimming pools, libraries, nursing homes, and places of worship by 500 to 2,500 feet (150 to 760 m). However, residence stipulations vary from state to state. Some states (such as Arkansas, Illinois, Washington and Idaho) do not require sex offenders to move from their residences if a forbidden facility is built or a law is enacted after the offender takes up residency. Many aspects of the laws are criticised by reformists and civil right groups like National RSOL and Human Right Watch, and treatment professionals as Atsa. Committing to a residence requires a convicted sex offender to be notified of registration regulations by local law enforcement if convicted after January 1, 2005. The offender must act upon the notification within five business days of receipt. If and when an offender is released from incarceration, they must confirm their registration status within five business days. Registration data includes the offender's sex, height, weight, date of birth, identifying characteristics (if any), statutes violated, fingerprints and a current photograph. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_offender |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2026491267#5_2278783705 | Title: Sex tourism - Wikipedia
Headings: Sex tourism
Sex tourism
Contents
Legal issues
Demographics
Cultural attitudes
Economic and policy implications
Gay sex tourism
Adult-only resorts
Child sex tourism
Regulation
Opposition
Prostitution across the globe
See also
References
Content: Ethical issues arise due to the situations of participating parties, many sex workers are from low-income backgrounds usually located in under developed societies whose only means for providing basic needs is to engage in sexual services. Whilst sex workers can engage voluntarily in the industry, there is a distinct difference between the coercion found in international sex trafficking and sex tourism which exploits the limited work options for low socioeconomic local residents. Government and law enforcement often do not place priority on policing prostitution and sex trafficking. For example, in Cambodia, commercial sex work and sex with minors is generally accepted as a common behaviour for men. Individuals are not except from prosecution. Sex tourism as recognised by the CDC supports human trafficking and slavery. Even if prostitution is legal in a country or region, human trafficking, sexual encounters with a minor and child pornography are always crimes and any individual caught breaking this laws can be prosecuted. Citizens of any foreign country must abide by the laws of the country they hold citizenship in, including consent laws. Demographics
Men who seek women as sexual partners is the most common demographic involved in sex tourism. Other demographics include; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_tourism |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2026528859#0_2278799070 | Title: Sex trafficking - Wikipedia
Headings: Sex trafficking
Sex trafficking
Contents
Common misconceptions
Defining the issue
Global
United States
Profile and modus operandi of traffickers
Hotel brands
Pimp-controlled trafficking
Gang-controlled trafficking
Familial trafficking
Cybersex trafficking
Forced marriage
Causes
Prevention
Profile of victims
Consequences to victims
Around the world
Africa
Americas
Asia
Canada
Europe
Iran
Israel
Public health response
Healthcare interventions
Control tactics to facilitate intervention
Anti-sex trafficking efforts
History of international legislation
United Nations
In the United States
Council of Europe
Other government actions
Criticism of Prevention and Intervention Efforts
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
Campaigns and initiatives
'End Demand'
Recognition of males in the global fight against trafficking
Criminalizing and legalizing prostitution
2017 Giving Day
Buying Sex Is A Crime
See also
References
External links
Content: Sex trafficking - Wikipedia
Sex trafficking
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. ( July 2020) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Trade of sexual slaves
The business model for sex trafficking as described by Swedish anti-sex work activists
Sex trafficking is human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation, including sexual slavery, which is considered a form of modern slavery. A victim is forced, in one of a variety of ways, into a situation of dependency on their trafficker (s) and then used by the trafficker (s) to perform sexual services to customers. Sex trafficking crimes can involve acquisition, transportation and exploitation; this includes child sex tourism (CST), domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) or other kinds of commercial sexual exploitation of children, and prostitution. In 2012, the International Labour Organization (ILO) reported 20.9 million people were subjected to forced labour, and 22% (4.5 million) are victims of forced sexual exploitation. The ILO reported in 2016 that of the estimated 25 million persons in forced labor, 5 million were victims of sexual exploitation. However, due to the covertness of sex trafficking, obtaining accurate, reliable statistics is difficult for researchers. The global commercial profits for sexual slavery are estimated to be $99 billion according to ILO. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_trafficking |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2026528859#1_2278801924 | Title: Sex trafficking - Wikipedia
Headings: Sex trafficking
Sex trafficking
Contents
Common misconceptions
Defining the issue
Global
United States
Profile and modus operandi of traffickers
Hotel brands
Pimp-controlled trafficking
Gang-controlled trafficking
Familial trafficking
Cybersex trafficking
Forced marriage
Causes
Prevention
Profile of victims
Consequences to victims
Around the world
Africa
Americas
Asia
Canada
Europe
Iran
Israel
Public health response
Healthcare interventions
Control tactics to facilitate intervention
Anti-sex trafficking efforts
History of international legislation
United Nations
In the United States
Council of Europe
Other government actions
Criticism of Prevention and Intervention Efforts
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
Campaigns and initiatives
'End Demand'
Recognition of males in the global fight against trafficking
Criminalizing and legalizing prostitution
2017 Giving Day
Buying Sex Is A Crime
See also
References
External links
Content: this includes child sex tourism (CST), domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) or other kinds of commercial sexual exploitation of children, and prostitution. In 2012, the International Labour Organization (ILO) reported 20.9 million people were subjected to forced labour, and 22% (4.5 million) are victims of forced sexual exploitation. The ILO reported in 2016 that of the estimated 25 million persons in forced labor, 5 million were victims of sexual exploitation. However, due to the covertness of sex trafficking, obtaining accurate, reliable statistics is difficult for researchers. The global commercial profits for sexual slavery are estimated to be $99 billion according to ILO. In 2005, the figure was given as $9 billion for the total human trafficking. Most victims find themselves in coercive or abusive situations from which escape is both difficult and dangerous. Locations where this practice occurs span the globe and reflect an intricate web between nations, making it very difficult to construct viable solutions to this human rights problem. Contents
1 Common misconceptions
2 Defining the issue
2.1 Global
2.2 United States
3 Profile and modus operandi of traffickers
3.1 Hotel brands
3.2 Pimp-controlled trafficking
3.3 Gang-controlled trafficking
3.4 Familial trafficking
3.5 Cybersex trafficking
3.6 Forced marriage
4 Causes
5 Prevention
6 Profile of victims
7 Consequences to victims
8 Around the world
8.1 Africa
8.2 Americas
8.3 Asia
8.4 Canada
8.5 Europe
8.6 Iran
8.7 Israel
9 Public health response
9.1 Healthcare interventions
9.2 Control tactics to facilitate intervention
10 Anti-sex trafficking efforts
10.1 History of international legislation
10.2 United Nations
10.3 In the United States
10.4 Council of Europe
10.5 Other government actions
10.6 Criticism of Prevention and Intervention Efforts
10.7 Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
10.8 Campaigns and initiatives
10.8.1 'End Demand'
10.9 Recognition of males in the global fight against trafficking
10.10 Criminalizing and legalizing prostitution
10.11 2017 Giving Day
10.12 Buying Sex Is A Crime
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
Common misconceptions
There are a number of misconceptions about sex trafficking. Sex trafficking and human trafficking are not to be confused with human smuggling. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_trafficking |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2026528859#2_2278805467 | Title: Sex trafficking - Wikipedia
Headings: Sex trafficking
Sex trafficking
Contents
Common misconceptions
Defining the issue
Global
United States
Profile and modus operandi of traffickers
Hotel brands
Pimp-controlled trafficking
Gang-controlled trafficking
Familial trafficking
Cybersex trafficking
Forced marriage
Causes
Prevention
Profile of victims
Consequences to victims
Around the world
Africa
Americas
Asia
Canada
Europe
Iran
Israel
Public health response
Healthcare interventions
Control tactics to facilitate intervention
Anti-sex trafficking efforts
History of international legislation
United Nations
In the United States
Council of Europe
Other government actions
Criticism of Prevention and Intervention Efforts
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
Campaigns and initiatives
'End Demand'
Recognition of males in the global fight against trafficking
Criminalizing and legalizing prostitution
2017 Giving Day
Buying Sex Is A Crime
See also
References
External links
Content: In 2005, the figure was given as $9 billion for the total human trafficking. Most victims find themselves in coercive or abusive situations from which escape is both difficult and dangerous. Locations where this practice occurs span the globe and reflect an intricate web between nations, making it very difficult to construct viable solutions to this human rights problem. Contents
1 Common misconceptions
2 Defining the issue
2.1 Global
2.2 United States
3 Profile and modus operandi of traffickers
3.1 Hotel brands
3.2 Pimp-controlled trafficking
3.3 Gang-controlled trafficking
3.4 Familial trafficking
3.5 Cybersex trafficking
3.6 Forced marriage
4 Causes
5 Prevention
6 Profile of victims
7 Consequences to victims
8 Around the world
8.1 Africa
8.2 Americas
8.3 Asia
8.4 Canada
8.5 Europe
8.6 Iran
8.7 Israel
9 Public health response
9.1 Healthcare interventions
9.2 Control tactics to facilitate intervention
10 Anti-sex trafficking efforts
10.1 History of international legislation
10.2 United Nations
10.3 In the United States
10.4 Council of Europe
10.5 Other government actions
10.6 Criticism of Prevention and Intervention Efforts
10.7 Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
10.8 Campaigns and initiatives
10.8.1 'End Demand'
10.9 Recognition of males in the global fight against trafficking
10.10 Criminalizing and legalizing prostitution
10.11 2017 Giving Day
10.12 Buying Sex Is A Crime
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
Common misconceptions
There are a number of misconceptions about sex trafficking. Sex trafficking and human trafficking are not to be confused with human smuggling. Human trafficking for sexual or other labor may involve transporting victims across international borders, but to meet the definition of trafficking, there needs only to be exploitation of an individual after they have been coerced or deceived, so it does not necessarily involve transportation across national borders. Human trafficking and sex trafficking are often used as synonyms. However, trafficking for non-sexual exploitation may be even more prevalent than trafficking for sexual exploitation, though accurate estimates of trafficking rates are extremely difficult to obtain. Sex trafficking tends to receive more attention from aid organizations and donors due to the greater public outrage that forced sexual labor evokes compared to forced non-sexual labor and thus incidents of sex trafficking are more frequently reported. Sex trafficking is also commonly conflated with non-coerced sex work criminalized as prostitution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_trafficking |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2026528859#3_2278809261 | Title: Sex trafficking - Wikipedia
Headings: Sex trafficking
Sex trafficking
Contents
Common misconceptions
Defining the issue
Global
United States
Profile and modus operandi of traffickers
Hotel brands
Pimp-controlled trafficking
Gang-controlled trafficking
Familial trafficking
Cybersex trafficking
Forced marriage
Causes
Prevention
Profile of victims
Consequences to victims
Around the world
Africa
Americas
Asia
Canada
Europe
Iran
Israel
Public health response
Healthcare interventions
Control tactics to facilitate intervention
Anti-sex trafficking efforts
History of international legislation
United Nations
In the United States
Council of Europe
Other government actions
Criticism of Prevention and Intervention Efforts
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
Campaigns and initiatives
'End Demand'
Recognition of males in the global fight against trafficking
Criminalizing and legalizing prostitution
2017 Giving Day
Buying Sex Is A Crime
See also
References
External links
Content: Human trafficking for sexual or other labor may involve transporting victims across international borders, but to meet the definition of trafficking, there needs only to be exploitation of an individual after they have been coerced or deceived, so it does not necessarily involve transportation across national borders. Human trafficking and sex trafficking are often used as synonyms. However, trafficking for non-sexual exploitation may be even more prevalent than trafficking for sexual exploitation, though accurate estimates of trafficking rates are extremely difficult to obtain. Sex trafficking tends to receive more attention from aid organizations and donors due to the greater public outrage that forced sexual labor evokes compared to forced non-sexual labor and thus incidents of sex trafficking are more frequently reported. Sex trafficking is also commonly conflated with non-coerced sex work criminalized as prostitution. These misconceptions often stem from underreporting of trafficking because of the survivor's fear of their trafficker, ever-changing legal definitions of what qualifies as sex trafficking and prostitution, and conflicting views of trafficking and sex work. In addition, some researchers argue that the main research that underscores these debates is flawed for leaving sex workers and survivors of sex trafficking out of the conversation. Other scholars argue the two are commonly conflated because of the inherent link between volitional prostitution and sex trafficking. Those who argue this believe that commercial sex increases the demand for sexual services and consequently increases sex trafficking. Some anti-sex trafficking programs and initiatives have been criticised for contributing to these misconceptions because they give non-trafficked sex workers incentives to identify as victims of trafficking, such as gaining access to resources like shelters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_trafficking |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2026528859#4_2278812366 | Title: Sex trafficking - Wikipedia
Headings: Sex trafficking
Sex trafficking
Contents
Common misconceptions
Defining the issue
Global
United States
Profile and modus operandi of traffickers
Hotel brands
Pimp-controlled trafficking
Gang-controlled trafficking
Familial trafficking
Cybersex trafficking
Forced marriage
Causes
Prevention
Profile of victims
Consequences to victims
Around the world
Africa
Americas
Asia
Canada
Europe
Iran
Israel
Public health response
Healthcare interventions
Control tactics to facilitate intervention
Anti-sex trafficking efforts
History of international legislation
United Nations
In the United States
Council of Europe
Other government actions
Criticism of Prevention and Intervention Efforts
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
Campaigns and initiatives
'End Demand'
Recognition of males in the global fight against trafficking
Criminalizing and legalizing prostitution
2017 Giving Day
Buying Sex Is A Crime
See also
References
External links
Content: These misconceptions often stem from underreporting of trafficking because of the survivor's fear of their trafficker, ever-changing legal definitions of what qualifies as sex trafficking and prostitution, and conflicting views of trafficking and sex work. In addition, some researchers argue that the main research that underscores these debates is flawed for leaving sex workers and survivors of sex trafficking out of the conversation. Other scholars argue the two are commonly conflated because of the inherent link between volitional prostitution and sex trafficking. Those who argue this believe that commercial sex increases the demand for sexual services and consequently increases sex trafficking. Some anti-sex trafficking programs and initiatives have been criticised for contributing to these misconceptions because they give non-trafficked sex workers incentives to identify as victims of trafficking, such as gaining access to resources like shelters. Law enforcement agencies have been criticised for providing similar incentives, because they threaten suspected prostitutes with jail time if they admit they are working by choice, while those who claim they are trafficking victims get training workshops and social services instead of jail time. Such policies, though beneficial to actual trafficking victims, inflate reported rates of trafficking. Many feminist scholars conflict on their view of trafficking and sex work. There are two dominant frameworks that demonstrate the divide: the abolitionist discourse, which derives from dominance feminist theory, and the sex work discourse. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_trafficking |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2026528859#5_2278815174 | Title: Sex trafficking - Wikipedia
Headings: Sex trafficking
Sex trafficking
Contents
Common misconceptions
Defining the issue
Global
United States
Profile and modus operandi of traffickers
Hotel brands
Pimp-controlled trafficking
Gang-controlled trafficking
Familial trafficking
Cybersex trafficking
Forced marriage
Causes
Prevention
Profile of victims
Consequences to victims
Around the world
Africa
Americas
Asia
Canada
Europe
Iran
Israel
Public health response
Healthcare interventions
Control tactics to facilitate intervention
Anti-sex trafficking efforts
History of international legislation
United Nations
In the United States
Council of Europe
Other government actions
Criticism of Prevention and Intervention Efforts
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
Campaigns and initiatives
'End Demand'
Recognition of males in the global fight against trafficking
Criminalizing and legalizing prostitution
2017 Giving Day
Buying Sex Is A Crime
See also
References
External links
Content: Law enforcement agencies have been criticised for providing similar incentives, because they threaten suspected prostitutes with jail time if they admit they are working by choice, while those who claim they are trafficking victims get training workshops and social services instead of jail time. Such policies, though beneficial to actual trafficking victims, inflate reported rates of trafficking. Many feminist scholars conflict on their view of trafficking and sex work. There are two dominant frameworks that demonstrate the divide: the abolitionist discourse, which derives from dominance feminist theory, and the sex work discourse. Feminist scholars in the abolitionist discourse argue that all prostitution is coerced due to the prevalence of compulsory heterosexuality and social and economic pressures stemming from neoliberalism and patriarchy. These arguments frame women as victims of sexual slavery and attribute male sexuality as the problem. In addition to ignoring the fact that many men and non-binary people engage in sex work, the abolitionist discourse conflicts with studies conducted by groups and individuals who advocate for the decriminalization of sex work. Decriminalization views sex workers as autonomous, entrepreneurial workers who sometimes work consensually with third parties such as brothels and club owners and see the higher remuneration and flexibility of sexual labor as preferable to poorer paying and inflexible mainstream employment where they are subject to sexual harassment and assault by male employers and colleagues. This view also sees sex work as an active choice or a means of survival given the unequal distribution of wealth and poverty, as well as a result of structural factors such as racism, classism, and sexism, not just a result of men's sexuality and lust. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_trafficking |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2026528859#7_2278821355 | Title: Sex trafficking - Wikipedia
Headings: Sex trafficking
Sex trafficking
Contents
Common misconceptions
Defining the issue
Global
United States
Profile and modus operandi of traffickers
Hotel brands
Pimp-controlled trafficking
Gang-controlled trafficking
Familial trafficking
Cybersex trafficking
Forced marriage
Causes
Prevention
Profile of victims
Consequences to victims
Around the world
Africa
Americas
Asia
Canada
Europe
Iran
Israel
Public health response
Healthcare interventions
Control tactics to facilitate intervention
Anti-sex trafficking efforts
History of international legislation
United Nations
In the United States
Council of Europe
Other government actions
Criticism of Prevention and Intervention Efforts
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
Campaigns and initiatives
'End Demand'
Recognition of males in the global fight against trafficking
Criminalizing and legalizing prostitution
2017 Giving Day
Buying Sex Is A Crime
See also
References
External links
Content: On the abolitionist side of the debate, a number of activist organizations seeking to provide services to trafficking victims, lobby for anti-trafficking legislation, and raise public awareness about sex-trafficking. These activists often advocate for the criminalization of voluntary sex work as well. On the sex work discourse side of the debate, advocates argue for reduced stigmatization of prostitution, improved working conditions, and accessible social services. Many advocates on this side of the debate lobby for full decriminalization of prostitution since it is viewed as a legitimate, autonomous choice of profession. Some third-way feminist scholars combine aspects of both frameworks to create new theoretical lenses for viewing sex trafficking and prostitution. Third-way frameworks affirm that sex trafficking and prostitution are forms of sex-based domination and exploitation, however they also allow room for a diverse array of women's experiences with these industries. Under this framework, neither sex trafficking nor prostitution are monolithic issues and often intersect with other forms of oppression but can also involve autonomous choices. This theoretical lens advocates for reform of police investigation and prostitution, increased availability of labor and social services outside of sex work to decrease the likelihood of entering either industry, and including women's voices in conversations regarding intervention. These misconceptions often lead to law enforcement misidentifying sex trafficking as prostitution and vice versa. Defining the issue
Global
In 2000, countries adopted a definition set forth by the United Moms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_trafficking |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2026656798#1_2278835779 | Title: Sex trafficking in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Sex trafficking in the United States
Sex trafficking in the United States
Contents
History
Legislation
Federal law
Monitoring sex trafficking
Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000
Proposed legislation
State law
Current situation
Types of sex trafficking
Commercial sexual exploitation of children
Pimp-controlled trafficking
Gang trafficking
Survival sex
Familial trafficking
Forced marriages
Sex trafficking venues
Internet
Hotels and motels
Massage parlors
Sporting events
Truck stops
Brothels
Latino brothels
Legal brothels in Nevada
Anti-sex trafficking organizations
Media
See also
References
Further reading
Content: The measures against trafficking of women focus on harsher criminal legislation and punishments, and improving international police cooperation. There are vast media campaigns which are designed to be informative to the public, as well as policy makers and potential victims. Contents
1 History
2 Legislation
2.1 Federal law
2.1.1 Monitoring sex trafficking
2.1.2 Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000
2.1.3 Proposed legislation
2.2 State law
3 Current situation
4 Types of sex trafficking
4.1 Commercial sexual exploitation of children
4.2 Pimp-controlled trafficking
4.3 Gang trafficking
4.4 Survival sex
4.5 Familial trafficking
4.6 Forced marriages
5 Sex trafficking venues
5.1 Internet
5.2 Hotels and motels
5.3 Massage parlors
5.4 Sporting events
5.5 Truck stops
5.6 Brothels
5.6.1 Latino brothels
5.6.2 Legal brothels in Nevada
6 Anti-sex trafficking organizations
7 Media
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
History
Main article: History of sexual slavery in the United States
Ad warning about white slavery
Early American colonists were largely male, and some men resorted to force to procure wives. Native American women were often captured to be traded, sold, or taken as wives. Poor European women were forced to migrate against their will to the United States to be wives. African-American slaves were often raped or forced to breed with other slaves. Many female slaves (known as "fancy maids") were sold at auction into concubinage or prostitution, which was called the "fancy trade". By the 19th century, most of America's cities had a designated, legally protected area of prostitution. Increased urbanization and young women entering the workforce led to greater flexibility in courtship without supervision. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2027679781#0_2279650240 | Title: Sexual abuse - Wikipedia
Headings: Sexual abuse
Sexual abuse
Contents
Victims
Spouses
Children
People with developmental disabilities
People with dementia
People in poverty
Elders
Treatment
Prevention
Survivor
Positions of power
Minorities
Other animals
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Sexual abuse - Wikipedia
Sexual abuse
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the academic journal titled Sexual Abuse, see Sexual Abuse (journal). "Sex abuse" redirects here. For self-inflicted unhealthy sexual behavior, see Sexual addiction. Abusive sexual behavior by one person upon another
Sex and the law
Social issues
Age of consent
Antisexualism
Bodily integrity
Censorship
Circumcision
Deviant sexual intercourse
Ethics
Freedom of speech
Homophobia
Intersex rights
LGBT rights
Miscegenation (interracial relations)
Marriageable age
Norms
Objectification
Pornography
Public morality
Red-light district
Reproductive rights
Right to sexuality
Same-sex marriage
Sex industry
Sex workers' rights
Sexual consent in law
Sexual and reproductive health and rights
Survival sex
Specific offences
(Varies by jurisdiction)
Adultery
Bestiality
Buggery
Child grooming
Child pornography
Child prostitution
Criminal transmission of HIV
Cybersex trafficking
Female genital mutilation
Fornication
Incest
Pimping
Prostitution
forced
procuring
Public indecency
Rape
statutory
marital
Seduction
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Sexting
Sexual abuse
child
Sexual assault
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UK Section 63 (2008)
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Sexual abuse, also referred to as molestation, is abusive sexual behavior by one person upon another. It is often perpetrated using force or by taking advantage of another. When force is immediate, of short duration, or infrequent, it is called sexual assault. The offender is referred to as a sexual abuser or (often pejoratively) molester. The term also covers any behavior by an adult or older adolescent towards a child to stimulate any of the involved sexually. The use of a child, or other individuals younger than the age of consent, for sexual stimulation is referred to as child sexual abuse or statutory rape. Live streaming sexual abuse involves trafficking and coerced sexual acts and or rape in real time on webcam. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abuse |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2027679781#1_2279652954 | Title: Sexual abuse - Wikipedia
Headings: Sexual abuse
Sexual abuse
Contents
Victims
Spouses
Children
People with developmental disabilities
People with dementia
People in poverty
Elders
Treatment
Prevention
Survivor
Positions of power
Minorities
Other animals
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: When force is immediate, of short duration, or infrequent, it is called sexual assault. The offender is referred to as a sexual abuser or (often pejoratively) molester. The term also covers any behavior by an adult or older adolescent towards a child to stimulate any of the involved sexually. The use of a child, or other individuals younger than the age of consent, for sexual stimulation is referred to as child sexual abuse or statutory rape. Live streaming sexual abuse involves trafficking and coerced sexual acts and or rape in real time on webcam. Contents
1 Victims
1.1 Spouses
1.2 Children
1.3 People with developmental disabilities
1.4 People with dementia
1.5 People in poverty
1.6 Elders
2 Treatment
3 Prevention
4 Survivor
5 Positions of power
6 Minorities
7 Other animals
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Victims
Spouses
See also: Domestic violence and Marital rape
Spousal sexual abuse is a form of domestic violence. When the abuse involves threats of unwanted sexual contact or forced sex by a woman's husband or ex-husband, it may constitute rape, depending on the jurisdiction, and may also constitute an assault. Children
Main article: Child sexual abuse
Child sexual abuse is a form of child abuse in which a child is abused for the sexual gratification of an adult or older adolescent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abuse |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2027679781#2_2279654819 | Title: Sexual abuse - Wikipedia
Headings: Sexual abuse
Sexual abuse
Contents
Victims
Spouses
Children
People with developmental disabilities
People with dementia
People in poverty
Elders
Treatment
Prevention
Survivor
Positions of power
Minorities
Other animals
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Contents
1 Victims
1.1 Spouses
1.2 Children
1.3 People with developmental disabilities
1.4 People with dementia
1.5 People in poverty
1.6 Elders
2 Treatment
3 Prevention
4 Survivor
5 Positions of power
6 Minorities
7 Other animals
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Victims
Spouses
See also: Domestic violence and Marital rape
Spousal sexual abuse is a form of domestic violence. When the abuse involves threats of unwanted sexual contact or forced sex by a woman's husband or ex-husband, it may constitute rape, depending on the jurisdiction, and may also constitute an assault. Children
Main article: Child sexual abuse
Child sexual abuse is a form of child abuse in which a child is abused for the sexual gratification of an adult or older adolescent. It includes direct sexual contact, the adult or otherwise older person engaging indecent exposure (of the genitals, female nipples, etc.) to a child with intent to gratify their own sexual desires or to intimidate or groom the child, asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities, displaying pornography to a child, or using a child to produce child pornography. Effects of child sexual abuse include shame, self-blame, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, self-esteem issues, sexual dysfunction, chronic pelvic pain, addiction, self-injury, suicidal ideation, borderline personality disorder, and propensity to re-victimization in adulthood. Child sexual abuse is a risk factor for attempting suicide. Additionally, some studies have shown childhood sexual abuse to be a risk factor of the perpetration of intimate partner violence in men. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abuse |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2027679781#3_2279656999 | Title: Sexual abuse - Wikipedia
Headings: Sexual abuse
Sexual abuse
Contents
Victims
Spouses
Children
People with developmental disabilities
People with dementia
People in poverty
Elders
Treatment
Prevention
Survivor
Positions of power
Minorities
Other animals
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: It includes direct sexual contact, the adult or otherwise older person engaging indecent exposure (of the genitals, female nipples, etc.) to a child with intent to gratify their own sexual desires or to intimidate or groom the child, asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities, displaying pornography to a child, or using a child to produce child pornography. Effects of child sexual abuse include shame, self-blame, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, self-esteem issues, sexual dysfunction, chronic pelvic pain, addiction, self-injury, suicidal ideation, borderline personality disorder, and propensity to re-victimization in adulthood. Child sexual abuse is a risk factor for attempting suicide. Additionally, some studies have shown childhood sexual abuse to be a risk factor of the perpetration of intimate partner violence in men. Much of the harm caused to victims becomes apparent years after the abuse happens. With specific regard to addiction, a study by Reiger et al. supports previous findings that adverse life events increase sensitivity to drug rewards and bolster drug reward signaling by exposing an association between heightened limbic response to cocaine cues. Sexual abuse by a family member is a form of incest, which can result in severe long-term psychological trauma, especially in the case of parental incest. Globally, approximately 18–19% of women and 8% of men disclose being sexually abused during their childhood. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abuse |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2027679781#4_2279658989 | Title: Sexual abuse - Wikipedia
Headings: Sexual abuse
Sexual abuse
Contents
Victims
Spouses
Children
People with developmental disabilities
People with dementia
People in poverty
Elders
Treatment
Prevention
Survivor
Positions of power
Minorities
Other animals
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Much of the harm caused to victims becomes apparent years after the abuse happens. With specific regard to addiction, a study by Reiger et al. supports previous findings that adverse life events increase sensitivity to drug rewards and bolster drug reward signaling by exposing an association between heightened limbic response to cocaine cues. Sexual abuse by a family member is a form of incest, which can result in severe long-term psychological trauma, especially in the case of parental incest. Globally, approximately 18–19% of women and 8% of men disclose being sexually abused during their childhood. The gender gap may be caused by higher victimization of girls, lower willingness of men to disclose abuse, or both. Most sexual abuse offenders are acquainted with their victims; approximately 30% are relatives of the child, most often fathers, uncles or cousins; around 60% are other acquaintances such as friends of the family, babysitters, or neighbors; strangers are the offenders in approximately 10% of child sexual abuse cases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abuse |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2027679781#6_2279661950 | Title: Sexual abuse - Wikipedia
Headings: Sexual abuse
Sexual abuse
Contents
Victims
Spouses
Children
People with developmental disabilities
People with dementia
People in poverty
Elders
Treatment
Prevention
Survivor
Positions of power
Minorities
Other animals
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Most child sexual abuse is committed by men; women commit approximately 14% of offenses reported against boys and 6% of offenses reported against girls. Child sexual abuse offenders are not pedophiles unless they have a primary or exclusive sexual interest in prepubescent children. People with developmental disabilities
Main article: Sexual abuse of people with developmental disabilities
People with developmental disabilities are often victims of sexual abuse. According to research, people with disabilities are at a greater risk for victimization of sexual assault or sexual abuse because of lack of understanding (Sobsey & Varnhagen, 1989). People with dementia
Elderly people, especially those with dementia, can be at risk of abuse. There were over 6,000 "safeguarding concerns and alerts" at UK care homes from 2013 to 2015. These included alleged inappropriate touching and worse allegations. Offenders were most often other residents but staff also offended. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abuse |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2027679781#7_2279663431 | Title: Sexual abuse - Wikipedia
Headings: Sexual abuse
Sexual abuse
Contents
Victims
Spouses
Children
People with developmental disabilities
People with dementia
People in poverty
Elders
Treatment
Prevention
Survivor
Positions of power
Minorities
Other animals
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: According to research, people with disabilities are at a greater risk for victimization of sexual assault or sexual abuse because of lack of understanding (Sobsey & Varnhagen, 1989). People with dementia
Elderly people, especially those with dementia, can be at risk of abuse. There were over 6,000 "safeguarding concerns and alerts" at UK care homes from 2013 to 2015. These included alleged inappropriate touching and worse allegations. Offenders were most often other residents but staff also offended. It is suspected some care homes may deliberately overlook these offenses. Sometimes abuse victims are not believed because they are not seen as credible witnesses due to their dementia. Perpetrators frequently target victims who they know are unlikely to be believed. Spouses and partners sometimes continue to pursue sexual relations, without realising they no longer have this right, because the person with dementia can no longer consent. People in poverty
People in poverty, including those from developing countries, are vulnerable to forced prostitution, live streaming sexual abuse, and other forms of molestation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abuse |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2027679781#11_2279670568 | Title: Sexual abuse - Wikipedia
Headings: Sexual abuse
Sexual abuse
Contents
Victims
Spouses
Children
People with developmental disabilities
People with dementia
People in poverty
Elders
Treatment
Prevention
Survivor
Positions of power
Minorities
Other animals
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Sexual abuse has been linked to the development of psychotic symptoms in abused children. Treatment for psychotic symptoms may also be involved in sexual abuse treatment. In regards to long term psychological treatment, prolonged exposure therapy has been tested as a method of long-term PTSD treatment for victims of sexual abuse. Prevention
Child sexual abuse prevention programmes were developed in the United States of America during the 1970s and originally delivered to children. Programmes delivered to parents were developed in the 1980s and took the form of one-off meetings, two to three hours long. In the last 15 years, web-based programmes have been developed. Survivor
The term survivor is sometimes used for a living victim, including victims of usually non-fatal harm, to honor and empower the strength of an individual to heal, in particular a living victim of sexual abuse or assault. For example, there are the Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests and The Survivors Trust . Positions of power
See also: Abusive power and control, Power harassment, and Rankism
Sexual misconduct can occur where one person uses a position of authority to compel another person to engage in an otherwise unwanted sexual activity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abuse |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2027914676#0_2279823810 | Title: Sexual assault - Wikipedia
Headings: Sexual assault
Sexual assault
Contents
Definition
Types
Child sexual abuse
Domestic violence
Elderly sexual assault
Groping
Rape
Sexual harassment
Mass sexual assault
Emotional effects
Physical effects
Economic effects
Medical and psychological treatment of victims
Post-assault mistreatment of victims
Prevention
Prevalence
United States
Age
By gender
LGBT
Effects
College
Children
By jurisdiction
Australia
Canada
Consent
Where no consent obtained
Subsection (2) not limiting
Supreme Court partial interpretation of "consent"
Germany
Republic of Ireland
South Africa
United Kingdom
England and Wales
Consent
Northern Ireland
Scotland
United States
Texas
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Sexual assault - Wikipedia
Sexual assault
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
violent action motivated by sexual behavior against another person without consent
This article is about human sexual assault. For similar behavior in other animals, see Sexual coercion among animals. Medical condition
Sexual assault
Specialty
Emergency medicine
Sexual assault is an act in which a person intentionally sexually touches another person without that person's consent, or coerces or physically forces a person to engage in a sexual act against their will. It is a form of sexual violence, which includes child sexual abuse, groping, rape (forced vaginal, anal, or oral penetration or a drug facilitated sexual assault ), or the torture of the person in a sexual manner. Contents
1 Definition
2 Types
2.1 Child sexual abuse
2.2 Domestic violence
2.3 Elderly sexual assault
2.4 Groping
2.5 Rape
2.6 Sexual harassment
2.7 Mass sexual assault
3 Emotional effects
4 Physical effects
5 Economic effects
6 Medical and psychological treatment of victims
7 Post-assault mistreatment of victims
8 Prevention
9 Prevalence
9.1 United States
10 By jurisdiction
10.1 Australia
10.2 Canada
10.2.1 Consent
10.2.2 Supreme Court partial interpretation of "consent"
10.3 Germany
10.4 Republic of Ireland
10.5 South Africa
10.6 United Kingdom
10.6.1 England and Wales
10.6.1.1 Consent
10.6.2 Northern Ireland
10.6.3 Scotland
10.7 United States
10.7.1 Texas
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
Definition
Generally, sexual assault is defined as unwanted sexual contact. The National Center for Victims of Crime states: Sexual assault takes many forms including attacks such as rape or attempted rape, as well as any unwanted sexual contact or threats. Usually a sexual assault occurs when someone touches any part of another person's body in a sexual way, even through clothes, without that person's consent. In the United States, the definition of sexual assault varies widely among the individual states. However, in most states sexual assault occurs when there is lack of consent from one of the individuals involved. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_assault |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2027914676#1_2279826986 | Title: Sexual assault - Wikipedia
Headings: Sexual assault
Sexual assault
Contents
Definition
Types
Child sexual abuse
Domestic violence
Elderly sexual assault
Groping
Rape
Sexual harassment
Mass sexual assault
Emotional effects
Physical effects
Economic effects
Medical and psychological treatment of victims
Post-assault mistreatment of victims
Prevention
Prevalence
United States
Age
By gender
LGBT
Effects
College
Children
By jurisdiction
Australia
Canada
Consent
Where no consent obtained
Subsection (2) not limiting
Supreme Court partial interpretation of "consent"
Germany
Republic of Ireland
South Africa
United Kingdom
England and Wales
Consent
Northern Ireland
Scotland
United States
Texas
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: The National Center for Victims of Crime states: Sexual assault takes many forms including attacks such as rape or attempted rape, as well as any unwanted sexual contact or threats. Usually a sexual assault occurs when someone touches any part of another person's body in a sexual way, even through clothes, without that person's consent. In the United States, the definition of sexual assault varies widely among the individual states. However, in most states sexual assault occurs when there is lack of consent from one of the individuals involved. Consent must take place between two adults who are not incapacitated and consent may change, by being withdrawn, at any time during the sexual act. Types
Child sexual abuse
Main article: Child sexual abuse
Child sexual abuse is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent abuses a child for sexual stimulation. Forms of child sexual abuse include asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities (regardless of the outcome), indecent exposure of the genitals to a child, displaying pornography to a child, actual sexual contact against a child, physical contact with the child's genitals, viewing of the child's genitalia without physical contact, or using a child to produce child pornography, including live streaming sexual abuse. The effects of child sexual abuse include depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, propensity to re-victimization in adulthood, physical injury to the child, and increased risk for future interpersonal violence perpetration among males, among other problems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_assault |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2027914676#2_2279829547 | Title: Sexual assault - Wikipedia
Headings: Sexual assault
Sexual assault
Contents
Definition
Types
Child sexual abuse
Domestic violence
Elderly sexual assault
Groping
Rape
Sexual harassment
Mass sexual assault
Emotional effects
Physical effects
Economic effects
Medical and psychological treatment of victims
Post-assault mistreatment of victims
Prevention
Prevalence
United States
Age
By gender
LGBT
Effects
College
Children
By jurisdiction
Australia
Canada
Consent
Where no consent obtained
Subsection (2) not limiting
Supreme Court partial interpretation of "consent"
Germany
Republic of Ireland
South Africa
United Kingdom
England and Wales
Consent
Northern Ireland
Scotland
United States
Texas
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Consent must take place between two adults who are not incapacitated and consent may change, by being withdrawn, at any time during the sexual act. Types
Child sexual abuse
Main article: Child sexual abuse
Child sexual abuse is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent abuses a child for sexual stimulation. Forms of child sexual abuse include asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities (regardless of the outcome), indecent exposure of the genitals to a child, displaying pornography to a child, actual sexual contact against a child, physical contact with the child's genitals, viewing of the child's genitalia without physical contact, or using a child to produce child pornography, including live streaming sexual abuse. The effects of child sexual abuse include depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, propensity to re-victimization in adulthood, physical injury to the child, and increased risk for future interpersonal violence perpetration among males, among other problems. Sexual abuse by a family member is a form of incest. It is more common than other forms of sexual assault on a child and can result in more serious and long-term psychological trauma, especially in the case of parental incest. Approximately 15 to 25 percent of women and 5 to 15 percent of men were sexually abused when they were children. Most sexual abuse offenders are acquainted with their victims. Approximately 30 percent of the perpetrators are relatives of the child - most often brothers, sisters, fathers, mothers, uncles, aunts or cousins. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_assault |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2027914676#9_2279844832 | Title: Sexual assault - Wikipedia
Headings: Sexual assault
Sexual assault
Contents
Definition
Types
Child sexual abuse
Domestic violence
Elderly sexual assault
Groping
Rape
Sexual harassment
Mass sexual assault
Emotional effects
Physical effects
Economic effects
Medical and psychological treatment of victims
Post-assault mistreatment of victims
Prevention
Prevalence
United States
Age
By gender
LGBT
Effects
College
Children
By jurisdiction
Australia
Canada
Consent
Where no consent obtained
Subsection (2) not limiting
Supreme Court partial interpretation of "consent"
Germany
Republic of Ireland
South Africa
United Kingdom
England and Wales
Consent
Northern Ireland
Scotland
United States
Texas
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: It was also stated that male victims were more likely to have been held captive longer. In the U.S., rape is a crime committed primarily against youth. A national telephone survey on violence against women conducted by the National Institute of Justice and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that 18% of women surveyed had experienced a completed or attempted rape at some time in their lives. Of these, 22% were younger than 12 years and 32% were between 12 and 17 years old when they were first raped. In the U.K., attempted rape under the Criminal Attempts Act 1981 is a 'sexual offence' within section 31 (1) of the Criminal Justice Act 1991. The removal of a condom during intercourse without the consent of the sex partner, known as stealthing, may be treated as a sexual assault or rape. Sexual harassment
Main article: Sexual harassment
Sexual harassment is intimidation, bullying or coercion of a sexual nature. It may also be defined as the unwelcome or inappropriate promise of rewards in exchange for sexual favors. The legal and social definition of what constitutes sexual harassment differ widely by culture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_assault |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2055798489#8_2312353466 | Title: She dwelt among the untrodden ways - Wikipedia
Headings: She dwelt among the untrodden ways
She dwelt among the untrodden ways
Contents
Structure and style
Lucy
Place among the 'Lucy' series
Parodies
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Content: The literary historian Kenneth Johnson concluded that Lucy was created as the personification of Wordsworth's muse,
and the group as a whole is a series of invocations to a Muse feared dead. As epitaphs, they are not sad, a very inadequate word to describe them, but breathlessly, almost aware of what such a loss would mean to the speaker: ' oh, the difference to me!' Writing in the mid-19th century, Thomas De Quincey said that Wordsworth,
always preserved a mysterious silence on the subject of that 'Lucy', repeatedly alluded to or apostrophised in his poems, and I have heard, from gossiping people about Hawkshead, some snatches of tragic story, which, after all, might be an idle semi-fable, improved out of slight materials. Pencil drawing of William's sister Dorothy Wordsworth in later life. Lucy's identity has been the subject of much speculation, and some have guessed that the poems are an attempt by Wordsworth to voice his affection for Dorothy; this line of thought reasoning that the poems dramatise Wordsworth's feelings of grief for her inevitable death. Soon after the series was completed, Coleridge wrote, "Some months ago Wordsworth transmitted to me a most sublime Epitaph / whether it had any reality, I cannot say. - Most probably, in some gloomier moment he had fancied the moment in which his Sister might die." Reflecting on the importance and relevance of Lucy's identity, the 19th-century literary critic Frederic Myers said, "Here it was that the memory of some emotion prompted the lines on Lucy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_dwelt_among_the_untrodden_ways |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2055798489#9_2312355449 | Title: She dwelt among the untrodden ways - Wikipedia
Headings: She dwelt among the untrodden ways
She dwelt among the untrodden ways
Contents
Structure and style
Lucy
Place among the 'Lucy' series
Parodies
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Content: Lucy's identity has been the subject of much speculation, and some have guessed that the poems are an attempt by Wordsworth to voice his affection for Dorothy; this line of thought reasoning that the poems dramatise Wordsworth's feelings of grief for her inevitable death. Soon after the series was completed, Coleridge wrote, "Some months ago Wordsworth transmitted to me a most sublime Epitaph / whether it had any reality, I cannot say. - Most probably, in some gloomier moment he had fancied the moment in which his Sister might die." Reflecting on the importance and relevance of Lucy's identity, the 19th-century literary critic Frederic Myers said, "Here it was that the memory of some emotion prompted the lines on Lucy. Of the history of that emotion, he has told us nothing; I forbear, therefore, to inquire concerning it, or even to speculate. That it was to the poet's honour, I do not doubt; but who ever learned such secrets rightly? Or who should wish to learn? | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_dwelt_among_the_untrodden_ways |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2080050225#3_2340663724 | Title: Shooting bias - Wikipedia
Headings: Shooting bias
Shooting bias
Contents
Key Questions in Literature
Benchmark
Resisting Arrest
Number of deaths
Problems with police reporting practices
Alternative database by The Guardian
Number of deaths
Likelihood of being shot with respect to race
Observational studies
Experimental studies
Factors that influence decision to shoot
List of empirically researched factors
Implicit racial bias
Location and context
Examples that showcase prejudices among police officers
Ways to reduce shooting bias
References
Content: Number of deaths
Problems with police reporting practices
Departments can voluntarily include justifiable homicides in the crime statistics of the FBI's Uniform Crime Reports, which means that a lot of departments don't provide data at all. Some cities haven't reported their data in years. This means that the official data doesn't accurately reflect the number of civilians that are shot by the police. Newspapers like The Guardian and The Washington Post have started compiling databases of fatal police shootings, revealing that in 2015 twice as many civilians had been fatally shot as the FBI's data suggested. An FBI working group has started working on a proposal for making the reports more accurate, but they would still rely on voluntary data and therefore wouldn't fix the main reporting issue. Alternative database by The Guardian
The database developed by The Guardian is currently the largest database on fatal shootings available. They gather data through police reports, monitoring of regional news, fact-checked witness statements and other crowdsourced police fatality databases. Number of deaths
In 2016, The Guardian counted 1093 people who were killed by the police in the United States. Out of these, 574 were white and 266 were black. 95 of the white victims were unarmed, while 42 of the black victims were unarmed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_Bias |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2082148681#0_2343172430 | Title: Shoplifting - Wikipedia
Headings: Shoplifting
Shoplifting
Contents
Definition
Types of individuals
Amateurs
Career criminals
Legal definitions
Common items
Economist perspectives
Methods
Concealing
Walkout/pushout
History
Motivations
Differences by geography
Economic impact and response from shops
Consequences
United States
United Kingdom
Middle East
Prevention
Closed-circuit television
Electronic article surveillance
Staff roles
Exit inspections
Display cases
Retail bag check exit policy
Notable cases
See also
References
Further reading
Books
Articles
Content: Shoplifting - Wikipedia
Shoplifting
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the crime. For other uses, see Shoplifting (disambiguation). A person in a store slipping an item into their pocket
Notice warning shoplifters of prosecution in Subang Parade, Malaysia
Shoplifting is the theft of goods from an open retail establishment, typically by concealing a store item on one's person, in pockets, under clothes, or in a bag, and leaving the store without paying. With clothing, shoplifters may put on items from the store and leave the store wearing the clothes. The terms "shoplifting" and "shoplifter" are not usually defined in law. The crime of shoplifting generally falls under the legal classification of larceny. Shoplifting is distinct from burglary (theft by breaking into a closed store ), robbery (stealing by threatening or engaging in violent behavior), or armed robbery (stealing by using a weapon). In the retail industry, the word " shrinkage " (or "shrink") can be used to refer to merchandise lost by shoplifting, but the word also includes loss by other means, such as waste, uninsured damage to products, and theft by store employees. Shoplifters range from amateurs acting on impulse, to career criminals who habitually engage in shoplifting as a form of income. Career criminals may use several individuals to shoplift, with some participants distracting store employees while another participant steals items. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoplifting |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2082148681#1_2343174699 | Title: Shoplifting - Wikipedia
Headings: Shoplifting
Shoplifting
Contents
Definition
Types of individuals
Amateurs
Career criminals
Legal definitions
Common items
Economist perspectives
Methods
Concealing
Walkout/pushout
History
Motivations
Differences by geography
Economic impact and response from shops
Consequences
United States
United Kingdom
Middle East
Prevention
Closed-circuit television
Electronic article surveillance
Staff roles
Exit inspections
Display cases
Retail bag check exit policy
Notable cases
See also
References
Further reading
Books
Articles
Content: The crime of shoplifting generally falls under the legal classification of larceny. Shoplifting is distinct from burglary (theft by breaking into a closed store ), robbery (stealing by threatening or engaging in violent behavior), or armed robbery (stealing by using a weapon). In the retail industry, the word " shrinkage " (or "shrink") can be used to refer to merchandise lost by shoplifting, but the word also includes loss by other means, such as waste, uninsured damage to products, and theft by store employees. Shoplifters range from amateurs acting on impulse, to career criminals who habitually engage in shoplifting as a form of income. Career criminals may use several individuals to shoplift, with some participants distracting store employees while another participant steals items. Amateurs typically steal products for personal use, while career criminals generally steal items to resell them in the underground economy. Other forms of shoplifting include swapping price labels of different items, return fraud, or eating a grocery store's food without paying for it. Commonly shoplifted items are those with a high price in proportion to their size, such as disposable razor blades, vitamins, alcoholic beverages, and cigarettes. Stores use a number of strategies to reduce shoplifting, including storing small, expensive items in locked glass cases; chaining or otherwise attaching items to shelves or clothes racks (particularly expensive items); | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoplifting |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2082148681#2_2343176940 | Title: Shoplifting - Wikipedia
Headings: Shoplifting
Shoplifting
Contents
Definition
Types of individuals
Amateurs
Career criminals
Legal definitions
Common items
Economist perspectives
Methods
Concealing
Walkout/pushout
History
Motivations
Differences by geography
Economic impact and response from shops
Consequences
United States
United Kingdom
Middle East
Prevention
Closed-circuit television
Electronic article surveillance
Staff roles
Exit inspections
Display cases
Retail bag check exit policy
Notable cases
See also
References
Further reading
Books
Articles
Content: Amateurs typically steal products for personal use, while career criminals generally steal items to resell them in the underground economy. Other forms of shoplifting include swapping price labels of different items, return fraud, or eating a grocery store's food without paying for it. Commonly shoplifted items are those with a high price in proportion to their size, such as disposable razor blades, vitamins, alcoholic beverages, and cigarettes. Stores use a number of strategies to reduce shoplifting, including storing small, expensive items in locked glass cases; chaining or otherwise attaching items to shelves or clothes racks (particularly expensive items); attaching magnetic or radio sensors or dyepacks to items; installing curved mirrors mounted above shelves or video cameras and video monitors, hiring plainclothes " store detectives " and security guards, and banning the bringing in of backpacks or other bags. Some stores have security guards at the exit, who search backpacks and bags and check receipts. Stores also combat shoplifting by training employees how to detect potential shoplifters. The first documented shoplifting started to take place in 16th century London. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoplifting |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2082148681#3_2343178909 | Title: Shoplifting - Wikipedia
Headings: Shoplifting
Shoplifting
Contents
Definition
Types of individuals
Amateurs
Career criminals
Legal definitions
Common items
Economist perspectives
Methods
Concealing
Walkout/pushout
History
Motivations
Differences by geography
Economic impact and response from shops
Consequences
United States
United Kingdom
Middle East
Prevention
Closed-circuit television
Electronic article surveillance
Staff roles
Exit inspections
Display cases
Retail bag check exit policy
Notable cases
See also
References
Further reading
Books
Articles
Content: attaching magnetic or radio sensors or dyepacks to items; installing curved mirrors mounted above shelves or video cameras and video monitors, hiring plainclothes " store detectives " and security guards, and banning the bringing in of backpacks or other bags. Some stores have security guards at the exit, who search backpacks and bags and check receipts. Stores also combat shoplifting by training employees how to detect potential shoplifters. The first documented shoplifting started to take place in 16th century London. By the early 19th century, shoplifting was believed to be primarily a female activity. In the 1960s, shoplifting began to be redefined again, this time as a political act. Researchers divide shoplifters into two categories: " boosters" (professionals who resell what they steal), and "snitches" (amateurs who steal for their personal use). Contents
1 Definition
2 Types of individuals
2.1 Amateurs
2.2 Career criminals
3 Legal definitions
4 Common items
5 Economist perspectives
6 Methods
6.1 Concealing
6.2 Walkout/pushout
7 History
8 Motivations
9 Differences by geography
10 Economic impact and response from shops
11 Consequences
11.1 United States
11.2 United Kingdom
11.3 Middle East
12 Prevention
12.1 Closed-circuit television
12.2 Electronic article surveillance
12.3 Staff roles
12.4 Exit inspections
12.5 Display cases
12.6 Retail bag check exit policy
13 Notable cases
14 See also
15 References
16 Further reading
16.1 Books
16.2 Articles
Definition
Shoplifting is the act of knowingly taking goods from an establishment in which they are displayed for sale, without paying for them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoplifting |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2082148681#4_2343181342 | Title: Shoplifting - Wikipedia
Headings: Shoplifting
Shoplifting
Contents
Definition
Types of individuals
Amateurs
Career criminals
Legal definitions
Common items
Economist perspectives
Methods
Concealing
Walkout/pushout
History
Motivations
Differences by geography
Economic impact and response from shops
Consequences
United States
United Kingdom
Middle East
Prevention
Closed-circuit television
Electronic article surveillance
Staff roles
Exit inspections
Display cases
Retail bag check exit policy
Notable cases
See also
References
Further reading
Books
Articles
Content: By the early 19th century, shoplifting was believed to be primarily a female activity. In the 1960s, shoplifting began to be redefined again, this time as a political act. Researchers divide shoplifters into two categories: " boosters" (professionals who resell what they steal), and "snitches" (amateurs who steal for their personal use). Contents
1 Definition
2 Types of individuals
2.1 Amateurs
2.2 Career criminals
3 Legal definitions
4 Common items
5 Economist perspectives
6 Methods
6.1 Concealing
6.2 Walkout/pushout
7 History
8 Motivations
9 Differences by geography
10 Economic impact and response from shops
11 Consequences
11.1 United States
11.2 United Kingdom
11.3 Middle East
12 Prevention
12.1 Closed-circuit television
12.2 Electronic article surveillance
12.3 Staff roles
12.4 Exit inspections
12.5 Display cases
12.6 Retail bag check exit policy
13 Notable cases
14 See also
15 References
16 Further reading
16.1 Books
16.2 Articles
Definition
Shoplifting is the act of knowingly taking goods from an establishment in which they are displayed for sale, without paying for them. Shoplifting usually involves concealing items on the person or an accomplice, and leaving the store without paying. However, shoplifting can also include price switching (swapping the price labels of different goods), refund fraud, and "grazing" (eating or sampling a store's goods while in the store). Price switching is now an almost extinct form of shoplifting for two reasons. Firstly, the labels will split apart upon attempted removal, and secondly, virtually all retail cashiers now scan items at the register, rather than relying on price stickers. Retailers report that shoplifting has a significant effect on their bottom line, stating that about 0.6% of all inventory disappears to shoplifters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoplifting |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2082148681#5_2343183955 | Title: Shoplifting - Wikipedia
Headings: Shoplifting
Shoplifting
Contents
Definition
Types of individuals
Amateurs
Career criminals
Legal definitions
Common items
Economist perspectives
Methods
Concealing
Walkout/pushout
History
Motivations
Differences by geography
Economic impact and response from shops
Consequences
United States
United Kingdom
Middle East
Prevention
Closed-circuit television
Electronic article surveillance
Staff roles
Exit inspections
Display cases
Retail bag check exit policy
Notable cases
See also
References
Further reading
Books
Articles
Content: Shoplifting usually involves concealing items on the person or an accomplice, and leaving the store without paying. However, shoplifting can also include price switching (swapping the price labels of different goods), refund fraud, and "grazing" (eating or sampling a store's goods while in the store). Price switching is now an almost extinct form of shoplifting for two reasons. Firstly, the labels will split apart upon attempted removal, and secondly, virtually all retail cashiers now scan items at the register, rather than relying on price stickers. Retailers report that shoplifting has a significant effect on their bottom line, stating that about 0.6% of all inventory disappears to shoplifters. Generally, criminal theft involves taking possession of property illegally. In self-service shops, customers are allowed by the property owner to take physical possession of the property by holding or moving it. This leaves areas of ambiguity that could criminalize some people for simple mistakes, such as accidental putting of a small item in a pocket or forgetting to pay. For this reason penalties for shoplifting are often lower than those for general theft. Few jurisdictions have specific shoplifting legislation with which to differentiate it from other forms of theft, so reduced penalties are usually at a judge's discretion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoplifting |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2082148681#6_2343186071 | Title: Shoplifting - Wikipedia
Headings: Shoplifting
Shoplifting
Contents
Definition
Types of individuals
Amateurs
Career criminals
Legal definitions
Common items
Economist perspectives
Methods
Concealing
Walkout/pushout
History
Motivations
Differences by geography
Economic impact and response from shops
Consequences
United States
United Kingdom
Middle East
Prevention
Closed-circuit television
Electronic article surveillance
Staff roles
Exit inspections
Display cases
Retail bag check exit policy
Notable cases
See also
References
Further reading
Books
Articles
Content: Generally, criminal theft involves taking possession of property illegally. In self-service shops, customers are allowed by the property owner to take physical possession of the property by holding or moving it. This leaves areas of ambiguity that could criminalize some people for simple mistakes, such as accidental putting of a small item in a pocket or forgetting to pay. For this reason penalties for shoplifting are often lower than those for general theft. Few jurisdictions have specific shoplifting legislation with which to differentiate it from other forms of theft, so reduced penalties are usually at a judge's discretion. Most retailers are aware of the serious consequences of making a false arrest, and will only attempt to apprehend a person if their guilt is beyond a reasonable doubt. Depending on local laws, arrests made by anyone other than law enforcement officers may also be illegal. Types of individuals
Amateurs
Some shoplifters are amateurs who do not steal regularly from stores and who do not use shoplifting as a form of income (e.g., by reselling stolen goods). Researchers call these amateurs "snitches", as they are stealing items for their personal use. In several countries, criminal flash mobs, primarily made up of teenagers and young adults, enter stores with the intention of stealing merchandise while accomplices distract staff. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoplifting |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2082148681#7_2343188218 | Title: Shoplifting - Wikipedia
Headings: Shoplifting
Shoplifting
Contents
Definition
Types of individuals
Amateurs
Career criminals
Legal definitions
Common items
Economist perspectives
Methods
Concealing
Walkout/pushout
History
Motivations
Differences by geography
Economic impact and response from shops
Consequences
United States
United Kingdom
Middle East
Prevention
Closed-circuit television
Electronic article surveillance
Staff roles
Exit inspections
Display cases
Retail bag check exit policy
Notable cases
See also
References
Further reading
Books
Articles
Content: Most retailers are aware of the serious consequences of making a false arrest, and will only attempt to apprehend a person if their guilt is beyond a reasonable doubt. Depending on local laws, arrests made by anyone other than law enforcement officers may also be illegal. Types of individuals
Amateurs
Some shoplifters are amateurs who do not steal regularly from stores and who do not use shoplifting as a form of income (e.g., by reselling stolen goods). Researchers call these amateurs "snitches", as they are stealing items for their personal use. In several countries, criminal flash mobs, primarily made up of teenagers and young adults, enter stores with the intention of stealing merchandise while accomplices distract staff. Career criminals
However, there are people and groups who make their living from shoplifting and other crimes. They tend to be more skilled career criminals who use more sophisticated shoplifting tactics. Researchers call professional thieves "boosters", as they tend to resell what they steal on the black market . Legal definitions
Shoplifting is considered a form of theft and is subject to prosecution. In the United Kingdom, theft is defined as "dishonestly appropriate [ing] property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoplifting |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2096917299#1_2361116222 | Title: Side-stick - Wikipedia
Headings: Side-stick
Side-stick
See also
Accidents
References
External links
Content: Only one hand is required to operate it; two hand operation is neither possible nor necessary. The side-stick is used in many modern military fighter aircraft, such as the F-16 Fighting Falcon, Mitsubishi F-2, Dassault Rafale, and F-22 Raptor, and also on civil aircraft, such as the Sukhoi Superjet 100, Airbus A320 and all subsequent Airbus aircraft, including the largest passenger jet in service, the Airbus A380 . It is also used in very new helicopter models such as the Bell 525 . This arrangement contrasts with the more conventional design where the stick is located in the centre of the cockpit between the pilot's legs, called a " centre stick ". In the centre stick design, like traditional airplane yokes, both the pilot's and co-pilot's controls are mechanically connected together so each pilot has a sense of the control inputs of the other. In typical Airbus side-stick implementations, the sticks are independent, the so-called 'passive' side-stick. The plane's computer either aggregates multiple inputs or a pilot can press a "priority button" to lock out inputs from the other side-stick. However, if both side-sticks are moved in different directions (regardless of which pilot has priority), then both inputs are cancelled out and an aural "dual input" warning sounds. Examples of this occurring include the 2009 crash of Air France Flight 447 (an Airbus A330 flying from Rio de Janeiro to Paris ), the 2010 crash of Afriqiyah Airways Flight 771 an Airbus A330 from flying Johannesburg to Tripoli and the 2014 crash of Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 (an Airbus A320 flying from Surabaya to Singapore ). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-stick |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2112596579#6_2378444064 | Title: Silex, Missouri - Wikipedia
Headings: Silex, Missouri
Silex, Missouri
Contents
History
2008 Floods
Education
Geography
Demographics
2010 census
2000 census
References
External links
Content: With the county as a whole facing financial difficulties in revenues and the town also losing business from the flood, the trustees decided to move the residents out of the flood way and plain. After the town applied for a relocation grant from USDA, it was granted partial funding for the move in sections. First and foremost: moving the residents to a safe location. Some accomplished this by agreeing to build a new home at a special rate and were given grant funds to do so, and some residents took a portion of the grant funding and simply picked their house up and moved it up on the hill in the city's new Stephens Bluff addition. With the move of a whole town, there were many complications in the process and these are ongoing. One is removing the old households, many of which had contaminated pipes because of the age of the homes, and re-engineering city utility services. The move of the town to its new location has taken the people out of harm's way. But with the difficult time of the economy, the town still has an open project to this date on the original plans and struggles to meet Department of Natural Resource requirements because of the relocation project. The town had applied for infrastructure grants and received one in late 2008 for a sewer project. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silex,_Missouri |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2131130353#0_2400309180 | Title: Zoning - Wikipedia
Headings: Zoning
Zoning
Contents
Scope
Origins
Types
Single-use zoning
History
Criticisms
Mixed-use zoning
Form-based zoning
Conditional zoning
Pattern Zoning
Zoning laws by country
Australia
Canada
France
Japan
New Zealand
Singapore
The Philippines
United States
Scale
Types in use in the United States
Social problems in the United States
United Kingdom
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Zoning - Wikipedia
Zoning
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Single-use zoning)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
A government policy allowing certain uses of land in different places
This article is about the land-use planning practice. For other uses, see Zoning (disambiguation). Zoning is a method of urban planning in which a municipality or other tier of government divides land into areas called zones, each of which has a set of regulations for new development that differs from other zones. Zones may be defined for a single use (e.g. residential, industrial ), they may combine several compatible activities by use, or in the case of form-based zoning, the differing regulations may govern the density, size and shape of allowed buildings whatever their use. The planning rules for each zone, determine whether planning permission for a given development may be granted. Zoning may specify a variety of outright and conditional uses of land. It may indicate the size and dimensions of lots that land may be subdivided into, or the form and scale of buildings. These guidelines are set in order to guide urban growth and development. Zoning is the most common regulatory urban planning method used by local governments in developed countries. Exceptions include the United Kingdom and the City of Houston, Texas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-use_zoning |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2131130353#1_2400311166 | Title: Zoning - Wikipedia
Headings: Zoning
Zoning
Contents
Scope
Origins
Types
Single-use zoning
History
Criticisms
Mixed-use zoning
Form-based zoning
Conditional zoning
Pattern Zoning
Zoning laws by country
Australia
Canada
France
Japan
New Zealand
Singapore
The Philippines
United States
Scale
Types in use in the United States
Social problems in the United States
United Kingdom
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Zoning may specify a variety of outright and conditional uses of land. It may indicate the size and dimensions of lots that land may be subdivided into, or the form and scale of buildings. These guidelines are set in order to guide urban growth and development. Zoning is the most common regulatory urban planning method used by local governments in developed countries. Exceptions include the United Kingdom and the City of Houston, Texas. The Zoning Scheme of the General Spatial Plan for the City of Skopje, North Macedonia. Different urban zoning areas are represented by different colours. Contents
1 Scope
2 Origins
3 Types
3.1 Single-use zoning
3.1.1 History
3.1.2 Criticisms
3.2 Mixed-use zoning
3.3 Form-based zoning
3.4 Conditional zoning
3.5 Pattern Zoning
4 Zoning laws by country
4.1 Australia
4.2 Canada
4.3 France
4.4 Japan
4.5 New Zealand
4.6 Singapore
4.7 The Philippines
4.8 United States
4.8.1 Scale
4.8.2 Types in use in the United States
4.8.3 Social problems in the United States
4.9 United Kingdom
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Scope
The primary purpose of zoning is to segregate uses that are thought to be incompatible. In practice, zoning is also used to prevent new development from interfering with existing uses and/or to preserve the "character" of a community. Zoning may include regulation of the kinds of activities which will be acceptable on particular lots (such as open space, residential, agricultural, commercial or industrial), the densities at which those activities can be performed (from low-density housing such as single family homes to high-density such as high-rise apartment buildings ), the height of buildings, the amount of space structures may occupy, the location of a building on the lot ( setbacks ), the proportions of the types of space on a lot, such as how much landscaped space, impervious surface, traffic lanes, and whether or not parking is provided. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-use_zoning |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2131130353#2_2400313780 | Title: Zoning - Wikipedia
Headings: Zoning
Zoning
Contents
Scope
Origins
Types
Single-use zoning
History
Criticisms
Mixed-use zoning
Form-based zoning
Conditional zoning
Pattern Zoning
Zoning laws by country
Australia
Canada
France
Japan
New Zealand
Singapore
The Philippines
United States
Scale
Types in use in the United States
Social problems in the United States
United Kingdom
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: The Zoning Scheme of the General Spatial Plan for the City of Skopje, North Macedonia. Different urban zoning areas are represented by different colours. Contents
1 Scope
2 Origins
3 Types
3.1 Single-use zoning
3.1.1 History
3.1.2 Criticisms
3.2 Mixed-use zoning
3.3 Form-based zoning
3.4 Conditional zoning
3.5 Pattern Zoning
4 Zoning laws by country
4.1 Australia
4.2 Canada
4.3 France
4.4 Japan
4.5 New Zealand
4.6 Singapore
4.7 The Philippines
4.8 United States
4.8.1 Scale
4.8.2 Types in use in the United States
4.8.3 Social problems in the United States
4.9 United Kingdom
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Scope
The primary purpose of zoning is to segregate uses that are thought to be incompatible. In practice, zoning is also used to prevent new development from interfering with existing uses and/or to preserve the "character" of a community. Zoning may include regulation of the kinds of activities which will be acceptable on particular lots (such as open space, residential, agricultural, commercial or industrial), the densities at which those activities can be performed (from low-density housing such as single family homes to high-density such as high-rise apartment buildings ), the height of buildings, the amount of space structures may occupy, the location of a building on the lot ( setbacks ), the proportions of the types of space on a lot, such as how much landscaped space, impervious surface, traffic lanes, and whether or not parking is provided. Zoning is commonly controlled by local governments such as counties or municipalities, though the nature of the zoning regime may be determined or limited by state or national planning authorities or through enabling legislation. In some countries, e. g. France, Germany or Canada, zoning plans must comply with upper-tier (national, regional, state, provincial) planning and policy statements. In the case of Germany this code includes contents of zoning plans as well as the legal procedure. In Australia, land under the control of the Commonwealth (federal) government is not subject to state planning controls. The United States and other federal countries are similar. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-use_zoning |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2131130353#4_2400318695 | Title: Zoning - Wikipedia
Headings: Zoning
Zoning
Contents
Scope
Origins
Types
Single-use zoning
History
Criticisms
Mixed-use zoning
Form-based zoning
Conditional zoning
Pattern Zoning
Zoning laws by country
Australia
Canada
France
Japan
New Zealand
Singapore
The Philippines
United States
Scale
Types in use in the United States
Social problems in the United States
United Kingdom
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Zoning and urban planning in France and Germany are regulated by national or federal codes. In the case of Germany this code includes contents of zoning plans as well as the legal procedure. The details of how individual planning systems incorporate zoning into their regulatory regimes varies though the intention is always similar. For example, in the state of Victoria, Australia, land use zones are combined with a system of planning scheme overlays to account for the multiplicity of factors that impact on desirable urban outcomes in any location. Most zoning systems have a procedure for granting variances (exceptions to the zoning rules), usually because of some perceived hardship caused by the particular nature of the property in question. Origins
The origins of zoning districts can be traced back to antiquity. The ancient walled city was the predecessor for classifying and regulating land, based on use. Outside the city walls were the undesirable functions, which were usually based on noise and smell; that was also where the poorest people lived. The space between the walls is where unsanitary and dangerous activities occurred such as butchering, waste disposal, and brick-firing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-use_zoning |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2131130353#8_2400326190 | Title: Zoning - Wikipedia
Headings: Zoning
Zoning
Contents
Scope
Origins
Types
Single-use zoning
History
Criticisms
Mixed-use zoning
Form-based zoning
Conditional zoning
Pattern Zoning
Zoning laws by country
Australia
Canada
France
Japan
New Zealand
Singapore
The Philippines
United States
Scale
Types in use in the United States
Social problems in the United States
United Kingdom
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Throughout the Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution, cultural and socio-economic shifts led to the rapid increase in the enforcement and invention of urban regulations. The shifts were informed by a new scientific rationality, the advent of mass production and complex manufacturing, and the subsequent onset of urbanization. Industry leaving the home reshaped modern cities. Overcrowding, pollution, and the urban squalor associated with factories were major concerns that led city officials and planners to consider the need for functional separation of uses. France, Germany, and Britain are where pseudo-zoning was invented to prevent polluting industries to be built in residential areas. Early uses of modern zoning were seen in Germany in the late-19th century. Types
There are a great variety of zoning types, some of which focus on regulating building form and the relation of buildings to the street with mixed uses, known as form-based, others with separating land uses, known as use-based, or a combination thereof. Use-based zoning systems can comprise single-use zones, mixed-use zones - where a compatible group of uses are allowed to co-exist - or a combination of both single and mixed-use zones in one system. Single-use zoning
Example of Single-Use Zoning Regulations (Greater Winnipeg District Map, 1947)
Single-use zoning is where only one kind of use is allowed per zone. Known as Euclidean zoning in North America because of a court case in Euclid, Ohio, which established its constitutionality, Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co. 272 U.S. 365 (1926), it has been the dominant system of zoning in North America since its first implementation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-use_zoning |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2131425703#8_2400579527 | Title: Single European Act - Wikipedia
Headings: Single European Act
Single European Act
Contents
Background
Signing and ratification
The employment promise of the Act
UK interpretation and UK withdrawal
Treaty time line
See also
References
External links
Content: But there were important caveats. First it was anticipated that intensified cross-border rationalisation and competition in the post-1992 market, in the short-term, might lead, if not to job losses, to a competitive devaluation of employment terms and conditions. Papandreou was persuaded that in the higher-wage economies, intensified cross-border competition and restructuring would result in a further splintering of working patterns and job contracts, increasing the incidence of part-time working, outwork, and temporary employment. Given that the model of full-time, regular employment continued to underlie social-security arrangements, this suggested the possibility of serious losses in welfare and equity. A second reservation with regard to the employment benefits of the Single Market was that projections tended to assume a reversal, or at least easing, of the then relatively restrictive macro-economic policies of the member states. The Cecchini's Reports higher medium-term estimate of 4.4 million resulting from the removal of the remaining barriers to intra-Community trade assumed that chief among the benefits of comprehensive trade liberalisation would be a spontaneous easing of inflationary pressures and external balance of payments constraints, and that the subsequent "room for manoeuvre" would be "exploited" by a resort to "expansionary economic policies". The SEA committed the Member States to promote "the convergence of economic and monetary policies" necessary for European Currency Union (ECU). The criteria for economic and monetary union were left to the later 1992 Maastricht Treaty. The SEA did underscore that these should "take account of the experience acquired in co-operation within the framework of the European Monetary System (EMS).". The EMS linked the currencies of participating states, and committed their governments to fiscal and monetary policies sufficiently tight to contain inflation and prevent large exchange rate fluctuations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_European_Act |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2141067341#0_2410605913 | Title: Sita - Wikipedia
Headings: Sita
Sita
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Etymology and other names
Legend
Birth
Other versions
Marriage
Exile and abduction
Second exile
Speeches in the Ramayana
Jain version
Symbolism
Portrayal
Temples
In popular culture
Films
Television
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Content: Sita - Wikipedia
Sita
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Hindu goddess and the female protagonist of the epic Ramayana
For other uses, see Sita (disambiguation). Sita
Mother Goddess; Goddess of Sacrifice, Purity, Love and Simplicity
'Sita in exile', a lithograph based on Raja Ravi Varma 's work
Other names
Siya, Janki, Maithili, Vaidehi, Bhumija
Devanagari
सीता
Sanskrit transliteration
Sītā
Affiliation
Avatar of Lakshmi, Devi, Panchakanya, Adi Parashakti
Texts
Ramayana and its other versions
Festivals
Sita Navami, Janaki Jayanti, Vivaha Panchami, Diwali, Dussehra
Personal information
Born
Mithila
Parents
Janaka (adoptive father)
Sunayana (adoptive mother)
Bhūmi (spiritual mother)
Siblings
Urmila (sister)
Consort
Rama
Children
Lava (son)
Kusha (son)
Dynasty
Videha (by birth)
Raghuvanshi - Ikshvaku - Suryavanshi (by marriage)
Part of a series on
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Sita ( Sanskrit: सीता; IAST: Sītā, Sanskrit pronunciation: [ ˈsiːtaː]) is a Hindu goddess and the heroine of the Hindu epic, Ramayana, and its other versions. She is described as the daughter of Bhūmi (the earth) and the adopted daughter of King Janaka of Videha and his wife, Queen Sunayana. She has a younger sister, Urmila, and the female cousins Mandavi and Shrutakirti. Sita is known for her dedication, self-sacrifice, courage and purity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sita |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2141067341#6_2410619143 | Title: Sita - Wikipedia
Headings: Sita
Sita
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Etymology and other names
Legend
Birth
Other versions
Marriage
Exile and abduction
Second exile
Speeches in the Ramayana
Jain version
Symbolism
Portrayal
Temples
In popular culture
Films
Television
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Content: Sita is known by many epithets. She is called Jānaki as the daughter of Janaka and Maithili as the princess of Mithila. As the wife of Rama, she is called Ramā. Her father Janaka had earned the sobriquet Videha due to his ability to transcend body consciousness; Sita is therefore also known as Vaidehi. Devi Sita while playing with her sisters in childhood had unknowingly lifted the table over which the bow had been placed; this was something that no one in Mithila could do. This incident was however observed by Janaka and he decided to make it a backdrop for Swayamvara because he wanted a son-in-law who was as strong as his daughter. Legend
Birth
In Valmiki's Ramayana, Sita is said to have been discovered in a furrow in a ploughed field, believed to be Sitamarhi in Mithila region of present-day Bihar, and for that reason is regarded as a daughter of Bhūmi Devi (the goddess earth). She was discovered, adopted and brought up by Janaka, king of Mithila and his wife Sunaina. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sita |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2141067341#7_2410620678 | Title: Sita - Wikipedia
Headings: Sita
Sita
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Etymology and other names
Legend
Birth
Other versions
Marriage
Exile and abduction
Second exile
Speeches in the Ramayana
Jain version
Symbolism
Portrayal
Temples
In popular culture
Films
Television
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Content: Devi Sita while playing with her sisters in childhood had unknowingly lifted the table over which the bow had been placed; this was something that no one in Mithila could do. This incident was however observed by Janaka and he decided to make it a backdrop for Swayamvara because he wanted a son-in-law who was as strong as his daughter. Legend
Birth
In Valmiki's Ramayana, Sita is said to have been discovered in a furrow in a ploughed field, believed to be Sitamarhi in Mithila region of present-day Bihar, and for that reason is regarded as a daughter of Bhūmi Devi (the goddess earth). She was discovered, adopted and brought up by Janaka, king of Mithila and his wife Sunaina. This story is adapted into Kamban's Ramavataram, a Tamil version of the Ramayana. The birthplace of Sita is disputed. The Sita Kund pilgrimage site which is located in present-day Sitamarhi district, Bihar, India is viewed as the birthplace of Sita. Apart from Sitamarhi, Janakpur which is located in the present-day Province No. 2, Nepal, is also described as Sita's birthplace. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sita |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2141100081#0_2410631235 | Title: Sita: Warrior of Mithila - Wikipedia
Headings: Sita: Warrior of Mithila
Sita: Warrior of Mithila
Contents
Plot synopsis
Development
Critical response
References
External links
Content: Sita: Warrior of Mithila - Wikipedia
Sita: Warrior of Mithila
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
2017 novel by Amish Tripathi
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. ( September 2017)
Sita: Warrior of Mithila
Author
Amish Tripathi
Cover artist
Sideways, Arthat Studio
Country
India
Language
English
Subject
Fantasy
Epic
Genre
Fantasy
Publisher
Westland Press
Publication date
29 May 2017
Media type
Paperback
ISBN
978-93-86224-58-3
Preceded by
Scion of Ikshvaku
Followed by
Raavan: Enemy of Aryavarta
Sita: Warrior of Mithila is the fifth book of Amish Tripathi, fifth book of Amishverse, and second book of Ram Chandra Series. It was released on 29 May 2017. Ram Chandra Series is a retelling of the most famous epic of India, the Ramayana. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sita:_Warrior_of_Mithila |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2141100081#1_2410632577 | Title: Sita: Warrior of Mithila - Wikipedia
Headings: Sita: Warrior of Mithila
Sita: Warrior of Mithila
Contents
Plot synopsis
Development
Critical response
References
External links
Content: Warrior of Mithila
Author
Amish Tripathi
Cover artist
Sideways, Arthat Studio
Country
India
Language
English
Subject
Fantasy
Epic
Genre
Fantasy
Publisher
Westland Press
Publication date
29 May 2017
Media type
Paperback
ISBN
978-93-86224-58-3
Preceded by
Scion of Ikshvaku
Followed by
Raavan: Enemy of Aryavarta
Sita: Warrior of Mithila is the fifth book of Amish Tripathi, fifth book of Amishverse, and second book of Ram Chandra Series. It was released on 29 May 2017. Ram Chandra Series is a retelling of the most famous epic of India, the Ramayana. Each book in the series focuses on one important character of the Ramayana. Sita: Warrior of Mithila focuses on the story of Sita. Contents
1 Plot synopsis
2 Development
3 Critical response
4 References
5 External links
Plot synopsis
During a trip Janak, the king of Mithila and his wife Sunaina find a child on the road, being protected by a vulture. They adopt the child and name her Sita, for she was found in a furrow. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sita:_Warrior_of_Mithila |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2141100081#2_2410633962 | Title: Sita: Warrior of Mithila - Wikipedia
Headings: Sita: Warrior of Mithila
Sita: Warrior of Mithila
Contents
Plot synopsis
Development
Critical response
References
External links
Content: Each book in the series focuses on one important character of the Ramayana. Sita: Warrior of Mithila focuses on the story of Sita. Contents
1 Plot synopsis
2 Development
3 Critical response
4 References
5 External links
Plot synopsis
During a trip Janak, the king of Mithila and his wife Sunaina find a child on the road, being protected by a vulture. They adopt the child and name her Sita, for she was found in a furrow. As an adolescent, Sita is sent to the ashram of Rishi Shvetaketu for her studies. There she learns about martial arts and gains knowledge on different subjects. She also makes friendship with a girl Radhika, and her cousin Hanuman, who was a Vayuputra—the tribe left by the previous Mahadev, Lord Rudra. When Sita is 14 years old, Maharishi Vishvamitra —head of the Malayaputra tribe who serve the next Vishnu —visits Shvetaketu's ashram. Impressed by Sita's skills and knowledge (and a strange connection which he remembers due to the sound of a hill myna), he elects her as the seventh Vishnu but asks her to keep it a secret. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sita:_Warrior_of_Mithila |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2141794194#5_2411513148 | Title: Sitting - Wikipedia
Headings: Sitting
Sitting
Contents
Prevalence
Positions
On the floor
On a raised seat
Yoga, traditions and spirituality
Kneeling chairs
Health risks
Relationship between posture and health conditions
Sedentary Behaviour
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: They can also dangle if the seat is sufficiently high. Legs can be kept right to the front of the body, spread apart, or one crossed over the other. The upper body can be held upright, recline to either side or backward, or one can lean forward. Yoga, traditions and spirituality
The Japanese tea ceremony is performed sitting in seiza. There are many seated positions in various traditions and rituals. Four examples are: 正座 (zhengzuo) is a Chinese word which describes the traditional formal way of sitting in Ancient China. A related position is 跪座, which differs in the tops of the feet being raised off the ground. Vajrasana (Diamond Pose) is a yoga posture ( asana) similar to seiza. The lotus position involves resting each foot on the opposite thigh so that the soles of the feet face upwards. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitting |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2167244162#0_2442895506 | Title: Slums in Metro Manila - Wikipedia
Headings: Slums in Metro Manila
Slums in Metro Manila
Contents
Locations of slums
City of Manila
Tondo
San Andres
Quezon City
Batasan Hills
Payatas
Bagong Silangan
Makati
Conditions within slums
Population
Physical location and composition
Access to utilities
Health disparities
Environmental impact
Legality
Activism and organizing
Root causes
See also
References
Content: Slums in Metro Manila - Wikipedia
Slums in Metro Manila
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Slums in Manila)
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Slums are traditionally described as dense urban settlements, usually displaying characteristics such as crowded and compact housing units, informal delivery of utilities, and unofficial recognition by local government. In the Philippines, residents of slum areas are commonly referred to as " squatters " and have historically been subject to relocation or forced demolition. With a steadily growing metropolitan area, Metro Manila is subject to a densifying population of slum dwellers—a 2014 article states that Manila has an estimated 4 million people living in slums, out of a total population of 21.3 million. Contents
1 Locations of slums
1.1 City of Manila
1.1.1 Tondo
1.1.2 San Andres
1.2 Quezon City
1.2.1 Batasan Hills
1.2.2 Payatas
1.2.3 Bagong Silangan
1.2.4 Makati
2 Conditions within slums
2.1 Population
2.2 Physical location and composition
2.3 Access to utilities
2.4 Health disparities
3 Environmental impact
4 Legality
5 Activism and organizing
6 Root causes
7 See also
8 References
Locations of slums
City of Manila
Tondo
Main article: Tondo, Manila
Smokey Mountain in 2011. Mid-rise social housing apartments were built to rehouse slum residents after the closure of the landfill in 1995 that once occupied the area. Tondo is the largest of the 16 districts of the City of Manila in terms of population and land area. It is also the most densely populated district in the city. San Andres
Main article: San Andres, Manila
San Andres is the second most densely populated district in Manila after Tondo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slums_in_Manila |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2167244162#3_2442900963 | Title: Slums in Metro Manila - Wikipedia
Headings: Slums in Metro Manila
Slums in Metro Manila
Contents
Locations of slums
City of Manila
Tondo
San Andres
Quezon City
Batasan Hills
Payatas
Bagong Silangan
Makati
Conditions within slums
Population
Physical location and composition
Access to utilities
Health disparities
Environmental impact
Legality
Activism and organizing
Root causes
See also
References
Content: When the home Smokey Mountain rubbish dump in Tondo was closed by the government in 1995, many rubbish scavengers migrated to the Payatas dump site, where another large scavenging community arose. The population of Payatas is notoriously difficult to estimate. The official census states the population at almost 120,000 people (Census, 2010), but academic source suggest the real population to be closer to 500,000 (Gaillard and Cadag, 2009). In the year 2000, a landslide at the Payatas dump killed over three hundred scavengers. This official figure, though, is also likely highly underestimated with eyewitnesses suggesting the real death toll is closer to 1,000. Bagong Silangan
Main article: Bagong Silangan
Bagong Silangan is infamous as a squatters' area after street dwellers from India and China were relocated here from the 1970s onwards. The name of the barangay came from bagong silang, the Tagalog word for "newborn". The namesake of the barangay was meant to signify "a new hope" for most of its residents who were originally relocated from slum areas in Tondo in Manila, Commonwealth in Quezon City, and San Juan. Makati
West Rembo suffers from re-occurring brownouts and is vulnerable to severe weather catastrophes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slums_in_Manila |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2167244162#4_2442902809 | Title: Slums in Metro Manila - Wikipedia
Headings: Slums in Metro Manila
Slums in Metro Manila
Contents
Locations of slums
City of Manila
Tondo
San Andres
Quezon City
Batasan Hills
Payatas
Bagong Silangan
Makati
Conditions within slums
Population
Physical location and composition
Access to utilities
Health disparities
Environmental impact
Legality
Activism and organizing
Root causes
See also
References
Content: Bagong Silangan
Main article: Bagong Silangan
Bagong Silangan is infamous as a squatters' area after street dwellers from India and China were relocated here from the 1970s onwards. The name of the barangay came from bagong silang, the Tagalog word for "newborn". The namesake of the barangay was meant to signify "a new hope" for most of its residents who were originally relocated from slum areas in Tondo in Manila, Commonwealth in Quezon City, and San Juan. Makati
West Rembo suffers from re-occurring brownouts and is vulnerable to severe weather catastrophes. The dwellings are titled and rented out for between 1,000 to 100,0000 pesos a month. Unlike the more precarious settlements, residents here have access to basic healthcare and free education up to tertiary level. Students from West Rembo can even go to the University of Makati (UMAK) for free. But not just West Rembo students, all students from any barangays in Makati can enroll in UMAK. This is one of the benefits residents of Makati are getting from their city Government. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slums_in_Manila |
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