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msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2167244162#9_2442912882
Title: Slums in Metro Manila - Wikipedia Headings: Slums in Metro Manila Slums in Metro Manila Contents Locations of slums City of Manila Tondo San Andres Quezon City Batasan Hills Payatas Bagong Silangan Makati Conditions within slums Population Physical location and composition Access to utilities Health disparities Environmental impact Legality Activism and organizing Root causes See also References Content: Environmental impact An aerial view of the Manggahan floodway with shanty towns on either side. During the 2009 flooding of Typhoon Ketsana, the illegal settlements reduced the floodway's effectiveness. In September 2009 Tropical Storm Ketsana hit Metro Manila and dumped one month's rainfall in less than 24 hours, causing the Marikina River system, including the Manggahan Floodway, to burst its banks very rapidly. It is thought that blocked pipes and a poorly maintained sewer system, along with uncollected domestic waste, were major contributory factors in the speed with which the flood waters were able to engulf the surrounding area. Illegal settlers were especially blamed for flooding since their houses reduce the effective width and blocked the flow of the floodway. During the height of the storm, the Marikina River had a flow of about 3000 m³/s (106,000 ft³/s), and the head of the UP National Hydraulic Research Center stated that the floodway could have handled this flow without overflowing if there were no settlers on its banks. Consequently, in February 2010, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo revoked Proclamation 160 that reserved 20 parcels of land along the floodway for 6,700 urban poor families, and ordered the forcible relocation of the illegal settlers whose houses were blocking the waterway to Laguna de Bay. Legality In 1975, Ferdinand Marcos signed a presidential decree that made squatting on private and government-owned land illegal. Thus, resident of slums are also referred to as "informal settlers" and usually do not hold legal claim over the land they are living on. There are certain cases where the right of eminent domain has been pursued, although legal judgements rarely benefit those living in the slums.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slums_in_Manila
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2167244162#10_2442915255
Title: Slums in Metro Manila - Wikipedia Headings: Slums in Metro Manila Slums in Metro Manila Contents Locations of slums City of Manila Tondo San Andres Quezon City Batasan Hills Payatas Bagong Silangan Makati Conditions within slums Population Physical location and composition Access to utilities Health disparities Environmental impact Legality Activism and organizing Root causes See also References Content: During the height of the storm, the Marikina River had a flow of about 3000 m³/s (106,000 ft³/s), and the head of the UP National Hydraulic Research Center stated that the floodway could have handled this flow without overflowing if there were no settlers on its banks. Consequently, in February 2010, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo revoked Proclamation 160 that reserved 20 parcels of land along the floodway for 6,700 urban poor families, and ordered the forcible relocation of the illegal settlers whose houses were blocking the waterway to Laguna de Bay. Legality In 1975, Ferdinand Marcos signed a presidential decree that made squatting on private and government-owned land illegal. Thus, resident of slums are also referred to as "informal settlers" and usually do not hold legal claim over the land they are living on. There are certain cases where the right of eminent domain has been pursued, although legal judgements rarely benefit those living in the slums. Some have argued that while technically illegal, the forced demolitions of homes is a waste of housing property since residents have made significant investments in their homes—some worth more than several thousands of pesos each. Activism and organizing Local groups and community-based organizations have lobbied for the rights of residents within slums and squatter settlements throughout the decades. In 1956, local associations successfully lobbied for Republic Act No 1597, which allowed squatter communities to purchase land they were occupying—although President Ramon Magsaysay died before fully implementing the law. Another prominent squatter organization was the Zone One Tondo Organization (ZOTO)—they were very active in the 1970s. ZOTO had numerous successful initiatives:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slums_in_Manila
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2167244162#11_2442917652
Title: Slums in Metro Manila - Wikipedia Headings: Slums in Metro Manila Slums in Metro Manila Contents Locations of slums City of Manila Tondo San Andres Quezon City Batasan Hills Payatas Bagong Silangan Makati Conditions within slums Population Physical location and composition Access to utilities Health disparities Environmental impact Legality Activism and organizing Root causes See also References Content: Some have argued that while technically illegal, the forced demolitions of homes is a waste of housing property since residents have made significant investments in their homes—some worth more than several thousands of pesos each. Activism and organizing Local groups and community-based organizations have lobbied for the rights of residents within slums and squatter settlements throughout the decades. In 1956, local associations successfully lobbied for Republic Act No 1597, which allowed squatter communities to purchase land they were occupying—although President Ramon Magsaysay died before fully implementing the law. Another prominent squatter organization was the Zone One Tondo Organization (ZOTO)—they were very active in the 1970s. ZOTO had numerous successful initiatives: they obtained funding and material resources for Typhoon Yoling victims, they pushed back the land expansion of an industrial firm, they obtained relocation sites for people displaced by business development, and they were recognized by the World Bank at the community's representative in negotiations. The growth of local associations within slums continued throughout the decades. By 1990, there were eight major urban poor alliances within Metro Manila, which were composed of multiple local associations throughout the slums. While mobilizations and organized actions throughout the years have won campaigns, some critics say that urban poor movements have mainly been reactionary and defensive, with minimal effect on the larger economic structure and political authority over the slums. Initiatives have mostly been reactionary responses to the policies and actions of the state and not necessarily pro-active.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slums_in_Manila
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2167244162#12_2442919979
Title: Slums in Metro Manila - Wikipedia Headings: Slums in Metro Manila Slums in Metro Manila Contents Locations of slums City of Manila Tondo San Andres Quezon City Batasan Hills Payatas Bagong Silangan Makati Conditions within slums Population Physical location and composition Access to utilities Health disparities Environmental impact Legality Activism and organizing Root causes See also References Content: they obtained funding and material resources for Typhoon Yoling victims, they pushed back the land expansion of an industrial firm, they obtained relocation sites for people displaced by business development, and they were recognized by the World Bank at the community's representative in negotiations. The growth of local associations within slums continued throughout the decades. By 1990, there were eight major urban poor alliances within Metro Manila, which were composed of multiple local associations throughout the slums. While mobilizations and organized actions throughout the years have won campaigns, some critics say that urban poor movements have mainly been reactionary and defensive, with minimal effect on the larger economic structure and political authority over the slums. Initiatives have mostly been reactionary responses to the policies and actions of the state and not necessarily pro-active. Root causes Scholars have argued that the development of slums is a byproduct of economic inequality and failed city planning. Urban developments initiatives have prioritised large-scale commercial expansion while failing to provide adequate housing options for the working class. The current economic market of metropolitan Manila requires a large workforce with minimal compensation who can
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slums_in_Manila
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2171135152#5_2447416583
Title: Smart growth - Wikipedia Headings: Smart growth Smart growth Contents Basic concept Basic principles History Rationale for smart growth Environmental protection Public health Reaction to existing subsidies Electrical subsidies Elements Compact neighborhoods Transit-oriented development Pedestrian- and bicycle-friendly design Others Policy tools Zoning ordinances Urban growth boundaries Transfer of development rights Provision of social infrastructure Environmental impact assessments Communities implementing smart growth Smart growth, urban sprawl and automobile dependency Paradox of intensification Proponents Criticism See also Related topics Organizations References Further reading External links Content: Contents 1 Basic concept 2 Basic principles 3 History 4 Rationale for smart growth 4.1 Environmental protection 4.2 Public health 4.3 Reaction to existing subsidies 4.3.1 Electrical subsidies 5 Elements 5.1 Compact neighborhoods 5.2 Transit-oriented development 5.3 Pedestrian- and bicycle-friendly design 5.4 Others 6 Policy tools 6.1 Zoning ordinances 6.2 Urban growth boundaries 6.3 Transfer of development rights 6.4 Provision of social infrastructure 6.5 Environmental impact assessments 7 Communities implementing smart growth 8 Smart growth, urban sprawl and automobile dependency 8.1 Paradox of intensification 8.2 Proponents 9 Criticism 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Further reading 12 External links Basic concept San Diego, California Smart growth is a theory of land development that accepts that growth and development will continue to occur, and so seeks to direct that growth in an intentional, comprehensive way. Its proponents include urban planners, architects, developers, community activists, and historic preservationists. The term "smart growth" is an attempt to reframe the conversation from "growth" versus "no growth" (or NIMBY) to good/smart growth versus bad/dumb growth. Proponents seek to distinguish smart growth from urban sprawl, which they claim causes most of the problems that fuel opposition to urban growth, such as traffic congestion and environmental degradation. Smart growth principles are directed at developing sustainable communities that provide a greater range of transportation and housing choices and prioritize infill and redevelopment in existing communities rather than development of " greenfield " farmland or natural lands. Some of the fundamental aims for the benefits of residents and the communities are increasing family income and wealth, providing safe walking routes to schools, fostering livable, safe and healthy places, stimulating economic activity (both locally and regionally), and developing, preserving and investing in built and natural resources. Smart growth "principles" describe the elements of community that are envisioned and smart growth "regulations" describe the various approaches to implementation, that is, how federal, state, and municipal governments choose to fulfill smart growth principles. Some of these regulatory approaches such as urban growth boundaries predate the use of the term "smart growth". One of the earliest efforts to establish smart growth forward as an explicit regulatory framework were put forth by the American Planning Association (APA). In 1997, the APA introduced a project called Growing Smart and published the "Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_growth
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2174707657#16_2452075952
Title: Smithfield, West Virginia - Wikipedia Headings: Smithfield, West Virginia Smithfield, West Virginia Contents Geography Climate Demographics 2010 census 2000 census References Content: Archived from the original on 2012-01-25. Retrieved 2013-01-24. ^ Climate Summary for Smithfield, West Virginia ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. v t e Municipalities and communities of Wetzel County, West Virginia, United States County seat: New Martinsville Cities New Martinsville Paden City ‡ Towns Hundred Pine Grove Smithfield CDPs Jacksonburg Littleton Reader Unincorporated communities Allister Anthem Archer Bane Barker Bebee Big Run Brink ‡ Brooklyn Burchfield Burton Carbide Childs Coburn Earnshaw Fairview Fanlight Far Folsom Four Mile Galmish Green Hill Hastings Hazel Hoyt King Knob Fork Kodol Mand Marion Maud Minnie Mobley Porters Falls Proctor Rockport Round Bottom Sincerity Van Camp Veto Vincen ‡ West Wheat Wileyville Ghost towns Andy Five Points Onie Shenango Suter Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties United States portal v t e Municipalities of West Virginia Cities Beckley Benwood Bluefield Bridgeport Buckhannon Cameron Ceredo Charles Town Charleston Chester Clarksburg Dunbar Elkins Fairmont Follansbee Gary Glen Dale Grafton Hinton Huntington Hurricane Kenova Keyser Kingwood Lewisburg Logan Madison Mannington Marmet Martinsburg McMechen Montgomery Morgantown Moundsville Mount Hope Mullens New Cumberland New Martinsville Nitro Oak Hill Paden City Parkersburg Parsons Pennsboro Petersburg Philippi Pleasant Valley Point Pleasant Princeton Ranson Ravenswood Richwood Ripley Romney Ronceverte Salem Shinnston Sistersville Smithers South Charleston Spencer St. Albans St. Marys Stonewood Thomas Vienna War Weirton Welch Wellsburg Weston Westover Wheeling White Sulphur Springs Williamson Williamstown Towns Addison (Webster Springs) Albright Alderson Anawalt Anmoore Ansted Athens Auburn Bancroft Barrackville Belmont Bath (Berkeley Springs) Bayard Belington Belle Bethany Beverly Blacksville Bolivar Bradshaw Bramwell Brandonville Bruceton Mills Buffalo Burnsville Cairo Camden-on-Gauley Capon Bridge Carpendale Cedar Grove Chapmanville Chesapeake Clay Clendenin Cowen Danville Davis Davy Delbarton Durbin East Bank Eleanor Elizabeth Elk Garden Ellenboro Fairview Falling Spring Farmington Fayetteville Flatwoods Flemington Fort Gay Franklin Friendly Gassaway Gauley Bridge Gilbert Glasgow Glenville Grant Town Grantsville Granville Hambleton Hamlin Handley Harman Harpers Ferry Harrisville Hartford City Hedgesville Henderson Hendricks Hillsboro Hundred Huttonsville Iaeger Jane Lew Junior Kermit Kimball Leon Lester Lost Creek Lumberport Mabscott Man Marlinton Mason Masontown Matewan Matoaka Meadow Bridge Middlebourne Mill Creek Milton Mitchell Heights Monongah Montrose Moorefield New Haven Newburg North Hills Northfork Nutter Fort Oakvale Oceana Paw Paw Pax Peterstown Piedmont Pine Grove Pineville Poca Pratt Pullman Quinwood Rainelle Reedsville Reedy Ridgeley Rivesville Rowlesburg Rupert Sand Fork Shepherdstown Smithfield Sophia Star City Summersville Sutton Sylvester Terra Alta Thurmond Triadelphia Tunnelton Union Wardensville Wayne West Hamlin West Liberty West Logan West Milford West Union White Hall Whitesville Winfield Womelsdorf (Coalton) Worthington Villages Barboursville Beech Bottom Bethlehem Clearview Valley Grove Windsor Heights Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smithfield,_West_Virginia&oldid=999260144 " Categories: Towns in Wetzel County, West Virginia Towns in West Virginia Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata AC with 0 elements
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_West_Virginia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2184397019#2_2465265171
Title: Snowy Mountains - Wikipedia Headings: Snowy Mountains Snowy Mountains Contents History Skiing Snowy Mountains Scheme Geography Climate Glacial lakes Ecology Fauna Flora Snowy Mountain Bushfires See also References External links Content: The range also contains the five highest peaks on the Australian mainland (including Mount Kosciuszko), all of which are above 2,100 m (6,890 ft). They are located in southern New South Wales and are part of the larger Australian Alps and Great Dividing Range, experiencing large natural snowfalls every winter. Snow normally falls during June, July, August and early September, with the snow cover melting by late spring. The Tasmanian highlands makes up the other (major) alpine region present in Australia. The range is host to the mountain plum-pine, a low-lying type of conifer. It is considered to be one of the centres of the Australian ski industry during the winter months, with all four snow resorts in New South Wales being located in the region. The Alpine Way and Snowy Mountains Highway are the major roads through the Snowy Mountains region. Contents 1 History 1.1 Skiing 1.2 Snowy Mountains Scheme 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Glacial lakes 3 Ecology 3.1 Fauna 3.2 Flora 3.3 Snowy Mountain Bushfires 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History Skiing in Australia began in the goldrush town of Kiandra around 1861. The mountain range is thought to have had Aboriginal occupation for 20,000 years. Large scale intertribal gatherings were held in the High Country during summer for collective feasting on the Bogong moth.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowy_Mountains
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2184397019#3_2465266954
Title: Snowy Mountains - Wikipedia Headings: Snowy Mountains Snowy Mountains Contents History Skiing Snowy Mountains Scheme Geography Climate Glacial lakes Ecology Fauna Flora Snowy Mountain Bushfires See also References External links Content: It is considered to be one of the centres of the Australian ski industry during the winter months, with all four snow resorts in New South Wales being located in the region. The Alpine Way and Snowy Mountains Highway are the major roads through the Snowy Mountains region. Contents 1 History 1.1 Skiing 1.2 Snowy Mountains Scheme 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Glacial lakes 3 Ecology 3.1 Fauna 3.2 Flora 3.3 Snowy Mountain Bushfires 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History Skiing in Australia began in the goldrush town of Kiandra around 1861. The mountain range is thought to have had Aboriginal occupation for 20,000 years. Large scale intertribal gatherings were held in the High Country during summer for collective feasting on the Bogong moth. This practice continued until around 1865. The area was first explored by Europeans in 1835, and in 1840, Edmund Strzelecki ascended Mount Kosciuszko and named it after the Polish patriot. High country stockmen followed who used the Snowy Mountains for grazing during the summer months. Banjo Paterson 's famous poem The Man From Snowy River recalls this era. The cattle graziers have left a legacy of mountain huts scattered across the area.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowy_Mountains
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2184397019#5_2465269974
Title: Snowy Mountains - Wikipedia Headings: Snowy Mountains Snowy Mountains Contents History Skiing Snowy Mountains Scheme Geography Climate Glacial lakes Ecology Fauna Flora Snowy Mountain Bushfires See also References External links Content: Today these huts are maintained by the National Parks and Wildlife Service or volunteer organisations like the Kosciuszko Huts Association . In the 19th century gold was mined on the high plains near Kiandra. At its height this community had a population of about 4,000 people, and ran 14 hotels. Since the last resident left in 1974, Kiandra has become a ghost town of ruins and abandoned diggings. The Kosciuszko National Park came into existence as the National Chase Snowy Mountains on 5 December 1906. In 1944 this became the Kosciuszko State Park, and then the Kosciuszko National Park in 1967. Recreational skiing began at Kiandra in the 1860s and experienced a boom in the 20th century following the commencement of the construction of the Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme between 1949 and 1976 which brought many European workers to the district and opened up access to the ranges. Skiing Main article: Skiing in New South Wales Sunrise over Mount Jagungal The discovery of gold at Kiandra (elevation 1,400 m or 4,600 ft), in 1859, briefly enticed a population of thousands above the snowline and saw the introduction of recreational skiing to the Snowy Mountains around 1861. The Kiandra Goldrush was short-lived, but the township remained a service centre for recreational and survival skiing for over a century.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowy_Mountains
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2184397019#6_2465271734
Title: Snowy Mountains - Wikipedia Headings: Snowy Mountains Snowy Mountains Contents History Skiing Snowy Mountains Scheme Geography Climate Glacial lakes Ecology Fauna Flora Snowy Mountain Bushfires See also References External links Content: In 1944 this became the Kosciuszko State Park, and then the Kosciuszko National Park in 1967. Recreational skiing began at Kiandra in the 1860s and experienced a boom in the 20th century following the commencement of the construction of the Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme between 1949 and 1976 which brought many European workers to the district and opened up access to the ranges. Skiing Main article: Skiing in New South Wales Sunrise over Mount Jagungal The discovery of gold at Kiandra (elevation 1,400 m or 4,600 ft), in 1859, briefly enticed a population of thousands above the snowline and saw the introduction of recreational skiing to the Snowy Mountains around 1861. The Kiandra Goldrush was short-lived, but the township remained a service centre for recreational and survival skiing for over a century. Australia's first T-Bar was installed at Kiandra in 1957, but the ski facilities were finally shifted up the hill to Selwyn Snowfields in 1978. Steeper slopes and more reliable snows lie further to the south and in the 20th Century, the focus of recreational skiing in New South Wales shifted southward, to the Mount Kosciuszko region. The Kosciuszko Chalet was built at Charlotte Pass in 1930, giving relatively comfortable access to Australia's highest terrain. In 1964, Australia briefly boasted the "World's Longest Chairlift ", designed to carry skiers from the Thredbo Valley to Charlotte Pass, but technical difficulties soon closed the facility. At 1,760 m (5,774 ft), Charlotte Pass has the highest village base elevation of any Australia ski resort and can only be accessed via over-snow transport in winter.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowy_Mountains
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2184397019#7_2465273808
Title: Snowy Mountains - Wikipedia Headings: Snowy Mountains Snowy Mountains Contents History Skiing Snowy Mountains Scheme Geography Climate Glacial lakes Ecology Fauna Flora Snowy Mountain Bushfires See also References External links Content: Australia's first T-Bar was installed at Kiandra in 1957, but the ski facilities were finally shifted up the hill to Selwyn Snowfields in 1978. Steeper slopes and more reliable snows lie further to the south and in the 20th Century, the focus of recreational skiing in New South Wales shifted southward, to the Mount Kosciuszko region. The Kosciuszko Chalet was built at Charlotte Pass in 1930, giving relatively comfortable access to Australia's highest terrain. In 1964, Australia briefly boasted the "World's Longest Chairlift ", designed to carry skiers from the Thredbo Valley to Charlotte Pass, but technical difficulties soon closed the facility. At 1,760 m (5,774 ft), Charlotte Pass has the highest village base elevation of any Australia ski resort and can only be accessed via over-snow transport in winter. The growing number of ski enthusiasts heading to Charlotte Pass led to the establishment of a cafe at Smiggin Holes around 1939, where horse-drawn sleighs would deliver skiers to begin the arduous ski to the Kosciusko Chalet. It was the construction of the vast Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme from 1949 that really opened up the Snowy Mountains for large scale development of a ski industry and led to the establishment of Thredbo and Perisher as leading Australian resorts. The Construction of Guthega Dam brought skiers to the isolated Guthega district and a rope tow was installed there in 1957. Charlotte Pass is a popular ski area in the upper Snowy Mountains Skifields up by Kosciusko's side were also established during this period, though their existence is now little realised. The Australian Alpine Club was founded in 1950 by Charles Anton.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowy_Mountains
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2184397019#8_2465275917
Title: Snowy Mountains - Wikipedia Headings: Snowy Mountains Snowy Mountains Contents History Skiing Snowy Mountains Scheme Geography Climate Glacial lakes Ecology Fauna Flora Snowy Mountain Bushfires See also References External links Content: The growing number of ski enthusiasts heading to Charlotte Pass led to the establishment of a cafe at Smiggin Holes around 1939, where horse-drawn sleighs would deliver skiers to begin the arduous ski to the Kosciusko Chalet. It was the construction of the vast Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme from 1949 that really opened up the Snowy Mountains for large scale development of a ski industry and led to the establishment of Thredbo and Perisher as leading Australian resorts. The Construction of Guthega Dam brought skiers to the isolated Guthega district and a rope tow was installed there in 1957. Charlotte Pass is a popular ski area in the upper Snowy Mountains Skifields up by Kosciusko's side were also established during this period, though their existence is now little realised. The Australian Alpine Club was founded in 1950 by Charles Anton. Huts were constructed in the "Backcountry" close to Mount Kosciusko, including Kunama Hut, which opened for the 1953 season. A rope tow was installed on Mount Northcote at the site and opened in 1954. The site proved excellent for speed skiing, but the hut was destroyed in an avalanche, which also killed one person, in 1956. Anton also recognised the potential of the Thredbo Valley for construction of a major resort and village, with good vertical terrain. Construction began in 1957.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowy_Mountains
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2190021398#5_2471661108
Title: Social class in Cambodia - Wikipedia Headings: Social class in Cambodia Social class in Cambodia Contents Pre-Communist Cambodia Khmer Republic Khmer Rouge Era Modern Cambodia Linguistic differences References Content: Buddhist monks and nuns, teachers, high-ranking government officials, and members of the hereditary aristocracy made up this category. Persons associated with those who possessed prestige tended to derive prestige and to be accorded respect therefrom. Social mobility was played out on an urban stage. There was little opportunity among the majority of the rural Cambodians to change social status; this absence of opportunity was a reflection of traditional Buddhist fatalism. A man could achieve higher status by entering the monkhood or by acquiring an education and then entering the military or the civil service. Opportunities in government service, especially for white-collar positions, were highly prized by Cambodian youths. The availability of such positions did not keep pace with the number of educated youths, however, and in the late 1960s and the early 1970s this lag began to cause widespread dissatisfaction. Khmer Republic The republican regime in the early 1970s invalidated all royal and noble titles, and the only titles of social significance legally in use in connection with the elite group were those gained through achievement. Military and government titles tended to replace royal and noble titles.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2190188567#4_2471825184
Title: Social class in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia Headings: Social class in the United Kingdom Social class in the United Kingdom Contents History Formal classifications Early modern 20th century 21st century Great British Class Survey Results Elite Established middle class Technical middle class New affluent workers Traditional working class Emergent service sector Precariat Informal classifications and stereotypes Underclass Working class Unskilled and semi-skilled working class Skilled working class Middle class Lower middle class Middle class Upper middle class Upper class Accent and language and social class Received Pronunciation U and non-U English regional dialect Heraldry and social class Criticisms See also UK social stereotypes References Bibliography Further reading External links Content: Opportunities resulting from consistent economic growth and the expanding British Empire also enabled some from much poorer backgrounds (generally men who had managed to acquire some education) to rise through the class system. The historian David Cannadine sees the period around 1880 as a peak after which the position of the old powerful families declined rapidly, from a number of causes, reaching a nadir in the years after World War II, symbolised by the widespread destruction of country houses. However their wealth, if not their political power, has rebounded strongly since the 1980s, benefiting from greatly increased values of the land and fine art which many owned in quantity. Meanwhile, the complex British middle classes had also been enjoying a long period of growth and increasing prosperity, and achieving political power at the national level to a degree unusual in Europe. They avoided the strict stratification of many Continental middle classes, and formed a large and amorphous group closely connected at their edges with both the gentry and aristocracy and the labouring classes. In particular the great financial centre of the City of London was open to outsiders to an unusual degree, and continually expanding and creating new employment. The British working class, on the other hand, was not notable in Europe for prosperity, and early modern British travellers often remarked on the high standard of living of the farmworkers and artisans of the Netherlands, though the peasantry in other countries such as France were remarked on as poorer than their English equivalents. Living standards certainly improved greatly over the period, more so in England than other parts of the United Kingdom, but the Industrial Revolution was marked by extremely harsh working conditions and poor housing until about the middle of the 19th century. Formal classifications Early modern At the time of the formation of Great Britain in 1707, England and Scotland had similar class-based social structures. Some basic categories covering most of the British population around 1500 to 1700 are as follows.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class_in_the_united_kingdom
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2190188567#9_2471836866
Title: Social class in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia Headings: Social class in the United Kingdom Social class in the United Kingdom Contents History Formal classifications Early modern 20th century 21st century Great British Class Survey Results Elite Established middle class Technical middle class New affluent workers Traditional working class Emergent service sector Precariat Informal classifications and stereotypes Underclass Working class Unskilled and semi-skilled working class Skilled working class Middle class Lower middle class Middle class Upper middle class Upper class Accent and language and social class Received Pronunciation U and non-U English regional dialect Heraldry and social class Criticisms See also UK social stereotypes References Bibliography Further reading External links Content: If they worked it was in law, as priests, in politics, or in other educated pursuits without manual labour. The term Esquire was used for landowners who were not knighted, a term which later became Squire and referred to as the Squirarchy. They typically possessed estates worked by tenants and laborers. It was prestigious to purchase a military or naval commission for a likely son. Professional and businessman Urban professionals included lawyers, with the highest status going to the London barristers and the Inns of Court. Physicians were rising in status as professionalisation and education built upon rapidly increasing knowledge bases. Merchants and businessmen could range in status from middle to high, depending on their wealth and importance. For higher social prestige, they would buy a landed estate or negotiate for a knighthood or a baronetcy. Knight The role of knighthood was very important in the medieval period, with the role of organising local military forces on behalf of a senior noble. However, by 1600 the title was an honorific one, often granted to outstanding combat soldiers in the king's army.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class_in_the_united_kingdom
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2190188567#10_2471839039
Title: Social class in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia Headings: Social class in the United Kingdom Social class in the United Kingdom Contents History Formal classifications Early modern 20th century 21st century Great British Class Survey Results Elite Established middle class Technical middle class New affluent workers Traditional working class Emergent service sector Precariat Informal classifications and stereotypes Underclass Working class Unskilled and semi-skilled working class Skilled working class Middle class Lower middle class Middle class Upper middle class Upper class Accent and language and social class Received Pronunciation U and non-U English regional dialect Heraldry and social class Criticisms See also UK social stereotypes References Bibliography Further reading External links Content: Physicians were rising in status as professionalisation and education built upon rapidly increasing knowledge bases. Merchants and businessmen could range in status from middle to high, depending on their wealth and importance. For higher social prestige, they would buy a landed estate or negotiate for a knighthood or a baronetcy. Knight The role of knighthood was very important in the medieval period, with the role of organising local military forces on behalf of a senior noble. However, by 1600 the title was an honorific one, often granted to outstanding combat soldiers in the king's army. Baronet (hereditary, non-peer) A baronet held a hereditary style of knighthood, giving the highest rank below a peerage. Aristocracy: Peer ( Noble ) The ranks ranged from baron to duke. The rules of succession were elaborate; usually, however, the eldest son inherited the title and the wealth.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class_in_the_united_kingdom
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2190390095#10_2472054141
Title: Social comparison bias - Wikipedia Headings: Social comparison bias Social comparison bias Contents Introduction Research Cognitive effects Physical/Behavioral Effects In the media Through social media Social comparison bias in the classroom Conclusion See also References Sources Content: Social media is a place where people tend to tailor the image of themselves to only present positive things. When other people present their stories or images of success, achievement, beauty, love or happiness it can trigger feelings of inferiority." Physical/Behavioral Effects Social comparison can lead to some partaking in harm acts to cope. This could, but is not limited to drug/substance abuse, self harm, eating disorders, alcoholism, etc... These are all unhealthy ways to cope. One should instead seek help. On ones one, as it pertains to social media comparison, one can take action steps to unfollow individuals/pages that are triggers. On the other hand, it could prove beneficial to follow more inspirational and uplifting accounts. Also taking a break from social media has proven to help. In the media Mainstream media is also a main contributor to social comparisons. Everywhere one goes, advertisements try to portray to the public what beauty should be.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_comparison_bias
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2190390095#14_2472060949
Title: Social comparison bias - Wikipedia Headings: Social comparison bias Social comparison bias Contents Introduction Research Cognitive effects Physical/Behavioral Effects In the media Through social media Social comparison bias in the classroom Conclusion See also References Sources Content: Through social media Social media being a main source of news and breaking new stories, people can connect to people from all over the world and learn in new ways. It is easier to see people's private life on a public network. This being said, social networks such as Facebook makes viewing someone's daily life as simple as sending a request. Society is exposed to everyone's lives and people are starting to compare themselves with their friends that they have on Facebook. It is easy to log in and see someone brag about their success or their new belongings and feel bad about yourself. In recent studies, researchers have been linking Facebook with depression in this generation of social media. They may start to have low self-esteem by seeing their friends online have more exciting lives and more popularity. This social comparison bias among social network users online can make people start to think of their lives as not as fulfilling as they want to be. They see pictures or statuses about job promotions or new jobs, vacations; new relationships, fun outings or even those that can afford nice things.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_comparison_bias
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2191763287#0_2473115191
Title: Headings: Content: Collective action problem - Wikipedia Collective action problem From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from Social dilemma) Jump to navigationJump to search "Social dilemma" redirects here. For the film, see The Social Dilemma. A collective action problemor social dilemmais a situation in which all individuals would be better off cooperating but fail to do so because of conflicting interests between individuals that discourage joint action. [ 1][2][3]The collective actionproblem has been addressed in political philosophy for centuries, but was most clearly established in 1965 in Mancur Olson'sThe Logic of Collective Action. Problems arise when too many group members choose to pursue individual profit and immediate satisfaction rather than behave in the group's best long-term interests. Social dilemmas can take many forms and are studied across disciplines such as psychology, economics, and political science. Examples of phenomena that can be explained using social dilemmas include resource depletion, low voter turnout, and overpopulation. The collective action problem can be understood through the analysis of game theoryand the free-rider problem, which results from the provision of public goods. Additionally, the collective problem can be applied to numerous public policy concerns that countries across the world currently face. Contents 1Prominent theorists 1.1Early thought 1.2Modern thought 2Theories 2.1Game theory 2.1.1Prisoner's dilemma 2.2Evolutionary theories 2.3Psychological theories 3Public goods 4Replenishing resource management 4.1Tragedy of the commons 5Social traps 6Perceptual dilemma 6.1In conflict 7In politics 7.1Voting 7.2Environmental policy 8Factors promoting cooperation in social dilemmas 8.1Motivational solutions 8.2Strategic solutions 8.3Structural solutions 9Conclusions 10See also 11References 12Further reading 13External links Prominent theorists[edit] Early thought[edit] Although he never used the words "collective action problem", Thomas Hobbeswas an early philosopher on the topic of human cooperation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_dilemma
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2191763287#3_2473121513
Title: Headings: Content: Two neighbours may agree to drain a meadow, which they possess in common; because it is easy for them to know each others mind; and each must perceive, that the immediate consequence of his failing in his part, is, the abandoning the whole project. But it is very difficult, and indeed impossible, that a thousand persons should agree in any such action; it being difficult for them to concert so complicated a design, and still more difficult for them to execute it; while each seeks a pretext to free himself of the trouble and expence, and would lay the whole burden on others. [ 5] In this passage, Hume establishes the basis for the collective action problem. In a situation in which a thousand people are expected to work together to achieve a common goal, individuals will be likely to free ride, as they assume that each of the other members of the team will put in enough effort to achieve said goal. In smaller groups, the impact one individual has is much greater, so individuals will be less inclined to free ride. Modern thought[edit] The most prominent modern interpretation of the collective action problem can be found in Mancur Olson's1965 book The Logic of Collective Action.[6] In it, he addressed the accepted belief at the time by sociologists and political scientists that groups were necessary to further the interests of their members.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_dilemma
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2191763287#4_2473123070
Title: Headings: Content: while each seeks a pretext to free himself of the trouble and expence, and would lay the whole burden on others. [ 5] In this passage, Hume establishes the basis for the collective action problem. In a situation in which a thousand people are expected to work together to achieve a common goal, individuals will be likely to free ride, as they assume that each of the other members of the team will put in enough effort to achieve said goal. In smaller groups, the impact one individual has is much greater, so individuals will be less inclined to free ride. Modern thought[edit] The most prominent modern interpretation of the collective action problem can be found in Mancur Olson's1965 book The Logic of Collective Action.[6] In it, he addressed the accepted belief at the time by sociologists and political scientists that groups were necessary to further the interests of their members. Olson argued that individual rationality does not necessarily result in group rationality, as members of a group may have conflicting interests that do not represent the best interests of the overall group. Olson further argued that in the case of a pure public goodthat is both nonrival and nonexcludable, one contributor tends to reduce their contribution to the public good as others contribute more. Additionally, Olson emphasized the tendency of individuals to pursue economic interests that would be beneficial to themselves and not necessarily the overall public. This contrasts with Adam Smith'stheory of the "invisible hand" of the market, where individuals pursuing their own interests should theoretically result in the collective well-being of the overall market. [ 6] Olson's book established the collective action problem as one of the most troubling dilemmas in social science, leaving a profound impression on present-day discussions of human behavior and its relationship with governmental policy.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_dilemma
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2191763287#5_2473125177
Title: Headings: Content: Olson argued that individual rationality does not necessarily result in group rationality, as members of a group may have conflicting interests that do not represent the best interests of the overall group. Olson further argued that in the case of a pure public goodthat is both nonrival and nonexcludable, one contributor tends to reduce their contribution to the public good as others contribute more. Additionally, Olson emphasized the tendency of individuals to pursue economic interests that would be beneficial to themselves and not necessarily the overall public. This contrasts with Adam Smith'stheory of the "invisible hand" of the market, where individuals pursuing their own interests should theoretically result in the collective well-being of the overall market. [ 6] Olson's book established the collective action problem as one of the most troubling dilemmas in social science, leaving a profound impression on present-day discussions of human behavior and its relationship with governmental policy. Theories[edit] Game theory[edit] See also: Game theory This chart illustrates the prisoner's dilemma, one of the most famous examples of game theory. Social dilemmas have attracted a great deal of interest in the social and behavioral sciences. Economists, biologists, psychologists, sociologists, and political scientists alike study behavior in social dilemmas. The most influential theoretical approach is economic game theory (i.e., rational choice theory, expected utility theory).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_dilemma
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2192605167#0_2473862521
Title: Social equity - Wikipedia Headings: Social equity Social equity Contents Overview In public administration Gender and sexuality Race Religion See also References Further reading Content: Social equity - Wikipedia Social equity From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Social equity is concerned with justice and fairness of social policy. Since the 1960s, the concept of social equity has been used in a variety of institutional contexts, including education and public administration . Contents 1 Overview 2 In public administration 2.1 Gender and sexuality 2.2 Race 2.3 Religion 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading Overview Definitions of social equity can vary but all focus on the ideals of justice and fairness. Equity in old societies involves the role of public administrators, who are responsible for ensuring that social services are delivered equitably. This implies taking into account historical and current inequalities among groups. Fairness is dependent on this social and historical context. In public administration Attention to social equity in the field of public administration in the United States arose during the 1960s, amid growing national awareness of civil rights and racial inequality. The National Academy of Public Administration defines the term as “The fair, just and equitable management of all institutions serving the public directly or by contract; the fair, just and equitable distribution of public services and implementation of public policy; and the commitment to promote fairness, justice, and equity in the formation of public policy.”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_equity
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2192605167#8_2473873076
Title: Social equity - Wikipedia Headings: Social equity Social equity Contents Overview In public administration Gender and sexuality Race Religion See also References Further reading Content: ISBN 978-1-31-746145-6. ^ National Academy of Public Administration Archived 2009-05-06 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-06-12. Retrieved 2009-12-19. CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link) ^ Wesley, Joan Marshall, Ercilla Dometz Hendrix, and Jasmine N. Williams. " Moving Forward: Advancing Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual And Transgender Rights Under The Obama Administration Through Progressive Politics." Race, Gender & Class 18.3/4 (2011): 150-168.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_equity
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2193634743#0_2474748255
Title: Social justice - Wikipedia Headings: Social justice Social justice Contents History Contemporary theory Philosophical perspectives Cosmic values John Rawls Thomas Pogge United Nations Religious perspectives Abrahamic religions Christianity Methodism Evangelicalism Catholicism Islam Judaism Eastern religions Hinduism Traditional Chinese religion Social justice movements Liberation theology Health care Health inequalities Human rights education Ecology and environment Criticism See also References Further reading Articles Books Content: Social justice - Wikipedia Social justice From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Social injustice) This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 9 May 2021. Jump to navigation Jump to search Concept of fair and just relations between the individual and society For the early-20th-century periodical, see Social Justice (periodical). For the academic journal established in 1974, see Social Justice (journal). Social justice is the relation of balance between individuals and society measured by comparing distribution of wealth differences, from personal liberties to fair privilege opportunities. In Western as well as in older Asian cultures, the concept of social justice has often referred to the process of ensuring that individuals fulfill their societal roles and receive what was their due from society. In the current global grassroots movements for social justice, the emphasis has been on the breaking of barriers for social mobility, the creation of safety nets and economic justice. Social justice assigns rights and duties in the institutions of society, which enables people to receive the basic benefits and burdens of cooperation. The relevant institutions often include taxation, social insurance, public health, public school, public services, labor law and regulation of markets, to ensure fair distribution of wealth, and equal opportunity. Interpretations that relate justice to a reciprocal relationship to society are mediated by differences in cultural traditions, some of which emphasize the individual responsibility toward society and others the equilibrium between access to power and its responsible use. Hence, social justice is invoked today while reinterpreting historical figures such as Bartolomé de las Casas, in philosophical debates about differences among human beings, in efforts for gender, ethnic, and social equality, for advocating justice for migrants, prisoners, the environment, and the physically and developmentally disabled.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_injustice
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2193895294#3_2475037194
Title: Social justice art - Wikipedia Headings: Social justice art Social justice art Contents Background History Social justice education Culturally relevant arts education In higher education Community building Social activism/social movements References External links Content: A few key figures of the movement were; author Marcus Garvey, author and artist Charles S. Johnson, revolutionary artist Emory Douglas, and social dancer and choreographer Katrina Hazzard-Gordon. The efforts to incorporate post- Mexican Revolution notions with current Mexican American social, political, and cultural issues drove the Chicana/Chicano Arts Movement. Murals are a form of visual art that experienced a rise in popularity during this movement. Chicana/Chicano mural art became a means of working towards political goals, challenging stereotypes, as well as a way for community members to play an active role in creating community memoirs. Diego Rivera was one prominent figure who helped to establish Mexican muralism. Diego Rivera - Detroit Industry Murals Social justice education An educational approach that focuses on fostering awareness of social injustices and how inequalities impact youth. Social justice education saw its roots in the ideas of Paulo Freire, author of Pedagogy of the Oppressed. In his work, Freire highlights the theoretical ideas of critical pedagogy, which is an approach that combines education and critical theory. This approach is relevant to social justice art education because it combines the critique of social injustices and the use of art as a mechanism to engage with social issues.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice_art
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2194233472#3_2475282482
Title: Social media - Wikipedia Headings: Social media Social media Contents History of social media Early computing Data compression Development of social-media platforms Definition and features Mobile social media Elements and function Viral content Bots New social media technology Platform convergence Statistics on usage and membership Most popular social networking services Usage Use at the organizational level Governments Law enforcement and investigations Government Reputation Management Businesses Social media marketing Politics Hiring Science Academia School admissions Court cases Use by individuals As a news source As a social tool As a self-presentational tool As a health behavior change and reinforcement tool Impacts on users Effects on individual and collective memory Negative interpersonal interactions Social comparison Sleep disturbance Emotional effects Social impacts Disparity Political polarization Stereotyping Effects on youth communication Criticism, debate and controversy Trustworthiness and reliability Data harvesting and data mining Critique of activism Ownership of content Privacy Criticism of commercialization Debate over addiction Debate over use in academic settings Censorship by governments Decentralization and open standards Deplatforming Reproduction of class distinctions Use by extremist groups 2021 Storming of the United States Capitol Building Deceased users See also References Further reading External links Content: Wikis are examples of collaborative content creation. Social media outlets differ from traditional media (e.g., print magazines and newspapers, and TV and radio broadcasting) in many ways, including quality, reach, frequency, usability, immediacy, and permanence. Additionally, social media outlets operate in a dialogic transmission system (i.e., many sources to many receivers), while traditional media outlets operate under a monologic transmission model (i.e., one source to many receivers). For example, a newspaper is delivered to many subscribers and a radio station broadcasts the same programs to an entire city. Since the dramatic expansion of the Internet, digital media or digital rhetoric can be used to represent or identify a culture. Studying how the rhetoric that exists in the digital environment has become a crucial new process for many scholars. Observers have noted a wide range of positive and negative impacts of social media use. Social media can help to improve an individual's sense of connectedness with real or online communities and can be an effective communication (or marketing) tool for corporations, entrepreneurs, non-profit organizations, advocacy groups, political parties, and governments. Observers have also seen that there has been a rise in social movements using social media as a tool for communicating and organizing in times of political unrest. Contents 1 History of social media 1.1 Early computing 1.1.1 Data compression 1.2 Development of social-media platforms 2 Definition and features 2.1 Mobile social media 2.2 Elements and function 2.2.1 Viral content 2.2.2 Bots 2.2.3 New social media technology 2.3 Platform convergence 3 Statistics on usage and membership 3.1 Most popular social networking services 3.2 Usage 4 Use at the organizational level 4.1 Governments 4.1.1 Law enforcement and investigations 4.1.2 Government Reputation Management 4.2 Businesses 4.2.1 Social media marketing 4.3 Politics 4.4 Hiring 4.5 Science 4.6 Academia 4.7 School admissions 4.8 Court cases 5 Use by individuals 5.1 As a news source 5.2 As a social tool 5.3 As a self-presentational tool 5.4 As a health behavior change and reinforcement tool 6 Impacts on users 6.1 Effects on individual and collective memory 6.2 Negative interpersonal interactions 6.3 Social comparison 6.4 Sleep disturbance 6.5 Emotional effects 7 Social impacts 7.1 Disparity 7.2 Political polarization 7.3 Stereotyping 7.4 Effects on youth communication 8 Criticism, debate and controversy 8.1 Trustworthiness and reliability 8.1.1 Data harvesting and data mining 8.2 Critique of activism 8.3 Ownership of content 8.4 Privacy 8.5 Criticism of commercialization 8.6 Debate over addiction 8.7 Debate over use in academic settings 8.8 Censorship by governments 8.9 Decentralization and open standards 8.10 Deplatforming 8.11 Reproduction of class distinctions 8.12 Use by extremist groups 8.12.1 2021 Storming of the United States Capitol Building 9 Deceased users 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History of social media See also:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2194233472#4_2475287319
Title: Social media - Wikipedia Headings: Social media Social media Contents History of social media Early computing Data compression Development of social-media platforms Definition and features Mobile social media Elements and function Viral content Bots New social media technology Platform convergence Statistics on usage and membership Most popular social networking services Usage Use at the organizational level Governments Law enforcement and investigations Government Reputation Management Businesses Social media marketing Politics Hiring Science Academia School admissions Court cases Use by individuals As a news source As a social tool As a self-presentational tool As a health behavior change and reinforcement tool Impacts on users Effects on individual and collective memory Negative interpersonal interactions Social comparison Sleep disturbance Emotional effects Social impacts Disparity Political polarization Stereotyping Effects on youth communication Criticism, debate and controversy Trustworthiness and reliability Data harvesting and data mining Critique of activism Ownership of content Privacy Criticism of commercialization Debate over addiction Debate over use in academic settings Censorship by governments Decentralization and open standards Deplatforming Reproduction of class distinctions Use by extremist groups 2021 Storming of the United States Capitol Building Deceased users See also References Further reading External links Content: Studying how the rhetoric that exists in the digital environment has become a crucial new process for many scholars. Observers have noted a wide range of positive and negative impacts of social media use. Social media can help to improve an individual's sense of connectedness with real or online communities and can be an effective communication (or marketing) tool for corporations, entrepreneurs, non-profit organizations, advocacy groups, political parties, and governments. Observers have also seen that there has been a rise in social movements using social media as a tool for communicating and organizing in times of political unrest. Contents 1 History of social media 1.1 Early computing 1.1.1 Data compression 1.2 Development of social-media platforms 2 Definition and features 2.1 Mobile social media 2.2 Elements and function 2.2.1 Viral content 2.2.2 Bots 2.2.3 New social media technology 2.3 Platform convergence 3 Statistics on usage and membership 3.1 Most popular social networking services 3.2 Usage 4 Use at the organizational level 4.1 Governments 4.1.1 Law enforcement and investigations 4.1.2 Government Reputation Management 4.2 Businesses 4.2.1 Social media marketing 4.3 Politics 4.4 Hiring 4.5 Science 4.6 Academia 4.7 School admissions 4.8 Court cases 5 Use by individuals 5.1 As a news source 5.2 As a social tool 5.3 As a self-presentational tool 5.4 As a health behavior change and reinforcement tool 6 Impacts on users 6.1 Effects on individual and collective memory 6.2 Negative interpersonal interactions 6.3 Social comparison 6.4 Sleep disturbance 6.5 Emotional effects 7 Social impacts 7.1 Disparity 7.2 Political polarization 7.3 Stereotyping 7.4 Effects on youth communication 8 Criticism, debate and controversy 8.1 Trustworthiness and reliability 8.1.1 Data harvesting and data mining 8.2 Critique of activism 8.3 Ownership of content 8.4 Privacy 8.5 Criticism of commercialization 8.6 Debate over addiction 8.7 Debate over use in academic settings 8.8 Censorship by governments 8.9 Decentralization and open standards 8.10 Deplatforming 8.11 Reproduction of class distinctions 8.12 Use by extremist groups 8.12.1 2021 Storming of the United States Capitol Building 9 Deceased users 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History of social media See also: Information Age Front panel of the 1969-era ARPANET Interface Message Processor. IMP log for the first message sent over the Internet, using ARPANET. Social media may have roots in the 1840s introduction of the telegraph, which connected the United States. Early computing The PLATO system launched in 1960, after being developed at the University of Illinois and subsequently commercially marketed by Control Data Corporation. It offered early forms of social media features with 1973-era innovations such as Notes, PLATO's message-forum application;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2194783148#0_2475609513
Title: Social media use in politics - Wikipedia Headings: Social media use in politics Social media use in politics Contents Background Participatory role As a news source Attention economy As a public utility Government regulation Effect on democracy Democratization The Arab Spring Disinformation Advertisement Grassroots campaigns Election interference Election results Impact on elections Role in conflict Non-state actors and militant groups Weaponization by state actors See also References Content: Social media use in politics - Wikipedia Social media use in politics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Social media use in politics refers to the use of online social media platforms in political processes and activities. Social media platforms encompass websites such as Facebook, YouTube, WeChat, Instagram, Quora, QQ, QZone, Weibo, Twitter, Tumblr, Tiktok, Reddit, Baidu Tieba, LinkedIn, LINE, Snapchat, Pinterest, Viber, and VK. Political processes and activities include all activities that pertain to the governance of a country or area. This includes political organization, global politics, political corruption, political parties, and political values. The internet has created channels of communication that play a key role in circulating news, and social media has the power to change not just the message, but the dynamics of political corruption, values, and the dynamics of conflict in politics. Through the use of social media in election processes, global conflict, and extreme politics, diplomacy around the world has become less private and susceptive to the public perception. Contents 1 Background 1.1 Participatory role 1.2 As a news source 1.3 Attention economy 1.4 As a public utility 1.4.1 Government regulation 2 Effect on democracy 2.1 Democratization 2.1.1 The Arab Spring 2.2 Disinformation 2.3 Advertisement 2.4 Grassroots campaigns 2.5 Election interference 2.6 Election results 2.7 Impact on elections 3 Role in conflict 3.1 Non-state actors and militant groups 3.2 Weaponization by state actors 4 See also 5 References Background Participatory role Social media have been championed as allowing anyone with an Internet connection to become a content creator and empowering their users. The idea of “new media populism” encompasses how citizens can include disenfranchised citizens, and allow the public to have an engaged and active role in political discourse. New media, including social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, can enhance people's access to political information. Social media platforms and the internet have facilitated the dissemination of political information that counters mainstream media tactics that are often centralized and top-down, and include high barriers to entry.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_use_in_politics
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2194783148#1_2475612533
Title: Social media use in politics - Wikipedia Headings: Social media use in politics Social media use in politics Contents Background Participatory role As a news source Attention economy As a public utility Government regulation Effect on democracy Democratization The Arab Spring Disinformation Advertisement Grassroots campaigns Election interference Election results Impact on elections Role in conflict Non-state actors and militant groups Weaponization by state actors See also References Content: Through the use of social media in election processes, global conflict, and extreme politics, diplomacy around the world has become less private and susceptive to the public perception. Contents 1 Background 1.1 Participatory role 1.2 As a news source 1.3 Attention economy 1.4 As a public utility 1.4.1 Government regulation 2 Effect on democracy 2.1 Democratization 2.1.1 The Arab Spring 2.2 Disinformation 2.3 Advertisement 2.4 Grassroots campaigns 2.5 Election interference 2.6 Election results 2.7 Impact on elections 3 Role in conflict 3.1 Non-state actors and militant groups 3.2 Weaponization by state actors 4 See also 5 References Background Participatory role Social media have been championed as allowing anyone with an Internet connection to become a content creator and empowering their users. The idea of “new media populism” encompasses how citizens can include disenfranchised citizens, and allow the public to have an engaged and active role in political discourse. New media, including social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, can enhance people's access to political information. Social media platforms and the internet have facilitated the dissemination of political information that counters mainstream media tactics that are often centralized and top-down, and include high barriers to entry. Writer Howard Rheingold characterized the community created on social networking sites: "The political significance of computer mediated communication lies in its capacity to challenge the existing political hierarchy’s monopoly on powerful communications media, and perhaps thus revitalize citizen-based democracy." Scholar Derrick de Kerckhove described the new technology in media: "In a networked society, the real powershift is from the producer to the consumer, and there is a redistribution of controls and power. On the Web, Karl Marx’s dream has been realized:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_use_in_politics
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2194783148#6_2475623729
Title: Social media use in politics - Wikipedia Headings: Social media use in politics Social media use in politics Contents Background Participatory role As a news source Attention economy As a public utility Government regulation Effect on democracy Democratization The Arab Spring Disinformation Advertisement Grassroots campaigns Election interference Election results Impact on elections Role in conflict Non-state actors and militant groups Weaponization by state actors See also References Content: When political information is propagated in this manner on purpose, the spread of information on social media for political means can benefit campaigns. On the other hand, the word-of-mouth propagation of negative information concerning a political figure can be damaging. For example, the use of the social media platform Twitter by United States congressman Anthony Weiner to send inappropriate messages played a role in his resignation. Attention economy Social media, especially news that is spread through social media sites, plays into the idea of the attention economy. In which content that attracts more attention will be seen, shared, and disseminated far more than news content that does not gather as much traction from the public. Tim Wu from Columbia Law School coins the attention economy as “the resale of human attention.” A communication platform such as social media is persuasive, and often works to change or influence opinions when it comes to political views because of the abundance of ideas, thoughts, and opinions circulating through the social media platform. It is found that news use leads to political persuasion, therefore the more that people use social media platforms for news sources, the more their political opinions will be affected. Despite that, people are expressing less trust in their government and others due to media use- therefore social media directly affects trust in media use. It is proven that while reading newspapers there is an increase in social trust where on the contrary watching the news on television weakened trust in others and news sources.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_use_in_politics
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2194783148#8_2475628341
Title: Social media use in politics - Wikipedia Headings: Social media use in politics Social media use in politics Contents Background Participatory role As a news source Attention economy As a public utility Government regulation Effect on democracy Democratization The Arab Spring Disinformation Advertisement Grassroots campaigns Election interference Election results Impact on elections Role in conflict Non-state actors and militant groups Weaponization by state actors See also References Content: Social media, or more specifically news media- plays an important role in democratic societies because they allow for participation among citizens. Therefore, when it comes to healthy democratic networks, it is crucial that that news remains true so it doesn't affect citizens’ levels of trust. A certain amount of trust is necessary for a healthy and well functioning democratic system. Younger generations are becoming more involved in politics due to the increase of political news posted on various types of social media. Due to the heavier use of social media among younger generations, they are exposed to politics more frequently, and in a way that is integrated into their online social lives. While informing younger generations of political news is important, there are many biases within the realms of social media. In May 2016, former Facebook Trending News curator Benjamin Fearnow revealed his job was to "massage the algorithm," but dismissed any "intentional, outright bias" by either human or automated efforts within the company. Fearnow was fired by Facebook after being caught leaking several internal company debates about Black Lives Matter and presidential candidate Donald Trump. As a public utility See also: Social media as a public utility A key debate centers on whether or not social media is a public good based on the premises of non-rival and non-excludable consumption.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_use_in_politics
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2194783148#9_2475630464
Title: Social media use in politics - Wikipedia Headings: Social media use in politics Social media use in politics Contents Background Participatory role As a news source Attention economy As a public utility Government regulation Effect on democracy Democratization The Arab Spring Disinformation Advertisement Grassroots campaigns Election interference Election results Impact on elections Role in conflict Non-state actors and militant groups Weaponization by state actors See also References Content: While informing younger generations of political news is important, there are many biases within the realms of social media. In May 2016, former Facebook Trending News curator Benjamin Fearnow revealed his job was to "massage the algorithm," but dismissed any "intentional, outright bias" by either human or automated efforts within the company. Fearnow was fired by Facebook after being caught leaking several internal company debates about Black Lives Matter and presidential candidate Donald Trump. As a public utility See also: Social media as a public utility A key debate centers on whether or not social media is a public good based on the premises of non-rival and non-excludable consumption. Social media can be considered an impure public good as it can be excludable given the rights of platforms such as Facebook and Twitter to remove content, disable accounts, and filter information based on algorithms and community standards. Arguments for platforms such as Google in being treated as a public utility and public service provider include statements from Benjamin Barber in The Nation "For new media to be potential equalizers, they must be treated as public utilities, recognizing that spectrum abundance (the excuse for privatization) does not prevent monopoly ownership of hardware and software platforms and hence cannot guarantee equal civic, educational, and cultural access to citizens." Similarly, Zeynep Tufeckig argues online services are natural monopolies that underwrite the "corporatization of social commons" and the "privatization of our publics." One argument that displays the nature of social media as an impure public good is the fact that the control over content remains in the hands of a few large media networks, Google and Facebook, for example. Google and Facebook have the power to shape the environment under personal and commercial goals that promotes profitability, as opposed to promoting citizen voice and public deliberation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_use_in_politics
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2194954051#9_2475771061
Title: Social movement theory - Wikipedia Headings: Social movement theory Social movement theory Contents Classical approaches Collective behavior theory Mass society theory Relative deprivation Contemporary approaches Structural approaches Political opportunity/political process Resource mobilization Social movement impact theory Social-constructivist approaches New social movements 1990s social-movement studies The Postcolonial Critique Relevant concepts Framing Rational choice References Content: Therefore, there was a need for new theoretical approaches. Because deprivation was not a viable explanation anymore, researchers needed to search for another explanation. The explanations that were developed were different in the United States than in Europe. The more American-centered structural approaches examined how characteristics of the social and political context enable or hinder protests. The more European-centered social-constructivist approaches rejected the notion that class-struggle is central to social movements, and emphasized other indicators of a collective identity, like gender, ethnicity or sexuality. Structural approaches Political opportunity/political process Main article: Political opportunity Certain political contexts should be conducive (or representative) for potential social movement activity. These climates may [dis]favor specific social movements or general social movement activity; the climate may be signaled to potential activists and/or structurally allowing for the possibility of social movement activity (matters of legality); and the political opportunities may be realized through political concessions, social movement participation, or social movement organizational founding.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movement_theory
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2194954051#10_2475772996
Title: Social movement theory - Wikipedia Headings: Social movement theory Social movement theory Contents Classical approaches Collective behavior theory Mass society theory Relative deprivation Contemporary approaches Structural approaches Political opportunity/political process Resource mobilization Social movement impact theory Social-constructivist approaches New social movements 1990s social-movement studies The Postcolonial Critique Relevant concepts Framing Rational choice References Content: Structural approaches Political opportunity/political process Main article: Political opportunity Certain political contexts should be conducive (or representative) for potential social movement activity. These climates may [dis]favor specific social movements or general social movement activity; the climate may be signaled to potential activists and/or structurally allowing for the possibility of social movement activity (matters of legality); and the political opportunities may be realized through political concessions, social movement participation, or social movement organizational founding. Opportunities may include: Increased access to political decision making power Instability in the alignment of ruling elites (or conflict between elites) Access to elite allies (who can then help a movement in its struggle) Declining capacity and propensity of the state to repress dissent Resource mobilization Main article: Resource mobilization Social movements need organizations first and foremost. Organizations can acquire and then deploy resources to achieve their well-defined goals. To predict the likelihood that the preferences of a certain group in society will turn into protest, these theorists look at the pre-existing organization of this group.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movement_theory
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2194954051#11_2475774972
Title: Social movement theory - Wikipedia Headings: Social movement theory Social movement theory Contents Classical approaches Collective behavior theory Mass society theory Relative deprivation Contemporary approaches Structural approaches Political opportunity/political process Resource mobilization Social movement impact theory Social-constructivist approaches New social movements 1990s social-movement studies The Postcolonial Critique Relevant concepts Framing Rational choice References Content: Opportunities may include: Increased access to political decision making power Instability in the alignment of ruling elites (or conflict between elites) Access to elite allies (who can then help a movement in its struggle) Declining capacity and propensity of the state to repress dissent Resource mobilization Main article: Resource mobilization Social movements need organizations first and foremost. Organizations can acquire and then deploy resources to achieve their well-defined goals. To predict the likelihood that the preferences of a certain group in society will turn into protest, these theorists look at the pre-existing organization of this group. When the population related to a social movement is already highly organized, they are more likely to create organized forms of protest because a higher organization makes it easier to mobilize the necessary resources. Some versions of this theory state that movements operate similar to capitalist enterprises that make efficient use of available resources. Scholars have suggested a typology of five types of resources: Material (money and physical capital); Morale (solidarity, support for the movement's goals);
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movement_theory
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2195604250#0_2476204763
Title: Social polarization - Wikipedia Headings: Social polarization Social polarization Contents Creative class Urban poverty Role of media See also Notes Content: Social polarization - Wikipedia Social polarization From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search "Economic polarization" redirects here. For polarization of the labor force, see Polarization (economics). Social polarization is associated with the segregation within a society that may emerge from income inequality, real-estate fluctuations, economic displacements etc. and result in such differentiation that would consist of various social groups, from high-income to low-income. It is a state and/or a tendency denoting the growth of groups at the extremities of the social hierarchy and the parallel shrinking of groups around its middle. One of the earlier stimulating research works on social polarization is from R.E. Pahl on Isle of Sheppey, wherein he provides a comparison between the Pre-capitalist society and capitalist society . More recently, a number of research projects have been increasingly addressing the issues of social polarization within the developed economies. When social polarization occurs in addition to economic restructuring, particularly in cities, economic inequality along social class and racial lines is exacerbated. Such separation can be best observed in the urban environment, “where [communities] of extreme wealth and social power are interspersed with places of deprivation, exclusion, and decline.” In addition to how spatial compositions are managed in cities, the technologies used in regards to social relations can also contribute to social polarization (see Social Polarization & The Media ).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_polarization
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2195604250#1_2476206690
Title: Social polarization - Wikipedia Headings: Social polarization Social polarization Contents Creative class Urban poverty Role of media See also Notes Content: One of the earlier stimulating research works on social polarization is from R.E. Pahl on Isle of Sheppey, wherein he provides a comparison between the Pre-capitalist society and capitalist society . More recently, a number of research projects have been increasingly addressing the issues of social polarization within the developed economies. When social polarization occurs in addition to economic restructuring, particularly in cities, economic inequality along social class and racial lines is exacerbated. Such separation can be best observed in the urban environment, “where [communities] of extreme wealth and social power are interspersed with places of deprivation, exclusion, and decline.” In addition to how spatial compositions are managed in cities, the technologies used in regards to social relations can also contribute to social polarization (see Social Polarization & The Media ). Increased spatial segregation of socioeconomic groups correlates strongly with social polarization as well as social exclusion and societal fragmentation. Contents 1 Creative class 2 Urban poverty 3 Role of media 4 See also 5 Notes Creative class Aspects of this concept can also be associated with the phenomena of the creative class and how these members have created their own dominant status within society. Globalization and its associated ” creative destruction " has contributed to great prosperity and growth for elites in many cities. Conversely, the process of creative destruction is intrinsically spatially uneven, so some urban neighborhoods “at the receiving end” of globalization are harmed by it. Urban poverty Several theoretical models can be strung together to explain the basics that create social polarization, and the subsequent deprivation that occurs when there is extreme societal deprivation between those of high-wealth and low-wealth.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_polarization
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2195604250#2_2476208930
Title: Social polarization - Wikipedia Headings: Social polarization Social polarization Contents Creative class Urban poverty Role of media See also Notes Content: Increased spatial segregation of socioeconomic groups correlates strongly with social polarization as well as social exclusion and societal fragmentation. Contents 1 Creative class 2 Urban poverty 3 Role of media 4 See also 5 Notes Creative class Aspects of this concept can also be associated with the phenomena of the creative class and how these members have created their own dominant status within society. Globalization and its associated ” creative destruction " has contributed to great prosperity and growth for elites in many cities. Conversely, the process of creative destruction is intrinsically spatially uneven, so some urban neighborhoods “at the receiving end” of globalization are harmed by it. Urban poverty Several theoretical models can be strung together to explain the basics that create social polarization, and the subsequent deprivation that occurs when there is extreme societal deprivation between those of high-wealth and low-wealth. They are: a Culture of Poverty a Cycle of Poverty Government Failure —particularly when public policy institutions divided into departments (education, housing, etc.) are ineffective when it comes to dealing with the interdisciplinary problems of the poor an Inequitable Distribution of Resources/Opportunities Class Conflict, and the concept of an " Underclass ". When these phenomena are combined in urban areas, it can fuel social polarization. Urban decay is a visual manifestation of social polarization, while riots, civil commotion and general social disintegration can be symptomatic of this concept as well.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_polarization
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2195604250#3_2476210890
Title: Social polarization - Wikipedia Headings: Social polarization Social polarization Contents Creative class Urban poverty Role of media See also Notes Content: They are: a Culture of Poverty a Cycle of Poverty Government Failure —particularly when public policy institutions divided into departments (education, housing, etc.) are ineffective when it comes to dealing with the interdisciplinary problems of the poor an Inequitable Distribution of Resources/Opportunities Class Conflict, and the concept of an " Underclass ". When these phenomena are combined in urban areas, it can fuel social polarization. Urban decay is a visual manifestation of social polarization, while riots, civil commotion and general social disintegration can be symptomatic of this concept as well. However, it can also lead to an informal economy in many urban areas. Role of media Digital media, and particularly social media, could potentially play a role in encouraging social polarization. This is because social media sites like Facebook can help cluster friends and acquaintances into homophilous circles, and social news sites like Digg can facilitate a consumption of news that is biased by its user’s choices. In the extreme, a lack of “a common public sphere” could lead to isolated, polarized groups which could even be hostile towards one another. For example, during the Arab Spring uprisings, it was observed that social media furthered the social stratification already present in several Arab states.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_polarization
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2195604250#4_2476212598
Title: Social polarization - Wikipedia Headings: Social polarization Social polarization Contents Creative class Urban poverty Role of media See also Notes Content: However, it can also lead to an informal economy in many urban areas. Role of media Digital media, and particularly social media, could potentially play a role in encouraging social polarization. This is because social media sites like Facebook can help cluster friends and acquaintances into homophilous circles, and social news sites like Digg can facilitate a consumption of news that is biased by its user’s choices. In the extreme, a lack of “a common public sphere” could lead to isolated, polarized groups which could even be hostile towards one another. For example, during the Arab Spring uprisings, it was observed that social media furthered the social stratification already present in several Arab states. However, cyberbalkanization, the phenomenon where media audiences fragment into "enclaves" where they only consume content they concur with—and thus theoretically promoting social polarization—may not have as much influence as believed. Utilizing Nielsen television and Internet audience data, James G. Webster found that ideological segmentation among media users was unlikely, as “even consumers of obscure niche media devoted most of their attention to more broadly appealing fare.” Yet Webster does admit that his research does not measure the particular nature of the subject matter consumed , or how strongly it affected the media viewers’ perceptions of society. Polarization observed in a particular social media site need not necessarily be a result of events and discussions that happen on that platform. Observed trends of polarization in online social media may therefore emerge from activities of users in other online platforms or offline activities.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_polarization
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2195604250#5_2476214669
Title: Social polarization - Wikipedia Headings: Social polarization Social polarization Contents Creative class Urban poverty Role of media See also Notes Content: However, cyberbalkanization, the phenomenon where media audiences fragment into "enclaves" where they only consume content they concur with—and thus theoretically promoting social polarization—may not have as much influence as believed. Utilizing Nielsen television and Internet audience data, James G. Webster found that ideological segmentation among media users was unlikely, as “even consumers of obscure niche media devoted most of their attention to more broadly appealing fare.” Yet Webster does admit that his research does not measure the particular nature of the subject matter consumed , or how strongly it affected the media viewers’ perceptions of society. Polarization observed in a particular social media site need not necessarily be a result of events and discussions that happen on that platform. Observed trends of polarization in online social media may therefore emerge from activities of users in other online platforms or offline activities. As an instance from a 2019 study, messages propagating anti-climate change beliefs on Twitter were collectively found to carry no credibility. Hence it is highly unlikely that such messages which are not credible can increase polarization of climate change opinions on Twitter. See also Balkanization Corporate social responsibility (CSR) Creating Shared Value (CSV) Culture war Economic democracy Pakistanism Protracted social conflict Political polarization Sectarian violence Social enterprise Social exclusion Notes ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_polarization
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2195604250#6_2476216598
Title: Social polarization - Wikipedia Headings: Social polarization Social polarization Contents Creative class Urban poverty Role of media See also Notes Content: As an instance from a 2019 study, messages propagating anti-climate change beliefs on Twitter were collectively found to carry no credibility. Hence it is highly unlikely that such messages which are not credible can increase polarization of climate change opinions on Twitter. See also Balkanization Corporate social responsibility (CSR) Creating Shared Value (CSV) Culture war Economic democracy Pakistanism Protracted social conflict Political polarization Sectarian violence Social enterprise Social exclusion Notes ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 616. ISBN 9780415252256. ^ R. E. Pahl, Divisions of Labour, Oxford: Blackwell, 1984, ISBN 0-631-13273-2 ^ Frank Moulaert, Erik Swyngedouw and Arantxa Rodriguez. The Globalized City:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_polarization
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2195651438#13_2476295395
Title: Social position - Wikipedia Headings: Social position Social position Contents Definition Research Subjective social position Social class Human capital Social capital Trust See also References Content: In the late 18th century, the term "class" began to replace classifications such as estates, rank, and orders as the primary means of organizing society into hierarchical divisions. This corresponded to a general decrease in significance ascribed to hereditary characteristics, and increase in the significance of wealth and income as indicators of position in the social hierarchy. Human capital Main article: Human capital One way to change one's social position is to increase human capital. The human capital theory suggest that people having more job-relevant resources, such as education and training, should receive more organizational rewards i.e. promotions than people with fewer of these resources. Human capital alone can affect social position to a certain extent. An individual has to have social skills and build social networks to help promote their social position. Social capital Main article: Social capital Another way to effectively increase one's chance of obtaining or sustaining social position is by increasing social capital. The social capital theory posits that certain qualities in workplace relationships are beneficial for receiving organizational rewards, and employees whose relationships are not characterized by these qualities are at a disadvantage.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_position
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2196256844#7_2477005234
Title: Social role valorization - Wikipedia Headings: Social role valorization Social role valorization Contents Overview of normalization and social role valorization Basic structure Science in psychology, special education and philosophy Summary of relationship to theories of power, deviancy and role relations Effects related to role theories: good things and devaluation Other reactions to bad treatment Positive actions at different levels Criticisms Misconceptions Comparative community theories See also References Content: SRV considers only those things that can be known from a scientific perspective. In itself it does not subscribe to a particular ideology – it does not say what should be done and it does not say what is morally correct. However, SRV does understand that human interaction is impossible without a moral code and so SRV can be used to suggest what is desirable given the spoken or unspoken moral code of a particular society or individual. Consequently, it is necessary to understand what sort of moral code and societal expectations might be around the implementation of any application of SRV. A consideration of the concepts of humanity and morality place SRV in an appropriate context. Any particular human society will have a set of written and unwritten rules about who is a member of that society and about how members of that society should act, and what treatment is due to non-members of that society. These rules are often set down in codes of law and in religious texts. Every society has such a moral code. Support for SRV can be found throughout the human sciences. Biology, evolutionary biology, sociology, economics, psychology, and anthropology all lend strands to SRV.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_role_valorization
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2196256844#8_2477007148
Title: Social role valorization - Wikipedia Headings: Social role valorization Social role valorization Contents Overview of normalization and social role valorization Basic structure Science in psychology, special education and philosophy Summary of relationship to theories of power, deviancy and role relations Effects related to role theories: good things and devaluation Other reactions to bad treatment Positive actions at different levels Criticisms Misconceptions Comparative community theories See also References Content: Any particular human society will have a set of written and unwritten rules about who is a member of that society and about how members of that society should act, and what treatment is due to non-members of that society. These rules are often set down in codes of law and in religious texts. Every society has such a moral code. Support for SRV can be found throughout the human sciences. Biology, evolutionary biology, sociology, economics, psychology, and anthropology all lend strands to SRV. Even history and geography have ideas to contribute. Although SRV is not in itself a science, it is based on empirically produced disciplines. Science in psychology, special education and philosophy Psychology and philosophy tell us that there is considerable doubt about the common sense idea that we have total free will; what we do is often societally or physically caused by unconscious mechanisms. Science tells us that people do not often act as completely free-thinking individuals, but in fact occupy particular social strata and roles that organize and simplify their social communication.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_role_valorization
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2196256844#9_2477008968
Title: Social role valorization - Wikipedia Headings: Social role valorization Social role valorization Contents Overview of normalization and social role valorization Basic structure Science in psychology, special education and philosophy Summary of relationship to theories of power, deviancy and role relations Effects related to role theories: good things and devaluation Other reactions to bad treatment Positive actions at different levels Criticisms Misconceptions Comparative community theories See also References Content: Even history and geography have ideas to contribute. Although SRV is not in itself a science, it is based on empirically produced disciplines. Science in psychology, special education and philosophy Psychology and philosophy tell us that there is considerable doubt about the common sense idea that we have total free will; what we do is often societally or physically caused by unconscious mechanisms. Science tells us that people do not often act as completely free-thinking individuals, but in fact occupy particular social strata and roles that organize and simplify their social communication. Particular people may be forced into a negative role which they do not desire. Science tells us that individuals and groups will place positive and negative values onto other individuals and groups. This assignation of value may lead to a process of devaluation. Complex societal forces mediate the exercise of power and social control in a society. These forces are often not well understood by individuals in that society.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_role_valorization
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2196837000#12_2477542898
Title: Social support - Wikipedia Headings: Social support Social support Contents Categories and definitions Distinctions in measurement Sources Online social support Links to mental and physical health Benefits Mental health Physical health Costs Two dominant models Theories to explain the links Biological pathways Support groups Providing support Social defense system Gender and culture Gender differences Cultural differences References Content: Seeking informational social support allows users to access suggestions, advice, and information regarding health concerns or recovery. Many need social support, and with its emergence on social media access can be obtained from a wider range of people in need. Wong and Ma (2016) have done research that shows online social support affects users' online subjective well-being. Links to mental and physical health Benefits Mental health Social support profile is associated with increased psychological well-being in the workplace and in response to important life events. There has been an ample amount of evidence showing that social support aids in lowering problems related to one's mental health. As reported by Cutrona, Russell, and Rose, in the elderly population that was in their studies, their results showed that elderly individuals who had relationships where their self-esteem was elevated were less likely to have a decline in their health. In stressful times, social support helps people reduce psychological distress (e.g., anxiety or depression ). Social support can simultaneously function as a problem-focused (e.g. receiving tangible information that helps resolve an issue) and emotion-focused coping strategy (e.g. used to regulate emotional responses that arise from the stressful event) Social support ≤has been found to promote psychological adjustment in conditions with chronic high stress like HIV, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, stroke, and coronary
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_support
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2198108608#2_2478474423
Title: Socialism of the 21st century - Wikipedia Headings: Socialism of the 21st century Socialism of the 21st century Contents Historical foundations Theoretical tenets Latin American application Regional integration Bolivarian process Buen vivir Criticism Authoritarianism Economics Populism References Further reading Content: In this context, a wave of left-leaning socio-political movements on behalf of indigenous rights, cocaleros, labor rights, women's rights, land rights and educational reform emerged to eventually provide momentum for the election of socialist leaders. Socialism of the 21st century draws on indigenous traditions of communal governance and previous Latin America socialist and communist movements, including those of Salvador Allende, Fidel Castro, Che Guevara, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation and the Sandinista National Liberation Front. Theoretical tenets According to Dieterich, this form of socialism is revolutionary in that the existing society is altered to be qualitatively different, but the process itself should be gradual and non-violent, instead utilising participatory democracy to secure power, education, scientific knowledge about society and international cooperation. Dieterich suggests the construction of four basic institutions within the new reality of post-capitalist civilisation: Equivalence economy based on Marxian labor theory of value and democratically determined by those who directly create value instead of market-economical principles. Majority democracy which makes use of referendums to decide upon important societal questions. Basic state democracy with a suitable protection of minority rights. Citizens who are responsible, rational and self-determined. Latin American application Part of a series on Populism Variants Black Chauvinism Left-wing Narodniks Penal Poporanism Right-wing Techno- Völkisch Concepts Anti-establishment Anti-intellectualism Common people Demagogy Egalitarianism Elitism Ochlocracy Popular democracy Pluralism Social justice Third Position National variants American Canadian New Zealand Related topics Agrarianism Alt-right Authoritarianism Berlusconism Chavismo Communism Fascism Gaullism Janism Kirchnerism ( Relato K) Nationalism New Left New Right Peronism Pink tide Putinism Radical centrism Socialism Trumpism Politics portal v t e See also: Pink tide Regional integration The model of socialism of the 21st century encourages economic and political integration among nations in Latin America and the Caribbean.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2198108608#3_2478477206
Title: Socialism of the 21st century - Wikipedia Headings: Socialism of the 21st century Socialism of the 21st century Contents Historical foundations Theoretical tenets Latin American application Regional integration Bolivarian process Buen vivir Criticism Authoritarianism Economics Populism References Further reading Content: Majority democracy which makes use of referendums to decide upon important societal questions. Basic state democracy with a suitable protection of minority rights. Citizens who are responsible, rational and self-determined. Latin American application Part of a series on Populism Variants Black Chauvinism Left-wing Narodniks Penal Poporanism Right-wing Techno- Völkisch Concepts Anti-establishment Anti-intellectualism Common people Demagogy Egalitarianism Elitism Ochlocracy Popular democracy Pluralism Social justice Third Position National variants American Canadian New Zealand Related topics Agrarianism Alt-right Authoritarianism Berlusconism Chavismo Communism Fascism Gaullism Janism Kirchnerism ( Relato K) Nationalism New Left New Right Peronism Pink tide Putinism Radical centrism Socialism Trumpism Politics portal v t e See also: Pink tide Regional integration The model of socialism of the 21st century encourages economic and political integration among nations in Latin America and the Caribbean. This is often accompanied with opposition to North American influence. Regional organizations like ALBA, CELAC, Mercosur and UNASUR promote cooperation with Latin America and exclude North American countries. ALBA is most explicitly related to socialism of the 21st century while other organizations focus on economic integration, ALBA promotes social, political and economic integration among countries that subscribe to democratic socialism. Its creation was announced in direct opposition to George W. Bush 's attempts to establish a Free Trade Area of the Americas that included the United States. In 2008, ALBA introduced a monetary union using the SUCRE as its regional currency.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2201419539#0_2481061620
Title: Socioeconomic status and mental health - Wikipedia Headings: Socioeconomic status and mental health Socioeconomic status and mental health Contents Social causation Research Faris and Dunham (1939) Hollingshead and Redlich (1958) Midtown Manhattan Study (1962) Downward drift Research Weich and Lewis (1998) Isohanni et al. (2001) Wiersma, Giel, De Jong and Slooff (1983) Debate Implications for schizophrenia See also References Content: Socioeconomic status and mental health - Wikipedia Socioeconomic status and mental health From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search relationship between mental health and socioeconomic factors Numerous studies around the world have found a relationship between socioeconomic status and mental health. There are higher rates of mental illness in groups with lower socioeconomic status (SES), but there is no clear consensus on the exact causative factors. The two principal models that attempt to explain this relationship are the social causation theory, which posits that socioeconomic inequality causes stress that gives rise to mental illness, and the downward drift approach, which assumes that people predisposed to mental illness are reduced in socioeconomic status as a result of the illness. Most literature on these concepts dates back to the mid-1990s and leans heavily towards the social causation model. Contents 1 Social causation 1.1 Research 1.1.1 Faris and Dunham (1939) 1.1.2 Hollingshead and Redlich (1958) 1.1.3 Midtown Manhattan Study (1962) 2 Downward drift 2.1 Research 2.1.1 Weich and Lewis (1998) 2.1.2 Isohanni et al. ( 2001) 2.1.3 Wiersma, Giel, De Jong and Slooff (1983) 3 Debate 3.1 Implications for schizophrenia 4 See also 5 References Social causation The social causation theory is an older theory with more evidence and research behind it. This hypothesis states that one's socioeconomic status (SES) is the cause of weakening mental functions. As Perry writes in The Journal of Primary Prevention, "members of the lower social classes experience excess psychological stress and relatively few societal rewards, the results of which are manifested in psychological disorder". The excess stress that people with low SES experience could be inadequate health care, job insecurity, and poverty, which can bring about many other psycho-social and physical stressors like crowding, discrimination, crime, etc. Thus, lower SES predisposes individuals to the development of a mental illness.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomic_status_and_mental_health
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2201419539#4_2481070397
Title: Socioeconomic status and mental health - Wikipedia Headings: Socioeconomic status and mental health Socioeconomic status and mental health Contents Social causation Research Faris and Dunham (1939) Hollingshead and Redlich (1958) Midtown Manhattan Study (1962) Downward drift Research Weich and Lewis (1998) Isohanni et al. (2001) Wiersma, Giel, De Jong and Slooff (1983) Debate Implications for schizophrenia See also References Content: They found a remarkable increase of cases from the outskirts of the city moving inwards to the center. This reflected other rates of distributions, such as unemployment, poverty and family desertion. They also found that cases of schizophrenia were most pervasive in public housing neighborhoods as well as communities with higher numbers of immigrants. This was one of the first empirical, evidence-based studies supporting social causation theory. Hollingshead and Redlich (1958) Hollingshead and Redlich conducted a study in New Haven, Connecticut, that was considered a major breakthrough in this field of research. The authors identified anyone who was hospitalized or in treatment for mental illness by looking at files from clinics, hospitals, and the like. They were able to design a valid and reliable construct to relate these findings to social class using education and occupation as measures for five social class groups. Their results showed high disproportions of schizophrenia among the lowest social group. They also found that the lower people were on the scale of social class, the likelier they were to be admitted to a hospital for psychosis. Midtown Manhattan Study (1962) The study by Srole, Langer, Micheal, Opler, and Rennie, known as the Midtown Manhattan Study, has become a quintessential study in mental health.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomic_status_and_mental_health
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2201419539#5_2481072393
Title: Socioeconomic status and mental health - Wikipedia Headings: Socioeconomic status and mental health Socioeconomic status and mental health Contents Social causation Research Faris and Dunham (1939) Hollingshead and Redlich (1958) Midtown Manhattan Study (1962) Downward drift Research Weich and Lewis (1998) Isohanni et al. (2001) Wiersma, Giel, De Jong and Slooff (1983) Debate Implications for schizophrenia See also References Content: The authors identified anyone who was hospitalized or in treatment for mental illness by looking at files from clinics, hospitals, and the like. They were able to design a valid and reliable construct to relate these findings to social class using education and occupation as measures for five social class groups. Their results showed high disproportions of schizophrenia among the lowest social group. They also found that the lower people were on the scale of social class, the likelier they were to be admitted to a hospital for psychosis. Midtown Manhattan Study (1962) The study by Srole, Langer, Micheal, Opler, and Rennie, known as the Midtown Manhattan Study, has become a quintessential study in mental health. The main focus of the research was to "uncover [the] unknown portion of mental illness which is submerged in the community and thus hidden from sociological and psychiatric investigators alike". The researchers managed to probe deep into the community to include subjects usually left out of such studies. The experimenters used both parental and personal SES to investigate the correlation between mental illness and social class. When basing their results on parental SES, approximately 33 percent of Midtown inhabitants in the lowest SES showed some signs of impairments in mental functioning while only 18 percent of the inhabitants in the highest SES showed these signs. When assessing the relationship based on personal SES, 47 percent of inhabitants in the lowest SES showed signs of weakening mental functions while only 13 percent of the highest SES demonstrated these symptoms.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomic_status_and_mental_health
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2201897655#1_2481525478
Title: Sociology of gender - Wikipedia Headings: Sociology of gender Sociology of gender Contents Introduction In feminist theory Other languages U.S. media Oppression Objectification of women Gender and socialization Atypical Household Influence on Gender Socialization Gender and psychoanalysis Gender and the division of labor Gender in conversation Gender in the workplace US Workplace Intersectionality Embodiment Sexuality Masculinity Gender and violence Globalization and gender Third gender See also References Notes Further reading External links Content: Social interaction directly correlated with sociology regarding social structure. One of the most important social structures is status. This is determined based on position that an individual possesses which effects how they will be treated by society. One of the most important statuses an individual claims is gender. Public discourse and the academic literature generally use the term gender for the perceived or projected ( self-identified) masculinity or femininity of a person. Contents 1 Introduction 2 In feminist theory 3 Other languages 4 U.S. media 4.1 Oppression 4.2 Objectification of women 5 Gender and socialization 5.1 Atypical Household Influence on Gender Socialization 6 Gender and psychoanalysis 7 Gender and the division of labor 8 Gender in conversation 8.1 Gender in the workplace 8.1.1 US Workplace 9 Intersectionality 10 Embodiment 11 Sexuality 12 Masculinity 13 Gender and violence 14 Globalization and gender 15 Third gender 16 See also 17 References 17.1 Notes 17.2 Further reading 18 External links Introduction This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( July 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) The term gender role was coined by John Money in a seminal 1955 paper where he defined it as "all those things that a person says or does to disclose himself or herself as having the status of boy or man, girl or woman." A person's gender is complex, encompassing countless characteristics of appearance, speech, movement and other factors not solely limited to biological sex.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_gender
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2201897655#10_2481544169
Title: Sociology of gender - Wikipedia Headings: Sociology of gender Sociology of gender Contents Introduction In feminist theory Other languages U.S. media Oppression Objectification of women Gender and socialization Atypical Household Influence on Gender Socialization Gender and psychoanalysis Gender and the division of labor Gender in conversation Gender in the workplace US Workplace Intersectionality Embodiment Sexuality Masculinity Gender and violence Globalization and gender Third gender See also References Notes Further reading External links Content: But in this movement, it mainly advocated for the right to vote for white women, while excluding minority women. The exclusion of minority women in first movement sparked the acknowledgement of minority groups in the second movement. However, the main goal of the second movement dealt with sexuality and reproductive rights. The movement's efforts worked toward the passing of the Equal Rights Amendment, which was designed to guarantee equal rights for everyone regardless of their sex. By the end of this wave, society began to realize that gender, the idea of what it means to be a "woman", and society's expectations of what a woman is, are socially constructed. This realization led to the rise of the third feminist movement. It focused on debunking the predominant idea society held for women and their position in society. In this movement, the notion of being "girly" or "feminine" is being broken down to redefine society's definition of a women. The boundaries of gender are being reconstructed to allow people to experiment with the fluidity of gender. However, this movement also combats the sexism and patriarchy, or the system in which men hold all the power.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_gender
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2209723324#7_2491588072
Title: Soil contamination - Wikipedia Headings: Soil contamination Soil contamination Contents Causes Pesticides and herbicides Agents of war Health effects Ecosystem effects Cleanup options By country People's Republic of China European Union United Kingdom Canada India See also References External links Content: However, one group derived from trinitrotoluene (2:4 D and 2:4:5 T) have the impurity dioxin, which is very toxic and causes fatality even in low concentrations. Another herbicide is Paraquat. It is highly toxic but it rapidly degrades in soil due to the action of bacteria and does not kill soil fauna. Insecticides are used to rid farms of pests which damage crops. The insects damage not only standing crops but also stored ones and in the tropics it is reckoned that one third of the total production is lost during food storage. As with fungicides, the first insecticides used in the nineteenth century were inorganic e.g. Paris Green and other compounds of arsenic. Nicotine has also been used since the late eighteenth century. There are now two main groups of synthetic insecticides – 1. Organochlorines include DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin and BHC. They are cheap to produce, potent and persistent.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_contaminant
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2221147041#0_2505070207
Title: Solution architecture - Wikipedia Headings: Solution architecture Solution architecture Contents Definitions Coverage See also References Further reading Content: Solution architecture - Wikipedia Solution architecture From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Solution architect) Jump to navigation Jump to search Solution architecture, term used in information technology with various definitions such as; " A description of a discrete and focused business operation or activity and how IS /IT supports that operation". Contents 1 Definitions 2 Coverage 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading Definitions The Open Group 's definition of Solution Architecture, as provided above, is accompanied by the following three from Scaled Agile, Gartner and Greefhorst/Proper. It is worth noting that the Open Group does not recognize the role "Solution Architect" in its TOGAF skills framework whilst Glassdoor advertised 55,000 Solution Architect roles in August 2020. Scaled agile (2020) Solution Architect/Engineering is responsible for defining and communicating a shared technical and architectural vision across a "Solution Train" to help ensure the system or Solution under development is fit for its intended purpose. Gartner (2013) A solution architecture (SA) is an architectural description of a specific solution. SAs combine guidance from different enterprise architecture viewpoints (business, information and technical), as well as from the enterprise solution architecture (ESA). Greefhorst and Proper (2013) An architecture of a solution, where a solution is a system that offers a coherent set of functionalities to its environment. As such, it concerns those properties of a solution that are necessary and sufficient to meet its essential requirements A typical property of Solution Architecture, in contrast to other flavours of Enterprise Architecture, is that it often seeks to define a solution within the context of a project or initiative. This close association to actual projects and initiatives means that solution architecture is the means to execute or realise a technology strategy.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_architect
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2221147041#2_2505074493
Title: Solution architecture - Wikipedia Headings: Solution architecture Solution architecture Contents Definitions Coverage See also References Further reading Content: Coverage According to Forrester Research, Solution Architecture is one of the key components by which Enterprise Architecture delivers value to the organization. It entails artifacts such as; solution business context, solution vision and requirements, solution options (e.g. through RFIs, RFPs or prototype development) and an agreed optimal solution with build and implementation plans ("road-map"). Since The Open Group does not recognize a unique Solution Architect role a relevant link for these mentioned artifacts can be to the Business and Systems Analyst roles. It is also worth reminding that The Open Group does define Solution Architecture as something larger than Forrester (see aforementioned definition). Then on, according to the 2013 paper published by the Federation of Enterprise Architecture Professional Organizations, Solution Architecture includes business architecture, information architecture, application architecture, and technology architecture operating at a tactical level and focusing on the scope and span of a selected business problem. In contrast, enterprise architecture, which also includes the aforementioned four types of architecture, operates at the strategic level and its scope and span is the enterprise rather than a specific business problem. See also Architecture Patterns (EA Reference Architecture) Segment architecture References ^ The Open Group. Architecture Framework TOGAF™ Version 9.2 Definitions page https://pubs.opengroup.org/architecture/togaf91-doc/arch/chap03.html ^ https://www.glassdoor.com/Job-Descriptions/Solution-Architect.htm and https://www.glassdoor.com/Job/solution-architect-jobs-SRCH_KO0,18.htm, The job related site Glassdoor, August 2020 ^ "Safe Agile on Solution Architect role". Scaled Agile Framework.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_architect
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2238106003#16_2526558810
Title: Sophia, West Virginia - Wikipedia Headings: Sophia, West Virginia Sophia, West Virginia Contents History Geography Demographics 2010 census 2000 census Notable people References Content: Archived from the original on 2012-07-02. Retrieved 2013-01-24. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. v t e Municipalities and communities of Raleigh County, West Virginia, United States County seat: Beckley City Beckley Towns Lester Mabscott Sophia CDPs Beaver Bolt Bradley Coal City Crab Orchard Daniels Eccles Ghent Glen White Helen MacArthur Piney View Prosperity Shady Spring Stanaford Unincorporated communities Abney Abraham Affinity Ameagle Amigo Arnett Artie Battleship Baylor Beckley Junction Besoco Birchton Blue Jay Blue Jay 6 Bob Bone Lick Bragg Circle View Cirtsville Clear Creek Clifftop Coalgate Colcord Cool Ridge Cranberry Crow Dillon Dameron Dorothy Dry Creek Dry Hill Dugout East Beckley Eastgulf Edwight Egeria ‡ Emerson Eunice Epperly ‡ Fairdale Fireco Fitzpatrick Friendly View Glade Springs Glen Daniel Glen Morgan Grandview Hamlet Harper Hollywood Hoohoo Hotchkiss Jap Jarrolds Valley Jenny Gap Johnstown Jonben Josephine Lanark Leevale Lego Lillybrook Lynwinn Madeline Maple Meadow Maple Fork Marfork Masseyville Matville Maynor McAlpin McCreery Mead Metalton Midway Montcoal Mountview ‡ Naoma Norvelle Odd Oswald Packsville Peachtree Pear Pemberton Pettry Bottom Pettus Pine Hills Pineknob Pluto Posey Price Hill ‡ Princewick Raleigh Redbird Rhodell Riley Rock Creek Rodes Roxie Royal Saxon Shiloh Sink Skelton Slab Fork Soak Creek Sprague Stickney Stonecoal Junction Stonewall Stotesbury Stover Sullivan Sundial Surveyor Sweeneyburg Table Rock Take In Hollow Tams Terry Tilden Tolleys Trap Hill Ury Warden Whitby White Oak Wickham Winding Gulf Woodpeck Wright Zada Ghost towns Big Stick Cedar Hot Coal Killarney McVey Pickshin Pinepoca Sylvia Tamroy White Stick Willibet Woodbay Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties United States portal v t e Municipalities of West Virginia Cities Beckley Benwood Bluefield Bridgeport Buckhannon Cameron Ceredo Charles Town Charleston Chester Clarksburg Dunbar Elkins Fairmont Follansbee Gary Glen Dale Grafton Hinton Huntington Hurricane Kenova Keyser Kingwood Lewisburg Logan Madison Mannington Marmet Martinsburg McMechen Montgomery Morgantown Moundsville Mount Hope Mullens New Cumberland New Martinsville Nitro Oak Hill Paden City Parkersburg Parsons Pennsboro Petersburg Philippi Pleasant Valley Point Pleasant Princeton Ranson Ravenswood Richwood Ripley Romney Ronceverte Salem Shinnston Sistersville Smithers South Charleston Spencer St. Albans St. Marys Stonewood Thomas Vienna War Weirton Welch Wellsburg Weston Westover Wheeling White Sulphur Springs Williamson Williamstown Towns Addison (Webster Springs) Albright Alderson Anawalt Anmoore Ansted Athens Auburn Bancroft Barrackville Belmont Bath (Berkeley Springs) Bayard Belington Belle Bethany Beverly Blacksville Bolivar Bradshaw Bramwell Brandonville Bruceton Mills Buffalo Burnsville Cairo Camden-on-Gauley Capon Bridge Carpendale Cedar Grove Chapmanville Chesapeake Clay Clendenin Cowen Danville Davis Davy Delbarton Durbin East Bank Eleanor Elizabeth Elk Garden Ellenboro Fairview Falling Spring Farmington Fayetteville Flatwoods Flemington Fort Gay Franklin Friendly Gassaway Gauley Bridge Gilbert Glasgow Glenville Grant Town Grantsville Granville Hambleton Hamlin Handley Harman Harpers Ferry Harrisville Hartford City Hedgesville Henderson Hendricks Hillsboro Hundred Huttonsville Iaeger Jane Lew Junior Kermit Kimball Leon Lester Lost Creek Lumberport Mabscott Man Marlinton Mason Masontown Matewan Matoaka Meadow Bridge Middlebourne Mill Creek Milton Mitchell Heights Monongah Montrose Moorefield New Haven Newburg North Hills Northfork Nutter Fort Oakvale Oceana Paw Paw Pax Peterstown Piedmont Pine Grove Pineville Poca Pratt Pullman Quinwood Rainelle Reedsville Reedy Ridgeley Rivesville Rowlesburg Rupert Sand Fork Shepherdstown Smithfield Sophia Star City Summersville Sutton Sylvester Terra Alta Thurmond Triadelphia Tunnelton Union Wardensville Wayne West Hamlin West Liberty West Logan West Milford West Union White Hall Whitesville Winfield Womelsdorf (Coalton) Worthington Villages Barboursville Beech Bottom Bethlehem Clearview Valley Grove Windsor Heights Authority control LCCN: n88080509 VIAF: 152548962 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n88080509 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sophia,_West_Virginia&oldid=996924165 " Categories:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia,_West_Virginia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2238106003#17_2526564025
Title: Sophia, West Virginia - Wikipedia Headings: Sophia, West Virginia Sophia, West Virginia Contents History Geography Demographics 2010 census 2000 census Notable people References Content: v t e Municipalities and communities of Raleigh County, West Virginia, United States County seat: Beckley City Beckley Towns Lester Mabscott Sophia CDPs Beaver Bolt Bradley Coal City Crab Orchard Daniels Eccles Ghent Glen White Helen MacArthur Piney View Prosperity Shady Spring Stanaford Unincorporated communities Abney Abraham Affinity Ameagle Amigo Arnett Artie Battleship Baylor Beckley Junction Besoco Birchton Blue Jay Blue Jay 6 Bob Bone Lick Bragg Circle View Cirtsville Clear Creek Clifftop Coalgate Colcord Cool Ridge Cranberry Crow Dillon Dameron Dorothy Dry Creek Dry Hill Dugout East Beckley Eastgulf Edwight Egeria ‡ Emerson Eunice Epperly ‡ Fairdale Fireco Fitzpatrick Friendly View Glade Springs Glen Daniel Glen Morgan Grandview Hamlet Harper Hollywood Hoohoo Hotchkiss Jap Jarrolds Valley Jenny Gap Johnstown Jonben Josephine Lanark Leevale Lego Lillybrook Lynwinn Madeline Maple Meadow Maple Fork Marfork Masseyville Matville Maynor McAlpin McCreery Mead Metalton Midway Montcoal Mountview ‡ Naoma Norvelle Odd Oswald Packsville Peachtree Pear Pemberton Pettry Bottom Pettus Pine Hills Pineknob Pluto Posey Price Hill ‡ Princewick Raleigh Redbird Rhodell Riley Rock Creek Rodes Roxie Royal Saxon Shiloh Sink Skelton Slab Fork Soak Creek Sprague Stickney Stonecoal Junction Stonewall Stotesbury Stover Sullivan Sundial Surveyor Sweeneyburg Table Rock Take In Hollow Tams Terry Tilden Tolleys Trap Hill Ury Warden Whitby White Oak Wickham Winding Gulf Woodpeck Wright Zada Ghost towns Big Stick Cedar Hot Coal Killarney McVey Pickshin Pinepoca Sylvia Tamroy White Stick Willibet Woodbay Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties United States portal v t e Municipalities of West Virginia Cities Beckley Benwood Bluefield Bridgeport Buckhannon Cameron Ceredo Charles Town Charleston Chester Clarksburg Dunbar Elkins Fairmont Follansbee Gary Glen Dale Grafton Hinton Huntington Hurricane Kenova Keyser Kingwood Lewisburg Logan Madison Mannington Marmet Martinsburg McMechen Montgomery Morgantown Moundsville Mount Hope Mullens New Cumberland New Martinsville Nitro Oak Hill Paden City Parkersburg Parsons Pennsboro Petersburg Philippi Pleasant Valley Point Pleasant Princeton Ranson Ravenswood Richwood Ripley Romney Ronceverte Salem Shinnston Sistersville Smithers South Charleston Spencer St. Albans St. Marys Stonewood Thomas Vienna War Weirton Welch Wellsburg Weston Westover Wheeling White Sulphur Springs Williamson Williamstown Towns Addison (Webster Springs) Albright Alderson Anawalt Anmoore Ansted Athens Auburn Bancroft Barrackville Belmont Bath (Berkeley Springs) Bayard Belington Belle Bethany Beverly Blacksville Bolivar Bradshaw Bramwell Brandonville Bruceton Mills Buffalo Burnsville Cairo Camden-on-Gauley Capon Bridge Carpendale Cedar Grove Chapmanville Chesapeake Clay Clendenin Cowen Danville Davis Davy Delbarton Durbin East Bank Eleanor Elizabeth Elk Garden Ellenboro Fairview Falling Spring Farmington Fayetteville Flatwoods Flemington Fort Gay Franklin Friendly Gassaway Gauley Bridge Gilbert Glasgow Glenville Grant Town Grantsville Granville Hambleton Hamlin Handley Harman Harpers Ferry Harrisville Hartford City Hedgesville Henderson Hendricks Hillsboro Hundred Huttonsville Iaeger Jane Lew Junior Kermit Kimball Leon Lester Lost Creek Lumberport Mabscott Man Marlinton Mason Masontown Matewan Matoaka Meadow Bridge Middlebourne Mill Creek Milton Mitchell Heights Monongah Montrose Moorefield New Haven Newburg North Hills Northfork Nutter Fort Oakvale Oceana Paw Paw Pax Peterstown Piedmont Pine Grove Pineville Poca Pratt Pullman Quinwood Rainelle Reedsville Reedy Ridgeley Rivesville Rowlesburg Rupert Sand Fork Shepherdstown Smithfield Sophia Star City Summersville Sutton Sylvester Terra Alta Thurmond Triadelphia Tunnelton Union Wardensville Wayne West Hamlin West Liberty West Logan West Milford West Union White Hall Whitesville Winfield Womelsdorf (Coalton) Worthington Villages Barboursville Beech Bottom Bethlehem Clearview Valley Grove Windsor Heights Authority control LCCN: n88080509 VIAF: 152548962 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n88080509 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sophia,_West_Virginia&oldid=996924165 " Categories: Towns in Raleigh County, West Virginia Towns in West Virginia Robert Byrd Populated places established in 1912 1912 establishments in West Virg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia,_West_Virginia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2241291751#0_2530798407
Title: Sort code - Wikipedia Headings: Sort code Sort code Contents History List of sort codes of the United Kingdom Cheque clearing England and Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Sort codes of the Republic of Ireland Codes in the 70 range – "walks" International clearance See also Sources References External links Content: Sort code - Wikipedia Sort code From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Sort codes are the domestic bank codes used to route money transfers between financial institutions in the United Kingdom, and historically in the Republic of Ireland. They are six-digit hierarchical numerical addresses that specify clearing banks, clearing systems, regions, large financial institutions, groups of financial institutions and ultimately resolve to individual branches. In the UK they continue to be used to route transactions domestically within clearance organisations and to identify accounts, while in the Republic of Ireland (a founder member of the Euro) they have been deprecated and replaced by the SEPA systems and infrastructure. Sort codes for Northern Ireland branches of banks (codes beginning with a '9') were registered with the Irish Payment Services Organisation (IPSO) for both Northern Ireland and the Republic. These codes are used in the British clearing system and historically in the Irish system. The sort code is usually formatted as three pairs of numbers, for example 12-34-56. It identifies both the bank (in the first digit or the first two digits) and the branch where the account is held. Sort codes are encoded into IBANs but are not encoded into BICs . Contents 1 History 2 List of sort codes of the United Kingdom 2.1 Cheque clearing 2.2 England and Wales 2.3 Scotland 2.4 Northern Ireland 3 Sort codes of the Republic of Ireland 4 Codes in the 70 range – "walks" 5 International clearance 6 See also 7 Sources 8 References 9 External links History Codes began to be used in the early 20th century to facilitate the manual processing of cheques. Known as a 'national code', these had between three and five digits.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sort_code
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2257624860#7_2548396369
Title: South Puget Sound - Wikipedia Headings: South Puget Sound South Puget Sound Contents Human history Geography Passages Inlets Islands Mudflats Watersheds Microclimate Aquaculture Governments Transportation Marine mammals Footnotes References Notes Sources Content: Governments Jurisdictions in the South Sound include the state government and subordinate counties and cities; Nisqually, Squaxin Island, and Puyallup Tribes; and the federal government which is a landowner and operator of Joint Base Lewis-McChord . Transportation Highway network surrounding the South Sound. I-5 dark blue, U.S. 101 red, SR 3 orange, SR 16 orange and lignt blue Pacific Ocean container ship and crane at Port of Olympia Transportation by water was once common in the South Sound. Ferries once linked many locations such as Steilacoom. The Steilacoom-Anderson Island Ferry provides service between Steilacoom and South Sound islands using two vessels. The north end of the South Sound region has the only cross-Sound bridge, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge (technically two adjacent bridges since 2007). Interstate 5 and U.S. 101 form a semicircular pathway from Shelton to Tacoma around the South Sound, and Washington State Route 3 runs up from Shelton through the center of the Kitsap Peninsula. State Route 16 across the Narrows Bridge completes a loop around the South Sound.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Puget_Sound
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2264065091#1_2555337137
Title: Southern Pacific 4449 - Wikipedia Headings: Southern Pacific 4449 Southern Pacific 4449 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Revenue years On display American Freedom Train Present day Preservation and maintenance Other surviving locomotives Film appearances References External links Content: 4449 under steam at rest and work Cascades Rail in Tacoma, Washington in June 23, 2011. Type and origin Power type Steam Builder Lima Locomotive Works Serial number 7817 Build date May 20, 1941 Specifications Configuration: ​ • Whyte 4-8-4 Northern Gauge 4 ft 8 + 1⁄2 in ( 1,435 mm) standard gauge Driver dia. 80 in (2,032 mm) Length 110 ft (34 m) Width 10 ft (3 m) Height 16 ft (5 m) Adhesive weight 275,700 lb (125,100 kg) Loco weight 475,000 lb (215,000 kg) Total weight 788,730 lb (357,760 kg) Fuel type Bunker oil Fuel capacity 6,275 Water cap 23,300 gal Firebox: • Firegrate area 90.4 sq ft (8.40 m 2) Boiler pressure 300 psi (2.07 MPa) Heating surface 4,887 sq ft (454.0 m 2) Superheater: ​ • Heating area 2,086 sq ft (193.8 m 2) Cylinders Two, outside Cylinder size 25.5 in × 32 in (648 mm × 813 mm) dia × stroke Performance figures Maximum speed 100 mph (160 km/h) Power output 5,500 hp (4,100 kW) Tractive effort 66,326 lbf (295,030 N) 78,650 lbf (349,900 N) with booster Factor of adh. 4.26 4.286 with booster Career Operators Southern Pacific Oregon Rail Heritage Center Class GS-4 Number in class 28 Numbers Southern Pacific 4449 American Freedom Train 4449 Portland and Western 4449 Willamette and Pacific 4449 BNSF 4449 UPY 845 Nicknames "The Daylight" "The Queen of Steam" First run May 30, 1941 (revenue service) Last run September 24, 1956 (revenue service) Retired October 2, 1957 (revenue service) Preserved April 24, 1958 Restored April 21, 1975 Current owner The City of Portland, Oregon Disposition Operational, based in Portland, Oregon at the Oregon Rail Heritage Center Southern Pacific 4449, also known as the "Daylight", is the only surviving example of Southern Pacific Railroad 's " GS-4 " class of 4-8-4 " Northern " type steam locomotives and one of only two GS-class locomotives surviving, the other being " GS-6 " 4460 at the Museum of Transportation in St. Louis, Missouri. GS is abbreviation from "Golden State", a nickname for California (where the locomotive was operated in regular service), or "General Service". The locomotive was built by Lima Locomotive Works in Lima, Ohio for the Southern Pacific in May 1941; it received the red-and-orange "Daylight" paint scheme for the passenger trains of the same name which it hauled for most of its service career.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_4449
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2281504823#2_2571886010
Title: Spanish–American War - Wikipedia Headings: Spanish–American War Spanish–American War From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Dominican Republic Contents Historical background Spain's attitude towards its colonies American interest in the Caribbean Path to war Cuban struggle for independence Spanish attitude US response USS Maine dispatch to Havana and loss Declaring war Historiography Pacific theater Philippines Guam Caribbean theater Cuba Cuban sentiment Land campaign Battle of Tayacoba Main article: Battle of Tayacoba Naval operations US withdrawal Puerto Rico Cámara's squadron Making peace Aftermath Aftermath in Spain Teller and Platt Amendments Aftermath in the United States Veterans Associations Postwar American investment in Puerto Rico In film and television Military decorations United States Wartime service and honors Postwar occupation service Spain Other countries See also Notes Footnotes Source citations General references Further reading External links Media Reference materials Newspapers Content: Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba, leading to U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. The war led to the U.S. emerging predominant in the Caribbean region, and resulted in U.S. acquisition of Spain's Pacific possessions. That led to U.S. involvement in the Philippine Revolution and later to the Philippine Insurrection. The main issue was Cuban independence. Revolts had been occurring for some years in Cuba against Spanish colonial rule. The U.S. backed these revolts upon entering the Spanish–American War. There had been war scares before, as in the Virginius Affair in 1873. But in the late 1890s, American public opinion swayed in support of the rebellion due to reports of concentration camps (death estimates range from 150,000 to 400,000 people) set up to control the populace. Yellow journalism exaggerated the atrocities to further increase public fervor, and to sell more papers. The business community had just recovered from a deep depression and feared that a war would reverse the gains.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2281863517#7_2571983584
Title: Spanish Americans - Wikipedia Headings: Spanish Americans Spanish Americans Contents Immigration waves 19th and 20th centuries Principal areas of settlement California Florida Hawaii Louisiana New Mexico New York Culture Cuisine Spanish language in the U.S. Religion Socioeconomics Number of Spanish Americans Censuses 1980 1990 2000 2010 American Community Survey, 2013 Political participation Place names of Spanish origin Notable people See also About Spanish Americans About Hispanic Americans and Spanish Canadians References Further reading External links Content: The Spanish presence in the United States declined sharply between 1930 and 1940 from a total of 110,000 to 85,000, because many immigrants returned to Spain after finishing their farmwork. Beginning with the Fascist coup d'état against the Second Spanish Republic in 1936 and the devastating civil war that ensued, General Francisco Franco established a fascist dictatorship for 40 years. At the time of the Fascist takeover, a small but prominent group of liberal intellectuals fled to the United States. After the civil war the country endured 20 years of autarky, as Franco believed that post- World War II Spain could survive or continue its activities without any European assistance. As a result, in the mid-1960s, 44,000 Spaniards immigrated to the United States, as part of a second wave of Spanish immigration. In the 1970s, when Franco abandoned Spain's autarkic economic system, prosperity began to emerge in Spain, and Spanish immigration to the United States declined to about 3,000 per year. In the 1980s, as Europe enjoyed an economic boom, Spanish immigrants to the United States dropped to only 15,000. The 1990 U.S. census recorded 76,000 foreign-born Spaniards in the country, representing only four-tenths of a percent of the total populace. Like the rest of Europe, 21st century immigrants from Spain are only 10,000 per year at most. Much as with French Americans, who are of French descent but mostly by way of Canada, the majority of the 41 million massively strong Spanish-speaking population have come by way of Latin America, especially Mexico, but also Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and other areas that the Spanish themselves colonized.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish-American
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2283709905#0_2573017945
Title: Spanish Main - Wikipedia Headings: Spanish Main Spanish Main Contents Etymology Composition Economic importance and piracy See also References Further reading External links Content: Spanish Main - Wikipedia Spanish Main From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Spanish Main Region of Spanish Empire Spanish possessions (yellow) in the Caribbean region, with the coastline of the Spanish Main indicated (thick maroon line). This article is about the Caribbean coast and Gulf of Mexico. For the film, see The Spanish Main. During the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the Spanish Main was the collective term for the parts of the Spanish Empire that were on the mainland of the Americas and had coastlines on the Caribbean Sea or Gulf of Mexico. The term was used to distinguish those regions from the numerous islands Spain controlled in the Caribbean, which were known as the Spanish West Indies . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Composition 3 Economic importance and piracy 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Etymology The word main in the expression is a contraction of mainland. Composition The Spanish Main included Spanish Florida and New Spain, the latter extending through modern-day Texas, Mexico, all of Central America, to Colombia and Venezuela on the north coast of South America. Major ports along this stretch of coastline included Veracruz, Porto Bello, Cartagena de Indias and Maracaibo . The term is sometimes used in a more restricted sense that excludes the territories on the Gulf of Mexico. The Spanish Main then encompassed the Caribbean coastline from the Isthmus of Darien in Panama to the Orinoco delta on the coast of Venezuela.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Main
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2290157824#5_2579727485
Title: Spatial reference system - Wikipedia Headings: Spatial reference system Spatial reference system Contents Components Examples Identifiers See also References External links Content: Examples Some systems are: Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system British national grid reference system Chinese Global Navigation Grid Code Hellenic Geodetic Reference System 1987 Irish grid reference system Irish Transverse Mercator Israeli Transverse Mercator Israeli Cassini Soldner Jordan Transverse Mercator Lambert conformal conic projection International mapcode system Military Grid Reference System United States National Grid Identifiers A Spatial Reference System Identifier ( SRID) is a unique value used to unambiguously identify projected, unprojected, and local spatial coordinate system definitions. These coordinate systems form the heart of all GIS applications. Virtually all major spatial vendors have created their own SRID implementation or refer to those of an authority, such as the EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset . SRIDs are the primary key for the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) spatial_ref_sys metadata table for the Simple Features for SQL Specification, Versions 1.1 and 1.2, which is defined as follows: CREATE TABLE SPATIAL_REF_SYS ( SRID INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, AUTH_NAME CHARACTER VARYING(256), AUTH_SRID INTEGER, SRTEXT CHARACTER VARYING(2048) ) In spatially enabled databases (such as IBM DB2, IBM Informix, Ingres, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle RDBMS, Teradata, PostGIS, SQL Anywhere and Vertica ), SRIDs are used to uniquely identify the coordinate systems used to define columns of spatial data or individual spatial objects in a spatial column (depending on the spatial implementation). SRIDs are typically associated with a well-known text (WKT) string definition of the coordinate system (SRTEXT, above). Here are two common coordinate systems with their EPSG SRID value followed by their WKT: UTM, Zone 17N, NAD27 — SRID 2029: PROJCS["NAD27 (76) / UTM zone 17N", GEOGCS["NAD27 (76)", DATUM["North_American_Datum_1927_1976", SPHEROID["Clarke 1866",6378206.4,294.9786982138982, AUTHORITY["EPSG","7008"]], AUTHORITY["EPSG","6608"]], PRIMEM["Greenwich",0, AUTHORITY["EPSG","8901"]], UNIT["degree",0.01745329251994328, AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]], AUTHORITY["EPSG","4608"]], UNIT["metre",1, AUTHORITY["EPSG","9001"]], PROJECTION["Transverse_Mercator"], PARAMETER["latitude_of_origin",0], PARAMETER["central_meridian",-81], PARAMETER["scale_factor",0.9996], PARAMETER["false_easting",500000], PARAMETER["false_northing",0], AUTHORITY["EPSG","2029"], AXIS["Easting",EAST], AXIS["Northing",NORTH]] WGS84 — SRID 4326 GEOGCS["WGS 84", DATUM["WGS_1984", SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563, AUTHORITY["EPSG","7030"]], AUTHORITY["EPSG","6326"]], PRIMEM["Greenwich",0, AUTHORITY["EPSG","8901"]], UNIT["degree",0.01745329251994328, AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]], AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]] SRID values associated with spatial data can be used to constrain spatial operations — for instance, spatial operations cannot be performed between spatial objects with differing SRIDs in some systems, or trigger coordinate system transformations between spatial objects in others.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_reference_system
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2292661662#0_2582353298
Title: Special Commitment Center - Wikipedia Headings: Special Commitment Center Special Commitment Center Contents History Controversy Commitment process Facilities Total Confinement Facility Secure Community Transition Facility in Pierce County Secure Community Transition Facility in King County Lawsuits by residents See also References External links Content: Special Commitment Center - Wikipedia Special Commitment Center From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search The Special Commitment Center (SCC) in the state of Washington is a post-sentence treatment institution for people designated as sexually violent predators, located on McNeil Island . Civil commitment is the subject of controversy because it allows the involuntary civil confinement of a sex offender after he or she has fulfilled the court's sentence. Contents 1 History 2 Controversy 3 Commitment process 4 Facilities 4.1 Total Confinement Facility 4.2 Secure Community Transition Facility in Pierce County 4.3 Secure Community Transition Facility in King County 5 Lawsuits by residents 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History Washington State's 1990 Community Protection Act was meant to address limitations in involuntary-commitment law and institutions by allowing indefinite, involuntary civil commitment of violent sexual offenders who meet specified criteria. The previous system managed only short-term treatment of persons with serious mental disorders—with the intent of quickly returning them to the community. The Act uniquely applies to violent sexual offenders who meet the less stringent criteria of a personality disorder or mental abnormality which is believed to make them likely to offend again. Under this law, "sexually violent predators" are defined as people with a history of sexually violent crime and "personality disorders and/or mental abnormalities which are unamenable to existing mental illness treatment modalities and those conditions render them likely to engage in sexually violent behavior", targeting strangers, or establishing relationships specifically for the purpose of victimization, if released into the community. " Mental abnormalities" and "personality disorders" typically refer to DSM-IV diagnoses, which are established through structured interviews with the subject. The Special Commitment Center was established in April 1990 to manage those committed under the Act. In the beginning, the SCC managed only six people; that number grew at a rate of about 22 persons per year.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Commitment_Center
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2292661662#2_2582358253
Title: Special Commitment Center - Wikipedia Headings: Special Commitment Center Special Commitment Center Contents History Controversy Commitment process Facilities Total Confinement Facility Secure Community Transition Facility in Pierce County Secure Community Transition Facility in King County Lawsuits by residents See also References External links Content: In late 2001, a temporary Secure Community Transition Facility (SCTF) was established in order to comply with legislation that allowed court-ordered conditional releases. In 2003, SCTF was moved to its present permanent location in the North Complex on McNeil Island. In May 2004, in the same complex, the SCC opened a dedicated facility known as the Total Confinement Facility to house confined residents. Controversy In 2001, the Washington State Supreme Court ruled that the rights of two residents were violated because during their commitment proceedings they were not allowed to present evidence that a less restrictive treatment alternative would have been more effective than total confinement. Since the decision, several residents in total confinement were allowed to move to private residences or halfway houses. Residents of the Special Commitment Center receive $1 to $3 per hour for work performed while in the program. A lawsuit has been filed by one of the inmates contesting that—because the Special Commitment Center is a civil treatment program and not a prison—residents should be guaranteed minimum wage under federal law. Commitment process Washington State law requires an End of Sentence Review Committee to review every sex offender before release from prison. The committee, chaired by the Department of Corrections, rates an offender on a scale from 1 to 3 according to his or her likelihood of offending again. The rating sets the level of supervision that a person requires after release.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Commitment_Center
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2292661662#3_2582360339
Title: Special Commitment Center - Wikipedia Headings: Special Commitment Center Special Commitment Center Contents History Controversy Commitment process Facilities Total Confinement Facility Secure Community Transition Facility in Pierce County Secure Community Transition Facility in King County Lawsuits by residents See also References External links Content: Residents of the Special Commitment Center receive $1 to $3 per hour for work performed while in the program. A lawsuit has been filed by one of the inmates contesting that—because the Special Commitment Center is a civil treatment program and not a prison—residents should be guaranteed minimum wage under federal law. Commitment process Washington State law requires an End of Sentence Review Committee to review every sex offender before release from prison. The committee, chaired by the Department of Corrections, rates an offender on a scale from 1 to 3 according to his or her likelihood of offending again. The rating sets the level of supervision that a person requires after release. If the committee finds that a person meets the legal definition of "sexually violent predator," they refer his or her case to the Special Commitment Center. The prosecutor's office of the convicting county receives permission to petition for the person's commitment to the center. The SCC houses the person until a judge holds a probable cause hearing. If the judge finds probable cause, the SCC confines the person indefinitely. Otherwise, he or she is released.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Commitment_Center
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2304660054#17_2596737117
Title: Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction - Wikipedia Headings: Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction Contents Classification Functional gallbladder disorder Functional biliary sphincter of Oddi disorder Characteristics Pathophysiology Diagnosis Treatment See also References External links Content: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06072.x. PMID 19799700. External links Classification D ICD - 10: K83.8 ICD - 9-CM: 576.5 MeSH: D046628 DiseasesDB: 12297 http://www.ddc.musc.edu/public/symptomsDiseases/diseases/pancreas/SOD.html v t e Diseases of the digestive system Upper GI tract Esophagus Esophagitis Candidal Eosinophilic Herpetiform Rupture Boerhaave syndrome Mallory–Weiss syndrome UES Zenker's diverticulum LES Barrett's esophagus Esophageal motility disorder Nutcracker esophagus Achalasia Diffuse esophageal spasm Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) Esophageal stricture Megaesophagus Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis Stomach Gastritis Atrophic Ménétrier's disease Gastroenteritis Peptic (gastric) ulcer Cushing ulcer Dieulafoy's lesion Dyspepsia Pyloric stenosis Achlorhydria Gastroparesis Gastroptosis Portal hypertensive gastropathy Gastric antral vascular ectasia Gastric dumping syndrome Gastric volvulus Buried bumper syndrome Gastrinoma Zollinger–Ellison syndrome Lower GI tract Enteropathy Small int
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphincter_of_Oddi_dysfunction
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2309278060#2_2601157756
Title: Spill containment - Wikipedia Headings: Spill containment Spill containment Contents Regulation Advantages Technology References External links Content: Oils spills, when they occur, are detrimental to the surrounding environment, humans, and native wildlife. This type of spill is statistically rare, given how much oil is pumped, refined, transported, and stored each day. In 1999, according to US Coast Guard data, of over 3.2 billion barrels of oil transported by oil tanker in the US, fewer than 200 barrels were spilled. The occurrence of oil spills has decreased in the current decades, with approximately 77% less oil spilled since the 1970s. This is due to increased awareness and improved technology. Contents 1 Regulation 2 Advantages 3 Technology 4 References 5 External links Regulation In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates the preparations and response to oil spills in inland waters, with the United States Coast Guard responding to spills in coastal waters. The EPA oil spill program is further broken down into two segments with different responsibilities. The Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure works with facilities that may leak oil into local rivers, streams, or other bodies of water to prevent said leakage. The Facility Response Plan requires at-risk facilities to have a plan to follow in the event of an oil spill. Both were created to plug holes left in the Clean Water Act, in an amendment called the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spill_containment
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2316795231#2_2611275176
Title: Tampering with evidence - Wikipedia Headings: Tampering with evidence Tampering with evidence Contents Spoliation Theory Brookshire Brothers Ltd. v. Aldridge By law enforcement See also References Further reading Content: The spoliation inference is a negative evidentiary inference that a finder of fact can draw from a party's destruction of a document or thing that is relevant to an ongoing or reasonably foreseeable civil or criminal proceeding: the finder of fact can review all evidence uncovered in as strong a light as possible against the spoliator and in favor of the opposing party. However, in U.S. federal courts, updates to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in 2015 have resulted in significant decline in spoliation sanctions. Theory The theory of the spoliation inference is that when a party destroys evidence, it may be reasonable to infer that the party had "consciousness of guilt" or other motivation to avoid the evidence. Therefore, the factfinder may conclude that the evidence would have been unfavorable to the spoliator. Some jurisdictions have recognized a spoliation tort action, which allows the victim of destruction of evidence to file a separate tort action against a spoliator. While spoliation of evidence most often shows up in civil cases with allegations that the defendant allowed videos, photos or physical evidence to be destroyed, spoliation is also an issue where a person claims he has been injured by a defective product which he then discarded or lost. In that circumstance, the defendant manufacturer or distributor may move to dismiss the case on the basis of spoliation (instead of just having to rely on the plaintiff's usual burden of proof, the argument being that any testimony of plaintiff's witnesses would not overcome the spoliation inference born of the lost evidentiary value of the missing product itself). Finally, some states have case law or code sections allowing parties to recover civil damages for the act of spoliation itself. Some states only allow it against third parties, where an insurance company allows a car involved in litigation to be crushed for example.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoliation_of_evidence
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2316795231#3_2611277508
Title: Tampering with evidence - Wikipedia Headings: Tampering with evidence Tampering with evidence Contents Spoliation Theory Brookshire Brothers Ltd. v. Aldridge By law enforcement See also References Further reading Content: Some jurisdictions have recognized a spoliation tort action, which allows the victim of destruction of evidence to file a separate tort action against a spoliator. While spoliation of evidence most often shows up in civil cases with allegations that the defendant allowed videos, photos or physical evidence to be destroyed, spoliation is also an issue where a person claims he has been injured by a defective product which he then discarded or lost. In that circumstance, the defendant manufacturer or distributor may move to dismiss the case on the basis of spoliation (instead of just having to rely on the plaintiff's usual burden of proof, the argument being that any testimony of plaintiff's witnesses would not overcome the spoliation inference born of the lost evidentiary value of the missing product itself). Finally, some states have case law or code sections allowing parties to recover civil damages for the act of spoliation itself. Some states only allow it against third parties, where an insurance company allows a car involved in litigation to be crushed for example. Each state handles the issue in their own manner and case law is constantly evolving. Brookshire Brothers Ltd. v. Aldridge The use of a spoliation inference may be warranted depending on the circumstances, but not all cases of spoliation warrant this serious response by the court. In a 2013 case before the Texas Supreme Court named Brookshire Brothers Ltd. v. Aldridge, A man named Jerry Aldridge went into one of Brookshire Brothers' supermarkets, and after a few minutes in the store, slipped and fell. He went to a doctor approximately 90 minutes later, and returned to the store five days after the accident to complain of back injuries caused by the fall. The supermarket chain's security department only kept what it felt was the relevant part of that store's surveillance video consisting of just before to a few minutes after Mr. Aldridge slipped and fell.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoliation_of_evidence
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2316795231#6_2611284123
Title: Tampering with evidence - Wikipedia Headings: Tampering with evidence Tampering with evidence Contents Spoliation Theory Brookshire Brothers Ltd. v. Aldridge By law enforcement See also References Further reading Content: The trial court judge found that the store's refusal to provide the additional video footage constituted spoliation, and gave the jury a "spoliation inference instruction". The jury was instructed that they may find the failure by the store to retain (and subsequently provide to the other party) the additional footage may be considered an attempt to hide evidence that Brookshire Brothers' management knew would be damaging to their case. The jury returned a verdict for Mr. Aldridge in excess of US $ 1 million. The Texas Twelfth District Court of Appeals upheld the verdict and the spoliation inference instruction. The Texas Supreme Court reversed, ordering a new trial, stating that it was abuse of discretion by the trial court to issue a spoliation inference instruction in this case, that the court should have imposed a different corrective measure on Brookshire Brothers (a less severe sanction), and that a spoliation inference instruction to the jury is only warranted in egregious cases of destruction of relevant evidence. By law enforcement When police confiscate, secret or destroy a citizen's photographs or recordings of officers' misconduct, the police's act of destroying the evidence may be prosecuted as an act of evidence tampering, if the recordings being destroyed are potential evidence in a criminal or regulatory investigation of the officers themselves. In a notable case in Nebraska, officers were charged with the felony charge of evidence tampering, as well as misdemeanor obstruction and theft, when they committed brutality and forcibly stole and destroyed the recordings, which was exposed due to a third party's recording. On the other hand, when police departments lose exonerating evidence that would create reasonable doubt for defendants in the cases they prosecute, such as dashboard-camera footage from patrol cars, it may be regarded as spoliation of evidence, potentially justifying motions to dismiss and/or mistrials. Police's loss of evidence such as footage may be considered as both spoliation and tampering, if it both exonerates the defendant and proves police misconduct. An act of ruining or destroying evidence may sometimes be considered both spoliation of evidence and tampering with evidence.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoliation_of_evidence
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2316795231#7_2611286790
Title: Tampering with evidence - Wikipedia Headings: Tampering with evidence Tampering with evidence Contents Spoliation Theory Brookshire Brothers Ltd. v. Aldridge By law enforcement See also References Further reading Content: By law enforcement When police confiscate, secret or destroy a citizen's photographs or recordings of officers' misconduct, the police's act of destroying the evidence may be prosecuted as an act of evidence tampering, if the recordings being destroyed are potential evidence in a criminal or regulatory investigation of the officers themselves. In a notable case in Nebraska, officers were charged with the felony charge of evidence tampering, as well as misdemeanor obstruction and theft, when they committed brutality and forcibly stole and destroyed the recordings, which was exposed due to a third party's recording. On the other hand, when police departments lose exonerating evidence that would create reasonable doubt for defendants in the cases they prosecute, such as dashboard-camera footage from patrol cars, it may be regarded as spoliation of evidence, potentially justifying motions to dismiss and/or mistrials. Police's loss of evidence such as footage may be considered as both spoliation and tampering, if it both exonerates the defendant and proves police misconduct. An act of ruining or destroying evidence may sometimes be considered both spoliation of evidence and tampering with evidence. For example, when police destroy their own dashboard-camera footage or seize and destroy a citizen's video footage of an incident, it may constitute spoliation of evidence in a criminal case against the defendant if the footage tended to create reasonable doubt for the defendant, and also constitute tampering if the video were evidence of police misconduct in a criminal or regulatory investigation of the police's actions. The goal of spoliating or tampering with evidence is usually to cover up evidence that would be disfavorable to the doer in some way. Moreover, tampering with and/or spoliation of exonerating evidence in criminal cases may also constitute prosecutorial misconduct if the prosecutor is complicit in doing so. Spoliation of evidence is often important in e-discovery matters, as oftentimes records in electronic form such as SMS messages may be difficult to retrieve, preserve, or monitor. Companies and organizations often attempt to avoid spoliation of evidence (or being accused or held liable therewith) by using a legal hold.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoliation_of_evidence
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2319291473#1_2614432554
Title: Sporophyte - Wikipedia Headings: Sporophyte Sporophyte See also References Content: All land plants, and most multicellular algae, have life cycles in which a multicellular diploid sporophyte phase alternates with a multicellular haploid gametophyte phase. In the seed plants, the largest groups of which are the gymnosperms and flowering plants (angiosperms), the sporophyte phase is more prominent than the gametophyte, and is the familiar green plant with its roots, stem, leaves and cones or flowers. In flowering plants the gametophytes are very reduced in size, and are represented by the germinated pollen and the embryo sac . The sporophyte produces spores (hence the name) by meiosis, a process also known as "reduction division" that reduces the number of chromosomes in each spore mother cell by half. The resulting meiospores develop into a gametophyte. Both the spores and the resulting gametophyte are haploid, meaning they only have one set of chromosomes. The mature gametophyte produces male or female gametes (or both) by mitosis. The fusion of male and female gametes produces a diploid zygote which develops into a new sporophyte. This cycle is known as alternation of generations or alternation of phases. In flowering plants, the sporophyte comprises the whole multicellular body except the pollen and embryo sac Bryophytes ( mosses, liverworts and hornworts) have a dominant gametophyte phase on which the adult sporophyte is dependent for nutrition.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporophyte
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2319291473#2_2614434204
Title: Sporophyte - Wikipedia Headings: Sporophyte Sporophyte See also References Content: Both the spores and the resulting gametophyte are haploid, meaning they only have one set of chromosomes. The mature gametophyte produces male or female gametes (or both) by mitosis. The fusion of male and female gametes produces a diploid zygote which develops into a new sporophyte. This cycle is known as alternation of generations or alternation of phases. In flowering plants, the sporophyte comprises the whole multicellular body except the pollen and embryo sac Bryophytes ( mosses, liverworts and hornworts) have a dominant gametophyte phase on which the adult sporophyte is dependent for nutrition. The embryo sporophyte develops by cell division of the zygote within the female sex organ or archegonium, and in its early development is therefore nurtured by the gametophyte. Because this embryo-nurturing feature of the life cycle is common to all land plants they are known collectively as the embryophytes . Cleistocarpous sporophyte of the moss Physcomitrella patens Most algae have dominant gametophyte generations, but in some species the gametophytes and sporophytes are morphologically similar ( isomorphic ). An independent sporophyte is the dominant form in all clubmosses, horsetails, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms that have survived to the present day. Early land plants had sporophytes that produced identical spores ( isosporous or homosporous) but the ancestors of the gymnosperms evolved complex heterosporous life cycles in which the spores producing male and female gametophytes were of different sizes, the female megaspores tending to be larger, and fewer in number, than the male microspores.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporophyte
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2334356360#1_2631861317
Title: Squat toilet - Wikipedia Headings: Squat toilet Squat toilet Contents Terminology Design Use Health, hygiene and maintenance Society and culture Perceptions and trends Public toilets Preferences by country or region Europe China Japan Gallery See also References External links Content: A squat toilet may use a water seal and therefore be a flush toilet, or it can be without a water seal and therefore be a dry toilet. The term "squat" refers only to the expected defecation posture and not any other aspects of toilet technology, such as whether it is water flushed or not. Squat toilets are used all over the world, but are particularly common in many Asian and African countries, as well as Southern European countries. In many of those countries, anal cleansing with water is also the cultural norm and easier to perform than with toilets used in a sitting position. Contents 1 Terminology 2 Design 3 Use 4 Health, hygiene and maintenance 5 Society and culture 5.1 Perceptions and trends 5.2 Public toilets 5.3 Preferences by country or region 5.3.1 Europe 5.3.2 China 5.3.3 Japan 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Terminology Squat toilets are also referred to as "Asian toilets", "Indian toilets" or "Turkish toilets" by people in Western Europe because they can be found in those countries. In Japan, squat toilets are referred to as "Japanese-style toilets". Conversely, sitting toilets are often referred to as "western-style toilets". They are called "French toilets" in some parts of the Middle East. Design Side view of a ceramic squat toilet in Japan before installation Squat toilets are arranged at floor level, which requires the individual to squat with bent knees. In contrast to a pedestal or a sitting toilet, the opening of the drain pipe is located at the ground level.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squat_toilet
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2334356360#2_2631863349
Title: Squat toilet - Wikipedia Headings: Squat toilet Squat toilet Contents Terminology Design Use Health, hygiene and maintenance Society and culture Perceptions and trends Public toilets Preferences by country or region Europe China Japan Gallery See also References External links Content: In Japan, squat toilets are referred to as "Japanese-style toilets". Conversely, sitting toilets are often referred to as "western-style toilets". They are called "French toilets" in some parts of the Middle East. Design Side view of a ceramic squat toilet in Japan before installation Squat toilets are arranged at floor level, which requires the individual to squat with bent knees. In contrast to a pedestal or a sitting toilet, the opening of the drain pipe is located at the ground level. Squatting slabs can be made of porcelain (ceramic), stainless steel, fibreglass, or in the case of low-cost versions in developing countries, with concrete, ferrocement, plastic, or wood covered with linoleum. Slabs can also be made of wood (timber), but need to be treated with preservatives, such as paint or linoleum, to prevent rotting and to enable thorough cleaning of the squatting slab. There are two design variations: one where the toilet is level with the ground, and the other where it is raised on a platform approximately 30 cm (1 ft). The latter is easier to use for people who urinate while standing, but both types can be used for this purpose.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squat_toilet
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2339264500#0_2637455671
Title: St. Croix Chippewa Indians - Wikipedia Headings: St. Croix Chippewa Indians St. Croix Chippewa Indians Contents History Division Dispersal Re-establishment See also References Content: St. Croix Chippewa Indians - Wikipedia St. Croix Chippewa Indians From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( September 2009) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) The St. Croix Chippewa Indians ( Ojibwe language: Manoominikeshiinyag, the "Ricing Rails") are a historical Band of Ojibwe located along the St. Croix River, which forms the boundary between the U.S. states of Wisconsin and Minnesota. The majority of the St. Croix Band are divided into two groups: the federally recognized St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin, and the St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Minnesota, who are one of four constituent members forming the federally recognized Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe. The latter is one of six bands in the federally recognized Minnesota Chippewa Tribe . Contents 1 History 1.1 Division 1.2 Dispersal 1.3 Re-establishment 2 See also 3 References History The Manoominikeshiinyag were one of the three major Bands forming the Biitan-akiing-enabijig (Border Sitters), named because of their proximity to the Eastern Dakota peoples. In turn, the Biitan-akiing-enabijig were a sub-Nation of the Gichigamiwininiwag (Lake Superior Men) . The St. Croix Band arrived in the area nearly 600 years ago;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Croix_Chippewa_Indians
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2339264500#1_2637457531
Title: St. Croix Chippewa Indians - Wikipedia Headings: St. Croix Chippewa Indians St. Croix Chippewa Indians Contents History Division Dispersal Re-establishment See also References Content: the federally recognized St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin, and the St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Minnesota, who are one of four constituent members forming the federally recognized Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe. The latter is one of six bands in the federally recognized Minnesota Chippewa Tribe . Contents 1 History 1.1 Division 1.2 Dispersal 1.3 Re-establishment 2 See also 3 References History The Manoominikeshiinyag were one of the three major Bands forming the Biitan-akiing-enabijig (Border Sitters), named because of their proximity to the Eastern Dakota peoples. In turn, the Biitan-akiing-enabijig were a sub-Nation of the Gichigamiwininiwag (Lake Superior Men) . The St. Croix Band arrived in the area nearly 600 years ago; according to their oral tradition, they were directed to move southward from Lake Superior to "the place where there is food upon the waters." In colonizing the St. Croix River valley and its tributaries, the St. Croix Band entered into a fierce territorial dispute with the Eastern Dakota and the Fox. Eight other Native American Tribes were also located in the St. Croix River Valley. To this day in the Ojibwe language, the headwaters of the St. Croix River is called "Manoominikeshiinyag-ziibi" (Ricing Rail River), the St. Croix River below the confluence of the Namekegon River as "Gichi-ziibi" (Big River) and below the confluence of Trade River as "Jiibayaatigo-ziibi" (Grave-marker River). The name "St. Croix River" was based on the "Jiibayaatigo-ziibi" name of the river.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Croix_Chippewa_Indians
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2339264500#2_2637459450
Title: St. Croix Chippewa Indians - Wikipedia Headings: St. Croix Chippewa Indians St. Croix Chippewa Indians Contents History Division Dispersal Re-establishment See also References Content: according to their oral tradition, they were directed to move southward from Lake Superior to "the place where there is food upon the waters." In colonizing the St. Croix River valley and its tributaries, the St. Croix Band entered into a fierce territorial dispute with the Eastern Dakota and the Fox. Eight other Native American Tribes were also located in the St. Croix River Valley. To this day in the Ojibwe language, the headwaters of the St. Croix River is called "Manoominikeshiinyag-ziibi" (Ricing Rail River), the St. Croix River below the confluence of the Namekegon River as "Gichi-ziibi" (Big River) and below the confluence of Trade River as "Jiibayaatigo-ziibi" (Grave-marker River). The name "St. Croix River" was based on the "Jiibayaatigo-ziibi" name of the river. St. Croix Band was originally divided into the following sub-bands: Apple River Band Clam River Band Kettle River Band Knife River Band Rice River Band Rush River Band Snake River Band Sunrise River Band Tamarack River Band Totogatic River Band Wolf River Band Wood River Band Yellow River Band Due to the inter-relationship and marriages with the Eastern Dakota peoples, the Knife, Rice, Rush, Snake, Sunrise and Apple River bands were considered equally Dakota as Ojibwe. Consequently, citizens from these Bands may have had Dakota names, many were of the Ma'iingan (Wolf) Doodem, and some Chiefs, such as Shak'pi, signed treaties both as Ojibwe and as Dakota. Division The St. Croix Band are signatories to the Treaty of St. Peters (1837), also known as the "White Pine Treat," which ceded lands so that lumbermen could harvest the great number of White pine growing along the St. Croix River watershed. This treaty assured the signatory Tribes of the right to continue to enjoy traditional hunting, fishing and gathering practices in the territory.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Croix_Chippewa_Indians
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2339264500#3_2637461693
Title: St. Croix Chippewa Indians - Wikipedia Headings: St. Croix Chippewa Indians St. Croix Chippewa Indians Contents History Division Dispersal Re-establishment See also References Content: St. Croix Band was originally divided into the following sub-bands: Apple River Band Clam River Band Kettle River Band Knife River Band Rice River Band Rush River Band Snake River Band Sunrise River Band Tamarack River Band Totogatic River Band Wolf River Band Wood River Band Yellow River Band Due to the inter-relationship and marriages with the Eastern Dakota peoples, the Knife, Rice, Rush, Snake, Sunrise and Apple River bands were considered equally Dakota as Ojibwe. Consequently, citizens from these Bands may have had Dakota names, many were of the Ma'iingan (Wolf) Doodem, and some Chiefs, such as Shak'pi, signed treaties both as Ojibwe and as Dakota. Division The St. Croix Band are signatories to the Treaty of St. Peters (1837), also known as the "White Pine Treat," which ceded lands so that lumbermen could harvest the great number of White pine growing along the St. Croix River watershed. This treaty assured the signatory Tribes of the right to continue to enjoy traditional hunting, fishing and gathering practices in the territory. After the Sandy Lake Tragedy in the autumn and winter of 1850, the St. Croix Band and other Ojibwe bands, with public support and outcry throughout the United States, were spared from the Indian removal policy. The St. Croix and other bands entered treaty negotiations with the US to establish a reservation for each of the Ojibwe bands. Confident that the Tribe could maintain exercising their hunting, fishing and gathering rights in the area ceded to the United States in 1837, the St. Croix Band did not agree to relocating to a reservation. In 1854, the St. Croix Band were omitted from the Treaty of La Pointe and lost their federal recognition. No longer with recognized status, the St. Croix Band was prohibited from exercising its hunting rights that had been protected under the Treaty of St. Peters.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Croix_Chippewa_Indians
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2339282558#0_2637493239
Title: St. Croix County, Wisconsin - Wikipedia Headings: St. Croix County, Wisconsin St. Croix County, Wisconsin Contents History Geography Major highways Airport National protected area Adjacent counties Demographics Communities Cities Villages Towns Census-designated places Unincorporated communities Politics Presidential elections results See also References Further reading External links Content: St. Croix County, Wisconsin - Wikipedia St. Croix County, Wisconsin From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search U.S. county in Wisconsin Saint Croix County U.S. county Old St. Croix County Courthouse Location within the U.S. state of Wisconsin Wisconsin's location within the U.S. Coordinates: 45°02′N 92°27′W  /  45.04°N 92.45°W  / 45.04; -92.45 Country United States State Wisconsin Founded 1849 Named for St. Croix River Seat Hudson Largest city Hudson Area • Total 736 sq mi (1,910 km 2) • Land 722 sq mi (1,870 km 2) • Water 13 sq mi (30 km 2) 1.8%% Population ( 2010) • Total 84,345 • Estimate (2019) 90,687 • Density 110/sq mi (44/km 2) Time zone UTC−6 ( Central) • Summer ( DST) UTC−5 ( CDT) Congressional district 7th Website co .saint-croix .wi .us St. Croix County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2010 census, the population was 84,345. Its county seat is Hudson. The county was created in 1840 (then in the Wisconsin Territory) and organized in 1849. St. Croix County is part of the Minneapolis - St. Paul - Bloomington, MN -WI Metropolitan Statistical Area. Between 2000 and 2010, it was the fastest-growing county in Wisconsin. Soils of St. Croix County Soils of Willow River State Park area Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Major highways 2.2 Airport 2.3 National protected area 2.4 Adjacent counties 3 Demographics 4 Communities 4.1 Cities 4.2 Villages 4.3 Towns 4.4 Census-designated places 4.5 Unincorporated communities 5 Politics 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History St. Croix County of 1840 and today St. Croix County was created on August 3, 1840 by the legislature of the Wisconsin Territory. It was named after the river on its western border.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Croix_County,_Wisconsin
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2339282558#1_2637495755
Title: St. Croix County, Wisconsin - Wikipedia Headings: St. Croix County, Wisconsin St. Croix County, Wisconsin Contents History Geography Major highways Airport National protected area Adjacent counties Demographics Communities Cities Villages Towns Census-designated places Unincorporated communities Politics Presidential elections results See also References Further reading External links Content: The county was created in 1840 (then in the Wisconsin Territory) and organized in 1849. St. Croix County is part of the Minneapolis - St. Paul - Bloomington, MN -WI Metropolitan Statistical Area. Between 2000 and 2010, it was the fastest-growing county in Wisconsin. Soils of St. Croix County Soils of Willow River State Park area Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Major highways 2.2 Airport 2.3 National protected area 2.4 Adjacent counties 3 Demographics 4 Communities 4.1 Cities 4.2 Villages 4.3 Towns 4.4 Census-designated places 4.5 Unincorporated communities 5 Politics 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History St. Croix County of 1840 and today St. Croix County was created on August 3, 1840 by the legislature of the Wisconsin Territory. It was named after the river on its western border. Sources vary on the origin of the name; the St. Croix River may have been named after Monsieur St. Croix, an explorer who drowned at the mouth of the river late in the seventeenth century. Another account credits Father Hennepin with giving this region the French name Ste Croix (Holy Cross) because of the burial markers located at the mouth of the river. La Pointe County (now extinct, see Bayfield County) was created from the northern portions of Wisconsin Territory's St. Croix County on February 19, 1845. When Wisconsin was admitted into the union as a state on May 29, 1848, the territorial St. Croix County was further divided, with the territory from the Mississippi River to the current border of Minnesota continuing as de facto Wisconsin Territory until on March 3, 1849, it and unorganized federal territory lying north of Iowa were used in the creation of the Minnesota Territory.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Croix_County,_Wisconsin
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2339282558#2_2637498103
Title: St. Croix County, Wisconsin - Wikipedia Headings: St. Croix County, Wisconsin St. Croix County, Wisconsin Contents History Geography Major highways Airport National protected area Adjacent counties Demographics Communities Cities Villages Towns Census-designated places Unincorporated communities Politics Presidential elections results See also References Further reading External links Content: Sources vary on the origin of the name; the St. Croix River may have been named after Monsieur St. Croix, an explorer who drowned at the mouth of the river late in the seventeenth century. Another account credits Father Hennepin with giving this region the French name Ste Croix (Holy Cross) because of the burial markers located at the mouth of the river. La Pointe County (now extinct, see Bayfield County) was created from the northern portions of Wisconsin Territory's St. Croix County on February 19, 1845. When Wisconsin was admitted into the union as a state on May 29, 1848, the territorial St. Croix County was further divided, with the territory from the Mississippi River to the current border of Minnesota continuing as de facto Wisconsin Territory until on March 3, 1849, it and unorganized federal territory lying north of Iowa were used in the creation of the Minnesota Territory. Itasca, Washington, Ramsey and Benton Counties were created by the Minnesota Territory on October 27, 1849 from the de facto Wisconsin Territory that had been separated from the Wisconsin Territory's La Pointe County. The part of St. Croix County allocated to Wisconsin became the parental county to Pierce and Polk Counties, and formed significant portions of Dunn, Barron, Washburn and Burnett Counties. On June 12, 1899, a deadly F5 tornado struck New Richmond. The tornado's damage path was 400 yards (370 m) wide and 46 miles (74 km) long. The tornado formed on the banks of the St. Croix River, south of Hudson.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Croix_County,_Wisconsin
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Title: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) - Wikipedia Headings: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) Contents Geography Navigation Historical boundary issues Water level monitoring Canada United States Crossings Derived names Dam Removal See also References External links Content: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) - Wikipedia St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from St. Croix River (Maine-New Brunswick)) Jump to navigation Jump to search St. Croix River St. Croix River at Vanceboro, Maine. Location Country Canada/United States Physical characteristics Source • location Chiputneticook Lakes Mouth • location Passamaquoddy Bay • coordinates 45°04′23″N 67°05′35″W  /  45.073°N 67.093°W  / 45.073; -67.093 Coordinates: 45°04′23″N 67°05′35″W  /  45.073°N 67.093°W  / 45.073; -67.093 • elevation sea level Basin size 1,500 square miles (3,900 km 2) The St. Croix River watershed The St. Croix River ( French: Fleuve Sainte-Croix) is a river in northeastern North America, 71 miles (114 km) in length, that forms part of the Canada–United States border between Maine (U.S.) and New Brunswick (Canada). The river rises in the Chiputneticook Lakes and flows south and southeast, between Calais and St. Stephen. It discharges into Passamaquoddy Bay, in the Bay of Fundy . Contents 1 Geography 1.1 Navigation 2 Historical boundary issues 3 Water level monitoring 3.1 Canada 3.2 United States 4 Crossings 5 Derived names 6 Dam Removal 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Geography The river forms from the Chiputneticook Lakes (North Lake, East Grand Lake, Mud Lake, and Spednic Lake) along the Canadian - U.S. border. U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps show the St. Croix River as beginning at the 1.0-mile-long (1.6 km) outlet stream from East Grand Lake, then flowing through the short Mud Lake and entering Spednic Lake, extending 20 miles (32 km) to its outlet at Vanceboro, Maine, and the start of the river proper.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Croix_River_(Maine-New_Brunswick)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2339300119#1_2637523511
Title: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) - Wikipedia Headings: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) Contents Geography Navigation Historical boundary issues Water level monitoring Canada United States Crossings Derived names Dam Removal See also References External links Content: Fleuve Sainte-Croix) is a river in northeastern North America, 71 miles (114 km) in length, that forms part of the Canada–United States border between Maine (U.S.) and New Brunswick (Canada). The river rises in the Chiputneticook Lakes and flows south and southeast, between Calais and St. Stephen. It discharges into Passamaquoddy Bay, in the Bay of Fundy . Contents 1 Geography 1.1 Navigation 2 Historical boundary issues 3 Water level monitoring 3.1 Canada 3.2 United States 4 Crossings 5 Derived names 6 Dam Removal 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Geography The river forms from the Chiputneticook Lakes (North Lake, East Grand Lake, Mud Lake, and Spednic Lake) along the Canadian - U.S. border. U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps show the St. Croix River as beginning at the 1.0-mile-long (1.6 km) outlet stream from East Grand Lake, then flowing through the short Mud Lake and entering Spednic Lake, extending 20 miles (32 km) to its outlet at Vanceboro, Maine, and the start of the river proper. Adding the section of river and lake from the outlet of East Grand Lake gives a total length of 95 miles (153 km) to the St. Croix. The total drainage area of the river is approximately 1,500 square miles (3,900 km 2 ). In the 20th century, the river was heavily developed for hydroelectric power. The river had previously hosted a large population of Atlantic salmon; however, the salmon population was reduced after building hydroelectric dams upriver from Calais-St.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Croix_River_(Maine-New_Brunswick)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2339300119#2_2637525559
Title: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) - Wikipedia Headings: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) Contents Geography Navigation Historical boundary issues Water level monitoring Canada United States Crossings Derived names Dam Removal See also References External links Content: Adding the section of river and lake from the outlet of East Grand Lake gives a total length of 95 miles (153 km) to the St. Croix. The total drainage area of the river is approximately 1,500 square miles (3,900 km 2 ). In the 20th century, the river was heavily developed for hydroelectric power. The river had previously hosted a large population of Atlantic salmon; however, the salmon population was reduced after building hydroelectric dams upriver from Calais-St. Stephen. The river is an estuary between Calais-St. Stephen and the river's mouth at Robbinston and St. Andrews. This tidal area extends for approximately 16 miles (26 km) along this section and exhibits a tidal bore . Navigation The Saint Croix River was an early trade corridor to interior Maine and New Brunswick from the Atlantic coast.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Croix_River_(Maine-New_Brunswick)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2339300119#3_2637526914
Title: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) - Wikipedia Headings: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) Contents Geography Navigation Historical boundary issues Water level monitoring Canada United States Crossings Derived names Dam Removal See also References External links Content: Stephen. The river is an estuary between Calais-St. Stephen and the river's mouth at Robbinston and St. Andrews. This tidal area extends for approximately 16 miles (26 km) along this section and exhibits a tidal bore . Navigation The Saint Croix River was an early trade corridor to interior Maine and New Brunswick from the Atlantic coast. Ocean ships could navigate upstream to Calais and St. Stephen; although tidal fluctuation made Eastport a preferred port for deeper draft vessels. The river upstream of Calais and St. Stephen became an important transportation corridor for log driving to bring wooden logs and pulpwood from interior forests to sawmills and paper mills built to use water power at Calais and Woodland. Historical boundary issues The boundary issues of the St. Croix River came out of the Treaty of Paris that was signed in 1783. The geography of the river was not charted clearly until the Jay Treaty (1794) provided provisions for surveying the boundary.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Croix_River_(Maine-New_Brunswick)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2339300119#6_2637532330
Title: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) - Wikipedia Headings: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) Contents Geography Navigation Historical boundary issues Water level monitoring Canada United States Crossings Derived names Dam Removal See also References External links Content: During this time, the lumbermen were very serious and competitive about the trees. Whoever got to the best trees first claimed them. Dynamite was used as a tool of sabotage to blow up some of the log booms that were strung across the river to catch the recently cut trees. It is also known that at times the timber men purposely sorted their logs incorrectly to attempt to confuse local officials charged with regulating timber trade and transportation. Water level monitoring Canada The Water Survey of Canada maintains six river flow gauges in the St. Croix River watershed: St. Croix, New Brunswick ( 45°34′08″N 67°25′47″W  /  45.5689°N 67.4297°W  / 45.5689; -67.4297 ) Baring, Maine ( 45°08′12″N 67°19′05″W  /  45.1367°N 67.3181°W  / 45.1367; -67.3181 ) Dennis Stream near St. Stephen, New Brunswick ( 45°12′35″N 67°15′45″W  /  45.2097°N 67.2625°W  / 45.2097; -67.2625 ) East Grand Lake at Forest City, New Brunswick ( 45°39′54″N 67°44′10″W  /  45.6650°N 67.7361°W  / 45.6650; -67.7361 ) Spednic Lake at St. Croix, New Brunswick ( 45°34′09″N 67°25′41″W  /  45.5692°N 67.4281°W  / 45.5692;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Croix_River_(Maine-New_Brunswick)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2339300119#7_2637534281
Title: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) - Wikipedia Headings: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) Contents Geography Navigation Historical boundary issues Water level monitoring Canada United States Crossings Derived names Dam Removal See also References External links Content: St. Croix, New Brunswick ( 45°34′08″N 67°25′47″W  /  45.5689°N 67.4297°W  / 45.5689; -67.4297 ) Baring, Maine ( 45°08′12″N 67°19′05″W  /  45.1367°N 67.3181°W  / 45.1367; -67.3181 ) Dennis Stream near St. Stephen, New Brunswick ( 45°12′35″N 67°15′45″W  /  45.2097°N 67.2625°W  / 45.2097; -67.2625 ) East Grand Lake at Forest City, New Brunswick ( 45°39′54″N 67°44′10″W  /  45.6650°N 67.7361°W  / 45.6650; -67.7361 ) Spednic Lake at St. Croix, New Brunswick ( 45°34′09″N 67°25′41″W  /  45.5692°N 67.4281°W  / 45.5692; -67.4281 ) Forest City Stream, below the Forest City Dam at Forest City, New Brunswick ( 45°39′51″N 67°44′04″W  /  45.6642°N 67.7344°W  / 45.6642; -67.7344 ) United States The United States Geological Survey maintains two river flow gauges in the St. Croix River watershed. Vanceboro, Maine ( 45°34′08″N 67°25′47″W  /  45.56889°N 67.42972°W  / 45.56889; -67.42972 ) where the rivershed is 413 square miles (1,070 km 2 ), 400 feet (100 m) downstream from the Spednik Lake Dam. Baring Plantation, Maine ( 45°34′08″N 67°25′47″W  /  45.56889°N 67.42972°W  / 45.56889;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Croix_River_(Maine-New_Brunswick)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2339300119#8_2637536402
Title: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) - Wikipedia Headings: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) Contents Geography Navigation Historical boundary issues Water level monitoring Canada United States Crossings Derived names Dam Removal See also References External links Content: -67.4281 ) Forest City Stream, below the Forest City Dam at Forest City, New Brunswick ( 45°39′51″N 67°44′04″W  /  45.6642°N 67.7344°W  / 45.6642; -67.7344 ) United States The United States Geological Survey maintains two river flow gauges in the St. Croix River watershed. Vanceboro, Maine ( 45°34′08″N 67°25′47″W  /  45.56889°N 67.42972°W  / 45.56889; -67.42972 ) where the rivershed is 413 square miles (1,070 km 2 ), 400 feet (100 m) downstream from the Spednik Lake Dam. Baring Plantation, Maine ( 45°34′08″N 67°25′47″W  /  45.56889°N 67.42972°W  / 45.56889; -67.42972 ) where the rivershed is 1,374 square miles (3,559 km 2 ), 5.6 miles (9.0 km) downstream of the nearest dam. The maximum recorded flow here is 23,500 cubic feet (670 m 3) per second and the minimum 262 cubic feet (7.4 m 3) per second. USGS also maintains a water chemistry monitor at Milltown, Maine ( WikiMiniAtlas 45°10′11″N 67°17′50″W  /  45.16972°N 67.29722°W  / 45.16972; -67.29722 ) where the rivershed is 1,455 square miles (3,768 km 2 ). For water year 2001, the pH ranged from 6.6 to 7.2.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Croix_River_(Maine-New_Brunswick)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2339300119#9_2637538265
Title: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) - Wikipedia Headings: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) Contents Geography Navigation Historical boundary issues Water level monitoring Canada United States Crossings Derived names Dam Removal See also References External links Content: -67.42972 ) where the rivershed is 1,374 square miles (3,559 km 2 ), 5.6 miles (9.0 km) downstream of the nearest dam. The maximum recorded flow here is 23,500 cubic feet (670 m 3) per second and the minimum 262 cubic feet (7.4 m 3) per second. USGS also maintains a water chemistry monitor at Milltown, Maine ( WikiMiniAtlas 45°10′11″N 67°17′50″W  /  45.16972°N 67.29722°W  / 45.16972; -67.29722 ) where the rivershed is 1,455 square miles (3,768 km 2 ). For water year 2001, the pH ranged from 6.6 to 7.2. Crossings Seven active international bridges cross the river at the following locations: St. Croix, New Brunswick - Vanceboro, Maine ( Saint Croix-Vanceboro Bridge, road St. Croix-Vanceboro ( Saint Croix-Vanceboro Railway Bridge ), rail Mohannes, New Brunswick - Woodland, Maine (unnamed Maine Central Railroad bridge), rail Upper Mills, New Brunswick - Baring, Maine (unnamed Maine Central Railroad bridge), rail St. Stephen, New Brunswick - Calais, Maine, International Avenue Bridge, road St. Stephen, New Brunswick - Calais, Maine ( Milltown International Bridge ), road St. Stephen, New Brunswick - Calais, Maine (unnamed New Brunswick Southern Railway / Maine Central Railroad bridge), rail St. Stephen, New Brunswick - Calais, Maine ( St. Stephen-Calais Bridge ), road One defunct crossing exists: St. Stephen, New Brunswick - Calais, Maine, ferry (at site of St. Stephen-Calais Bridge) Derived names HMCS St. Croix (I81), previously USS McCook (DD-252), became a Canadian ship in 1940 as part of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement. It was renamed after the St. Croix River to follow the Canadian tradition of naming destroyers after Canadian rivers while recognizing the shared national history of the ship. Dam Removal New Brunswick Power has indicated their desire to remove the 138 year old Milltown Dam on the St Croix River between St. Stephen, New Brunswick (Canada), and Calais, Maine (USA).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Croix_River_(Maine-New_Brunswick)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2339300119#10_2637540798
Title: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) - Wikipedia Headings: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) Contents Geography Navigation Historical boundary issues Water level monitoring Canada United States Crossings Derived names Dam Removal See also References External links Content: Crossings Seven active international bridges cross the river at the following locations: St. Croix, New Brunswick - Vanceboro, Maine ( Saint Croix-Vanceboro Bridge, road St. Croix-Vanceboro ( Saint Croix-Vanceboro Railway Bridge ), rail Mohannes, New Brunswick - Woodland, Maine (unnamed Maine Central Railroad bridge), rail Upper Mills, New Brunswick - Baring, Maine (unnamed Maine Central Railroad bridge), rail St. Stephen, New Brunswick - Calais, Maine, International Avenue Bridge, road St. Stephen, New Brunswick - Calais, Maine ( Milltown International Bridge ), road St. Stephen, New Brunswick - Calais, Maine (unnamed New Brunswick Southern Railway / Maine Central Railroad bridge), rail St. Stephen, New Brunswick - Calais, Maine ( St. Stephen-Calais Bridge ), road One defunct crossing exists: St. Stephen, New Brunswick - Calais, Maine, ferry (at site of St. Stephen-Calais Bridge) Derived names HMCS St. Croix (I81), previously USS McCook (DD-252), became a Canadian ship in 1940 as part of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement. It was renamed after the St. Croix River to follow the Canadian tradition of naming destroyers after Canadian rivers while recognizing the shared national history of the ship. Dam Removal New Brunswick Power has indicated their desire to remove the 138 year old Milltown Dam on the St Croix River between St. Stephen, New Brunswick (Canada), and Calais, Maine (USA). Currently, New Brunswick Power stakeholders, government officials, the Peskotomuhkati Tribe, locals, and the public are examining this proposed dam removal. Milltown Dam removal would restore Salmon Falls between St. Stephen and Calais. The Peskotomuhkati Tribe is also advocating for the removal of Milltown Dam and the full restoration of Salmon Falls. Milltown Dam was built in 1881 by New Brunswick Power and is the oldest operating hydro facility in Canada. Atlantic Salmon, shad, eels, and alewives would all benefit from this dam’s removal and ongoing habitat restoration.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Croix_River_(Maine-New_Brunswick)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2339300119#12_2637545044
Title: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) - Wikipedia Headings: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) Contents Geography Navigation Historical boundary issues Water level monitoring Canada United States Crossings Derived names Dam Removal See also References External links Content: St Croix River oxygen levels would also improve with the restoration of Salmon Falls. Milltown Dam could be removed as early as 2022 pending regulatory approval. See also List of bodies of water of New Brunswick List of rivers of Maine References ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed June 22, 2011 ^ DeLorme Mapping Company The Maine Atlas and Gazetteer (13th edition) (1988) ISBN 0-89933-035-5 map 37 ^ http://www.internationalboundarycommission.org/history.html ^ Judd, Richard., Judd, Patricia. “ Forging an International Economy,” A Century of Logging in Northern Maine. Orono: University of Maine Press, 1988), 21-39. ^ Professor Jason Hall.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Croix_River_(Maine-New_Brunswick)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2339300119#13_2637546332
Title: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) - Wikipedia Headings: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) Contents Geography Navigation Historical boundary issues Water level monitoring Canada United States Crossings Derived names Dam Removal See also References External links Content: Judd, Patricia. “ Forging an International Economy,” A Century of Logging in Northern Maine. Orono: University of Maine Press, 1988), 21-39. ^ Professor Jason Hall. May 7th, 2015. Rivers, International Conflicts and Cooperation Lecture, Rivers in World History. St. Thomas University. ^ G.J. Stewart; J.P. Nielsen;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Croix_River_(Maine-New_Brunswick)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2339300119#14_2637547201
Title: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) - Wikipedia Headings: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) Contents Geography Navigation Historical boundary issues Water level monitoring Canada United States Crossings Derived names Dam Removal See also References External links Content: May 7th, 2015. Rivers, International Conflicts and Cooperation Lecture, Rivers in World History. St. Thomas University. ^ G.J. Stewart; J.P. Nielsen; J.M. Caldwell; A.R. Cloutier (2002). " Water Resources Data – Maine, Water Year 2001" (PDF). Water Resources Data – Maine, Water Year 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-11-18.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Croix_River_(Maine-New_Brunswick)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2339300119#15_2637548095
Title: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) - Wikipedia Headings: St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick) Contents Geography Navigation Historical boundary issues Water level monitoring Canada United States Crossings Derived names Dam Removal See also References External links Content: J.M. Caldwell; A.R. Cloutier (2002). " Water Resources Data – Maine, Water Year 2001" (PDF). Water Resources Data – Maine, Water Year 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-11-18. Retrieved 2006-05-07. ^ Milner, Marc (1985). North Atlantic Run. Naval Institute Press. p. 23.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Croix_River_(Maine-New_Brunswick)