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msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2476248374#1_2799614203 | Title: Sulfonamide (medicine) - Wikipedia
Headings: Sulfonamide (medicine)
Sulfonamide (medicine)
Contents
Function
History
Preparation
Varieties
Side-effects
See also
References
External links
Content: The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic (nonantibiotic) antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group. Some sulfonamides are also devoid of antibacterial activity, e.g., the anticonvulsant sultiame. The sulfonylureas and thiazide diuretics are newer drug groups based upon the antibacterial sulfonamides. Allergies to sulfonamides are common. The overall incidence of adverse drug reactions to sulfa antibiotics is approximately 3%, close to penicillin; hence medications containing sulfonamides are prescribed carefully. Sulfonamide drugs were the first broadly effective antibacterials to be used systemically, and paved the way for the antibiotic revolution in medicine. Contents
1 Function
2 History
3 Preparation
4 Varieties
5 Side-effects
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Function
Main article: Dihydropteroate synthase inhibitor
In bacteria, antibacterial sulfonamides act as competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS), an enzyme involved in folate synthesis. Sulfonamides are therefore bacteriostatic and inhibit growth and multiplication of bacteria, but do not kill them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfa_drug |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2476248374#2_2799615729 | Title: Sulfonamide (medicine) - Wikipedia
Headings: Sulfonamide (medicine)
Sulfonamide (medicine)
Contents
Function
History
Preparation
Varieties
Side-effects
See also
References
External links
Content: hence medications containing sulfonamides are prescribed carefully. Sulfonamide drugs were the first broadly effective antibacterials to be used systemically, and paved the way for the antibiotic revolution in medicine. Contents
1 Function
2 History
3 Preparation
4 Varieties
5 Side-effects
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Function
Main article: Dihydropteroate synthase inhibitor
In bacteria, antibacterial sulfonamides act as competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS), an enzyme involved in folate synthesis. Sulfonamides are therefore bacteriostatic and inhibit growth and multiplication of bacteria, but do not kill them. Humans, in contrast to bacteria, acquire folate (vitamin B 9) through the diet. Structural similarity between sulfonilamide (left) and PABA (center) is the basis for the inhibitory activity of sulfa drugs on tetrahydrofolate (right) biosynthesis. Sulfonamides are used to treat allergies and cough, as well as antifungal and antimalarial functions. The moiety is also present in other medications that are not antimicrobials, including thiazide diuretics (including hydrochlorothiazide, metolazone, and indapamide, among others), loop diuretics (including furosemide, bumetanide, and torsemide ), acetazolamide, sulfonylureas (including glipizide, glyburide, among others), and some COX-2 inhibitors (e.g., celecoxib ). Sulfasalazine, in addition to its use as an antibiotic, is also used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfa_drug |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2476248374#3_2799617615 | Title: Sulfonamide (medicine) - Wikipedia
Headings: Sulfonamide (medicine)
Sulfonamide (medicine)
Contents
Function
History
Preparation
Varieties
Side-effects
See also
References
External links
Content: Humans, in contrast to bacteria, acquire folate (vitamin B 9) through the diet. Structural similarity between sulfonilamide (left) and PABA (center) is the basis for the inhibitory activity of sulfa drugs on tetrahydrofolate (right) biosynthesis. Sulfonamides are used to treat allergies and cough, as well as antifungal and antimalarial functions. The moiety is also present in other medications that are not antimicrobials, including thiazide diuretics (including hydrochlorothiazide, metolazone, and indapamide, among others), loop diuretics (including furosemide, bumetanide, and torsemide ), acetazolamide, sulfonylureas (including glipizide, glyburide, among others), and some COX-2 inhibitors (e.g., celecoxib ). Sulfasalazine, in addition to its use as an antibiotic, is also used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. History
Sulfonamide drugs were the first broadly effective antibacterials to be used systemically, and paved the way for the antibiotic revolution in medicine. The first sulfonamide, trade-named Prontosil, was a prodrug. Experiments with Prontosil began in 1932 in the laboratories of Bayer AG, at that time a component of the huge German chemical trust IG Farben. The Bayer team believed that coal-tar dyes which are able to bind preferentially to bacteria and parasites might be used to attack harmful organisms in the body. After years of fruitless trial-and-error work on hundreds of dyes, a team led by physician/researcher Gerhard Domagk (working under the general direction of IG Farben executive Heinrich Hörlein) finally found one that worked: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfa_drug |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2476248374#8_2799626809 | Title: Sulfonamide (medicine) - Wikipedia
Headings: Sulfonamide (medicine)
Sulfonamide (medicine)
Contents
Function
History
Preparation
Varieties
Side-effects
See also
References
External links
Content: Sulfa had a central role in preventing wound infections during the war. American soldiers were issued a first-aid kit containing sulfa pills and powder and were told to sprinkle it on any open wound. The sulfanilamide compound is more active in the protonated form. The drug has very low solubility and sometimes can crystallize in the kidneys, due to its first pK a of around 10. This is a very painful experience, so patients are told to take the medication with copious amounts of water. Newer analogous compounds prevent this complication because they have a lower pK a, around 5–6, making them more likely to remain in a soluble form. Many thousands of molecules containing the sulfanilamide structure have been created since its discovery (by one account, over 5,400 permutations by 1945), yielding improved formulations with greater effectiveness and less toxicity. Sulfa drugs are still widely used for conditions such as acne and urinary tract infections, and are receiving renewed interest for the treatment of infections caused by bacteria resistant to other antibiotics. Preparation
Sulfonamides are prepared by the reaction of a sulfonyl chloride with ammonia or an amine. Certain sulfonamides (sulfadiazine or sulfamethoxazole) are sometimes mixed with the drug trimethoprim, which acts against dihydrofolate reductase. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfa_drug |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2476248374#9_2799628525 | Title: Sulfonamide (medicine) - Wikipedia
Headings: Sulfonamide (medicine)
Sulfonamide (medicine)
Contents
Function
History
Preparation
Varieties
Side-effects
See also
References
External links
Content: Newer analogous compounds prevent this complication because they have a lower pK a, around 5–6, making them more likely to remain in a soluble form. Many thousands of molecules containing the sulfanilamide structure have been created since its discovery (by one account, over 5,400 permutations by 1945), yielding improved formulations with greater effectiveness and less toxicity. Sulfa drugs are still widely used for conditions such as acne and urinary tract infections, and are receiving renewed interest for the treatment of infections caused by bacteria resistant to other antibiotics. Preparation
Sulfonamides are prepared by the reaction of a sulfonyl chloride with ammonia or an amine. Certain sulfonamides (sulfadiazine or sulfamethoxazole) are sometimes mixed with the drug trimethoprim, which acts against dihydrofolate reductase. As of 2013, the Republic of Ireland is the largest exporter worldwide of sulfonamides, accounting for approximately 32% of total exports. Varieties
Main article: List of sulfonamides
Side-effects
Person with Stevens–Johnson syndrome
Allergic urticaria on the skin induced by an antibiotic
Sulfonamides have the potential to cause a variety of untoward reactions, including urinary tract disorders, haemopoietic disorders, porphyria and hypersensitivity reactions. When used in large doses, they may cause a strong allergic reaction. The most serious of these are classified as severe cutaneous adverse reactions (i.e. SCARs) and include the Stevens–Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis (also known as Lyell syndrome), the DRESS syndrome, and a not quite as serious SCARs reaction, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfa_drug |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2476296844#5_2799693022 | Title: Sulfadimethoxine - Wikipedia
Headings: Sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine
Contents
Mechanism
With ormetoprim
Pharmacokinetics
Usage
Notes
Content: Dogs are the exception – since they are unable acetylate sulfanamides, they excrete sulfadimethoxine mostly unchanged in the urine (their inability to transform sulfadimethoxine also makes them more susceptible to negative side effects). Sulfadimethoxine has a relatively high solubility at the pH normally occurring in the kidneys, and is easily reabsorbed into the renal tubules, adding to its long half-life. The use of sulfadimethoxine raises concerns that it will precipitate in the kidneys, leading to crystalluria. Though crystallization is not actually a common occurrence in veterinary medicine, it can be avoided entirely by adding a diaminopyrimidine such as ormetoprim. Having the animal stay well-hydrated also is advised. Usage
Sulfadimethoxine is the only FDA-approved drug for treating intestinal coccidioisis in cats and dogs. It is also used for: Treating skin and soft-tissue infections in dogs caused by Staphylococcus aureus or E. coli
Treating cattle for bovine respiratory disease complex ("shipping fever complex"), necrotic pododermatitis (foot rot), pneumonia when caused by Pasteurella, and calf diphtheria caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum
When combined with ormetoprim: Treating soft tissue infections, skin infections, urinary tract infections, and intesintal coccidia infections in dogs
Prevention of fowl cholera and coccidioisis by Eimeria in poultry
Treating salmon and trout for furunculosis
It is also one of the only sulfonamides allowed for treating lactating dairy cattle (the others being sulfabromethazine and sulfathoxypyridazine). Notes
^ a b "SulfaMed (sulfadimethoxine) Injection 40% for Animal Use". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfadimethoxine |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2476296844#6_2799695015 | Title: Sulfadimethoxine - Wikipedia
Headings: Sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine
Contents
Mechanism
With ormetoprim
Pharmacokinetics
Usage
Notes
Content: Usage
Sulfadimethoxine is the only FDA-approved drug for treating intestinal coccidioisis in cats and dogs. It is also used for: Treating skin and soft-tissue infections in dogs caused by Staphylococcus aureus or E. coli
Treating cattle for bovine respiratory disease complex ("shipping fever complex"), necrotic pododermatitis (foot rot), pneumonia when caused by Pasteurella, and calf diphtheria caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum
When combined with ormetoprim: Treating soft tissue infections, skin infections, urinary tract infections, and intesintal coccidia infections in dogs
Prevention of fowl cholera and coccidioisis by Eimeria in poultry
Treating salmon and trout for furunculosis
It is also one of the only sulfonamides allowed for treating lactating dairy cattle (the others being sulfabromethazine and sulfathoxypyridazine). Notes
^ a b "SulfaMed (sulfadimethoxine) Injection 40% for Animal Use". Drugs.com. Retrieved 2017-06-18. ^ a b c d e f Riviere JE, Papich MG (2013-05-13). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. John Wiley & Sons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfadimethoxine |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2528226324#9_2855855067 | Title: Sustainable capitalism - Wikipedia
Headings: Sustainable capitalism
Sustainable capitalism
Contents
Governance and economic aspects
Environmental aspects
Social aspects
Criticism
Marxist view
Sustainable capitalism as an oxymoron
Government reluctance
See also
References
Content: According to him, classical economists like Adam Smith had always intended for market economics to be tempered by property owners' moralities, and neoclassical economists put undue faith in the ability of markets to automatically adjust to physical and moral imperatives. Ikerd concludes that a system of environmental regulations founded on a popular, ethical consensus is necessary and sufficient to prevent excessive climate change. Sustainable capitalism is also viewed as a non-transcendent, regulated commodity to humanity due to the ever-increasing demands of environmental regulation. Geoffrey Strickland emphasizes that current discussions on economic development are led by the notion that human reproduction is a commodity that must be regulated and improved in order to encourage market efficiency, which is a phenomenon that counteracts the growth of capitalism. Criticism
See also: Steady-state economy § Capitalism without growth
Marxist view
According to the Marxist understanding of capitalism as production for profit, it is impossible to prioritize environmental sustainability without abolishing capitalism. Ernest Mandel claims that when profit maximization requires a business to pollute the air, "the simple right to clean air is abolished". Under his conception of capitalism, profit necessarily subjugates the environment, and properly accounting for the social costs of production requires some form of socialist planning. Any attempt to adequately protect the environment within such a capitalist framework is doomed to fail, so the argument goes, because society simply is not structured to be willing to sacrifice private profits for public endeavors on this scale. Sustainable capitalism as an oxymoron
The Capital Institute describes the concept of sustainable capitalism as an oxymoron. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_capitalism |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2533228763#0_2861362471 | Title: Swale (horse) - Wikipedia
Headings: Swale (horse)
Swale (horse)
Contents
Background
Racing career
1983: two-year-old season
1984: three-year-old season
Death
Honors and awards
Pedigree
Pedigree of Swale (USA), bay or brown colt 1981
References
Content: Swale (horse) - Wikipedia
Swale (horse)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
American-bred Thoroughbred racehorse
Swale
Sire
Seattle Slew
Grandsire
Bold Reasoning
Dam
Tuerta
Damsire
Forli
Sex
Colt
Foaled
April 21, 1981
Died
June 17, 1984
(1984-06-17)
(aged 3)
Country
United States
Colour
Dark Bay/Brown
Breeder
Claiborne Farm
Owner
Claiborne Farm
Silks: Yellow, Yellow Cap
Trainer
Woody Stephens
Record
14: 9-2-2
Earnings
$1,583,660
Major wins
Breeders' Futurity Stakes (1983)
Belmont Futurity Stakes (1983)
Saratoga Special Stakes (1983)
Young America Stakes (1983)
Hutcheson Stakes (1984)
Florida Derby (1984)
Triple Crown race wins: Kentucky Derby (1984)
Belmont Stakes (1984)
Awards
U.S. Champion 3-Yr-Old Colt (1984)
Honours
Aiken Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame (1985)
Swale Stakes at Gulfstream Park
Swale (April 21, 1981 – June 17, 1984) was an American thoroughbred racehorse. He is best known for winning the Kentucky Derby and the Belmont Stakes in 1984. He died eight days after his win in the latter race. Contents
1 Background
2 Racing career
2.1 1983: two-year-old season
2.2 1984: three-year-old season
3 Death
4 Honors and awards
5 Pedigree
6 References
Background
A son of the 1977 Triple Crown winner Seattle Slew, Swale was trained by Woody Stephens and ridden by Laffit Pincay, Jr., both now members of the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame. Swale's dam, the stakes winning mare Tuerta, was born with one eye. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swale_(horse) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2543330146#1_2873290505 | Title: Swiss Alps - Wikipedia
Headings: Swiss Alps
Swiss Alps
Contents
Geography
Ranges
Western Alps
Eastern Alps
Hydrography
Rivers
Lakes
Hydroelectricity Impacts due to Glacial Melting
Land elevation
Monitoring Glacial Changes Over Time
Geology
Environment and climate
Climate zones
Negative Impacts to Nearby Populations due to Glacial Melting
Travel and tourism
Summer tourism
Winter tourism
Popular Snow Activities
Tourism Impacts due to Climate Change
Transport
Toponymy
See also
Notes and references
Bibliography
External links
Maps
Other
Content: Alpes suisses, Italian: Alpi svizzere, Romansh: Alps svizras ), represents a major natural feature of the country and is, along with the Swiss Plateau and the Swiss portion of the Jura Mountains, one of its three main physiographic regions. The Swiss Alps extend over both the Western Alps and the Eastern Alps, encompassing an area sometimes called Central Alps. While the northern ranges from the Bernese Alps to the Appenzell Alps are entirely in Switzerland, the southern ranges from the Mont Blanc massif to the Bernina massif are shared with other countries such as France, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein . The Swiss Alps comprise almost all the highest mountains of the Alps, such as Dufourspitze (4,634 m), the Dom (4,545 m), the Liskamm (4,527 m), the Weisshorn (4,506 m) and the Matterhorn (4,478 m). The other following major summits can be found in this list of mountains of Switzerland . Since the Middle Ages, transit across the Alps played an important role in history. The region north of St Gotthard Pass became the nucleus of the Swiss Confederacy in the early 14th century. Contents
1 Geography
1.1 Ranges
1.2 Hydrography
1.2.1 Rivers
1.2.2 Lakes
1.3 Hydroelectricity Impacts due to Glacial Melting
1.4 Land elevation
1.5 Monitoring Glacial Changes Over Time
2 Geology
3 Environment and climate
3.1 Climate zones
3.2 Negative Impacts to Nearby Populations due to Glacial Melting
4 Travel and tourism
4.1 Summer tourism
4.2 Winter tourism
4.3 Popular Snow Activities
4.4 Tourism Impacts due to Climate Change
4.5 Transport
5 Toponymy
6 See also
7 Notes and references
8 Bibliography
9 External links
Geography
See also: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Alps |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2543330146#2_2873292916 | Title: Swiss Alps - Wikipedia
Headings: Swiss Alps
Swiss Alps
Contents
Geography
Ranges
Western Alps
Eastern Alps
Hydrography
Rivers
Lakes
Hydroelectricity Impacts due to Glacial Melting
Land elevation
Monitoring Glacial Changes Over Time
Geology
Environment and climate
Climate zones
Negative Impacts to Nearby Populations due to Glacial Melting
Travel and tourism
Summer tourism
Winter tourism
Popular Snow Activities
Tourism Impacts due to Climate Change
Transport
Toponymy
See also
Notes and references
Bibliography
External links
Maps
Other
Content: The Swiss Alps comprise almost all the highest mountains of the Alps, such as Dufourspitze (4,634 m), the Dom (4,545 m), the Liskamm (4,527 m), the Weisshorn (4,506 m) and the Matterhorn (4,478 m). The other following major summits can be found in this list of mountains of Switzerland . Since the Middle Ages, transit across the Alps played an important role in history. The region north of St Gotthard Pass became the nucleus of the Swiss Confederacy in the early 14th century. Contents
1 Geography
1.1 Ranges
1.2 Hydrography
1.2.1 Rivers
1.2.2 Lakes
1.3 Hydroelectricity Impacts due to Glacial Melting
1.4 Land elevation
1.5 Monitoring Glacial Changes Over Time
2 Geology
3 Environment and climate
3.1 Climate zones
3.2 Negative Impacts to Nearby Populations due to Glacial Melting
4 Travel and tourism
4.1 Summer tourism
4.2 Winter tourism
4.3 Popular Snow Activities
4.4 Tourism Impacts due to Climate Change
4.5 Transport
5 Toponymy
6 See also
7 Notes and references
8 Bibliography
9 External links
Geography
See also: Geography of Switzerland
Swiss Alps seen from the Swiss Jura in December 2010
The Alps cover 60% of Switzerland's total 41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi) surface area, making it one of the most alpine countries. Despite the fact that Switzerland covers only 14% of the Alps total 192,753 square kilometres (74,422 sq mi) area, 48 out of 82 alpine four-thousanders are located in the Swiss Alps and practically all {number (s) needed} of the remaining 34 are within 20 kilometres (12 mi) of the country's border. The glaciers of the Swiss Alps cover an area of 1,220 square kilometres (470 sq mi) — 3% of the Swiss territory, representing 44% of the total glaciated area in the Alps i.e. 2,800 square kilometres (1,100 sq mi). The Swiss Alps are situated south of the Swiss Plateau and north of the national border. The limit between the Alps and the plateau runs from Vevey on the shores of Lake Geneva to Rorschach on the shores of Lake Constance, passing close to the cities of Thun and Lucerne. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Alps |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2548070280#11_2878979745 | Title: Sydney Trains - Wikipedia
Headings: Sydney Trains
Sydney Trains
Contents
History
Network changes
Operations
Network
NightRide
Rolling stock
Sydney Trains fleet
Patronage
Ticketing and costs
See also
References
External links
Content: Sydney Trains rolling stock
Sydney Trains operates a fleet of double deck electric multiple units. The trainsets are divided into the following classes: Sydney Trains fleet
Class
Carriages
Entered Service
Formation
Routes
Image
K sets
160
1981-85
4 cars
T2
T3
T8
T sets
447
1988-95
T1
T4
T7
T9
M sets
140
2002-05
T2
T3
T5
T7
T8
H sets
220
2006-12
T1
T4
T9
A sets
626
2011-14
8 cars
T1
T2
T3
T5
T7
T8
T9
B sets
328
2018-21
T2
T3
T8
Though primarily operated by NSW TrainLink, some H sets are also used on suburban services, and with the delivery of the D sets for operations on regional NSW TrainLink lines from 2020, most of the sets will be transferred to suburban services. All Sydney Trains A, B and M sets are maintained by Downer Rail. Their contract for the Millenium trains (M sets) was extended by 10 years from June 2017. All other types of trains including NSW TrainLink intercity V and H sets are maintained by UGL Unipart. The contract with UGL Unipart was extended for two years from 1 July 2019. The Sydney Trains network is divided into three sectors, based around three maintenance depots. Trainsets are identified by target plates, which are exhibited on the front lower nearside of driving carriages. Each target plate includes the letter of the class the set belongs to and the number of the individual set. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_trains |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2553807635#4_2886423954 | Title: Symptoms of victimization - Wikipedia
Headings: Symptoms of victimization
Symptoms of victimization
Contents
Categories of outcomes
Psychological
Depression
Anxiety
Posttraumatic stress disorder
Other
Physical
Behavioral
Substance use
Types
Sexual
Childhood bullying
Childhood physical abuse
Moderating factors
Attributions
Coping and help-seeking
References
Content: Depression
Depression has been found to be associated with many forms of victimization, including sexual victimization, violent crime, property crime, peer victimization, and domestic abuse. Indicators of depression include irritable or sad mood for prolonged periods of time, lack of interest in most activities, significant changes in weight/appetite, activity, and sleep patterns, loss of energy and concentration, excessive feelings of guilt or worthlessness, and suicidality. The loss of energy, interest, and concentration associated with depression may impact individuals who have experienced victimization academically or professionally. Depression can impact many other areas of a person's life as well, including interpersonal relationships and physical health. Depression in response to victimization may be lethal, as it can result in suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Examples of this include a ten-fold increase found in suicide attempts among rape victims compared to the general population, and significant correlations between being victimized in school and suicidal ideation. Anxiety
A connection between victimization and anxiety has been established for both children and adults. The particular types of anxiety studied in relation to victimization vary; some research references anxiety as a general term while other research references more specific types such as social anxiety. The term anxiety covers a range of difficulties and several specific diagnoses, including panic attacks, phobias, and generalized anxiety disorder. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptoms_of_victimization |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2561875502#7_2895696334 | Title: Systemic scleroderma - Wikipedia
Headings: Systemic scleroderma
Systemic scleroderma
Contents
Signs and symptoms
Skin symptoms
Other organs
Musculoskeletal
Lungs
Digestive tract
Kidneys
Causes
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Topical/symptomatic
Kidney disease
Lung disease
Other
Epidemiology
Society and culture
Support groups
Prognosis
Research
References
External links
Content: The earliest manifestation of this may be a decreased diffusion capacity on pulmonary function testing. Other pulmonary complications in more advanced disease include aspiration pneumonia, pulmonary hemorrhage and pneumothorax. Digestive tract
Endoscopic image of peptic stricture, or narrowing of the esophagus near the junction with the stomach due to chronic gastroesophageal reflux: This is the most common cause of dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, in scleroderma. Diffuse scleroderma can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. The most common manifestation in the esophagus is reflux esophagitis, which may be complicated by esophageal strictures or benign narrowing of the esophagus. This is best initially treated with proton pump inhibitors for acid suppression, but may require bougie dilatation in the case of stricture. Scleroderma can decrease motility anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract. The most common source of decreased motility is the esophagus and the lower esophageal sphincter, leading to dysphagia and chest pain. As scleroderma progresses, esophageal involvement from abnormalities in decreased motility may worsen due to progressive fibrosis (scarring). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_scleroderma |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2561875502#8_2895698118 | Title: Systemic scleroderma - Wikipedia
Headings: Systemic scleroderma
Systemic scleroderma
Contents
Signs and symptoms
Skin symptoms
Other organs
Musculoskeletal
Lungs
Digestive tract
Kidneys
Causes
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Topical/symptomatic
Kidney disease
Lung disease
Other
Epidemiology
Society and culture
Support groups
Prognosis
Research
References
External links
Content: The most common manifestation in the esophagus is reflux esophagitis, which may be complicated by esophageal strictures or benign narrowing of the esophagus. This is best initially treated with proton pump inhibitors for acid suppression, but may require bougie dilatation in the case of stricture. Scleroderma can decrease motility anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract. The most common source of decreased motility is the esophagus and the lower esophageal sphincter, leading to dysphagia and chest pain. As scleroderma progresses, esophageal involvement from abnormalities in decreased motility may worsen due to progressive fibrosis (scarring). If this is left untreated, acid from the stomach can back up into the esophagus, causing esophagitis and Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Further scarring from acid damage to the lower esophagus many times leads to the development of fibrotic narrowing, also known as strictures, which can be treated by dilatation, and Barrett's esophagus. In patients with neuromuscular disorders, particularly progressive systemic sclerosis and visceral myopathy, the duodenum is frequently involved. Dilatation may occur, which is often more pronounced in the second, third, and fourth parts. The dilated duodenum may be slow to empty, and the grossly dilated, atonic organ may produce a sump effect. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_scleroderma |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2565654055#0_2899705086 | Title: T-tubule - Wikipedia
Headings: T-tubule
T-tubule
Contents
Structure
Regulators
Function
Excitation-contraction coupling
Calcium control
Detubulation
History
Clinical significance
See also
References
Content: T-tubule - Wikipedia
T-tubule
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from T-tubules)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril; the ends of T-tubules make contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane
T-tubule
Skeletal muscle, with T-tubule labelled in zoomed in image. T-tubule structure and relationship to the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle
Details
Part of
Cell membrane of Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle cells. Identifiers
Latin
tubulus transversus
TH
H2.00.05.2.01018, H2.00.05.2.02013
Anatomical terminology
T-tubules ( transverse tubules) are extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the centre of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. With membranes that contain large concentrations of ion channels, transporters, and pumps, T-tubules permit rapid transmission of the action potential into the cell, and also play an important role in regulating cellular calcium concentration. Through these mechanisms, T-tubules allow heart muscle cells to contract more forcefully by synchronising calcium release throughout the cell. T-tubule structure may be affected by disease, potentially contributing to heart failure and arrhythmias. Although these structures were first seen in 1897, research into T-tubule biology is ongoing. Contents
1 Structure
1.1 Regulators
2 Function
2.1 Excitation-contraction coupling
2.2 Calcium control
2.3 Detubulation
3 History
4 Clinical significance
5 See also
6 References
Structure
T-tubules are tubules formed from the same phospholipid bilayer as the surface membrane or sarcolemma of skeletal or cardiac muscle cells. They connect directly with the sarcolemma at one end before travelling deep within the cell, forming a network of tubules with sections running both perpendicular (transverse) to and parallel (axially) to the sarcolemma. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-tubules |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2565654055#1_2899707424 | Title: T-tubule - Wikipedia
Headings: T-tubule
T-tubule
Contents
Structure
Regulators
Function
Excitation-contraction coupling
Calcium control
Detubulation
History
Clinical significance
See also
References
Content: Through these mechanisms, T-tubules allow heart muscle cells to contract more forcefully by synchronising calcium release throughout the cell. T-tubule structure may be affected by disease, potentially contributing to heart failure and arrhythmias. Although these structures were first seen in 1897, research into T-tubule biology is ongoing. Contents
1 Structure
1.1 Regulators
2 Function
2.1 Excitation-contraction coupling
2.2 Calcium control
2.3 Detubulation
3 History
4 Clinical significance
5 See also
6 References
Structure
T-tubules are tubules formed from the same phospholipid bilayer as the surface membrane or sarcolemma of skeletal or cardiac muscle cells. They connect directly with the sarcolemma at one end before travelling deep within the cell, forming a network of tubules with sections running both perpendicular (transverse) to and parallel (axially) to the sarcolemma. Due to this complex orientation, some refer to T-tubules as the transverse-axial tubular system. The inside or lumen of the T-tubule is open at the cell surface, meaning that the T-tubule is filled with fluid containing the same constituents as the solution that surrounds the cell (the extracellular fluid). Rather than being just a passive connecting tube, the membrane that forms T-tubules is highly active, being studded with proteins including L-type calcium channels, sodium-calcium exchangers, calcium ATPases and Beta adrenoceptors. T-tubules are found in both atrial and ventricular cardiac muscle cells ( cardiomyocytes ), in which they develop in the first few weeks of life. They are found in ventricular muscle cells in most species, and in atrial muscle cells from large mammals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-tubules |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2565654055#2_2899709510 | Title: T-tubule - Wikipedia
Headings: T-tubule
T-tubule
Contents
Structure
Regulators
Function
Excitation-contraction coupling
Calcium control
Detubulation
History
Clinical significance
See also
References
Content: Due to this complex orientation, some refer to T-tubules as the transverse-axial tubular system. The inside or lumen of the T-tubule is open at the cell surface, meaning that the T-tubule is filled with fluid containing the same constituents as the solution that surrounds the cell (the extracellular fluid). Rather than being just a passive connecting tube, the membrane that forms T-tubules is highly active, being studded with proteins including L-type calcium channels, sodium-calcium exchangers, calcium ATPases and Beta adrenoceptors. T-tubules are found in both atrial and ventricular cardiac muscle cells ( cardiomyocytes ), in which they develop in the first few weeks of life. They are found in ventricular muscle cells in most species, and in atrial muscle cells from large mammals. In cardiac muscle cells, T-tubules are between 20 and 450 nanometers in diameter and are usually located in regions called Z-discs where the actin filaments anchor within the cell. T-tubules within the heart are closely associated with the intracellular calcium store known as the sarcoplasmic reticulum in specific regions referred to as terminal cisternae. The association of the T-tubule with a terminal cistern is known as a diad. In skeletal muscle cells, T-tubules are between 20 and 40 nm in diameter and are typically located either side of the myosin strip, at the junction of overlap between the A and I bands. T-tubules in skeletal muscle are associated with two terminal cisternae, known as a triad. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-tubules |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2565654055#3_2899711405 | Title: T-tubule - Wikipedia
Headings: T-tubule
T-tubule
Contents
Structure
Regulators
Function
Excitation-contraction coupling
Calcium control
Detubulation
History
Clinical significance
See also
References
Content: In cardiac muscle cells, T-tubules are between 20 and 450 nanometers in diameter and are usually located in regions called Z-discs where the actin filaments anchor within the cell. T-tubules within the heart are closely associated with the intracellular calcium store known as the sarcoplasmic reticulum in specific regions referred to as terminal cisternae. The association of the T-tubule with a terminal cistern is known as a diad. In skeletal muscle cells, T-tubules are between 20 and 40 nm in diameter and are typically located either side of the myosin strip, at the junction of overlap between the A and I bands. T-tubules in skeletal muscle are associated with two terminal cisternae, known as a triad. Regulators
The shape of the T-tubule system is produced and maintained by a variety of proteins. The protein amphiphysin-2 is encoded by the gene BIN1 and is responsible for forming the structure of the T-tubule and ensuring that the appropriate proteins (in particular L-type calcium channels) are located within the T-tubule membrane. Junctophilin-2 is encoded by the gene JPH2 and helps to form a junction between the T-tubule membrane and the sarcoplasmic reticulum, vital for excitation-contraction coupling. Titin capping protein or Telethonin is encoded by the gene TCAP and helps with T-tubule development and is potentially responsible for the increasing number of T-tubules seen as muscles grow. Function
Excitation-contraction coupling
See also: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-tubules |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2565654055#4_2899713266 | Title: T-tubule - Wikipedia
Headings: T-tubule
T-tubule
Contents
Structure
Regulators
Function
Excitation-contraction coupling
Calcium control
Detubulation
History
Clinical significance
See also
References
Content: Regulators
The shape of the T-tubule system is produced and maintained by a variety of proteins. The protein amphiphysin-2 is encoded by the gene BIN1 and is responsible for forming the structure of the T-tubule and ensuring that the appropriate proteins (in particular L-type calcium channels) are located within the T-tubule membrane. Junctophilin-2 is encoded by the gene JPH2 and helps to form a junction between the T-tubule membrane and the sarcoplasmic reticulum, vital for excitation-contraction coupling. Titin capping protein or Telethonin is encoded by the gene TCAP and helps with T-tubule development and is potentially responsible for the increasing number of T-tubules seen as muscles grow. Function
Excitation-contraction coupling
See also: Excitation-contraction coupling
T-tubules are an important link in the chain from electrical excitation of a cell to its subsequent contraction (excitation-contraction coupling). When contraction of a muscle is needed, stimulation from a nerve or an adjacent muscle cell causes a characteristic flow of charged particles across the cell membrane known as an action potential. At rest, there are fewer positively charged particles on the inner side of the membrane compared to the outer side, and the membrane is described as being polarised. During an action potential, positively charged particles (predominantly sodium and calcium ions) flow across the membrane from the outside to the inside. This reverses the normal imbalance of charged particles and is referred to as depolarisation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-tubules |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2565654055#5_2899715206 | Title: T-tubule - Wikipedia
Headings: T-tubule
T-tubule
Contents
Structure
Regulators
Function
Excitation-contraction coupling
Calcium control
Detubulation
History
Clinical significance
See also
References
Content: Excitation-contraction coupling
T-tubules are an important link in the chain from electrical excitation of a cell to its subsequent contraction (excitation-contraction coupling). When contraction of a muscle is needed, stimulation from a nerve or an adjacent muscle cell causes a characteristic flow of charged particles across the cell membrane known as an action potential. At rest, there are fewer positively charged particles on the inner side of the membrane compared to the outer side, and the membrane is described as being polarised. During an action potential, positively charged particles (predominantly sodium and calcium ions) flow across the membrane from the outside to the inside. This reverses the normal imbalance of charged particles and is referred to as depolarisation. One region of membrane depolarises adjacent regions, and the resulting wave of depolarisation then spreads along the cell membrane. The polarisation of the membrane is restored as potassium ions flow back across the membrane from the inside to the outside of the cell. In cardiac muscle cells, as the action potential passes down the T-tubules it activates L-type calcium channels in the T-tubular membrane. Activation of the L-type calcium channel allows calcium to pass into the cell. T-tubules contain a higher concentration of L-type calcium channels than the rest of the sarcolemma and therefore the majority of the calcium that enters the cell occurs via T-tubules. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-tubules |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2565654055#6_2899717058 | Title: T-tubule - Wikipedia
Headings: T-tubule
T-tubule
Contents
Structure
Regulators
Function
Excitation-contraction coupling
Calcium control
Detubulation
History
Clinical significance
See also
References
Content: One region of membrane depolarises adjacent regions, and the resulting wave of depolarisation then spreads along the cell membrane. The polarisation of the membrane is restored as potassium ions flow back across the membrane from the inside to the outside of the cell. In cardiac muscle cells, as the action potential passes down the T-tubules it activates L-type calcium channels in the T-tubular membrane. Activation of the L-type calcium channel allows calcium to pass into the cell. T-tubules contain a higher concentration of L-type calcium channels than the rest of the sarcolemma and therefore the majority of the calcium that enters the cell occurs via T-tubules. This calcium binds to and activates a receptor, known as a ryanodine receptor, located on the cell's own internal calcium store, the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Activation of the ryanodine receptor causes calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing the muscle cell to contract. In skeletal muscle cells, however, the L-type calcium channel is directly attached to the ryanodine receptor on the sarcoplasmic reticulum allowing activation of the ryanodine receptor directly without the need for an influx of calcium. The importance of T-tubules is not solely due to their concentration of L-type calcium channels, but lies also within their ability to synchronise calcium release within the cell. The rapid spread of the action potential along the T-tubule network activates all of the L-type calcium channels near-simultaneously. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-tubules |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2565654055#7_2899718964 | Title: T-tubule - Wikipedia
Headings: T-tubule
T-tubule
Contents
Structure
Regulators
Function
Excitation-contraction coupling
Calcium control
Detubulation
History
Clinical significance
See also
References
Content: This calcium binds to and activates a receptor, known as a ryanodine receptor, located on the cell's own internal calcium store, the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Activation of the ryanodine receptor causes calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing the muscle cell to contract. In skeletal muscle cells, however, the L-type calcium channel is directly attached to the ryanodine receptor on the sarcoplasmic reticulum allowing activation of the ryanodine receptor directly without the need for an influx of calcium. The importance of T-tubules is not solely due to their concentration of L-type calcium channels, but lies also within their ability to synchronise calcium release within the cell. The rapid spread of the action potential along the T-tubule network activates all of the L-type calcium channels near-simultaneously. As T-tubules bring the sarcolemma very close to the sarcoplasmic reticulum at all regions throughout the cell, calcium can then be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum across the whole cell at the same time. This synchronisation of calcium release allows muscle cells to contract more forcefully. In cells lacking T-tubules such as smooth muscle cells, diseased cardiomyocytes, or muscle cells in which T-tubules have been artificially removed, the calcium that enters at the sarcolemma has to diffuse gradually throughout the cell, activating the ryanodine receptors much more slowly as a wave of calcium leading to less forceful contraction. As the T-tubules are the primary location for excitation-contraction coupling, the ion channels and proteins involved in this process are concentrated here - there are 3 times as many L-type calcium channels located within the T-tubule membrane compared to the rest of the sarcolemma. Furthermore, beta adrenoceptors are also highly concentrated in the T-tubular membrane, and their stimulation increases calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-tubules |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2565654055#8_2899721300 | Title: T-tubule - Wikipedia
Headings: T-tubule
T-tubule
Contents
Structure
Regulators
Function
Excitation-contraction coupling
Calcium control
Detubulation
History
Clinical significance
See also
References
Content: As T-tubules bring the sarcolemma very close to the sarcoplasmic reticulum at all regions throughout the cell, calcium can then be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum across the whole cell at the same time. This synchronisation of calcium release allows muscle cells to contract more forcefully. In cells lacking T-tubules such as smooth muscle cells, diseased cardiomyocytes, or muscle cells in which T-tubules have been artificially removed, the calcium that enters at the sarcolemma has to diffuse gradually throughout the cell, activating the ryanodine receptors much more slowly as a wave of calcium leading to less forceful contraction. As the T-tubules are the primary location for excitation-contraction coupling, the ion channels and proteins involved in this process are concentrated here - there are 3 times as many L-type calcium channels located within the T-tubule membrane compared to the rest of the sarcolemma. Furthermore, beta adrenoceptors are also highly concentrated in the T-tubular membrane, and their stimulation increases calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calcium control
As the space within the lumen of the T-tubule is continuous with the space that surrounds the cell (the extracellular space), ion concentrations between the two are very similar. However, due to the importance of the ions within the T-tubules (particularly calcium in cardiac muscle), it is very important that these concentrations remain relatively constant. As the T-tubules are very thin, they essentially trap the ions. This is important as, regardless of the ion concentrations elsewhere in the cell, T-tubules still have enough calcium ions to permit muscle contraction. Therefore, even if the concentration of calcium outside the cell falls ( hypocalcaemia ), the concentration of calcium within the T-tubule remains relatively constant, allowing cardiac contraction to continue. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-tubules |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2565654055#9_2899723595 | Title: T-tubule - Wikipedia
Headings: T-tubule
T-tubule
Contents
Structure
Regulators
Function
Excitation-contraction coupling
Calcium control
Detubulation
History
Clinical significance
See also
References
Content: Calcium control
As the space within the lumen of the T-tubule is continuous with the space that surrounds the cell (the extracellular space), ion concentrations between the two are very similar. However, due to the importance of the ions within the T-tubules (particularly calcium in cardiac muscle), it is very important that these concentrations remain relatively constant. As the T-tubules are very thin, they essentially trap the ions. This is important as, regardless of the ion concentrations elsewhere in the cell, T-tubules still have enough calcium ions to permit muscle contraction. Therefore, even if the concentration of calcium outside the cell falls ( hypocalcaemia ), the concentration of calcium within the T-tubule remains relatively constant, allowing cardiac contraction to continue. As well as T-tubules being a site for calcium entry into the cell, they are also a site for calcium removal. This is important as it means that calcium levels within the cell can be tightly controlled in a small area (i.e. between the T-tubule and sarcoplasmic reticulum, known as local control). Proteins such as the sodium-calcium exchanger and the sarcolemmal ATPase are located mainly in the T-tubule membrane. The sodium-calcium exchanger passively removes one calcium ion from the cell in exchange for three sodium ions. As a passive process it can therefore allow calcium to flow into or out of the cell depending on the combination of the relative concentrations of these ions and the voltage across the cell membrane (the electrochemical gradient ). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-tubules |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2565654055#10_2899725547 | Title: T-tubule - Wikipedia
Headings: T-tubule
T-tubule
Contents
Structure
Regulators
Function
Excitation-contraction coupling
Calcium control
Detubulation
History
Clinical significance
See also
References
Content: As well as T-tubules being a site for calcium entry into the cell, they are also a site for calcium removal. This is important as it means that calcium levels within the cell can be tightly controlled in a small area (i.e. between the T-tubule and sarcoplasmic reticulum, known as local control). Proteins such as the sodium-calcium exchanger and the sarcolemmal ATPase are located mainly in the T-tubule membrane. The sodium-calcium exchanger passively removes one calcium ion from the cell in exchange for three sodium ions. As a passive process it can therefore allow calcium to flow into or out of the cell depending on the combination of the relative concentrations of these ions and the voltage across the cell membrane (the electrochemical gradient ). The calcium ATPase removes calcium from the cell actively, using energy derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Detubulation
In order to study T-tubule function, T-tubules can be artificially uncoupled from the surface membrane using a technique known as detubulation. Chemicals such as glycerol or formamide (for skeletal and cardiac muscle respectively) can be added to the extracellular solution that surrounds the cells. These agents increase the osmolarity of the extracellular solution, causing the cells to shrink. When these agents are withdrawn, the cells rapidly expand and return to their normal size. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-tubules |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2565654055#11_2899727313 | Title: T-tubule - Wikipedia
Headings: T-tubule
T-tubule
Contents
Structure
Regulators
Function
Excitation-contraction coupling
Calcium control
Detubulation
History
Clinical significance
See also
References
Content: The calcium ATPase removes calcium from the cell actively, using energy derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Detubulation
In order to study T-tubule function, T-tubules can be artificially uncoupled from the surface membrane using a technique known as detubulation. Chemicals such as glycerol or formamide (for skeletal and cardiac muscle respectively) can be added to the extracellular solution that surrounds the cells. These agents increase the osmolarity of the extracellular solution, causing the cells to shrink. When these agents are withdrawn, the cells rapidly expand and return to their normal size. This shrinkage and re-expansion of the cell causes T-tubules to detach from the surface membrane. Alternatively, the osmolarity of the extracellular solution can be decreased, using for example hypotonic saline, causing a tran | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-tubules |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2627656812#3_2966692360 | Title: Tandem - Wikipedia
Headings: Tandem
Tandem
Contents
Automobiles
Trucks
Aviation
Side-by-side seating
References
External links
Content: In the United States, both axles are typically powered and equalized; in the European Union, one axle is typically unpowered, and can often be adjusted to load, and even raised off the ground, turning a tandem into a single- axle. Aviation
Instructor and student pilots in a McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk aircraft
The two seating configurations for trainer, night and all-weather interceptor or attack aircraft are pilot and instructor side by side or in tandem. Usually, the pilot is in front and the instructor behind. In attack helicopters, sometimes the pilot sits in back with the weapons operator in front for better view to aim weapons, as the Bell AH-1 Cobra was a tandem cockpit redesign which produced a much slimmer profile than the Bell UH-1 Iroquois on which it was based. Attack aircraft and all-weather interceptors often use a second crew member to operate avionics such as radar, or as a second pilot. Bombers such as the Convair B-58 Hustler seated three crew members in tandem. A common engineering adaptation is to lengthen the cockpit or fuselage to create a trainer with tandem seating from a single-seater aircraft. Side-by-side seating
Tandem seat Gloster Meteor and side-by-side seat Hawker Hunter (trainer)
An alternative configuration is side-by-side seating, which is common in civil aircraft of all sizes, trainers and large military aircraft, but less so in high performance jets and gliders where drag reduction is paramount. The Boeing B-47 Stratojet and Boeing XB-52 bombers used fighter-style tandem seating, but the final B-52 bomber series used a conventional side-by-side cockpit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2627656812#4_2966694293 | Title: Tandem - Wikipedia
Headings: Tandem
Tandem
Contents
Automobiles
Trucks
Aviation
Side-by-side seating
References
External links
Content: Attack aircraft and all-weather interceptors often use a second crew member to operate avionics such as radar, or as a second pilot. Bombers such as the Convair B-58 Hustler seated three crew members in tandem. A common engineering adaptation is to lengthen the cockpit or fuselage to create a trainer with tandem seating from a single-seater aircraft. Side-by-side seating
Tandem seat Gloster Meteor and side-by-side seat Hawker Hunter (trainer)
An alternative configuration is side-by-side seating, which is common in civil aircraft of all sizes, trainers and large military aircraft, but less so in high performance jets and gliders where drag reduction is paramount. The Boeing B-47 Stratojet and Boeing XB-52 bombers used fighter-style tandem seating, but the final B-52 bomber series used a conventional side-by-side cockpit. The Grumman A-6 Intruder, General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark, Sukhoi Su-24 or the Sukhoi Su-34 are examples of combat aircraft that use this configuration. For training aircraft, it has the advantage that pilot and instructor can see each other's actions, allowing the pilot to learn from the instructor and the instructor to correct the student pilot. The tandem configuration has the advantage of being closer to the normal working environment that a fast jet pilot is likely to encounter. In some cases, such as the Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler, a two-place aircraft can be lengthened into a four-place aircraft. Also, a single seat cockpit can be redesigned into a side-by-side arrangement in the case of the Douglas A-1 Skyraider, TF-102 trainer or the Hawker Hunter training versions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2627656812#5_2966696227 | Title: Tandem - Wikipedia
Headings: Tandem
Tandem
Contents
Automobiles
Trucks
Aviation
Side-by-side seating
References
External links
Content: The Grumman A-6 Intruder, General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark, Sukhoi Su-24 or the Sukhoi Su-34 are examples of combat aircraft that use this configuration. For training aircraft, it has the advantage that pilot and instructor can see each other's actions, allowing the pilot to learn from the instructor and the instructor to correct the student pilot. The tandem configuration has the advantage of being closer to the normal working environment that a fast jet pilot is likely to encounter. In some cases, such as the Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler, a two-place aircraft can be lengthened into a four-place aircraft. Also, a single seat cockpit can be redesigned into a side-by-side arrangement in the case of the Douglas A-1 Skyraider, TF-102 trainer or the Hawker Hunter training versions. References
^ a b "Tandem". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. ( Subscription or participating institution membership required.) ^ "Tandem". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2636506515#8_2977057700 | Title:
Headings:
Content: Not all consumers are the same. Determining the target audience is key to reaching the loyal and high-profit customers, in order to ensure a return on investment (Cahill, 1997, p. 10-11). To effectively determine the brand's target audience, marketing managers should consider the three main general aspects of target audience grouping: demographics, psychographics and consumer lifestyle (Percy, Rossiter, & Elliott, 2001, p. 65). To determine the target audience, the business must first identify what problem their product or service solves, or what need or want it fulfills (Sherlock, 2014). The problem must be one that consumers are aware of and thus will be interested in solving. For example, a problem could be a lack of cheap air-conditioning units on the market. If a business enters the air-conditioning unit market selling their units at a low price, consumers who couldn't afford the other air-conditioning units will see this as a solution to the problem and will purchase the new units. The problem that the business solves can be identified by searching for similar businesses or business ideas. If the search is unsuccessful, then there remains a problem that the business can solve (Sherlock, 2014). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_demographic |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2638177208#3_2978959420 | Title:
Headings:
Content: the Deep South concentrating on cotton cultivation, and the West seeking transportation routes to market their agricultural goods. [ 2]
Despite these sectional developments, America emerged from the War of 1812 as a young nation-state, with a renewed sense of self-reliance and common identity. [ 3]
Post-War European threats and the rise of US economic nationalism[edit]
The Treaty of Ghent in December 1814 did not resolve US–British boundary and territorial disputes in Louisianaand Spanish Florida. The frontier remained a flashpoint for international strife.[4] In addition, British economic aggressionpersisted. In a move to recapture American markets, Great Britain proceeded to systematically flood the US markets with superior manufactured items at cut-rate prices, the aim of which was to drive American manufacturers out of business. [ 5][6]
These geostrategic and economic provocations caused a shift in domestic policy. The strict constructionistideologists of the dominant Jeffersonian Republican Party – though averse to concentrating power into the hands of the federal government – recognized the expediency of nationalizing certain institutions and projects as a means of achieving national growth and economic security. [ 7][8]
In his Seventh Annual Message to the Fourteenth Congress on December 5, 1815, President James Madison suggested legislation to create 1) a national bank with regulatory powers 2) a program of federally funded internal improvementsfor roads and canals, and 3) a protective tariff to shelter emerging American manufacturing from the advanced industries in Europe. [ 9]
The Federal deficit and the tariff debate[edit]
In December 1815, Treasury Secretary Alexander J. Dallas presented a federal budget report to Congress projecting a substantial government deficit by the end of 1816. Though his budget figures were not in dispute, the means of raising the funds were, and proposals for direct or excise taxes were generally unpopular.[10] Secretary Dallas called for a limited protective tariff on manufactures to forestall the deficit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarriff_of_1816 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2638177208#4_2978961721 | Title:
Headings:
Content: 5][6]
These geostrategic and economic provocations caused a shift in domestic policy. The strict constructionistideologists of the dominant Jeffersonian Republican Party – though averse to concentrating power into the hands of the federal government – recognized the expediency of nationalizing certain institutions and projects as a means of achieving national growth and economic security. [ 7][8]
In his Seventh Annual Message to the Fourteenth Congress on December 5, 1815, President James Madison suggested legislation to create 1) a national bank with regulatory powers 2) a program of federally funded internal improvementsfor roads and canals, and 3) a protective tariff to shelter emerging American manufacturing from the advanced industries in Europe. [ 9]
The Federal deficit and the tariff debate[edit]
In December 1815, Treasury Secretary Alexander J. Dallas presented a federal budget report to Congress projecting a substantial government deficit by the end of 1816. Though his budget figures were not in dispute, the means of raising the funds were, and proposals for direct or excise taxes were generally unpopular.[10] Secretary Dallas called for a limited protective tariff on manufactures to forestall the deficit. His proposal provoked opposition from two economic sectors: commerce and agriculture. [ 11][12]
Commercial maritime centers in New England and the Mid-Atlantic states had anticipated a lucrative import and export exchange with the post-war reopening of European and global markets.[13] A protective tariff might provoke retaliatory measures, impeding free trade and profits. [ 14]
Agrarians in most regions of the US were also advocates of open markets. Northerners, like most Southerners, were still farmers (84% for the whole country). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarriff_of_1816 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2649226501#8_2991580015 | Title: Taxpayer Bill of Rights - Wikipedia
Headings: Taxpayer Bill of Rights
Taxpayer Bill of Rights
Contents
1992 Colorado amendment
Advocates
Opponents
Repeal efforts
TABOR in other states
National legislation
IRS Taxpayer Bill of Rights
1989 Illinois law
See also
References
External links
Content: Many advocates of a more libertarian view, such as Americans for Limited Government, say that reduced taxation is a noble goal for its own sake, leading to increases in financial freedom and economic prosperity. Others note that Colorado has continued growth as well as larger tax revenues concurrent with the TABOR act. The TABOR Foundation has partnered with Mountain States Legal Foundation to sue to enforce TABOR in Colorado, challenging car taxes and sales taxes enacted without a vote of the people. MSLF has also sued on behalf of the Colorado Union of Taxpayers Foundation's members, challenging the City of Aspen 's grocery bag tax. Opponents
Opponents argue that the lack of tax revenue has hurt Colorado in many ways. For instance, Colorado ranks 48th in the nation for higher education funding (per personal income level), which is the lowest in 40 years, representing a drop from 34th in 1992. In another example, Colorado now ranks 44th in what it spends to repair its roads. Opponents also argue that Colorado's economic growth has largely been despite - not because of - this system, and is a result of changing societal desires for open spaces, outdoor sports opportunities, and other "quality of life" issues that are now imperiled by Colorado's inability to provide expanding governmental services. They point out that almost 90% of state tax revenues are now already earmarked for various purposes, handicapping the state legislature and giving it very little flexibility. They also add that the process has not been as " democratic " as its advocates purport, citing the off-year voting and complex wording that may skew results. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxpayer_Bill_of_Rights |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2658815764#0_3003081274 | Title: Technology during World War II - Wikipedia
Headings: Technology during World War II
Technology during World War II
Contents
Between The Wars
Allied cooperation
Weaponry
Aircraft
Fuel
Vehicles
Ships
Weapons
Small arms development
Atomic bomb
Electronics, communications and intelligence
Rocketry
Medicine
See also
References
Further reading
Content: Technology during World War II - Wikipedia
Technology during World War II
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Role and use of technology and technology available in World War II
The Trinity explosion, which took place at New Mexico 's White Sands Proving Ground on July 16, 1945, marked the beginning of the Atomic Age. World War II
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Technology played a significant role in World War II. Some of the technologies used during the war were developed during the interwar years of the 1920s and 1930s, much was developed in response to needs and lessons learned during the war, while others were beginning to be developed as the war ended. Many wars had major effects on the technologies that we use in our daily lives. However, compared to previous wars, World War II had the greatest effect on the technology and devices that are used today. Technology also played a greater role in the conduct of World War II than in any other war in history, and had a critical role in its final outcome. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2658815764#1_3003083447 | Title: Technology during World War II - Wikipedia
Headings: Technology during World War II
Technology during World War II
Contents
Between The Wars
Allied cooperation
Weaponry
Aircraft
Fuel
Vehicles
Ships
Weapons
Small arms development
Atomic bomb
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Rocketry
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See also
References
Further reading
Content: World War II
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Technology played a significant role in World War II. Some of the technologies used during the war were developed during the interwar years of the 1920s and 1930s, much was developed in response to needs and lessons learned during the war, while others were beginning to be developed as the war ended. Many wars had major effects on the technologies that we use in our daily lives. However, compared to previous wars, World War II had the greatest effect on the technology and devices that are used today. Technology also played a greater role in the conduct of World War II than in any other war in history, and had a critical role in its final outcome. Many types of technology were customized for military use, and major developments occurred across several fields including: Weaponry: ships, vehicles, submarines, aircraft, tanks, artillery, small arms; and biological, chemical, and atomic weapons
Logistical support: vehicles necessary for transporting soldiers and supplies, such as trains, trucks, tanks, ships, and aircraft
Communications and intelligence: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2663952051#0_3008458257 | Title: Teen Vogue - Wikipedia
Headings: Teen Vogue
Teen Vogue
Contents
History
Leadership and format changes
Online growth
Content
Fashion
Politics
Sexuality
See also
References
External links
Content: Teen Vogue - Wikipedia
Teen Vogue
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
American fashion and culture magazine targeted at teenage girls
Teen Vogue
Nat Wolff and Charli XCX on the cover of the June/July 2015 issue
Categories
Teen magazine
Frequency
Quarterly
Publisher
Condé Nast
Total circulation
(2011)
1,045,813
First issue
January 2003
Final issue
December 2017
Company
Advance Publications
Country
United States
Language
English
Website
www .teenvogue .com
ISSN
1540-2215
Teen Vogue is an American online publication, formerly in print, launched in 2003, as a sister publication to Vogue, targeted at teenage girls. Like Vogue, it included stories about fashion and celebrities. Since 2015, following a steep decline in sales, the magazine cut back on its print distribution in favor of online content, which has grown significantly. The magazine had also expanded its focus from fashion and beauty to include politics and current affairs. In November 2017, it was announced Teen Vogue would cease in print and continue online-only as part of a new round of cost cuts. The final print issue featured Hillary Clinton on the cover and was on newsstands on December 5, 2017. Contents
1 History
1.1 Leadership and format changes
1.2 Online growth
2 Content
2.1 Fashion
2.2 Politics
2.3 Sexuality
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History
Teen Vogue was established in 2003 as a spinoff of Vogue and led by former Vogue beauty director Amy Astley under the guidance of Anna Wintour with Gina Sanders as founding publisher. The magazine is published in a smaller 6¾"x9" format to afford it more visibility on shelves and some flexibility getting into a digest size slot at checkout stands. Teen Vogue 's original price was $1.50 (USD)--"about as much as a Chap Stick " media critic David Carr noted—and about half the price of contemporaneous magazines aimed at a similar demographic, like Seventeen and YM. At launch, founding editor-in-chief Astley said that topically, the publication would focus on doing "what we do well, which is fashion, beauty and style." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Vogue |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2663952051#1_3008460797 | Title: Teen Vogue - Wikipedia
Headings: Teen Vogue
Teen Vogue
Contents
History
Leadership and format changes
Online growth
Content
Fashion
Politics
Sexuality
See also
References
External links
Content: The final print issue featured Hillary Clinton on the cover and was on newsstands on December 5, 2017. Contents
1 History
1.1 Leadership and format changes
1.2 Online growth
2 Content
2.1 Fashion
2.2 Politics
2.3 Sexuality
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History
Teen Vogue was established in 2003 as a spinoff of Vogue and led by former Vogue beauty director Amy Astley under the guidance of Anna Wintour with Gina Sanders as founding publisher. The magazine is published in a smaller 6¾"x9" format to afford it more visibility on shelves and some flexibility getting into a digest size slot at checkout stands. Teen Vogue 's original price was $1.50 (USD)--"about as much as a Chap Stick " media critic David Carr noted—and about half the price of contemporaneous magazines aimed at a similar demographic, like Seventeen and YM. At launch, founding editor-in-chief Astley said that topically, the publication would focus on doing "what we do well, which is fashion, beauty and style." Teen Vogue was the first teen-focused addition to the Condé Nast portfolio, previously focused on adult audiences. The publication began with four test issues, then published six issues in 2003 and ten in 2004. Leadership and format changes
In May 2016, Elaine Welteroth was appointed as editor, replacing Astley when she departed to become editor-in-chief of Architectural Digest. Welteroth's appointment at 29 saw her become the then-youngest editor in Condé Nast 's history, and the second African-American. Her appointment came as part of a new leadership team in which she would work closely with digital editorial director Phillip Picardi and creative director Marie Suter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Vogue |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2663952051#6_3008468779 | Title: Teen Vogue - Wikipedia
Headings: Teen Vogue
Teen Vogue
Contents
History
Leadership and format changes
Online growth
Content
Fashion
Politics
Sexuality
See also
References
External links
Content: Sharma is expected to begin on May 24, 2021. Online growth
According to Business of Fashion, since 2016, Teen Vogue has grown substantially in traffic through its website; in January 2017, the magazine's website had 7.9 million US visitors compared to 2.9 million the previous January. This has been attributed to leadership of digital editorial director Picardi, who joined the team in April 2015, as well as the interest of the whole leadership team—with Suter and Welteroth—in broadening the topics covered. According to the Washington Examiner, quoting numbers by ComScore, Teen Vogue had 8,341,000 unique visitors in May 2017 and 4,476,000 in 2018. 1.7 percent of their May 2018 audience was 17 or younger, 2.6 percent were 18 to 24 years old. The group has made a shift in the magazine to increase its focus on social issues and politics, causing a corresponding growth in web traffic. The politics section has surpassed the entertainment section as the site's most-read section. Content
Fashion
Teen Vogue 's initial content focused on fashion, aimed at a teen audience; in The New York Times, Jazmine Hughes described this iteration in contrast to contemporaneous teen magazines as less "'finding a prom date' and more 'finding a prom color palette.'" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Vogue |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2663952051#7_3008470431 | Title: Teen Vogue - Wikipedia
Headings: Teen Vogue
Teen Vogue
Contents
History
Leadership and format changes
Online growth
Content
Fashion
Politics
Sexuality
See also
References
External links
Content: 1.7 percent of their May 2018 audience was 17 or younger, 2.6 percent were 18 to 24 years old. The group has made a shift in the magazine to increase its focus on social issues and politics, causing a corresponding growth in web traffic. The politics section has surpassed the entertainment section as the site's most-read section. Content
Fashion
Teen Vogue 's initial content focused on fashion, aimed at a teen audience; in The New York Times, Jazmine Hughes described this iteration in contrast to contemporaneous teen magazines as less "'finding a prom date' and more 'finding a prom color palette.'" Politics
In December 2016, the magazine published an opinion article by Lauren Duca, the magazine's weekend editor, entitled "Donald Trump Is Gaslighting America." Within weeks, the essay had been viewed 1.2 million times, and on NPR 's All Things Considered, David Folkenflik described the essay as signaling a shift in the magazine's emphasis toward more political and social engagement. According to The New York Times, many media observers were "surprised to see a magazine for teenagers making such a strong political statement," although Folkenflik acknowledged he drew criticism for expressing this surprise and at Slate, Mark Joseph Stern argued the essay was consistent with the magazine's record, since the appointment of Welteroth and Picardi, as a "teen glossy with seriously good political coverage and legal analysis, an outlet for teenagers who—shockingly!—are able to think about fashion and current events simultaneously." At The Atlantic, Sophie Gilbert similarly noted, "The pivot in editorial strategy has drawn praise on social media, with some writers commenting that Teen Vogue is doing a better job of covering important stories in 2016 than legacy news publications.". In 2018, Adryan Corcione praised Karl Marx, promoting his ideas of communism in Teen Vogue. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Vogue |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2693127600#12_3042779168 | Title: Terraforming - Wikipedia
Headings: Terraforming
Terraforming
Contents
History of scholarly study
Aspects and definitions
Habitability requirements
Preliminary stages
Prospective targets
Mars
Venus
Mercury
Moon
Earth
Other bodies in the Solar System
Other possibilities
Biological terraforming
Paraterraforming
Adapting humans
Issues
Ethical issues
Economic issues
Political issues
In popular culture
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: If initially lifeless, then such a world could host a biosphere of considerable complexity without the need for terraforming. Easily Terraformable Planet (ETP): A planet that might be rendered biocompatible, or possibly habitable, and maintained so by modest planetary engineering techniques and with the limited resources of a starship or robot precursor mission. Fogg suggests that Mars was a biologically compatible planet in its youth, but is not now in any of these three categories, because it can only be terraformed with greater difficulty. Habitability requirements
Main article: Planetary habitability
An absolute requirement for life is an energy source, but the notion of planetary habitability implies that many other geophysical, geochemical, and astrophysical criteria must be met before the surface of an astronomical body is able to support life. Of particular interest is the set of factors that has sustained complex, multicellular animals in addition to simpler organisms on Earth. Research and theory in this regard is a component of planetary science and the emerging discipline of astrobiology . In its astrobiology roadmap, NASA has defined the principal habitability criteria as "extended regions of liquid water, conditions favorable for the assembly of complex organic molecules, and energy sources to sustain metabolism ." Preliminary stages
Once conditions become more suitable for life of the introduced species, the importation of microbial life could begin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraforming |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2693127600#13_3042781312 | Title: Terraforming - Wikipedia
Headings: Terraforming
Terraforming
Contents
History of scholarly study
Aspects and definitions
Habitability requirements
Preliminary stages
Prospective targets
Mars
Venus
Mercury
Moon
Earth
Other bodies in the Solar System
Other possibilities
Biological terraforming
Paraterraforming
Adapting humans
Issues
Ethical issues
Economic issues
Political issues
In popular culture
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: Planetary habitability
An absolute requirement for life is an energy source, but the notion of planetary habitability implies that many other geophysical, geochemical, and astrophysical criteria must be met before the surface of an astronomical body is able to support life. Of particular interest is the set of factors that has sustained complex, multicellular animals in addition to simpler organisms on Earth. Research and theory in this regard is a component of planetary science and the emerging discipline of astrobiology . In its astrobiology roadmap, NASA has defined the principal habitability criteria as "extended regions of liquid water, conditions favorable for the assembly of complex organic molecules, and energy sources to sustain metabolism ." Preliminary stages
Once conditions become more suitable for life of the introduced species, the importation of microbial life could begin. As conditions approach that of Earth, plant life could also be brought in. This would accelerate the production of oxygen, which theoretica | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraforming |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2696189145#0_3045970933 | Title: Terrorism - Wikipedia
Headings: Terrorism
Terrorism
Contents
Etymology
Historical background
Modern definitions
State terrorism
United Nations
U.S. law
Media spectacle
Political violence
Pejorative use
History
Infographics
Types
Causes and motivations
Choice of terrorism as a tactic
Causes motivating terrorism
Personal and social factors
Democracy and domestic terrorism
Religious terrorism
Perpetrators
Non-state groups
State sponsors
State terrorism
Connection with tourism
Funding
Tactics
Responses
Terrorism research
International agreements
Response in the United States
Mass media
Outcome of terrorist groups
Databases
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Terrorism - Wikipedia
Terrorism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
intentional violence for political purposes
"Terrorist" redirects here. For other uses, see Terrorist (disambiguation). United Airlines Flight 175 hits the South Tower of the World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks of 2001 in New York City
Terrorism
Definitions
History
Incidents
By ideology
Anarchist
Communist
Green/Ecological
Left-wing/Far-left
Narcotics-driven
Nationalist
Right-wing/Far-right
Religious
Buddhist
Christian ( Mormon)
Hindu
Islamic ( Wahhabism)
Jewish
Sikh
Special-interest / Single-issue
Suffragette
Anti-abortion
Environmental
Misogynist
Related topics
Violent extremism
Ethnic violence
Militia movement
Resistance movement
Structure
Financing
Fronting
Radicalization ( Online)
Training camp
Death squad
Clandestine cell system
Leaderless resistance
Lone wolf
Methods
Tactics
Agro-terrorism
Aircraft hijacking ( list)
Animal-borne bomb attacks
Beheading
Bioterrorism
Car bombing ( list)
Cyberterrorism
Dirty bomb
Dry run
Explosive
Hostage-taking
Improvised explosive device (IED)
Vehicle-ramming
Spree shooting
Individual terror
Insurgency
Kidnapping
Letter bomb
Lone wolf
Mass shooting
Nuclear
Paper terrorism
Piracy
Propaganda of the deed
Proxy bomb
School shooting
Stabbing
Suicide attack ( list)
Rockets and mortars
Terrorist groups
Designated terrorist groups
Charities accused of ties to terrorism
Adherents
Violent non-state actors
State terrorism
Kazakhstan
Soviet Union
Sri Lanka
United States
Uzbekistan
State-sponsored terrorism
Iran
Israel
Kuwait
Pakistan
Qatar
Russia ( Soviet Union)
Saudi Arabia
Syria
United States
Response to terrorism
Counter-terrorism
International conventions
Anti-terrorism legislation
Terrorism insurance
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Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentional violence to achieve political aims. It is used in this regard primarily to refer to violence during peacetime or in the context of war against non-combatants (mostly civilians and neutral military personnel ). The terms "terrorist" and "terrorism" originated during the French Revolution of the late 18th century but became widely used internationally and gained worldwide attention in the 1970s during the conflicts of Northern Ireland, the Basque Country, and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The increased use of suicide attacks from the 1980s onwards was typified by the September 11 attacks in New York City, Arlington and Pennsylvania in 2001. There are various different definitions of terrorism, with no universal agreement about it. Terrorism is a charged term. It is often used with the connotation of something that is "morally wrong". Governments and non-state groups use the term to abuse or denounce opposing groups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2696405516#1_3046090939 | Title: Terrorism financing - Wikipedia
Headings: Terrorism financing
Terrorism financing
Contents
History
After September 11 attacks
Methods used for terrorism funding
Money laundering
Preventing the funding of terrorism
Suspicious activity
Nation specific actions
Pakistan
Bahrain
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Australia
Germany
India
Spain
United Kingdom
Supranational organizations
European Union
United Nations
Evasive actions of terrorist organisations
Al-Qassam Brigades appealing for Bitcoin
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: (March 2009)
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (June 2010)
( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Main article: Terrorism
Terrorism
Definitions
History
Incidents
By ideology
Anarchist
Communist
Green/Ecological
Left-wing/Far-left
Narcotics-driven
Nationalist
Right-wing/Far-right
Religious
Buddhist
Christian ( Mormon)
Hindu
Islamic ( Wahhabism)
Jewish
Sikh
Special-interest / Single-issue
Suffragette
Anti-abortion
Environmental
Misogynist
Related topics
Violent extremism
Ethnic violence
Militia movement
Resistance movement
Structure
Financing
Fronting
Radicalization ( Online)
Training camp
Death squad
Clandestine cell system
Leaderless resistance
Lone wolf
Methods
Tactics
Agro-terrorism
Aircraft hijacking ( list)
Animal-borne bomb attacks
Beheading
Bioterrorism
Car bombing ( list)
Cyberterrorism
Dirty bomb
Dry run
Explosive
Hostage-taking
Improvised explosive device (IED)
Vehicle-ramming
Spree shooting
Individual terror
Insurgency
Kidnapping
Letter bomb
Lone wolf
Mass shooting
Nuclear
Paper terrorism
Piracy
Propaganda of the deed
Proxy bomb
School shooting
Stabbing
Suicide attack ( list)
Rockets and mortars
Terrorist groups
Designated terrorist groups
Charities accused of ties to terrorism
Adherents
Violent non-state actors
State terrorism
Kazakhstan
Soviet Union
Sri Lanka
United States
Uzbekistan
State-sponsored terrorism
Iran
Israel
Kuwait
Pakistan
Qatar
Russia ( Soviet Union)
Saudi Arabia
Syria
United States
Response to terrorism
Counter-terrorism
International conventions
Anti-terrorism legislation
Terrorism insurance
v
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e
Terrorism financing is the provision of funds or providing financial support to individual terrorists or non-state actors. Most countries have implemented measures to counter terrorism financing (CTF) often as part of their money laundering laws. Some countries and multinational organisations have created a list of organisations that they regard as terrorist organisations, though there is no consistency as to which organisations are designated as being terrorist by each country. The Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF) has made recommendations to members relating to CTF. It has created a Blacklist and Greylist of countries that have not taken adequate CTF action. As of 24 October 2019, the FATF blacklist (Call for action nations) only listed two countries for terrorism financing: North Korea and Iran; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_financing |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2710210860#8_3062152731 | Title: Texas RioGrande Legal Aid - Wikipedia
Headings: Texas RioGrande Legal Aid
Texas RioGrande Legal Aid
Texas RioGrande Legal Aid
Contents
History of TRLA
Practice Areas
Office Locations
Projects
Major Litigation
Against FEMA
The Border Wall
Defending the Mothers of Eldorado
Getting Legal Help
Sources
References
Content: According to the lawsuit, FEMA was prohibiting TRLA attorneys from being at their Disaster Recovery Centers to help victims of the summer floods. TRLA claimed that this action was unjustified, a change from previous policy, violated freedom of speech, and violated victims' rights to legal representation. Judge Sam Sparks ordered the organizations to meet and resolve the matter privately, wherein FEMA dropped its restrictions. In the aftermath of the fires that covered California in late October, volunteer lawyers used the regulations in the new ABA-FEMA agreement to secure the same rights to helping fire victims secure legal help. This was the second time that TRLA had sued FEMA. In November 2008, TRLA sued FEMA for a third time for discriminating against low-income victims of Hurricane Dolly when giving out aid. In May 2009 a judge agreed with TRLA and ordered FEMA to define how it determines who gets aid after a disaster. The Border Wall
Also in December, TRLA began providing legal advice to border residents affected by the construction of a wall along the Texas- Mexico border. TRLA's focus was to ensure that property owners were informed of their legal rights and did not feel intimidated or pressured to comply with government requests. Defending the Mothers of Eldorado
In 2008, TRLA began representing 48 mothers of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (FLDS)in the massive custody proceedings that resulted from a raid of the YFZ Ranch in Eldorado, Texas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_RioGrande_Legal_Aid |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2768286730#1_3138873745 | Title: The Chantels - Wikipedia
Headings: The Chantels
The Chantels
Contents
Career
Discography
Albums
Singles
References
Bibliography
External links
Content: They derived their name from that of school St. Frances de Chantal. Contents
1 Career
2 Discography
2.1 Albums
2.2 Singles
3 References
4 Bibliography
5 External links
Career
In 1957 the Chantels, then in high school, had been singing as a group for several years. Unlike some black groups whose influences were based in gospel, the quintet was influenced by classical music and Latin hymns. Lead singer Arlene Smith had received classical training and performed at Carnegie Hall at age 12. She provided both lyrics and music. The girls were discovered by Richard Barrett, lead singer of The Valentines, and by the summer of 1957 they were signed to End Records, owned by George Goldner. Their first single was "He's Gone" (Pop #71) in August 1957, written by Arlene Smith. Released in December 1957, their second single, " Maybe ," was a hit (#15 Billboard Hot 100; # 2 R&B chart) in January 1958. It sold over a million copies and was awarded a gold disc. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chantels |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2768286730#2_3138875049 | Title: The Chantels - Wikipedia
Headings: The Chantels
The Chantels
Contents
Career
Discography
Albums
Singles
References
Bibliography
External links
Content: The girls were discovered by Richard Barrett, lead singer of The Valentines, and by the summer of 1957 they were signed to End Records, owned by George Goldner. Their first single was "He's Gone" (Pop #71) in August 1957, written by Arlene Smith. Released in December 1957, their second single, " Maybe ," was a hit (#15 Billboard Hot 100; # 2 R&B chart) in January 1958. It sold over a million copies and was awarded a gold disc. The following releases were less successful but End did release an album originally titled We Are the Chantels. The original cover had a photo of the group. That album was soon withdrawn and repackaged with a picture of two white teenagers picking out a song; the title was shortened to The Chantels. The group was dropped by End in 1959, and Arlene Smith embarked upon a solo career. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chantels |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2768286730#6_3138880033 | Title: The Chantels - Wikipedia
Headings: The Chantels
The Chantels
Contents
Career
Discography
Albums
Singles
References
Bibliography
External links
Content: Although personnel changed throughout the 1960s, the constants in the group were Jackie Landry, Sonia Goring and Renee Minus. This line-up, plus Arlene Smith, recorded a one-off single for RCA in 1970. Smith fronted a new group called Chantels in the 1970s which featured up-and-coming disco diva Carol Douglas and former Gems vocalist Louise Bethune (who would also become a 1970s performing member of The Crystals ). Smith continued to perform solo. In 1995 the remaining original Chantels reformed as well and hired Noemi (Ami) Ortiz as their lead singer. On the PBS special Doo Wop 50, Smith reunited with the surviving original members of The Chantels and dedicated "Maybe" to Jackie Landry, who died in 1997. The Chantels were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2002. In 2001 they made the final ballot for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, but without enough votes for induction. Despite continued appearances since then on Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ballots by 1950s doo-wop groups, The Chantels did not get enough votes to reach any subsequent ballot until September 2009, when it was revealed that they were one of 12 nominees to be inducted to the Hall in 2010. Discography
Albums
We Are The Chantels (1958, End)
There's Our Song Again (1961, End)
The Chantels On Tour (1962, Carlton)
Singles
Year
Titles (A-side, B-side)
Both sides from same album except where indicated
Charts
Album
US
US
R&B
1957
"He's Gone"
b/w "The Plea"
71
—
We Are The Chantels
1958
" Maybe "
b/w "Come My Little Baby"
15
2
"Every Night (I Pray)"
b/w "Whoever You Are"
39
16
"I Love You So"
b/w "How Could You Call It Off" (Non-album track)
42
12
"If You Try"
b/w "Congratulations"
—
—
"Prayee"
b/w "Sure Of Love" (from We Are The Chantels)
—
—
Non-album tracks
1959
"I Can't Take It"
b/w "Never Let Go" (from There's Our Song Again)
—
—
"Summer's Love"
b/w "All Is Forgiven"
93
29
"Goodbye To Love"
b/w "I'm Confessin' (That I Love You)"
—
—
There's Our Song Again
1960
"How Could You Call It Off"
b/w "Whoever You Are" (from We Are The Chantels)
—
—
Non-album track
1961
"Look In My Eyes"
b/w "Glad To Be Back"
14
6
On Tour
"I'm The Girl"
b/w "There's Our Song Again"
—
—
There's Our Song Again
"Well I Told You"
b/w "Still"
29
—
On Tour
1962
"Here It Comes Again"
b/w "Summertime"
118
—
1963
"Eternally"
b/w "Swamp Water"
77
—
Non-album tracks
1966
"There's No Forgetting You"
b/w "Take Me As I Am"
—
—
"You're Welcome To My Heart"
b/w "Soul Of A Soldier"
—
—
"Indian Giver"
b/w "It's Just Me"
—
—
1969
"Maybe"
b/w "He's Gone"
116
—
We Are The Chantels
1970
"Love Makes All The Difference In The World"
b/w "I'm Gonna Win Him Back"
—
—
Non-album tracks
References
^ a b c d e f "The Chantels". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chantels |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2768286730#7_3138883396 | Title: The Chantels - Wikipedia
Headings: The Chantels
The Chantels
Contents
Career
Discography
Albums
Singles
References
Bibliography
External links
Content: On the PBS special Doo Wop 50, Smith reunited with the surviving original members of The Chantels and dedicated "Maybe" to Jackie Landry, who died in 1997. The Chantels were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2002. In 2001 they made the final ballot for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, but without enough votes for induction. Despite continued appearances since then on Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ballots by 1950s doo-wop groups, The Chantels did not get enough votes to reach any subsequent ballot until September 2009, when it was revealed that they were one of 12 nominees to be inducted to the Hall in 2010. Discography
Albums
We Are The Chantels (1958, End)
There's Our Song Again (1961, End)
The Chantels On Tour (1962, Carlton)
Singles
Year
Titles (A-side, B-side)
Both sides from same album except where indicated
Charts
Album
US
US
R&B
1957
"He's Gone"
b/w "The Plea"
71
—
We Are The Chantels
1958
" Maybe "
b/w "Come My Little Baby"
15
2
"Every Night (I Pray)"
b/w "Whoever You Are"
39
16
"I Love You So"
b/w "How Could You Call It Off" (Non-album track)
42
12
"If You Try"
b/w "Congratulations"
—
—
"Prayee"
b/w "Sure Of Love" (from We Are The Chantels)
—
—
Non-album tracks
1959
"I Can't Take It"
b/w "Never Let Go" (from There's Our Song Again)
—
—
"Summer's Love"
b/w "All Is Forgiven"
93
29
"Goodbye To Love"
b/w "I'm Confessin' (That I Love You)"
—
—
There's Our Song Again
1960
"How Could You Call It Off"
b/w "Whoever You Are" (from We Are The Chantels)
—
—
Non-album track
1961
"Look In My Eyes"
b/w "Glad To Be Back"
14
6
On Tour
"I'm The Girl"
b/w "There's Our Song Again"
—
—
There's Our Song Again
"Well I Told You"
b/w "Still"
29
—
On Tour
1962
"Here It Comes Again"
b/w "Summertime"
118
—
1963
"Eternally"
b/w "Swamp Water"
77
—
Non-album tracks
1966
"There's No Forgetting You"
b/w "Take Me As I Am"
—
—
"You're Welcome To My Heart"
b/w "Soul Of A Soldier"
—
—
"Indian Giver"
b/w "It's Just Me"
—
—
1969
"Maybe"
b/w "He's Gone"
116
—
We Are The Chantels
1970
"Love Makes All The Difference In The World"
b/w "I'm Gonna Win Him Back"
—
—
Non-album tracks
References
^ a b c d e f "The Chantels". History-of-rock.com. Retrieved 2014-06-05. ^ Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2nd ed.). London: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chantels |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2779017752#0_3153803075 | Title: The Coon - Wikipedia
Headings: The Coon
The Coon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Plot
Production
Cultural references
Reception
Home release
References
External links
Content: The Coon - Wikipedia
The Coon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
2nd episode of the thirteenth season of South Park
" The Coon "
South Park episode
Episode no. Season 13
Episode 2
Directed by
Trey Parker
Written by
Trey Parker
Production code
1302
Original air date
March 18, 2009
Episode chronology
← Previous
" The Ring "
Next →
" Margaritaville "
South Park (season 13)
List of South Park episodes
" The Coon " is the second episode of the thirteenth season of the American animated television series South Park. The 183rd episode of the series, it originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on March 18, 2009. In the episode, Cartman poses as a superhero vigilante named "The Coon", who grows increasingly jealous of the popularity and success of a rival superhero named "Mysterion". The episode was written and directed by series co-founder Trey Parker, and was rated TV-MA L in the United States. It was originally conceived as an episode about the economic recession, but those elements were later adapted into the future episode, " Margaritaville ". " The Coon" generated a great deal of speculation about the true identity of Mysterion. Parker and Stone originally said there was no specific answer to the question. However, his identity is finally revealed in the fourteenth season episode " Mysterion Rises ". The episode parodied several dark-toned comic book films that had been recently released at the time, including The Spirit, Watchmen and The Dark Knight. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coon |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2779038045#0_3153826289 | Title:
Headings:
Content: The Coon - Wikipedia
The Coon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from The Coon (South Park))
Jump to navigationJump to search
2nd episode of the thirteenth season of South Park
"The Coon"
South Parkepisode
Episode no. Season 13
Episode 2
Directed by
Trey Parker
Written by
Trey Parker
Production code
1302
Original air date
March 18, 2009
Episode chronology
← Previous
"The Ring"
Next →
"Margaritaville"
South Park (season 13)
List of South Parkepisodes
"The Coon" is the second episode of the thirteenth seasonof the American animated television series South Park. The 183rd episode of the series, it originally aired on Comedy Centralin the United States on March 18, 2009. In the episode, Cartmanposes as a superherovigilantenamed "The Coon", who grows increasingly jealous of the popularity and success of a rival superhero named "Mysterion". The episode was written and directed by series co-founder Trey Parker, and was rated TV-MAL in the United States. It was originally conceived as an episode about the economic recession, but those elements were later adapted into the future episode, "Margaritaville". " The Coon" generated a great deal of speculation about the true identity of Mysterion. Parker and Stone originally said there was no specific answer to the question. However, his identity is finally revealed in the fourteenth seasonepisode "Mysterion Rises". The episode parodied several dark-toned comic book films that had been recently released at the time, including The Spirit, Watchmenand The Dark Knight. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coon_(South_Park) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2801056183#2_3185581786 | Title: The End of Education - Wikipedia
Headings: The End of Education
The End of Education
Contents
Content
Part I
Part II
References
External links
Content: Politics is also a great educator. Mostly, it teaches, I am afraid, cynicism. But not always. Television is a great educator as well. Mostly it teaches consumerism. But not always." ( pg. ix.) Postman believes that schools' primary social function is to create a common culture among citizens through the communication of unifying purpose-giving narratives rather than to simply initiate children into the economy. “The idea of public education depends absolutely on the existence of shared narratives and the exclusion of narratives that lead to alienation and divisiveness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_of_Education |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2801056183#3_3185582707 | Title: The End of Education - Wikipedia
Headings: The End of Education
The End of Education
Contents
Content
Part I
Part II
References
External links
Content: But not always." ( pg. ix.) Postman believes that schools' primary social function is to create a common culture among citizens through the communication of unifying purpose-giving narratives rather than to simply initiate children into the economy. “The idea of public education depends absolutely on the existence of shared narratives and the exclusion of narratives that lead to alienation and divisiveness. What makes public schools public is not so much that the schools have common goals but that the students have common gods. The reason for this is that public education does not serve a public. It creates a public.” ( pg. 17)
Furthermore, he feels American education has drifted away from its founding narratives of democracy and Individual rights, replaced by the narratives of economic utility and the belief in technology as the measure of humanity's progress. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_of_Education |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2815317652#0_3205759330 | Title: The Fourth Pillar - Wikipedia
Headings: The Fourth Pillar
The Fourth Pillar
Contents
Main objectives
Main activities
Relevance to the insurance sector
Publications
References
External links
Content: The Fourth Pillar - Wikipedia
The Fourth Pillar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. Find sources: " The Fourth Pillar" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2021)
For other uses, see Four Pillars (disambiguation). The Four Pillars is a research programme set up in 1987 by the Geneva Association, also known as the International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics. The aim of the Four Pillars research programme is to study the key importance in the new service economy of Social Security, Insurance, Savings and Employment. The programme focuses on the future of pensions, welfare and employment. The Geneva Association launched its Four Pillars research programme with a view to identifying possible solutions to the issue of the future financing of pensions and, more generally, to organising social security systems in our post-industrial societies. Demographic trends - especially increased life and health expectancy - could be seen as positive if we were able to devise ways of enabling "ageing in good-health populations" to make a valid economic and social contribution to the functioning of our service economies over the decades to come. The concept of the Four Pillars owes its origin to the fact that in most countries the funding of pensions is based on three pillars: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fourth_Pillar |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2815317652#1_3205761236 | Title: The Fourth Pillar - Wikipedia
Headings: The Fourth Pillar
The Fourth Pillar
Contents
Main objectives
Main activities
Relevance to the insurance sector
Publications
References
External links
Content: The aim of the Four Pillars research programme is to study the key importance in the new service economy of Social Security, Insurance, Savings and Employment. The programme focuses on the future of pensions, welfare and employment. The Geneva Association launched its Four Pillars research programme with a view to identifying possible solutions to the issue of the future financing of pensions and, more generally, to organising social security systems in our post-industrial societies. Demographic trends - especially increased life and health expectancy - could be seen as positive if we were able to devise ways of enabling "ageing in good-health populations" to make a valid economic and social contribution to the functioning of our service economies over the decades to come. The concept of the Four Pillars owes its origin to the fact that in most countries the funding of pensions is based on three pillars: The 1st pillar: the compulsory, pay-as-you-go, state pension; The 2nd pillar: the supplementary (often funding-based) occupational pension; The 3rd pillar: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fourth_Pillar |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2815893612#4_3206605404 | Title: The Freedom Writers Diary - Wikipedia
Headings: The Freedom Writers Diary
The Freedom Writers Diary
Contents
Plot summary
Banning of the book in schools
Further reading
References
External links
Content: Banning of the book in schools
On March 11, 2008, an English teacher at Perry Meridian High School in Indianapolis, Indiana, Connie Heermann, was suspended for a year and a half without pay for using the Freedom Writers Diary in her classroom against the wishes of the school board. Administrators objected to racial slurs and sexual content in portions of the book. Further reading
Diary of a Freedom Writer, Garrett, Darius, 2013, Tate Publishing, 978-1625635808
References
^ McGhee, Tom (2008-02-27). " " " Freedom Writers" tale inspires students " ". www.denverpost.com. Retrieved 2008-03-26. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link)
^ "Teacher suspended over controversial book". www.msnbc.com. Archived from the original on 2008-03-30. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Freedom_Writers_Diary |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2820809062#11_3213421035 | Title: The Getaway (1994 film) - Wikipedia
Headings: The Getaway
(1994 film)
The Getaway (1994 film)
Contents
Plot
Cast
Production
Development and writing
Filming
Reception
Critical response
Year-end lists
References
External links
Content: An action film is a perfect opportunity for that. There's always a steady flow of action films – it's the most mined material – but what distinguishes an action movie is the acting." Alec Baldwin and Kim Basinger had fallen in love while making The Marrying Man together and he asked her to play the female role. Basinger said she "loved" the original movie "a lot. It had this cult status. But my first reaction to Alec's suggestion was no." She went back to the original Jim Thompson novel to see if there was a more substantial theme to the story. I saw that this theme could be summed up in one word – trust.... And I said to Alec, "See what we have here. This is all about trust. These two people can't trust anybody or anything. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Getaway_(1994_film) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2837628607#1_3237431675 | Title: The Heiresses (2018 film) - Wikipedia
Headings: The Heiresses
(2018 film)
The Heiresses (2018 film)
Contents
Plot
Cast
Accolades
Critical reception
See also
References
External links
Content: Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Accolades
4 Critical reception
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Plot
Chela and Chiquita have been a couple for over 30 years but their funds are running out. They start selling the furniture and Chela, fearing disgrace, refuses money from friends. When Chiquita gets notice to report to the city jail, charged with seeking a loan fraudulently, Chela is suddenly on her own. Telling people Chiquita has gone for a stay by the sea, she carries on selling the house contents. Picuta, an elderly lady living close by, asks if Chela will drive her to visit friends who meet for cards and gossip. It was Chiquita who drove their venerable Mercedes, since Chela has no licence, but she obliges her neighbour, who forces cash on her to pay for the fuel. This develops into an informal taxi service for Picuta's friends. On one of her trips meets the younger vivacious Angy, who begs her to drive out on the motorway to Itauguá, where her mother is being treated. Though Chela has never been on a motorway, she makes the effort. Angy takes an interest in the lonely older woman, telling her stories of her very varied love life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heiresses_(2018_film) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2839380620#0_3240048761 | Title: The History of Mexico (mural) - Wikipedia
Headings: The History of Mexico
(mural)
The History of Mexico (mural)
Contents
The artist: Diego Rivera
Background for the mural
Description of the mural
North wall
West (main) wall
South wall
Interpretation
References
Content: The History of Mexico (mural) - Wikipedia
The History of Mexico (mural)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Mural by Diego Rivera in Mexico City, Mexico
This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. ( May 2020) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The History of Mexico - mural in the National Palace in Mexico City
The History of Mexico mural in the stairwell of the National Palace in Mexico City was executed between 1929 and 1935 by Diego Rivera. The subject of the mural is Mexico's history from ancient times to the present. They depict the many struggles of the common Mexican people to fight against the Spanish, the French, and the dictators that controlled the country at different points in its history. Contents
1 The artist: Diego Rivera
2 Background for the mural
3 Description of the mural
3.1 North wall
3.2 West (main) wall
3.3 South wall
4 Interpretation
5 References
The artist: Diego Rivera
Rivera was one of Mexico's most famous artists. He was a Communist radical who criticized the Mexican government and foreign domination. Rivera was born to a rich Jewish family in Guanajuato, Mexico, although he became an atheist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_Mexico_(mural) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2839380620#3_3240053409 | Title: The History of Mexico (mural) - Wikipedia
Headings: The History of Mexico
(mural)
The History of Mexico (mural)
Contents
The artist: Diego Rivera
Background for the mural
Description of the mural
North wall
West (main) wall
South wall
Interpretation
References
Content: Even though Rivera's painting was sponsored by the Mexican government he always rebelled against authority of any kind. His paintings were highly political and rejected capitalism and glorified the indigenous cultures of Mexico including the Aztecs and the Zapotecs. His first important mural was Creation. It took a year to complete and covers 1000 square feet. Creation contains 20 foot high figures concerned with the history of religion. In addition to murals, Rivera was a prolific painter. The main subjects of his paintings were Cubist portraits of human figures, self-portraits, native Mexican culture and traditions, flowers and nature, landscapes, and scenes from everyday life. Background for the mural
Rivera was a leader in a government-sponsored mural project in the 1920s, soon after the official end of the Mexican Revolution. The project was intended to not only justify the revolution, but to promote the current government as the guarantor of the new life promised by the revolution. Murals were produced mainly in Mexico City and surrounding areas between 1923 and 1939. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_Mexico_(mural) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2839380620#4_3240054973 | Title: The History of Mexico (mural) - Wikipedia
Headings: The History of Mexico
(mural)
The History of Mexico (mural)
Contents
The artist: Diego Rivera
Background for the mural
Description of the mural
North wall
West (main) wall
South wall
Interpretation
References
Content: In addition to murals, Rivera was a prolific painter. The main subjects of his paintings were Cubist portraits of human figures, self-portraits, native Mexican culture and traditions, flowers and nature, landscapes, and scenes from everyday life. Background for the mural
Rivera was a leader in a government-sponsored mural project in the 1920s, soon after the official end of the Mexican Revolution. The project was intended to not only justify the revolution, but to promote the current government as the guarantor of the new life promised by the revolution. Murals were produced mainly in Mexico City and surrounding areas between 1923 and 1939. In August 1929, Rivera began painting his huge mural in the large stairways and stairwells of the National Palace, the center of the Mexican government and nation. The National Palace is located on the Zocalo, the central plaza in Mexico City, the place where Moctezuma, the Aztec king ruled Mexico before the arrival of the Spanish. The Mexican government commissioned Rivera and other famous Mexican artists including José Clemente Orozco and David Alfaro Siqueiros to paint scenes about Mexican history. Rivera was hired by the government to portray native people in a better light, and to criticize the Spaniards. They did this to celebrate the Mexican Revolution, the overthrow of the Porfirio Diaz dictatorship, and the new government. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_Mexico_(mural) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2839380620#5_3240056842 | Title: The History of Mexico (mural) - Wikipedia
Headings: The History of Mexico
(mural)
The History of Mexico (mural)
Contents
The artist: Diego Rivera
Background for the mural
Description of the mural
North wall
West (main) wall
South wall
Interpretation
References
Content: In August 1929, Rivera began painting his huge mural in the large stairways and stairwells of the National Palace, the center of the Mexican government and nation. The National Palace is located on the Zocalo, the central plaza in Mexico City, the place where Moctezuma, the Aztec king ruled Mexico before the arrival of the Spanish. The Mexican government commissioned Rivera and other famous Mexican artists including José Clemente Orozco and David Alfaro Siqueiros to paint scenes about Mexican history. Rivera was hired by the government to portray native people in a better light, and to criticize the Spaniards. They did this to celebrate the Mexican Revolution, the overthrow of the Porfirio Diaz dictatorship, and the new government. The History of Mexico mural consists of four main sections. The murals are huge, some as big as 70 meters by 9 meters. Description of the mural
North wall
This section of the mural displays the richness of the ancient Aztec culture including the people and their traditional costumes. It shows an image of the sun, which was the center of the world in the Aztec religion. Below the sun are a pyramid and an Aztec leader. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_Mexico_(mural) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2839380620#11_3240065836 | Title: The History of Mexico (mural) - Wikipedia
Headings: The History of Mexico
(mural)
The History of Mexico (mural)
Contents
The artist: Diego Rivera
Background for the mural
Description of the mural
North wall
West (main) wall
South wall
Interpretation
References
Content: This part portrays the destruction of the Native American culture by the Spaniards, including eliminating Native American dialect, traditions, and beliefs. They forced the Native Americans to speak Spanish, become Catholics and live like Europeans but the Indians resisted. On the far left upper lobe, Rivera shows the execution of Maximilian, the Austrian emperor who controlled Mexico in the 1860s. This symbolized the end of European rule of Mexico. This mural also emphasizes Benito Juarez, Mexico's only Indian president and the one considered the founder of the new Mexican nation. The top of the central part of the mural shows the victorious peasant armies of Zapata and Villa who led the Revolution that supposedly restored the people to power. The red banner saying " Tierra y Libertad " ("Land and Liberty") portrays the long struggles of poor Mexicans to regain their homeland. South wall
This part of the mural is about the future of Mexico. It shows factories, the Soviet flag (Rivera and the government at the time had socialist tendencies), workers, Karl Marx and the Communist Manifesto, and an image of Rivera's wife Frida Kahlo. Kahlo and her sister Cristina are shown as socialist teachers bringing a glorious future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_Mexico_(mural) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2839380620#12_3240067552 | Title: The History of Mexico (mural) - Wikipedia
Headings: The History of Mexico
(mural)
The History of Mexico (mural)
Contents
The artist: Diego Rivera
Background for the mural
Description of the mural
North wall
West (main) wall
South wall
Interpretation
References
Content: The top of the central part of the mural shows the victorious peasant armies of Zapata and Villa who led the Revolution that supposedly restored the people to power. The red banner saying " Tierra y Libertad " ("Land and Liberty") portrays the long struggles of poor Mexicans to regain their homeland. South wall
This part of the mural is about the future of Mexico. It shows factories, the Soviet flag (Rivera and the government at the time had socialist tendencies), workers, Karl Marx and the Communist Manifesto, and an image of Rivera's wife Frida Kahlo. Kahlo and her sister Cristina are shown as socialist teachers bringing a glorious future. School children are shown also. The images are all about progress, prosperity, and a better future. Interpretation
Given the context of post-Revolutionary Mexico, the mural could simply be seen as a declaration that the revolution had finally brought justice to the Mexican people who had long been oppressed by foreign powers and national dictators. The ancient Native Americans had rich culture but were conquered by Europeans. Later, the Native Americans and Mestizos suffered at the hands of the Spanish, the French, and the Diaz dictatorship. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_Mexico_(mural) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2839380620#14_3240070583 | Title: The History of Mexico (mural) - Wikipedia
Headings: The History of Mexico
(mural)
The History of Mexico (mural)
Contents
The artist: Diego Rivera
Background for the mural
Description of the mural
North wall
West (main) wall
South wall
Interpretation
References
Content: Rivera shows suffering of Native Americans and poor people. He depicts the evil rich people and foreigners who took over Mexico. The story is one of good vs. evil. The poor, peasants, Native American, farmers and workers are on the side of good and freedom. The foreigners, the rich, and the rulers are the bad and oppressive ones. Rivera, the artist, shows the struggle of the people in the revolution. The revolution, therefore, was a noble cause of poor people that successfully overthrew the rich, and returned the country to its rightful owners: the common people of Mexico. Rivera painted these murals because the Mexican government paid him to do it, but also because of his own radical political beliefs. The murals personalize Mexican history by showing the faces of men and women in battle, in suffering and in victory during the revolution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_Mexico_(mural) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2839380620#15_3240071908 | Title: The History of Mexico (mural) - Wikipedia
Headings: The History of Mexico
(mural)
The History of Mexico (mural)
Contents
The artist: Diego Rivera
Background for the mural
Description of the mural
North wall
West (main) wall
South wall
Interpretation
References
Content: Rivera, the artist, shows the struggle of the people in the revolution. The revolution, therefore, was a noble cause of poor people that successfully overthrew the rich, and returned the country to its rightful owners: the common people of Mexico. Rivera painted these murals because the Mexican government paid him to do it, but also because of his own radical political beliefs. The murals personalize Mexican history by showing the faces of men and women in battle, in suffering and in victory during the revolution. Despite the depictions of atrocities, it is a very hopeful message. The use of bright colors suggest hope and the beauty of the country and its people. In addition to promoting the Revolution, Rivera seems to emphasize the rich cultural heritage of Native Americans and the greatness of Mexican civilization before Spanish conquest. In the murals he tried to illustrate the true culture of Mexico: its bright colors, rich traditions, and old customs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_Mexico_(mural) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2839380620#18_3240075224 | Title: The History of Mexico (mural) - Wikipedia
Headings: The History of Mexico
(mural)
The History of Mexico (mural)
Contents
The artist: Diego Rivera
Background for the mural
Description of the mural
North wall
West (main) wall
South wall
Interpretation
References
Content: Mural Painting and Social Revolution in Mexico, 1920-1940 Art of the New Order. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1998. print
^ Rochfort, Desmond. Mexican Muralists. United States: Chronicle Boks LLC, 1998. Print
^ a b c d Rivera, Luis-Martin Lozano & Juan Rafael Coronel. Diego Rivera The Complete Murals. Italy: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_Mexico_(mural) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2850161018#4_3254948595 | Title: The Intelligent Investor - Wikipedia
Headings: The Intelligent Investor
The Intelligent Investor
Contents
Background and history
Analysis
Value Investing
Mr. Market
Determining Value
Reception
Editions
Book contents
2003 edition
See also
References
Further reading
Content: Mr. Market
One of Graham's important allegories is that of Mr. Market, meant to personify the irrationality and group-think of the stock market. Mr. Market is an obliging fellow who turns up every day at the shareholder 's door offering to buy or sell his shares at a different price. Often, the price quoted by Mr. Market seems plausible, but sometimes it is ridiculous. The investor is free to either agree with his quoted price and trade with him, or ignore him completely. Mr. Market doesn't mind this, and will be back the following day to quote another price. The point of this anecdote is that the investor should not regard the whims of Mr. Market as a determining factor in the value of the shares the investor owns. He should profit from market folly rather than participate in it. A common fallacy in the market is that investors are reasonable and homogenous, but Mr. Market serves to show that this is not the case. The investor is advised to concentrate on the real life performance of his companies and receiving dividends, rather than be too concerned with Mr. Market's often irrational behavior. Determining Value
In The Intelligent Investor, Graham explains the importance of determining value when investing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Intelligent_Investor |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2861010339#8_3269617185 | Title: The Lady's Dressing Room - Wikipedia
Headings: The Lady's Dressing Room
The Lady's Dressing Room
Contents
Summary
Analysis
Poem in culture
Notes
References
External links
Content: He was often referred to as misanthropic, and this work, "The Lady's Dressing Room", led him to be "accused of misogyny". Swift's offensive, and improper content, as well as the harsh manner in which he presented it, led him to have a less than favorable reputation amongst his compatriots, especially women. Poem in culture
The poem was received like any satire: some loved it and some hated it. For example, the poem provoked a negative response from Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, featured in her poem “The Reasons that Induced Dr. S. to Write a Poem called The Lady’s Dressing Room.” In this poem, she voices what many thought was the reason for him writing the poem: sexual frustration. Her poem is about him searching out a prostitute and not being able to perform sexually. He blames it on her, she on him, and she refuses to give the money he requests back. In Montagu's opinion, and subsequently her poetic response, Swift decides to get back at the prostitute by writing the poem. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lady%27s_Dressing_Room |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2861274545#12_3270161450 | Title: The Lady in the Van - Wikipedia
Headings: The Lady in the Van
The Lady in the Van
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Plot
Cast
Production
Development
Filming
Music
Release
Marketing
Reception
Box office
Critical reception
Accolades
References
External links
Content: After the screening, he described Smith's portrayal of Mary Shepherd as "one of the most tailor-made leading roles of her late career". Even though, he says, the film is "low on narrative drive" and "marred by a misjudged final act", "Hytner's amiable [love] fest" is "enlivened by Smith’s signature irascibility; silver-dollar auds should turn up, if not in droves, at least in healthy vanloads". Frank Scheck, of The Hollywood Reporter, also attended the premiere, and like Lodge, he felt Smith's character was the "driving force" behind the film. Not to his surprise, Smith "fully exploits the humour in her character's bizarreness". For example, when her character "receives guidance from the Virgin Mary; her utter obliviousness to her lack of personal hygiene; her hatred of the sound of music that sends her fleeing whenever she hears a note; and her ragtag wardrobe which has been assembled from various dumpsters". In spite of the humour, Scheck praised Smith for "sub | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lady_in_the_Van |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2862169019#5_3271646818 | Title:
Headings:
Content: French explorers and missionarieswere the earliest Europeans to enter the region, encountering the Dakota, Ojibwe, and various Anishinaabetribes. Much of what is now Minnesota formed part of the vast French holding of Louisiana, which the United States purchasedin 1803. After several subsequent territorial reorganizations, the Minnesota Territorywas admitted to the Union in 1858. Minnesota's growth initially centered on timber, agriculture and railroads. During the mid-19th and early 20th centuries, European immigrants arrived in significant numbers, particularly from Scandinavia, Germany, and Central Europe; a significant influx has been linked to the failed European Revolutions of 1848.[10] Minnesota remains a center of Scandinavian, German, and Czechculture,[11]though in the 21st century it has seen increased domestic migration and immigration from Asia, the Horn of Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America. In recent decades, Minnesota's economy has diversified significantly, shifting from traditional industries such as agriculture and resource extraction to services and finance. Minnesota's standard of living indexis among the highest in the United States, and the state is among the best-educated in the nation. [ 12]
Contents
1Etymology
2Geography
2.1Geology
2.2Flora and fauna
2.3Climate
2.4Protected lands
3History
4Cities and towns
5Demographics
5.1Population
5.2Religion
6Economy
6.1Industry and commerce
6.2Energy use and production
6.3State taxes
7Culture
7.1Fine and performing arts
7.2Literature
7.3Entertainment
7.4Popular culture
8Health
9Education
10Transportation
11Law and government
11.1Executive
11.2Legislature
11.3Judiciary
11.4Regional
11.5Federal
11.6Tribal
12Politics
13Media
14Sports, recreation and tourism
14.1Organized sports
14.2Outdoor recreation
15See also
16References
17External links
17.1Culture and history
17.2General
17.3Government
17.4Maps and demographics
17.5Tourism and recreation
Etymology[edit]
The word Minnesotacomes from the Dakota[13]name for the Minnesota River, which got its name from one of two words in Dakota: " mní sóta", which means "clear blue water",[14][15]or "Mníssota", which means "cloudy water". [ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Land_of_Ten_Thousand_Lakes |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2862169019#6_3271649280 | Title:
Headings:
Content: a significant influx has been linked to the failed European Revolutions of 1848.[10] Minnesota remains a center of Scandinavian, German, and Czechculture,[11]though in the 21st century it has seen increased domestic migration and immigration from Asia, the Horn of Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America. In recent decades, Minnesota's economy has diversified significantly, shifting from traditional industries such as agriculture and resource extraction to services and finance. Minnesota's standard of living indexis among the highest in the United States, and the state is among the best-educated in the nation. [ 12]
Contents
1Etymology
2Geography
2.1Geology
2.2Flora and fauna
2.3Climate
2.4Protected lands
3History
4Cities and towns
5Demographics
5.1Population
5.2Religion
6Economy
6.1Industry and commerce
6.2Energy use and production
6.3State taxes
7Culture
7.1Fine and performing arts
7.2Literature
7.3Entertainment
7.4Popular culture
8Health
9Education
10Transportation
11Law and government
11.1Executive
11.2Legislature
11.3Judiciary
11.4Regional
11.5Federal
11.6Tribal
12Politics
13Media
14Sports, recreation and tourism
14.1Organized sports
14.2Outdoor recreation
15See also
16References
17External links
17.1Culture and history
17.2General
17.3Government
17.4Maps and demographics
17.5Tourism and recreation
Etymology[edit]
The word Minnesotacomes from the Dakota[13]name for the Minnesota River, which got its name from one of two words in Dakota: " mní sóta", which means "clear blue water",[14][15]or "Mníssota", which means "cloudy water". [ 16][17][18]Dakota peopledemonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it mní sóta.[18] Many places in the state have similar Dakota names, such as Minnehaha Falls("curling water" or waterfall), Minneiska("white water"), Minneota("much water"), Minnetonka("big water"), Minnetrista("crooked water"), and Minneapolis, a hybrid wordcombining Dakota mní("water") and -polis(Greekfor "city"). [ 19]
Geography[edit]
Main article: Geography of Minnesota
Scalable map of Minnesota, showing roads and major bodies of water
Minnesota is the second northernmost U.S. state (after Alaska) and northernmost contiguous state, as the isolated Northwest Anglein Lake of the Woodscounty is the only part of the 48 contiguous statesnorth of the 49th parallel. The state is part of the U.S. region known as the Upper Midwestand part of North America's Great Lakes Region. It shares a Lake Superiorwater border with Michiganand a land and water border with Wisconsinto the east. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Land_of_Ten_Thousand_Lakes |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2875307676#0_3289785428 | Title: The Logic of Collective Action - Wikipedia
Headings: The Logic of Collective Action
The Logic of Collective Action
Contents
Overview
Critique
Information asymmetry
Legitimacy
Critical Mass
See also
References
Content: The Logic of Collective Action - Wikipedia
The Logic of Collective Action
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups is a book by Mancur Olson, Jr. published in 1965. It develops a theory of political science and economics of concentrated benefits versus diffuse costs. Its central argument is that concentrated minor interests will be overrepresented and diffuse majority interests trumped, due to a free-rider problem that is stronger when a group becomes larger. Contents
1 Overview
2 Critique
2.1 Information asymmetry
2.2 Legitimacy
2.3 Critical Mass
3 See also
4 References
Overview
The book challenged accepted wisdom in Olson’s day that: if everyone in a group (of any size) has interests in common, then they will act collectively to achieve them; and
in a democracy, the greatest concern is that the majority will tyrannize and exploit the minority. The book argues instead that individuals in any group attempting collective action will have incentives to " free ride " on the efforts of others if the group is working to provide public goods. Individuals will not "free ride" in groups that provide benefits only to active participants. Pure public goods are goods that are non-excludable (i.e. one person cannot reasonably prevent another from consuming the good) and non-rivalrous (one person’s consumption of the good does not affect another’s, nor vice versa). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Logic_of_Collective_Action |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2875307676#1_3289787351 | Title: The Logic of Collective Action - Wikipedia
Headings: The Logic of Collective Action
The Logic of Collective Action
Contents
Overview
Critique
Information asymmetry
Legitimacy
Critical Mass
See also
References
Content: if everyone in a group (of any size) has interests in common, then they will act collectively to achieve them; and
in a democracy, the greatest concern is that the majority will tyrannize and exploit the minority. The book argues instead that individuals in any group attempting collective action will have incentives to " free ride " on the efforts of others if the group is working to provide public goods. Individuals will not "free ride" in groups that provide benefits only to active participants. Pure public goods are goods that are non-excludable (i.e. one person cannot reasonably prevent another from consuming the good) and non-rivalrous (one person’s consumption of the good does not affect another’s, nor vice versa). Hence, without selective incentives to motivate participation, collective action is unlikely to occur even when large groups of people with common interests exist. The book noted that large groups will face relatively high costs when attempting to organize for collective action while small groups will face relatively low costs, and individuals in large groups will gain less per capita of successful collective action. Hence, in the absence of selective incentives, the incentive for group action diminishes as group size increases, so that large groups are less able to act in their common interest than small ones. The book concludes that, not only is collective action by large groups difficult to achieve even when they have interests in common, but situations could occur where the minority (bound together by concentrated selective incentives) can dominate the majority. Critique
Olson's original logic of collective action has received several critiques, based either on a different interpretation of the observations on minority interest representation, or on a disagreement on the degree of concentrated interest representation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Logic_of_Collective_Action |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2906251072#9_3332967052 | Title: The Nitro Girls - Wikipedia
Headings: The Nitro Girls
The Nitro Girls
Contents
History
Involvement in storylines
Diversity 5 (2001–02)
Members
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
Content: She debuted in 1999 and occasionally accompanied Chris Kanyon (during his "Champagne" Chris Kanyon gimmick) to the ring as his valet with Baby. In 2000, she left the Nitro Girls and became the valet for Ernest Miller as Ms. Jones. Macklin danced along with Miller in his post-match dance routine and later also acted as Miller's assistant when he was WCW Commissioner. She and Miller defeated Major Gunns and Lance Storm in her only wrestling match (a mixed tag team match) on the December 18, 2000 edition of Nitro. She was released in late 2000 when WCW made a decision to release most of the valets as a cost-cutting measure. After leaving WCW, Macklin became an actress and appeared in her first film, Love & Orgasms, in 2003 . Chiquita
Chiquita Anderson
2000–2001
Born Chiquita Adams on November 22, 1974, Anderson graduated from Philadelphia University of the Arts with an associate's degree in dance. After the Nitro Girls were disbanded, Anderson then became part of the pop music group Diversity 5 with other former Nitro Girls when Sharmell Sullivan left the group. She was part of the short-lived Xtreme Wrestling Federation 's X-Girls in 2001 with Stephanie Bellars and Kristina Laum . Fyre
Teri Byrne
1997–1999
Byrne last worked at the University of Phoenix. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nitro_Girls |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2918525334#0_3350456320 | Title: The Pew Charitable Trusts - Wikipedia
Headings: The Pew Charitable Trusts
The Pew Charitable Trusts
Contents
History
Current concerns
Financial facts
Controversy
Barnes Art Collection
Texas Public Policy Foundation
References
External links
Content: The Pew Charitable Trusts - Wikipedia
The Pew Charitable Trusts
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
American non-profit, non-governmental organization
This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. ( October 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Pew Charitable Trusts
Established
1948; 73 years ago
( 1948)
Chairman
Robert H. Campbell
President
Susan K. Urahn
Faculty
10 (board)
Staff
969
Budget
$374 million
Endowment
$6.7 billion
Address
2005 Market Street
Suite 1700
Philadelphia, PA 19103-7077
Location
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Website
www.pewtrusts.org
The Pew Charitable Trusts is an independent non-profit, non-governmental organization (NGO), founded in 1948. With over US$ 6 billion in assets, its stated mission is to serve the public interest by "improving public policy, informing the public, and invigorating civic life". Contents
1 History
2 Current concerns
3 Financial facts
4 Controversy
4.1 Barnes Art Collection
4.2 Texas Public Policy Foundation
5 References
6 External links
History
The Trusts, a single entity, is the successor to, and sole beneficiary of, seven charitable funds established between 1948 and 1979 by J. Howard Pew, Mary Ethel Pew, Joseph N. Pew Jr., and Mabel Pew Myrin—the adult sons and daughters of Sun Oil Company founder Joseph N. Pew and his wife, Mary Anderson Pew. Honoring their parents' religious conviction that good works should be done quietly, the original Pew Memorial Foundation was a grantmaking organization that made donations anonymously. The foundation became the Pew Memorial Trust in 1956, based in Philadelphia, the donors' hometown. Between 1957 and 1979, six other trusts were created, representing the personal and complementary philanthropic interests of the four siblings. The Trusts continues to be based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with offices in Washington, D.C., London, and Brussels . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pew_Charitable_Trusts |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2918525334#1_3350458979 | Title: The Pew Charitable Trusts - Wikipedia
Headings: The Pew Charitable Trusts
The Pew Charitable Trusts
Contents
History
Current concerns
Financial facts
Controversy
Barnes Art Collection
Texas Public Policy Foundation
References
External links
Content: Contents
1 History
2 Current concerns
3 Financial facts
4 Controversy
4.1 Barnes Art Collection
4.2 Texas Public Policy Foundation
5 References
6 External links
History
The Trusts, a single entity, is the successor to, and sole beneficiary of, seven charitable funds established between 1948 and 1979 by J. Howard Pew, Mary Ethel Pew, Joseph N. Pew Jr., and Mabel Pew Myrin—the adult sons and daughters of Sun Oil Company founder Joseph N. Pew and his wife, Mary Anderson Pew. Honoring their parents' religious conviction that good works should be done quietly, the original Pew Memorial Foundation was a grantmaking organization that made donations anonymously. The foundation became the Pew Memorial Trust in 1956, based in Philadelphia, the donors' hometown. Between 1957 and 1979, six other trusts were created, representing the personal and complementary philanthropic interests of the four siblings. The Trusts continues to be based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with offices in Washington, D.C., London, and Brussels . Although today The Pew Charitable Trusts is non-partisan and non-ideological, Joseph Pew and his sons were politically conservative. The modern day organization works to encourage responsive government and support scientific research on a wide range of issues, including global ocean governance, correction reform, and antibiotic resistance . Early priorities of the Pew Memorial Trust included cancer research, the American Red Cross, and a pioneering project to assist historically black colleges. Later beneficiaries included conservative organizations such as the John Birch Society, the American Liberty League, and the American Enterprise Institute, as well as environmental organizations such as the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Oceana, and mainstream think tanks like the center-left Brookings Institution. The Trusts continues to fund charities and the arts in Philadelphia . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pew_Charitable_Trusts |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2918525334#2_3350461360 | Title: The Pew Charitable Trusts - Wikipedia
Headings: The Pew Charitable Trusts
The Pew Charitable Trusts
Contents
History
Current concerns
Financial facts
Controversy
Barnes Art Collection
Texas Public Policy Foundation
References
External links
Content: Although today The Pew Charitable Trusts is non-partisan and non-ideological, Joseph Pew and his sons were politically conservative. The modern day organization works to encourage responsive government and support scientific research on a wide range of issues, including global ocean governance, correction reform, and antibiotic resistance . Early priorities of the Pew Memorial Trust included cancer research, the American Red Cross, and a pioneering project to assist historically black colleges. Later beneficiaries included conservative organizations such as the John Birch Society, the American Liberty League, and the American Enterprise Institute, as well as environmental organizations such as the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Oceana, and mainstream think tanks like the center-left Brookings Institution. The Trusts continues to fund charities and the arts in Philadelphia . In 2004, the Pew Trusts applied to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to change its status from private foundation to nonprofit organization. Since that change it can now raise funds freely and devote up to 5% of its budget to lobbying the public sector. According to the Pew Trusts' website, five of the ten Directors serving on the Board are named Pew. Current concerns
The Trusts' public policy areas include the environment, state policy, economic policy and health and human services. The Trusts, with other groups, backed an effort to create marine protected areas in the Pacific Ocean, near the Mariana Islands. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pew_Charitable_Trusts |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2918525334#6_3350469066 | Title: The Pew Charitable Trusts - Wikipedia
Headings: The Pew Charitable Trusts
The Pew Charitable Trusts
Contents
History
Current concerns
Financial facts
Controversy
Barnes Art Collection
Texas Public Policy Foundation
References
External links
Content: "Based on data, science, and non-partisan research, Pew works to reduce hidden risks to the health, safety, and well-being of American consumers." One program, the Pew Scholars Program in the Biomedical Sciences, is intended to support promising early and mid-career scientists investigating human health, both basic and clinical. The awards provide flexible support ($240,000 over a four-year period). Grantees are encouraged to be entrepreneurial and innovative in their research. The trust also helped fund the Gospel and Our Culture Network, which published books such as Missional Church: A vision for the sending of the Church in North America. In October 2020, the Trusts unveiled research on naloxone, the lifesaving overdose reversal drug. Pew researchers concluded that expanded access to naloxone saves lives and put forth several recommendations on how to do so, including options such as co-prescribing naloxone with opioids. Financial facts
According to the 2019 Consolidated Financial Statements, as of 30 June 2019, the Trusts owned over US$6.7 billion in assets. For the 12 months ending on that date, total revenues were about US$374 million and total expenses were about $341 million, of which about $6.6 million were for fundraising expenses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pew_Charitable_Trusts |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2951961488#3_3398335315 | Title: The Shangri-Las - Wikipedia
Headings: The Shangri-Las
The Shangri-Las
Contents
Early career
Success at Red Bird Records
Public image
Disintegration and retirement
Influence
Discography
Timeline
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Singles
Lead vocalist, per song
Notes
References
External links
Listening
Content: Initially, the girls performed without a name; however, when they signed their first deal, they began calling themselves the Shangri-Las, after a Queens, New York restaurant. Some discographies list The Beatle-ettes and The Bon Bons, who both issued singles in 1964, as early versions of the Shangri-Las; however, they are different groups. Mary Weiss was the main lead singer; Betty, however, took lead on "Maybe" (the LP version), "Shout", "Twist and Shout", "Wishing Well", and a number of B-sides and album tracks. Mary Ann Ganser took lead on most of " I'm Blue ", which is a cover of the Ikettes ' biggest hit at the time, and was included on their 1965 album Shangri-Las 65!. Success at Red Bird Records
"Remember (Walking In The Sand)"
In 2004 the Shangri-Las' 1964 recording of "Remember (Walking In The Sand)" placed #395 on Rolling Stone 's list of 500 Greatest Songs of All Time
Problems playing this file? See media help. In April 1964, when the girls were still minors, their parents signed with Red Bird Records; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shangri-Las |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2987822276#0_3447355011 | Title: The Underland Chronicles - Wikipedia
Headings: The Underland Chronicles
The Underland Chronicles
The Underland Chronicles
Contents
Books
Gregor the Overlander
Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane
Gregor and the Curse of the Warmbloods
Gregor and the Marks of Secret
Gregor and the Code of Claw
Main characters
The Underland
Bonding
Tree of Transmission
The Code of Claw
Film Adaptation
References
Content: The Underland Chronicles - Wikipedia
The Underland Chronicles
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article includes a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( May 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Underland Chronicles
The cover of the first book. Gregor the Overlander
The Prophecy of Bane
The Curse of the Warmbloods
The Marks of Secret
The Code of Claw
Author
Suzanne Collins
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Adventure, Fantasy, Young adult, Drama, Science fiction, Epic
Publisher
Scholastic Corporation
Published
2003–2007
Media type
Print ( hardback and paperback)
The Underland Chronicles is a series of five epic fantasy novels by Suzanne Collins, first published between 2003 and 2007. It tells the story of a boy named Gregor and his adventures in the "Underland", a subterranean world located under New York City. The Underland is inhabited by humans who traveled below hundreds of years ago, along with various giant versions of creatures like bats, cockroaches, and rats. According to the author, the series involves many topics relating to war, including biological warfare, genocide, and military intelligence. While not as well known as the author's subsequent Hunger Games trilogy, it has been reviewed favorably by many critics. Contents
1 Books
1.1 Gregor the Overlander
1.2 Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane
1.3 Gregor and the Curse of the Warmbloods
1.4 Gregor and the Marks of Secret
1.5 Gregor and the Code of Claw
2 Main characters
3 The Underland
3.1 Bonding
3.2 Tree of Transmission
3.2.1 The Code of Claw
4 Film Adaptation
5 References
Books
Gregor the Overlander
Main article: Gregor the Overlander
Gregor and his two-year-old sister Boots fall through a vent in their apartment basement and find themselves in a strange place called the Underland, inhabited by giant animals and pale humans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Underland_Chronicles |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2987822276#1_3447357717 | Title: The Underland Chronicles - Wikipedia
Headings: The Underland Chronicles
The Underland Chronicles
The Underland Chronicles
Contents
Books
Gregor the Overlander
Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane
Gregor and the Curse of the Warmbloods
Gregor and the Marks of Secret
Gregor and the Code of Claw
Main characters
The Underland
Bonding
Tree of Transmission
The Code of Claw
Film Adaptation
References
Content: The Underland is inhabited by humans who traveled below hundreds of years ago, along with various giant versions of creatures like bats, cockroaches, and rats. According to the author, the series involves many topics relating to war, including biological warfare, genocide, and military intelligence. While not as well known as the author's subsequent Hunger Games trilogy, it has been reviewed favorably by many critics. Contents
1 Books
1.1 Gregor the Overlander
1.2 Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane
1.3 Gregor and the Curse of the Warmbloods
1.4 Gregor and the Marks of Secret
1.5 Gregor and the Code of Claw
2 Main characters
3 The Underland
3.1 Bonding
3.2 Tree of Transmission
3.2.1 The Code of Claw
4 Film Adaptation
5 References
Books
Gregor the Overlander
Main article: Gregor the Overlander
Gregor and his two-year-old sister Boots fall through a vent in their apartment basement and find themselves in a strange place called the Underland, inhabited by giant animals and pale humans. The Underlanders name Gregor "the warrior" and Boots the "princess" of a prophecy written hundreds of years ago by their founder, Bartholomew of Sandwich. Gregor must go on a quest mentioned in the prophecy to save his lost father, a PoW in a war between the humans and the " gnawers ". Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane
Main article: Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane
Gregor is caught up in one of Bartholomew of Sandwich's prophecies once again when Underlanders kidnap his baby sister for her protection, and he reluctantly returns to their subterranean world. The Regalians convince him to embark on a quest to kill a dangerous rat called the Bane whom both the rats and humans believe will lead the gnawers to conquer the Underland. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Underland_Chronicles |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2987822276#2_3447360071 | Title: The Underland Chronicles - Wikipedia
Headings: The Underland Chronicles
The Underland Chronicles
The Underland Chronicles
Contents
Books
Gregor the Overlander
Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane
Gregor and the Curse of the Warmbloods
Gregor and the Marks of Secret
Gregor and the Code of Claw
Main characters
The Underland
Bonding
Tree of Transmission
The Code of Claw
Film Adaptation
References
Content: The Underlanders name Gregor "the warrior" and Boots the "princess" of a prophecy written hundreds of years ago by their founder, Bartholomew of Sandwich. Gregor must go on a quest mentioned in the prophecy to save his lost father, a PoW in a war between the humans and the " gnawers ". Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane
Main article: Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane
Gregor is caught up in one of Bartholomew of Sandwich's prophecies once again when Underlanders kidnap his baby sister for her protection, and he reluctantly returns to their subterranean world. The Regalians convince him to embark on a quest to kill a dangerous rat called the Bane whom both the rats and humans believe will lead the gnawers to conquer the Underland. Along the way, Gregor struggles to come to terms with the death of several friends; a newly discovered and very terrifying talent; and the morality of what the Underlanders have asked him to do. Gregor and the Curse of the Warmbloods
Main article: Gregor and the Curse of the Warmbloods
A mysterious plague has broken out in the Underland, and yet another of Sandwich's prophecies leads the warm-blooded creatures of the realm to organize a quest for the cure, supposedly located in a dangerous underground Jungle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Underland_Chronicles |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2987822276#3_3447361931 | Title: The Underland Chronicles - Wikipedia
Headings: The Underland Chronicles
The Underland Chronicles
The Underland Chronicles
Contents
Books
Gregor the Overlander
Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane
Gregor and the Curse of the Warmbloods
Gregor and the Marks of Secret
Gregor and the Code of Claw
Main characters
The Underland
Bonding
Tree of Transmission
The Code of Claw
Film Adaptation
References
Content: Along the way, Gregor struggles to come to terms with the death of several friends; a newly discovered and very terrifying talent; and the morality of what the Underlanders have asked him to do. Gregor and the Curse of the Warmbloods
Main article: Gregor and the Curse of the Warmbloods
A mysterious plague has broken out in the Underland, and yet another of Sandwich's prophecies leads the warm-blooded creatures of the realm to organize a quest for the cure, supposedly located in a dangerous underground Jungle. Gregor is terrified for his friends and more than willing to help, especially as his own mother and bond lie dying in the Regalian hospital. The more they learn about the plague and the political situation of the Underland, however, the more the quest group begins to fear something worse than a simple disease. Gregor and the Marks of Secret
Main article: Gregor and the Marks of Secret
The Bane takes control of the gnawers, and genocide is taking place in all corners of the Underland. The Rats drive the Mice out of their homes, killing any left behind. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Underland_Chronicles |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2987822276#4_3447363609 | Title: The Underland Chronicles - Wikipedia
Headings: The Underland Chronicles
The Underland Chronicles
The Underland Chronicles
Contents
Books
Gregor the Overlander
Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane
Gregor and the Curse of the Warmbloods
Gregor and the Marks of Secret
Gregor and the Code of Claw
Main characters
The Underland
Bonding
Tree of Transmission
The Code of Claw
Film Adaptation
References
Content: Gregor is terrified for his friends and more than willing to help, especially as his own mother and bond lie dying in the Regalian hospital. The more they learn about the plague and the political situation of the Underland, however, the more the quest group begins to fear something worse than a simple disease. Gregor and the Marks of Secret
Main article: Gregor and the Marks of Secret
The Bane takes control of the gnawers, and genocide is taking place in all corners of the Underland. The Rats drive the Mice out of their homes, killing any left behind. Gregor and his friends must fight to stop him. Gregor, now older and hardened from war, falls in love with Luxa. They sneak out of Regalia and find that the gnawers have driven the Mice out of the jungle and the Fount, their last refuge. They follow a tunnel under the river to the Firelands, a subterranean volcanic wasteland, where the mice have been driven. The air of the Firelands is toxic and ashy, and wipes out entire generations of the peaceful Mice. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Underland_Chronicles |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2987822276#5_3447365230 | Title: The Underland Chronicles - Wikipedia
Headings: The Underland Chronicles
The Underland Chronicles
The Underland Chronicles
Contents
Books
Gregor the Overlander
Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane
Gregor and the Curse of the Warmbloods
Gregor and the Marks of Secret
Gregor and the Code of Claw
Main characters
The Underland
Bonding
Tree of Transmission
The Code of Claw
Film Adaptation
References
Content: Gregor and his friends must fight to stop him. Gregor, now older and hardened from war, falls in love with Luxa. They sneak out of Regalia and find that the gnawers have driven the Mice out of the jungle and the Fount, their last refuge. They follow a tunnel under the river to the Firelands, a subterranean volcanic wasteland, where the mice have been driven. The air of the Firelands is toxic and ashy, and wipes out entire generations of the peaceful Mice. The Gnawers begin to move towards Regalia, to kill what remains of the Mice species and their human protectors. Gregor and the Code of Claw
Main article: Gregor and the Code of Claw
The uneasy peace between the humans and gnawers has finally been broken, and everyone expects Gregor to accept his role as " the warrior " and act on his decision to support the humans. He soon finds his entire family drawn into Sandwich 's deadly Prophecy of Time, and events around him begin to climax towards a final confrontation with The Bane. Gregor must fight to eliminate this threat to the Underland, and make hard choices about what he is willing to give up in the process. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Underland_Chronicles |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2987822276#6_3447366961 | Title: The Underland Chronicles - Wikipedia
Headings: The Underland Chronicles
The Underland Chronicles
The Underland Chronicles
Contents
Books
Gregor the Overlander
Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane
Gregor and the Curse of the Warmbloods
Gregor and the Marks of Secret
Gregor and the Code of Claw
Main characters
The Underland
Bonding
Tree of Transmission
The Code of Claw
Film Adaptation
References
Content: The Gnawers begin to move towards Regalia, to kill what remains of the Mice species and their human protectors. Gregor and the Code of Claw
Main article: Gregor and the Code of Claw
The uneasy peace between the humans and gnawers has finally been broken, and everyone expects Gregor to accept his role as " the warrior " and act on his decision to support the humans. He soon finds his entire family drawn into Sandwich 's deadly Prophecy of Time, and events around him begin to climax towards a final confrontation with The Bane. Gregor must fight to eliminate this threat to the Underland, and make hard choices about what he is willing to give up in the process. Main characters
Main article: List of The Underland Chronicles characters
The Underland
The "Underland" is a subterranean realm populated by semi- albino humans and large, intelligent rodents, insects, and other creatures; though not all Underland creatures are sentient. It is located under New York, with most of its entrances leading out to what is now New York City. In the first novel, a character named Vikus tells Gregor (the protagonist) that the Underland humans are descended from a group of "Overlanders" who, led by a man named Bartholomew of Sandwich, settled underground over a period of some fifty years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Underland_Chronicles |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2987822276#7_3447368859 | Title: The Underland Chronicles - Wikipedia
Headings: The Underland Chronicles
The Underland Chronicles
The Underland Chronicles
Contents
Books
Gregor the Overlander
Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane
Gregor and the Curse of the Warmbloods
Gregor and the Marks of Secret
Gregor and the Code of Claw
Main characters
The Underland
Bonding
Tree of Transmission
The Code of Claw
Film Adaptation
References
Content: Main characters
Main article: List of The Underland Chronicles characters
The Underland
The "Underland" is a subterranean realm populated by semi- albino humans and large, intelligent rodents, insects, and other creatures; though not all Underland creatures are sentient. It is located under New York, with most of its entrances leading out to what is now New York City. In the first novel, a character named Vikus tells Gregor (the protagonist) that the Underland humans are descended from a group of "Overlanders" who, led by a man named Bartholomew of Sandwich, settled underground over a period of some fifty years. Sandwich was a self-styled prophet who believed that a great tragedy would one day befall all those living on the surface, and convinced his devoted followers to establish an underground community long before the event could happen. Gregor never finds out exactly when this migration took place. In Gregor and the Marks of Secret, Gregor discovers that Underland children know the old song "Bat, Bat, Come Under my Hat", suggesting that it was carried down by their Overland ancestors. This song is an actual poem, which some sources claim was developed by a group known as the Conch, who were early Bahamian settlers of Florida. Other sources state that it is an English folk rhyme, so old that its author is unknown. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Underland_Chronicles |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_2992639313#13_3453459253 | Title: The Vicar of Bullhampton - Wikipedia
Headings: The Vicar of Bullhampton
The Vicar of Bullhampton
Contents
Plot summary
Mary Lowther
Brattle family
Marquis and Methodist
Major themes
Plight of the fallen woman
Love and courtship
"The Girl of the Period"
Religion
Publication history
Once A Week
Other publication
Reception
References
External links
Content: The harm done by Formosa lies in this,— that the character is utterly false, false to human nature and false to London life. She is a wretch, abominable almost beyond conception, so as to be odious, if known, to the most odious. She is sharper as well as prostitute,—and is false to all with whom she comes in contact, to those whom she is supposed to love and to those who love her. Her peculiar profession is represented as causing her no personal remorse. And yet she is exhibited to us as a fine creature, a noble woman, one whom a man might be honoured by loving;—and at last she ends with a success! ... That which is vile and dirty, squalid and miserable,—that, of which we may say that were its horrors known such knowledge would deter more thoroughly than any ignorance,—is exhibited as a bright existence, full of danger indeed, but still open to all that is noble, and capable of final success. When the book edition of The Vicar of Bullhampton appeared in April 1870, it bore a preface; Trollope, who ordinarily scorned prefaces and dedications, felt compelled to justify the presentation of a character like Carry Brattle. He reiterated the points he had made regarding Formosa: that while depicting a fallen woman as glamourous or noble might lead impressionable readers to vice, a true depiction of such a woman's misery might deter readers from yielding to temptation; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vicar_of_Bullhampton |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3019766819#0_3484824185 | Title:
Headings:
Content: New Deal - Wikipedia
New Deal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from The new deal)
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Economic programs of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt
This article is about the United States economic program and public services program. For other uses, see New Deal (disambiguation). This article may be too longto read and navigate comfortably. Please consider splittingcontent into sub-articles, condensingit, or adding subheadings. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. ( February 2021)
New Deal
Top left: The TVA Act signed into law in 1933
Top right: President Franklin D. Roosevelt led the New Dealers; Bottom: A public mural from the arts program
Location
United States
Type
Economic program
Cause
Great Depression
Organized by
President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Outcome
Reform of Wall Street; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_new_deal |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3019766819#1_3484825258 | Title:
Headings:
Content: February 2021)
New Deal
Top left: The TVA Act signed into law in 1933
Top right: President Franklin D. Roosevelt led the New Dealers; Bottom: A public mural from the arts program
Location
United States
Type
Economic program
Cause
Great Depression
Organized by
President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Outcome
Reform of Wall Street; relief for farmers and unemployed; Social Security; political power shifts to Democratic New Deal Coalition
The New Dealwas a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulationsenacted by President Franklin D. Rooseveltin the United Statesbetween 1933 and 1939. Major federal programs and agencies included the Civilian Conservation Corps(CCC), the Civil Works Administration(CWA), the Farm Security Administration(FSA), the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933(NIRA) and the Social Security Administration(SSA). They provided support for farmers, the unemployed, youth and the elderly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_new_deal |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3019766819#2_3484826403 | Title:
Headings:
Content: relief for farmers and unemployed; Social Security; political power shifts to Democratic New Deal Coalition
The New Dealwas a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulationsenacted by President Franklin D. Rooseveltin the United Statesbetween 1933 and 1939. Major federal programs and agencies included the Civilian Conservation Corps(CCC), the Civil Works Administration(CWA), the Farm Security Administration(FSA), the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933(NIRA) and the Social Security Administration(SSA). They provided support for farmers, the unemployed, youth and the elderly. The New Deal included new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and efforts to re-inflate the economy after prices had fallen sharply. New Deal programs included both laws passed by Congressas well as presidential executive orders during the first term of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs focused on what historians refer to as the "3 R's": relief for the unemployedand poor, recovery of the economy back to normal levels, and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.[1] The New Deal produced a political realignment, making the Democratic Partythe majority (as well as the party that held the White House for seven out of the nine presidential terms from 1933 to 1969) with its base in liberal ideas, the South, big city machinesand the newly empowered labor unions, and various ethnic groups. The Republicanswere split, with conservatives opposing the entire New Deal as hostile to business and economic growth and liberals in support. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_new_deal |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3019766819#3_3484828208 | Title:
Headings:
Content: The New Deal included new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and efforts to re-inflate the economy after prices had fallen sharply. New Deal programs included both laws passed by Congressas well as presidential executive orders during the first term of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs focused on what historians refer to as the "3 R's": relief for the unemployedand poor, recovery of the economy back to normal levels, and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.[1] The New Deal produced a political realignment, making the Democratic Partythe majority (as well as the party that held the White House for seven out of the nine presidential terms from 1933 to 1969) with its base in liberal ideas, the South, big city machinesand the newly empowered labor unions, and various ethnic groups. The Republicanswere split, with conservatives opposing the entire New Deal as hostile to business and economic growth and liberals in support. The realignment crystallized into the New Deal coalitionthat dominated presidential elections into the 1960s while the opposing conservative coalitionlargely controlled Congress in domestic affairs from 1937 to 1964. [ 2]
Contents
1Summary of First and Second New Deal programs
2Origins
2.1Economic collapse (1929–1933)
2.2Campaign
3First New Deal (1933–1934)
3.1The First 100 Days (1933)
3.1.1Fiscal policy
3.1.2Banking reform
3.1.3Monetary reform
3.1.4Securities Act of 1933
3.1.5Repeal of Prohibition
3.2Relief
3.2.1Public works
3.2.2Farm and rural programs
3.3Recovery
3.3.1NRA "Blue Eagle" campaign
3.3.2Housing sector
3.4Reform
3.4.1Trade liberalization
3.4.2Puerto Rico
4Second New Deal (1935–1936)
4.1Social Security Act
4.2Labor relations
4.3Works Progress Administration
4.4Tax policy
4.5Housing Act of 1937
5Court-packing plan and jurisprudential shift
6Recession of 1937 and recovery
7World War II and full employment
7.1Federal budget soars
7.2Wartime welfare projects
7.3Fair Employment Practices
7.4Growing equality of income
8Legacy
9Historiography and evaluation of New Deal policies
9.1Fiscal policy
9.2Race and gender
9.2.1African Americans
9.2.1.1Segregation
9.2.2Women and the New Deal
9.3Relief
9.4Recovery
9.4.1Economic growth and unemployment (1933–1941)
9.4.2Mainstream economics interpretation
9.4.2.1Keynesians: halted the collapse but lacked Keynesian deficit spending
9.4.2.2Monetarist interpretation
9.4.2.2.1Milton Friedman
9.4.2.2.2Bernanke and Parkinson: cleared the way for a natural recovery
9.4.2.3New Keynesian economics: crucial source of recovery
9.4.3Real business-cycle theory: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_new_deal |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3025175991#8_3490944542 | Title: Theocracy - Wikipedia
Headings: Theocracy
Theocracy
Contents
Etymology
Synopsis
Current theocracies
Christian theocracies
Holy See (Vatican City)
Mount Athos (Athonite State)
Shia theocracies
Iran
Central Tibetan Administration
Change to Sikyong
States with official state religions
Historic states with theocratic aspects
Ancient Egypt
Japan
Israel
Western Antiquity
Tibet
China
Caliphate
Byzantine Empire
Münster (16th Century)
Geneva and Zurich (16th century)
Deseret (LDS Church, USA)
Persia/Iran
Florence under Savonarola
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Current theocracies
Christian theocracies
Further information: Christian state
Holy See (Vatican City)
Main article: Politics of Vatican City
Following the Capture of Rome on 20 September 1870, the Papal States including Rome with the Vatican was annexed by the Kingdom of Italy. In 1929, through the Lateran Treaty signed with the Italian Government, the new state of Vatican City (population 842) – with no connection to the former Papal States – was formally created and recognized as an independent state. The head of state of the Vatican is the pope, elected by the College of Cardinals, an assembly of Senatorial-princes of the Church. They are usually clerics, appointed as Ordinaries, but in the past have also included men who were not bishops nor clerics. A pope is elected for life, and either dies or may resign. The cardinals are appointed by the popes, who thereby choose the electors of their successors. Voting is limited to cardinals under 80 years of age. A Secretary for Relations with States, directly responsible for international relations, is appointed by the pope. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracies |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3025175991#9_3490946440 | Title: Theocracy - Wikipedia
Headings: Theocracy
Theocracy
Contents
Etymology
Synopsis
Current theocracies
Christian theocracies
Holy See (Vatican City)
Mount Athos (Athonite State)
Shia theocracies
Iran
Central Tibetan Administration
Change to Sikyong
States with official state religions
Historic states with theocratic aspects
Ancient Egypt
Japan
Israel
Western Antiquity
Tibet
China
Caliphate
Byzantine Empire
Münster (16th Century)
Geneva and Zurich (16th century)
Deseret (LDS Church, USA)
Persia/Iran
Florence under Savonarola
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: They are usually clerics, appointed as Ordinaries, but in the past have also included men who were not bishops nor clerics. A pope is elected for life, and either dies or may resign. The cardinals are appointed by the popes, who thereby choose the electors of their successors. Voting is limited to cardinals under 80 years of age. A Secretary for Relations with States, directly responsible for international relations, is appointed by the pope. The Vatican legal system is rooted in canon law but ultimately is decided by the pope; the Bishop of Rome as the Supreme Pontiff "has the fullness of legislative, executive and judicial powers." Although the laws of Vatican City come from the secular laws of Italy, under article 3 of the Law of the Sources of the Law, provision is made for the supplementary application of the "laws promulgated by the Kingdom of Italy". The government of the Vatican can also be considered an ecclesiocracy (ruled by the Church ). Mount Athos (Athonite State)
Main article: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracies |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3032209166#0_3499004175 | Title: Thermal break - Wikipedia
Headings: Thermal break
Thermal break
See also
References
Content: Thermal break - Wikipedia
Thermal break
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
It has been suggested that this article be merged into Thermal insulation. ( Discuss) Proposed since November 2020. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " Thermal break" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A thermal break or thermal barrier is an element of low thermal conductivity placed in an assembly to reduce or prevent the flow of thermal energy between conductive materials. The opposite of a thermal barrier is a thermal bridge . In architecture and building construction some examples include the following: a thermal break is also a load-bearing thermal insulation system used in reinforced concrete structures to form a thermal break between cantilever structures and internal floor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_break |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3032209166#1_3499005521 | Title: Thermal break - Wikipedia
Headings: Thermal break
Thermal break
See also
References
Content: Find sources: " Thermal break" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A thermal break or thermal barrier is an element of low thermal conductivity placed in an assembly to reduce or prevent the flow of thermal energy between conductive materials. The opposite of a thermal barrier is a thermal bridge . In architecture and building construction some examples include the following: a thermal break is also a load-bearing thermal insulation system used in reinforced concrete structures to form a thermal break between cantilever structures and internal floor. insulated glazing – the air or gas between the panes stops the conductive thermal energy from passing through the glass. metal window or curtain wall framing – a separator material is used between the inner and outer frames to prevent the temperature transfer through the frame and condensation on the inside frame. concrete work – a single row of concrete masonry units (CMU block) is commonly set between the inner concrete slab and exterior concrete work to prevent the transfer of heat or cold through the slab. garage doors – in some doors that have high R-rating insulation, a vinyl thermal break is used along the edges of each segment instead of rolled steel. metal and wood-framed buildings - an insulation material installed on the roof, walls and floor prevents thermal short circuit creating the heat transfer through the framing material and controls when desired (winter/summer)resulting in energy savings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_break |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3032209166#2_3499007394 | Title: Thermal break - Wikipedia
Headings: Thermal break
Thermal break
See also
References
Content: insulated glazing – the air or gas between the panes stops the conductive thermal energy from passing through the glass. metal window or curtain wall framing – a separator material is used between the inner and outer frames to prevent the temperature transfer through the frame and condensation on the inside frame. concrete work – a single row of concrete masonry units (CMU block) is commonly set between the inner concrete slab and exterior concrete work to prevent the transfer of heat or cold through the slab. garage doors – in some doors that have high R-rating insulation, a vinyl thermal break is used along the edges of each segment instead of rolled steel. metal and wood-framed buildings - an insulation material installed on the roof, walls and floor prevents thermal short circuit creating the heat transfer through the framing material and controls when desired (winter/summer)resulting in energy savings. metal windows and doors (aluminium, steel etc.) - separating the frame into two separate interior and exterior pieces joined with a less conductive material reduces temperature transfer. Thermal breaks (made of substantially rigid, low thermal conductive polyamide or polyurethane which is mechanically locked in aluminum window framing can be more than a thousand times less conductive than aluminum and a hundred times less than steel. In addition thermal breaks can have the added benefit of reducing sound transmittance by dampening vibration. The concept of a thermal break is similar to that of a double or triple glazed unit: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_break |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3032209166#3_3499009237 | Title: Thermal break - Wikipedia
Headings: Thermal break
Thermal break
See also
References
Content: metal windows and doors (aluminium, steel etc.) - separating the frame into two separate interior and exterior pieces joined with a less conductive material reduces temperature transfer. Thermal breaks (made of substantially rigid, low thermal conductive polyamide or polyurethane which is mechanically locked in aluminum window framing can be more than a thousand times less conductive than aluminum and a hundred times less than steel. In addition thermal breaks can have the added benefit of reducing sound transmittance by dampening vibration. The concept of a thermal break is similar to that of a double or triple glazed unit: creating a thermal barrier against heat loss by introducing a low conductive material to the system makeup. With outstanding thermal breaks, aluminium frames are able to be used for passive houses. The geometry and material of thermal breaks are aimed to decrease heat loss because of conduction, convection and radiation. Conduction is decreased by using materials with minimum lambda values and also using profiles with hollow chambers. Convection is decreased by using flags on insulation profiles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_break |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3032209166#4_3499010641 | Title: Thermal break - Wikipedia
Headings: Thermal break
Thermal break
See also
References
Content: creating a thermal barrier against heat loss by introducing a low conductive material to the system makeup. With outstanding thermal breaks, aluminium frames are able to be used for passive houses. The geometry and material of thermal breaks are aimed to decrease heat loss because of conduction, convection and radiation. Conduction is decreased by using materials with minimum lambda values and also using profiles with hollow chambers. Convection is decreased by using flags on insulation profiles. And radiation is decreased by using low-e folio (e.g. insulbar LEF) on these flags. See also
Damp proofing
Heat trap
Thermal pad
References
^ "Thermal Break Technology - IQ Technical". IQ Glass Technical. Retrieved 2019-10-16. This architecture -related article is a stub. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_break |
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