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msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3032213236#0_3499012641 | Title: Thermal bridge - Wikipedia
Headings: Thermal bridge
Thermal bridge
Contents
Concept
Identifying Thermal Bridges
Thermal Bridging in Construction
Masonry Buildings
Curtain Wall
Impacts of Thermal Bridging
Design Methods to Reduce Thermal Bridges
Analysis Methods and Challenges
See also
References
External links
Content: Thermal bridge - Wikipedia
Thermal bridge
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Temperature distribution in a thermal bridge
This thermal image shows a thermal bridging of a high-rise building ( Aqua in Chicago)
A thermal bridge, also called a cold bridge, heat bridge, or thermal bypass, is an area or component of an object which has higher thermal conductivity than the surrounding materials, creating a path of least resistance for heat transfer. Thermal bridges result in an overall reduction in thermal resistance of the object. The term is frequently discussed in the context of a building's thermal envelope where thermal bridges result in heat transfer into or out of conditioned space. Thermal bridges in buildings may impact the amount of energy required to heat and cool a space, cause condensation (moisture) within the building envelope, and result in thermal discomfort. In colder climates (such as the United Kingdom), thermal heat bridges can result in additional heat losses and require additional energy to mitigate. There are strategies to reduce or prevent thermal bridging, such as limiting the number of building members that span from unconditioned to conditioned space and applying continuous insulation materials to create thermal breaks . Contents
1 Concept
2 Identifying Thermal Bridges
3 Thermal Bridging in Construction
3.1 Masonry Buildings
3.2 Curtain Wall
3.3 Impacts of Thermal Bridging
4 Design Methods to Reduce Thermal Bridges
5 Analysis Methods and Challenges
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Concept
Thermal bridge at junction. Heat moves from the floor structure through the wall because there is no thermal break. Heat transfer occurs through three mechanisms: convection, radiation, and conduction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_bridge |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3032213236#1_3499014948 | Title: Thermal bridge - Wikipedia
Headings: Thermal bridge
Thermal bridge
Contents
Concept
Identifying Thermal Bridges
Thermal Bridging in Construction
Masonry Buildings
Curtain Wall
Impacts of Thermal Bridging
Design Methods to Reduce Thermal Bridges
Analysis Methods and Challenges
See also
References
External links
Content: There are strategies to reduce or prevent thermal bridging, such as limiting the number of building members that span from unconditioned to conditioned space and applying continuous insulation materials to create thermal breaks . Contents
1 Concept
2 Identifying Thermal Bridges
3 Thermal Bridging in Construction
3.1 Masonry Buildings
3.2 Curtain Wall
3.3 Impacts of Thermal Bridging
4 Design Methods to Reduce Thermal Bridges
5 Analysis Methods and Challenges
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Concept
Thermal bridge at junction. Heat moves from the floor structure through the wall because there is no thermal break. Heat transfer occurs through three mechanisms: convection, radiation, and conduction. A thermal bridge is an example of heat transfer through conduction. The rate of heat transfer depends on the thermal conductivity of the material and the temperature difference experienced on either side of the thermal bridge. When a temperature difference is present, heat flow will follow the path of least resistance through the material with the highest thermal conductivity and lowest thermal resistance; this path is a thermal bridge. Thermal bridging describes a situation in a building where there is a direct connection between the outside and inside through one or more elements that possess a higher thermal conductivity than the rest of the envelope of the building. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_bridge |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3032213236#2_3499016861 | Title: Thermal bridge - Wikipedia
Headings: Thermal bridge
Thermal bridge
Contents
Concept
Identifying Thermal Bridges
Thermal Bridging in Construction
Masonry Buildings
Curtain Wall
Impacts of Thermal Bridging
Design Methods to Reduce Thermal Bridges
Analysis Methods and Challenges
See also
References
External links
Content: A thermal bridge is an example of heat transfer through conduction. The rate of heat transfer depends on the thermal conductivity of the material and the temperature difference experienced on either side of the thermal bridge. When a temperature difference is present, heat flow will follow the path of least resistance through the material with the highest thermal conductivity and lowest thermal resistance; this path is a thermal bridge. Thermal bridging describes a situation in a building where there is a direct connection between the outside and inside through one or more elements that possess a higher thermal conductivity than the rest of the envelope of the building. Identifying Thermal Bridges
Surveying buildings for thermal bridges is performed using passive infrared thermography (IRT) according to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Infrared Thermography of buildings can allow thermal signatures that indicate heat leaks. IRT detects thermal abnormalities that are linked to the movement of fluids through building elements, highlighting the variations in the thermal properties of the materials that correspondingly cause a major change in temperature. The drop shadow effect, a situation in which the surrounding environment casts a shadow on the facade of the building, can lead to potential accuracy issues of measurements through inconsistent facade sun exposure. An alternative analysis method, Iterative Filtering (IF), can be used to solve this problem. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_bridge |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3032213236#4_3499021023 | Title: Thermal bridge - Wikipedia
Headings: Thermal bridge
Thermal bridge
Contents
Concept
Identifying Thermal Bridges
Thermal Bridging in Construction
Masonry Buildings
Curtain Wall
Impacts of Thermal Bridging
Design Methods to Reduce Thermal Bridges
Analysis Methods and Challenges
See also
References
External links
Content: In all thermographic building inspections, the thermal image interpretation if performed by a human operator, involving a high level of subjectivity and expertise of the operator. Automated analysis approaches, such as Laser scanning technologies can provide thermal imaging on 3 dimensional CAD model surfaces and metric information to thermographic analyses. Surface temperature data in 3D models can identify and measure thermal irregularities of thermal bridges and insulation leaks. Thermal imaging can also be acquired through the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), fusing thermal data from multiple cameras and platforms. The UAV uses an infrared camera to generate a thermal field image of recorded temperature values, where every pixel represents radiative energy emitted by the surface of the building. Thermal Bridging in Construction
Frequently, thermal bridging is used in reference to a building’s thermal envelope, which is a layer of the building enclosure system that resists heat flow between the interior conditioned environment and the exterior unconditioned environment. Heat will transfer through a building’s thermal envelope at different rates depending on the materials present throughout the envelope. Heat transfer will be greater at thermal bridge locations than where insulation exists because there is less thermal resistance. In the winter, when exterior temperature is typically lower than interior temperature, heat flows outward and will flow at greater rates through thermal bridges. At a thermal bridge location, the surface temperature on the inside of the building envelope will be lower than the surrounding area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_bridge |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3032213236#5_3499023199 | Title: Thermal bridge - Wikipedia
Headings: Thermal bridge
Thermal bridge
Contents
Concept
Identifying Thermal Bridges
Thermal Bridging in Construction
Masonry Buildings
Curtain Wall
Impacts of Thermal Bridging
Design Methods to Reduce Thermal Bridges
Analysis Methods and Challenges
See also
References
External links
Content: Thermal Bridging in Construction
Frequently, thermal bridging is used in reference to a building’s thermal envelope, which is a layer of the building enclosure system that resists heat flow between the interior conditioned environment and the exterior unconditioned environment. Heat will transfer through a building’s thermal envelope at different rates depending on the materials present throughout the envelope. Heat transfer will be greater at thermal bridge locations than where insulation exists because there is less thermal resistance. In the winter, when exterior temperature is typically lower than interior temperature, heat flows outward and will flow at greater rates through thermal bridges. At a thermal bridge location, the surface temperature on the inside of the building envelope will be lower than the surrounding area. In the summer, when the exterior temperature is typically higher than the interior temperature, heat flows inward, and at greater rates through thermal bridges. This causes winter heat losses and summer heat gains for conditioned spaces in buildings. Despite insulation requirements specified by various national regulations, thermal bridging in a building's envelope remain a weak spot in the construction industry. Moreover, in many countries building design practices implement partial insulation measurements foreseen by regulations. As a result, thermal losses are greater in practice that is anticipated during the design stage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_bridge |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3032213236#6_3499025193 | Title: Thermal bridge - Wikipedia
Headings: Thermal bridge
Thermal bridge
Contents
Concept
Identifying Thermal Bridges
Thermal Bridging in Construction
Masonry Buildings
Curtain Wall
Impacts of Thermal Bridging
Design Methods to Reduce Thermal Bridges
Analysis Methods and Challenges
See also
References
External links
Content: In the summer, when the exterior temperature is typically higher than the interior temperature, heat flows inward, and at greater rates through thermal bridges. This causes winter heat losses and summer heat gains for conditioned spaces in buildings. Despite insulation requirements specified by various national regulations, thermal bridging in a building's envelope remain a weak spot in the construction industry. Moreover, in many countries building design practices implement partial insulation measurements foreseen by regulations. As a result, thermal losses are greater in practice that is anticipated during the design stage. An assembly such as an exterior wall or insulated ceiling is generally classified by a U-factor, in W/m 2 ·K, that reflects the overall rate of heat transfer per unit area for all the materials within an assembly, not just the insulation layer. Heat transfer via thermal bridges reduces the overall thermal resistance of an assembly, resulting in an increased U-factor. Thermal bridges can occur at several locations within a building envelope; most commonly, they occur at junctions between two or more building elements. Common locations include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_bridge |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3032213236#7_3499026890 | Title: Thermal bridge - Wikipedia
Headings: Thermal bridge
Thermal bridge
Contents
Concept
Identifying Thermal Bridges
Thermal Bridging in Construction
Masonry Buildings
Curtain Wall
Impacts of Thermal Bridging
Design Methods to Reduce Thermal Bridges
Analysis Methods and Challenges
See also
References
External links
Content: An assembly such as an exterior wall or insulated ceiling is generally classified by a U-factor, in W/m 2 ·K, that reflects the overall rate of heat transfer per unit area for all the materials within an assembly, not just the insulation layer. Heat transfer via thermal bridges reduces the overall thermal resistance of an assembly, resulting in an increased U-factor. Thermal bridges can occur at several locations within a building envelope; most commonly, they occur at junctions between two or more building elements. Common locations include: Floor-to-wall or balcony-to-wall junctions, including slab-on-grade and concrete balconies or outdoor patios that extend the floor slab through the building envelope
Roof/Ceiling-to-wall junctions, especially where full ceiling insulation depths may not be achieved
Window-to-wall junctions
Door-to-wall junctions
Wall-to-wall junctions
Wood, steel or concrete members, such as studs and joists, incorporated in exterior wall, ceiling, or roof construction
Recessed luminaries that penetrate insulated ceilings
Windows and doors, especially frames components
Areas with gaps in or poorly installed insulation
Metal ties in masonry cavity walls
Structural elements remain a weak point in construction, commonly leading to thermal bridges that result in high heat loss and low surface temperatures in a room. Masonry Buildings
While thermal bridges exist in various types of building enclosures, masonry walls experience significantly increased U-factors caused by thermal bridges. Comparing thermal conductivities between different building materials allows for assessment of performance relative to other design options. Brick materials, which are usually used for facade enclosures, typically have higher thermal conductivities than timber, depending on the brick density and wood type. Concrete, which may be used for floors and edge beams in masonry buildings are common thermal bridges, especially at the corners. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_bridge |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3032213236#8_3499029381 | Title: Thermal bridge - Wikipedia
Headings: Thermal bridge
Thermal bridge
Contents
Concept
Identifying Thermal Bridges
Thermal Bridging in Construction
Masonry Buildings
Curtain Wall
Impacts of Thermal Bridging
Design Methods to Reduce Thermal Bridges
Analysis Methods and Challenges
See also
References
External links
Content: Floor-to-wall or balcony-to-wall junctions, including slab-on-grade and concrete balconies or outdoor patios that extend the floor slab through the building envelope
Roof/Ceiling-to-wall junctions, especially where full ceiling insulation depths may not be achieved
Window-to-wall junctions
Door-to-wall junctions
Wall-to-wall junctions
Wood, steel or concrete members, such as studs and joists, incorporated in exterior wall, ceiling, or roof construction
Recessed luminaries that penetrate insulated ceilings
Windows and doors, especially frames components
Areas with gaps in or poorly installed insulation
Metal ties in masonry cavity walls
Structural elements remain a weak point in construction, commonly leading to thermal bridges that result in high heat loss and low surface temperatures in a room. Masonry Buildings
While thermal bridges exist in various types of building enclosures, masonry walls experience significantly increased U-factors caused by thermal bridges. Comparing thermal conductivities between different building materials allows for assessment of performance relative to other design options. Brick materials, which are usually used for facade enclosures, typically have higher thermal conductivities than timber, depending on the brick density and wood type. Concrete, which may be used for floors and edge beams in masonry buildings are common thermal bridges, especially at the corners. Depending on the physical makeup of the concrete, the thermal conductivity can be greater than that of brick materials. In addition to heat transfer, if the indoor environment is not adequately vented, thermal bridging may cause the brick material to absorb rainwater and humidity into the wall, which can result in mold growth and deterioration of building envelope material. Curtain Wall
Similar to masonry walls, curtain walls can experience significantly increases U-factors due to thermal bridging. Curtain wall frames are often constructed with highly conductive aluminum, which has a typical thermal conductivity above 200 W/m·K. In comparison, wood framing members are typically between 0.68 and 1.25 W/m·K. The aluminum frame for most curtain wall constructions extends from the exterior of the building through to the interior, creating thermal bridges. Impacts of Thermal Bridging
Thermal bridging can result in increased energy required to heat or cool a conditioned space due to winter heat loss and summer heat gain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_bridge |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3032213236#9_3499032361 | Title: Thermal bridge - Wikipedia
Headings: Thermal bridge
Thermal bridge
Contents
Concept
Identifying Thermal Bridges
Thermal Bridging in Construction
Masonry Buildings
Curtain Wall
Impacts of Thermal Bridging
Design Methods to Reduce Thermal Bridges
Analysis Methods and Challenges
See also
References
External links
Content: Depending on the physical makeup of the concrete, the thermal conductivity can be greater than that of brick materials. In addition to heat transfer, if the indoor environment is not adequately vented, thermal bridging may cause the brick material to absorb rainwater and humidity into the wall, which can result in mold growth and deterioration of building envelope material. Curtain Wall
Similar to masonry walls, curtain walls can experience significantly increases U-factors due to thermal bridging. Curtain wall frames are often constructed with highly conductive aluminum, which has a typical thermal conductivity above 200 W/m·K. In comparison, wood framing members are typically between 0.68 and 1.25 W/m·K. The aluminum frame for most curtain wall constructions extends from the exterior of the building through to the interior, creating thermal bridges. Impacts of Thermal Bridging
Thermal bridging can result in increased energy required to heat or cool a conditioned space due to winter heat loss and summer heat gain. At interior locations near thermal bridges, occupants may experience thermal discomfort due to the difference in temperature. Additionally, when the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor space is large and there is warm and humid air indoors, such as the conditions experienced in the winter, there is a risk of condensation in the building envelope due to the cooler temperature on the interior surface at thermal bridge locations. Condensation can ultimately result in mold growth with consequent poor indoor air quality and insulation degradation, reducing the insulation performance and causing insulation to perform inconsistently throughout the thermal envelope
Design Methods to Reduce Thermal Bridges
There are several methods that have been proven to reduce or eliminate thermal bridging depending on the cause, location, and the construction type. The objective of these methods is to either create a thermal break where a building component would span from exterior to interior otherwise, or to reduce the number of building components spanning from exterior to interior. These strategies include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_bridge |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3032213236#10_3499035035 | Title: Thermal bridge - Wikipedia
Headings: Thermal bridge
Thermal bridge
Contents
Concept
Identifying Thermal Bridges
Thermal Bridging in Construction
Masonry Buildings
Curtain Wall
Impacts of Thermal Bridging
Design Methods to Reduce Thermal Bridges
Analysis Methods and Challenges
See also
References
External links
Content: At interior locations near thermal bridges, occupants may experience thermal discomfort due to the difference in temperature. Additionally, when the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor space is large and there is warm and humid air indoors, such as the conditions experienced in the winter, there is a risk of condensation in the building envelope due to the cooler temperature on the interior surface at thermal bridge locations. Condensation can ultimately result in mold growth with consequent poor indoor air quality and insulation degradation, reducing the insulation performance and causing insulation to perform inconsistently throughout the thermal envelope
Design Methods to Reduce Thermal Bridges
There are several methods that have been proven to reduce or eliminate thermal bridging depending on the cause, location, and the construction type. The objective of these methods is to either create a thermal break where a building component would span from exterior to interior otherwise, or to reduce the number of building components spanning from exterior to interior. These strategies include: A continuous thermal insulation layer in the thermal envelope, such as with rigid foam board insulation
Lapping of insulation where direct continuity is not possible
Double and staggered wall assemblies
Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) and Insulating Concrete Forms (ICFs)
Reducing framing factor by e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_bridge |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3032243588#0_3499069720 | Title: Thermal comfort - Wikipedia
Headings: Thermal comfort
Thermal comfort
Contents
Significance
Influencing factors
Metabolic rate
Clothing insulation
Air temperature
Mean radiant temperature
Air speed
Relative humidity
Skin wetness
Interplay of temperature and humidity
Natural ventilation
Models
PMV/PPD method
Elevated air speed method
Virtual Energy for Thermal Comfort
Standard effective temperature
Cooling Effect
Radiant temperature asymmetry
Draft
Vertical air temperature gradient
Floor surface temperature
Adaptive comfort model
Psychological Adaptation
Physiological Adaptation
Behavioral Adaptation
Specificity and sensitivity
Individual differences
Biological gender differences
Regional differences
Thermal stress
Research
Medical environments
Personal comfort systems
See also
References
Further reading
Content: Thermal comfort - Wikipedia
Thermal comfort
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Satisfaction with the thermal environment
This article is about comfort zones in building construction. For other uses, see Comfort zone (disambiguation). Thermal comfort is the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation ( ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55 ). The human body can be viewed as a heat engine where food is the input energy. The human body will release excess heat into the environment, so the body can continue to operate. The heat transfer is proportional to temperature difference. In cold environments, the body loses more heat to the environment and in hot environments the body does not release enough heat. Both the hot and cold scenarios lead to discomfort. Maintaining this standard of thermal comfort for occupants of buildings or other enclosures is one of the important goals of HVAC ( heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) design engineers. Thermal neutrality is maintained when the heat generated by human metabolism is allowed to dissipate, thus maintaining thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_comfort |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3032243588#1_3499071973 | Title: Thermal comfort - Wikipedia
Headings: Thermal comfort
Thermal comfort
Contents
Significance
Influencing factors
Metabolic rate
Clothing insulation
Air temperature
Mean radiant temperature
Air speed
Relative humidity
Skin wetness
Interplay of temperature and humidity
Natural ventilation
Models
PMV/PPD method
Elevated air speed method
Virtual Energy for Thermal Comfort
Standard effective temperature
Cooling Effect
Radiant temperature asymmetry
Draft
Vertical air temperature gradient
Floor surface temperature
Adaptive comfort model
Psychological Adaptation
Physiological Adaptation
Behavioral Adaptation
Specificity and sensitivity
Individual differences
Biological gender differences
Regional differences
Thermal stress
Research
Medical environments
Personal comfort systems
See also
References
Further reading
Content: The heat transfer is proportional to temperature difference. In cold environments, the body loses more heat to the environment and in hot environments the body does not release enough heat. Both the hot and cold scenarios lead to discomfort. Maintaining this standard of thermal comfort for occupants of buildings or other enclosures is one of the important goals of HVAC ( heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) design engineers. Thermal neutrality is maintained when the heat generated by human metabolism is allowed to dissipate, thus maintaining thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. The main factors that influence thermal comfort are those that determine heat gain and loss, namely metabolic rate, clothing insulation, air temperature, mean radiant temperature, air speed and relative humidity. Psychological parameters, such as individual expectations, also affect thermal comfort. The thermal comfort temperature may vary greatly between individuals and depending on factors such as activity level, clothing, and humidity. The Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) model stands among the most recognized thermal comfort models. It was developed using principles of heat balance and experimental data collected in a controlled climate chamber under steady state conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_comfort |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3032243588#3_3499076876 | Title: Thermal comfort - Wikipedia
Headings: Thermal comfort
Thermal comfort
Contents
Significance
Influencing factors
Metabolic rate
Clothing insulation
Air temperature
Mean radiant temperature
Air speed
Relative humidity
Skin wetness
Interplay of temperature and humidity
Natural ventilation
Models
PMV/PPD method
Elevated air speed method
Virtual Energy for Thermal Comfort
Standard effective temperature
Cooling Effect
Radiant temperature asymmetry
Draft
Vertical air temperature gradient
Floor surface temperature
Adaptive comfort model
Psychological Adaptation
Physiological Adaptation
Behavioral Adaptation
Specificity and sensitivity
Individual differences
Biological gender differences
Regional differences
Thermal stress
Research
Medical environments
Personal comfort systems
See also
References
Further reading
Content: The adaptive model, on the other hand, was developed based on hundreds of field studies with the idea that occupants dynamically interact with their environment. Occupants control their thermal environment by means of clothing, operable windows, fans, personal heaters, and sun shades. The PMV model can be applied to air-conditioned buildings, while the adaptive model can be applied only to buildings where no mechanical systems have been installed. There is no consensus about which comfort model should be applied for buildings that are partially air-conditioned spatially or temporally. Thermal comfort calculations in accordance with the ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55, the ISO 7730 Standard and the EN 16798-1 Standard can be freely performed with either the CBE Thermal Comfort Tool for ASHRAE 55, with the Python package pythermalcomfort and with the R package comf . Contents
1 Significance
2 Influencing factors
2.1 Metabolic rate
2.2 Clothing insulation
2.3 Air temperature
2.4 Mean radiant temperature
2.5 Air speed
2.6 Relative humidity
2.6.1 Skin wetness
2.6.2 Interplay of temperature and humidity
2.7 Natural ventilation
3 Models
3.1 PMV/PPD method
3.1.1 Elevated air speed method
3.1.2 Virtual Energy for Thermal Comfort
3.1.3 Standard effective temperature
3.1.3.1 Cooling Effect
3.1.3.2 Radiant temperature asymmetry
3.1.3.3 Draft
3.1.3.4 Vertical air temperature gradient
3.1.3.5 Floor surface temperature
3.2 Adaptive comfort model
3.2.1 Psychological Adaptation
3.2.2 Physiological Adaptation
3.2.3 Behavioral Adaptation
4 Specificity and sensitivity
4.1 Individual differences
4.2 Biological gender differences
4.3 Regional differences
5 Thermal stress
6 Research
6.1 Medical environments
6.2 Personal comfort systems
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
Significance
Satisfaction with the thermal environment is important because thermal conditions are potentially life-threatening for humans if the core body temperature reaches conditions of hyperthermia, above 37.5–38.3 °C (99.5–100.9 °F), or hypothermia below 35.0 °C (95.0 °F). Buildings modify the conditions of the external environment and reduce the effort that the human body needs to do in order to stay stable at a normal human body temperature, important for the correct functioning of human physiological processes . The Roman writer Vitruvius actually linked this purpose to the birth of Architecture. David Linden also suggests that the reason why we associate tropical beaches with paradise is because in those environments is where human bodies need to do less metabolic effort to maintain their core temperature. Temperature not only supports human life; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_comfort |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3032243588#4_3499080628 | Title: Thermal comfort - Wikipedia
Headings: Thermal comfort
Thermal comfort
Contents
Significance
Influencing factors
Metabolic rate
Clothing insulation
Air temperature
Mean radiant temperature
Air speed
Relative humidity
Skin wetness
Interplay of temperature and humidity
Natural ventilation
Models
PMV/PPD method
Elevated air speed method
Virtual Energy for Thermal Comfort
Standard effective temperature
Cooling Effect
Radiant temperature asymmetry
Draft
Vertical air temperature gradient
Floor surface temperature
Adaptive comfort model
Psychological Adaptation
Physiological Adaptation
Behavioral Adaptation
Specificity and sensitivity
Individual differences
Biological gender differences
Regional differences
Thermal stress
Research
Medical environments
Personal comfort systems
See also
References
Further reading
Content: Contents
1 Significance
2 Influencing factors
2.1 Metabolic rate
2.2 Clothing insulation
2.3 Air temperature
2.4 Mean radiant temperature
2.5 Air speed
2.6 Relative humidity
2.6.1 Skin wetness
2.6.2 Interplay of temperature and humidity
2.7 Natural ventilation
3 Models
3.1 PMV/PPD method
3.1.1 Elevated air speed method
3.1.2 Virtual Energy for Thermal Comfort
3.1.3 Standard effective temperature
3.1.3.1 Cooling Effect
3.1.3.2 Radiant temperature asymmetry
3.1.3.3 Draft
3.1.3.4 Vertical air temperature gradient
3.1.3.5 Floor surface temperature
3.2 Adaptive comfort model
3.2.1 Psychological Adaptation
3.2.2 Physiological Adaptation
3.2.3 Behavioral Adaptation
4 Specificity and sensitivity
4.1 Individual differences
4.2 Biological gender differences
4.3 Regional differences
5 Thermal stress
6 Research
6.1 Medical environments
6.2 Personal comfort systems
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
Significance
Satisfaction with the thermal environment is important because thermal conditions are potentially life-threatening for humans if the core body temperature reaches conditions of hyperthermia, above 37.5–38.3 °C (99.5–100.9 °F), or hypothermia below 35.0 °C (95.0 °F). Buildings modify the conditions of the external environment and reduce the effort that the human body needs to do in order to stay stable at a normal human body temperature, important for the correct functioning of human physiological processes . The Roman writer Vitruvius actually linked this purpose to the birth of Architecture. David Linden also suggests that the reason why we associate tropical beaches with paradise is because in those environments is where human bodies need to do less metabolic effort to maintain their core temperature. Temperature not only supports human life; coolness and warmth have also become in different cultures a symbol of protection, community and even the sacred. In building science studies, thermal comfort has been related to productivity and health. Office workers who are satisfied with their thermal environment are more productive. The combination of high temperature and high relative humidity reduces thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Although a single static temperature can be comfortable, people are attracted by thermal changes, such as campfires and cool pools. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_comfort |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3032243588#5_3499084042 | Title: Thermal comfort - Wikipedia
Headings: Thermal comfort
Thermal comfort
Contents
Significance
Influencing factors
Metabolic rate
Clothing insulation
Air temperature
Mean radiant temperature
Air speed
Relative humidity
Skin wetness
Interplay of temperature and humidity
Natural ventilation
Models
PMV/PPD method
Elevated air speed method
Virtual Energy for Thermal Comfort
Standard effective temperature
Cooling Effect
Radiant temperature asymmetry
Draft
Vertical air temperature gradient
Floor surface temperature
Adaptive comfort model
Psychological Adaptation
Physiological Adaptation
Behavioral Adaptation
Specificity and sensitivity
Individual differences
Biological gender differences
Regional differences
Thermal stress
Research
Medical environments
Personal comfort systems
See also
References
Further reading
Content: coolness and warmth have also become in different cultures a symbol of protection, community and even the sacred. In building science studies, thermal comfort has been related to productivity and health. Office workers who are satisfied with their thermal environment are more productive. The combination of high temperature and high relative humidity reduces thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Although a single static temperature can be comfortable, people are attracted by thermal changes, such as campfires and cool pools. Thermal pleasure is caused by varying thermal sensations from a state of unpleasantness to a state of pleasantness, and the scientific term for it is positive thermal alliesthesia. From a state of thermal neutrality or comfort any change will be perceived as unpleasant. This challenges the assumption that mechanically controlled buildings should deliver uniform temperatures and comfort, if it is at the cost of excluding thermal pleasure. Influencing factors
Since there are large variations from person to person in terms of physiological and psychological satisfaction, it is hard to find an optimal temperature for everyone in a given space. Laboratory and field data have been collected to define conditions that will be found comfortable for a specified percentage of occupants. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_comfort |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3038812547#8_3507566278 | Title: Thinking Maps - Wikipedia
Headings: Thinking Maps
Thinking Maps
Tree Map
Double Bubble Map
Multi-flow map
Bridge map
Contents
General information
History
Educational theory
Research and rationales
See also
References
Content: Thinking Maps are products of reading, writing, listening, and speaking, and the aspects of listening and speaking are parts of the thinking processes that students use to explain themselves. Although the same eight Thinking Maps are used across grade levels, the Maps are developmentally appropriate for each age and coincide with Moffitt's developmental principle. In second grade, a teacher may use the Flow Map to sequence the stages and life cycle of a butterfly, while a high school chemistry teacher may use the same map to sequence the changing of an element from the periodic table. One teacher uses the map to illustrate a concrete idea, while another teacher uses the map to illustrate an abstract idea. When looking at the overarching theories of education, Thinking Maps fall into the Postmodern Constructivism theory. In the Postmodern Constructivism theory of education, learners often use their prior experiences, and when using one of the eight fundamental thought processes and Thinking Maps, learners often do use their background knowledge to continue constructing new meaning and knowledge (Sherman, 2000). Students are also encouraged to create and form their own opinions after self-reflection and creating Thinking Maps, as well as to engage and discuss their individual maps with their peers, even if their ideas differ. Another aspect of the Postmodern Constructivism theory of education that is seen by the use of Thinking Maps is that they promote critical thinking and problem solving (Sherman, 2011). Research and rationales
In his book Student Successes With Thinking Maps, Dr. David Hyerle (2011) provides a plethora of reasons and research as to why Thinking Maps are beneficial tools for the classroom. Hyerle states that using the eight Thinking Maps promote metacognition and continuous cognitive development for students across their academic careers, as well as adds an artistic and kinesthetic component for students who learn effectively with that specific multiple intelligence (Hyerle, 2011). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinking_Maps |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3038812547#9_3507568725 | Title: Thinking Maps - Wikipedia
Headings: Thinking Maps
Thinking Maps
Tree Map
Double Bubble Map
Multi-flow map
Bridge map
Contents
General information
History
Educational theory
Research and rationales
See also
References
Content: In the Postmodern Constructivism theory of education, learners often use their prior experiences, and when using one of the eight fundamental thought processes and Thinking Maps, learners often do use their background knowledge to continue constructing new meaning and knowledge (Sherman, 2000). Students are also encouraged to create and form their own opinions after self-reflection and creating Thinking Maps, as well as to engage and discuss their individual maps with their peers, even if their ideas differ. Another aspect of the Postmodern Constructivism theory of education that is seen by the use of Thinking Maps is that they promote critical thinking and problem solving (Sherman, 2011). Research and rationales
In his book Student Successes With Thinking Maps, Dr. David Hyerle (2011) provides a plethora of reasons and research as to why Thinking Maps are beneficial tools for the classroom. Hyerle states that using the eight Thinking Maps promote metacognition and continuous cognitive development for students across their academic careers, as well as adds an artistic and kinesthetic component for students who learn effectively with that specific multiple intelligence (Hyerle, 2011). Lesson objectives can be covered in less time and with greater retention when using Thinking Maps, teachers can determine their students' background knowledge before teaching a unit or area of study, and student performance can be tracked over time in an accurate manner, too (Thinking Maps, Inc., 2011). Through his research, Dr. Hyerle (2011) also found that Thinking Maps help close the achievement gap, as they "can help students [below grade level] self-regulate their own learning and be more successful in the game of school because Thinking Maps serve as a device for mediating thinking, listening, speaking, reading, writing, problem solving, and acquiring new knowledge." The thought processes that educators hope to instill in students are represented similarly throughout the curricula, and integrated thinking and lea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinking_Maps |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3042205434#1_3511036506 | Title: Third gender - Wikipedia
Headings: Third gender
Third gender
Contents
Sex and gender
Intersex people and third gender
Transgender people and third gender
Third gender and sexual orientation
Third gender and feminism
Legal recognition
Modern societies without legal recognition
Africa
Asia-Pacific
Europe
Latin America and the Caribbean
Middle East
North American indigenous cultures
History
Mesopotamia
Egypt
Indic culture
Mediterranean culture
Israel
The Americas
Mesoamerica
Inca
Indigenous North Americans
Inuit culture
Art and literature
Spirituality
See also
References
Further reading
Content: The state of personally identifying as, or being identified by society as, a man, a woman, or other, is usually also defined by the individual's gender identity and gender role in the particular culture in which they live. Not all cultures have strictly defined gender roles. In different cultures, a third or fourth gender may represent very different things. To Native Hawaiians and Tahitians, Māhū is an intermediate state between man and woman, or a "person of indeterminate gender". Some traditional Diné Native Americans of the Southwestern US acknowledge a spectrum of four genders: feminine woman, masculine woman, feminine man, and masculine man. The term "third gender" has also been used to describe the hijras of India who have gained legal identity, fa'afafine of Polynesia, and sworn virgins. A culture recognizing a third gender does not in itself mean that they were valued by that culture, and often is the result of explicit devaluation of women in that culture. While found in a number of non-Western cultures, concepts of "third", "fourth", and "some" gender roles are still somewhat new to mainstream western culture and conceptual thought. The concept is most likely to be embraced in the modern LGBT or queer subcultures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_gender |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3042205434#2_3511038579 | Title: Third gender - Wikipedia
Headings: Third gender
Third gender
Contents
Sex and gender
Intersex people and third gender
Transgender people and third gender
Third gender and sexual orientation
Third gender and feminism
Legal recognition
Modern societies without legal recognition
Africa
Asia-Pacific
Europe
Latin America and the Caribbean
Middle East
North American indigenous cultures
History
Mesopotamia
Egypt
Indic culture
Mediterranean culture
Israel
The Americas
Mesoamerica
Inca
Indigenous North Americans
Inuit culture
Art and literature
Spirituality
See also
References
Further reading
Content: feminine woman, masculine woman, feminine man, and masculine man. The term "third gender" has also been used to describe the hijras of India who have gained legal identity, fa'afafine of Polynesia, and sworn virgins. A culture recognizing a third gender does not in itself mean that they were valued by that culture, and often is the result of explicit devaluation of women in that culture. While found in a number of non-Western cultures, concepts of "third", "fourth", and "some" gender roles are still somewhat new to mainstream western culture and conceptual thought. The concept is most likely to be embraced in the modern LGBT or queer subcultures. While mainstream western scholars—notably anthropologists who have tried to write about the South Asian hijras or the Native American "gender variant" and two-spirit people—have often sought to understand the term "third gender" solely in the language of the modern LGBT community, other scholars—especially Indigenous scholars—stress that mainstream scholars' lack of cultural understanding and context has led to widespread misrepresentation of third gender people, as well as misrepresentations of the cultures in question, including whether or not this concept actually applies to these cultures at all. Contents
1 Sex and gender
1.1 Intersex people and third gender
1.2 Transgender people and third gender
1.3 Third gender and sexual orientation
1.4 Third gender and feminism
2 Legal recognition
3 Modern societies without legal recognition
3.1 Africa
3.2 Asia-Pacific
3.3 Europe
3.4 Latin America and the Caribbean
3.5 Middle East
3.6 North American indigenous cultures
4 History
4.1 Mesopotamia
4.2 Egypt
4.3 Indic culture
4.4 Mediterranean culture
4.5 Israel
4.6 The Americas
4.6.1 Mesoamerica
4.6.2 Inca
4.6.3 Indigenous North Americans
4.7 Inuit culture
5 Art and literature
6 Spirituality
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
Sex and gender
World map of nonbinary gender recognition
Main article: Legal recognition of non-binary gender
Since at least the 1970s, anthropologists have described gender categories in some cultures which they could not adequately explain using a two-gender framework. At the same time, feminists began to draw a distinction between (biological) sex and (social/psychological) gender . Anthropologist Michael G. Peletz believes our notions of different types of genders (including the attitudes toward the third gender) deeply affect our lives and reflects our values in society. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_gender |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3042205434#3_3511041927 | Title: Third gender - Wikipedia
Headings: Third gender
Third gender
Contents
Sex and gender
Intersex people and third gender
Transgender people and third gender
Third gender and sexual orientation
Third gender and feminism
Legal recognition
Modern societies without legal recognition
Africa
Asia-Pacific
Europe
Latin America and the Caribbean
Middle East
North American indigenous cultures
History
Mesopotamia
Egypt
Indic culture
Mediterranean culture
Israel
The Americas
Mesoamerica
Inca
Indigenous North Americans
Inuit culture
Art and literature
Spirituality
See also
References
Further reading
Content: While mainstream western scholars—notably anthropologists who have tried to write about the South Asian hijras or the Native American "gender variant" and two-spirit people—have often sought to understand the term "third gender" solely in the language of the modern LGBT community, other scholars—especially Indigenous scholars—stress that mainstream scholars' lack of cultural understanding and context has led to widespread misrepresentation of third gender people, as well as misrepresentations of the cultures in question, including whether or not this concept actually applies to these cultures at all. Contents
1 Sex and gender
1.1 Intersex people and third gender
1.2 Transgender people and third gender
1.3 Third gender and sexual orientation
1.4 Third gender and feminism
2 Legal recognition
3 Modern societies without legal recognition
3.1 Africa
3.2 Asia-Pacific
3.3 Europe
3.4 Latin America and the Caribbean
3.5 Middle East
3.6 North American indigenous cultures
4 History
4.1 Mesopotamia
4.2 Egypt
4.3 Indic culture
4.4 Mediterranean culture
4.5 Israel
4.6 The Americas
4.6.1 Mesoamerica
4.6.2 Inca
4.6.3 Indigenous North Americans
4.7 Inuit culture
5 Art and literature
6 Spirituality
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
Sex and gender
World map of nonbinary gender recognition
Main article: Legal recognition of non-binary gender
Since at least the 1970s, anthropologists have described gender categories in some cultures which they could not adequately explain using a two-gender framework. At the same time, feminists began to draw a distinction between (biological) sex and (social/psychological) gender . Anthropologist Michael G. Peletz believes our notions of different types of genders (including the attitudes toward the third gender) deeply affect our lives and reflects our values in society. In Peletz' book, "Gender, Sexuality, and Body Politics in Modern Asia", he describes: For our purposes, the term "gender" designates the cultural categories, symbols, meanings, practices, and institutionalized arrangements bearing on at least five sets of phenomena: ( 1) females and femininity; ( 2) males and masculinity; ( 3) Androgynes, who are partly male and partly female in appearance or of indeterminate sex/gender, as well as intersexed individuals, also known as hermaphrodites, who to one or another degree may have both male and female sexual organs or characteristics; ( | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_gender |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3045178851#11_3514963069 | Title: This Is My Song (1967 song) - Wikipedia
Headings: This Is My Song (1967 song)
This Is My Song (1967 song)
Contents
Origin and Petula Clark recording
UK hit
International success
Aftermath
Other versions
References
Content: I care not what the world may say". Despite the eventual UK release of Clark's version as a single, "This Is My Song"'s appeal was strong enough to sustain two versions high on the chart. Secombe's version debuted at number 44 on 25 February 1967 (the second week Clark's version was number one) to rise as high as number two on the chart dated 1 April (which featured Clark's version at number eight). ( Clark's previous UK #1 song, " Sailor", had also had a rival version, in that instance by Anne Shelton, which had reached the Top 10. Wally Stott, who'd regularly produced Clark for the Polygon label in the early 1950s, had also overseen the Shelton recording.) Secombe's version of "This Is My Song" was included on the album Secombe's Personal Choice, an April 1967 release whose chart peak of #6 in May 1967 bests that of both the Petula Clark albums which parented the song. Besides selling over 300,000 units in the UK, Secombe's version of "This Is My Song" also became a hit in Australia (#6), Ireland (#20) and South Africa (#15). Versions of "This Is My Song" have been recorded by Ronnie Aldrich, The Ray Charles Singers, Ray Conniff and the Singers (from the This Is My Song album/ 1967), Dada, James Darren, Percy Faith, Connie Francis (live version), Bobby Hendricks, Engelbert Humperdinck (whose " Release Me " succeeded Clark's version of "This Is My Song" at #1 UK and kept Secombe's version at #2), Morgana King, James Last, the Lennon Sisters, the Lettermen, the Patrick Linder and Thilo Wolf Big Band, Mantovani, Lena Martell, Al Martino, Paul Mauriat, Jane McDonald, Jim Nabors, Frank Sinatra, Jerry Vale, Bobby Vinton, Andy Williams, Taiwanese singer Tracy Huang (1980 with EMI) and Hong Kong artists, Nancy Sit (1967 with Crane Brand Records), Judy Jim 詹小屏 (1969 with EMI Columbia Graphophone Company) & The Chopsticks (Sandra & Amina) (1970 with Crown Records). The Seekers also recorded a version of "This Is My Song" in 1967; however, the track was unreleased until 1995 when it was included on The Seekers - Complete box set. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_My_Song_(1967_song) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3045178851#12_3514965577 | Title: This Is My Song (1967 song) - Wikipedia
Headings: This Is My Song (1967 song)
This Is My Song (1967 song)
Contents
Origin and Petula Clark recording
UK hit
International success
Aftermath
Other versions
References
Content: Secombe's version of "This Is My Song" was included on the album Secombe's Personal Choice, an April 1967 release whose chart peak of #6 in May 1967 bests that of both the Petula Clark albums which parented the song. Besides selling over 300,000 units in the UK, Secombe's version of "This Is My Song" also became a hit in Australia (#6), Ireland (#20) and South Africa (#15). Versions of "This Is My Song" have been recorded by Ronnie Aldrich, The Ray Charles Singers, Ray Conniff and the Singers (from the This Is My Song album/ 1967), Dada, James Darren, Percy Faith, Connie Francis (live version), Bobby Hendricks, Engelbert Humperdinck (whose " Release Me " succeeded Clark's version of "This Is My Song" at #1 UK and kept Secombe's version at #2), Morgana King, James Last, the Lennon Sisters, the Lettermen, the Patrick Linder and Thilo Wolf Big Band, Mantovani, Lena Martell, Al Martino, Paul Mauriat, Jane McDonald, Jim Nabors, Frank Sinatra, Jerry Vale, Bobby Vinton, Andy Williams, Taiwanese singer Tracy Huang (1980 with EMI) and Hong Kong artists, Nancy Sit (1967 with Crane Brand Records), Judy Jim 詹小屏 (1969 with EMI Columbia Graphophone Company) & The Chopsticks (Sandra & Amina) (1970 with Crown Records). The Seekers also recorded a version of "This Is My Song" in 1967; however, the track was unreleased until 1995 when it was included on The Seekers - Complete box set. On the Seekers' Night of Nights...Live! release from 2002, "This Is My Song" follows "Ten Thousand Years Ago" - which only features the group's male members - to showcase Judith Durham as a solo vocalist. Foreign language covers of "This Is My Song" contemporary with the Petula Clark hit version include: the Czech rendering "Obrať Se S Důvěrou" recorded by Helena Blehárová ( cs ); the Dutch rendering "Sjungas till sömns" recorded by Lize Marke to chart in Belgium (Flemish Region) at #26 (as a double A-side hit with " Lara's lied "); | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_My_Song_(1967_song) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3047785701#0_3518713894 | Title: Thom Pace - Wikipedia
Headings: Thom Pace
Thom Pace
Contents
Discography
Albums
References
External links
Content: Thom Pace - Wikipedia
Thom Pace
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Thom Pace
Birth name
Thomas Michael Pace
Born
( 1949-01-13)
January 13, 1949 (age 72)
Boise, Idaho
Genres
Film score, theme song
Occupation (s)
Composer, musician, singer-songwriter
Labels
RSO
Thomas Michael Pace (born January 13, 1949, in Boise, Idaho) is an American singer-songwriter, who is best known for the song "Maybe", which became the theme of The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams. The song started out as a medley titled "Wear The Sun In Your Heart/Maybe." Pace had originally intended the song "Maybe" for the film The Snow Tigers, but ultimately it became the theme song of the Sunn Classic Pictures film and TV series, The Life And Times Of Grizzly Adams, both of which were loosely based on a biography written by Charles E. Sellier. The program starred Dan Haggerty as James Capen Adams, whom the film and series both said had fled from false murder charges into the mountains and forest nearby. The made-for-television film The Capture Of Grizzly Adams, which also starred Haggerty and also featured "Maybe" as its theme, finally showed Adams successfully clearing his name. Another version, the theme from an album that Pace recorded and released during the 1970s, was released as a single in Europe. " Maybe" went to number one in Germany and stayed there for nine weeks. Pace received the " Goldene Europa " Award, Germany's version of the Grammy Award for Best Song of 1980. The song also reached No. 14 in the UK Singles Chart and No. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thom_Pace |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3065560199#6_3540293458 | Title: Three Times a Lady - Wikipedia
Headings: Three Times a Lady
Three Times a Lady
Contents
Background
Release
Impact
Chart performance
Year-end charts
All-time charts
Covers
See also
References
External links
Content: Three Times a Lady" was nominated for two Grammy awards, for Song of the Year and for Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo, Group, or Chorus. The song won a 1979 American Music Award and a People's Choice Award. Many other artists reached out to Richie, asking him to write songs with them. Richie at first turned them all down, but eventually agreed to work with country singer Kenny Rogers. The collaboration resulted in Rogers' hit song " Lady ". Chart performance
Year-end charts
Chart (1978)
Peak
position
Australia ( Kent Music Report)
8
All-time charts
Chart (1958–2018)
Position
US Billboard Hot 100
315
Covers
"Three Times a Lady"
Single by Conway Twitty
from the album Lost in the Feeling
B-side
"I Think I'm in Love"
Released
November 1983
Recorded
February 1–2, 1983
Sound Stage Studio, Nashville, Tennessee
Genre
Country
Length
3:42
Label
Warner Bros.
Songwriter (s)
Lionel Richie
Producer (s)
Jimmy Bowen, Conway Twitty
Conway Twitty singles chronology
" We Had It All "
(1983)
" Three Times a Lady "
(1983)
" Somebody's Needin' Somebody "
(1984)
Nate Harvell recorded a country version in 1978, reaching number 23 on the Billboard country chart. Conway Twitty 's version appears on his 1983 album Lost in the Feeling. Twitty's version reached number 7 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in the late winter of 1984. AllMusic reviewer Tom Jurek wrote that "Three Times a Lady" and the previous single, " Heartache Tonight " "offer (ed) a solid view of Twitty's amazing crossover potential, and his ability to take well-known pop tracks and turn them into solid country smashes long after the countrypolitan days of Chet Atkins and RCA." See also
Hot 100 number-one hits of 1978 (United States)
List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1970s
List of number-one singles of 1978 (Ireland)
References
^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Times_a_Lady |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3065560199#7_3540295782 | Title: Three Times a Lady - Wikipedia
Headings: Three Times a Lady
Three Times a Lady
Contents
Background
Release
Impact
Chart performance
Year-end charts
All-time charts
Covers
See also
References
External links
Content: Chart performance
Year-end charts
Chart (1978)
Peak
position
Australia ( Kent Music Report)
8
All-time charts
Chart (1958–2018)
Position
US Billboard Hot 100
315
Covers
"Three Times a Lady"
Single by Conway Twitty
from the album Lost in the Feeling
B-side
"I Think I'm in Love"
Released
November 1983
Recorded
February 1–2, 1983
Sound Stage Studio, Nashville, Tennessee
Genre
Country
Length
3:42
Label
Warner Bros.
Songwriter (s)
Lionel Richie
Producer (s)
Jimmy Bowen, Conway Twitty
Conway Twitty singles chronology
" We Had It All "
(1983)
" Three Times a Lady "
(1983)
" Somebody's Needin' Somebody "
(1984)
Nate Harvell recorded a country version in 1978, reaching number 23 on the Billboard country chart. Conway Twitty 's version appears on his 1983 album Lost in the Feeling. Twitty's version reached number 7 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in the late winter of 1984. AllMusic reviewer Tom Jurek wrote that "Three Times a Lady" and the previous single, " Heartache Tonight " "offer (ed) a solid view of Twitty's amazing crossover potential, and his ability to take well-known pop tracks and turn them into solid country smashes long after the countrypolitan days of Chet Atkins and RCA." See also
Hot 100 number-one hits of 1978 (United States)
List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1970s
List of number-one singles of 1978 (Ireland)
References
^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 130. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Times_a_Lady |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3066577758#0_3541787652 | Title: Three's Company - Wikipedia
Headings: Three's Company
Three's Company
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Plot
Cast and characters
Episodes
Production
Development
Tapings
Cast changes
Reception
Home media
Syndication
TV movie
Film adaptation
Notes
References
External links
Content: Three's Company - Wikipedia
Three's Company
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Threes company)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Come and Knock on Our Door" redirects here. For the 8 Simple Rules episode, see 8 Simple Rules (season 1). American television sitcom 1977-1984
Three's Company
Based on
Man About the House
by Johnnie Mortimer and Brian Cooke
Developed by
Don Nicholl
Michael Ross
Bernie West
Directed by
Bill Hobin
Michael Ross
Dave Powers
Bob Priest
Starring
John Ritter
Joyce DeWitt
Suzanne Somers
Norman Fell
Audra Lindley
Don Knotts
Richard Kline
Ann Wedgeworth
Priscilla Barnes
Jenilee Harrison
Theme music composer
Joe Raposo
Opening theme
"Come and Knock on Our Door", performed by Ray Charles & Julia Rinker
Ending theme
"Come and Knock on Our Door" (instrumental)
Country of origin
United States
Original language
English
No. of seasons
8
No. of episodes
172 ( list of episodes)
Production
Executive producers
Michael Ross
Bernie West (entire run)
Don Nicholl (1977–81)
Budd Grossman (1980–81)
George Burditt (1981–84)
Production locations
Metromedia Square
Hollywood, California (1977, 1982–84)
ABC Television Center
Hollywood, California (1977)
CBS Television City
Hollywood, California (1977–82)
Camera setup
Videotape; Multi-camera
Running time
25 minutes
Production companies
NRW Productions
T.T.C. Productions, Inc.
Distributor
D.L. Taffner Syndication Sales
(1982–1984)
The Program Exchange
Fremantle (international)
Release
Original network
ABC
Picture format
480i ( SDTV)
Original release
March 14, 1977
( 1977-03-14)
–
September 18, 1984
( 1984-09-18)
Chronology
Followed by
The Ropers
Three's a Crowd
Related shows
Man About the House
External links
Website
Three's Company is an American sitcom television series that aired for eight seasons on ABC from March 15, 1977, to September 18, 1984. It is based on the British sitcom Man About the House . The story revolves around three single roommates: Janet Wood ( Joyce DeWitt ), Chrissy Snow ( Suzanne Somers ), and Jack Tripper ( John Ritter ), who all platonically live together in a Santa Monica, California apartment complex owned by Stanley Roper ( Norman Fell) and Helen Roper ( Audra Lindley ). After Norman Fell and Audra Lindley left the series in 1979 for their own sitcom, Don Knotts joined the cast as the roommates' new building manager, Ralph Furley. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threes_company |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3082435591#3_3561537188 | Title: Til All Are One - Wikipedia
Headings: Til All Are One
Til All Are One
Contents
Track listing
Disc 1 (Stan Bush: Call to Action)
Disc 2 (Vince DiCola: The Transformers: The Movie musical score)
References
Content: The Transformers: The Movie musical score)
2 References
Track listing
Disc 1 (Stan Bush: Call to Action)
The Touch (1997 Remix)
Never Surrender [1997 Remix]
Hold Your Head Up High
Straight to the Top
Dare (1997 Remix)
Critical Mass [featuring Vince DiCola]
Ground Zero (BotCon Theme)
Capture the Dream
Total Surrender
Highest Calling
Disc 2 (Vince DiCola: The Transformers: The Movie musical score)
#
Title
Description
1
"Unicron's Theme"
Unicron appears and devours the planet Lithone. 2
"Transformers: The Movie Main Title" (Alternate)
Featuring Stan Bush. Alternate version of the theme song. Not used in film. 3
"2005"
Opening narration theme. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Til_All_Are_One |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3095911610#0_3576276290 | Title: Timeline of Latino civil rights in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Timeline of Latino civil rights in the United States
Timeline of Latino civil rights in the United States
Contents
Important Organizations In the Fight for Latino Civil Rights
18900000-1900
Alianza Hispano-Americana
1900-1920
Japanese-Mexican Labor Association
El Primer Congreso Mexicanista
1920-1930
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
The Confederacion de Uniones Obreras Mexicanas
The League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)
1930–1940
El Congreso Del Pueblo de Habla Espanola
1950-1960
American Council of Spanish-Speaking People
1960–1970
Alianza Federal De Pueblos Libres
United Farm Workers
The Mexican American Youth Organization (MAYO)
1970-1980
The Raza Unida Party
Important political figures in the fight for Latino civil rights
1920–1930
Octaviano Larrazolo
Benjamin Nathan Cardozo
1930–1940
Luisa Moreno
1940–1950
Senator Dennis Chavez
1960–1970
Reies Lopez Tijerina
Corky Gonzales
Cesar Chavez
Dolores Huerta
Luis Valdez
Lupe Anguiano
1970–1980
José Ángel Gutiérrez
1980–1990
Lauro Cavazos
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
Important Achievements and Milestones in the Fight for Latino Civil Rights
1910-1920
The Jones Act
Constitution of New Mexico
1940-1950
Mendez V. Westminster
Delgado V. The Bastrop Independent School District
1960-1970
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
Albuquerque Walkout
The Bilingual Education Act of 1968
1970-1980
Equal Educational Opportunity Act of 1974
Expanding the U.S. Voting Rights Act
1980-1990
Plyler v. Doe
References
Content: Timeline of Latino civil rights in the United States - Wikipedia
Timeline of Latino civil rights in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. ( January 2017)
The following is a timeline of Latino civil rights in the United States. Contents
1 Important Organizations In the Fight for Latino Civil Rights
1.1 18900000-1900
1.1.1 Alianza Hispano-Americana
1.2 1900-1920
1.2.1 Japanese-Mexican Labor Association
1.2.2 El Primer Congreso Mexicanista
1.3 1920-1930
1.3.1 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
1.3.2 The Confederacion de Uniones Obreras Mexicanas
1.3.3 The League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)
1.4 1930–1940
1.4.1 El Congreso Del Pueblo de Habla Espanola
1.5 1950-1960
1.5.1 American Council of Spanish-Speaking People
1.6 1960–1970
1.6.1 Alianza Federal De Pueblos Libres
1.6.2 United Farm Workers
1.6.3 The Mexican American Youth Organization (MAYO)
1.7 1970-1980
1.7.1 The Raza Unida Party
2 Important political figures in the fight for Latino civil rights
2.1 1920–1930
2.1.1 Octaviano Larrazolo
2.1.2 Benjamin Nathan Cardozo
2.2 1930–1940
2.2.1 Luisa Moreno
2.3 1940–1950
2.3.1 Senator Dennis Chavez
2.4 1960–1970
2.4.1 Reies Lopez Tijerina
2.4.2 Corky Gonzales
2.4.3 Cesar Chavez
2.4.4 Dolores Huerta
2.4.5 Luis Valdez
2.4.6 Lupe Anguiano
2.5 1970–1980
2.5.1 José Ángel Gutiérrez
2.6 1980–1990
2.6.1 Lauro Cavazos
2.6.2 Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
3 Important Achievements and Milestones in the Fight for Latino Civil Rights
3.1 1910-1920
3.1.1 The Jones Act
3.1.2 Constitution of New Mexico
3.2 1940-1950
3.2.1 Mendez V. Westminster
3.2.2 Delgado V. The Bastrop Independent School District
3.3 1960-1970
3.3.1 Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
3.3.2 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
3.3.3 Elementary and Secondary Education Act
3.3.4 Albuquerque Walkout
3.3.5 The Bilingual Education Act of 1968
3.4 1970-1980
3.4.1 Equal Educational Opportunity Act of 1974
3.4.2 Expanding the U.S. Voting Rights Act
3.5 1980-1990
3.5.1 Plyler v. Doe
4 References
Important Organizations In the Fight for Latino Civil Rights
18900000-1900
Alianza Hispano-Americana
1894: The AHA was founded in Arizona in 1894 to defend Mexicanos' rights and improve their life quality. The Alianza was one of the first regional Mexican American organizations. By 1930 the Alianza had almost 300 lodges scattered throughout the Southwest and mainly in Arizona. These lodges were a safe haven for members providing various social services and helping Mexicanos who faced discrimination and denial of their civil liberties. 1900-1920
k,olm,o
Japanese-Mexican Labor Association
1903: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Latino_civil_rights_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3095911610#3_3576287399 | Title: Timeline of Latino civil rights in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Timeline of Latino civil rights in the United States
Timeline of Latino civil rights in the United States
Contents
Important Organizations In the Fight for Latino Civil Rights
18900000-1900
Alianza Hispano-Americana
1900-1920
Japanese-Mexican Labor Association
El Primer Congreso Mexicanista
1920-1930
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
The Confederacion de Uniones Obreras Mexicanas
The League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)
1930–1940
El Congreso Del Pueblo de Habla Espanola
1950-1960
American Council of Spanish-Speaking People
1960–1970
Alianza Federal De Pueblos Libres
United Farm Workers
The Mexican American Youth Organization (MAYO)
1970-1980
The Raza Unida Party
Important political figures in the fight for Latino civil rights
1920–1930
Octaviano Larrazolo
Benjamin Nathan Cardozo
1930–1940
Luisa Moreno
1940–1950
Senator Dennis Chavez
1960–1970
Reies Lopez Tijerina
Corky Gonzales
Cesar Chavez
Dolores Huerta
Luis Valdez
Lupe Anguiano
1970–1980
José Ángel Gutiérrez
1980–1990
Lauro Cavazos
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
Important Achievements and Milestones in the Fight for Latino Civil Rights
1910-1920
The Jones Act
Constitution of New Mexico
1940-1950
Mendez V. Westminster
Delgado V. The Bastrop Independent School District
1960-1970
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
Albuquerque Walkout
The Bilingual Education Act of 1968
1970-1980
Equal Educational Opportunity Act of 1974
Expanding the U.S. Voting Rights Act
1980-1990
Plyler v. Doe
References
Content: El Primer Congreso Mexicanista
1911: El Primer Congreso Mexicanista met in Laredo, Texas from September 14 to 22, 1911. It was the first large convention of Mexican Americans to organize against social injustice. 1920-1930
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
1920: The ACLU was founded in 1920 by a group of social and political activists who were dedicated to protecting the civil rights guaranteed to all citizens by the constitution. When it was first founded, the ACLU was very active in pro-labor protests; however, more recently it has mainly focused on legal matters such as, due process, the right of freedom of opinion and expression and equality before the law. Often, the ACLU has supported Mexican American organizations in lawsuits regarding segregation and voting discrimination. The Confederacion de Uniones Obreras Mexicanas
1928: The federation of Mexican workers Union was the first ever union for Mexican workers, founded in Los Angeles in 1928. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Latino_civil_rights_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3095911610#4_3576290329 | Title: Timeline of Latino civil rights in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Timeline of Latino civil rights in the United States
Timeline of Latino civil rights in the United States
Contents
Important Organizations In the Fight for Latino Civil Rights
18900000-1900
Alianza Hispano-Americana
1900-1920
Japanese-Mexican Labor Association
El Primer Congreso Mexicanista
1920-1930
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
The Confederacion de Uniones Obreras Mexicanas
The League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)
1930–1940
El Congreso Del Pueblo de Habla Espanola
1950-1960
American Council of Spanish-Speaking People
1960–1970
Alianza Federal De Pueblos Libres
United Farm Workers
The Mexican American Youth Organization (MAYO)
1970-1980
The Raza Unida Party
Important political figures in the fight for Latino civil rights
1920–1930
Octaviano Larrazolo
Benjamin Nathan Cardozo
1930–1940
Luisa Moreno
1940–1950
Senator Dennis Chavez
1960–1970
Reies Lopez Tijerina
Corky Gonzales
Cesar Chavez
Dolores Huerta
Luis Valdez
Lupe Anguiano
1970–1980
José Ángel Gutiérrez
1980–1990
Lauro Cavazos
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
Important Achievements and Milestones in the Fight for Latino Civil Rights
1910-1920
The Jones Act
Constitution of New Mexico
1940-1950
Mendez V. Westminster
Delgado V. The Bastrop Independent School District
1960-1970
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
Albuquerque Walkout
The Bilingual Education Act of 1968
1970-1980
Equal Educational Opportunity Act of 1974
Expanding the U.S. Voting Rights Act
1980-1990
Plyler v. Doe
References
Content: When it was first founded, the ACLU was very active in pro-labor protests; however, more recently it has mainly focused on legal matters such as, due process, the right of freedom of opinion and expression and equality before the law. Often, the ACLU has supported Mexican American organizations in lawsuits regarding segregation and voting discrimination. The Confederacion de Uniones Obreras Mexicanas
1928: The federation of Mexican workers Union was the first ever union for Mexican workers, founded in Los Angeles in 1928. The focus of the organization was to deal with the issues of increasing unemployment among Mexican immigrants as the U.S. economy began to weaken. The CUOM served as an umbrella group for the agricultural unions in Southern California, which were made up of Mexican Americans. In 1928 the organization had over 3,000 members and represented 8 different unions. After the Great Depression hit the US the CUOM also began advocating for restrictions on repatriation and immigration. The League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)
1929: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Latino_civil_rights_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3095911610#5_3576293357 | Title: Timeline of Latino civil rights in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Timeline of Latino civil rights in the United States
Timeline of Latino civil rights in the United States
Contents
Important Organizations In the Fight for Latino Civil Rights
18900000-1900
Alianza Hispano-Americana
1900-1920
Japanese-Mexican Labor Association
El Primer Congreso Mexicanista
1920-1930
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
The Confederacion de Uniones Obreras Mexicanas
The League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)
1930–1940
El Congreso Del Pueblo de Habla Espanola
1950-1960
American Council of Spanish-Speaking People
1960–1970
Alianza Federal De Pueblos Libres
United Farm Workers
The Mexican American Youth Organization (MAYO)
1970-1980
The Raza Unida Party
Important political figures in the fight for Latino civil rights
1920–1930
Octaviano Larrazolo
Benjamin Nathan Cardozo
1930–1940
Luisa Moreno
1940–1950
Senator Dennis Chavez
1960–1970
Reies Lopez Tijerina
Corky Gonzales
Cesar Chavez
Dolores Huerta
Luis Valdez
Lupe Anguiano
1970–1980
José Ángel Gutiérrez
1980–1990
Lauro Cavazos
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
Important Achievements and Milestones in the Fight for Latino Civil Rights
1910-1920
The Jones Act
Constitution of New Mexico
1940-1950
Mendez V. Westminster
Delgado V. The Bastrop Independent School District
1960-1970
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
Albuquerque Walkout
The Bilingual Education Act of 1968
1970-1980
Equal Educational Opportunity Act of 1974
Expanding the U.S. Voting Rights Act
1980-1990
Plyler v. Doe
References
Content: The focus of the organization was to deal with the issues of increasing unemployment among Mexican immigrants as the U.S. economy began to weaken. The CUOM served as an umbrella group for the agricultural unions in Southern California, which were made up of Mexican Americans. In 1928 the organization had over 3,000 members and represented 8 different unions. After the Great Depression hit the US the CUOM also began advocating for restrictions on repatriation and immigration. The League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)
1929: On February 17 the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) was founded by Mexican American men in Corpus Christi, Texas. LULAC is the largest and longest-lasting Latino civil rights group in the country. The LULAC addressed the needs of Mexican American middle-class men who wanted to combat racism, which stood in the way of community empowerment. The LULAC was the first organization of Mexican-Descent to emphasize U.S. citizenship. The LULAC emerged within the historical context of South Texas between 1920 and 1930. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Latino_civil_rights_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3095911610#6_3576296387 | Title: Timeline of Latino civil rights in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Timeline of Latino civil rights in the United States
Timeline of Latino civil rights in the United States
Contents
Important Organizations In the Fight for Latino Civil Rights
18900000-1900
Alianza Hispano-Americana
1900-1920
Japanese-Mexican Labor Association
El Primer Congreso Mexicanista
1920-1930
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
The Confederacion de Uniones Obreras Mexicanas
The League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)
1930–1940
El Congreso Del Pueblo de Habla Espanola
1950-1960
American Council of Spanish-Speaking People
1960–1970
Alianza Federal De Pueblos Libres
United Farm Workers
The Mexican American Youth Organization (MAYO)
1970-1980
The Raza Unida Party
Important political figures in the fight for Latino civil rights
1920–1930
Octaviano Larrazolo
Benjamin Nathan Cardozo
1930–1940
Luisa Moreno
1940–1950
Senator Dennis Chavez
1960–1970
Reies Lopez Tijerina
Corky Gonzales
Cesar Chavez
Dolores Huerta
Luis Valdez
Lupe Anguiano
1970–1980
José Ángel Gutiérrez
1980–1990
Lauro Cavazos
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
Important Achievements and Milestones in the Fight for Latino Civil Rights
1910-1920
The Jones Act
Constitution of New Mexico
1940-1950
Mendez V. Westminster
Delgado V. The Bastrop Independent School District
1960-1970
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
Albuquerque Walkout
The Bilingual Education Act of 1968
1970-1980
Equal Educational Opportunity Act of 1974
Expanding the U.S. Voting Rights Act
1980-1990
Plyler v. Doe
References
Content: On February 17 the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) was founded by Mexican American men in Corpus Christi, Texas. LULAC is the largest and longest-lasting Latino civil rights group in the country. The LULAC addressed the needs of Mexican American middle-class men who wanted to combat racism, which stood in the way of community empowerment. The LULAC was the first organization of Mexican-Descent to emphasize U.S. citizenship. The LULAC emerged within the historical context of South Texas between 1920 and 1930. Texas transformed from ranching and farming to an urban society, which provided a foundation for the emergence of the Mexico Texano male middle class. 1930–1940
El Congreso Del Pueblo de Habla Espanola
1935: EL Congreso grew in Southern California between 1935 and 1950. Its goal was to promote civil rights specifically in terms of working conditions for Latinos and other minorities. The first national convention of El Congreso was held in Los Angeles on April 28, 1939, and attracted over 1,000 delegates who represented more than 120 organizations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Latino_civil_rights_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3095911610#11_3576311765 | Title: Timeline of Latino civil rights in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Timeline of Latino civil rights in the United States
Timeline of Latino civil rights in the United States
Contents
Important Organizations In the Fight for Latino Civil Rights
18900000-1900
Alianza Hispano-Americana
1900-1920
Japanese-Mexican Labor Association
El Primer Congreso Mexicanista
1920-1930
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
The Confederacion de Uniones Obreras Mexicanas
The League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)
1930–1940
El Congreso Del Pueblo de Habla Espanola
1950-1960
American Council of Spanish-Speaking People
1960–1970
Alianza Federal De Pueblos Libres
United Farm Workers
The Mexican American Youth Organization (MAYO)
1970-1980
The Raza Unida Party
Important political figures in the fight for Latino civil rights
1920–1930
Octaviano Larrazolo
Benjamin Nathan Cardozo
1930–1940
Luisa Moreno
1940–1950
Senator Dennis Chavez
1960–1970
Reies Lopez Tijerina
Corky Gonzales
Cesar Chavez
Dolores Huerta
Luis Valdez
Lupe Anguiano
1970–1980
José Ángel Gutiérrez
1980–1990
Lauro Cavazos
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
Important Achievements and Milestones in the Fight for Latino Civil Rights
1910-1920
The Jones Act
Constitution of New Mexico
1940-1950
Mendez V. Westminster
Delgado V. The Bastrop Independent School District
1960-1970
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
Albuquerque Walkout
The Bilingual Education Act of 1968
1970-1980
Equal Educational Opportunity Act of 1974
Expanding the U.S. Voting Rights Act
1980-1990
Plyler v. Doe
References
Content: The NFWA merged with the Filipino American union called AWOC to form the United Farm Workers. The UFW was led by Chavez and Huerta and its goal was to improve conditions and wages for farmworkers and to increase the political power of Latinos. In order to garner national attention the UFW initiated boycotts, fasting, grassroots community organizing, voter registration drives and appeals to spiritual values. The union affiliates with the AFL-CIO, the national labor federation. The Mexican American Youth Organization (MAYO)
1967: The Mexican American Youth Organization was founded in San Antonio, Texas, and was the major political organization of Mexican-American youth for over a decade. The organization was founded by José Ángel Gutiérrez and four other young chicanos who were all known as "Los Cincos". MAYO became one of the anchors of the Chicano movement as it fought for social justice while emphasizing the idea of Chicano cultural nationalism. Gutierrez and the other founders staged MAYO's first demonstration in front of the Alamo on July 4, 1967. Group membership consisted of Mexican-American teenagers and university students who were committed to the concept of la Raza. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Latino_civil_rights_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3177240408#3_3663146815 | Title: Tourism in Albania - Wikipedia
Headings: Tourism in Albania
Tourism in Albania
Contents
Northern Albania
Central Albania
Southern Albania
Attractions
Castles and forts
Routes
See also
References
External links
Content: Although still underdeveloped, Albania is set to prime its debut on the world scene as it celebrates a century of independence. A Huffington Post article outlined 10 reasons for visiting Albania in 2013. Recently, Albania has been officially dubbed as "Go Your Own Way". Previously, it was dubbed as "A New Mediterranean Love". According to the Albanian Institute of Statistics, around 4.73 million foreign citizens have visited Albania in 2016. A number of renowned international hotel chains are making their presence known in Albania, including Mariott, Hyatt, Maritim Plaza, Hilton Garden Inn, MK Hotels, and Best Western in Tirana, as well as Melia Hotels International in Durres, while others are awaiting the green light to start operations mainly in Tirana, the Albanian Alps, and along the Albanian Riviera. Contents
1 Northern Albania
2 Central Albania
3 Southern Albania
4 Attractions
4.1 Castles and forts
5 Routes
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Northern Albania
Scenic autumn view of Valbonë Valley National Park. The northern region of the country is particularly known for its natural and cultural heritage, picturesque alpine mountainous landscapes, scenic highlands, glacial lakes, rich flora and fauna, curative sandy beaches, and historic regions with ancient traditions and delicious cuisine. It is underlain by karstic rock, mainly dolomite and limestone with associated lakes and cave which has given rise to the most distinctive feature of its lakes and rivers. The Albanian Alps are among the most valuable and unique features of the northern region of Albania. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Albania |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3177338200#1_3663240386 | Title: Tourism in Australia - Wikipedia
Headings: Tourism in Australia
Tourism in Australia
Contents
Trends
Visas
Main article: Visa policy of Australia
History
Organizations
Marketing
Types of tourists
Tourists by country
International tourists
Backpackers
Domestic tourism
Markets
Major attractions
Destinations
Great Barrier Reef
Sydney Opera House
Events
Australia's icons
See also
References
External links
Content: (November 2011)
This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2011)
( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Overview of tourism in Australia
A surfer on the Gold Coast. An iconic global image of Australian tourism focuses on its beaches, which are an integral part of the Australian identity. Driving on the Lasseter Highway near the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park in the Northern Territory. The Whitsunday Islands in Queensland. Ski ranges on Mount Hotham, located in Victoria
Great Keppel Island beach
Tourism in Australia is an important part of the Australian economy, and consists of domestic and international components. In the financial year 2014/15, tourism represented 3.0% of Australia's GDP contributing A$47.5 billion to the national economy. In 2019, the contribution was a record $44.6 billion. Domestic tourism is a significant part of the tourism industry, representing 73% of the total direct tourism GDP. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3177338200#8_3663254329 | Title: Tourism in Australia - Wikipedia
Headings: Tourism in Australia
Tourism in Australia
Contents
Trends
Visas
Main article: Visa policy of Australia
History
Organizations
Marketing
Types of tourists
Tourists by country
International tourists
Backpackers
Domestic tourism
Markets
Major attractions
Destinations
Great Barrier Reef
Sydney Opera House
Events
Australia's icons
See also
References
External links
Content: Tourism in Australia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
From the colonial days, the idea of travel has been more natural to Australians than to people long-established at one from their homes, were prone to continue their search for wealth or security for a while, or, having settled down, to return to the old countries to visit their kin and refresh old memories. The opening of new lands, the establishment of industries and towns, and the consequent dispersal of people over Australia created a habit of mobility and enterprise which encouraged Australians to face the hardships of early travel by coach, on horseback or by ship. Even so, the slow and uncomfortable modes of travel and the vast distances separating Australian towns tended to restrict travel to essential journeys for purposes of trade, to pursue an occupation or to settle. This changed somewhat with the advent of rail travel . The initial emphasis in tourism for purposes of pleasure was strongest on travel to resorts near the main population centres. These included the Blue Mountains in New South Wales and the hill and coast resorts close to Melbourne and other major Victorian cities. The existing railway services radiating from those cities, together with the 'feeder' horse-drawn, and later motor, coach transport connecting with the railways, rendered the State Government railway tourist bureaux the main means for selling intrastate, and even some interstate, travel. Travel for all purposes increased steadily after the Second World War. This period saw the establishment of the Australian National Travel Association with bureaux in the UK and USA. The organisation received government funding on top of industry contributions and promoted the country 'vigorously' via a poster campaign, and from 1934–1974 via Walkabout magazine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3177338200#11_3663261334 | Title: Tourism in Australia - Wikipedia
Headings: Tourism in Australia
Tourism in Australia
Contents
Trends
Visas
Main article: Visa policy of Australia
History
Organizations
Marketing
Types of tourists
Tourists by country
International tourists
Backpackers
Domestic tourism
Markets
Major attractions
Destinations
Great Barrier Reef
Sydney Opera House
Events
Australia's icons
See also
References
External links
Content: Other services linked Sydney and Melbourne with Tasmanian ports. The winter cruise of those days to Queensland ports could be regarded as the equivalent of today's drive or flight north for a winter holiday at the Gold Coast or a Barrier Reef Island, or today's shorter South Pacific cruises. The first cruises from Australia to New Zealand were organised in the summer of 1934–35, and Australians were travelling to Britain for as low as $78 in tourist class in the years immediately preceding the Second World War . In the period following the Second World War the advent of new and improved methods of transportation, combined with rising standards of living and the energetic publicising of foreign destinations, developed international travel into a mass movement. New ocean liners shortened travelling time considerably, and travel by car and bus increased in many countries. Most of all, air travel became widely available, faster, safer, and cheaper. The beginning of the Jet Age in 1960, with larger aeroplanes carrying more than 100 passengers at speeds approximating 600 miles per hour, diminished the world by half in terms of time. Rising standards of living in the post-war period led to greater expenditure on tourism, thus making it more important to the national economy. Australia has shared in this worldwide expansion of travel, particularly in respect of its domestic tourism. Because of the marked increase in incomes and private car ownership among large sections of the population, greater leisure time, three weeks of paid annual holidays (introduced first in New South Wales in 1958) and the introduction of long-service leave, thousands of Australians now travel by road into almost every part of the country. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3177338200#12_3663263694 | Title: Tourism in Australia - Wikipedia
Headings: Tourism in Australia
Tourism in Australia
Contents
Trends
Visas
Main article: Visa policy of Australia
History
Organizations
Marketing
Types of tourists
Tourists by country
International tourists
Backpackers
Domestic tourism
Markets
Major attractions
Destinations
Great Barrier Reef
Sydney Opera House
Events
Australia's icons
See also
References
External links
Content: Most of all, air travel became widely available, faster, safer, and cheaper. The beginning of the Jet Age in 1960, with larger aeroplanes carrying more than 100 passengers at speeds approximating 600 miles per hour, diminished the world by half in terms of time. Rising standards of living in the post-war period led to greater expenditure on tourism, thus making it more important to the national economy. Australia has shared in this worldwide expansion of travel, particularly in respect of its domestic tourism. Because of the marked increase in incomes and private car ownership among large sections of the population, greater leisure time, three weeks of paid annual holidays (introduced first in New South Wales in 1958) and the introduction of long-service leave, thousands of Australians now travel by road into almost every part of the country. This has led to investment in the development of new and improved facilities, especially accommodation, of new resorts at dispersed points around Australia, and to modifications in organisation and methods of tourist administration, development and promotion. These activities, in turn, have had an important influence on matters such as the improvement of highways and the opening up of national parks and foreshores. A White Paper was produced analysing the tourist industry in Australia in 2003. Organizations
Apart from the federal and state government authorities involved in promotion and marketing, the industry has also the Australian Tourism Industry Co | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3177754839#10_3663677658 | Title: Tourism in Germany - Wikipedia
Headings: Tourism in Germany
Tourism in Germany
Contents
History
Statistics
Surveys
Countryside
Health
Regions
Theme routes
Winter sport
Cities
Berlin
Munich
Hamburg
Gallery
Events
Trade fairs
Most visited...
Protected areas
Landmarks
Theme parks
See also
References
External links
Content: Since the 1930s, local and regional governments have set up various theme routes, to help visitors get to know a specific region and its cultural or scenic qualities. The table below shows some of the most prominent theme routes. Other popular German theme routes include parts of the European Route of Brick Gothic and European Route of Industrial Heritage, the Harz-Heide Road, Bertha Benz Memorial Route and Bergstrasse. List of theme routes (incomplete)
Route
Established
Theme
Length
German Wine Road ( Deutsche Weinstraße )
1935
Palatinate wine route
85 km
German Avenue Road ( Deutsche Alleenstraße )
1993
Tree-sided avenues and lush countrysides
2900 km
Romantic Road ( Romantische Straße )
1950
Romanticism
366 km
Black Forest High Road ( Schwarzwaldhochstraße )
1952
Black Forest
60 km
Castle Road ( Burgenstraße )
1954
Castles in Germany
1,000 km
Road of Weser Renaissance ( Straße der Weserrenaissance )
Weser Renaissance
350 km
Romanesque Road ( Straße der Romanik )
1993
Romanesque architecture
1,195 km
German Ferries Route
2004
Fords, ferries, bridges and tunnels
250 km
German Timber-Frame Road
1990
Timber framing ( Fachwerk )
3,000 km
German Clock Road ( Deutsche Uhrenstrasse )
Cuckoo clock Manufacturers, clock-face paintings workshops,
museums, Black Forest and Baar villages, landscapes
320 km
Industrial Heritage Trail ( Route der Industriekultur )
Industrial heritage of the Ruhr area
400 km
German Fairy Tale Route ( Deutsche Märchenstraße )
Fairy tales and legends of the Brothers Grimm
600 km
Winter sport
View of Bolsterlang, Oberallgäu
See also: List of ski resorts in the German Alps and List of ski resorts in the German Central Uplands
The main winter sport regions in Germany are the Bavarian Alps and Northern Limestone Alps, as well as the Ore Mountains, Harz Mountains, Fichtel Mountains and Bavarian Forest within the Central Uplands. First class winter sport infrastructure is available for alpine skiing and snowboarding, bobsledding and cross-country skiing . In most regions, winter sp | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Germany |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3178863539#0_3664778962 | Title: Tourism in Switzerland - Wikipedia
Headings: Tourism in Switzerland
Tourism in Switzerland
Contents
History
Destinations
Large cities
Smaller cities
Resorts in the Alps
Natural regions
Emblematic sights
Activities
Hiking
Tourist attractions
Statistics
Overnight stays by country
See also
Notes and references
Bibliography
External links
Content: Tourism in Switzerland - Wikipedia
Tourism in Switzerland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Overview of tourism in Switzerland
Switzerland is notable for its landscapes and tourism facilities ( Matterhorn from the Gornergrat Railway)
Tourists are drawn to Switzerland 's diverse landscape as well as activities. Most interesting are the Alpine climate and landscapes, in particular for skiing and mountaineering . As of 2016, tourism accounted for an estimated 2.6% ( CHF 16.8 billion) of Switzerland's gross domestic product, down from 2.6% (CHF 12.8 billion) in 2001. Contents
1 History
2 Destinations
3 Activities
3.1 Hiking
3.2 Tourist attractions
4 Statistics
4.1 Overnight stays by country
5 See also
6 Notes and references
7 Bibliography
8 External links
History
Further information: Exploration of the High Alps, History of the Alps, Golden age of alpinism, and Silver age of alpinism
Tourism began in Switzerland with British mountaineers climbing the main peaks of the Bernese Alps in the early 19th century ( Jungfrau 1811, Finsteraarhorn 1812). The Alpine Club in London was founded in 1857. Reconvalescence in the Alpine climate, in particular from Tuberculosis, is another important branch of tourism in the 19th and early 20th centuries for example in Davos, Graubünden. Due to the prominence of the Bernese Alps in British mountaineering, the Bernese Oberland was long especially known as a tourist destination. Meiringen 's Reichenbach Falls achieved literary fame as it was the site of the fictional death of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's Sherlock Holmes (1893). The first organised tourist holidays to Switzerland were offered during the 19th century by the Thomas Cook and Lunn Travel companies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Switzerland |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3178863539#1_3664781280 | Title: Tourism in Switzerland - Wikipedia
Headings: Tourism in Switzerland
Tourism in Switzerland
Contents
History
Destinations
Large cities
Smaller cities
Resorts in the Alps
Natural regions
Emblematic sights
Activities
Hiking
Tourist attractions
Statistics
Overnight stays by country
See also
Notes and references
Bibliography
External links
Content: The Alpine Club in London was founded in 1857. Reconvalescence in the Alpine climate, in particular from Tuberculosis, is another important branch of tourism in the 19th and early 20th centuries for example in Davos, Graubünden. Due to the prominence of the Bernese Alps in British mountaineering, the Bernese Oberland was long especially known as a tourist destination. Meiringen 's Reichenbach Falls achieved literary fame as it was the site of the fictional death of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's Sherlock Holmes (1893). The first organised tourist holidays to Switzerland were offered during the 19th century by the Thomas Cook and Lunn Travel companies. Tourism in Switzerland had been exclusively for the rich people until the 20th century. It started to become more popular and accessible to the general people form early 1900s. Destinations
Infographic map of Switzerland
Notable tourist destinations in Switzerland: Large cities
Zürich
Bern
Lucerne
Basel
Geneva
Lausanne
Smaller cities
Montreux
Sion
Thun
Neuchâtel
Fribourg
Schaffhausen
St. Gallen
Chur
Lugano
Resorts in the Alps
Grisons
St. Moritz
Scuol
Davos
Arosa
Central Switzerland
Engelberg
Andermatt
Eastern Switzerland
Appenzell
Wildhaus
Valais
Aletsch
Verbier
Crans-Montana
Saas-Fee
Zermatt
Vaud
Leysin
Bernese Oberland
Grindelwald
Gstaad
Interlaken
Ticino
Airolo
Natural regions
Bernese Alps, between the Swiss Plateau and Valais, known for its high mountains (notably Eiger, Mönch and Jungfrau) and huge glaciers (notably the Aletsch Glacier ), and deep valleys with waterfalls like the Lauterbrunnental
Valais Alps, on the left side of the Rhone valley, contains the highest mountains of the country (notably Monte Rosa and the Matterhorn) and big ski resorts like Zermatt
Gotthard Massif, with the Gotthard Pass at its heart, notable for the historic Gotthard routes (north-south axis), the Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn railway (west-east axis) and the many other high road passes ( Nufenen, Grimsel, Furka, Susten, Klausen, Oberalp and Lukmanier)
Lake Lucerne, largest lake in central Switzerland, notable for the many mountain railways on the surrounding mountains, notably the Rigi and Pilatus Railway
Lake Geneva, largest lake of the country, notable for the Riviera and the many vineyards
Lake Constance, second largest lake of the country
Seeland, the region of Lake Neuchâtel, Lake Biel and Lake Morat
Jura Mountains, moderately elevated mountain region north of the Swiss Plateau
Rhine, largest river of the country, also notable for the Rhine Falls
Italian Lakes, group of lakes on the Italian border ( Maggiore and Lugano ), notable for being the warmest place in the country
Emblematic sights
Bern Old City with the Zytglogge
Limmat in Zürich
Geneva Jet d'Eau with Mont Blanc
Aletsch Glacier with Aletsch Forest
Lake Geneva with the Lavaux vineyards
Chillon Castle with the Dents du Midi
Kapellbrücke with Mount Pilatus
Tremola road of the Gotthard Pass
Lake Lugano from Parco Ciani
Landwasser Viaduct with the Glacier Express
Activities
Switzerland comprehends an extensive hiking trail network (here the Schöllenen Gorge on the Gotthard route)
Hiking
Hiking is one of the main sport activities in Switzerland and is often referred to as the "national sport". About one third of the population practises hiking on a regular basis with a total of 520 million kilometres (in 130 million hours) being travelled every year by the Swiss. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Switzerland |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3178863539#2_3664785347 | Title: Tourism in Switzerland - Wikipedia
Headings: Tourism in Switzerland
Tourism in Switzerland
Contents
History
Destinations
Large cities
Smaller cities
Resorts in the Alps
Natural regions
Emblematic sights
Activities
Hiking
Tourist attractions
Statistics
Overnight stays by country
See also
Notes and references
Bibliography
External links
Content: Tourism in Switzerland had been exclusively for the rich people until the 20th century. It started to become more popular and accessible to the general people form early 1900s. Destinations
Infographic map of Switzerland
Notable tourist destinations in Switzerland: Large cities
Zürich
Bern
Lucerne
Basel
Geneva
Lausanne
Smaller cities
Montreux
Sion
Thun
Neuchâtel
Fribourg
Schaffhausen
St. Gallen
Chur
Lugano
Resorts in the Alps
Grisons
St. Moritz
Scuol
Davos
Arosa
Central Switzerland
Engelberg
Andermatt
Eastern Switzerland
Appenzell
Wildhaus
Valais
Aletsch
Verbier
Crans-Montana
Saas-Fee
Zermatt
Vaud
Leysin
Bernese Oberland
Grindelwald
Gstaad
Interlaken
Ticino
Airolo
Natural regions
Bernese Alps, between the Swiss Plateau and Valais, known for its high mountains (notably Eiger, Mönch and Jungfrau) and huge glaciers (notably the Aletsch Glacier ), and deep valleys with waterfalls like the Lauterbrunnental
Valais Alps, on the left side of the Rhone valley, contains the highest mountains of the country (notably Monte Rosa and the Matterhorn) and big ski resorts like Zermatt
Gotthard Massif, with the Gotthard Pass at its heart, notable for the historic Gotthard routes (north-south axis), the Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn railway (west-east axis) and the many other high road passes ( Nufenen, Grimsel, Furka, Susten, Klausen, Oberalp and Lukmanier)
Lake Lucerne, largest lake in central Switzerland, notable for the many mountain railways on the surrounding mountains, notably the Rigi and Pilatus Railway
Lake Geneva, largest lake of the country, notable for the Riviera and the many vineyards
Lake Constance, second largest lake of the country
Seeland, the region of Lake Neuchâtel, Lake Biel and Lake Morat
Jura Mountains, moderately elevated mountain region north of the Swiss Plateau
Rhine, largest river of the country, also notable for the Rhine Falls
Italian Lakes, group of lakes on the Italian border ( Maggiore and Lugano ), notable for being the warmest place in the country
Emblematic sights
Bern Old City with the Zytglogge
Limmat in Zürich
Geneva Jet d'Eau with Mont Blanc
Aletsch Glacier with Aletsch Forest
Lake Geneva with the Lavaux vineyards
Chillon Castle with the Dents du Midi
Kapellbrücke with Mount Pilatus
Tremola road of the Gotthard Pass
Lake Lugano from Parco Ciani
Landwasser Viaduct with the Glacier Express
Activities
Switzerland comprehends an extensive hiking trail network (here the Schöllenen Gorge on the Gotthard route)
Hiking
Hiking is one of the main sport activities in Switzerland and is often referred to as the "national sport". About one third of the population practises hiking on a regular basis with a total of 520 million kilometres (in 130 million hours) being travelled every year by the Swiss. Along with cycling, walking in general is the preferred form of mobility, regardless of social origins. The total hiking trail network is about 65'000 kilometres. Tourist attractions
Main article: Lists of tourist attractions in Switzerland
Statistics
Official statistics of tourism were planned since 1852, but were only realized from 1934, and continued until 2003. Since 2004, the Federal Statistical Office had discontinued its own statistics, but collaborates with Switzerland Tourism in the publication of yearly "Swiss Tourism Figures". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Switzerland |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3179403614#2_3665361381 | Title: Tourism in the Republic of Ireland - Wikipedia
Headings: Tourism in the Republic of Ireland
Tourism in the Republic of Ireland
Contents
Transport in Ireland
Sail Rail
Cities
Dublin
Other Attractions
Cork
Other Attractions
Limerick
Other Attractions
Galway
Waterford
Coastlines and resorts
Tourism routes and regions
Wild Atlantic way
Ireland's Ancient East
Ireland's Hidden Heartlands
Reeks District
Festivals and events
Geological tourism
Statistics
Entry regulations
Tourism organisations
References
External links
Content: Transport in Ireland
Ireland's national flag carrier is Aer Lingus, which services Europe, North America and North Africa, but the vast majority of flights originating from continental Europe come from another Irish company, Ryanair, the biggest low cost airline in the world. These airlines, along with others, fly into all three of Ireland's international airports, Shannon Airport, Dublin Airport and Cork Airport. Dublin Airport is by far the busiest, accounting for over 80% of passenger entering and leaving Ireland in 2011. Along with these airports there are several other regional airports in the country including Ireland West Airport Knock and Kerry Airport, which both operate international flights to Europe. For travellers from mainland Europe and the UK, another way to enter the country is by sea, with connections by ferry to Roscoff and Cherbourg in France, Liverpool in England and Pembroke, Fishguard and Holyhead in Wales, Douglas on the Isle of Man and Santander in Spain. These routes are operated by Irish Ferries, Stena Line, Celtic Link Ferries, P&O Ferries and Brittany Ferries. Motorways link Dublin with all the major cities in the country and there are plans to extend the motorway system in the future. In recent years the quality of Irish roads has improved dramatically with the advent of the Celtic Tiger and significant European Union funding, although outside the main routes, roads can be quite unpredictable in terms of quality and upkeep, especially in rural areas such as Co. Kerry and Co. Donegal. The rail and light rail network in Ireland is not as extensive as it once was, but it is still possible to get from city to city using the rail system, although many rural stations have closed along these lines. At the moment there is only one Light rail system in the country, the Luas in Dublin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3179403614#3_3665363965 | Title: Tourism in the Republic of Ireland - Wikipedia
Headings: Tourism in the Republic of Ireland
Tourism in the Republic of Ireland
Contents
Transport in Ireland
Sail Rail
Cities
Dublin
Other Attractions
Cork
Other Attractions
Limerick
Other Attractions
Galway
Waterford
Coastlines and resorts
Tourism routes and regions
Wild Atlantic way
Ireland's Ancient East
Ireland's Hidden Heartlands
Reeks District
Festivals and events
Geological tourism
Statistics
Entry regulations
Tourism organisations
References
External links
Content: These routes are operated by Irish Ferries, Stena Line, Celtic Link Ferries, P&O Ferries and Brittany Ferries. Motorways link Dublin with all the major cities in the country and there are plans to extend the motorway system in the future. In recent years the quality of Irish roads has improved dramatically with the advent of the Celtic Tiger and significant European Union funding, although outside the main routes, roads can be quite unpredictable in terms of quality and upkeep, especially in rural areas such as Co. Kerry and Co. Donegal. The rail and light rail network in Ireland is not as extensive as it once was, but it is still possible to get from city to city using the rail system, although many rural stations have closed along these lines. At the moment there is only one Light rail system in the country, the Luas in Dublin. This system opened in 2004 and due to the number of people availing of it (27.5million in 2010) it was stated as being "Dublin's best public transport success story" by Minister for Transport, Tourism and Sport, Leo Varadkar in 2011. Sail Rail
Transport for Wales Rail, Iarnród Éireann, as well as Irish Ferries and Stena Line promotes SailRail
The tickets are heavily discounted and offer a cheap means of travelling from anywhere on the UK rail network to anywhere on the Irish rail network with just one ticket. A bus connection from Dublin Port is required to reach Dublin's main train stations, Connolly or Heuston. Cities
Dublin
Life in Ireland
Culture
Christianity
Cuisine
Culture
Customs
Holidays
Music
Religion
Sport
Tourism
Economy
Communications
Economy
Taxation
Transport
General
Architecture
Geography
History
Military
Recycling
Society
Demographics
Education
Health care
Languages
Media
Politics
Government
Law
Law enforcement
Politics
Foreign relations
Policies
Abortion
Same-sex marriage
v
t
e
The largest city in the Republic of Ireland is Dublin. Due to its proximity to Britain, it was the most important city in Ireland during the Tudor conquest of Ireland and subsequent British Invasions until after 1922 when the Irish Free State was formed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3179528755#1_3665466592 | Title: Tourism on the Great Barrier Reef - Wikipedia
Headings: Tourism on the Great Barrier Reef
Tourism on the Great Barrier Reef
Contents
History
Locations
Vessel-based tourism operations
Safety
Types of tourists
Management and regulations
See also
References
External links
Resorts
Benefits
Impact
Management
Content: Contents
1 History
2 Locations
2.1 Vessel-based tourism operations
3 Safety
4 Types of tourists
5 Management and regulations
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
8.1 Resorts
8.2 Benefits
8.3 Impact
8.4 Management
History
Turtle riding was a popular tourist activity in the 1920s and 1930s. The earliest known tourism in the region took place on Green Island in the 1890s. In the early 20th century, scientific field expeditions became popular in the region, which laid the groundwork for tourism. Another tourist activity that was briefly popular was visiting Aboriginal missions, but this was clamped down upon by the missionaries who disapproved of the tourists giving money and goods to the Aboriginals. Torres Strait Islanders relocated south to the Whitsundays to demonstrate turtle hunting and performed songs and dances for tourists. In 1931, The Morning Bulletin called for increased awareness of tourism in the area, extolling the game fish that could be caught in the region. Tourism largely stopped during World War II. During the 1960s and 1970s, tourist numbers grew steadily, and transport improved and boats that extended day trips to between 15 and 20 nautical miles were invented. The remoteness of several parts of the Great Barrier Reef had naturally prevented access and therefore human impacts. In 1981, the Great Barrier Reef was inscribed on the world heritage list. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_on_the_Great_Barrier_Reef |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3190291503#7_3677372602 | Title: Track spikes - Wikipedia
Headings: Track spikes
Track spikes
Contents
History
Design
Types of shoes
Types of spikes
See also
References
Content: Track shoes are exceptionally light, some shoes weighing less than five ounces (142 grams) each, half the weight of many standard running shoes. In most track shoes, the toe region bends up to allow space for protruding spikes and to encourage athletes to run on their toes. This upward angle, known as "taper," varies widely depending on the intended use of the shoe, and the taper angle can be rigid or flexible. Shoes with a large taper are said to be "aggressive." This shoe design may cause harm to the athlete if worn for extended periods of time outside of competition. Injury may occur when walking in a leisurely fashion, as the athlete is not on his or her toes, which is the manner in which the shoes were meant to be worn. Types of shoes
Nike Air Zoom Distance
There is considerable variation among track shoes depending on their intended use within the sport of track and field . Sprint spikes generally have a very stiff spike plate with the greatest number of spike wells. The taper is highest and most rigid in sprint spikes, maximizing the efficiency of energy transfer with each stride. Very little heel support is needed because sprinters spend most or all of their time on their toes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_spikes |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3190291503#8_3677374138 | Title: Track spikes - Wikipedia
Headings: Track spikes
Track spikes
Contents
History
Design
Types of shoes
Types of spikes
See also
References
Content: Injury may occur when walking in a leisurely fashion, as the athlete is not on his or her toes, which is the manner in which the shoes were meant to be worn. Types of shoes
Nike Air Zoom Distance
There is considerable variation among track shoes depending on their intended use within the sport of track and field . Sprint spikes generally have a very stiff spike plate with the greatest number of spike wells. The taper is highest and most rigid in sprint spikes, maximizing the efficiency of energy transfer with each stride. Very little heel support is needed because sprinters spend most or all of their time on their toes. Sprint spikes may have a zip-up cover instead of or in addition to laces to improve aerodynamics. Sprint spikes should fit tightly but they should not be too tight to the point that the runners toes are cramping and they should not be too loose that will result in the runner losing power and speed. They should fit tighter than regular athletic shoes yet still comfortable enough to perform in. Distance shoes have a more flexible spike plate with less taper and fewer spikes. Because of the longer race distances, support through the mid-foot and heel is as important as efficiency with distance spikes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_spikes |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3190291503#9_3677375699 | Title: Track spikes - Wikipedia
Headings: Track spikes
Track spikes
Contents
History
Design
Types of shoes
Types of spikes
See also
References
Content: Sprint spikes may have a zip-up cover instead of or in addition to laces to improve aerodynamics. Sprint spikes should fit tightly but they should not be too tight to the point that the runners toes are cramping and they should not be too loose that will result in the runner losing power and speed. They should fit tighter than regular athletic shoes yet still comfortable enough to perform in. Distance shoes have a more flexible spike plate with less taper and fewer spikes. Because of the longer race distances, support through the mid-foot and heel is as important as efficiency with distance spikes. This means that distance spikes generally have a softer, more durable sole, particularly through the heel region. Although still "glove-like," the fit for distance spikes is generally slightly looser than for sprint spikes, given the longer race duration. Middle distance spikes are a hybrid of a sprint shoe and a distance shoe, featuring an intermediate level of taper, spike plate rigidity, cushioning and support. Certain middle distance spikes are also popular among hurdlers because they have a relatively steep taper for sprinting and a cushioned heel for landings. Cross country spikes usually have no more than six spike points and are similar to distance spikes in many respects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_spikes |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3190291503#10_3677377322 | Title: Track spikes - Wikipedia
Headings: Track spikes
Track spikes
Contents
History
Design
Types of shoes
Types of spikes
See also
References
Content: This means that distance spikes generally have a softer, more durable sole, particularly through the heel region. Although still "glove-like," the fit for distance spikes is generally slightly looser than for sprint spikes, given the longer race duration. Middle distance spikes are a hybrid of a sprint shoe and a distance shoe, featuring an intermediate level of taper, spike plate rigidity, cushioning and support. Certain middle distance spikes are also popular among hurdlers because they have a relatively steep taper for sprinting and a cushioned heel for landings. Cross country spikes usually have no more than six spike points and are similar to distance spikes in many respects. However, given the wide range of terrain encountered off-track, cross country spikes have a more durable rubber sole and supportive mid-foot to provide a level of cushioning and stabilization not required on a track. Depending on race length, surface types and personal preference, cross country spikes may be abandoned in favor of racing flats . Shoes for field events and specialty events vary widely depending upon the specific requirements of each event. For example, long jump shoes are most similar to sprint spikes to provide good top speed, high jump shoes have flat bottoms and heel spikes to allow energy transfer through the entire foot, and steeplechase shoes are predominantly a water-resistant mesh for exceptional ventilation. While shoes for shot put, discus and hammer throw have flat rubber soles with no spikes, they may still occasionally be referred to as "track spikes." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_spikes |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3196076491#1_3684545930 | Title: Trail - Wikipedia
Headings: Trail
Trail
Contents
Usage
History
Types
Segregated trail
Bicycle trail
Cross-country skiing trail
Equestrian trail
Footpath
Motorized trail
Water trail
Shared-use trail
Forest road
Holloway
Rail trail
Towpath
Urban trails
Urban Trail
Alley
Trail system layout
Linear-trail system
Looped-trail system
Administration
Europe
UK and Ireland
United States
Universal-access trails
Construction
On slopes
Drainage
Maintenance
Navigation
Classification
See also
References
Further reading
Content: In the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, path or footpath is the preferred term for a walking trail. The term is also applied in North America to routes along rivers, and sometimes to highways. In the US, the term was historically used for a route into or through wild territory used by emigrants (e.g. the Oregon Trail ). In the USA "trace" is a synonym for trail, as in Natchez Trace. Some trails are single use and can be used only for walking, cycling, horse riding, snowshoeing and cross-country skiing; others, as in the case of a bridleway in the UK, are multi-use, and can be used by walkers, cyclists and equestrians. There are also unpaved trails used by dirt bikes and other off-road vehicles, and in some places, like the Alps, trails are used for moving cattle and other livestock . Contents
1 Usage
2 History
3 Types
3.1 Segregated trail
3.1.1 Bicycle trail
3.1.2 Cross-country skiing trail
3.1.3 Equestrian trail
3.1.4 Footpath
3.1.5 Motorized trail
3.1.6 Water trail
3.2 Shared-use trail
3.2.1 Forest road
3.2.2 Holloway
3.2.3 Rail trail
3.2.4 Towpath
3.3 Urban trails
3.3.1 Urban Trail
3.3.2 Alley
4 Trail system layout
4.1 Linear-trail system
4.2 Looped-trail system
5 Administration
5.1 Europe
5.2 UK and Ireland
5.3 United States
5.3.1 Universal-access trails
6 Construction
6.1 On slopes
6.2 Drainage
6.3 Maintenance
6.4 Navigation
6.5 Classification
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
Usage
In Australia, the term track can be used interchangeably with trail or walk, and can refer to anything from a dirt road to an unpaved pedestrian path. Jungle trail inside KLIA Airport
In New Zealand, the terms track or walkway are used almost exclusively except when referring to cross-country skiing: " walkways vary enormously in nature, from short urban strolls, to moderate coastal locations, to challenging tramps [hikes] in the high country [mountains]". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3197198717#1_3686106420 | Title: Trainer aircraft - Wikipedia
Headings: Trainer aircraft
Trainer aircraft
Contents
Tandem and side by side
Phases
Ab initio
Basic training
Advanced training
Lead-in fighter training
Operational conversion
Multi-engine trainers
Navigation trainers
Aerobatic display teams
Combat use of trainers
The future
Historical
References
Content: 3 Flying Training School, used to deliver elementary flying training training to Army Air Corps, Royal Navy and Royal Air Force pilots. A trainer is a class of aircraft designed specifically to facilitate flight training of pilots and aircrews. The use of a dedicated trainer aircraft with additional safety features—such as tandem flight controls, forgiving flight characteristics and a simplified cockpit arrangement—allows pilots-in-training to safely advance their skills in a more forgiving aircraft. Civilian pilots are normally trained in a light aircraft, with two or more seats to allow for a student and instructor. Contents
1 Tandem and side by side
2 Phases
2.1 Ab initio
2.2 Basic training
2.3 Advanced training
2.4 Lead-in fighter training
2.5 Operational conversion
2.6 Multi-engine trainers
2.7 Navigation trainers
3 Aerobatic display teams
4 Combat use of trainers
5 The future
6 Historical
7 References
Tandem and side by side
Aermacchi SF.260 cockpit. The student pilot sits in the right-hand seat, where all primary flight instruments are. The two seating configurations for trainer aircraft are: pilot and instructor side by side, or in tandem, usually with the pilot in front and the instructor behind. The side-by-side seating configuration has the advantage that pilot and instructor can see each other's actions, allowing the pilot to learn from the instructor and the instructor to correct the student pilot. The tandem configuration has the advantage of being closer to the normal working environment that a fast jet pilot is likely to encounter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainer_%28aircraft%29 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3197198717#2_3686108552 | Title: Trainer aircraft - Wikipedia
Headings: Trainer aircraft
Trainer aircraft
Contents
Tandem and side by side
Phases
Ab initio
Basic training
Advanced training
Lead-in fighter training
Operational conversion
Multi-engine trainers
Navigation trainers
Aerobatic display teams
Combat use of trainers
The future
Historical
References
Content: The student pilot sits in the right-hand seat, where all primary flight instruments are. The two seating configurations for trainer aircraft are: pilot and instructor side by side, or in tandem, usually with the pilot in front and the instructor behind. The side-by-side seating configuration has the advantage that pilot and instructor can see each other's actions, allowing the pilot to learn from the instructor and the instructor to correct the student pilot. The tandem configuration has the advantage of being closer to the normal working environment that a fast jet pilot is likely to encounter. It is now the norm for pilots to begin their flight training in an aircraft with side by side seating and to progress to aircraft with tandem seating. This, however, has not always been the case. For example, it was usual to find tandem seating in biplane basic trainers such as the Tiger Moth and the Jungmann, and the British used side by side seating in the operational conversion of some of its fast jets such as the English Electric Lightning . Phases
HAL HJT-36 jet trainer that will replace Indian Air Force HAL Kiran. Given the expense of military pilot training, air forces typically conduct training in phases to eliminate unsuitable candidates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainer_%28aircraft%29 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3197198717#8_3686120551 | Title: Trainer aircraft - Wikipedia
Headings: Trainer aircraft
Trainer aircraft
Contents
Tandem and side by side
Phases
Ab initio
Basic training
Advanced training
Lead-in fighter training
Operational conversion
Multi-engine trainers
Navigation trainers
Aerobatic display teams
Combat use of trainers
The future
Historical
References
Content: Effective combat aircraft are a function now of electronics as much as, if not more so than, the aerobatic ability or speed of an aircraft. It is at this stage that a pilot begins to learn to operate radar systems and electronics. Modern advanced trainers feature programmable multi-function displays which can be programmed to simulate different electronic systems and scenarios. Most advanced trainers do not have radar systems of their own, but onboard systems can be programmed to simulate radar contacts. With datalinks and GPS, virtual radar systems can be created with similarly equipped aircraft relaying to each other their positions in real time and onboard computers creating a radar display based on this information. The aim of programmable displays is to speed pilot training by replicating as far as possible the systems a pilot will find in an operational aircraft. Lead-in fighter training
Lead-in fighter training (LIFT) utilises advanced jet trainer aircraft with avionics and stores-management capability that emulate operational fighter planes, to provide efficient training in combat scenarios with reduced training costs compared to moving straight to operational conversion. The on-board avionics system may be linked to ground-based systems, and together they can simulate situations such as infrared or radar guided missile, interceptors, air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles, anti-aircraft batteries, radars, chaff and flare countermeasures and collision warnings, in low or dense electronic warfare environments. Systems may also be able to re-enact true-to-life combat situations. Operational conversion
Douglas TA-4F, a two-seat combat-capable training version of the single seat A-4 Skyhawk. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainer_%28aircraft%29 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3197198717#9_3686122811 | Title: Trainer aircraft - Wikipedia
Headings: Trainer aircraft
Trainer aircraft
Contents
Tandem and side by side
Phases
Ab initio
Basic training
Advanced training
Lead-in fighter training
Operational conversion
Multi-engine trainers
Navigation trainers
Aerobatic display teams
Combat use of trainers
The future
Historical
References
Content: The aim of programmable displays is to speed pilot training by replicating as far as possible the systems a pilot will find in an operational aircraft. Lead-in fighter training
Lead-in fighter training (LIFT) utilises advanced jet trainer aircraft with avionics and stores-management capability that emulate operational fighter planes, to provide efficient training in combat scenarios with reduced training costs compared to moving straight to operational conversion. The on-board avionics system may be linked to ground-based systems, and together they can simulate situations such as infrared or radar guided missile, interceptors, air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles, anti-aircraft batteries, radars, chaff and flare countermeasures and collision warnings, in low or dense electronic warfare environments. Systems may also be able to re-enact true-to-life combat situations. Operational conversion
Douglas TA-4F, a two-seat combat-capable training version of the single seat A-4 Skyhawk. Most military ground-attack and interceptor aircraft have two-seat trainer versions. These are combat capable operational conversion aircraft types to provide on the job training to pilots who have graduated to this level, and are usually available with little conversion in times of emergency to a reconnaissance or combat role. Most operational conversion aircraft retain the full functionality of the operational version with slight degradations to performance due to increased weight and drag, and possibly reduced range due to a reduced internal fuel load. In some two-seat fighter aircraft such as the Tornado, the operational conversion unit (OCU) aircraft can be created by duplicating flight controls in the rear cockpit. In a normally single-seat aircraft, a second cockpit can be built behind the original cockpit (e.g. the TA-4S variant of the A-4SU Super Skyhawk) or the cockpit can be extended to place the instructor in a second seat behind the pilot. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainer_%28aircraft%29 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3197198717#10_3686125308 | Title: Trainer aircraft - Wikipedia
Headings: Trainer aircraft
Trainer aircraft
Contents
Tandem and side by side
Phases
Ab initio
Basic training
Advanced training
Lead-in fighter training
Operational conversion
Multi-engine trainers
Navigation trainers
Aerobatic display teams
Combat use of trainers
The future
Historical
References
Content: Most military ground-attack and interceptor aircraft have two-seat trainer versions. These are combat capable operational conversion aircraft types to provide on the job training to pilots who have graduated to this level, and are usually available with little conversion in times of emergency to a reconnaissance or combat role. Most operational conversion aircraft retain the full functionality of the operational version with slight degradations to performance due to increased weight and drag, and possibly reduced range due to a reduced internal fuel load. In some two-seat fighter aircraft such as the Tornado, the operational conversion unit (OCU) aircraft can be created by duplicating flight controls in the rear cockpit. In a normally single-seat aircraft, a second cockpit can be built behind the original cockpit (e.g. the TA-4S variant of the A-4SU Super Skyhawk) or the cockpit can be extended to place the instructor in a second seat behind the pilot. Once they are qualified to fly a specific type of aircraft, pilots will continue with regular training exercises to maintain qualifications on that aircraft and to improve their skills, for example the USAF's Red Flag exercises. Deployments of small flights of aircraft together with support staff and equipment to exercises conducted by other nations can be used to develop fighting skills and interservice and inter unit competitions in bombing and gunnery between units can also be used to develop those skills. The two-seat aircraft may itself become the basis of an operational aircraft, the second seat being used to create a weapons officer or navigators station in aircraft with originally only a pilot, for example the F-15E Strike Eagle is a development of the F-15D which is a two-seat training version of the F-15 Eagle . In some air forces that have a mix of high- and low-performance aircraft, pilots can be first be assigned to aircraft with a lower level of performance before moving on to the most demanding aircraft. For example, in the Italian Air Force a pilot may begin his service career on the AMX attack aircraft, and as their experience grows, progress to more capable aircraft such as the Tornado IDS. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainer_%28aircraft%29 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3197198717#11_3686128037 | Title: Trainer aircraft - Wikipedia
Headings: Trainer aircraft
Trainer aircraft
Contents
Tandem and side by side
Phases
Ab initio
Basic training
Advanced training
Lead-in fighter training
Operational conversion
Multi-engine trainers
Navigation trainers
Aerobatic display teams
Combat use of trainers
The future
Historical
References
Content: Once they are qualified to fly a specific type of aircraft, pilots will continue with regular training exercises to maintain qualifications on that aircraft and to improve their skills, for example the USAF's Red Flag exercises. Deployments of small flights of aircraft together with support staff and equipment to exercises conducted by other nations can be used to develop fighting skills and interservice and inter unit competitions in bombing and gunnery between units can also be used to develop those skills. The two-seat aircraft may itself become the basis of an operational aircraft, the second seat being used to create a weapons officer or navigators station in aircraft with originally only a pilot, for example the F-15E Strike Eagle is a development of the F-15D which is a two-seat training version of the F-15 Eagle . In some air forces that have a mix of high- and low-performance aircraft, pilots can be first be assigned to aircraft with a lower level of performance before moving on to the most demanding aircraft. For example, in the Italian Air Force a pilot may begin his service career on the AMX attack aircraft, and as their experience grows, progress to more capable aircraft such as the Tornado IDS. Other air forces, such as Canada, do not do this, and assign first-tour pilots to aircraft such as the CF-18 Hornet . Multi-engine trainers
US Navy T-44A Pegasus trainer, used for multi-engined pilot training
Those pi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainer_%28aircraft%29 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3197454687#3_3686578623 | Title: List of trains in the Netherlands - Wikipedia
Headings: List of trains in the Netherlands
List of trains in the Netherlands
Contents
In use
Diesel locomotives
Electric locomotives
Diesel multiple units
Electric multiple units
High-speed services
Intercity services
Local services
Coaches
Out of service
Steam locomotives
Diesel locomotives
Electric locomotives
Diesel multiple units
Electric multiple units
Coaches
Configuration of seats
Toilet
See also
References
External links
Content: 700 Class: Vossloh G400B locomotives in use by Nederlandse Spoorwegen
2200 Class: Ex NS locomotive used by Eurailscout to inspect the track
6400 Class: A locomotive used for both shunting and pulling trains by DB Cargo. Some are permitted to operate in Belgium (called "Vlaamse Reuzen") and some in Germany (called "Duitse Herders"). Many are sold abroad. Class 66: European version of the UK Class 66 locomotives used by various freight companies. Vossloh G1206: Locomotives used by a number of private freight and infrastructure companies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trains_in_the_Netherlands |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3197454687#5_3686581060 | Title: List of trains in the Netherlands - Wikipedia
Headings: List of trains in the Netherlands
List of trains in the Netherlands
Contents
In use
Diesel locomotives
Electric locomotives
Diesel multiple units
Electric multiple units
High-speed services
Intercity services
Local services
Coaches
Out of service
Steam locomotives
Diesel locomotives
Electric locomotives
Diesel multiple units
Electric multiple units
Coaches
Configuration of seats
Toilet
See also
References
External links
Content: Vossloh G2000 BB: Locomotives used by RheinCargo, Rotterdam Rail Feeding and Rurtalbahn. Electric locomotives
1600 Class locomotive in the Railion livery at Amersfoort station
1200 Class: These locomotives are former NS locomotive; They are operated by RailExperts for charter trains. 1600 Class and 1800 Class: These two types of locomotives are the same, the 1800 series got renumbered from 1600 after the privatisation of the NS. The 1600 are used by a number of freight companies. The 1800 were used by NS Reizigers, but are now all stored. 1700 Class: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trains_in_the_Netherlands |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3197454687#6_3686582316 | Title: List of trains in the Netherlands - Wikipedia
Headings: List of trains in the Netherlands
List of trains in the Netherlands
Contents
In use
Diesel locomotives
Electric locomotives
Diesel multiple units
Electric multiple units
High-speed services
Intercity services
Local services
Coaches
Out of service
Steam locomotives
Diesel locomotives
Electric locomotives
Diesel multiple units
Electric multiple units
Coaches
Configuration of seats
Toilet
See also
References
External links
Content: 1600 Class and 1800 Class: These two types of locomotives are the same, the 1800 series got renumbered from 1600 after the privatisation of the NS. The 1600 are used by a number of freight companies. The 1800 were used by NS Reizigers, but are now all stored. 1700 Class: This locomotive is very similar to the 1600/1800 in appearance but technically different. They are frequently used in combination with DD-AR/DDM and German intercity cars. Plan mP (Motorpost): These are the trains formerly used to distribute mail. Currently they have various tasks such as measuring rails or locate gps. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trains_in_the_Netherlands |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3203211018#1_3693565608 | Title: Transformation mask - Wikipedia
Headings: Transformation mask
Transformation mask
Contents
Transformation
Myths and animals
Potlatches and ceremonies
Materials and design
Modern transformation masks
Seattle Seahawks logo
Gallery
See also
References
External links
Content: Contents
1 Transformation
2 Myths and animals
3 Potlatches and ceremonies
4 Materials and design
5 Modern transformation masks
6 Seattle Seahawks logo
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Transformation
Transformation masks are used to embody the act of transforming. These transformations usually portray an animal becoming another animal or an animal transforming into a fabled creature. Myths and animals
During ceremonies and rituals, the transformation masks would sometimes be used to transform indigenous people of the Northwest Coast into animals or mythic creatures. According to native legends, transformation was often related to supernatural creatures such as tricksters - typically a god or goddess who uses their knowledge to cause chaos among humans. Potlatches and ceremonies
As a way of honouring the natural milestones of Native American life, the Kwakwaka'wakw people, a Native American tribe that originates in the Pacific Northwest Coast, celebrates Potlatch. Potlatch is a tradition that includes wearing transformation masks, singing, and dancing. The ceremony is meant to celebrate the rituals of name-giving, inducting a new chief of the tribe, and honoring a death or marriage. Potlatch ceremonies were used to establish social order, distribute resources and convey information to the clan. Typically, these masks were carved by master carvers of the First Nations of the Pacific Northwest Coastal region. The word “Potlatch” comes from the Chinook word “to give." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_mask |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3209415429#4_3699777648 | Title: Transnational organized crime - Wikipedia
Headings: Transnational organized crime
Transnational organized crime
Contents
History
Effects
Combating transnational organized crime
Enforcement in the United States
Tools of Prosecution
White House Strategy to Combat Transnational Organized Crime
Enforcement agencies of the United States
National Guard
United States Southern Command
Department of Homeland Security
Department of State
Department of Treasury
Drug Enforcement Administration
Federal Bureau of Investigation
International Enforcement Agencies
United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
Interpol
World Bank
International Monetary Fund
Europol
Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering
References
External links
Content: The United Nations did not recognize Interpol as an intergovernmental organization until 1971. On June 17, 1971, President Nixon declared "America's public enemy number one in the United States is drug abuse. In order to fight and defeat this enemy, it is necessary to wage a new, all-out offensive." With this declaration, the United States began the War on Drugs. At the time, the flow of illicit narcotics into its borders was deemed a major risk to the health and safety of Americans, and as a result, enormous resources were spent in the effort to curtail both the supply of and demand for illegal drugs. In the three decades that followed President Nixon's declaration, drug trafficking served as the dominant form of what the United States and many of its allies viewed as transnational organized crime. In recent years, that viewpoint has changed. The character of transnational organized crime has changed in three major ways since the war on drugs began. Drug trafficking has become more diversified, criminal networks have harnessed new methods of conducting business, and the structure of criminal networks has changed. Organized crime has gone global, giving way to the term transnational organized crime. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnational_organized_crime |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3209415429#5_3699779840 | Title: Transnational organized crime - Wikipedia
Headings: Transnational organized crime
Transnational organized crime
Contents
History
Effects
Combating transnational organized crime
Enforcement in the United States
Tools of Prosecution
White House Strategy to Combat Transnational Organized Crime
Enforcement agencies of the United States
National Guard
United States Southern Command
Department of Homeland Security
Department of State
Department of Treasury
Drug Enforcement Administration
Federal Bureau of Investigation
International Enforcement Agencies
United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
Interpol
World Bank
International Monetary Fund
Europol
Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering
References
External links
Content: In the three decades that followed President Nixon's declaration, drug trafficking served as the dominant form of what the United States and many of its allies viewed as transnational organized crime. In recent years, that viewpoint has changed. The character of transnational organized crime has changed in three major ways since the war on drugs began. Drug trafficking has become more diversified, criminal networks have harnessed new methods of conducting business, and the structure of criminal networks has changed. Organized crime has gone global, giving way to the term transnational organized crime. Global governance has failed to keep pace with economic globalization. Antonio Maria Costa, former Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, effectively summarized the change in TOC over the last quarter century by saying, "as unprecedented openness in trade, finance, travel and communication has created economic growth and well-being, it has also given rise to massive opportunities for criminals to make their business prosper." Effects
Transnational organized crime is widely opposed on the basis of a number of negative effects. It can undermine democracy, disrupt free markets, drain national assets, and inhibit the development of stable societies. In doing so, it has been argued, national and international criminal groups threaten the security of all nations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnational_organized_crime |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3211171344#0_3701725229 | Title: Transport in Ireland - Wikipedia
Headings: Transport in Ireland
Transport in Ireland
Contents
Railways
Road transport
Roads and cars in Ireland
Bus services
Modal share
Waterways
Pipelines
Ports and harbours
Mercantile Marine
Aviation
Airport passenger numbers
Gateway Irish Urban Reference Destination Distances
See also
Footnotes
References
External links
Content: Transport in Ireland - Wikipedia
Transport in Ireland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Overview of the transport in Ireland
Life in Ireland
Culture
Christianity
Cuisine
Culture
Customs
Holidays
Music
Religion
Sport
Tourism
Economy
Communications
Economy
Taxation
Transport
General
Architecture
Geography
History
Military
Recycling
Society
Demographics
Education
Health care
Languages
Media
Politics
Government
Law
Law enforcement
Politics
Foreign relations
Policies
Abortion
Same-sex marriage
v
t
e
Most of the transport system in Ireland is in public hands, either side of the Irish border. The Irish road network has evolved separately in the two jurisdictions into which Ireland is divided, while the Irish rail network was mostly created prior to the partition of Ireland . In the Republic of Ireland, the Minister for Transport, acting through the Department of Transport, is responsible for the state's road network, rail network, public transport, airports and several other areas. Although some sections of road have been built using private or public-private funds, and are operated as toll roads, they are owned by the Government of Ireland. The rail network is also state-owned and operated, while the government currently still owns the main airports. Public transport is mainly in the hands of a statutory corporation, Córas Iompair Éireann (CIÉ), and its subsidiaries, Bus Átha Cliath ( Dublin Bus ), Bus Éireann (Irish Bus), and Iarnród Éireann (Irish Rail). On 1 November 2005, the Irish government published the Transport 21 plan which includes €18bn for improved roads and €16bn for improved rail, including the Western Railway Corridor and the Dublin Metro . The Republic of Ireland's transport sector is responsible for 21% of the state's greenhouse gas emissions. In Northern Ireland, the road network and railways are in state ownership. The Department for Infrastructure is responsible for these and other areas (such as water services). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3211171344#4_3701733652 | Title: Transport in Ireland - Wikipedia
Headings: Transport in Ireland
Transport in Ireland
Contents
Railways
Road transport
Roads and cars in Ireland
Bus services
Modal share
Waterways
Pipelines
Ports and harbours
Mercantile Marine
Aviation
Airport passenger numbers
Gateway Irish Urban Reference Destination Distances
See also
Footnotes
References
External links
Content: additional track under construction
914 mm ( 3 ft) narrow gauge
1,365 km (848 mi) (2006) (industrial railway operated by Bord na Móna)
Ireland's railways are in State ownership, with Iarnród Éireann (Irish Rail) operating services in the Republic and NI Railways operating services in Northern Ireland. The two companies co-operate in providing the joint Enterprise service between Dublin and Belfast. InterCity services are provided between Dublin and the major towns and cities of the Republic, and in Ulster along the Belfast–Derry railway line. Suburban railway networks operate in Dublin, Dublin Suburban Rail, and Belfast, Belfast Suburban Rail, with limited local services being offered in, or planned for, Cork, Limerick, and Galway . The rail network in Ireland was developed by various private companies during the 19th century, with some receiving government funding. The network reached its greatest extent by 1920. A broad gauge of 1600mm (5 ft 3in) was agreed as the standard for the island, although there were also hundreds of kilometres of 914mm (3 ft) narrow gauge railways. Many lines in the west were decommissioned in the 1930s under Éamon de Valera, with a further large cull in services by both CIÉ and the Ulster Transport Authority (UTA) during the 1960s, leaving few working lines in the northern third of the island. There is a campaign to bring some closed lines back into service, in particular the Limerick- Sligo line (the Western Railway Corridor ), to facilitate economic regeneration in the west, which has lagged behind the rest of the country. There is also a move to restore service on the Dublin to Navan line, and smaller campaigns to re-establish the rail links between Sligo and Enniskillen / Omagh /Derry and Mullingar and Athlone /Galway. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3211171344#7_3701739720 | Title: Transport in Ireland - Wikipedia
Headings: Transport in Ireland
Transport in Ireland
Contents
Railways
Road transport
Roads and cars in Ireland
Bus services
Modal share
Waterways
Pipelines
Ports and harbours
Mercantile Marine
Aviation
Airport passenger numbers
Gateway Irish Urban Reference Destination Distances
See also
Footnotes
References
External links
Content: There is also a branch from Coleraine to Portrush. Since 1984 an electrified train service run by Iarnród Éireann has linked Dublin with its coastal suburbs. Running initially between Bray and Howth, the Dublin Area Rapid Transit (DART) system was extended from Bray to Greystones in 2000 and further extended from Howth Junction to Malahide. In 2004 a light rail system, Luas, was opened in Dublin serving the central and western suburbs, run by Veolia under franchise from the Railway Procurement Agency. The construction of the Luas system caused much disruption in Dublin. Plans to construct a Dublin Metro service including underground lines were mooted in 2001, but stalled in the financial crisis at the end of that decade. Ireland has one of the largest dedicated freight railways in Europe, operated by Bord na Móna totalling nearly 1,400 kilometres (870 mi). Road transport
Main article: Roads in Ireland
Ireland. Motorways shown in blue, primary roads (N, A) shown in green. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3211171344#8_3701741288 | Title: Transport in Ireland - Wikipedia
Headings: Transport in Ireland
Transport in Ireland
Contents
Railways
Road transport
Roads and cars in Ireland
Bus services
Modal share
Waterways
Pipelines
Ports and harbours
Mercantile Marine
Aviation
Airport passenger numbers
Gateway Irish Urban Reference Destination Distances
See also
Footnotes
References
External links
Content: Plans to construct a Dublin Metro service including underground lines were mooted in 2001, but stalled in the financial crisis at the end of that decade. Ireland has one of the largest dedicated freight railways in Europe, operated by Bord na Móna totalling nearly 1,400 kilometres (870 mi). Road transport
Main article: Roads in Ireland
Ireland. Motorways shown in blue, primary roads (N, A) shown in green. ( OpenStreetMap mapping)
Roads and cars in Ireland
Total – 117,318 km (72,898 mi)
South: 92,500 km (57,500 mi) including 1,015 km (631 mi) of motorway (2010)
North: 24,818 km (15,421 mi) including 148 km (92 mi) of motorway (2008)
paved – 87,043 km (54,086 mi), unpaved – 5,457 km (3,391 mi)
Ireland's roads link Dublin with all the major cities (Belfast, Cork, Limerick, Derry, Galway, and Waterford ). Driving is on the left. Signposts in the Republic of Ireland are shown in kilometres and speed limits in kilometres per hour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3211171344#9_3701742820 | Title: Transport in Ireland - Wikipedia
Headings: Transport in Ireland
Transport in Ireland
Contents
Railways
Road transport
Roads and cars in Ireland
Bus services
Modal share
Waterways
Pipelines
Ports and harbours
Mercantile Marine
Aviation
Airport passenger numbers
Gateway Irish Urban Reference Destination Distances
See also
Footnotes
References
External links
Content: ( OpenStreetMap mapping)
Roads and cars in Ireland
Total – 117,318 km (72,898 mi)
South: 92,500 km (57,500 mi) including 1,015 km (631 mi) of motorway (2010)
North: 24,818 km (15,421 mi) including 148 km (92 mi) of motorway (2008)
paved – 87,043 km (54,086 mi), unpaved – 5,457 km (3,391 mi)
Ireland's roads link Dublin with all the major cities (Belfast, Cork, Limerick, Derry, Galway, and Waterford ). Driving is on the left. Signposts in the Republic of Ireland are shown in kilometres and speed limits in kilometres per hour. Distance and speed limit signs in Northern Ireland use imperial units in common with the rest of the United Kingdom. Historically, land owners developed most roads and later turnpike trusts collected tolls so that as early as 1800 Ireland had a 16,100 kilometres (10,000 mi) road network. In 2005 the Irish Government launched Transport 21, a plan envisaging the investment of €34 billion in transport infrastructure from 2006 until 2015. Several road projects were progressed but the economic crisis that began in 2008–09 has prevented its full implementation. Between 2011 and 2015, diesel cars constituted 70% of new cars. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3211171344#10_3701744572 | Title: Transport in Ireland - Wikipedia
Headings: Transport in Ireland
Transport in Ireland
Contents
Railways
Road transport
Roads and cars in Ireland
Bus services
Modal share
Waterways
Pipelines
Ports and harbours
Mercantile Marine
Aviation
Airport passenger numbers
Gateway Irish Urban Reference Destination Distances
See also
Footnotes
References
External links
Content: Distance and speed limit signs in Northern Ireland use imperial units in common with the rest of the United Kingdom. Historically, land owners developed most roads and later turnpike trusts collected tolls so that as early as 1800 Ireland had a 16,100 kilometres (10,000 mi) road network. In 2005 the Irish Government launched Transport 21, a plan envisaging the investment of €34 billion in transport infrastructure from 2006 until 2015. Several road projects were progressed but the economic crisis that began in 2008–09 has prevented its full implementation. Between 2011 and 2015, diesel cars constituted 70% of new cars. In 2015, 27 new cars per 1,000 inhabitants were registered in Ireland, the same as the EU average. Bus services
Ireland's first mail coach services were contracted with the government by John Anderson with William Bourne in 1791 who also paid to improve the condition of the roads. The system of mail coaches, carriages and "bians" was further developed by Charles Bianconi, based in Clonmel, from 1815 as a fore-runner of the modern Irish public transportation system. State-owned Bus Éireann (Irish Bus) currently provides most bus services in the Republic of Ireland, outside Dublin, including an express coach network connecting most cities in Ireland, along with local bus services in the provincial cities. Bus Átha Cliath ( Dublin Bus ), a sister company of Bus Éireann, provides most of the bus services in Dublin, with some other operators providing a number of routes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3212876087#0_3703865052 | Title: Transportation in Seattle - Wikipedia
Headings: Transportation in Seattle
Transportation in Seattle
Contents
History
Streets, roads, and automobiles
SR 99 Tunnel
Freeways in the metropolitan region
Interstate 5
Interstate 90
Interstate 405
SR 520
SR 167
SR 99/SR 599
West Seattle Freeway
Other freeways
Mass transit
Public transportation statistics
Bicycle
Airports
See also
Bibliography
References
External links
Content: Transportation in Seattle - Wikipedia
Transportation in Seattle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Overview of transportation modes and routes in Seattle, Washington, U.S.
The now-demolished Alaskan Way Viaduct in downtown Seattle
King County Water Taxi and downtown Seattle
Transportation in Seattle is largely focused on the automobile like many other cities in western North America; however, the city is just old enough for its layout to reflect the age when railways and trolleys predominated. These older modes of transportation were made for a relatively well-defined downtown area and strong neighborhoods at the end of several former streetcar lines, now mostly bus lines. Due to Seattle's isthmus -like geography and the concentration of jobs within the city, much of the flow of transportation in the metropolitan area is through the city proper. North-south transportation is highly dependent on the Interstate 5 corridor, which connects the Puget Sound area with southwest Washington cities and the Portland metropolitan area, as well as cities to the north such as Bellingham and Vancouver, Canada. I-5 continues as British Columbia Highway 99 at the U.S.- Canada border's Peace Arch crossing, between Blaine and Surrey. State Route 99 is also a major arterial in the western half of the city; it included the now-defunct Alaskan Way Viaduct along the Seattle waterfront. The Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel was opened in place of the elevated viaduct in February 2019 on account of seismic instability. Transportation to and from the east is via State Route 520's Evergreen Point Floating Bridge and Interstate 90 's Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge and Third Lake Washington Bridge, all over Lake Washington. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Seattle |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3212876087#1_3703867454 | Title: Transportation in Seattle - Wikipedia
Headings: Transportation in Seattle
Transportation in Seattle
Contents
History
Streets, roads, and automobiles
SR 99 Tunnel
Freeways in the metropolitan region
Interstate 5
Interstate 90
Interstate 405
SR 520
SR 167
SR 99/SR 599
West Seattle Freeway
Other freeways
Mass transit
Public transportation statistics
Bicycle
Airports
See also
Bibliography
References
External links
Content: I-5 continues as British Columbia Highway 99 at the U.S.- Canada border's Peace Arch crossing, between Blaine and Surrey. State Route 99 is also a major arterial in the western half of the city; it included the now-defunct Alaskan Way Viaduct along the Seattle waterfront. The Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel was opened in place of the elevated viaduct in February 2019 on account of seismic instability. Transportation to and from the east is via State Route 520's Evergreen Point Floating Bridge and Interstate 90 's Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge and Third Lake Washington Bridge, all over Lake Washington. Those bridges are respectively the first, second, and fifth longest floating bridges in the world. State Route 522 connects Seattle to its northeastern suburbs. Two public transportation agencies serve Seattle: King County Metro, which operates local and commuter buses within King County, and Sound Transit, which operates commuter rail, light rail, and regional express buses within the greater Puget Sound region. In recent years, as Seattle's population and employment have surged, transit has played an increasingly important role in transportation within the metro area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Seattle |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3214642862#0_3705743234 | Title:
Headings:
Content: T-tubule - Wikipedia
T-tubule
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Transverse tubule)
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Invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril; the ends of T-tubules make contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane
T-tubule
Skeletal muscle, with T-tubule labelled in zoomed in image. T-tubule structure and relationship to the sarcoplasmic reticulumin skeletal muscle
Details
Part of
Cell membraneof Skeletal muscleand cardiac musclecells. Identifiers
Latin
tubulus transversus
TH
H2.00.05.2.01018, H2.00.05.2.02013
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
T-tubules(transverse tubules) are extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the centre of skeletaland cardiac musclecells. With membranes that contain large concentrations of ion channels, transporters, and pumps, T-tubules permit rapid transmission of the action potentialinto the cell, and also play an important role in regulating cellular calcium concentration. Through these mechanisms, T-tubules allow heart muscle cells to contract more forcefully by synchronising calcium release throughout the cell.[1] T-tubule structure may be affected by disease, potentially contributing to heart failureand arrhythmias. Although these structures were first seen in 1897, research into T-tubule biology is ongoing. Contents
1Structure
1.1Regulators
2Function
2.1Excitation-contraction coupling
2.2Calcium control
2.3Detubulation
3History
4Clinical significance
5See also
6References
Structure[edit]
T-tubules are tubules formed from the same phospholipid bilayeras the surface membrane or sarcolemmaof skeletal or cardiac muscle cells.[1] They connect directly with the sarcolemma at one end before travelling deep within the cell, forming a network of tubules with sections running both perpendicular (transverse) to and parallel (axially) to the sarcolemma.[1] Due to this complex orientation, some refer to T-tubules as the transverse-axial tubular system.[2] The inside or lumen of the T-tubule is open at the cell surface, meaning that the T-tubule is filled with fluid containing the same constituents as the solution that surrounds the cell (the extracellular fluid). Rather than being just a passive connecting tube, the membrane that forms T-tubules is highly active, being studded with proteins including L-type calcium channels, sodium-calcium exchangers, calcium ATPases and Beta adrenoceptors. [ 1]
T-tubules are found in both atrialand ventricularcardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes), in which they develop in the first few weeks of life.[3] They are found in ventricular muscle cells in most species, and in atrial muscle cells from large mammals.[4] In cardiac muscle cells, T-tubules are between 20 and 450 nanometers in diameter and are usually located in regions called Z-discswhere the actin filaments anchor within the cell.[1] T-tubules within the heart are closely associated with the intracellular calcium store known as the sarcoplasmic reticulumin specific regions referred to as terminal cisternae. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_tubule |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3214642862#1_3705746581 | Title:
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Content: Through these mechanisms, T-tubules allow heart muscle cells to contract more forcefully by synchronising calcium release throughout the cell.[1] T-tubule structure may be affected by disease, potentially contributing to heart failureand arrhythmias. Although these structures were first seen in 1897, research into T-tubule biology is ongoing. Contents
1Structure
1.1Regulators
2Function
2.1Excitation-contraction coupling
2.2Calcium control
2.3Detubulation
3History
4Clinical significance
5See also
6References
Structure[edit]
T-tubules are tubules formed from the same phospholipid bilayeras the surface membrane or sarcolemmaof skeletal or cardiac muscle cells.[1] They connect directly with the sarcolemma at one end before travelling deep within the cell, forming a network of tubules with sections running both perpendicular (transverse) to and parallel (axially) to the sarcolemma.[1] Due to this complex orientation, some refer to T-tubules as the transverse-axial tubular system.[2] The inside or lumen of the T-tubule is open at the cell surface, meaning that the T-tubule is filled with fluid containing the same constituents as the solution that surrounds the cell (the extracellular fluid). Rather than being just a passive connecting tube, the membrane that forms T-tubules is highly active, being studded with proteins including L-type calcium channels, sodium-calcium exchangers, calcium ATPases and Beta adrenoceptors. [ 1]
T-tubules are found in both atrialand ventricularcardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes), in which they develop in the first few weeks of life.[3] They are found in ventricular muscle cells in most species, and in atrial muscle cells from large mammals.[4] In cardiac muscle cells, T-tubules are between 20 and 450 nanometers in diameter and are usually located in regions called Z-discswhere the actin filaments anchor within the cell.[1] T-tubules within the heart are closely associated with the intracellular calcium store known as the sarcoplasmic reticulumin specific regions referred to as terminal cisternae. The association of the T-tubule with a terminal cistern is known as a diad. [ 5]
In skeletal muscle cells, T-tubules are between 20 and 40 nm in diameter and are typically located either side of the myosin strip, at the junction of overlap between the A and I bands. T-tubules in skeletal muscle are associated with two terminal cisternae, known as a triad. [ 1][6]
Regulators[edit]
The shape of the T-tubule system is produced and maintained by a variety of proteins. The protein amphiphysin-2is encoded by the gene BIN1and is responsible for forming the structure of the T-tubule and ensuring that the appropriate proteins (in particular L-type calcium channels) are located within the T-tubule membrane.[7] Junctophilin-2 is encoded by the gene JPH2and helps to form a junction between the T-tubule membrane and the sarcoplasmic reticulum, vital for excitation-contraction coupling.[5] Titin capping protein or Telethonin is encoded by the gene TCAPand helps with T-tubule development and is potentially responsible for the increasing number of T-tubules seen as muscles grow. [ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_tubule |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3214642862#2_3705749939 | Title:
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Content: The association of the T-tubule with a terminal cistern is known as a diad. [ 5]
In skeletal muscle cells, T-tubules are between 20 and 40 nm in diameter and are typically located either side of the myosin strip, at the junction of overlap between the A and I bands. T-tubules in skeletal muscle are associated with two terminal cisternae, known as a triad. [ 1][6]
Regulators[edit]
The shape of the T-tubule system is produced and maintained by a variety of proteins. The protein amphiphysin-2is encoded by the gene BIN1and is responsible for forming the structure of the T-tubule and ensuring that the appropriate proteins (in particular L-type calcium channels) are located within the T-tubule membrane.[7] Junctophilin-2 is encoded by the gene JPH2and helps to form a junction between the T-tubule membrane and the sarcoplasmic reticulum, vital for excitation-contraction coupling.[5] Titin capping protein or Telethonin is encoded by the gene TCAPand helps with T-tubule development and is potentially responsible for the increasing number of T-tubules seen as muscles grow. [ 5]
Function[edit]
Excitation-contraction coupling[edit]
See also: Excitation-contraction coupling
T-tubules are an important link in the chain from electrical excitation of a cell to its subsequent contraction (excitation-contraction coupling). When contraction of a muscle is needed, stimulation from a nerve or an adjacent muscle cell causes a characteristic flow of charged particlesacross the cell membrane known as an action potential. At rest, there are fewer positively charged particles on the inner side of the membrane compared to the outer side, and the membrane is described as being polarised. During an action potential, positively charged particles (predominantly sodium and calcium ions) flow across the membrane from the outside to the inside. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_tubule |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3214642862#3_3705751992 | Title:
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Function[edit]
Excitation-contraction coupling[edit]
See also: Excitation-contraction coupling
T-tubules are an important link in the chain from electrical excitation of a cell to its subsequent contraction (excitation-contraction coupling). When contraction of a muscle is needed, stimulation from a nerve or an adjacent muscle cell causes a characteristic flow of charged particlesacross the cell membrane known as an action potential. At rest, there are fewer positively charged particles on the inner side of the membrane compared to the outer side, and the membrane is described as being polarised. During an action potential, positively charged particles (predominantly sodium and calcium ions) flow across the membrane from the outside to the inside. This reverses the normal imbalance of charged particles and is referred to as depolarisation. One region of membrane depolarises adjacent regions, and the resulting wave of depolarisation then spreads along the cell membrane.[8] The polarisation of the membrane is restored as potassium ions flow back across the membrane from the inside to the outside of the cell. In cardiac muscle cells, as the action potential passes down the T-tubules it activates L-type calcium channels in the T-tubular membrane. Activation of the L-type calcium channel allows calcium to pass into the cell. T-tubules contain a higher concentration of L-type calcium channels than the rest of the sarcolemma and therefore the majority of the calcium that enters the cell occurs via T-tubules.[9] This calcium binds to and activates a receptor, known as a ryanodine receptor, located on the cell's own internal calcium store, the sarcoplasmic reticulum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_tubule |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3214642862#4_3705753885 | Title:
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Content: This reverses the normal imbalance of charged particles and is referred to as depolarisation. One region of membrane depolarises adjacent regions, and the resulting wave of depolarisation then spreads along the cell membrane.[8] The polarisation of the membrane is restored as potassium ions flow back across the membrane from the inside to the outside of the cell. In cardiac muscle cells, as the action potential passes down the T-tubules it activates L-type calcium channels in the T-tubular membrane. Activation of the L-type calcium channel allows calcium to pass into the cell. T-tubules contain a higher concentration of L-type calcium channels than the rest of the sarcolemma and therefore the majority of the calcium that enters the cell occurs via T-tubules.[9] This calcium binds to and activates a receptor, known as a ryanodine receptor, located on the cell's own internal calcium store, the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Activation of the ryanodine receptor causes calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing the muscle cell to contract.[10] In skeletal musclecells, however, the L-type calcium channel is directly attached to the ryanodine receptor on the sarcoplasmic reticulum allowing activation of the ryanodine receptor directly without the need for an influx of calcium. [ 11]
The importance of T-tubules is not solely due to their concentration of L-type calcium channels, but lies also within their ability to synchronise calcium release within the cell. The rapid spread of the action potential along the T-tubule network activates all of the L-type calcium channels near-simultaneously. As T-tubules bring the sarcolemma very close to the sarcoplasmic reticulum at all regions throughout the cell, calcium can then be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum across the whole cell at the same time. This synchronisation of calcium release allows muscle cells to contract more forcefully.[12] In cells lacking T-tubules such as smooth muscle cells, diseased cardiomyocytes, or muscle cells in which T-tubules have been artificially removed, the calcium that enters at the sarcolemma has to diffuse gradually throughout the cell, activating the ryanodine receptors much more slowly as a wave of calcium leading to less forceful contraction. [ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_tubule |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3214642862#5_3705756366 | Title:
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Content: Activation of the ryanodine receptor causes calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing the muscle cell to contract.[10] In skeletal musclecells, however, the L-type calcium channel is directly attached to the ryanodine receptor on the sarcoplasmic reticulum allowing activation of the ryanodine receptor directly without the need for an influx of calcium. [ 11]
The importance of T-tubules is not solely due to their concentration of L-type calcium channels, but lies also within their ability to synchronise calcium release within the cell. The rapid spread of the action potential along the T-tubule network activates all of the L-type calcium channels near-simultaneously. As T-tubules bring the sarcolemma very close to the sarcoplasmic reticulum at all regions throughout the cell, calcium can then be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum across the whole cell at the same time. This synchronisation of calcium release allows muscle cells to contract more forcefully.[12] In cells lacking T-tubules such as smooth muscle cells, diseased cardiomyocytes, or muscle cells in which T-tubules have been artificially removed, the calcium that enters at the sarcolemma has to diffuse gradually throughout the cell, activating the ryanodine receptors much more slowly as a wave of calcium leading to less forceful contraction. [ 12]
As the T-tubules are the primary location for excitation-contraction coupling, the ion channels and proteins involved in this process are concentrated here - there are 3 times as many L-type calcium channels located within the T-tubule membrane compared to the rest of the sarcolemma. Furthermore, beta adrenoceptors are also highly concentrated in the T-tubular membrane,[13]and their stimulation increases calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. [ 14]
Calcium control[edit]
As the space within the lumen of the T-tubule is continuous with the space that surrounds the cell (the extracellular space), ion concentrations between the two are very similar. However, due to the importance of the ions within the T-tubules (particularly calcium in cardiac muscle), it is very important that these concentrations remain relatively constant. As the T-tubules are very thin, they essentially trap the ions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_tubule |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3214642862#6_3705758833 | Title:
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Content: 12]
As the T-tubules are the primary location for excitation-contraction coupling, the ion channels and proteins involved in this process are concentrated here - there are 3 times as many L-type calcium channels located within the T-tubule membrane compared to the rest of the sarcolemma. Furthermore, beta adrenoceptors are also highly concentrated in the T-tubular membrane,[13]and their stimulation increases calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. [ 14]
Calcium control[edit]
As the space within the lumen of the T-tubule is continuous with the space that surrounds the cell (the extracellular space), ion concentrations between the two are very similar. However, due to the importance of the ions within the T-tubules (particularly calcium in cardiac muscle), it is very important that these concentrations remain relatively constant. As the T-tubules are very thin, they essentially trap the ions. This is important as, regardless of the ion concentrations elsewhere in the cell, T-tubules still have enough calcium ions to permit muscle contraction. Therefore, even if the concentration of calcium outside the cell falls (hypocalcaemia), the concentration of calcium within the T-tubule remains relatively constant, allowing cardiac contraction to continue. [ 5]
As well as T-tubules being a site for calcium entry into the cell, they are also a site for calcium removal. This is important as it means that calcium levels within the cell can be tightly controlled in a small area (i.e. between the T-tubule and sarcoplasmic reticulum, known as local control).[15] Proteins such as the sodium-calcium exchanger and the sarcolemmal ATPase are located mainly in the T-tubule membrane.[5] The sodium-calcium exchanger passively removes one calcium ion from the cell in exchange for three sodium ions. As a passive process it can therefore allow calcium to flow into or out of the cell depending on the combination of the relative concentrations of these ions and the voltage across the cell membrane (the electrochemical gradient).[8] The calcium ATPase removes calcium from the cell actively, using energy derived from adenosine triphosphate(ATP). [ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_tubule |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3214642862#7_3705761200 | Title:
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Content: This is important as, regardless of the ion concentrations elsewhere in the cell, T-tubules still have enough calcium ions to permit muscle contraction. Therefore, even if the concentration of calcium outside the cell falls (hypocalcaemia), the concentration of calcium within the T-tubule remains relatively constant, allowing cardiac contraction to continue. [ 5]
As well as T-tubules being a site for calcium entry into the cell, they are also a site for calcium removal. This is important as it means that calcium levels within the cell can be tightly controlled in a small area (i.e. between the T-tubule and sarcoplasmic reticulum, known as local control).[15] Proteins such as the sodium-calcium exchanger and the sarcolemmal ATPase are located mainly in the T-tubule membrane.[5] The sodium-calcium exchanger passively removes one calcium ion from the cell in exchange for three sodium ions. As a passive process it can therefore allow calcium to flow into or out of the cell depending on the combination of the relative concentrations of these ions and the voltage across the cell membrane (the electrochemical gradient).[8] The calcium ATPase removes calcium from the cell actively, using energy derived from adenosine triphosphate(ATP). [ 8]
Detubulation[edit]
In order to study T-tubule function, T-tubules can be artificially uncoupled from the surface membrane using a technique known as detubulation. Chemicals such as glycerol[16]or formamide[12](for skeletal and cardiac muscle respectively) can be added to the extracellular solution that surrounds the cells. These agents increase the osmolarity of the extracellular solution, causing the cells to shrink. When these agents are withdrawn, the cells rapidly expand and return to their normal size. This shrinkage and re-expansion of the cell causes T-tubules to detach from the surface mem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_tubule |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3216483414#3_3708194552 | Title: Traumatology - Wikipedia
Headings: Traumatology
Traumatology
Contents
Branches
Types of trauma
Guidelines for essential trauma care
Guidelines for psychological trauma care
Patient assessment
Wound assessment
See also
References
External links
Content: It results from a single stressful or dangerous situation. Chronic: It results from repeated and prolonged exposure to highly stressful situations. Complex: It results from exposure to multiple traumatic events. Secondary or vicarious trauma, is another form of trauma in which a person develops trauma symptoms from close contact with someone who has experienced a traumatic event. Types of trauma
When it comes to types of trauma, medical and psychological traumatology go hand in hand. Types of trauma include car accidents, gunshot wounds, concussions, PTSD from incidents, etc. Medical traumas are repaired with surgeries; however, they can still cause psychological trauma and other stress factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatology |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3216483414#4_3708195694 | Title: Traumatology - Wikipedia
Headings: Traumatology
Traumatology
Contents
Branches
Types of trauma
Guidelines for essential trauma care
Guidelines for psychological trauma care
Patient assessment
Wound assessment
See also
References
External links
Content: Secondary or vicarious trauma, is another form of trauma in which a person develops trauma symptoms from close contact with someone who has experienced a traumatic event. Types of trauma
When it comes to types of trauma, medical and psychological traumatology go hand in hand. Types of trauma include car accidents, gunshot wounds, concussions, PTSD from incidents, etc. Medical traumas are repaired with surgeries; however, they can still cause psychological trauma and other stress factors. For example, a teenager in a car accident who broke his wrist and needed extensive surgery to save their arm may experience anxiety when driving in a car post-accident. PTSD can be diagnosed after a person experiences one or more intense and traumatic events and react with fear with complaints from three categorical symptoms lasting one month or longer. These categories are: re-experiencing the traumatic event, avoiding anything associated with the trauma, and increased symptoms of increased psychological arousal. Guidelines for essential trauma care
Airway management, monitoring, and management of injuries are all key guidelines when it comes to medical trauma care. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatology |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3223566415#7_3716314676 | Title: Treaty rights - Wikipedia
Headings: Treaty rights
Treaty rights
Contents
Historical background and legal theory
Continuation to present
Treaty Rights in the United States
Ex Parte Crow Dog
Williams v. Lee
Olyphant v. Suquamish
Treaty Rights in Canada
Treaties within Canada
Historic Treaties
Modern Treaties
Section 35
Significant Court Cases
R v. Sparrow
R. v. Van der Peet
R. v. Powley
Violations of Treaty Rights
Spearfishing in Northern Wisconsin
Whaling in Washington
Annexation of Hawaii
Dakota Access Pipeline
References
Notes
Works cited
Content: Navajo Reservation in Utah. The central underpinning of treaty rights is that Native Americans are sovereign people living under their own laws, which exist alongside current United States law. It is the balance between these two systems of law that create issues and require frequent interpretation by the United States court system. One such case is the Crow Dog habeas corpus case. Ex Parte Crow Dog
In this case, Crow Dog, a Native American, shot and killed another Native American on a reservation. The reservation police turned him over to the army, who tried him in Dakota Territorial Court. The court sentenced him to death for the murder. Crow Dog appealed the case up to the Supreme Court of the United States. He argued that because he committed the crime on a reservation, and his family had made amends for his crime in accordance with tribal law and custom, the United States had no right to try him. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Crow Dog, stating that the district court could not impose a punishment on a Native American for a crime committed on a reservation against another Native American. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_rights |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3223566415#8_3716316546 | Title: Treaty rights - Wikipedia
Headings: Treaty rights
Treaty rights
Contents
Historical background and legal theory
Continuation to present
Treaty Rights in the United States
Ex Parte Crow Dog
Williams v. Lee
Olyphant v. Suquamish
Treaty Rights in Canada
Treaties within Canada
Historic Treaties
Modern Treaties
Section 35
Significant Court Cases
R v. Sparrow
R. v. Van der Peet
R. v. Powley
Violations of Treaty Rights
Spearfishing in Northern Wisconsin
Whaling in Washington
Annexation of Hawaii
Dakota Access Pipeline
References
Notes
Works cited
Content: The reservation police turned him over to the army, who tried him in Dakota Territorial Court. The court sentenced him to death for the murder. Crow Dog appealed the case up to the Supreme Court of the United States. He argued that because he committed the crime on a reservation, and his family had made amends for his crime in accordance with tribal law and custom, the United States had no right to try him. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Crow Dog, stating that the district court could not impose a punishment on a Native American for a crime committed on a reservation against another Native American. Williams v. Lee
As Native Americans became more integrated into American culture, more non-Native Americans began working and living on the reservations. This gave rise to the question of whether or not tribes had the legal authority over non-Native Americans who commit crimes on their land. In 1959, a case surrounding the rights of a tribe to regulate the civil activities within their reservation went to the Supreme Court. In Williams v. Lee, a non-Native American merchant, who owned a general store on a reservation, sued some of his Native American customers in Arizona State Courts. The Supreme Court ruled that the Arizona court system did not have legal authority over reservations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_rights |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3223566415#9_3716318606 | Title: Treaty rights - Wikipedia
Headings: Treaty rights
Treaty rights
Contents
Historical background and legal theory
Continuation to present
Treaty Rights in the United States
Ex Parte Crow Dog
Williams v. Lee
Olyphant v. Suquamish
Treaty Rights in Canada
Treaties within Canada
Historic Treaties
Modern Treaties
Section 35
Significant Court Cases
R v. Sparrow
R. v. Van der Peet
R. v. Powley
Violations of Treaty Rights
Spearfishing in Northern Wisconsin
Whaling in Washington
Annexation of Hawaii
Dakota Access Pipeline
References
Notes
Works cited
Content: Williams v. Lee
As Native Americans became more integrated into American culture, more non-Native Americans began working and living on the reservations. This gave rise to the question of whether or not tribes had the legal authority over non-Native Americans who commit crimes on their land. In 1959, a case surrounding the rights of a tribe to regulate the civil activities within their reservation went to the Supreme Court. In Williams v. Lee, a non-Native American merchant, who owned a general store on a reservation, sued some of his Native American customers in Arizona State Courts. The Supreme Court ruled that the Arizona court system did not have legal authority over reservations. Stating that the tribes had legal jurisdiction over both cr | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_rights |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3232853826#3_3727920210 | Title: Tribal-state compacts - Wikipedia
Headings: Tribal-state compacts
Tribal-state compacts
Contents
The IGRA of 1988 and Tribal-State Compacts
Balance between federal, state, and tribal government
Brief history of tribal sovereignty and the law
Indian gambling and tribal sovereignty
Compacts in the wake of Seminole
See also
References
Content: It also specifies that Indian tribe shall have the right to regulate gaming concurrently with the state, unless some aspect of the compact is broken. The IGRA takes specific notice of the fact that the text is not "conferring upon a State or any of its political subdivisions the authority to impose any taxes, fee, charge, or other assessment upon an Indian tribe. This reference indicates that the Congress realized it was not following the norm of tribal governments operating independently of states. The compacts between states and tribes have caused a great deal of controversy and the original definition of Tribal-State Compacts has been redefined by several court cases and congressional acts. This section will address the more prominent actions that have refined the methods of establishing Tribal-State compacts. Balance between federal, state, and tribal government
Indian gambling has been the source and focus of a great deal of controversy. Part of the reason for this is the ambiguity that surrounds tribal sovereignty in the legal sense. Brief history of tribal sovereignty and the law
Much of the current understanding of tribal sovereignty can be traced back to John Marshall and his decisions. American government has long operated under the legacy of Worcester v. Georgia, which stated strongly that the history of relations with Indians had established the understanding that tribes were "distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries, within which their authority is exclusive". However, tribes were still subject to federal regulation and laws. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal-State_compacts |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3232853826#4_3727922334 | Title: Tribal-state compacts - Wikipedia
Headings: Tribal-state compacts
Tribal-state compacts
Contents
The IGRA of 1988 and Tribal-State Compacts
Balance between federal, state, and tribal government
Brief history of tribal sovereignty and the law
Indian gambling and tribal sovereignty
Compacts in the wake of Seminole
See also
References
Content: Balance between federal, state, and tribal government
Indian gambling has been the source and focus of a great deal of controversy. Part of the reason for this is the ambiguity that surrounds tribal sovereignty in the legal sense. Brief history of tribal sovereignty and the law
Much of the current understanding of tribal sovereignty can be traced back to John Marshall and his decisions. American government has long operated under the legacy of Worcester v. Georgia, which stated strongly that the history of relations with Indians had established the understanding that tribes were "distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries, within which their authority is exclusive". However, tribes were still subject to federal regulation and laws. As Marshall had already confirmed in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia where he labeled tribes as having a ward relationship to the "guardian" national government. These decisions occurred quite some time ago, but have shaped much of the modern dealings with tribal sovereignty. There have been some exceptions made to allowing states some impact on tribes (such as Public Law 280 and crimes committed by a non-Indian to a non-Indian on tribal land), but for the most part have restricted states from interfering. When states are allowed to regulate tribal activity, there are strict guidelines to be met. On the part of federal action, the assumption is that tribes have the inherent right to govern themselves unless federal action specifically prevents an action. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal-State_compacts |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3233023028#3_3728178677 | Title: Tribal sovereignty in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Tribal sovereignty in the United States
Tribal sovereignty in the United States
Contents
Native American sovereignty and the Constitution
Early history
The Marshall Trilogy, 1823–1832
Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
United States v. Kagama (1886)
Empowerment of tribal courts, 1883
The General Allotment Act (Dawes Act), 1887
Twentieth-century developments
Revenue and Indian Citizenship acts, 1924
Iron Crow v. Oglala Sioux Tribe (1956)
Indian Reorganization Act, 1934
Public Law 280, 1953
Tribal governments today
Tribal courts
Nation to nation: tribes and the federal government
Tribal state relations: sovereign within a sovereign
List of cases
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: These constitutional provisions, and subsequent interpretations by the Supreme Court (see below), are today often summarized in three principles of U.S. Indian law: Territorial sovereignty: Tribal authority on Indian land is organic and is not granted by the states in which Indian lands are located. Plenary power doctrine: Congress, and not the Executive Branch or Judicial Branch, has ultimate authority with regard to matters affecting the Indian tribes. Federal courts give greater deference to Congress on Indian matters than on other subjects. Trust relationship: The federal government has a "duty to protect" the tribes, implying (courts have found) the necessary legislative and executive authorities to effect that duty. Early history
The Marshall Trilogy, 1823–1832
Hassanamisco Nipmuc Indian Reservation Sign
The Marshall Trilogy is a set of three Supreme Court decisions in the early nineteenth century affirming the legal and political standing of Indian nations. Johnson v. M'Intosh (1823), holding that private citizens could not purchase lands from Native Americans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3233023028#6_3728186017 | Title: Tribal sovereignty in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Tribal sovereignty in the United States
Tribal sovereignty in the United States
Contents
Native American sovereignty and the Constitution
Early history
The Marshall Trilogy, 1823–1832
Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
United States v. Kagama (1886)
Empowerment of tribal courts, 1883
The General Allotment Act (Dawes Act), 1887
Twentieth-century developments
Revenue and Indian Citizenship acts, 1924
Iron Crow v. Oglala Sioux Tribe (1956)
Indian Reorganization Act, 1934
Public Law 280, 1953
Tribal governments today
Tribal courts
Nation to nation: tribes and the federal government
Tribal state relations: sovereign within a sovereign
List of cases
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: Thus it required the federal government no longer interact with the various tribes through treaties, but rather through statutes: That hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty: Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe. — Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
The 1871 Act also made it a federal crime to commit murder, manslaughter, rape, assault with intent to kill, arson, burglary, and larceny within any Territory of the United States. United States v. Kagama (1886)
The 1871 Act was affirmed in 1886 by the US Supreme Court, in United States v. Kagama, which affirmed that the Congress has plenary power over all Native American tribes within its borders by rationalization that "The power of the general government over these remnants of a race once powerful ... is necessary to their protection as well as to the safety of those among whom they dwell". The Supreme Court affirmed that the US Government "has the right and authority, instead of controlling them by treaties, to govern them by acts of Congress, they being within the geographical limit of the United States. ... The Indians owe no allegiance to a State within which their reservation may be established, and the State gives them no protection." Empowerment of tribal courts, 1883
See also: United States Indian Police
On April 10, 1883, five years after establishing Indian police powers throughout the various reservations, the Indian Commissioner approved rules for a "court of Indian offenses". The court provided a venue for prosecuting criminal charges, but afforded no relief for tribes seeking to resolve civil matters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_3233023028#7_3728188917 | Title: Tribal sovereignty in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Tribal sovereignty in the United States
Tribal sovereignty in the United States
Contents
Native American sovereignty and the Constitution
Early history
The Marshall Trilogy, 1823–1832
Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
United States v. Kagama (1886)
Empowerment of tribal courts, 1883
The General Allotment Act (Dawes Act), 1887
Twentieth-century developments
Revenue and Indian Citizenship acts, 1924
Iron Crow v. Oglala Sioux Tribe (1956)
Indian Reorganization Act, 1934
Public Law 280, 1953
Tribal governments today
Tribal courts
Nation to nation: tribes and the federal government
Tribal state relations: sovereign within a sovereign
List of cases
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: The Supreme Court affirmed that the US Government "has the right and authority, instead of controlling them by treaties, to govern them by acts of Congress, they being within the geographical limit of the United States. ... The Indians owe no allegiance to a State within which their reservation may be established, and the State gives them no protection." Empowerment of tribal courts, 1883
See also: United States Indian Police
On April 10, 1883, five years after establishing Indian police powers throughout the various reservations, the Indian Commissioner approved rules for a "court of Indian offenses". The court provided a venue for prosecuting criminal charges, but afforded no relief for tribes seeking to resolve civil matters. The new courts' rules specifically targeted tribal religious practices which it called "heathenish rites" and the commissioner urged courts to "destroy the tribal relations as fast as possible". Another five years later, Congress began providing funds to operate the Indian courts. While U.S. courts clarified some of the rights and responsibilities of states and the federal government toward the Indian nations within the new nation's first century, it was almost another century before United States courts determined what powers remained vested in the tribal nations. In the interim, as a trustee charged with protecting their interests and property, the federal government was legally entrusted with ownership and administration of the assets, land, water, and treaty rights of the tribal nations. The General Allotment Act (Dawes Act), 1887
Main article: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_11_988488#8_1807902 | Title: Greek achievements and Greek history
Headings:
Content: Greek theaters, for instance, took advantage of natural acoustic features to create theaters where actors could be heard loud and clear by all the thousands in attendance. Elements of Greek architecture have been copied again and again from Roman times onward--and we still see many elements of Greek architecture in at least some of our public buildings today. 2. Sports (Olympic games)
The Greeks also are important for the contribution to sports. We compete in "gymnasiums" and "stadiums" today--names that both come from Greek. There are lots of other echoes of the Greeks in our sports tradition of today. Some of our track and field events (e.g., the javelin and the discus) come out of Greek tradition. Events like the Marathon and the Decathalon have Greek names, though they weren't specific Greek events. Perhaps the best example of Greek influence on our sports tradition: the Olympic games. [ | http://www3.northern.edu/marmorsa/greekachievements2007.htm |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_11_7535785#0_8948486 | Title: SMALL INTESTINE
Headings: SMALL INTESTINE
SMALL INTESTINE
Anatomic features
MUCOSA
Function:
Composition:
SUBMUCOSA
BRUNNER GLANDS
MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
Function:
SEROSA (PERITONEUM)
Content: SMALL INTESTINE
SMALL INTESTINE
Query to the TRRD database: genes expressing in SMALL INTESTINE
Select species: All Human Murine
Function: digestion of food and absorption of the products of digestion. Anatomic features
Consist of three anatomical segments: duodenum (25 cm long), jejunum (2.5 m long), and ileum (3.5 m long). Plicae circularis (valves of Kerckring) - transverse semilunar folds that contain a core of submucosa. Villi - finger-like and leaf-like projections of the mucosa that extend into the intestinal lumen. Microvilli of the enterocytes - form the striated border and provide the major amplification of the luminal surface. Intestinal glands (krypts of Lieberkuhn) - simple tubular glands that extend from the muscularis mucosae and open to the luminal surface at the base of villi. | http://wwwmgs.bionet.nsc.ru/mgs/gnw/trrd/thesaurus/Di/small.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_11_7535785#8_8957516 | Title: SMALL INTESTINE
Headings: SMALL INTESTINE
SMALL INTESTINE
Anatomic features
MUCOSA
Function:
Composition:
SUBMUCOSA
BRUNNER GLANDS
MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
Function:
SEROSA (PERITONEUM)
Content: in submucosa of duodenum. Function: secretion of neutral and alkaline glicoproteins and bicarbonate ions (pH 8.1 - 9.3), protection the proximal small intestine by neutralizing the acid-containing chyme. Composition: branched tubuloalveolar glands with protein-secreting and mucus-secreting cells. MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
Function: Segmentation - local contractions of circular muscle layer for mixing chyme with digestive juices and moving it into contact with the mucosa for absorption. Peristalsis - largely involves the longitudial muscle layer and moves the intestinal contents distally. Composition: Two layers of smooth muscle (inner - circular, outer - longitudinal), nerve network and ganglion neurons (Auerbach's plexus). | http://wwwmgs.bionet.nsc.ru/mgs/gnw/trrd/thesaurus/Di/small.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_11_11084169#13_15314903 | Title: Why Are Public Order Crimes Referred To As Victimless Crimes? - Sportsbook
Headings: Why Are Public Order Crimes Referred To As Victimless Crimes?
Why Are Public Order Crimes Referred To As Victimless Crimes?
Contents
How are public order crimes different from other crimes?
What is considered a victimless crime?
What are some examples of victimless crimes?
What does public order Offence mean?
What does public order mean?
What are the four main categories of social order crimes?
What are some examples of organized crime?
Are victimless crimes actually harmful?
What does Mala Prohibita mean?
Is white collar crime victimless?
What does racketeering mean in law?
Are public order crimes victimless?
Is a public order Offence a criminal conviction?
Is swearing a public order Offence?
What is classed as threatening Behaviour?
What is Section 5 of the Public Order Act?
What does maintain public order mean?
Is threatening behavior a criminal Offence?
What is social harm?
What is the dark figure of crime in sociology?
What is property crime definition?
Content: Racketeering refers to crimes committed through extortion or coercion. A racketeer attempts to obtain money or property from another person, usually through intimidation or force. The term is typically associated with organized crime. The law defines 35 different offenses that constitute racketeering in the U.S.
Are public order crimes victimless? Public order crimes are sometimes called “victimless” or “complaintless” crimes. Such acts are considered crimes not because there is a discernable offender and victim, but because the larger community, or at least a vocal and powerful segment of it, is offended and therefore victimized by such acts. Is a public order Offence a criminal conviction? Section 6 of the Criminal Justice (Public Order) Act 1994 makes it an offence for any person in a public place to use threatening, abusive or insulting words or behaviour with the intention of causing a breach of the peace. Is swearing a public order Offence? Section 5 makes it an offence to use “threatening, abusive or insulting words or behaviour, or disorderly behaviour” or to display “any writing, sign or other visible representation which is threatening, abusive or insulting” within the hearing or sight of a person “likely to be caused harassment, alarm or distress
What is classed as threatening Behaviour? | http://xenvoip.com/qa/why-are-public-order-crimes-referred-to-as-victimless-crimes.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_11_11084169#14_15317574 | Title: Why Are Public Order Crimes Referred To As Victimless Crimes? - Sportsbook
Headings: Why Are Public Order Crimes Referred To As Victimless Crimes?
Why Are Public Order Crimes Referred To As Victimless Crimes?
Contents
How are public order crimes different from other crimes?
What is considered a victimless crime?
What are some examples of victimless crimes?
What does public order Offence mean?
What does public order mean?
What are the four main categories of social order crimes?
What are some examples of organized crime?
Are victimless crimes actually harmful?
What does Mala Prohibita mean?
Is white collar crime victimless?
What does racketeering mean in law?
Are public order crimes victimless?
Is a public order Offence a criminal conviction?
Is swearing a public order Offence?
What is classed as threatening Behaviour?
What is Section 5 of the Public Order Act?
What does maintain public order mean?
Is threatening behavior a criminal Offence?
What is social harm?
What is the dark figure of crime in sociology?
What is property crime definition?
Content: Such acts are considered crimes not because there is a discernable offender and victim, but because the larger community, or at least a vocal and powerful segment of it, is offended and therefore victimized by such acts. Is a public order Offence a criminal conviction? Section 6 of the Criminal Justice (Public Order) Act 1994 makes it an offence for any person in a public place to use threatening, abusive or insulting words or behaviour with the intention of causing a breach of the peace. Is swearing a public order Offence? Section 5 makes it an offence to use “threatening, abusive or insulting words or behaviour, or disorderly behaviour” or to display “any writing, sign or other visible representation which is threatening, abusive or insulting” within the hearing or sight of a person “likely to be caused harassment, alarm or distress
What is classed as threatening Behaviour? Threat, criminal threatening (or threatening behavior) is the crime of intentionally or knowingly putting another person in fear of bodily injury. “ Threat of harm generally involves a perception of injuryphysical or mental damageact or instance of injury, or a material and detriment or loss to a person.” What is Section 5 of the Public Order Act? Section 5 makes it an offence to use “threatening, abusive or insulting words or behaviour, or disorderly behaviour” or to display “any writing, sign or other visible representation which is threatening, abusive or insulting” within the hearing or sight of a person “likely to be caused harassment, alarm or distress
What does maintain public order mean? Police and Public Order
It involves people behaving sensibly and rationally, and respecting others. | http://xenvoip.com/qa/why-are-public-order-crimes-referred-to-as-victimless-crimes.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_11_11084169#15_15320635 | Title: Why Are Public Order Crimes Referred To As Victimless Crimes? - Sportsbook
Headings: Why Are Public Order Crimes Referred To As Victimless Crimes?
Why Are Public Order Crimes Referred To As Victimless Crimes?
Contents
How are public order crimes different from other crimes?
What is considered a victimless crime?
What are some examples of victimless crimes?
What does public order Offence mean?
What does public order mean?
What are the four main categories of social order crimes?
What are some examples of organized crime?
Are victimless crimes actually harmful?
What does Mala Prohibita mean?
Is white collar crime victimless?
What does racketeering mean in law?
Are public order crimes victimless?
Is a public order Offence a criminal conviction?
Is swearing a public order Offence?
What is classed as threatening Behaviour?
What is Section 5 of the Public Order Act?
What does maintain public order mean?
Is threatening behavior a criminal Offence?
What is social harm?
What is the dark figure of crime in sociology?
What is property crime definition?
Content: Threat, criminal threatening (or threatening behavior) is the crime of intentionally or knowingly putting another person in fear of bodily injury. “ Threat of harm generally involves a perception of injuryphysical or mental damageact or instance of injury, or a material and detriment or loss to a person.” What is Section 5 of the Public Order Act? Section 5 makes it an offence to use “threatening, abusive or insulting words or behaviour, or disorderly behaviour” or to display “any writing, sign or other visible representation which is threatening, abusive or insulting” within the hearing or sight of a person “likely to be caused harassment, alarm or distress
What does maintain public order mean? Police and Public Order
It involves people behaving sensibly and rationally, and respecting others. But police officers take an oath to maintain the sovereign’s peace, and maintaining the peace can be equated with maintaining ‘public order’. Is threatening behavior a criminal Offence? The offence
(1) A person is guilty of an offence if, with intent to cause a person harassment, alarm or distress, he: ( a) uses threatening, abusive or insulting words or behaviour, or disorderly behaviour, or. ( b) displays any writing, sign or other visible representation which is threatening, abusive or insulting. | http://xenvoip.com/qa/why-are-public-order-crimes-referred-to-as-victimless-crimes.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_11_24193308#2_35083109 | Title: Yeast Infections (Candidiasis) | Center for Young Women's Health
Headings: Yeast Infections (Candidiasis)
Yeast Infections (Candidiasis)
What causes yeast infections?
What are the signs/symptoms of a yeast infection?
How are yeast infections diagnosed?
How are yeast infections treated?
Can yeast infections cause serious problems?
Is there anything else I can do to prevent yeast infections?
What if I get yeast infections all the time?
Content: Small amounts of yeast and other organisms are normally found in your vagina, as well as in your mouth and digestive tract. Yeast infections occur when the balance of organisms in your vagina is upset, and the amount of yeast grows too much, causing an infection. Yeast infections are most likely to be noticeable just before or just after your menstrual period. Some types of “yeast” infections are harder to treat and are caused by other species. Ask your health care provider (HCP) if you should be checked for the other types if your symptoms do not get better. This balance of organisms in your vagina can be changed by: Antibiotics (for acne, throat, ear infections, or even other kinds of vaginal infections) because they can kill the normal bacteria in your vagina and let the yeast grow
Being overweight
Diabetes
Pregnancy
HIV infection
Steroids
Birth control pills and other contraceptives
Tight underwear made of material such as nylon or Lycra that traps moisture and heat, especially in the summer. ( Cotton underwear is a good choice because it absorbs moisture better.) What are the signs/symptoms of a yeast infection? The most common symptoms of a yeast infection are itching and vaginal discharge. | http://youngwomenshealth.org/2013/06/19/yeast-infection/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_11_24401273#6_35716230 | Title: Lactose Intolerance | Center for Young Women's Health
Headings: Lactose Intolerance
Lactose Intolerance
What is lactose?
What is lactose intolerance?
How can I tell if I have lactose intolerance?
What should I do if I think I have lactose intolerance?
How can my health care provider tell if I’m lactose intolerant?
Can some people be more lactose intolerant than others?
Are there different “types” of lactose intolerance?
Will I always be lactose intolerant?
What should I do if I’m lactose intolerant?
Try these helpful tips:
What if these suggestions don’t work?
Should I just omit dairy altogether?
What else do I need to know?
Content: For example, some people may be symptomatic after drinking1/2 cup of milk, while others may only get symptoms when they drink 1 cup. Other people may have difficulty drinking even less than 1/2 cup of milk. Over time, you will learn what quantity of milk and other dairy products your body can handle without having symptoms. Are there different “types” of lactose intolerance? Yes. Some people are born without the ability to make the enzyme lactase. People with this type of lactose intolerance have the most difficulty drinking or eating foods that contain lactose. More commonly, people become lactose intolerant as they grow older and their body slowly makes less and less lactase. Furthermore, some people become lactose intolerant after having surgery or a gastrointestinal infection. Will I always be lactose intolerant? | http://youngwomenshealth.org/2013/10/17/lactose-intolerance/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_11_27377024#0_42233487 | Title: Factors Influencing Effective Organizational Behavior | Your Business
Headings: Factors Influencing Effective Organizational Behavior
Factors Influencing Effective Organizational Behavior
How It Works
Creating the Environment
Role of Management
Change Management
Motivation
Content: Factors Influencing Effective Organizational Behavior | Your Business
Factors Influencing Effective Organizational Behavior
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As a small-business owner, you cannot control many factors influencing your employees' behavior when they're away from the workplace, but you can control their behaviors while they're at work. You can set standards for employees' individual behavior and for how employees act in groups. You'll also need ways to motivate employees to comply, so they'll be less likely to deviate from your expectations. How It Works
Consider what influences employee behaviors and decisions. Parents, teachers, other adults and peers condition people to follow rules for individual and group behavior. Rules may be spoken, written or implied. Rules for behavior vary by setting. | http://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/factors-influencing-effective-organizational-behavior-26552.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_11_27377024#2_42236609 | Title: Factors Influencing Effective Organizational Behavior | Your Business
Headings: Factors Influencing Effective Organizational Behavior
Factors Influencing Effective Organizational Behavior
How It Works
Creating the Environment
Role of Management
Change Management
Motivation
Content: When employees make decisions, they must reconcile their basic needs -- such as needs for food, water, safety and pleasure -- with what interests them and with the social rules they've learned. When employees join your organizational culture, they learn expected behaviors from you most of all as the leader they need to please to advance in their careers. Creating the Environment
Employees must learn the norms of your organizational culture. Help them by providing an environment with clear expectations. Some expectations apply to all employees, while others specifically relate to a particular position. The socialization process begins with the job announcement and extends through the hiring process into new employee orientation and performance management by an employee's supervisor or manager. Role of Management
If your business is too big for you to supervise everyone, put employees into management who can motivate others. These people will need emotional intelligence, including being able to bond with employees and motivate them to perform. Managers and employees can help you define rules for dressing, acting, speaking, communicating electronically and representing the business in public. Make rules for meetings, team projects and other joint activities. | http://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/factors-influencing-effective-organizational-behavior-26552.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_11_27377024#3_42238400 | Title: Factors Influencing Effective Organizational Behavior | Your Business
Headings: Factors Influencing Effective Organizational Behavior
Factors Influencing Effective Organizational Behavior
How It Works
Creating the Environment
Role of Management
Change Management
Motivation
Content: The socialization process begins with the job announcement and extends through the hiring process into new employee orientation and performance management by an employee's supervisor or manager. Role of Management
If your business is too big for you to supervise everyone, put employees into management who can motivate others. These people will need emotional intelligence, including being able to bond with employees and motivate them to perform. Managers and employees can help you define rules for dressing, acting, speaking, communicating electronically and representing the business in public. Make rules for meetings, team projects and other joint activities. If groups set the rules themselves, they can take more ownership of them during group interactions. Change Management
As the senior leader, get employees on board with eliminating patterns of behavior that aren't working. This begins with deciding what a new pattern of behavior will be and continues with replacing the old pattern of behavior with the new pattern. Get people to adopt the new pattern of behavior along with you. Soon, other employees will follow your example. | http://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/factors-influencing-effective-organizational-behavior-26552.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_11_27377024#4_42240060 | Title: Factors Influencing Effective Organizational Behavior | Your Business
Headings: Factors Influencing Effective Organizational Behavior
Factors Influencing Effective Organizational Behavior
How It Works
Creating the Environment
Role of Management
Change Management
Motivation
Content: If groups set the rules themselves, they can take more ownership of them during group interactions. Change Management
As the senior leader, get employees on board with eliminating patterns of behavior that aren't working. This begins with deciding what a new pattern of behavior will be and continues with replacing the old pattern of behavior with the new pattern. Get people to adopt the new pattern of behavior along with you. Soon, other employees will follow your example. Motivation
You cannot control some factors influencing employees -- economic pressures, family pressures, current events, employee health and mental well-being and competition from other firms -- but you can control the organizational culture and influence how those factors impact work performance. Help employees find a balance between what motivates them and what you expect. Provide extrinsic rewards for employees who follow rules -- recognition, promotions and bonuses -- and discipline employees who don't follow behavior standards. It's not OK to overlook prohibited behaviors because employees are doing what's best for business. You must consistently enforce behavioral standards so employees will take the rules seriously. | http://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/factors-influencing-effective-organizational-behavior-26552.html |
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