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msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1434534359#11_1616093366
Title: Race and sexuality - Wikipedia Headings: Race and sexuality Race and sexuality Contents Attitudes towards interracial relationships United States before Civil Rights Era Challenges to attitudes Sexual preferences Heterosexual community Online dating LGBT community Racial bias Racial fetishism Theories Examples White women Asian women Middle Eastern women Latina women Black women Black men In BDSM See also References Bibliography Further reading Content: This spike is consistent with an increase in access to the internet in homes across the globe, in addition to the number of dating sites available to individuals differing in age, gender, race, sexual orientation and ethnic background. Partner race is the most highly selected preference chosen by users when creating their online profiles, ahead of both educational and religious characteristics. Research has indicated a progressive acceptance of interracial relationships by white individuals. The majority of white Americans are not against interracial relationships and marriage, though these beliefs do not imply that the person in question will pursue an interracial marriage themselves. Currently, fewer than 5% of white Americans wed outside their own race; indeed, less than 46% of white Americans are willing to date an individual of any other race. Overall, African Americans appear to be the most open to interracial relationships, yet are the least preferred partner by other racial groups. However, regardless of stated preferences, racial discrimination still occurs in online dating. Each group significantly prefers to date intra-racially. Beyond this, in the online dating world, preferences appear to follow a racial hierarchy.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_fetishism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1435124933#0_1616462563
Title: Racial stereotyping in advertising - Wikipedia Headings: Racial stereotyping in advertising Racial stereotyping in advertising Contents Defining racism in advertising Positive effects: targeting specific demographics Negative effects: causing offence Beauty whitewash Why use stereotyping Examples of racial stereotyping and affected groups Reducing racial stereotypes See also References Content: Racial stereotyping in advertising - Wikipedia Racial stereotyping in advertising From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Racial stereotyping in advertising is not always negative, but is considered harmful in that the repetition of a stereotype naturalizes it and makes it appear "normal". It is said that advertisers often utilize already existing deep-seated ideologies in society and base their commercials on them. Stereotypes have been used in advertisement as long as they have been around, and different ads over time have been thought by some to be more racist than others. Racial stereotypes are used frequently in advertising. They are mental ideologies that the viewer assigns meaning to based on their membership in a social category in order to process information "as such, stereotyping does not by definition carry negative or positive values". Because of this, we see many different outcomes; racial stereotyping can be positive for the advertiser as well as the viewer in instances where specific demographics are being targeted. However, it can also be perceived negatively in instances where the stereotyping begins causing offence. " Marketers should be aware of the potential to cause serious or widespread offence when referring to different races, cultures, nationalities or ethnic groups". Contents 1 Defining racism in advertising 2 Positive effects:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_stereotyping_in_advertising
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1435124933#9_1616480679
Title: Racial stereotyping in advertising - Wikipedia Headings: Racial stereotyping in advertising Racial stereotyping in advertising Contents Defining racism in advertising Positive effects: targeting specific demographics Negative effects: causing offence Beauty whitewash Why use stereotyping Examples of racial stereotyping and affected groups Reducing racial stereotypes See also References Content: This form of racial stereotyping, where a specific demographic is being targeted for a product or service particular to them, is seen as commonplace for advertising stereotypes. This technique is deemed ethical so long no offence has occurred. Negative effects: causing offence Negative effects of racial stereotyping come into play when we start to see people taking offence. It is very common for advertisements to be misinterpreted due to the increased number of factors contributing to noise along the communication process. Srividya Ramasubramanian talks about the way that stereotypes turn from being harmless into something that can be deeply offensive. She states that there are two stages of the stereotyping process "stereotype activation that is more automatic, and stereotype application that is more deliberate. In other words, stereotypical thoughts about out-groups are readily activated at the implicit level even though they are not applied consciously at the explicit level." It is when we see these stereotypical thoughts activated explicitly through the use of advertisements that offence takes place. It is the conscious thought that is being communicated that offends people.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_stereotyping_in_advertising
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1435124933#10_1616482483
Title: Racial stereotyping in advertising - Wikipedia Headings: Racial stereotyping in advertising Racial stereotyping in advertising Contents Defining racism in advertising Positive effects: targeting specific demographics Negative effects: causing offence Beauty whitewash Why use stereotyping Examples of racial stereotyping and affected groups Reducing racial stereotypes See also References Content: Srividya Ramasubramanian talks about the way that stereotypes turn from being harmless into something that can be deeply offensive. She states that there are two stages of the stereotyping process "stereotype activation that is more automatic, and stereotype application that is more deliberate. In other words, stereotypical thoughts about out-groups are readily activated at the implicit level even though they are not applied consciously at the explicit level." It is when we see these stereotypical thoughts activated explicitly through the use of advertisements that offence takes place. It is the conscious thought that is being communicated that offends people. As discussed earlier, people naturally identify themselves socially, they assign qualities to themselves that they can also associate with other people. This is also known as an in-group. When people have close ties to a specific group, it is common to see group members take offence to something impacting another member. " Stereotyping a group has significant impact on the way the individuals within the group self-identify". So when advertisers use racial stereotypes in a negative form, generally we see two different outcomes, one;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_stereotyping_in_advertising
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1449868433#0_1632411555
Title: Rail freight in Great Britain - Wikipedia Headings: Rail freight in Great Britain Rail freight in Great Britain Contents History Pre-19th century 19th century Early 20th century Nationalisation era Privatisation era Current operations Intermodal freight Terminals Sea ports Inland terminals Trainload freight Coal Oil and petroleum Construction materials Food and drink Nuclear flask trains Steel Timber Vehicles Waste References External links Content: Rail freight in Great Britain - Wikipedia Rail freight in Great Britain From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search History and types of freight moved by rail in Great Britain Three Class 37 locomotives hauling a coal train on the Rhymney Line in 1997 Mass of freight carried by rail in the UK from 1983 to 2020 (annual rolling average). There was a large decrease in coal carried in 1984–5 due to the miners' strike. Rail freight moved in the UK from 1983 to 2019, in terms of mass-distance per year The railway network in Great Britain has been used to transport goods of various types and in varying volumes since the early 19th century. Network Rail, which owns and maintains the network, aims to increase the amount of goods carried by rail. In 2015–16 Britain's railways moved 17.8 billion net tonne kilometres, a 20% fall compared to 2014–15. Coal accounted for 13.1% of goods transport in Britain, down considerably from previous years. There are no goods transported by railway in Northern Ireland. Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-19th century 1.2 19th century 1.3 Early 20th century 1.4 Nationalisation era 1.5 Privatisation era 2 Current operations 3 Intermodal freight 3.1 Terminals 3.1.1 Sea ports 3.1.2 Inland terminals 4 Trainload freight 4.1 Coal 4.2 Oil and petroleum 4.3 Construction materials 4.4 Food and drink 4.5 Nuclear flask trains 4.6 Steel 4.7 Timber 4.8 Vehicles 4.9 Waste 5 References 6 External links History Pre-19th century Even in the 16th century, mining engineers used crude wooden rails to facilitate the movement of mine wagons steered by hand. In Nottingham, 1603, a tramway was constructed to transport coal from mines near Strelley to Wollaton. Horse-drawn lines were increasingly common by the 18th and early 19th centuries, chiefly to haul bulk materials from mines to canal wharves or areas of consumption.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_freight_in_Great_Britain
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1449868433#9_1632430204
Title: Rail freight in Great Britain - Wikipedia Headings: Rail freight in Great Britain Rail freight in Great Britain Contents History Pre-19th century 19th century Early 20th century Nationalisation era Privatisation era Current operations Intermodal freight Terminals Sea ports Inland terminals Trainload freight Coal Oil and petroleum Construction materials Food and drink Nuclear flask trains Steel Timber Vehicles Waste References External links Content: In the 1980s, British Rail was reorganised into "sectors" including four goods sectors: Trainload Freight took trainload goods Railfreight Distribution took non-trainload goods Freightliner took intermodal traffic Rail Express Systems took parcel traffic The 1980s, however, also brought a huge down-turn in freight traffic, with the sector increasingly seen as irrelevant and without a future. In 1986, quarrying company Foster Yeoman prompted a turnaround in the reliability of rail freight by obtaining permission to run its own locomotives, and importing the first four EMD class 59s. This design was developed into the class 66 which became widely used by EWS and other operators over a decade later. Privatisation era British Rail was privatised in the 1990s. Six freight operating companies ( FOCs) were set up: Trainload goods was split into three geographical units (all were purchased by Wisconsin Central and merged to form English, Welsh & Scottish (EWS) in 1996 ): Mainline Freight in the south-east Loadhaul in the north-east Transrail in the west Railfreight Distribution was also sold to EWS in 1997 Rail Express Systems was also sold to EWS in 1996 Freightliner was privatised with the brand name retained The opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 allowed direct goods trains to run between the UK and the continent for the first time. Freight services are also offered by the Getlink truck shuttles. Subsequently, EWS's nuclear flask train operations were sold to the new company Direct Rail Services set up by British Nuclear Fuels . GB Railfreight was a new freight company established in 1998 by GB Railways.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_freight_in_Great_Britain
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1450636999#2_1633060253
Title: Rail transport in Great Britain - Wikipedia Headings: Rail transport in Great Britain Rail transport in Great Britain Contents Historical overview Nationalisation Privatisation Semi-renationalisation Passenger services Annual passenger numbers Stations Inter-city High Speed 1 Intercity Express Programme Proposed High Speed 2 High-speed rolling stock Local metro and other rail systems Goods services Train leasing services Competition codes of practice White paper 2004 Competition Commission Leasing companies (ROSCO) Spot-hire companies Statutory framework Industry bodies Statutory authorities Devolved authorities Network and signalling operations Other national entities Trade unions Regional entities Freight companies Open access and other non-franchised passenger operators 1820s–1840s: Early companies Heritage and private Proposed line re-openings Links with adjacent countries Rail-ferry-rail services See also References Citations Sources External links Content: In 2016, there were 1.718 billion journeys on the National Rail network, making the British network the fifth most used in the world ( Great Britain ranks 23rd in world population). Unlike a number of other countries, rail travel in the United Kingdom has enjoyed a renaissance in recent years, with passenger numbers approaching their highest ever level (see usage figures below). This has coincided with the privatisation of British Rail, but the cause of this increase is unclear. The growth is partly attributed to a shift away from private motoring due to growing road congestion and increasing petrol prices, but also to the overall increase in travel due to affluence. Passenger journeys in Britain grew by 88% over the period 1997–98 to 2014 as compared to 62% in Germany, 41% in France and 16% in Spain. The United Kingdom is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC country code for United Kingdom is 70. The UK has the 17th largest railway network in the world; despite many lines having closed in the 20th century, due to the Beeching cuts, it remains one of the densest networks. It is one of the busiest railways in Europe, with 20% more train services than France, 60% more than Italy, and more than Spain, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Portugal and Norway combined, as well as representing more than 20% of all passenger journeys in Europe.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Great_Britain
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1450636999#4_1633065424
Title: Rail transport in Great Britain - Wikipedia Headings: Rail transport in Great Britain Rail transport in Great Britain Contents Historical overview Nationalisation Privatisation Semi-renationalisation Passenger services Annual passenger numbers Stations Inter-city High Speed 1 Intercity Express Programme Proposed High Speed 2 High-speed rolling stock Local metro and other rail systems Goods services Train leasing services Competition codes of practice White paper 2004 Competition Commission Leasing companies (ROSCO) Spot-hire companies Statutory framework Industry bodies Statutory authorities Devolved authorities Network and signalling operations Other national entities Trade unions Regional entities Freight companies Open access and other non-franchised passenger operators 1820s–1840s: Early companies Heritage and private Proposed line re-openings Links with adjacent countries Rail-ferry-rail services See also References Citations Sources External links Content: The rail industry employs 115,000 people and supports another 250,000 through its supply chain. After the initial period of rapid expansion following the first public railways in the early 19th century, from about 1900 onwards the network suffered from gradual attrition, and more severe rationalisation in the 1950s and 1960s. However, the network has again been growing since the 1980s. The UK was ranked eighth among national European rail systems in the 2017 European Railway Performance Index for intensity of use, quality of service and safety performance. To cope with increasing passenger numbers, there is a large programme of upgrades to the network, including Thameslink, Crossrail, electrification of lines, in-cab signalling, new inter-city trains and a new high-speed line . Contents 1 Historical overview 1.1 Nationalisation 1.2 Privatisation 1.3 Semi-renationalisation 2 Passenger services 2.1 Annual passenger numbers 2.2 Stations 2.3 Inter-city 2.3.1 High Speed 1 2.3.2 Intercity Express Programme 2.3.3 Proposed 2.3.4 High-speed rolling stock 2.4 Local metro and other rail systems 3 Goods services 4 Train leasing services 4.1 Competition codes of practice 4.2 White paper 2004 4.3 Competition Commission 4.4 Leasing companies (ROSCO) 4.5 Spot-hire companies 5 Statutory framework 6 Industry bodies 6.1 Statutory authorities 6.1.1 Devolved authorities 6.2 Network and signalling operations 6.3 Other national entities 6.3.1 Trade unions 6.4 Regional entities 6.5 Freight companies 6.6 Open access and other non-franchised passenger operators 7 1820s–1840s: Early companies 8 Heritage and private 9 Proposed line re-openings 10 Links with adjacent countries 11 Rail-ferry-rail services 12 See also 13 References 13.1 Citations 13.2 Sources 14 External links Historical overview Current railway lines in Ireland, the United Kingdom and the Isle of Man are shown in black, heritage (tourist) lines in green, metro lines in red and former routes in light blue. Rail passengers in Great Britain from 1829 to 2019, showing the early era of small railway companies, the amalgamation into the " Big Four ", nationalisation and finally the current era of privatisation Main article: History of rail transport in Great Britain According to historians David Brandon and Alan Brooke, the railways brought into being our modern world: They stimulated demand for building materials, coal, iron and, later, steel.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Great_Britain
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1450636999#5_1633069110
Title: Rail transport in Great Britain - Wikipedia Headings: Rail transport in Great Britain Rail transport in Great Britain Contents Historical overview Nationalisation Privatisation Semi-renationalisation Passenger services Annual passenger numbers Stations Inter-city High Speed 1 Intercity Express Programme Proposed High Speed 2 High-speed rolling stock Local metro and other rail systems Goods services Train leasing services Competition codes of practice White paper 2004 Competition Commission Leasing companies (ROSCO) Spot-hire companies Statutory framework Industry bodies Statutory authorities Devolved authorities Network and signalling operations Other national entities Trade unions Regional entities Freight companies Open access and other non-franchised passenger operators 1820s–1840s: Early companies Heritage and private Proposed line re-openings Links with adjacent countries Rail-ferry-rail services See also References Citations Sources External links Content: Contents 1 Historical overview 1.1 Nationalisation 1.2 Privatisation 1.3 Semi-renationalisation 2 Passenger services 2.1 Annual passenger numbers 2.2 Stations 2.3 Inter-city 2.3.1 High Speed 1 2.3.2 Intercity Express Programme 2.3.3 Proposed 2.3.4 High-speed rolling stock 2.4 Local metro and other rail systems 3 Goods services 4 Train leasing services 4.1 Competition codes of practice 4.2 White paper 2004 4.3 Competition Commission 4.4 Leasing companies (ROSCO) 4.5 Spot-hire companies 5 Statutory framework 6 Industry bodies 6.1 Statutory authorities 6.1.1 Devolved authorities 6.2 Network and signalling operations 6.3 Other national entities 6.3.1 Trade unions 6.4 Regional entities 6.5 Freight companies 6.6 Open access and other non-franchised passenger operators 7 1820s–1840s: Early companies 8 Heritage and private 9 Proposed line re-openings 10 Links with adjacent countries 11 Rail-ferry-rail services 12 See also 13 References 13.1 Citations 13.2 Sources 14 External links Historical overview Current railway lines in Ireland, the United Kingdom and the Isle of Man are shown in black, heritage (tourist) lines in green, metro lines in red and former routes in light blue. Rail passengers in Great Britain from 1829 to 2019, showing the early era of small railway companies, the amalgamation into the " Big Four ", nationalisation and finally the current era of privatisation Main article: History of rail transport in Great Britain According to historians David Brandon and Alan Brooke, the railways brought into being our modern world: They stimulated demand for building materials, coal, iron and, later, steel. Excelling in the bulk movement of coal, they provided the fuel for the furnaces of industry and for domestic fireplaces. Millions of people were able to travel who had scarcely ever travelled before. Railways enabled mail, newspapers, periodicals and cheap literature to be distributed easily, quickly and cheaply allowing a much wider and faster dissemination of ideas and information. They had a significant impact on improving diet.... [and enabled] a proportionately smaller agricultural industry was able to feed a much larger urban population....They employed huge quantities of labour both directly and indirectly. They helped Britain to become the ‘Workshop of the World’ by reducing transport costs not only of raw materials but of finished goods, large amounts of which were exported.... [T]oday’s global corporations originated with the great limited liability railway companies....By the third quarter of the nineteenth century, there was scarcely any person living in Britain whose life had not been altered in some way by the coming of the railways.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Great_Britain
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1450636999#9_1633081322
Title: Rail transport in Great Britain - Wikipedia Headings: Rail transport in Great Britain Rail transport in Great Britain Contents Historical overview Nationalisation Privatisation Semi-renationalisation Passenger services Annual passenger numbers Stations Inter-city High Speed 1 Intercity Express Programme Proposed High Speed 2 High-speed rolling stock Local metro and other rail systems Goods services Train leasing services Competition codes of practice White paper 2004 Competition Commission Leasing companies (ROSCO) Spot-hire companies Statutory framework Industry bodies Statutory authorities Devolved authorities Network and signalling operations Other national entities Trade unions Regional entities Freight companies Open access and other non-franchised passenger operators 1820s–1840s: Early companies Heritage and private Proposed line re-openings Links with adjacent countries Rail-ferry-rail services See also References Citations Sources External links Content: The growth in road transport during the 1920s and 1930s greatly reduced revenue for the rail companies. Rail companies accused the government of favouring road haulage through the subsidised construction of roads. The railways entered a slow decline owing to a lack of investment and changes in transport policy and lifestyles. During the Second World War the companies' managements joined together, effectively forming one company. A maintenance backlog developed during the war and the private sector only had two years to deal with this after the war ended. After 1945, for both practical and ideological reasons, the government decided to bring the rail service into the public sector . Nationalisation Main article: History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948–1994 From the start of 1948, the "big four" were nationalised to form British Railways (latterly British Rail) under the control of the British Transport Commission. Although BR was a single entity, it was divided into six (later five) regional authorities in accordance with the existing areas of operation. Though there were few initial changes to the service, usage increased and the network became profitable.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Great_Britain
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1450636999#10_1633083730
Title: Rail transport in Great Britain - Wikipedia Headings: Rail transport in Great Britain Rail transport in Great Britain Contents Historical overview Nationalisation Privatisation Semi-renationalisation Passenger services Annual passenger numbers Stations Inter-city High Speed 1 Intercity Express Programme Proposed High Speed 2 High-speed rolling stock Local metro and other rail systems Goods services Train leasing services Competition codes of practice White paper 2004 Competition Commission Leasing companies (ROSCO) Spot-hire companies Statutory framework Industry bodies Statutory authorities Devolved authorities Network and signalling operations Other national entities Trade unions Regional entities Freight companies Open access and other non-franchised passenger operators 1820s–1840s: Early companies Heritage and private Proposed line re-openings Links with adjacent countries Rail-ferry-rail services See also References Citations Sources External links Content: After 1945, for both practical and ideological reasons, the government decided to bring the rail service into the public sector . Nationalisation Main article: History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948–1994 From the start of 1948, the "big four" were nationalised to form British Railways (latterly British Rail) under the control of the British Transport Commission. Although BR was a single entity, it was divided into six (later five) regional authorities in accordance with the existing areas of operation. Though there were few initial changes to the service, usage increased and the network became profitable. Regeneration of track and railway stations was completed by 1954. In the same year, changes to the British Transport Commission, including the privatisation of road haulage, ended the coordination of transport in Great Britain. Rail revenue fell and in 1955 the network again ceased to be profitable. The mid-1950s saw the rapid introduction of diesel and electric rolling stock, but the expected transfer bac
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Great_Britain
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1450838101#0_1633180293
Title: Rail transport in Ireland - Wikipedia Headings: Rail transport in Ireland Rail transport in Ireland Contents History Rolling stock Locomotives Multiple units Iarnród Éireann railcars Iarnród Éireann commuter railcars NIR railcars Coaching stock Mark 4 carriages Enterprise services Previous stock Passenger services Republic of Ireland InterCity routes Dublin to Cork Dublin to Limerick Dublin to Galway Dublin to Tralee Dublin to Waterford Dublin to Westport/Ballina Dublin to Gorey/Rosslare Europort Dublin to Sligo Cork to Tralee Limerick to Waterford Limerick–Ennis–Galway Republic of Ireland commuter routes Dublin Suburban Rail Mallow to Cork Cóbh to Cork Midleton to Cork Galway to Athenry Limerick to Ennis Limerick to Nenagh and Ballybrophy Waterford to Rosslare (closed) Northern Ireland routes Belfast suburban Belfast to Derry Coleraine to Portrush Belfast to Larne Harbour Cross-border routes Belfast–Dublin and Dublin–Belfast Freight Rail interest groups and museums Heritage rail operators Heritage rail bodies Heritage railways Interest and record groups Museums Rail stock as premises Former heritage railways and interest groups Heritage railways Other organisations Planned and potential developments Routes Western Rail Corridor Heavy rail to Navan DART and DART Underground Foynes Port Dublin Metro Luas Northern Ireland Railways West Clare Railway HSL Ireland Station changes Rolling stock See also References External links Content: Rail transport in Ireland - Wikipedia Rail transport in Ireland From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Transport Infrastructure Ireland An Iarnród Éireann 22000 Class DMU at Drogheda MacBride station Operation Major operators Iarnród Éireann & NIR Statistics Ridership 50 million (Republic of Ireland, 2019) 15 million (Northern Ireland, 2017) System length Total 2,733 km (1,698 mi) Electrified 53 km (33 mi) Freight only 362 km (225 mi) Track gauge Main 1,600 mm ( 5 ft 3 in) Electrification 1500 V DC DART in Dublin Features No. stations 147 Map Active railways in Ireland, with locations of major airports and ports in proximity to rail lines Rail transport in Ireland (InterCity, commuter and freight) is provided by Iarnród Éireann in the Republic of Ireland and by Northern Ireland Railways in Northern Ireland . Most routes in the Republic radiate from Dublin. Northern Ireland has suburban routes from Belfast and two main InterCity lines, to Derry and cross- border to Dublin. The accompanying map of the current railway network shows lines that are fully operational (in red), carrying freight only traffic (in black) and with dotted black lines those which have been "mothballed" (i.e. closed to traffic but potentially easy to re-open). Some airports are indicated but none are rail-connected, although Kerry Airport and Belfast City Airport are within walking distance of a railway station. Both the City of Derry Airport and Belfast International (Aldergrove) are near railway lines but not connected. Ports are marked, although few remain rail-connected. Larne Harbour, Belview Port and Rosslare Europort are ports that are still connected. Ireland's only light rail service, named Luas, is in Dublin.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Ireland
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1450838101#6_1633202169
Title: Rail transport in Ireland - Wikipedia Headings: Rail transport in Ireland Rail transport in Ireland Contents History Rolling stock Locomotives Multiple units Iarnród Éireann railcars Iarnród Éireann commuter railcars NIR railcars Coaching stock Mark 4 carriages Enterprise services Previous stock Passenger services Republic of Ireland InterCity routes Dublin to Cork Dublin to Limerick Dublin to Galway Dublin to Tralee Dublin to Waterford Dublin to Westport/Ballina Dublin to Gorey/Rosslare Europort Dublin to Sligo Cork to Tralee Limerick to Waterford Limerick–Ennis–Galway Republic of Ireland commuter routes Dublin Suburban Rail Mallow to Cork Cóbh to Cork Midleton to Cork Galway to Athenry Limerick to Ennis Limerick to Nenagh and Ballybrophy Waterford to Rosslare (closed) Northern Ireland routes Belfast suburban Belfast to Derry Coleraine to Portrush Belfast to Larne Harbour Cross-border routes Belfast–Dublin and Dublin–Belfast Freight Rail interest groups and museums Heritage rail operators Heritage rail bodies Heritage railways Interest and record groups Museums Rail stock as premises Former heritage railways and interest groups Heritage railways Other organisations Planned and potential developments Routes Western Rail Corridor Heavy rail to Navan DART and DART Underground Foynes Port Dublin Metro Luas Northern Ireland Railways West Clare Railway HSL Ireland Station changes Rolling stock See also References External links Content: They were again supplied by General Motors Electro-Motive Division. IÉ designated their locomotives the GM 201 class; numbered 201 to 234 (the NIR locomotives were later prefixed with an 8). These locomotives are the most powerful diesels to run in Ireland, and are of 3200 horsepower (2.5 MW), which enabled further acceleration of express services. The NIR locomotives, although shipped in NIR livery, were repainted in 'Enterprise' livery, as were six of the IÉ locomotives. The 071 class are now used on freight services. NIR's three similar locomotives are numbered 111, 112 and 113. There is seldom more than one of these serviceable at a time. Multiple units Main article: Multiple Units of Ireland NIR and IÉ both run suburban services using diesel multiple units (DMUs) – these are termed railcars in Ireland (see rail terminology ).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Ireland
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1450838101#7_1633204789
Title: Rail transport in Ireland - Wikipedia Headings: Rail transport in Ireland Rail transport in Ireland Contents History Rolling stock Locomotives Multiple units Iarnród Éireann railcars Iarnród Éireann commuter railcars NIR railcars Coaching stock Mark 4 carriages Enterprise services Previous stock Passenger services Republic of Ireland InterCity routes Dublin to Cork Dublin to Limerick Dublin to Galway Dublin to Tralee Dublin to Waterford Dublin to Westport/Ballina Dublin to Gorey/Rosslare Europort Dublin to Sligo Cork to Tralee Limerick to Waterford Limerick–Ennis–Galway Republic of Ireland commuter routes Dublin Suburban Rail Mallow to Cork Cóbh to Cork Midleton to Cork Galway to Athenry Limerick to Ennis Limerick to Nenagh and Ballybrophy Waterford to Rosslare (closed) Northern Ireland routes Belfast suburban Belfast to Derry Coleraine to Portrush Belfast to Larne Harbour Cross-border routes Belfast–Dublin and Dublin–Belfast Freight Rail interest groups and museums Heritage rail operators Heritage rail bodies Heritage railways Interest and record groups Museums Rail stock as premises Former heritage railways and interest groups Heritage railways Other organisations Planned and potential developments Routes Western Rail Corridor Heavy rail to Navan DART and DART Underground Foynes Port Dublin Metro Luas Northern Ireland Railways West Clare Railway HSL Ireland Station changes Rolling stock See also References External links Content: The 071 class are now used on freight services. NIR's three similar locomotives are numbered 111, 112 and 113. There is seldom more than one of these serviceable at a time. Multiple units Main article: Multiple Units of Ireland NIR and IÉ both run suburban services using diesel multiple units (DMUs) – these are termed railcars in Ireland (see rail terminology ). Iarnród Éireann railcars Class Image Type Top speed Number Routes operated Built mph km/h 2600 Class Diesel multiple unit 70 110 8 Mallow–Cork–Cóbh Mallow–Tralee (Sundays only) Cóbh–Midleton 1993 2800 Class 75 120 8 Limerick–Waterford Limerick shuttle Limerick–Ennis Limerick–Galway Mallow–Tralee Ballina–Manulla Junction 2000 29000 Class 75 120 29 Dublin–Maynooth Dublin–Drogheda/Dundalk Dublin–M3 Parkway Dublin–Maynooth/Longford Dublin–Rosslare Europort 2002–2005 22000 Class 100 160 28 3-car 25 4-car 10 5-car sets Dublin–Newbridge/Kildare/Port Laoise Dublin–Cork Dublin–Maynooth/M3 Parkway/Longford/Sligo Dublin–Rosslare/Galway/Westport Dublin–Dundalk Limerick shuttle Tralee shuttle 2007–2012 IÉ DMUs operate all InterCity services apart from Dublin to Cork and Dublin to Belfast (one service per week from Dublin Connolly to Belfast and back is Railcar). Iarnród Éireann 22000 Class InterCity Railcars There are 234 22000 Class carriages in total, being formed into the following sets: Ten 5-car sets – Each set includes a 1st Class Carriage and a Dining Carriage. They are used on key InterCity services between Dublin and Limerick, Galway, Waterford, Westport and Tralee. Twenty-five 4-car sets – These mostly operate on their own or with a 3-car unit.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Ireland
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1450838101#8_1633208398
Title: Rail transport in Ireland - Wikipedia Headings: Rail transport in Ireland Rail transport in Ireland Contents History Rolling stock Locomotives Multiple units Iarnród Éireann railcars Iarnród Éireann commuter railcars NIR railcars Coaching stock Mark 4 carriages Enterprise services Previous stock Passenger services Republic of Ireland InterCity routes Dublin to Cork Dublin to Limerick Dublin to Galway Dublin to Tralee Dublin to Waterford Dublin to Westport/Ballina Dublin to Gorey/Rosslare Europort Dublin to Sligo Cork to Tralee Limerick to Waterford Limerick–Ennis–Galway Republic of Ireland commuter routes Dublin Suburban Rail Mallow to Cork Cóbh to Cork Midleton to Cork Galway to Athenry Limerick to Ennis Limerick to Nenagh and Ballybrophy Waterford to Rosslare (closed) Northern Ireland routes Belfast suburban Belfast to Derry Coleraine to Portrush Belfast to Larne Harbour Cross-border routes Belfast–Dublin and Dublin–Belfast Freight Rail interest groups and museums Heritage rail operators Heritage rail bodies Heritage railways Interest and record groups Museums Rail stock as premises Former heritage railways and interest groups Heritage railways Other organisations Planned and potential developments Routes Western Rail Corridor Heavy rail to Navan DART and DART Underground Foynes Port Dublin Metro Luas Northern Ireland Railways West Clare Railway HSL Ireland Station changes Rolling stock See also References External links Content: Iarnród Éireann railcars Class Image Type Top speed Number Routes operated Built mph km/h 2600 Class Diesel multiple unit 70 110 8 Mallow–Cork–Cóbh Mallow–Tralee (Sundays only) Cóbh–Midleton 1993 2800 Class 75 120 8 Limerick–Waterford Limerick shuttle Limerick–Ennis Limerick–Galway Mallow–Tralee Ballina–Manulla Junction 2000 29000 Class 75 120 29 Dublin–Maynooth Dublin–Drogheda/Dundalk Dublin–M3 Parkway Dublin–Maynooth/Longford Dublin–Rosslare Europort 2002–2005 22000 Class 100 160 28 3-car 25 4-car 10 5-car sets Dublin–Newbridge/Kildare/Port Laoise Dublin–Cork Dublin–Maynooth/M3 Parkway/Longford/Sligo Dublin–Rosslare/Galway/Westport Dublin–Dundalk Limerick shuttle Tralee shuttle 2007–2012 IÉ DMUs operate all InterCity services apart from Dublin to Cork and Dublin to Belfast (one service per week from Dublin Connolly to Belfast and back is Railcar). Iarnród Éireann 22000 Class InterCity Railcars There are 234 22000 Class carriages in total, being formed into the following sets: Ten 5-car sets – Each set includes a 1st Class Carriage and a Dining Carriage. They are used on key InterCity services between Dublin and Limerick, Galway, Waterford, Westport and Tralee. Twenty-five 4-car sets – These mostly operate on their own or with a 3-car unit. They serve lesser-used InterCity services and most Dublin to Sligo and Rosslare services. Twenty-eight 3-car sets – These mostly operate in pairs. They serve lesser-used InterCity services and many Dublin Commuter services. Features of the InterCity Railcar fleet include: Automatic PA and information display systems Electronic seat reservation displays for web bookings Fully air-conditioned Internal CCTV system Sleek carriage design Advanced safety features throughout Iarnród Éireann commuter railcars IÉ introduced 17 new suburban railcars in 1994 as the 2600 Class (built by Tokyu Car, Japan) for the Kildare 'Arrow' suburban service.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Ireland
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1450838101#9_1633212299
Title: Rail transport in Ireland - Wikipedia Headings: Rail transport in Ireland Rail transport in Ireland Contents History Rolling stock Locomotives Multiple units Iarnród Éireann railcars Iarnród Éireann commuter railcars NIR railcars Coaching stock Mark 4 carriages Enterprise services Previous stock Passenger services Republic of Ireland InterCity routes Dublin to Cork Dublin to Limerick Dublin to Galway Dublin to Tralee Dublin to Waterford Dublin to Westport/Ballina Dublin to Gorey/Rosslare Europort Dublin to Sligo Cork to Tralee Limerick to Waterford Limerick–Ennis–Galway Republic of Ireland commuter routes Dublin Suburban Rail Mallow to Cork Cóbh to Cork Midleton to Cork Galway to Athenry Limerick to Ennis Limerick to Nenagh and Ballybrophy Waterford to Rosslare (closed) Northern Ireland routes Belfast suburban Belfast to Derry Coleraine to Portrush Belfast to Larne Harbour Cross-border routes Belfast–Dublin and Dublin–Belfast Freight Rail interest groups and museums Heritage rail operators Heritage rail bodies Heritage railways Interest and record groups Museums Rail stock as premises Former heritage railways and interest groups Heritage railways Other organisations Planned and potential developments Routes Western Rail Corridor Heavy rail to Navan DART and DART Underground Foynes Port Dublin Metro Luas Northern Ireland Railways West Clare Railway HSL Ireland Station changes Rolling stock See also References External links Content: They serve lesser-used InterCity services and most Dublin to Sligo and Rosslare services. Twenty-eight 3-car sets – These mostly operate in pairs. They serve lesser-used InterCity services and many Dublin Commuter services. Features of the InterCity Railcar fleet include: Automatic PA and information display systems Electronic seat reservation displays for web bookings Fully air-conditioned Internal CCTV system Sleek carriage design Advanced safety features throughout Iarnród Éireann commuter railcars IÉ introduced 17 new suburban railcars in 1994 as the 2600 Class (built by Tokyu Car, Japan) for the Kildare 'Arrow' suburban service. Further additions to the fleet were made in 1997 (twenty-seven 2700 Class, Alstom built, now withdrawn), 2000 (twenty 2800 Class, Tokyu Car built) and 2003 (eighty 29000 class, CAF built). When the 29000 Class was introduced all Irish railcars were re-branded from 'Arrow' to 'Commuter'. A further nine 4-car 29000 Class trainsets arrived in 2005. NIR railcars NIR replaced their ageing DMUs with Class 3000 and Class 4000 regional railcars built by CAF, which arrived in 2005 and 2011, respectively. Coaching stock Main article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Ireland
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1452460679#7_1634779335
Title: Railway electrification in Great Britain - Wikipedia Headings: Railway electrification in Great Britain Railway electrification in Great Britain Contents History Early electrification Post-war Twenty-first century Future of third rail Existing systems – overhead line (OHL) National Rail: 25 kV, 50 Hz AC overhead Existing Great Western Main Line West Coast Main Line Midland Main Line High Speed 1 East Coast Main Line West Anglia / Fen Line Great Eastern Main Line London, Tilbury and Southend line London Overground West Midlands Manchester and North West area Leeds area Edinburgh Central Scotland Glasgow Suburban 2010s Network Rail electrification programme Other systems 1,500 V DC, overhead 750 V DC, overhead Other overhead systems Existing systems - third and fourth rails National Rail: 650 V - 750 V DC, third rail (top contact) Southern Electric Merseyrail London Overground Northern City Line 660 V DC, third rail (top contact) Island Line (Isle of Wight) 630 V DC, fourth rail (top contact) London Underground 750 V DC, third rail (bottom contact) Docklands Light Railway 600 V DC, third rail (top contact) 250 V DC, third rail (top contact) 110 V DC, third rail (top contact) 100 V DC, four rail Obsolete systems 6,600 V, 25 Hz AC, overhead 6,250 V 50 Hz AC, overhead London, Tilbury and Southend Lines Great Eastern Lines Glasgow Suburban network 3,500 V DC, overhead Bury to Holcombe Brook 1,500 V DC, overhead (historic) Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway Manchester – Sheffield – Wath Shenfield Metro Shildon to Newport 1,200 V DC, third rail (side-contact) Manchester Victoria - Bury 650 V DC, overhead 600 V DC, third rail Tyneside Electrics 525 V DC, third rail Liverpool Overhead Railway 500 V DC, overhead 500 V DC, third rail City and South London Railway 440 V DC, third rail Post Office Railway See also References Further reading 525 V DC, third rail 630 V DC, fourth rail 650 V DC, third rail 750 V DC, third rail 1,500 V DC, overhead 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC, overhead 25 kV 50 Hz AC, overhead External links Content: Since then there have been regular updates including one published in October 2016. On 20 July 2017 Chris Grayling the Secretary of State for Transport cancelled a number of electrification projects citing disruptive works and use of bi-mode technology as an alternative. In June 2018, Electrification has not been without controversy with cancellations and various appearances of the Secretary of State for Transport called before the Transport Select Committee. The Transport Select Committee published its report into various matters including regional investment disparity on the railways and calling again for the reinstatement of various cancelled electrification schemes. A written question was submitted and answered in parliament regarding route miles electrified in the years 1997–2019. In March 2019 the Railway Industry Association published a paper on Electrification cost challenge suggesting ways forward and a rolling program of electrification. Future of third rail See also: Electric Spine In June 2011 Peter Dearman of Network Rail suggested that the third-rail network will need to be converted into overhead lines. He stated: " Although the top speed is 100 mph, the trains cannot go over 80 mph well and 25% of power is lost from heat."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Great_Britain
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1452624087#0_1634873087
Title: Railway nationalization - Wikipedia Headings: Railway nationalization Railway nationalization Contents Russia Argentina Canada France Germany India Ireland Italy Japan Spain United Kingdom Privatisation Northern Ireland United States See also References Content: Railway nationalization - Wikipedia Railway nationalization From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " Railway nationalization" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2007) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Railway nationalization is the act of taking rail transport assets into public ownership. Several countries have at different times nationalized part or all of their railway system. More recently, the international trend has been towards privatization. In some areas, notably Great Britain, resultant problems with track maintenance have led back to a more mixed solution, with a nationalised infrastructure operator but privately run train operating companies. National characteristics influenced the structures under which countries' rail networks developed. Some national railways were always under direct State management, some were State-planned but privately operated (as in France, others were wholly private enterprises lightly regulated (as in Great Britain, Ireland and Spain).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_nationalization
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1452624087#13_1634895648
Title: Railway nationalization - Wikipedia Headings: Railway nationalization Railway nationalization Contents Russia Argentina Canada France Germany India Ireland Italy Japan Spain United Kingdom Privatisation Northern Ireland United States See also References Content: They were heavily damaged by enemy attacks and were run down aiding the war effort, as well as still suffering financially from the Great Depression even with it mostly ending before the war. After the war, the Transport Act 1947 provided for nationalizing the four major railways. On January 1, 1948, the railways were nationalized and British Railways was created, under the overall management of the British Transport Commission, later the British Railways Board . Privatisation Main article: Impact of the privatisation of British Rail British Rail was privatised between 1994 and 1997, involving the transfer to a series of private-sector operators of responsibility for the provision of services under contract. In all, more than 100 companies took over from British Rail. In 2001 the track operator Railtrack went bankrupt; it was reconstituted and renamed as Network Rail, a private company with no legal owner but effectively government-controlled via its constitution and financing. The United Kingdom government continues to invest in the railways, financing, for example, the acquisition of some InterCity rolling stock. The positive impact of privatization is disputed, with passengers numbers more than doubling (see graph) and increasing customer satisfaction balanced with worries about the level of rail subsidies and criticism of the fact that much of the system is now contracted out to subsidiaries owned by the state owned railways of France, Germany and the Netherlands.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_nationalization
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1452624087#14_1634897608
Title: Railway nationalization - Wikipedia Headings: Railway nationalization Railway nationalization Contents Russia Argentina Canada France Germany India Ireland Italy Japan Spain United Kingdom Privatisation Northern Ireland United States See also References Content: In all, more than 100 companies took over from British Rail. In 2001 the track operator Railtrack went bankrupt; it was reconstituted and renamed as Network Rail, a private company with no legal owner but effectively government-controlled via its constitution and financing. The United Kingdom government continues to invest in the railways, financing, for example, the acquisition of some InterCity rolling stock. The positive impact of privatization is disputed, with passengers numbers more than doubling (see graph) and increasing customer satisfaction balanced with worries about the level of rail subsidies and criticism of the fact that much of the system is now contracted out to subsidiaries owned by the state owned railways of France, Germany and the Netherlands. Only 20% of Southern trains arrived on time in the year from April 2015 to March 2016, and there was an ongoing industrial dispute over driver-only operated trains. In June 2016, amongst criticism of the performance of its services, Go-Ahead warned of lower than anticipated profits on its Govia Thameslink Railway franchises, leading to 18% drop in the Go-Ahead share price. Northern Ireland Railways in Nort
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_nationalization
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1463335313#8_1646412735
Title: Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama - Wikipedia Headings: Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama Contents Plot Introduction The exile of Rama Life in the forest The abduction of Sita The search for Sita The journey to Lanka The battle The Battle between Rama and Ravana Rama and Sita reunited Voice cast Original English version Hindi Dub Version English Dub Version (Prince of Light) Production Controversies Soundtrack English Version Soundtrack (Sanskrit) Hindi Version Soundtrack (Hindi) References External links Content: The three head to the kingdom of Mithila where there is an opportunity to marry the beautiful princess Sita. Rama and Sita create a love at first sight. In the swayamvara, to win Sita's hand in marriage, the participant (the kings) must lift up a divine bow, but only a humble and compassionate man will be able to lift it. Many kings came close to lifting it but failed. Then Rama steps up and lifts the bow. However he struggles but with Sita's prayers he lifts it and marries Sita. They live for many years in peace and love. The exile of Rama After many years, Rama grows older. King Dasharath then gives an announcement that he wants to step down from the throne. He announces Rama to be the king which Rama gladly accepts.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana:_The_Legend_of_Prince_Rama
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1466736318#6_1650526091
Title: Ranchos of California - Wikipedia Headings: Ranchos of California Ranchos of California Contents Spanish era Mexican era Secularization Ownership American era Gold Rush Land claims Disintegration Legacy Notes and references Further reading External links Content: The 1824 Mexican Colony Law established rules for petitioning for land grants in California; and by 1828, the rules for establishing land grants were codified in the Mexican Reglamento (Regulation). The Acts sought to break the land monopoly of the missions and also paved the way for luring additional settlers to California by making land grants easier to obtain. The Mexican Governors of Alta California gained the power to grant state lands, and many of the Spanish concessions were subsequently patented under Mexican law—frequently to local "friends" of the governor. The John Marsh stone house on his Rancho Los Meganos near Brentwood, California was built in 1856. The house, which replaced the original adobe on the rancho, still stands and is now part of Marsh Creek State Park (California). Secularization Soldiers, rancheros, farmers, and those in power coveted the rich coastal lands that the missions controlled. The Mexican government was also fearful about the missions which remained loyal to the Pope and the Catholic Church in Spain. In August 1833, the government secularized all of the missions and their valuable lands, about 1,000,000 acres (400,000 ha) per mission. The Mexican government allowed the padres to keep only the church, priest's quarters, and priest's garden.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchos_of_California
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1466736318#7_1650527855
Title: Ranchos of California - Wikipedia Headings: Ranchos of California Ranchos of California Contents Spanish era Mexican era Secularization Ownership American era Gold Rush Land claims Disintegration Legacy Notes and references Further reading External links Content: The house, which replaced the original adobe on the rancho, still stands and is now part of Marsh Creek State Park (California). Secularization Soldiers, rancheros, farmers, and those in power coveted the rich coastal lands that the missions controlled. The Mexican government was also fearful about the missions which remained loyal to the Pope and the Catholic Church in Spain. In August 1833, the government secularized all of the missions and their valuable lands, about 1,000,000 acres (400,000 ha) per mission. The Mexican government allowed the padres to keep only the church, priest's quarters, and priest's garden. The army troops guarding each Mission were dismissed. The government stipulated that one half the mission lands and property was to be given to neophytes in grants of 33 acres (13 ha) of arable land along with land "in common" sufficient "to pasture their stock." A board of magistrates was to oversee the mission's crops and herds, while the land was to be divided into communal pasture, a town plot, and individual plots intended for each Indian family. In addition, one half of the herds were to be divided proportionately among the neophyte families. But this purpose was never accomplished.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchos_of_California
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1471330802#0_1655596587
Title: Range Rover Sport - Wikipedia Headings: Range Rover Sport Range Rover Sport Contents Range Stormer concept First generation (L320; 2005–2013) Chassis Powertrain Suspension Terrain Response Driving technologies Safety Security Facelift (2009) Facelift (2012) Controversy Second generation (L494; 2013–present) Design SVR (2015 Pre-Facelift) SVR (2018 Facelift) Facelift Worldwide sales References External links Content: Range Rover Sport - Wikipedia Range Rover Sport From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Motor vehicle Land Rover Range Rover Sport 2015 Range Rover Sport HSE Overview Manufacturer Land Rover Ltd. (2005–2012) Jaguar Land Rover (2013-present) Production 2005–present Assembly Land Rover's Solihull plant, United Kingdom Designer Gerry McGovern Body and chassis Class Mid-size luxury SUV Body style 5-door SUV Layout Front-engine, four-wheel-drive The Land Rover Range Rover Sport (generally known simply as the Range Rover Sport) is a British mid-size luxury SUV made by Land Rover. The first generation (codename: L320) started production in 2005, and was replaced by the second generation Sport (codename: L494) in 2013. Contents 1 Range Stormer concept 2 First generation (L320; 2005–2013) 2.1 Chassis 2.2 Powertrain 2.3 Suspension 2.3.1 Terrain Response 2.4 Driving technologies 2.5 Safety 2.6 Security 2.7 Facelift (2009) 2.8 Facelift (2012) 2.9 Controversy 3 Second generation (L494; 2013–present) 3.1 Design 3.2 SVR (2015 Pre-Facelift) 3.3 SVR (2018 Facelift) 3.4 Facelift 4 Worldwide sales 5 References 6 External links Range Stormer concept Range Stormer concept displayed in the BMM, Gaydon Rear Interior The Range Rover Sport was prefigured by the Range Stormer concept car, introduced at the 2004 North American International Auto Show . This was a low-slung, short wheelbase 3-door coupè that was unusually "sporty" in the context of Land Rover's history. Designed by Richard Woolley, the marque's first complete concept car sported split-folding gullwing doors, one-piece skeletal seats, a "clamshell" hood, 22 inch alloys, a 289 km/h (180 mph) top speed, 4WD and a 2,500 kg (5,512 lb) weight. The Range Rover Sport was comparably of much more conservative design featuring five doors and a wheelbase hardly shorter than that of the Range Rover Vogue.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_Rover_Sport
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1482377885#0_1668356965
Title: Rational emotive behavior therapy - Wikipedia Headings: Rational emotive behavior therapy Rational emotive behavior therapy Contents History Theoretical assumptions Beliefs about circumstances, and disputing the beliefs Psychological dysfunction Core beliefs that disturb humans Rigid demands that humans make Over-generalization Secondary disturbances Origins of dysfunction Irrational beliefs Other insights Intervention Applications and interfaces Efficacy Limitations and critique Mental wellness References Further reading External links Content: Rational emotive behavior therapy - Wikipedia Rational emotive behavior therapy From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " Rational emotive behavior therapy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Rational emotive behavior therapy MeSH D011617 [ edit on Wikidata] Part of a series on Psychology Outline History Subfields Basic types Abnormal Behavioral genetics Biological Cognitive / Cognitivism Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Differential Developmental Evolutionary Experimental Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Quantitative Social Applied psychology Applied behavior analysis Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Environmental Ergonomics Forensic Health Humanistic Industrial and organizational Legal Medical Military Music Occupational health Political Religion School Sport Traffic Lists Disciplines Organizations Psychologists Psychotherapies Publications Research methods Theories Timeline Topics Psychology portal v t e Rational emotive behavior therapy ( REBT ), previously called rational therapy and rational emotive therapy, is an active-directive, philosophically and empirically based psychotherapy, the aim of which is to resolve emotional and behavioral problems and disturbances and to help people to lead happier and more fulfilling lives. REBT posits that people have erroneous beliefs about situations they are involved in, and that these beliefs cause disturbance, but can be disputed with and changed. Contents 1 History 2 Theoretical assumptions 3 Beliefs about circumstances, and disputing the beliefs 4 Psychological dysfunction 4.1 Core beliefs that disturb humans 4.2 Rigid demands that humans make 4.3 Over-generalization 4.4 Secondary disturbances 5 Origins of dysfunction 6 Irrational beliefs 7 Other insights 8 Intervention 9 Applications and interfaces 10 Efficacy 11 Limitations and critique 12 Mental wellness 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links History Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) was created and developed by the American psychotherapist and psychologist Albert Ellis, who was inspired by many of the teachings of Asian, Greek, Roman and modern philosophers. REBT is the first form of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and was first expounded by Ellis in the mid-1950s; development continued until his death in 2007. Ellis became synonymous with the highly influential therapy.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1482377885#1_1668360538
Title: Rational emotive behavior therapy - Wikipedia Headings: Rational emotive behavior therapy Rational emotive behavior therapy Contents History Theoretical assumptions Beliefs about circumstances, and disputing the beliefs Psychological dysfunction Core beliefs that disturb humans Rigid demands that humans make Over-generalization Secondary disturbances Origins of dysfunction Irrational beliefs Other insights Intervention Applications and interfaces Efficacy Limitations and critique Mental wellness References Further reading External links Content: REBT posits that people have erroneous beliefs about situations they are involved in, and that these beliefs cause disturbance, but can be disputed with and changed. Contents 1 History 2 Theoretical assumptions 3 Beliefs about circumstances, and disputing the beliefs 4 Psychological dysfunction 4.1 Core beliefs that disturb humans 4.2 Rigid demands that humans make 4.3 Over-generalization 4.4 Secondary disturbances 5 Origins of dysfunction 6 Irrational beliefs 7 Other insights 8 Intervention 9 Applications and interfaces 10 Efficacy 11 Limitations and critique 12 Mental wellness 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links History Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) was created and developed by the American psychotherapist and psychologist Albert Ellis, who was inspired by many of the teachings of Asian, Greek, Roman and modern philosophers. REBT is the first form of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and was first expounded by Ellis in the mid-1950s; development continued until his death in 2007. Ellis became synonymous with the highly influential therapy. Psychology Today noted, "No individual—not even Freud himself—has had a greater impact on modern psychotherapy." REBT is both a psychotherapeutic system of theory and practices and a school of thought established by Ellis. He first presented his ideas at a conference of the American Psychological Association in 1956 then published a seminal article in 1957 entitled "Rational psychotherapy and individual psychology", in which he set the foundation for what he was calling rational therapy (RT) and carefully responded to questions from Rudolf Dreikurs and others about the similarities and differences with Alfred Adler 's individual psychology. This was around a decade before psychiatrist Aaron Beck first set forth his " cognitive therapy ", after Ellis had contacted him in the mid 1960s. Ellis' own approach was renamed Rational Emotive Therapy in 1959, then the current term in 1992.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1482377885#7_1668378164
Title: Rational emotive behavior therapy - Wikipedia Headings: Rational emotive behavior therapy Rational emotive behavior therapy Contents History Theoretical assumptions Beliefs about circumstances, and disputing the beliefs Psychological dysfunction Core beliefs that disturb humans Rigid demands that humans make Over-generalization Secondary disturbances Origins of dysfunction Irrational beliefs Other insights Intervention Applications and interfaces Efficacy Limitations and critique Mental wellness References Further reading External links Content: The B s, irrational beliefs that are most important in the A-B-C model are explicit and implicit philosophical meanings and assumptions about events, personal desires, and preferences. The B s, b eliefs that are most significant are highly evaluative and consist of interrelated and integrated cognitive, emotional and behavioral aspects and dimensions. According to REBT, if a person's evaluative B, b elief about the A, a ctivating event is rigid, absolutistic, fictional and dysfunctional, the C, the emotional and behavioral c onsequence, is likely to be self-defeating and destructive. Alternatively, if a person's belief is preferential, flexible and constructive, the C, the emotional and behavioral c onsequence is likely to be self-helping and constructive. Through REBT, by understanding the role of their mediating, evaluative and philosophically based illogical, unrealistic and self-defeating meanings, interpretations and assumptions in disturbance, individuals can learn to identify them, then go to D, d isputing and questioning the evidence for them. At E, e ffective new philosophy, they can recognize and reinforce the notion no evidence exists for any psychopathological must, ought or should and distinguish them from healthy constructs, and subscribe to more constructive and self-helping philosophies. This new reasonable perspective leads to F, new f eelings and behaviors appropriate to the A they are addressing in the exercise. Psychological dysfunction One of the main pillars of REBT is that irrational and dysfunctional ways and patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving are contributing to human disturbance and emotional and behavioral self-defeatism and social defeatism. REBT generally teaches that when people turn flexible preferences, desires and wishes into grandiose, absolutistic and fatalistic dictates, this tends to contribute to disturbance and upset. These dysfunctional patterns are examples of cognitiv
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1482472873#5_1668462657
Title: Rational irrationality - Wikipedia Headings: Rational irrationality Rational irrationality Contents Theory Two types of rationality, and preferences over beliefs Rational irrationality versus doublethink Sources of preferences over beliefs Religion Politics Rational irrationality in individual political beliefs Rational irrationality and systemic biases Implications for the outcomes of democracy Competing and opposing theories of democracy and politics Rational ignorance and public choice theory Expressive voting Wittman's theory of democratic success See also References Content: Self-interested bias is complicated by the fact that people may identify with groups to which they do not belong, but feel good about assuming that identity. Beliefs as self-image constructors: People prefer to hold beliefs that best fit with the images of themselves that they want to adopt and to project. Beliefs as tools of social bonding: People prefer to hold the political beliefs of other people they like and with whom they want to associate. Coherence bias: People are biased towards beliefs that fit well with or reinforce their existing beliefs, regardless of those beliefs' degree of coherence with reality. Religion Many of the claims of religions are not easily verifiable in the day-to-day world. There are many competing religious theories about the origins of life, reincarnation, and paradise, but mistaken beliefs about these rarely impose real world costs upon the believers themselves. Thus, it may be instrumentally rational to be epistemically irrational about these matters.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_irrationality
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1497416858#0_1685995715
Title: Real estate - Wikipedia Headings: Real estate Real estate Contents Residential real estate Major categories As an investment See also References External links Content: Real estate - Wikipedia Real estate From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Subset of land that has been legally defined and the improvements to it made by human efforts For the legal concept, see Real property. For other uses, see Real Estate (disambiguation). Property law Part of the common law series Types Real property Personal property Community property Unowned property Acquisition Gift Adverse possession Deed Conquest Discovery Accession Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property Treasure trove Bailment License Alienation Estates in land Allodial title Fee simple Fee tail Life estate Defeasible estate Future interest remainder Concurrent estate Leasehold estate Condominiums Real estate Land tenure Conveyancing Bona fide purchaser Torrens title Strata title Deeds registration Estoppel by deed Quitclaim deed Mortgage Equitable conversion Action to quiet title Escheat Future use control Restraint on alienation Rule against perpetuities Rule in Shelley's Case Doctrine of worthier title Nonpossessory interest Lien Easement Profit Usufruct Covenant Equitable servitude Related topics Fixtures Waste Partition Practicing without a license Property rights Mineral rights Water rights prior appropriation riparian Lateral and subjacent support Assignment Nemo dat Quicquid plantatur Conflict of property laws Blackacre Security deposit Other common law areas Contract law Tort law Wills, trusts and estates Criminal law Evidence Higher category: Law and Common law v t e Real estate is property consisting of land and the buildings on it, along with its natural resources such as crops, minerals or water; immovable property of this nature; an interest vested in this (also) an item of real property, (more generally) buildings or housing in general. Real estate is different from personal property, which is not permanently attached to the land, such as vehicles, boats, jewelry, furniture, tools and the rolling stock of a farm . Contents 1 Residential real estate 2 As an investment 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Residential real estate Residential real estate may contain either a single family or multifamily structure that is available for occupation or for non-business purposes. Residences can be classified by and how they are connected to neighbouring residences and land. Different types of housing tenure can be used for the same physical type.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1497942029#0_1686571402
Title: Real property - Wikipedia Headings: Real property Real property Contents Historical background Characteristics of real property Immobility Externalities Development Supply of Urban Land Identification of real property Estates and ownership interests defined Bundle of Rights Other Ownership types Jurisdictional peculiarities Australia and New Zealand United Kingdom England and Wales United States Economic aspects of real property See also References Further reading Overview of real property The law of real property Analysis of the law of real property Content: Real property - Wikipedia Real property From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is about the legal concept. For the business of selling and leasing real property, see real estate business. Legal term; property consisting of land and the buildings on it This article includes a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( October 2009) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Property law Part of the common law series Types Real property Personal property Community property Unowned property Acquisition Gift Adverse possession Deed Conquest Discovery Accession Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property Treasure trove Bailment License Alienation Estates in land Allodial title Fee simple Fee tail Life estate Defeasible estate Future interest remainder Concurrent estate Leasehold estate Condominiums Real estate Land tenure Conveyancing Bona fide purchaser Torrens title Strata title Deeds registration Estoppel by deed Quitclaim deed Mortgage Equitable conversion Action to quiet title Escheat Future use control Restraint on alienation Rule against perpetuities Rule in Shelley's Case Doctrine of worthier title Nonpossessory interest Lien Easement Profit Usufruct Covenant Equitable servitude Related topics Fixtures Waste Partition Practicing without a license Property rights Mineral rights Water rights prior appropriation riparian Lateral and subjacent support Assignment Nemo dat Quicquid plantatur Conflict of property laws Blackacre Security deposit Other common law areas Contract law Tort law Wills, trusts and estates Criminal law Evidence Higher category: Law and Common law v t e In English common law, real property, real estate, realty, or immovable property is land which is the property of some person and all structures (also called improvements or fixtures) integrated with or affixed to the land, including crops, buildings, machinery, wells, dams, ponds, mines, canals, and roads, among other things. The term is historic, arising from the now-discontinued form of action, which distinguished between real property disputes and personal property disputes. Personal property was, and continues to be, all property that is not real property. In countries with personal ownership of real property, civil law protects the status of real property in real-estate markets, where estate agents work in the market of buying and selling real estate.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_property
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1497942029#1_1686574827
Title: Real property - Wikipedia Headings: Real property Real property Contents Historical background Characteristics of real property Immobility Externalities Development Supply of Urban Land Identification of real property Estates and ownership interests defined Bundle of Rights Other Ownership types Jurisdictional peculiarities Australia and New Zealand United Kingdom England and Wales United States Economic aspects of real property See also References Further reading Overview of real property The law of real property Analysis of the law of real property Content: October 2009) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Property law Part of the common law series Types Real property Personal property Community property Unowned property Acquisition Gift Adverse possession Deed Conquest Discovery Accession Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property Treasure trove Bailment License Alienation Estates in land Allodial title Fee simple Fee tail Life estate Defeasible estate Future interest remainder Concurrent estate Leasehold estate Condominiums Real estate Land tenure Conveyancing Bona fide purchaser Torrens title Strata title Deeds registration Estoppel by deed Quitclaim deed Mortgage Equitable conversion Action to quiet title Escheat Future use control Restraint on alienation Rule against perpetuities Rule in Shelley's Case Doctrine of worthier title Nonpossessory interest Lien Easement Profit Usufruct Covenant Equitable servitude Related topics Fixtures Waste Partition Practicing without a license Property rights Mineral rights Water rights prior appropriation riparian Lateral and subjacent support Assignment Nemo dat Quicquid plantatur Conflict of property laws Blackacre Security deposit Other common law areas Contract law Tort law Wills, trusts and estates Criminal law Evidence Higher category: Law and Common law v t e In English common law, real property, real estate, realty, or immovable property is land which is the property of some person and all structures (also called improvements or fixtures) integrated with or affixed to the land, including crops, buildings, machinery, wells, dams, ponds, mines, canals, and roads, among other things. The term is historic, arising from the now-discontinued form of action, which distinguished between real property disputes and personal property disputes. Personal property was, and continues to be, all property that is not real property. In countries with personal ownership of real property, civil law protects the status of real property in real-estate markets, where estate agents work in the market of buying and selling real estate. Scottish civil law calls real property "heritable property", and in French-based law, it is called immobilier ("immovable property"). Contents 1 Historical background 2 Characteristics of real property 2.1 Immobility 2.1.1 Externalities 2.1.2 Development 2.1.3 Supply of Urban Land 3 Identification of real property 4 Estates and ownership interests defined 4.1 Bundle of Rights 4.2 Other Ownership types 5 Jurisdictional peculiarities 5.1 Australia and New Zealand 5.2 United Kingdom 5.2.1 England and Wales 5.3 United States 6 Economic aspects of real property 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 9.1 Overview of real property 9.2 The law of real property 9.3 Analysis of the law of real property Historical background The word "real" derives from Latin res ("thing"), which was used in Middle English to mean "relating to things, especially real property". In common law, real property was property that could be protected by some form of real action, in contrast to personal property, where a plaintiff would have to resort to another form of action. As a result of this formalist approach, some things the common law deems to be land would not be classified as such by most modern legal systems: for example, an advowson (the right to nominate a priest) was real property.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_property
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1510455522#11_1700619867
Title: Recycling - Wikipedia Headings: Recycling Recycling Contents History Origins Wartime Post-World War II Legislation Supply Government-mandated demand Recyclates Quality of recyclate Quality recyclate action plan (Scotland) Recycling consumer waste Collection Curbside collection Source separation Buy-back centers Drop-off centers Distributed recycling Sorting Recycling industrial waste E-waste recycling Plastic recycling Physical recycling Chemical recycling Waste plastic pyrolysis to fuel oil Recycling loops Recycling codes Cost–benefit analysis Trade in recyclates Criticisms and responses Energy and material flows Costs Working conditions Environmental impact Possible income loss and social costs Public participation rates Recycling in art See also References Further reading External links Related journals Content: The first electronic waste recycling scheme was implemented in Switzerland, beginning with collection of old refrigerators but gradually expanding to cover all devices. After these schemes were set up, many countries did not have the capacity to deal with the sheer quantity of e-waste they generated or its hazardous nature. They began to export the problem to developing countries without enforced environmental legislation. This is cheaper, as recycling computer monitors in the United States costs 10 times more than in China. Demand in Asia for electronic waste began to grow when scrap yards found that they could extract valuable substances such as copper, silver, iron, silicon, nickel, and gold, during the recycling process. The 2000s saw a large increase in both the sale of electronic devices and their growth as a waste stream: in 2002, e-waste grew faster than any other type of waste in the EU. This caused investment in modern, automated facilities to cope with the influx of redundant appliances, especially after strict laws were implemented in 2003. As of 2014, the European Union had about 50% of world share of the waste and recycling industries, with over 60,000 companies employing 500,000 persons, with a turnover of €24 billion. Countries have to reach recycling rates of at least 50%, while the lead countries were around 65% and the EU average was 39% as of 2013.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1523036867#1_1715959888
Title: Redlining - Wikipedia Headings: Redlining Redlining Contents History Challenges Court system Legislative action Community organizations Current issues Racial segregation in American cities Race wealth gap Retail Brick and mortar Online Liquorlining Financial services Student loans Credit cards Banks Insurance Mortgages Environmental racism Workforce Digital redlining Political redlining Redlining and Health Inequality Strategies to reverse effects of redlining See also Citations Further reading and external links Books Articles and websites Lessons Content: You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (January 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article's lead section may be too long for the length of the article. Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article. Please read the layout guide and lead section guidelines to ensure the section will still be inclusive of all essential details. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (January 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) In the United States, redlining is the systematic denial of various services or goods by governments or the private sector either directly or through the selective raising of prices. The word itself is rooted back to the early 1930's after the color correlating property value grading system was developed by the Home Owners' Loan Corporation, thus the word red -lining, being that the color red was used on financial maps to denote a geographically “hazardous” area that deemed a lower property value. This is often manifested by placing strict criteria on specific services and goods that often disadvantage poor and minority communities or due to certain racial characteristics of the applicants' neighborhood. Due to the heavier population in urban locations, this practice seems to be expressed more in these areas. The Home Owners’ Loan Corporation, also called the HOLC, created a significant amount of the structural imbalance that is redlining.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlining
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1523036867#2_1715962205
Title: Redlining - Wikipedia Headings: Redlining Redlining Contents History Challenges Court system Legislative action Community organizations Current issues Racial segregation in American cities Race wealth gap Retail Brick and mortar Online Liquorlining Financial services Student loans Credit cards Banks Insurance Mortgages Environmental racism Workforce Digital redlining Political redlining Redlining and Health Inequality Strategies to reverse effects of redlining See also Citations Further reading and external links Books Articles and websites Lessons Content: (January 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) In the United States, redlining is the systematic denial of various services or goods by governments or the private sector either directly or through the selective raising of prices. The word itself is rooted back to the early 1930's after the color correlating property value grading system was developed by the Home Owners' Loan Corporation, thus the word red -lining, being that the color red was used on financial maps to denote a geographically “hazardous” area that deemed a lower property value. This is often manifested by placing strict criteria on specific services and goods that often disadvantage poor and minority communities or due to certain racial characteristics of the applicants' neighborhood. Due to the heavier population in urban locations, this practice seems to be expressed more in these areas. The Home Owners’ Loan Corporation, also called the HOLC, created a significant amount of the structural imbalance that is redlining. Cities that maintained the practice of redlining would often denote a classification of one of four categories which was used to measure the “grade” of desirability for a given geographical area. These categories were represented by color and considered green being the best, blue being still desirable, yellow being definitely declining, and red being hazardous. Prior to the Fair Housing Act of 1968, there were no specific laws that protected minority populations from discriminatory practices in housing and commercial markets. Businesses were therefore able to exploit these groups in order to increase their profits. Redlining was utilized in the housing industry by mortgage companies to suppress minority populations from receiving home loans to buy homes in other neighborhoods as well as to deny them the funds to improve their current homes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlining
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1523036867#4_1715967403
Title: Redlining - Wikipedia Headings: Redlining Redlining Contents History Challenges Court system Legislative action Community organizations Current issues Racial segregation in American cities Race wealth gap Retail Brick and mortar Online Liquorlining Financial services Student loans Credit cards Banks Insurance Mortgages Environmental racism Workforce Digital redlining Political redlining Redlining and Health Inequality Strategies to reverse effects of redlining See also Citations Further reading and external links Books Articles and websites Lessons Content: This directly contributed to the spatial isolation of minority communities, a reality which incurred wide ranging impacts. Physical isolation resulted in political isolation as these residentially isolated minority groups had local political needs like increased affordable, government-subsidized housing and improved access to home loans that did not overlap with white majority groups, making political alliances difficult. Spatial isolation also led to cultural and linguistic isolation as the urban underclass came to resent signs of the dominant white culture which they viewed as hypocritical. One example of this was the widening gap between black English vernacular and standard English. Left with fewer housing and employment opportunities, shrinking tax bases in these isolated areas also led to insufficient public services as well as higher violent crime rates due to concentrated poverty. Because of these dangers, strict policing in these neighborhoods was more prevalent than in white neighborhoods which resulted in more arrests and murders of unarmed civilians. Community-police relations tend to be the worst in these high-crime, concentrated poverty, spatially isolated minority neighborhoods. Neighborhoods with a high proportion of minority residents were also more likely to be redlined than other neighborhoods with similar household incomes, housing age and type, and other determinants of risk, but which contained a different racial composition. A prime example of redlining occurred in Detroit, Michigan following World War II. Maps of Detroit during this time period clearly show that black neighborhoods were segregated from other white or wealthier communities through the process of labelling neighborhoods with any black residents as “hazardous” to lenders.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlining
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1523036867#5_1715969968
Title: Redlining - Wikipedia Headings: Redlining Redlining Contents History Challenges Court system Legislative action Community organizations Current issues Racial segregation in American cities Race wealth gap Retail Brick and mortar Online Liquorlining Financial services Student loans Credit cards Banks Insurance Mortgages Environmental racism Workforce Digital redlining Political redlining Redlining and Health Inequality Strategies to reverse effects of redlining See also Citations Further reading and external links Books Articles and websites Lessons Content: Because of these dangers, strict policing in these neighborhoods was more prevalent than in white neighborhoods which resulted in more arrests and murders of unarmed civilians. Community-police relations tend to be the worst in these high-crime, concentrated poverty, spatially isolated minority neighborhoods. Neighborhoods with a high proportion of minority residents were also more likely to be redlined than other neighborhoods with similar household incomes, housing age and type, and other determinants of risk, but which contained a different racial composition. A prime example of redlining occurred in Detroit, Michigan following World War II. Maps of Detroit during this time period clearly show that black neighborhoods were segregated from other white or wealthier communities through the process of labelling neighborhoods with any black residents as “hazardous” to lenders. As the city was quickly transforming into an industrial and automotive empire, some black residents wanted to move out of their crowded inner-city neighborhoods that the first migrants from the Great Migration had been segregated to. These homes were often in disrepair and required extensive and expensive restoration and maintenance. Without access to home loans, working class blacks were financially unable to leave, creating a cycle of poverty in which they were confined to the lowest paying jobs due to discrimination in the job market while simultaneously being forced to pay more for the most decrepit housing stock compared to their white counterparts. This resulted in radical disinvestment in inner-city minority neighborhoods and the lowering of property values, realities that were exacerbated further by white flight. The shadow of redlining looms in Detroit today as data shows that peop
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlining
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1528275072#5_1722530283
Title: Reform War - Wikipedia Headings: Reform War Reform War Contents Liberals vs. Conservatives in post-Independence Mexico Liberals take power in the 1850s The Liberal Reform Civil war The Juárez government up to the French Intervention See also Notes References Content: Until the end of the Reform period Mexico's history would be dominated by these two factions vying for control and fighting against foreign incursions at the same time. The Reform Era of Mexican history is generally defined from 1855-76. Liberals take power in the 1850s Soldiers of the Reformation 1858. The Liberals ousted conservative Antonio López de Santa Anna under the Plan of Ayutla in 1855, bringing Juan Álvarez of the state of Guerrero to the presidency. Liberals exiled to the U.S. during the late Santa Anna regime, Melchor Ocampo and Benito Juárez returned to Mexico, and other Liberals came to national prominence, including Miguel Lerdo de Tejada and his younger brother, Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada. This ascendancy came after the loss of about half of Mexico's national territory to the US in the Mexican–American War. Liberals believed that the entrenched power of the Roman Catholic Church and the military were the source of most of Mexico's problems. The Liberals' challenge to the Catholic Church's hegemony in Mexico came about in stages even before the 1850s. State-level measures adopted since the 1820s and the reform measures of during the regime of Valentín Gómez Farías led conservatives to defend Mexico's Catholic identity, including integration of Church and State. This included Catholic newspapers such as La Cruz and conservative groups that strongly attacked Liberal policies and ideology.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_War
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1528275072#6_1722532202
Title: Reform War - Wikipedia Headings: Reform War Reform War Contents Liberals vs. Conservatives in post-Independence Mexico Liberals take power in the 1850s The Liberal Reform Civil war The Juárez government up to the French Intervention See also Notes References Content: This ascendancy came after the loss of about half of Mexico's national territory to the US in the Mexican–American War. Liberals believed that the entrenched power of the Roman Catholic Church and the military were the source of most of Mexico's problems. The Liberals' challenge to the Catholic Church's hegemony in Mexico came about in stages even before the 1850s. State-level measures adopted since the 1820s and the reform measures of during the regime of Valentín Gómez Farías led conservatives to defend Mexico's Catholic identity, including integration of Church and State. This included Catholic newspapers such as La Cruz and conservative groups that strongly attacked Liberal policies and ideology. This ideology had roots in the European Enlightenment, which sought to reduce the role of the Catholic Church in society. The Reforms began in the 1830s and 1840s coalesced into the principal laws of the Reform era, which were passed in two phases, from 1855–57 and then from 1858–60. The 1857 Constitution of Mexico was promulgated near the end of the first phase. More Reform laws were passed from 1861–63 and after 1867 when the Liberals emerged victorious after two civil wars with Conservative opponents. The Liberal Reform Miguel Lerdo de Tejada drafted the law to disentail the lands of the Catholic Church and those of indigenous communities.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_War
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1528275072#9_1722537595
Title: Reform War - Wikipedia Headings: Reform War Reform War Contents Liberals vs. Conservatives in post-Independence Mexico Liberals take power in the 1850s The Liberal Reform Civil war The Juárez government up to the French Intervention See also Notes References Content: The Juárez Law, named after Benito Juárez, restricted clerical privileges, specifically the authority of Church courts, by subordinating their authority to civil law. It was conceived of as a moderate measure, rather than abolishing church courts altogether. However, the move opened latent divisions in the country. Archbishop Lázaro de la Garza ( es) in Mexico City condemned the Law as an attack on the Church itself, and clerics went into rebellion in the city of Puebla in 1855–56. Other laws attacked the privileges traditionally enjoyed by the military, which was significant since the military had been instrumental in putting and keeping Mexican governments in office since Emperor Agustín de Iturbide in the 1820s. The next Reform Law was called the Lerdo law, after Miguel Lerdo de Tejada. Under this new law the government began to confiscate Church land. This proved to be considerably more controversial than the Juárez Law. The purpose of the law was to convert lands held by corporate entities such as the Church into private property, favoring those who already lived on it. It was thought that this would encourage development and the government could raise revenue by taxing the process.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_War
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1534398571#1_1729031488
Title: Regional planning - Wikipedia Headings: Regional planning Regional planning Contents Nomenclature Principles Formats See also References Further reading External links Content: It also includes formulating laws that will guide the efficient planning and management of such said regions. Regional planning can be comprehensive by covering various subjects, but it more often specifies a particular subject, which requires region-wide consideration. Regions require various land uses; protection of farmland, cities, industrial space, transportation hubs and infrastructure, military bases, and wilderness. Regional planning is the science of efficient placement of infrastructure and zoning for the sustainable growth of a region. Advocates for regional planning such as new urbanist Peter Calthorpe, promote the approach because it can address region-wide environmental, social, and economic issues which may necessarily require a regional focus. A ‘region’ in planning terms can be administrative or at least partially functional, and is likely to include a network of settlements and character areas. In most European countries, regional and national plans are ‘spatial’ directing certain levels of development to specific cities and towns in order to support and manage the region depending on specific needs, for example supporting or resisting polycentrism . Contents 1 Nomenclature 2 Principles 3 Formats 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Nomenclature Although the term "regional planning" is nearly universal in English-speaking countries the areas covered and specific administrative set ups vary widely. In North America, regional planning may encompass more than one state, such as the Regional Plan Association, or a larger conurbation or network of settlements.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_planning
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1543624977#4_1739146113
Title: Relationships for incarcerated individuals - Wikipedia Headings: Relationships for incarcerated individuals Relationships for incarcerated individuals Contents Non-romantic social support Surrogate families Religion while incarcerated Education while incarcerated Intimate partner relationships One incarcerated partner IPRs Benefits Barriers Divorce Barriers to future IPRs Benefits of heterosexual IPRs Characteristics of homosexual IPRs Incarcerated individuals as parents Growing numbers Children of incarcerated parents Parent-child contact Financial impact Relationships and reoffending Social context upon release Social costs as deterrents Visitation Marriage and family See also References External links Content: Time spent utilizing religious opportunities and studies has more positive associations with inmates’ mental health and behavior than their nonreligious counterparts, demonstrated by higher scores on self-reports of self-satisfaction and confidence as well as lower rule violations. Possible reasons may be that spending time away from prison cells in the prison chapel offers inmates time to bond with like-minded individuals and to find acceptance and support. Religion also provides prisoners with a sense of security and helps prisoners choose prosocial behaviors over violent or maladaptive strategies. Finally, religious services in the prison setting offer an environment that restricts criminal or antisocial behavior, thus allowing inmates a rare chance to feel safe and welcomed. Education while incarcerated Many prisons offer educational programs, such as vocational skill building, literacy programs, GED certifications, and college courses. These programs offer inmates a chance to improve self-confidence, break up prison life monotony, improve quality of life, and decrease chances of reoffending once back in civilian life. This prosocial support, much like religion, has been associated with better prison behavior (i.e., fewer rule violations) and better mental health. Further, once enrolled in educational programs, prisoners report a change in attitude towards life, improved self-esteem, confidence, and self-awareness and felt that without these programs their anger, frustration, and aggression would increase. However, some research posits that prison-level support systems, such as education programs, provide more social support and thus more prosocial benefits for women than men. This could be because women are relationship-oriented and women's prison environment is less based on coercive power structures.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relationships_for_incarcerated_individuals
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1544185777#0_1739751368
Title: Relativistic mechanics - Wikipedia Headings: Relativistic mechanics Relativistic mechanics Contents Relativistic kinematics Relativistic dynamics Rest mass and relativistic mass Relativistic energy and momentum Mass–energy equivalence The mass of systems and conservation of invariant mass Closed (isolated) systems Chemical and nuclear reactions Center of momentum frame Angular momentum Force Torque Kinetic energy Newtonian limit See also References Notes Further reading General scope and special/general relativity General relativity Content: Relativistic mechanics - Wikipedia Relativistic mechanics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Theory of motion and forces for objects close to the speed of light Further information: Mass in special relativity and Conservation of energy In physics, relativistic mechanics refers to mechanics compatible with special relativity (SR) and general relativity (GR). It provides a non- quantum mechanical description of a system of particles, or of a fluid, in cases where the velocities of moving objects are comparable to the speed of light c. As a result, classical mechanics is extended correctly to particles traveling at high velocities and energies, and provides a consistent inclusion of electromagnetism with the mechanics of particles. This was not possible in Galilean relativity, where it would be permitted for particles and light to travel at any speed, including faster than light. The foundations of relativistic mechanics are the postulates of special relativity and general relativity. The unification of SR with quantum mechanics is relativistic quantum mechanics, while attempts for that of GR is quantum gravity, an unsolved problem in physics . As with classical mechanics, the subject can be divided into " kinematics "; the description of motion by specifying positions, velocities and accelerations, and " dynamics "; a full description by considering energies, momenta, and angular momenta and their conservation laws, and forces acting on particles or exerted by particles. There is however a subtlety;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_mechanics
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1545857586#3_1741704674
Title: Religion and children - Wikipedia Headings: Religion and children Religion and children Contents Rites of passage Education Religious education Prayer in school Teaching evolution Display of religious symbols Religious indoctrination of children Child marriage Health effects Medical care Religion as a by-product of children's attributes See also Notes References External links Content: Islamic religious schools are known in English by the Arabic loanword Madrasah . Prayer in school Main article: School prayer Religion may have an influence on what goes on in state schools. For example, in the UK the Education Act 1944 introduced the requirement for daily prayers in all state-funded schools, but later acts changed this requirement to a daily "collective act of worship", the School Standards and Framework Act 1998 being the most recent. This also requires such acts of worship to be "wholly or mainly of a broadly Christian character". The term "mainly" means that acts related to other faiths can be carried out providing the majority are Christian. Teaching evolution Main article: Creation and evolution in public education The creation–evolution controversy, especially the status of creation and evolution in public education, is a debate over teaching children the origin and evolution of life, mostly in conservative regions of the United States. However, evolution is accepted by the Catholic Church and is a part of the Catholic Catechism. Display of religious symbols See also:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_children
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1548511513#2_1744188270
Title: Religion in Mexico - Wikipedia Headings: Religion in Mexico Religion in Mexico Contents Religion and the state Abrahamic religions Christianity Catholicism Eastern Catholicism in Mexico Protestantism Orthodoxy Seventh-day Adventist Jehovah's Witnesses The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints La Luz del Mundo Islam Judaism Bahá'í Faith Indian Religions Buddhism Hinduism Sikhism Nonreligious Census information Notes Further reading External links Content: Christmas is a national holiday and every year during Easter and Christmas all schools in Mexico, public and private, send their students on vacation. In a major reversal of the Mexican state's restrictions on religion, the constitution was amended in 1992 lifting almost all restrictions on the religions, including granting all religious groups legal status, conceding them limited property, and lifting restrictions on the number of priests in the country. Until recently, priests did not have the right to vote, and even now they cannot be elected to public office. Abrahamic religions Christianity Historically the Catholic Church in Mexico is the oldest established church, established in the early sixteenth century. At independence, the Catholic Church kept its status as the only permissible church in Mexico. In the mid-nineteenth century, Mexican liberals curtailed the exclusive standing of the church, and Protestant missionaries, mainly from the United States, legally evangelized in Mexico. Other Christian denominations have grown in Mexico, dating from the twentieth century. With the growth of immigration from the Middle East, Eastern Catholic churches were established. Evangelical Protestant churches have expanded their reach significantly from the late twentieth century. Catholicism Further information:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1553859964#0_1749045748
Title: Religious views on suicide - Wikipedia Headings: Religious views on suicide Religious views on suicide Contents Ancient Pagan religions Dharmic religions Buddhism Hinduism Jainism Abrahamic religions Christianity Islam Judaism Neopagan religions Wicca See also Notes References Content: Religious views on suicide - Wikipedia Religious views on suicide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Religious views on suicide Suicide Social aspects Altruistic Copycat Epidemic Euthanasia Legislation Philosophy Religious views Right to die Crisis Assessment of risk Crisis hotline ( list) Intervention Prevention Suicide watch Types Assisted Bullying and suicide ( list) Copycat Familicide Forced Honor Internet Mass Murder–suicide Prisoner suicide Pact Suicide attack Seppuku Vatakkiruttal Sokushinbutsu Sallekhana Sati Prayopavesa Self-sacrifice Senicide Epidemiology Among LGBT youth Gender differences Youth suicide Suicide rates Suicide methods History List of suicides Suicide in antiquity List of suicides in the 21st century In warfare Banzai charge Kamikaze Suicide attack Suicide mission Related phenomena Suicide attempt Locations Ideation Major depressive disorder Self-harm Suicide note Suicide terminology By country Australia Bangladesh Cameroon Canada China France Greenland India Iran Japan Lithuania Nepal Pakistan Romania Russia Singapore South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom United States Organizations Compassion & Choices Death with Dignity National Center Dignitas Exit International Final Exit Network Hemlock Society v t e Painting by Giotto depicting a person committing the sin of desperatio, the rejection of God's mercy, because while choked they are unable to ask for repentance. There are a variety of religious views on suicide . Contents 1 Ancient Pagan religions 2 Dharmic religions 2.1 Buddhism 2.2 Hinduism 2.3 Jainism 3 Abrahamic religions 3.1 Christianity 3.2 Islam 3.3 Judaism 4 Neopagan religions 4.1 Wicca 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Ancient Pagan religions In general, the pagan world, both Roman and Greek, had a relaxed attitude towards suicide. Dharmic religions Buddhism In Buddhism, an individual's past acts are recognized to heavily influence what they experience in the present; present acts, in turn, become the background influence for future experiences (the doctrine of karma ). Intentional actions by mind, body or speech have a reaction. This reaction, or repercussion, is the cause of conditions and differences one encounters in life. Buddhism teaches that all people experience substantial suffering ( dukkha ), in which suffering primarily originates from past negative deeds (karma), or may result as a natural process of the cycle of birth and death ( samsara ). Other reasons for the prevalence of suffering concern the concepts of impermanence and illusion ( maya ). Since everything is in a constant state of impermanence or flux, individuals experience dissatisfaction with the fleeting events of life.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_views_on_suicide
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1563634158#0_1760328712
Title: Rent-seeking - Wikipedia Headings: Rent-seeking Rent-seeking From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Description Tullock paradox Possible explanations Examples Development of theory Criticism Possible consequences See also References Further reading External links Content: Rent-seeking - Wikipedia Rent-seeking From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Attempt to obtain economic rent Part of a series on State monopoly capitalism Terms Coercive monopoly Corporate personhood Corporate welfare Government-granted monopoly Intellectual property License Limited liability Regulatory capture Regulation Subsidy Tariff Ideas Advocacy group Lobbying Theory Conflict of interest Principal–agent problem Rent-seeking Issues Agricultural subsidy Military–industrial complex Military-entertainment complex The New Deal and corporatism Ideologies Protectionism See also Crony capitalism Neo-Corporatism State capitalism State monopoly capitalism v t e Part of a series on Capitalism Concepts Business Business cycle Businessperson Capital Capital accumulation Capital markets Company Corporation Competitive markets Economic interventionism Economic liberalism Economic surplus Entrepreneurship Fictitious capital Financial market Free price system Free market Goods and services Investor Invisible hand Liberalization Marginalism Money Private property Privatization Profit Rent seeking Supply and demand Surplus value Value Wage labour Economic systems Anglo-Saxon Authoritarian Corporate Dirigist Free-market Humanistic Laissez-faire Liberal Libertarian Market Mercantilist Mixed Monopoly National Neoliberal Nordic Private Raw Regulated market Regulatory Rhine Social State State-sponsored Welfare Economic theories American Austrian Chartalism MMT Chicago Classical Institutional Keynesian Neo- New Post- Marxian Monetarist Neoclassical New institutional Supply-side Origins Age of Enlightenment Capitalism and Islam Commercial Revolution Feudalism Industrial Revolution Mercantilism Primitive accumulation Physiocracy Simple commodity production Development Advanced Consumer Community Corporate Crony Finance Global Illiberal Late Marxist Merchant Progressive Rentier State monopoly Techno People Adam Smith John Stuart Mill David Ricardo Thomas Robert Malthus Jean-Baptiste Say Karl Marx Milton Friedman Friedrich Hayek John Maynard Keynes Alfred Marshall Ludwig von Mises Ayn Rand Murray Rothbard Joseph Schumpeter Thorstein Veblen Max Weber Ronald Coase Related topics Anti-capitalism Capitalist state Consumerism Crisis theory Criticism of capitalism Cronyism Culture of capitalism Evergreening Exploitation Globalization History History of theory Market economy Periodizations of capitalism Perspectives on capitalism Post-capitalism Speculation Spontaneous order Venture philanthropy Wage slavery Ideologies Anarcho-capitalism Authoritarian capitalism Democratic capitalism Dirigism Eco-capitalism Humanistic capitalism Inclusive capitalism Liberal capitalism Liberalism Libertarian capitalism Neo-capitalism Neoliberalism Objectivism Ordoliberalism Right-libertarianism Third Way Capitalism portal Business portal Philosophy portal Politics portal Money portal v t e In public-choice theory, as well as in economics, rent-seeking means seeking to increase one's share of existing wealth without creating new wealth. Rent-seeking results in reduced economic efficiency through misallocation of resources, reduced wealth-creation, lost government revenue, heightened income inequality, and potential national decline. Attempts at capture of regulatory agencies to gain a coercive monopoly can result in advantages for rent-seekers in a market while imposing disadvantages on their incorrupt competitors. This is one of many possible forms of rent-seeking behavior. Contents 1 Description 1.1 Tullock paradox 1.1.1 Possible explanations 1.2 Examples 2 Development of theory 2.1 Criticism 3 Possible consequences 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Description The term rent-seeking was coined by the British 19th-century economist David Ricardo, but only became the subject of durable interest among economists and political scientists more than a century later after the publication of two influential papers on the topic by Gordon Tullock in 1967, and Anne Krueger in 1976. The word "rent" does not refer specifically to payment on a lease but rather to Adam Smith 's division of incomes into profit, wage, and rent. The origin of the term refers to gaining control of land or other natural resources. Georgist economic theory describes rent-seeking in terms of land rent, where the value of land largely comes from government infrastructure and services (e.g. roads, public schools, maintenance of peace and order, etc.) and the community in general, rather than from the actions of any given landowner, in their role as mere titleholder. This role must be separated from the role of a property developer, which need not be the same person.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent-seeking
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1563634158#1_1760334134
Title: Rent-seeking - Wikipedia Headings: Rent-seeking Rent-seeking From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Description Tullock paradox Possible explanations Examples Development of theory Criticism Possible consequences See also References Further reading External links Content: The word "rent" does not refer specifically to payment on a lease but rather to Adam Smith 's division of incomes into profit, wage, and rent. The origin of the term refers to gaining control of land or other natural resources. Georgist economic theory describes rent-seeking in terms of land rent, where the value of land largely comes from government infrastructure and services (e.g. roads, public schools, maintenance of peace and order, etc.) and the community in general, rather than from the actions of any given landowner, in their role as mere titleholder. This role must be separated from the role of a property developer, which need not be the same person. Rent-seeking is an attempt to obtain economic rent (i.e., the portion of income paid to a factor of production in excess of what is needed to keep it employed in its current use) by manipulating the social or political environment in which economic activities occur, rather than by creating new wealth. Rent-seeking implies extraction of uncompensated value from others without making any contribution to productivity . In many market-driven economies, much of the competition for rents is legal, regardless of harm it may do to an economy. However, various rent-seeking behaviors are illegal, mostly through bribery of local and federal politicians, or corruption. Rent-seeking is distinguished in theory from profit-seeking, in which entities seek to extract value by engaging in mutually beneficial transactions.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent-seeking
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1563634158#2_1760336087
Title: Rent-seeking - Wikipedia Headings: Rent-seeking Rent-seeking From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Description Tullock paradox Possible explanations Examples Development of theory Criticism Possible consequences See also References Further reading External links Content: Rent-seeking is an attempt to obtain economic rent (i.e., the portion of income paid to a factor of production in excess of what is needed to keep it employed in its current use) by manipulating the social or political environment in which economic activities occur, rather than by creating new wealth. Rent-seeking implies extraction of uncompensated value from others without making any contribution to productivity . In many market-driven economies, much of the competition for rents is legal, regardless of harm it may do to an economy. However, various rent-seeking behaviors are illegal, mostly through bribery of local and federal politicians, or corruption. Rent-seeking is distinguished in theory from profit-seeking, in which entities seek to extract value by engaging in mutually beneficial transactions. Profit-seeking in this sense is the creation of wealth, while rent-seeking is "profiteering" by using social institutions, such as the power of the state, to redistribute wealth among different groups without creating new wealth. In a practical context, income obtained through rent-seeking may contribute to profits in the standard, accounting sense of the word . Tullock paradox The Tullock paradox is the apparent paradox, described by economist Gordon Tullock, on the low costs of rent-seeking relative to the gains from rent-seeking. The paradox is that rent-seekers wanting political favors can bribe politicians at a cost much lower than the value of the favor to the rent-seeker. For instance, a rent seeker who hopes to gain a billion dollars from a particular political policy may need to bribe politicians only to the tune of ten million dollars, which is about 1% of the gain to the rent-seeker.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent-seeking
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1563634158#3_1760338281
Title: Rent-seeking - Wikipedia Headings: Rent-seeking Rent-seeking From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Description Tullock paradox Possible explanations Examples Development of theory Criticism Possible consequences See also References Further reading External links Content: Profit-seeking in this sense is the creation of wealth, while rent-seeking is "profiteering" by using social institutions, such as the power of the state, to redistribute wealth among different groups without creating new wealth. In a practical context, income obtained through rent-seeking may contribute to profits in the standard, accounting sense of the word . Tullock paradox The Tullock paradox is the apparent paradox, described by economist Gordon Tullock, on the low costs of rent-seeking relative to the gains from rent-seeking. The paradox is that rent-seekers wanting political favors can bribe politicians at a cost much lower than the value of the favor to the rent-seeker. For instance, a rent seeker who hopes to gain a billion dollars from a particular political policy may need to bribe politicians only to the tune of ten million dollars, which is about 1% of the gain to the rent-seeker. Luigi Zingales frames it by asking, "Why is there so little money in politics?" because a naive model of political bribery and/or campaign spending should result in beneficiaries of government subsidies being willing to spend an amount up to the value of the subsidies themselves, when in fact only a small fraction of that is spent. Possible explanations Several possible explanations have been offered for the Tullock paradox: Voters may punish politicians who take large bribes, or live lavish lifestyles. This makes it hard for politicians to demand large bribes from rent-seekers.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent-seeking
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1563634158#4_1760340248
Title: Rent-seeking - Wikipedia Headings: Rent-seeking Rent-seeking From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Description Tullock paradox Possible explanations Examples Development of theory Criticism Possible consequences See also References Further reading External links Content: Luigi Zingales frames it by asking, "Why is there so little money in politics?" because a naive model of political bribery and/or campaign spending should result in beneficiaries of government subsidies being willing to spend an amount up to the value of the subsidies themselves, when in fact only a small fraction of that is spent. Possible explanations Several possible explanations have been offered for the Tullock paradox: Voters may punish politicians who take large bribes, or live lavish lifestyles. This makes it hard for politicians to demand large bribes from rent-seekers. Competition between different politicians eager to offer favors to rent-seekers may bid down the cost of rent-seeking. Lack of trust between the rent-seekers and the politicians, due to the inherently underhanded nature of the deal and the unavailability of both legal recourse and reputational incentives to enforce compliance, pushes down the price that politicians can demand for favors. Rent-seekers can use a small part of the benefit gained to make contributions to the politicians who provided enabling legislation. Examples Antichristus, a woodcut by Lucas Cranach the Elder, of the pope using the temporal power to grant authority to a ruler contributing generously to the Catholic Church The classic example of rent-seeking, according to Robert Shiller, is that of a property owner who installs a chain across a river that flows through his land and then hires a collector to charge passing boats a fee to lower the chain. There is nothing productive about the chain or the collector.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent-seeking
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1563634158#5_1760342301
Title: Rent-seeking - Wikipedia Headings: Rent-seeking Rent-seeking From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Description Tullock paradox Possible explanations Examples Development of theory Criticism Possible consequences See also References Further reading External links Content: Competition between different politicians eager to offer favors to rent-seekers may bid down the cost of rent-seeking. Lack of trust between the rent-seekers and the politicians, due to the inherently underhanded nature of the deal and the unavailability of both legal recourse and reputational incentives to enforce compliance, pushes down the price that politicians can demand for favors. Rent-seekers can use a small part of the benefit gained to make contributions to the politicians who provided enabling legislation. Examples Antichristus, a woodcut by Lucas Cranach the Elder, of the pope using the temporal power to grant authority to a ruler contributing generously to the Catholic Church The classic example of rent-seeking, according to Robert Shiller, is that of a property owner who installs a chain across a river that flows through his land and then hires a collector to charge passing boats a fee to lower the chain. There is nothing productive about the chain or the collector. The owner has made no improvements to the river and is not adding value in any way, directly or indirectly, except for himself. All he is doing is finding a way to make money from something that used to be free. An example of rent-seeking in a modern economy is spending money on lobbying for government subsidies in order to be given wealth that has already been created, or to impose regulations on competitors, in order to increase market share. Another example of rent-seeking is the limiting of access to lucrative occupations, as by medieval guilds or modern state certifications and licensures. According to some libertarian perspectives, Taxi licensing is a textbook example of rent-seeking.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent-seeking
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1563634158#6_1760344465
Title: Rent-seeking - Wikipedia Headings: Rent-seeking Rent-seeking From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Description Tullock paradox Possible explanations Examples Development of theory Criticism Possible consequences See also References Further reading External links Content: The owner has made no improvements to the river and is not adding value in any way, directly or indirectly, except for himself. All he is doing is finding a way to make money from something that used to be free. An example of rent-seeking in a modern economy is spending money on lobbying for government subsidies in order to be given wealth that has already been created, or to impose regulations on competitors, in order to increase market share. Another example of rent-seeking is the limiting of access to lucrative occupations, as by medieval guilds or modern state certifications and licensures. According to some libertarian perspectives, Taxi licensing is a textbook example of rent-seeking. To the extent that the issuing of licenses constrains overall supply of taxi services (rather than ensuring competence or quality), forbidding competition from other vehicles for hire renders the (otherwise consensual) transaction of taxi service a forced transfer of part of the fee, from customers to taxi business proprietors. The concept of rent-seeking would also apply to corruption of bureaucrats who solicit and extract "bribe" or "rent" for applying their legal but discretionary authority for awarding legitimate or illegitimate benefits to clients. For example, tax officials may take bribes for lessening the tax burden of the taxpayers. Regulatory capture is a related term for the collusion between firms and the government agencies assigned to regulate them, which is seen as enabling extensive rent-seeking behavior, especially when the government agency must rely on the firms for knowledge about the market. Studies of rent-seeking focus on efforts to capture special monopoly privileges such as manipulating government regulation of free enterprise competition.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent-seeking
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1563634158#7_1760346717
Title: Rent-seeking - Wikipedia Headings: Rent-seeking Rent-seeking From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Description Tullock paradox Possible explanations Examples Development of theory Criticism Possible consequences See also References Further reading External links Content: To the extent that the issuing of licenses constrains overall supply of taxi services (rather than ensuring competence or quality), forbidding competition from other vehicles for hire renders the (otherwise consensual) transaction of taxi service a forced transfer of part of the fee, from customers to taxi business proprietors. The concept of rent-seeking would also apply to corruption of bureaucrats who solicit and extract "bribe" or "rent" for applying their legal but discretionary authority for awarding legitimate or illegitimate benefits to clients. For example, tax officials may take bribes for lessening the tax burden of the taxpayers. Regulatory capture is a related term for the collusion between firms and the government agencies assigned to regulate them, which is seen as enabling extensive rent-seeking behavior, especially when the government agency must rely on the firms for knowledge about the market. Studies of rent-seeking focus on efforts to capture special monopoly privileges such as manipulating government regulation of free enterprise competition. The term monopoly privilege rent-seeking is an often-used label for this particular type of rent-seeking. Often-cited examples include a lobby that seeks economic regulations such as tariff
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent-seeking
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1563830592#3_1760556843
Title: Rent regulation - Wikipedia Headings: Rent regulation Rent regulation Contents Forms of rent regulation Economics Theory California studies Economists' views History Early modern Europe Politics California Rent regulation by country Canada Germany Spain United Kingdom United States See also References Further reading External links Content: Freedom of contract and Inequality of bargaining power "As soon as the land of any country has all become private property, the landlords, like all other men, love to reap where they never sowed, and demand a rent even for its natural produce. The wood of the forest, the grass of the field, and all the natural fruits of the earth, which, when land was in common, cost the labourer only the trouble of gathering them, come, even to him, to have an additional price fixed upon them. He must then pay for the licence to gather them; and must give up to the landlord a portion of what his labour either collects or produces. This portion, or, what comes to the same thing, the price of this portion, constitutes the rent of land ...." Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776) Book I, ch 6 Rent price controls remain the most controversial element of a system of rent regulation. Historically, economists such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo viewed landlords as producing very little that was valuable, and so regarded "rents" as an exploitative concept. ( Economists note that the land value tax is a way to capture this unearned value.) Modern rent controls (sometimes called rent leveling or rent stabilization) are intended to protect tenants in privately owned residential properties from excessive rent increases by mandating gradual rent increases, while at the same time ensuring that landlords receive a return on their investment that is deemed fair by the controlling authority, which might, or might not be a legislature. A number of neo-classical and Keynesian economists say that some forms of rent control regulations create shortages and exacerbate scarcity in the housing market by discouraging private investment in the rental market. In addition, there would be a dead weight loss and inefficiency since some of the loss due to price ceilings is never gained again.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent_control
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1566642748#0_1764111031
Title: Representation of African Americans in media - Wikipedia Headings: Representation of African Americans in media Representation of African Americans in media Contents Examples of misrepresentation Representation of African-American women Hip-hop music Beauty industry Reality television Representation of Black/African-American LGBT characters Television Sports Reasons for misrepresentation Working in the media Ownership Stereotypes Minority Ownership Task Force Metro Broadcasting v. FCC See also References External links Content: Representation of African Americans in media - Wikipedia Representation of African Americans in media From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search The representation of African Americans in media – speech, writing, still or moving pictures – has been a major concern in mainstream American culture and a component of media bias in the United States. Such media representation is not always seen in a positive light and propagates controversial and misconstrued images of what African Americans represent. " Research on the portrayal of African Americans in prime-time television from 1955 to 1986 found that only 6 percent of the characters were African-Americans, while 89 percent of the TV population was white." This under-representation has reversed, however, according to a 2018 report from the Department of Social Sciences at UCLA, which states that, despite making up less than 13% of the US population, "Blacks were overrepresented among actors in broadcast scripted shows in 2015-16, claiming 17 percent of the roles." Since local news media is a primary source of information for many people, it plays a vital role in policy debates regarding civil rights, the public's general knowledge of minority communities, as well as a broader and more comprehensive worldview. The debate of ownership diversity affecting content diversity also contributes to the idea that in order for African Americans to be well represented in the media, there needs to be African-American ownership in the media. Contents 1 Examples of misrepresentation 1.1 Representation of African-American women 1.1.1 Hip-hop music 1.1.2 Beauty industry 1.2 Reality television 1.3 Representation of Black/African-American LGBT characters 2 Television 3 Sports 4 Reasons for misrepresentation 4.1 Working in the media 4.2 Ownership 4.3 Stereotypes 5 Minority Ownership Task Force 6 Metro Broadcasting v. FCC 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Examples of misrepresentation This article is in list format, but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this article, if appropriate. Editing help is available. ( May 2011) Little Black Sambo is an 1899 children's book where the protagonist, a South Indian boy, encounters four hungry tigers.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_of_African_Americans_in_media
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1566642748#1_1764114084
Title: Representation of African Americans in media - Wikipedia Headings: Representation of African Americans in media Representation of African Americans in media Contents Examples of misrepresentation Representation of African-American women Hip-hop music Beauty industry Reality television Representation of Black/African-American LGBT characters Television Sports Reasons for misrepresentation Working in the media Ownership Stereotypes Minority Ownership Task Force Metro Broadcasting v. FCC See also References External links Content: The debate of ownership diversity affecting content diversity also contributes to the idea that in order for African Americans to be well represented in the media, there needs to be African-American ownership in the media. Contents 1 Examples of misrepresentation 1.1 Representation of African-American women 1.1.1 Hip-hop music 1.1.2 Beauty industry 1.2 Reality television 1.3 Representation of Black/African-American LGBT characters 2 Television 3 Sports 4 Reasons for misrepresentation 4.1 Working in the media 4.2 Ownership 4.3 Stereotypes 5 Minority Ownership Task Force 6 Metro Broadcasting v. FCC 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Examples of misrepresentation This article is in list format, but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this article, if appropriate. Editing help is available. ( May 2011) Little Black Sambo is an 1899 children's book where the protagonist, a South Indian boy, encounters four hungry tigers. To avoid being eaten by the tigers, he surrenders his colorful new clothes, shoes, and umbrella. The tigers chase each other around a tree until they are reduced to a pool of melted butter. Sambo recovers his clothes, and his mother makes pancakes with the butter. Sambo was depicted as a perpetual child, not capable of living as an independent adult". It was said that Little Black Sambo "demonstrates rigid, reductive stereotyping, but it was seen as harmless entertainment in 1935.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_of_African_Americans_in_media
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1571046589#1_1768307827
Title: Republican Party of Minnesota - Wikipedia Headings: Republican Party of Minnesota Republican Party of Minnesota Contents History Early history Independent-Republican era Recent history Current elected officials Members of Congress U.S. Senate U.S. House of Representatives Statewide offices State legislature See also References External links Content: The party was aided by an opposition divided between the Democratic Party and the Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party, who eventually merged in 1944. Independent-Republican era The Independent-Republicans of Minnesota ( I-R) was the name of the party from November 15, 1975, until September 23, 1995. The name change was made because the "Republican" name was damaged by the Watergate Scandal. Polls conducted in the early-mid-1970s indicated people in Minnesota were more likely to vote for a candidate who identified as an "Independent" versus a "Republican". During that time, the state party became more dependent on grassroots fundraising and eventually went bankrupt. After the national party pumped money into the party, in the early-mid-1980s, their image and base began turning more conservative. During this time the party had both US Senate seats and briefly held control of the state House of Representatives. By 1994, the grassroots had turned socially more conservative and changed the name back in 1995. Attempts to drop the term "Independent" had been defeated in 1989, 1991 and 1993. Recent history The previous Governor of Minnesota Tim Pawlenty is a Republican.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1584992668#1_1783191540
Title: Retail apocalypse - Wikipedia Headings: Retail apocalypse Retail apocalypse Contents History Factors Shift to e-commerce Over-malled Experience economy Shrinking middle class Poor management COVID-19 pandemic Retailers Strategies See also References Further reading Videos External links Content: initially began in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand Cause Financial crisis of 2007–2008 -related downsizing of retail chains caused by rise in global e-commerce operations Accumulation of corporate debt for retail overexpansion Changes in spending habits Impact of COVID-19 pandemic Outcome Numerous bankruptcies of retail stores began in early 2010s Major decline in revenue from suppliers Bankruptcies began accelerating in March 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 recession The retail apocalypse is the closing of numerous brick-and-mortar retail stores, especially those of large chains worldwide, starting around 2010 and continuing onward. In 2019, retailers in the United States announced 9,302 store closings, a 59% jump from 2018, and the highest number since tracking the data began in 2012. Over 12,000 physical stores have closed due to factors including over-expansion of malls, rising rents, bankruptcies of leveraged buyouts, low quarterly profits outside holiday binge spending, delayed effects of the Great Recession, and changes in spending habits. American consumers have shifted their purchasing habits due to various factors, including experience-spending versus material goods and homes, casual fashion in relaxed dress codes, as well as the rise of e-commerce, mostly in the form of competition from juggernaut companies such as Amazon.com and Walmart. A 2017 Business Insider report dubbed this phenomenon the "Amazon effect," and calculated that Amazon.com was generating greater than 50% of the growth of retail sales. The rash of bankruptcies and store closings have greatly intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic, with most retail stores, particularly already struggling mall -based retailers, closing for extended periods of time. J. Crew, Neiman Marcus, Stage Stores, JCPenney, and Tuesday Morning were among the retailers to file for bankruptcy during the pandemic. The most productive retailers in North America during the retail apocalypse are the discount superstores Walmart and Target, the low-cost " fast-fashion " brands (e.g., Zara, Uniqlo, Cotton On, and H&M ), off-price department stores ( Ross Stores and DD's Discounts, Marshalls and Burlington) and dollar stores (e.g., Dollar General and Dollar Tree ). Pop-up retail, including seasonal retailers such as Spirit Halloween, operate temporarily in spots vacated by companies that go out of business and has become more common during the retail apocalypse. Research from IHL Group finds that when a retailer closes many stores, it says more about the individual retailer rather than the retail industry overall.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_apocalypse
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1595005639#1_1796635471
Title: Revolutions of 1848 - Wikipedia Headings: Revolutions of 1848 Revolutions of 1848 Revolutions of 1848 Contents Origins Urban workers Rural areas Role of ideas Sequence of main trends Spring 1848: Astonishing success Summer 1848: Divisions among reformers Autumn 1848: Reactionaries organize for a counter-revolution 1849–1851: Overthrow of revolutionary regimes Events by country or region Italian states France German states Denmark Schleswig Habsburg Monarchy Hungary Galicia Sweden Switzerland Greater Poland Romanian Principalities Belgium Ireland Spain Other European states Other English-speaking countries Latin America Legacy In popular culture See also References Bibliography Surveys France Germany and Austria Italy Other Historiography External links Content: The revolutions spread across Europe after an initial revolution began in France in February. Over 50 countries were affected, but with no significant coordination or cooperation among their respective revolutionaries. Some of the major contributing factors were widespread dissatisfaction with political leadership, demands for more participation in government and democracy, demands for freedom of the press, other demands made by the working class, the upsurge of nationalism, the regrouping of established government forces, and the European Potato Failure, which triggered mass starvation, migration, and civil unrest. The uprisings were led by temporary coalitions of reformers, the middle classes ("the bourgeoisie") and workers. However, the coalitions did not hold together for long. Many of the revolutions were quickly suppressed; tens of thousands of people were killed, and many more were forced into exile. Significant lasting reforms included the abolition of serfdom in Austria and Hungary, the end of absolute monarchy in Denmark, and the introduction of representative democracy in the Netherlands. The revolutions were most important in France, the Netherlands, Italy, the Austrian Empire, and the states of the German Confederation that would make up the German Empire in the late 19th and early 20th century. Contents 1 Origins 1.1 Urban workers 1.2 Rural areas 1.3 Role of ideas 2 Sequence of main trends 2.1 Spring 1848:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1595005639#2_1796637922
Title: Revolutions of 1848 - Wikipedia Headings: Revolutions of 1848 Revolutions of 1848 Revolutions of 1848 Contents Origins Urban workers Rural areas Role of ideas Sequence of main trends Spring 1848: Astonishing success Summer 1848: Divisions among reformers Autumn 1848: Reactionaries organize for a counter-revolution 1849–1851: Overthrow of revolutionary regimes Events by country or region Italian states France German states Denmark Schleswig Habsburg Monarchy Hungary Galicia Sweden Switzerland Greater Poland Romanian Principalities Belgium Ireland Spain Other European states Other English-speaking countries Latin America Legacy In popular culture See also References Bibliography Surveys France Germany and Austria Italy Other Historiography External links Content: Many of the revolutions were quickly suppressed; tens of thousands of people were killed, and many more were forced into exile. Significant lasting reforms included the abolition of serfdom in Austria and Hungary, the end of absolute monarchy in Denmark, and the introduction of representative democracy in the Netherlands. The revolutions were most important in France, the Netherlands, Italy, the Austrian Empire, and the states of the German Confederation that would make up the German Empire in the late 19th and early 20th century. Contents 1 Origins 1.1 Urban workers 1.2 Rural areas 1.3 Role of ideas 2 Sequence of main trends 2.1 Spring 1848: Astonishing success 2.2 Summer 1848: Divisions among reformers 2.3 Autumn 1848: Reactionaries organize for a counter-revolution 2.4 1849–1851: Overthrow of revolutionary regimes 3 Events by country or region 3.1 Italian states 3.2 France 3.3 German states 3.4 Denmark 3.4.1 Schleswig 3.5 Habsburg Monarchy 3.5.1 Hungary 3.5.2 Galicia 3.6 Sweden 3.7 Switzerland 3.8 Greater Poland 3.9 Romanian Principalities 3.10 Belgium 3.11 Ireland 3.12 Spain 3.13 Other European states 3.14 Other English-speaking countries 3.15 Latin America 4 Legacy 4.1 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 7.1 Surveys 7.2 France 7.3 Germany and Austria 7.4 Italy 7.5 Other 7.6 Historiography 8 External links Origins Map of Europe in 1848–1849 depicting the main revolutionary centers, important counter-revolutionary troop movements and states with abdications The revolutions arose from such a wide variety of causes that it is difficult to view them as resulting from a coherent movement or set of social phenomena. Numerous changes had been taking place in European society throughout the first half of the 19th century.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1595005639#4_1796643445
Title: Revolutions of 1848 - Wikipedia Headings: Revolutions of 1848 Revolutions of 1848 Revolutions of 1848 Contents Origins Urban workers Rural areas Role of ideas Sequence of main trends Spring 1848: Astonishing success Summer 1848: Divisions among reformers Autumn 1848: Reactionaries organize for a counter-revolution 1849–1851: Overthrow of revolutionary regimes Events by country or region Italian states France German states Denmark Schleswig Habsburg Monarchy Hungary Galicia Sweden Switzerland Greater Poland Romanian Principalities Belgium Ireland Spain Other European states Other English-speaking countries Latin America Legacy In popular culture See also References Bibliography Surveys France Germany and Austria Italy Other Historiography External links Content: Both liberal reformers and radical politicians were reshaping national governments. Technological change was revolutionizing the life of the working classes. A popular press extended political awareness, and new values and ideas such as popular liberalism, nationalism and socialism began to emerge. Some historians emphasize the serious crop failures, particularly those of 1846, that produced hardship among peasants and the working urban poor. Large swaths of the nobility were discontented with royal absolutism or near-absolutism. In 1846, there had been an uprising of Polish nobility in Austrian Galicia, which was only countered when peasants, in turn, rose up against the nobles. Additionally, an uprising by democratic forces against Prussia, planned but not actually carried out, occurred in Greater Poland. The middle and working classes thus shared a desire for reform, and agreed on many of the specific aims. Their participation in the revolutions, however, differed. While much of the impetus came from the middle classes, much of the cannon fodder came from the lower classes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1595005639#8_1796651740
Title: Revolutions of 1848 - Wikipedia Headings: Revolutions of 1848 Revolutions of 1848 Revolutions of 1848 Contents Origins Urban workers Rural areas Role of ideas Sequence of main trends Spring 1848: Astonishing success Summer 1848: Divisions among reformers Autumn 1848: Reactionaries organize for a counter-revolution 1849–1851: Overthrow of revolutionary regimes Events by country or region Italian states France German states Denmark Schleswig Habsburg Monarchy Hungary Galicia Sweden Switzerland Greater Poland Romanian Principalities Belgium Ireland Spain Other European states Other English-speaking countries Latin America Legacy In popular culture See also References Bibliography Surveys France Germany and Austria Italy Other Historiography External links Content: Jonathan Sperber has suggested that in the period after 1825, poorer urban workers (particularly day laborers, factory workers and artisans) saw their purchasing power decline relatively steeply: urban meat consumption in Belgium, France and Germany stagnated or declined after 1830, despite growing populations. The economic Panic of 1847 increased urban unemployment: 10,000 Viennese factory workers were made redundant and 128 Hamburg firms went bankrupt over the course of 1847. With the exception of the Netherlands, there was a strong correlation among the countries that were most deeply affected by the industrial shock of 1847 and those that underwent a revolution in 1848. The situation in the German states was similar. Parts of Prussia were beginning to industrialize. During the decade of the 1840s, mechanized production in the textile industry brought about inexpensive clothing that undercut the handmade products of German tailors. Reforms ameliorated the most unpopular features of rural feudalism, but industrial workers remained dissatisfied with these reforms and pressed for greater change. Urban workers had no choice but to spend half of their income on food, which consisted mostly of bread and potatoes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1595005639#9_1796653969
Title: Revolutions of 1848 - Wikipedia Headings: Revolutions of 1848 Revolutions of 1848 Revolutions of 1848 Contents Origins Urban workers Rural areas Role of ideas Sequence of main trends Spring 1848: Astonishing success Summer 1848: Divisions among reformers Autumn 1848: Reactionaries organize for a counter-revolution 1849–1851: Overthrow of revolutionary regimes Events by country or region Italian states France German states Denmark Schleswig Habsburg Monarchy Hungary Galicia Sweden Switzerland Greater Poland Romanian Principalities Belgium Ireland Spain Other European states Other English-speaking countries Latin America Legacy In popular culture See also References Bibliography Surveys France Germany and Austria Italy Other Historiography External links Content: The situation in the German states was similar. Parts of Prussia were beginning to industrialize. During the decade of the 1840s, mechanized production in the textile industry brought about inexpensive clothing that undercut the handmade products of German tailors. Reforms ameliorated the most unpopular features of rural feudalism, but industrial workers remained dissatisfied with these reforms and pressed for greater change. Urban workers had no choice but to spend half of their income on food, which consisted mostly of bread and potatoes. As a result of harvest failures, food prices soared and the demand for manufactured goods decreased, causing an increase in unemployment. During the revolution, to address the problem of unemployment, workshops were organized for men interested in construction work. Officials also set up workshops for women when they felt they were excluded. Artisans and unemployed workers destroyed industrial machines when they threatened to give employers more power over them. Rural areas Rural population growth had led to food shortages, land pressure, and migration, both within and from Europe, especially to the Americas.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1595005639#10_1796656133
Title: Revolutions of 1848 - Wikipedia Headings: Revolutions of 1848 Revolutions of 1848 Revolutions of 1848 Contents Origins Urban workers Rural areas Role of ideas Sequence of main trends Spring 1848: Astonishing success Summer 1848: Divisions among reformers Autumn 1848: Reactionaries organize for a counter-revolution 1849–1851: Overthrow of revolutionary regimes Events by country or region Italian states France German states Denmark Schleswig Habsburg Monarchy Hungary Galicia Sweden Switzerland Greater Poland Romanian Principalities Belgium Ireland Spain Other European states Other English-speaking countries Latin America Legacy In popular culture See also References Bibliography Surveys France Germany and Austria Italy Other Historiography External links Content: As a result of harvest failures, food prices soared and the demand for manufactured goods decreased, causing an increase in unemployment. During the revolution, to address the problem of unemployment, workshops were organized for men interested in construction work. Officials also set up workshops for women when they felt they were excluded. Artisans and unemployed workers destroyed industrial machines when they threatened to give employers more power over them. Rural areas Rural population growth had led to food shortages, land pressure, and migration, both within and from Europe, especially to the Americas. Peasant discontent in the 1840s grew in intensity: peasant occupations of lost communal land increased in many areas: those convicted of wood theft in the Rhenish Palatinate increased from 100,000 in 1829–30 to 185,000 in 1846–47. In the years 1845 and 1846, a potato blight caused a subsistence crisis in Northern Europe, and encouraged the raiding of manorial potato stocks in Silesia in 1847. The effects of the blight were most severely manifested in the Great Irish Famine, but also caused famine-like conditions in the Scottish Highlands and throughout continental Europe.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1595005639#11_1796658340
Title: Revolutions of 1848 - Wikipedia Headings: Revolutions of 1848 Revolutions of 1848 Revolutions of 1848 Contents Origins Urban workers Rural areas Role of ideas Sequence of main trends Spring 1848: Astonishing success Summer 1848: Divisions among reformers Autumn 1848: Reactionaries organize for a counter-revolution 1849–1851: Overthrow of revolutionary regimes Events by country or region Italian states France German states Denmark Schleswig Habsburg Monarchy Hungary Galicia Sweden Switzerland Greater Poland Romanian Principalities Belgium Ireland Spain Other European states Other English-speaking countries Latin America Legacy In popular culture See also References Bibliography Surveys France Germany and Austria Italy Other Historiography External links Content: Peasant discontent in the 1840s grew in intensity: peasant occupations of lost communal land increased in many areas: those convicted of wood theft in the Rhenish Palatinate increased from 100,000 in 1829–30 to 185,000 in 1846–47. In the years 1845 and 1846, a potato blight caused a subsistence crisis in Northern Europe, and encouraged the raiding of manorial potato stocks in Silesia in 1847. The effects of the blight were most severely manifested in the Great Irish Famine, but also caused famine-like conditions in the Scottish Highlands and throughout continental Europe. Harvests of rye in the Rhineland were 20% of previous levels, while the Czech potato harvest was reduced by half. These reduced harvests were accompanied by a steep rise in prices (the cost of wheat more than doubled in France and Habsburg Italy). There were 400 French food riots during 1846 to 1847, while German socio-economic protests increased from 28 during 1830 to 1839, to 103 during 1840 to 1847. Central to long-term peasant grievances were the loss of communal lands, forest restrictions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1606627629#1_1811350835
Title: Richard A. Gardner - Wikipedia Headings: Richard A. Gardner Richard A. Gardner Contents Work and career Controversy Personal life and death Publications Notes Content: Gardner and his work have been both disputed and supported. Contents 1 Work and career 2 Controversy 3 Personal life and death 4 Publications 5 Notes Work and career Gardner graduated from Columbia College, Columbia University in 1952 and SUNY Downstate Medical Center in 1956. After internship at the Montefiore Hospital, he completed residencies in adult psychiatry and in child psychiatry at the New York State Psychiatric Institute. He was certified as a psychoanalyst in 1966 after training at the William Alanson White Institute. In 1960-1962 he worked as director of child psychiatry in the U.S. Army Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Gardner's professional affiliations included American Psychiatric Association, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, American Academy of Psychoanalysis, American Medical Association, American Society of Psychoanalytic Physicians and American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. From 1963 until his death Gardner was a clinical professor at Columbia University 's medical school, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. He also held academic teaching appointments at the William A. White Psychoanalytic Institute (1966–83), the University of Louvain, Belgium (1980–82) and at the University of St. Petersburg, Russia (1989-1997). Gardner wrote about false allegations of sexual abuse in his 1990 book Sex Abuse Hysteria: Salem Witch Trials Revisited.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_A._Gardner
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1630727539#0_1837735514
Title: Rigidity (psychology) - Wikipedia Headings: Rigidity (psychology) Rigidity (psychology) Contents Background Mental set Behavioral sets Origins and anthropology Causes Stages Traits Accompanying externalizing behaviors Accompanying internalizing behaviors Manifestations of rigidity Associated conditions Cognitive closure Autism spectrum disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder Scrupulosity Effects Ethnocentrism Cultural and religious use Strategies for overcoming rigidity Consequences of unfulfillment References See also Content: Rigidity (psychology) - Wikipedia Rigidity (psychology) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search In psychology, rigidity or mental rigidity refers to an obstinate inability to yield or a refusal to appreciate another person's viewpoint or emotions characterized by a lack of empathy. It can also refer to the tendency to perseverate, which is the inability to change habits and the inability to modify concepts and attitudes once developed. A specific example of rigidity is functional fixedness, which is a difficulty conceiving new uses for familiar objects. Contents 1 Background 2 Mental set 3 Behavioral sets 4 Origins and anthropology 5 Causes 6 Stages 7 Traits 7.1 Accompanying externalizing behaviors 7.2 Accompanying internalizing behaviors 7.3 Manifestations of rigidity 8 Associated conditions 8.1 Cognitive closure 8.2 Autism spectrum disorder 8.3 Obsessive-compulsive disorder 8.4 Scrupulosity 9 Effects 9.1 Ethnocentrism 10 Cultural and religious use 11 Strategies for overcoming rigidity 11.1 Consequences of unfulfillment 12 References 13 See also Background Rigidity is an ancient part of our human cognition. Systematic research on rigidity can be found tracing back to Gestalt psychologists, going as far back as the late 19th to early 20th century with Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka in Germany. With more than 100 years of research on the matter there is some established and clear data. Nonetheless, there is still much controversy surrounding several of the fundamental aspects of rigidity. In the early stages of approaching the idea of rigidity, it is treated as "a unidimensional continuum ranging from rigid at one end to flexible at the other". This idea dates back to the 1800s and was later articulated by Charles Spearman who described it as mental inertia. Prior to 1960 many definitions for the term rigidity were afloat.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigidity_(psychology)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1630727539#1_1837738188
Title: Rigidity (psychology) - Wikipedia Headings: Rigidity (psychology) Rigidity (psychology) Contents Background Mental set Behavioral sets Origins and anthropology Causes Stages Traits Accompanying externalizing behaviors Accompanying internalizing behaviors Manifestations of rigidity Associated conditions Cognitive closure Autism spectrum disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder Scrupulosity Effects Ethnocentrism Cultural and religious use Strategies for overcoming rigidity Consequences of unfulfillment References See also Content: With more than 100 years of research on the matter there is some established and clear data. Nonetheless, there is still much controversy surrounding several of the fundamental aspects of rigidity. In the early stages of approaching the idea of rigidity, it is treated as "a unidimensional continuum ranging from rigid at one end to flexible at the other". This idea dates back to the 1800s and was later articulated by Charles Spearman who described it as mental inertia. Prior to 1960 many definitions for the term rigidity were afloat. One example includes Kurt Goldstein 's, which he stated, "adherence to a present performance in an inadequate way", another being Milton Rokeach saying the definition was, " [the] inability to change one's set when the objective conditions demand it". Others have simplified rigidity down to stages for easy defining. Generally, it is agreed upon that it is evidenced by the identification of mental or behavioral sets. Lewin and Kounin also proposed a theory of cognitive rigidity (also called Lewin-Kounin formulation) based on a Gestalt perspective and they used it to explain a behavior in mentally retarded persons that is inflexible, repetitive, and unchanging. The theory proposed that it is caused by a greater "stiffness" or impermeability between inner-personal regions of individuals, which influence behavior.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigidity_(psychology)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1630727539#2_1837740295
Title: Rigidity (psychology) - Wikipedia Headings: Rigidity (psychology) Rigidity (psychology) Contents Background Mental set Behavioral sets Origins and anthropology Causes Stages Traits Accompanying externalizing behaviors Accompanying internalizing behaviors Manifestations of rigidity Associated conditions Cognitive closure Autism spectrum disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder Scrupulosity Effects Ethnocentrism Cultural and religious use Strategies for overcoming rigidity Consequences of unfulfillment References See also Content: One example includes Kurt Goldstein 's, which he stated, "adherence to a present performance in an inadequate way", another being Milton Rokeach saying the definition was, " [the] inability to change one's set when the objective conditions demand it". Others have simplified rigidity down to stages for easy defining. Generally, it is agreed upon that it is evidenced by the identification of mental or behavioral sets. Lewin and Kounin also proposed a theory of cognitive rigidity (also called Lewin-Kounin formulation) based on a Gestalt perspective and they used it to explain a behavior in mentally retarded persons that is inflexible, repetitive, and unchanging. The theory proposed that it is caused by a greater "stiffness" or impermeability between inner-personal regions of individuals, which influence behavior. Rigidity was particularly explored in Lewin's views regarding the degree of differentiation among children. He posited that a mentally retarded child can be distinguished from the normal child due to the smaller capacity for dynamic rearrangement in terms of his psychical systems. Mental set Mental sets represent a form of rigidity in which an individual behaves or believes in a certain way due to prior experience. The reverse of this is termed cognitive flexibility. These mental sets may not always be consciously recognized by the bearer.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigidity_(psychology)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1630727539#3_1837742408
Title: Rigidity (psychology) - Wikipedia Headings: Rigidity (psychology) Rigidity (psychology) Contents Background Mental set Behavioral sets Origins and anthropology Causes Stages Traits Accompanying externalizing behaviors Accompanying internalizing behaviors Manifestations of rigidity Associated conditions Cognitive closure Autism spectrum disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder Scrupulosity Effects Ethnocentrism Cultural and religious use Strategies for overcoming rigidity Consequences of unfulfillment References See also Content: Rigidity was particularly explored in Lewin's views regarding the degree of differentiation among children. He posited that a mentally retarded child can be distinguished from the normal child due to the smaller capacity for dynamic rearrangement in terms of his psychical systems. Mental set Mental sets represent a form of rigidity in which an individual behaves or believes in a certain way due to prior experience. The reverse of this is termed cognitive flexibility. These mental sets may not always be consciously recognized by the bearer. In the field of psychology, mental sets are typically examined in the process of problem solving, with an emphasis on the process of breaking away from particular mental sets into formulation of insight. Breaking mental sets in order to successfully resolve problems fall under three typical stages: a) tendency to solve a problem in a fixed way, b) unsuccessfully solving a problem using methods suggested by prior experience, and c) realizing that the solution requires different methods. Components of high executive functioning, such as the interplay between working memory and inhibition, are essential to effective switching between mental sets for different situations. Individual differences in mental sets vary, with one study producing a variety of cautious and risky strategies in individual responses to a reaction time test.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigidity_(psychology)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1630727539#4_1837744531
Title: Rigidity (psychology) - Wikipedia Headings: Rigidity (psychology) Rigidity (psychology) Contents Background Mental set Behavioral sets Origins and anthropology Causes Stages Traits Accompanying externalizing behaviors Accompanying internalizing behaviors Manifestations of rigidity Associated conditions Cognitive closure Autism spectrum disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder Scrupulosity Effects Ethnocentrism Cultural and religious use Strategies for overcoming rigidity Consequences of unfulfillment References See also Content: In the field of psychology, mental sets are typically examined in the process of problem solving, with an emphasis on the process of breaking away from particular mental sets into formulation of insight. Breaking mental sets in order to successfully resolve problems fall under three typical stages: a) tendency to solve a problem in a fixed way, b) unsuccessfully solving a problem using methods suggested by prior experience, and c) realizing that the solution requires different methods. Components of high executive functioning, such as the interplay between working memory and inhibition, are essential to effective switching between mental sets for different situations. Individual differences in mental sets vary, with one study producing a variety of cautious and risky strategies in individual responses to a reaction time test. Behavioral sets This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. ( April 2020) Origins and anthropology This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. ( April 2020) Causes This section is empty.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigidity_(psychology)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1630727539#7_1837748710
Title: Rigidity (psychology) - Wikipedia Headings: Rigidity (psychology) Rigidity (psychology) Contents Background Mental set Behavioral sets Origins and anthropology Causes Stages Traits Accompanying externalizing behaviors Accompanying internalizing behaviors Manifestations of rigidity Associated conditions Cognitive closure Autism spectrum disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder Scrupulosity Effects Ethnocentrism Cultural and religious use Strategies for overcoming rigidity Consequences of unfulfillment References See also Content: doi: 10.1080/09602011.2015.1062115. Epub 2015 Jul 9. PMID: 26156228. Stages Rigidity has three different main "stages" of severity, although it never has to move to further stages. The first stage is a strict perception that causes one to persist in their ways and be close-minded to other things. The second involves a motive to defend the ego. The third stage is that it is a part of one's personality and you can see it in their perception, cognition, and social interactions. Traits We often see traits that occur alongside rigidity.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigidity_(psychology)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1630727539#8_1837749990
Title: Rigidity (psychology) - Wikipedia Headings: Rigidity (psychology) Rigidity (psychology) Contents Background Mental set Behavioral sets Origins and anthropology Causes Stages Traits Accompanying externalizing behaviors Accompanying internalizing behaviors Manifestations of rigidity Associated conditions Cognitive closure Autism spectrum disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder Scrupulosity Effects Ethnocentrism Cultural and religious use Strategies for overcoming rigidity Consequences of unfulfillment References See also Content: Stages Rigidity has three different main "stages" of severity, although it never has to move to further stages. The first stage is a strict perception that causes one to persist in their ways and be close-minded to other things. The second involves a motive to defend the ego. The third stage is that it is a part of one's personality and you can see it in their perception, cognition, and social interactions. Traits We often see traits that occur alongside rigidity. Accompanying externalizing behaviors They could be external behaviors, such as the following: Insistently repetitious behavior Difficulty with unmet expectations Perfectionism Compulsions (as in OCD) Perseveration Accompanying internalizing behaviors Internalizing behaviors also are shown: Perfectionism Obsessions (as in OCD) Manifestations of rigidity Associated conditions Cognitive closure Mental rigidity often features a high need for cognitive closure, meaning that they assign explanations prematurely to things with a determination that this is truth, finding that resolution of the dissonance as reassuring as finding the truth. Then, there is little reason to correct their unconscious misattributions if it would bring uncertainty back. Autism spectrum disorder Cognitive rigidity is one feature of autism and its spectrum (ASD), but is even included in what's called the Broader Autism Phenotype, where a collection of autistic traits still fail to reach the level of ASD.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigidity_(psychology)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1630727539#9_1837752201
Title: Rigidity (psychology) - Wikipedia Headings: Rigidity (psychology) Rigidity (psychology) Contents Background Mental set Behavioral sets Origins and anthropology Causes Stages Traits Accompanying externalizing behaviors Accompanying internalizing behaviors Manifestations of rigidity Associated conditions Cognitive closure Autism spectrum disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder Scrupulosity Effects Ethnocentrism Cultural and religious use Strategies for overcoming rigidity Consequences of unfulfillment References See also Content: Accompanying externalizing behaviors They could be external behaviors, such as the following: Insistently repetitious behavior Difficulty with unmet expectations Perfectionism Compulsions (as in OCD) Perseveration Accompanying internalizing behaviors Internalizing behaviors also are shown: Perfectionism Obsessions (as in OCD) Manifestations of rigidity Associated conditions Cognitive closure Mental rigidity often features a high need for cognitive closure, meaning that they assign explanations prematurely to things with a determination that this is truth, finding that resolution of the dissonance as reassuring as finding the truth. Then, there is little reason to correct their unconscious misattributions if it would bring uncertainty back. Autism spectrum disorder Cognitive rigidity is one feature of autism and its spectrum (ASD), but is even included in what's called the Broader Autism Phenotype, where a collection of autistic traits still fail to reach the level of ASD. This is one example of how rigidity does not show up as a single trait, but comes with a number of related traits. Obsessive-compulsive disorder Scrupulosity Effects Ethnocentrism M. Rokeach tested for ethnocentrism's relatedness to mental rigidity by using the California Ethnocentrism Scale (when measuring American college students' views) and the California Attitude Scale (when measuring children's views) before they were given what is called by cognitive scientists "the water jar problem." This problem teaches students a set pattern for how to solve each one. Those that scored higher in ethnocentrism also showed attributes of rigidity such as persistence of mental sets and more complicated thought processes. Cultural and religious use This section is empty.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigidity_(psychology)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1630727539#10_1837754719
Title: Rigidity (psychology) - Wikipedia Headings: Rigidity (psychology) Rigidity (psychology) Contents Background Mental set Behavioral sets Origins and anthropology Causes Stages Traits Accompanying externalizing behaviors Accompanying internalizing behaviors Manifestations of rigidity Associated conditions Cognitive closure Autism spectrum disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder Scrupulosity Effects Ethnocentrism Cultural and religious use Strategies for overcoming rigidity Consequences of unfulfillment References See also Content: This is one example of how rigidity does not show up as a single trait, but comes with a number of related traits. Obsessive-compulsive disorder Scrupulosity Effects Ethnocentrism M. Rokeach tested for ethnocentrism's relatedness to mental rigidity by using the California Ethnocentrism Scale (when measuring American college students' views) and the California Attitude Scale (when measuring children's views) before they were given what is called by cognitive scientists "the water jar problem." This problem teaches students a set pattern for how to solve each one. Those that scored higher in ethnocentrism also showed attributes of rigidity such as persistence of mental sets and more complicated thought processes. Cultural and religious use This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. ( April 2020) Strategies for overcoming rigidity Consequences of unfulfillment If a person with cognitive rigidity does not fulfill their rigidly held expectations, the following could occur: Agitation Aggression Self-injurious behavior Depression Anxiety Suicidality These are clearly maladaptive, and so there must be other ways to overcome it. References ^ Aquilar, Francesco; Galluccio, Mauro (2007).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigidity_(psychology)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1630727539#11_1837756683
Title: Rigidity (psychology) - Wikipedia Headings: Rigidity (psychology) Rigidity (psychology) Contents Background Mental set Behavioral sets Origins and anthropology Causes Stages Traits Accompanying externalizing behaviors Accompanying internalizing behaviors Manifestations of rigidity Associated conditions Cognitive closure Autism spectrum disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder Scrupulosity Effects Ethnocentrism Cultural and religious use Strategies for overcoming rigidity Consequences of unfulfillment References See also Content: You can help by adding to it. ( April 2020) Strategies for overcoming rigidity Consequences of unfulfillment If a person with cognitive rigidity does not fulfill their rigidly held expectations, the following could occur: Agitation Aggression Self-injurious behavior Depression Anxiety Suicidality These are clearly maladaptive, and so there must be other ways to overcome it. References ^ Aquilar, Francesco; Galluccio, Mauro (2007). Psychological Processes in International Negotiations: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 92.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigidity_(psychology)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1648499805#1_1858855437
Title: Road signs in Ireland - Wikipedia Headings: Road signs in Ireland Road signs in Ireland Contents Republic of Ireland Legal basis Directional signage Typefaces and colours Types of sign available Destination signing policy Motorway / high quality dual carriageway signage Original design Current signing policy Future amendments under consideration Regulatory signs Warning signs Roadwork signs Obsolete signage Earlier directional signage Earlier warning signs Northern Ireland See also References External links Content: (June 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " Road signs in Ireland" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Overview of road signs in Ireland Typical road signs in rural areas of the Republic of Ireland. Here, a fingerpost with old road number and Bord Fáilte logo. Signpost located in Rathangan, Co. Kildare. Old Yield sign in Culdaff, Inishowen. Road signs in Ireland do not differ greatly from those used elsewhere in Europe, but there are some differences between those used in the Republic of Ireland and those used in Northern Ireland, including different systems of units used in each jurisdiction. Contents 1 Republic of Ireland 1.1 Legal basis 1.2 Directional signage 1.2.1 Typefaces and colours 1.2.2 Types of sign available 1.2.3 Destination signing policy 1.2.4 Motorway / high quality dual carriageway signage 1.2.4.1 Original design 1.2.4.2 2005-2007 1.2.4.3 Current signing policy 1.2.4.4 Future amendments under consideration 1.3 Regulatory signs 1.4 Warning signs 1.4.1 Roadwork signs 1.5 Obsolete signage 1.5.1 Earlier directional signage 1.5.2 Earlier warning signs 2 Northern Ireland 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Republic of Ireland Road signs in the Republic of Ireland do not differ greatly from those used elsewhere in Europe – with the notable exception that hazard or warning signs follow the "New World" model that is employed, notably, in the Americas, Australasia, and Japan:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_signs_in_Ireland
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1648499805#2_1858857993
Title: Road signs in Ireland - Wikipedia Headings: Road signs in Ireland Road signs in Ireland Contents Republic of Ireland Legal basis Directional signage Typefaces and colours Types of sign available Destination signing policy Motorway / high quality dual carriageway signage Original design Current signing policy Future amendments under consideration Regulatory signs Warning signs Roadwork signs Obsolete signage Earlier directional signage Earlier warning signs Northern Ireland See also References External links Content: Here, a fingerpost with old road number and Bord Fáilte logo. Signpost located in Rathangan, Co. Kildare. Old Yield sign in Culdaff, Inishowen. Road signs in Ireland do not differ greatly from those used elsewhere in Europe, but there are some differences between those used in the Republic of Ireland and those used in Northern Ireland, including different systems of units used in each jurisdiction. Contents 1 Republic of Ireland 1.1 Legal basis 1.2 Directional signage 1.2.1 Typefaces and colours 1.2.2 Types of sign available 1.2.3 Destination signing policy 1.2.4 Motorway / high quality dual carriageway signage 1.2.4.1 Original design 1.2.4.2 2005-2007 1.2.4.3 Current signing policy 1.2.4.4 Future amendments under consideration 1.3 Regulatory signs 1.4 Warning signs 1.4.1 Roadwork signs 1.5 Obsolete signage 1.5.1 Earlier directional signage 1.5.2 Earlier warning signs 2 Northern Ireland 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Republic of Ireland Road signs in the Republic of Ireland do not differ greatly from those used elsewhere in Europe – with the notable exception that hazard or warning signs follow the "New World" model that is employed, notably, in the Americas, Australasia, and Japan: that is to say that they feature a black symbol on the background of a yellow diamond. The symbols used on these warning signs do, nevertheless, resemble much more closely those used (on red-bordered white or yellow triangles) in the rest of Europe than many of those seen in the United States. Regulatory signage (relating to limits and prohibitions) differs very little from that used in the rest of Europe. The system of directional signs is based upon, and is very similar to, that employed in the United Kingdom, but is bilingual everywhere except in the Gaeltacht, where only the Irish language is used on signs. All distances (and other measurements) are expressed in metric units.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_signs_in_Ireland
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1648499805#3_1858860654
Title: Road signs in Ireland - Wikipedia Headings: Road signs in Ireland Road signs in Ireland Contents Republic of Ireland Legal basis Directional signage Typefaces and colours Types of sign available Destination signing policy Motorway / high quality dual carriageway signage Original design Current signing policy Future amendments under consideration Regulatory signs Warning signs Roadwork signs Obsolete signage Earlier directional signage Earlier warning signs Northern Ireland See also References External links Content: that is to say that they feature a black symbol on the background of a yellow diamond. The symbols used on these warning signs do, nevertheless, resemble much more closely those used (on red-bordered white or yellow triangles) in the rest of Europe than many of those seen in the United States. Regulatory signage (relating to limits and prohibitions) differs very little from that used in the rest of Europe. The system of directional signs is based upon, and is very similar to, that employed in the United Kingdom, but is bilingual everywhere except in the Gaeltacht, where only the Irish language is used on signs. All distances (and other measurements) are expressed in metric units. On 20 January 2005, imperial speed limits on signs were replaced with metric speed limits. Around 35,000 existing signs were modified or replaced and a further 23,000 new signs were erected bearing the speed limit in kilometres per hour. To avoid confusion with the old signs, all speed limit signs include the mention "km/h" beneath the numerals. Legal basis Signage in the Republic of Ireland is prescribed under the Traffic Signs Manual 2010 ( TSM ), issued by the Department of Transport. Published in late 2010 after a long period of review, this replaced at least one older edition, the Traffic Signs Manual 1996 .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_signs_in_Ireland
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1648499805#6_1858866860
Title: Road signs in Ireland - Wikipedia Headings: Road signs in Ireland Road signs in Ireland Contents Republic of Ireland Legal basis Directional signage Typefaces and colours Types of sign available Destination signing policy Motorway / high quality dual carriageway signage Original design Current signing policy Future amendments under consideration Regulatory signs Warning signs Roadwork signs Obsolete signage Earlier directional signage Earlier warning signs Northern Ireland See also References External links Content: Directional signage Typefaces and colours Black-on-white regional road sign in Irish and English, showing Guildford Rules patching for the N75 and the M8 A simpler black-on-white regional road sign White-on-green national road sign White-on-green national road signs White-on-blue motorway road sign. An example of Advance Directional Signage (ADS) A cantilever sign on the N11 Directional signage in the Republic of Ireland is fairly similar to the United Kingdom design. All Irish text is in italic print, in lower case lettering with initial letters in capitals. Irish script is inclined at 15 degrees to the vertical. The Irish text is placed above the corresponding English. All English text is in upper case Roman alphabet. The Transport Heavy and Motorway typefaces are used, although the Irish language text uses a distinctive oblique variant, in which letters a are represented by script a ( ɑ ), and letters i were represented by dotless i ( ı) in order to better differentiate them from their accented forms, however, the normal letter i is now used frequently. Additionally, the capitals M, N and A are similar in appearance to lowercase m, n and a. Only the Irish place name is shown if the sign is in the Gaeltacht, or the official name in English is identical to the Irish name or nearly so (for example Dún Laoghaire or Port Laoise ). Due to the practice of signposting in both languages, usually a limited number of destinations will be signposted. If a destination can be reached by following a route which is a spur from that route, the destination and route number will be shown in brackets.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_signs_in_Ireland
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1648499805#10_1858875282
Title: Road signs in Ireland - Wikipedia Headings: Road signs in Ireland Road signs in Ireland Contents Republic of Ireland Legal basis Directional signage Typefaces and colours Types of sign available Destination signing policy Motorway / high quality dual carriageway signage Original design Current signing policy Future amendments under consideration Regulatory signs Warning signs Roadwork signs Obsolete signage Earlier directional signage Earlier warning signs Northern Ireland See also References External links Content: However map-type signs are occasionally used at normal intersections where it is necessary to sign a restriction (such as a weight or height restriction). At the junction itself, either a flag sign – a sign with a triangular point at one end and a chevron – or (on rural roads) a fingerpost points the driver in the direction to be taken. After the junction, a route confirmation sign listing the route number and the primary destinations will be erected. However, on rural roads, it is common for some or all of the above signage to be missing. Often junctions are signed with only a fingerpost . Destination signing policy One feature of road signage in the Republic of Ireland, particularly along Dublin's quays, is that some national primary road signage directs drivers generically to destinations such as "The West" and "The South" and "The North". This system, inherited from the UK system, was banned under the 1996 TSM, which mandates the use of the terminal destination and next primary destination of the route instead, but signage was patched with specific destinations only in the early 2000s (decade). While this has been replaced with specific placenames in some cases, it remains in use in other areas. In summer 2006, signage for "North" and "South" was erected in Ashbourne at the start of the new N2 dual carriageway. Nevertheless, generally directional signage on major routes shows major or end destinations.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_signs_in_Ireland
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1648499805#11_1858877459
Title: Road signs in Ireland - Wikipedia Headings: Road signs in Ireland Road signs in Ireland Contents Republic of Ireland Legal basis Directional signage Typefaces and colours Types of sign available Destination signing policy Motorway / high quality dual carriageway signage Original design Current signing policy Future amendments under consideration Regulatory signs Warning signs Roadwork signs Obsolete signage Earlier directional signage Earlier warning signs Northern Ireland See also References External links Content: Destination signing policy One feature of road signage in the Republic of Ireland, particularly along Dublin's quays, is that some national primary road signage directs drivers generically to destinations such as "The West" and "The South" and "The North". This system, inherited from the UK system, was banned under the 1996 TSM, which mandates the use of the terminal destination and next primary destination of the route instead, but signage was patched with specific destinations only in the early 2000s (decade). While this has been replaced with specific placenames in some cases, it remains in use in other areas. In summer 2006, signage for "North" and "South" was erected in Ashbourne at the start of the new N2 dual carriageway. Nevertheless, generally directional signage on major routes shows major or end destinations. Smaller towns and placenames are shown only on signage nearer to that location. Motorway / high quality dual carriageway signage Original design The original design (1983–1989) of Republic of Ireland motorway signage was a simpler version of the UK design. These signs were only ever in use on the M7 Naas Bypass and M1 Airport Motorway and only rare examples are still in situ . From 1989–2005, signage on motorways was nearly identical to that on UK motorways (but see new motorway signage, below); although in the Republic of Ireland, motorway junctions were not always numbered, or the number was not always signposted.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_signs_in_Ireland
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1649810430#0_1860472164
Title: Roads in Ireland - Wikipedia Headings: Roads in Ireland Roads in Ireland Contents History Roads in the Republic of Ireland Motorways Planned motorways National primary roads National secondary roads Alternative National roads Regional roads Local roads Old system Former major trunk roads in Ireland and current equivalents Roads in Northern Ireland European routes See also References External links Content: Roads in Ireland - Wikipedia Roads in Ireland From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Overview of roads in Ireland Ireland. Motorways shown in blue, primary roads (N, A) shown in green. ( OpenStreetMap mapping) The island of Ireland, comprising Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, has an extensive network of tens of thousands of kilometres of public roads, usually surfaced. These roads have been developed and modernised over centuries, from trackways suitable only for walkers and horses, to surfaced roads including modern motorways. The major routes were established before Irish independence and consequently take little cognisance of the border other than a change of identification number and street furniture. Northern Ireland has had motorways since 1962, and has a well-developed network of primary, secondary and local routes. The Republic started work on its motorway network in the early 1980s; and historically, the road network there was once somewhat less well developed. However, the Celtic Tiger economic boom and an influx of European Union structural funding, saw national roads and regional roads in the Republic come up to international standard quite quickly. In the mid-1990s, for example, the Republic went from having only a few short sections of motorway to a network of motorways, dual carriageways and other improvements on most major routes as part of a National Development Plan.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads_in_Ireland
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1649810430#2_1860476434
Title: Roads in Ireland - Wikipedia Headings: Roads in Ireland Roads in Ireland Contents History Roads in the Republic of Ireland Motorways Planned motorways National primary roads National secondary roads Alternative National roads Regional roads Local roads Old system Former major trunk roads in Ireland and current equivalents Roads in Northern Ireland European routes See also References External links Content: Road construction in Northern Ireland now tends to proceed at a slower pace than in the Republic, although a number of important bypasses and upgrades to dual carriageway have recently been completed or are about to begin. Roads in Northern Ireland are classified as either Highways, motorways (shown by the letter M followed by a route number, e.g. M1), A-roads (shown by the letter A followed by a route number, e.g. A6), B-roads (shown by the letter B followed by a route number, e.g. B135) and other roads. There are two types of A-roads: primary and non-primary. Roads in the Republic are classified as motorways (shown by the letter M followed by a route number, e.g. M7), national roads (shown by the letter N followed by a route number, e.g. N25), regional roads (shown by the letter R followed by a route number, e.g. R611) and local roads (shown by the letter L followed by a route number, e.g. L4202). There are two types of national roads: national primary routes and national secondary routes . Road signs in Northern Ireland follow the same design rules as the rest of the United Kingdom. Distance signposts in Northern Ireland show distances in miles, while all signposts placed in the Republic since the 1990s use kilometres. The Republic's road signs are generally bilingual, using both official languages, Irish and English.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads_in_Ireland
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1649810430#3_1860478381
Title: Roads in Ireland - Wikipedia Headings: Roads in Ireland Roads in Ireland Contents History Roads in the Republic of Ireland Motorways Planned motorways National primary roads National secondary roads Alternative National roads Regional roads Local roads Old system Former major trunk roads in Ireland and current equivalents Roads in Northern Ireland European routes See also References External links Content: There are two types of national roads: national primary routes and national secondary routes . Road signs in Northern Ireland follow the same design rules as the rest of the United Kingdom. Distance signposts in Northern Ireland show distances in miles, while all signposts placed in the Republic since the 1990s use kilometres. The Republic's road signs are generally bilingual, using both official languages, Irish and English. However, signs in the Gaeltacht (Irish speaking areas) use only Irish. The Irish language names are written in italic script, the English in capitals. Signs in Northern Ireland are in English only. Warning signs in the Republic have a yellow background and are diamond-shaped, those in Northern Ireland are triangle-shaped and have a white background with a red border. Speed limits in Northern Ireland are specified in miles per hour.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads_in_Ireland
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1649810430#4_1860479851
Title: Roads in Ireland - Wikipedia Headings: Roads in Ireland Roads in Ireland Contents History Roads in the Republic of Ireland Motorways Planned motorways National primary roads National secondary roads Alternative National roads Regional roads Local roads Old system Former major trunk roads in Ireland and current equivalents Roads in Northern Ireland European routes See also References External links Content: However, signs in the Gaeltacht (Irish speaking areas) use only Irish. The Irish language names are written in italic script, the English in capitals. Signs in Northern Ireland are in English only. Warning signs in the Republic have a yellow background and are diamond-shaped, those in Northern Ireland are triangle-shaped and have a white background with a red border. Speed limits in Northern Ireland are specified in miles per hour. Those in the Republic use kilometres per hour (km/h), a change introduced on 20 January 2005. This involved the provision of 58,000 new metric speed limit signs, replacing and supplementing 35,000 imperial signs. Contents 1 History 2 Roads in the Republic of Ireland 2.1 Motorways 2.1.1 Planned motorways 2.2 National primary roads 2.3 National secondary roads 2.4 Alternative National roads 2.5 Regional roads 2.6 Local roads 2.7 Old system 2.7.1 Former major trunk roads in Ireland and current equivalents 3 Roads in Northern Ireland 4 European routes 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History Main article: History of Roads in Ireland There have been routes and trackways in Ireland connecting settlements and facilitating trade since ancient times. Ireland was never part of the Roman Empire and, therefore, Roman roads were not built in Ireland.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads_in_Ireland
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1649810430#5_1860481768
Title: Roads in Ireland - Wikipedia Headings: Roads in Ireland Roads in Ireland Contents History Roads in the Republic of Ireland Motorways Planned motorways National primary roads National secondary roads Alternative National roads Regional roads Local roads Old system Former major trunk roads in Ireland and current equivalents Roads in Northern Ireland European routes See also References External links Content: Those in the Republic use kilometres per hour (km/h), a change introduced on 20 January 2005. This involved the provision of 58,000 new metric speed limit signs, replacing and supplementing 35,000 imperial signs. Contents 1 History 2 Roads in the Republic of Ireland 2.1 Motorways 2.1.1 Planned motorways 2.2 National primary roads 2.3 National secondary roads 2.4 Alternative National roads 2.5 Regional roads 2.6 Local roads 2.7 Old system 2.7.1 Former major trunk roads in Ireland and current equivalents 3 Roads in Northern Ireland 4 European routes 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History Main article: History of Roads in Ireland There have been routes and trackways in Ireland connecting settlements and facilitating trade since ancient times. Ireland was never part of the Roman Empire and, therefore, Roman roads were not built in Ireland. However, an Iron Age road with a stone surface has been excavated in Munster and togher ( Irish: tóchar) roads, a type of causeway built through bogs, were found in many areas of the country. According to an entry in the Annals of the Four Masters for AD 123, there were five principal highways ( Irish: slighe) leading to Tara ( Irish: Teamhair) in Early Medieval Ireland .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads_in_Ireland
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1649810430#11_1860492237
Title: Roads in Ireland - Wikipedia Headings: Roads in Ireland Roads in Ireland Contents History Roads in the Republic of Ireland Motorways Planned motorways National primary roads National secondary roads Alternative National roads Regional roads Local roads Old system Former major trunk roads in Ireland and current equivalents Roads in Northern Ireland European routes See also References External links Content: The present system of road classification and numbering began in 1977 when twenty-five National primary roads and thirty-three National secondary roads were designated. Regional roads were first formally designated in 1994, although Regional road route-numbers began appearing on signposts in the 1980s. The Roads Act 1993 also classified all public roads which are not national or regional roads as local roads . Roads in the Republic of Ireland A directional road sign in the Republic of Ireland County Laois. The Republic has an extensive network of public roads connecting all parts of the country. As of 31 December 2013, there was a total of 7,959.309 km (4945 miles) of national roads: of which 5,305.56 km (3297 miles) were national primary routes (including motorways) and 2,653.749 km (1649 miles) were national secondary routes. By May 2018 Network Lengths were as follows. National Primary Roads (including motorways) 2,717 km (1689 miles) National Secondary Roads 2,696 km (1675 miles) Total National Road N (and M) Network 5,413 km (3363 miles) In addition to national roads, the Republic also has an extensive network of other public roads: there are:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads_in_Ireland
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1678097459#2_1891628344
Title: Rock music - Wikipedia Headings: Rock music Rock music From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Characteristics 1950s: Rock and roll Early 1960s Pop rock and instrumental rock Latin rock Surf music British Invasion Garage rock Psychedelia and progressivism Blues and folk fusions Blues rock Folk rock Psychedelic rock Progressive rock Jazz rock Early 1970s Roots rock Glam rock Chicano rock Soft rock, hard rock, and early heavy metal Christian rock Punk era Punk rock New wave Post-punk Heartland rock Emergence of alternative rock Alternative Grunge Britpop Post-grunge Pop punk Indie rock Alternative metal, rap rock and nu metal Post-Britpop Post-hardcore and emo Garage rock/post-punk revival Digital electronic rock Mainstream decline (2010s–present) Impact of COVID-19 on the rock scene Social impact Role of women See also Notes References Further reading and listening External links Content: New genres that emerged included progressive rock, which extended the artistic elements, glam rock, which highlighted showmanship and visual style, and the diverse and enduring subgenre of heavy metal, which emphasized volume, power, and speed. In the second half of the 1970s, punk rock reacted by producing stripped-down, energetic social and political critiques. Punk was an influence in the 1980s on new wave, post-punk and eventually alternative rock . From the 1990s, alternative rock began to dominate rock music and break into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop, and indie rock. Further fusion subgenres have since emerged, including pop punk, electronic rock, rap rock, and rap metal, as well as conscious attempts to revisit rock's history, including the garage rock / post-punk and techno-pop revivals in the early 2000s. The late 2000s and 2010s saw a slow decline in rock music's mainstream popularity and cultural relevancy, with hip hop surpassing it as the most popular genre in the United States. Rock music has also embodied and served as the vehicle for cultural and social movements, leading to major subcultures including mods and rockers in the United Kingdom and the hippie counterculture that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the goth, punk, and emo subcultures. Inheriting the folk tradition of the protest song, rock music has been associated with political activism as well as changes in social attitudes to race, sex, and drug use, and is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult consumerism and conformity. At the same time, it has been commercially highly successful, leading to charges of selling out.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(music)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1695457674#2_1910709862
Title: Role - Wikipedia Headings: Role Role Contents Definition Determinants and characteristics Role theory Role in functionalist and consensus theory Role in interactionist or social action theory Social norms theory The theory of planned behavior Team role theory Role conflict Role confusion Role enhancement Role strain Gender roles See also References Bibliography External links Content: Social roles included appropriate and permitted forms of behavior and actions that recur in a group, guided by social norms, which are commonly known and hence determine the expectations for appropriate behavior in these roles, which further explains the place of a person in the society. Roles are occupied by individuals, who are called actors. When individuals approve of a social role (i.e., they consider the role legitimate and constructive ), they will incur costs to conform to role norms, and will also incur costs to punish those who violate role norms. Changed conditions can render a social role outdated or illegitimate, in which case social pressures are likely to lead to role change. The anticipation of rewards and punishments, as well as the satisfaction of behaving pro-socially, account for why agents conform to role requirements. The notion of the role can and is examined in the social sciences, more specifically economics, sociology and organization theory . Contents 1 Definition 2 Determinants and characteristics 3 Role theory 3.1 Role in functionalist and consensus theory 3.2 Role in interactionist or social action theory 3.3 Social norms theory 3.3.1 The theory of planned behavior 3.3.2 Team role theory 4 Role conflict 5 Role confusion 6 Role enhancement 7 Role strain 8 Gender roles 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Definition Stanley Wasserman and Katherine Faust Stanley cautioned that "there is considerable disagreement among social scientists about the definitions of the related concepts of social position, social status, and social role." They note that while many scholars differentiate those terms, they can define those terms in a way that clashes with the definitions of another scholar; for example they state that " [Ralph] Linton uses the term 'status' in a way that is identical to our use of the term "position". Determinants and characteristics Roles may be achieved or ascribed or they can be accidental in different situations.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1695457674#5_1910716592
Title: Role - Wikipedia Headings: Role Role Contents Definition Determinants and characteristics Role theory Role in functionalist and consensus theory Role in interactionist or social action theory Social norms theory The theory of planned behavior Team role theory Role conflict Role confusion Role enhancement Role strain Gender roles See also References Bibliography External links Content: For many roles, individuals must meet certain conditions, biological or sociological. For instance, a boy cannot ordinarily take the biological role of mother. Other roles require training or experience. For instance, in many cultures doctors must be educated and certified before practicing medicine. Role development can be influenced by a number of additional factors, including social, genetic predisposition, cultural or situational . Societal influence: The structure of society often forms individuals into certain roles based on the social situations they choose to experience. Parents enrolling their children in certain programs at a young age increases the chance that the child will follow that role. Genetic predisposition: People take on roles that come naturally to them.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1695457674#6_1910717950
Title: Role - Wikipedia Headings: Role Role Contents Definition Determinants and characteristics Role theory Role in functionalist and consensus theory Role in interactionist or social action theory Social norms theory The theory of planned behavior Team role theory Role conflict Role confusion Role enhancement Role strain Gender roles See also References Bibliography External links Content: Societal influence: The structure of society often forms individuals into certain roles based on the social situations they choose to experience. Parents enrolling their children in certain programs at a young age increases the chance that the child will follow that role. Genetic predisposition: People take on roles that come naturally to them. Those with athletic ability generally take on roles of athletes. Those with mental genius often take on roles devoted to education and knowledge. This does not mean that people must choose only one path, each individual can reprise multiple roles (i.e. Evelyn can be the point guard on the basketball team and the editor of her school newspaper). Cultural influence: Different cultures place different values on certain roles based on their lifestyle.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1695457674#7_1910719320
Title: Role - Wikipedia Headings: Role Role Contents Definition Determinants and characteristics Role theory Role in functionalist and consensus theory Role in interactionist or social action theory Social norms theory The theory of planned behavior Team role theory Role conflict Role confusion Role enhancement Role strain Gender roles See also References Bibliography External links Content: Those with athletic ability generally take on roles of athletes. Those with mental genius often take on roles devoted to education and knowledge. This does not mean that people must choose only one path, each individual can reprise multiple roles (i.e. Evelyn can be the point guard on the basketball team and the editor of her school newspaper). Cultural influence: Different cultures place different values on certain roles based on their lifestyle. For instance, soccer players are regarded higher in European countries than in the United States, where soccer is less popular. Situational influence: Roles can be created or altered based on the situation a person is put in outside their own influence. An example of this is students blaming failure on situational factors like "the test wasn't fair" and this effects their role as a student. Roles are also frequently interconnected in a role set, that complement of role-relationships in which persons are involved by virtue of occupying a particular social status.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1703298869#2_1920064288
Title: Catholic Church in Mexico - Wikipedia Headings: Catholic Church in Mexico Catholic Church in Mexico Contents History Organization of the Church in Modern Mexico Latin Church hierarchy Eastern Catholic jurisdictions Regular (monastic) Catholic Jurisdictions Gallery References Bibliography General Colonial Era (1519–1821) Nineteenth Century Twentieth Century and Third Millennium External links Content: The history of the Catholic Church in Mexico can be divided into distinct periods, the basic division being between colonial Mexico, known as New Spain and the national period, from Mexican independence in 1821 until the current era. The era of the military conquest in the early sixteenth century saw the Church's huge effort to evangelize the indigenous population of Mexico in what is termed "the spiritual conquest". As the Spanish Empire expanded into new territories, the incorporation of the indigenous population was a priority for the crown. The growth of the Spanish and mixed-race urban population of Mexico prompted the establishment of the episcopal hierarchy, under the patronage of the monarch and the creation of dioceses in Mexico. Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe In the national period, following independence in early nineteenth century, Mexico established a legal framework that continued the privileged status of the Catholic Church as the sole religion. La Reforma of the late 1850s sparked an extended period of violent conflict between the conservative supporters of the old order and liberals who sought to displace and diminish the power of the Church. The Mexican Revolution was won by largely anticlerical Constitutionalists and the Church's role in Mexico was restricted constitutionally. After a period of violent open conflict over religious matters, Church-State relations returned to a modus vivendi while the anticlerical constitutional framework remained in place. Expansion of Catholic participation in the establishment of religious educational institutions and the creation of a conservative political party, the National Action Party with no direct ties to the Church was an important characteristic of the late twentieth century. A new constitutional framework was created in 1992, which reiterated the separation between the Catholic Church and the state and lifted most but not all restrictions on religious freedom and the activities of the Catholic Church in Mexico.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Mexico
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1703298869#3_1920066915
Title: Catholic Church in Mexico - Wikipedia Headings: Catholic Church in Mexico Catholic Church in Mexico Contents History Organization of the Church in Modern Mexico Latin Church hierarchy Eastern Catholic jurisdictions Regular (monastic) Catholic Jurisdictions Gallery References Bibliography General Colonial Era (1519–1821) Nineteenth Century Twentieth Century and Third Millennium External links Content: La Reforma of the late 1850s sparked an extended period of violent conflict between the conservative supporters of the old order and liberals who sought to displace and diminish the power of the Church. The Mexican Revolution was won by largely anticlerical Constitutionalists and the Church's role in Mexico was restricted constitutionally. After a period of violent open conflict over religious matters, Church-State relations returned to a modus vivendi while the anticlerical constitutional framework remained in place. Expansion of Catholic participation in the establishment of religious educational institutions and the creation of a conservative political party, the National Action Party with no direct ties to the Church was an important characteristic of the late twentieth century. A new constitutional framework was created in 1992, which reiterated the separation between the Catholic Church and the state and lifted most but not all restrictions on religious freedom and the activities of the Catholic Church in Mexico. Organization of the Church in Modern Mexico See also: Cristero War, Saints of the Cristero War, José Sánchez del Río, and María Natividad Venegas de la Torre Map of the states of Mexico by percentage of Catholics. Map of diocese and the ecclesiastical provinces of Mexico updated to 2017. Part of a series on the Catholic Church by country Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China East Timor Hong Kong India Indonesia Japan Kazakhstan Korea Kyrgyzstan Laos Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Pakistan Philippines Russia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Vietnam Middle East Bahrain Cyprus Iran Iraq Israel Palestinian territories Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Abkhazia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Jersey Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales North America Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Oceania Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Catholicism portal v t e San Carlos Borromeo Repartiendo Limosna al Pueblo by Jose Salome Pina. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla with Our Lady of Guadalupe Enrique Gorostieta Velarde was a Mexican soldier best known for his leadership as a general during the Cristero War.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Mexico
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1706304663#1_1922591043
Title: Roman infantry tactics - Wikipedia Headings: Roman infantry tactics Roman infantry tactics Contents Evolution Roman Infantry of the Roman Kingdom and Republic Roman infantry of the Late Republic and Early Empire Roman Infantry of the Late Empire Manpower Equipment and training Equipment Individual weapons, personal equipment and haulage Artillery package Training Organization, leadership and logistics Command, control and structure Military structure and ranks Force structure Rank summary Logistics Battle Initial preparations and movement for battle Deployment for combat Layout of the triple line Maneuvering Formations Combat 3-line system advantages Flexibility Mixing of a continuous front with interval fighting Line spacing and combat stamina Post-deployment commands Siegecraft and fortifications Besieging cities Field fortifications Infantry effectiveness Roman infantry versus the Macedonian phalanx Versus Pyrrhus Notable triumphs Battle of Cynoscephalae Battle of Pydna Other anti-phalanx tactics Versus Hannibal's Carthage Roman infantry versus Gallic and the Germanic tribes Barbarian armies Early Gallic victories Tactical performance versus Gallic and Germanic opponents Gallic and Germanic strengths Gallic and Germanic weaknesses Gallic and Germanic chariots Superior tactical organization: victory of Caesar at the Sambre River Persisting logistics strategy: Gallic victory at Gergovia Roman infantry versus mobile and guerilla warfare in Hispania Victory through attrition Resource tactics Roman infantry versus cavalry Tactical problems of fighting cavalry Successful tactics Decline "Barbarization" of the heavy infantry Changes in the legions The mobile forces approach Disadvantages of the mobile reserve strategy versus the "forward" policy Twilight of the hard-core infantry Assessment of the Roman infantry Central factors in Roman success See also References Citations Sources Primary sources Secondary sources External links Content: The original Roman army was made up of hoplites, whose main strategy was forming into a phalanx. By the early third century BCE, the Roman army would switch to the maniple system, which would divide the Roman army into three units, hastati, principes, and triarii. Later, Marius would institute the Marian reforms, creating the Roman legion of popular imagination. Eventually, Roman emperor Diocletian would create the Comitatenses and Limitanei units to better defend the empire . Roman legionaries had armor, a gladius, a shield, two pila, and food rations. They carried around tools such as a dolabra, a wooden stave, a shallow wicker, and a basket. These tools would be used for building the castrum. Sometimes Roman soldiers would have mules that carried equipment. Legions carried onagers, ballistae, and scorpios . Roman soldiers would train for four months.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1706304663#10_1922623856
Title: Roman infantry tactics - Wikipedia Headings: Roman infantry tactics Roman infantry tactics Contents Evolution Roman Infantry of the Roman Kingdom and Republic Roman infantry of the Late Republic and Early Empire Roman Infantry of the Late Empire Manpower Equipment and training Equipment Individual weapons, personal equipment and haulage Artillery package Training Organization, leadership and logistics Command, control and structure Military structure and ranks Force structure Rank summary Logistics Battle Initial preparations and movement for battle Deployment for combat Layout of the triple line Maneuvering Formations Combat 3-line system advantages Flexibility Mixing of a continuous front with interval fighting Line spacing and combat stamina Post-deployment commands Siegecraft and fortifications Besieging cities Field fortifications Infantry effectiveness Roman infantry versus the Macedonian phalanx Versus Pyrrhus Notable triumphs Battle of Cynoscephalae Battle of Pydna Other anti-phalanx tactics Versus Hannibal's Carthage Roman infantry versus Gallic and the Germanic tribes Barbarian armies Early Gallic victories Tactical performance versus Gallic and Germanic opponents Gallic and Germanic strengths Gallic and Germanic weaknesses Gallic and Germanic chariots Superior tactical organization: victory of Caesar at the Sambre River Persisting logistics strategy: Gallic victory at Gergovia Roman infantry versus mobile and guerilla warfare in Hispania Victory through attrition Resource tactics Roman infantry versus cavalry Tactical problems of fighting cavalry Successful tactics Decline "Barbarization" of the heavy infantry Changes in the legions The mobile forces approach Disadvantages of the mobile reserve strategy versus the "forward" policy Twilight of the hard-core infantry Assessment of the Roman infantry Central factors in Roman success See also References Citations Sources Primary sources Secondary sources External links Content: This approach included a tendency towards standardization and systematization, practical borrowing, copying and adapting from outsiders, flexibility in tactics and methods, a strong sense of discipline, a ruthless persistence that sought comprehensive victory, and a cohesion brought about by the idea of Roman citizenship under arms – embodied in the legion. These elements waxed and waned over time, but they form a distinct basis underlying Rome's rise. Some key phases of this evolution throughout Rome's military history include: Military forces based primarily on heavy citizen infantry with tribal beginnings and early use of phalanx-type elements (see Military establishment of the Roman kingdom) Growing sophistication as Roman hegemony expanded outside Italy into North Africa, Greece and the Middle East (see Military establishment of the Roman Republic) Continued refinement, standardization and streamlining in the period associated with Gaius Marius including broader-based incorporation of more citizenry into the army, and more professionalism and permanence in army service Continued expansion, flexibility and sophistication from the end of the republic into the time of the Caesars (see Military establishment of the Roman Empire) Growing barbarization, turmoil and weakening of the heavy infantry units in favour of cavalry and lighter troops (see Foederati) Demise of the Western Empire and fragmentation into smaller, weaker local forces. This included the reversal of status of cavalry and infantry in the Eastern Empire. Cataphract forces formed an elite, with infantry being reduced to auxiliaries. Roman Infantry of the Roman Kingdom and Republic A phalanx A depiction of the Maniple Formation The earliest soldiers of the Roman army were hoplites. Census data from the Roman Kingdom shows that the soldiers were Hoplites in a Phalanx. Cavalrymen went into battle with their torsos bare. The legion of the Early Roman Republic was divided into 30 120-160 men strong maniples organized into 3 lines of 10 maniples.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1710692386#0_1926574182
Title: Romanticism - Wikipedia Headings: Romanticism Romanticism Contents Defining Romanticism Basic characteristics Etymology Period Context and place in history Literature Germany Great Britain Scotland France Poland Russia Spain Portugal Italy South America United States Influence of European Romanticism on American writers Architecture Visual arts Music Outside the arts Sciences Historiography Theology Chess Romantic nationalism Polish nationalism and messianism Gallery Emerging Romanticism in the 18th century French Romantic painting Other Romantic authors Scholars of Romanticism See also References Citations Sources Further reading External links Content: Romanticism - Wikipedia Romanticism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Romantic era) Jump to navigation Jump to search For other uses, see Romance (disambiguation). Period of artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that originated in late 18th-century Europe Caspar David Friedrich, Wanderer above the Sea of Fog, 1818 Eugène Delacroix, Death of Sardanapalus, 1827, taking its Orientalist subject from a play by Lord Byron Philipp Otto Runge, The Morning, 1808 Romanticism (also known as the Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical. It was partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, and the scientific rationalization of nature—all components of modernity. It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education, chess, social sciences, and the natural sciences. It had a significant and complex effect on politics, with romantic thinkers influencing liberalism, radicalism, conservatism, and nationalism. The movement emphasized intense emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as apprehension, horror and terror, and awe —especially that experienced in confronting the new aesthetic categories of the sublimity and beauty of nature. It elevated folk art and ancient custom to something noble, but also spontaneity as a desirable characteristic (as in the musical impromptu ). In contrast to the Rationalism and Classicism of the Enlightenment, Romanticism revived medievalism and elements of art and narrative perceived as authentically medieval in an attempt to escape population growth, early urban sprawl, and industrialism . Although the movement was rooted in the German Sturm und Drang movement, which preferred intuition and emotion to the rationalism of the Enlightenment, the events and ideologies of the French Revolution were also proximate factors.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_era
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1710692386#1_1926577435
Title: Romanticism - Wikipedia Headings: Romanticism Romanticism Contents Defining Romanticism Basic characteristics Etymology Period Context and place in history Literature Germany Great Britain Scotland France Poland Russia Spain Portugal Italy South America United States Influence of European Romanticism on American writers Architecture Visual arts Music Outside the arts Sciences Historiography Theology Chess Romantic nationalism Polish nationalism and messianism Gallery Emerging Romanticism in the 18th century French Romantic painting Other Romantic authors Scholars of Romanticism See also References Citations Sources Further reading External links Content: It had a significant and complex effect on politics, with romantic thinkers influencing liberalism, radicalism, conservatism, and nationalism. The movement emphasized intense emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as apprehension, horror and terror, and awe —especially that experienced in confronting the new aesthetic categories of the sublimity and beauty of nature. It elevated folk art and ancient custom to something noble, but also spontaneity as a desirable characteristic (as in the musical impromptu ). In contrast to the Rationalism and Classicism of the Enlightenment, Romanticism revived medievalism and elements of art and narrative perceived as authentically medieval in an attempt to escape population growth, early urban sprawl, and industrialism . Although the movement was rooted in the German Sturm und Drang movement, which preferred intuition and emotion to the rationalism of the Enlightenment, the events and ideologies of the French Revolution were also proximate factors. Romanticism assigned a high value to the achievements of "heroic" individualists and artists, whose examples, it maintained, would raise the quality of society. It also promoted the individual imagination as a critical authority allowed of freedom from classical notions of form in art. There was a strong recourse to historical and natural inevitability, a Zeitgeist, in the representation of its ideas. In the second half of the 19th century, Realism was offered as a polar opposite to Romanticism. The decline of Romanticism during this time was associated with multiple processes, including social and political changes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_era
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1710692386#2_1926579997
Title: Romanticism - Wikipedia Headings: Romanticism Romanticism Contents Defining Romanticism Basic characteristics Etymology Period Context and place in history Literature Germany Great Britain Scotland France Poland Russia Spain Portugal Italy South America United States Influence of European Romanticism on American writers Architecture Visual arts Music Outside the arts Sciences Historiography Theology Chess Romantic nationalism Polish nationalism and messianism Gallery Emerging Romanticism in the 18th century French Romantic painting Other Romantic authors Scholars of Romanticism See also References Citations Sources Further reading External links Content: Romanticism assigned a high value to the achievements of "heroic" individualists and artists, whose examples, it maintained, would raise the quality of society. It also promoted the individual imagination as a critical authority allowed of freedom from classical notions of form in art. There was a strong recourse to historical and natural inevitability, a Zeitgeist, in the representation of its ideas. In the second half of the 19th century, Realism was offered as a polar opposite to Romanticism. The decline of Romanticism during this time was associated with multiple processes, including social and political changes. Contents 1 Defining Romanticism 1.1 Basic characteristics 1.2 Etymology 1.3 Period 1.4 Context and place in history 2 Literature 2.1 Germany 2.2 Great Britain 2.2.1 Scotland 2.3 France 2.4 Poland 2.5 Russia 2.6 Spain 2.7 Portugal 2.8 Italy 2.9 South America 2.10 United States 2.10.1 Influence of European Romanticism on American writers 3 Architecture 4 Visual arts 5 Music 6 Outside the arts 6.1 Sciences 6.2 Historiography 6.3 Theology 6.4 Chess 7 Romantic nationalism 7.1 Polish nationalism and messianism 8 Gallery 9 Romantic authors 10 Scholars of Romanticism 11 See also 11.1 Related terms 11.2 Opposing terms 11.3 Related subjects 11.4 Related movements 12 References 12.1 Citations 12.2 Sources 13 Further reading 14 External links Defining Romanticism Basic characteristics The nature of Romanticism may be approached from the primary importance of the free expression of the feelings of the artist. The importance the Romantics placed on emotion is summed up in the remark of the German painter Caspar David Friedrich, "the artist's feeling is his law". For William Wordsworth, poetry should begin as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings", which the poet then "recollect [s] in tranquility", evoking a new but corresponding emotion the poet can then mold into art. To express these feelings, it was considered that content of art had to come from the imagination of the artist, with as little interference as possible from "artificial" rules dictating what a work should consist of. Samuel Taylor Coleridge and others believed there were natural laws the imagination—at least of a good creative artist—would unconsciously follow through artistic inspiration if left alone.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_era