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msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1302250311#3_1464088936 | Title: Prison violence - Wikipedia
Headings: Prison violence
Prison violence
Contents
Acts of violence
Causes of violence
Indirect supervision
Direct supervision
Overcrowding
Staffing levels
Weapons used
Weapon creation
Security threat groups
Violence against prison guards
Violence prevention measures
Supermax facilities
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Contents
1 Acts of violence
2 Causes of violence
2.1 Indirect supervision
2.2 Direct supervision
2.3 Overcrowding
2.4 Staffing levels
3 Weapons used
4 Weapon creation
5 Security threat groups
6 Violence against prison guards
7 Violence prevention measures
7.1 Supermax facilities
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Acts of violence
Prison violence is inflicted onto either another inmate, a prison guard, or is self-inflicted. In 1999, it was reported that one in five inmates, or twenty percent of inmates, at fourteen state prisons had been physically assaulted by another inmate. Prison violence can consist of inmates fighting with their fists, homemade weapons, or being raped. The attacks that are implemented onto anyone but the self are either instrumental or expressive. Instrumental violence is premeditated; it is planned out, calculated, and then implemented. More commonly executed by males, this act typically establishes power and is, “…justified and rationalized by the inmate population by creating peer admiration, fear, protection…”. Typically, surviving in prison involves establishing strength and power, which is why instrumental violence is so commonly used. Expressive violence is a spontaneous attack typically carried out by women. In this tactic, the attacker lashes out suddenly due to intense feelings of danger, fear, anger or resentment, resulting in the sudden jump into action. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_violence |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1302250311#5_1464093061 | Title: Prison violence - Wikipedia
Headings: Prison violence
Prison violence
Contents
Acts of violence
Causes of violence
Indirect supervision
Direct supervision
Overcrowding
Staffing levels
Weapons used
Weapon creation
Security threat groups
Violence against prison guards
Violence prevention measures
Supermax facilities
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: It can be concluded that expressive violence is a more responsive attack that occurs when the perpetrator feels provoked or threatened, whereas instrumental violence is carefully planned out and driven by vengeance. Self-harm is a purely psychological act. Many people that get sentenced to prison often suffer from or develop mental disorders such as depression and anxiety, and need psychiatric attention. Due to influences such as their surroundings, the harsh treatment they receive from officers and inmates, and their sentencing time, self-harm and suicide rates are believed to be higher in prison populations than any non-incarcerated population. Causes of violence
The perpetrators of violent attacks are convicted criminals, some of whom in prison for committing crimes that left multiple people brutally beaten and left for dead, so violence is in many of these individual’s nature. These people, “…settle disputes and seek power in the way they are accustomed- through violence”. This natural fire in their bellies is undoubtedly a huge factor that goes into why prison violence occurs, but the physical design of the prison can serve as another factor. A prison can either have indirect or direct supervision. Both types of supervision have their strengths, but also detrimental weaknesses. Indirect supervision
Indirect supervision is when a correctional officer is placed in an enclosed booth and must constantly watch over the inmates through a bird’s eye view. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_violence |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1302250311#6_1464095135 | Title: Prison violence - Wikipedia
Headings: Prison violence
Prison violence
Contents
Acts of violence
Causes of violence
Indirect supervision
Direct supervision
Overcrowding
Staffing levels
Weapons used
Weapon creation
Security threat groups
Violence against prison guards
Violence prevention measures
Supermax facilities
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: These people, “…settle disputes and seek power in the way they are accustomed- through violence”. This natural fire in their bellies is undoubtedly a huge factor that goes into why prison violence occurs, but the physical design of the prison can serve as another factor. A prison can either have indirect or direct supervision. Both types of supervision have their strengths, but also detrimental weaknesses. Indirect supervision
Indirect supervision is when a correctional officer is placed in an enclosed booth and must constantly watch over the inmates through a bird’s eye view. The physical interactions that officers have with the inmates is minimal, for most of the communication comes through an intercom system. Inmates are placed in their own cells and officers have physical barriers to ensure their own safety. When havoc is wreaked, a call for a response team is placed over the intercom. This type of supervision is strong, but has some drawbacks, such as the creation of blind spots. These are created through indirect supervision because the guards standing watch can have objects blocking tiny spots or they may just not be looking in the right direction at the right time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_violence |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1302687816#0_1464527764 | Title: Prisoner suicide - Wikipedia
Headings: Prisoner suicide
Prisoner suicide
Contents
Risk factors
Incidence
Liability
See also
References
Content: Prisoner suicide - Wikipedia
Prisoner suicide
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Prisoner suicide is suicide by an inmate in a jail or prison. Contents
1 Risk factors
2 Incidence
3 Liability
4 See also
5 References
Risk factors
Signs that a prisoner may be at risk of suicide include giving away valued possessions, speaking as if they are not going to be around much longer even though they are not scheduled for release, withdrawing, becoming acutely intoxicated, having a recent history of severe addiction, being threatened or assaulted by other prisoners, having a history of psychiatric hospitalizations or suicide attempts, talking about death, having recently been arrested for an offense punishable by a long sentence or actually sentenced to a lengthy term, or having impulse-control problems. Prisoners who have recently received bad news from home or are demonstrating an inability to adapt to the institutional environment may also be at higher risk. Objective tests such as the Beck Depression Inventory are of limited usefulness because a malingerer may fake signs of being suicidal while a prisoner who does not want to be stopped from committing suicide may hide signs of being suicidal. Prisoners with illnesses are at higher risk of suicide. Prisoners with AIDS have a suicide rate between 16 and 36 times higher than that of the general population. Incidence
Suicides in prison compared to the general population ( Council of Europe members, average 2011–15)
Suicide rate in the general population, per 100,000 people per year
Suicide rate in prison, per 100,000 inmates per year
In the United States, the suicide rate among prisoners is four times as high as among the general population, but it is unknown whether this is because of the prison environment or because persons with marked suicidal tendencies are more liable to be imprisoned for crime. The apparent motivations for prison suicide are most commonly fear of other inmates, of the consequences of one's crime, or imprisonment, and the loss of a significant relationship. Suicides occur most commonly in isolation cells. The most common time for suicides to occur is in the early morning hours. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_suicide |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1302687816#1_1464531578 | Title: Prisoner suicide - Wikipedia
Headings: Prisoner suicide
Prisoner suicide
Contents
Risk factors
Incidence
Liability
See also
References
Content: Prisoners with AIDS have a suicide rate between 16 and 36 times higher than that of the general population. Incidence
Suicides in prison compared to the general population ( Council of Europe members, average 2011–15)
Suicide rate in the general population, per 100,000 people per year
Suicide rate in prison, per 100,000 inmates per year
In the United States, the suicide rate among prisoners is four times as high as among the general population, but it is unknown whether this is because of the prison environment or because persons with marked suicidal tendencies are more liable to be imprisoned for crime. The apparent motivations for prison suicide are most commonly fear of other inmates, of the consequences of one's crime, or imprisonment, and the loss of a significant relationship. Suicides occur most commonly in isolation cells. The most common time for suicides to occur is in the early morning hours. Suicidal inmates are sometimes put on suicide watch . A study in New York found that 41% of prison suicides involved inmates who had recently received mental health services, although only one-third of prison suicides are found to have a psychiatric history, as opposed to 80–90 percent of suicides in the general community. Pretrial detainees tend to have higher rates of suicide than other inmates, with about a third of all prison suicides occurring within the first week of custody. Custodial suicide is the leading cause of death among detainees housed in jails. According to data by the Council of Europe, in the Balkans the suicide rate in prisons is lower than in the rest of Europe: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_suicide |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1302687816#2_1464533528 | Title: Prisoner suicide - Wikipedia
Headings: Prisoner suicide
Prisoner suicide
Contents
Risk factors
Incidence
Liability
See also
References
Content: Suicidal inmates are sometimes put on suicide watch . A study in New York found that 41% of prison suicides involved inmates who had recently received mental health services, although only one-third of prison suicides are found to have a psychiatric history, as opposed to 80–90 percent of suicides in the general community. Pretrial detainees tend to have higher rates of suicide than other inmates, with about a third of all prison suicides occurring within the first week of custody. Custodial suicide is the leading cause of death among detainees housed in jails. According to data by the Council of Europe, in the Balkans the suicide rate in prisons is lower than in the rest of Europe: between 2011 and 2015 there were on average 53 cases of suicide each year for every 100,000 prisoners in the Balkans, and 87 in the rest of Europe. This may be explained by the fact that in Balkan countries the incarceration rate is relatively high – so the prisons are not populated by people that are particularly vulnerable – and the use of preventive detention is rather low. Liability
In the United States, liability can arise under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution if jail and prison officials demonstrate deliberate indifference toward a prisoner's suicidal tendencies, as suicidal inmates are regarded as being in need of medical care. In Farmer v. Brennan, deliberate indifference was established as a standard between negligence and acting with purpose or intent, thus amounting basically to recklessness. The Farmer decision has created difficulties for plaintiffs in proving suicide liability as a violation of constitutionally established civil rights. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_suicide |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1302687816#5_1464540232 | Title: Prisoner suicide - Wikipedia
Headings: Prisoner suicide
Prisoner suicide
Contents
Risk factors
Incidence
Liability
See also
References
Content: There has to have been a strong likelihood rather than a mere possibility that a suicide would occur. Courts have also found that there is no duty to screen every prisoner for suicide potential, unless it is obvious that an inmate has such tendencies or propensities. Further, even if prison officials are aware of the inmate's suicidal tendencies and he does commit suicide, they are not liable if they took reasonable actions to prevent the suicide. In determining deliberate indifference, the practical limitations on jailers in preventing inmate suicides must be taken into account. Examples of failures that can give rise to claims related to suicide in correctional settings include inadequate mental health and psychiatric examination, failure to consider obvious and substantial risk factors in assessing potential for suicide, failure to place an inmate on suicide precautions upon recognizing the obvious and substantial risk, failure to communicate the action taken to other providers or to custody and jail staff, failure to adequately monitor an inmate on suicide watch and maintain an appropriate observation log, discontinuation of suicide watch despite prior knowledge of suicidal behavior of the inmate and potential continued risk, failure to follow policies and procedures related to suicide risk assessment, intervention, and prevention, failure to provide training to correctional staff, abrupt discontinuation of psychotropics in an inmate who is known to have made a serious suicide attempt in the recent past, and grossly inadequate treatment by professional standards or the lack of treatment plans, policies, procedures, or staff, creating a grossly inadequate mental health care system, and repeated examples of delayed or denied medical treatment. One criticism of the current case law is that prison officials are incentivized to avoid screening inmates for suicidal tendencies, because if the screening is ineffective, or the jail fails to deter the suicidal attempt of a prisoner it knows is suicidal, the governmental entity and the jailer may be at greater risk of being held liable than if they had conducted no screening. Nonetheless, some jails screen anyway, since jail suicides are difficult on staff and on the municipality and often lead to legal action, and because some states mandate screening procedures and impose tort liability for failure to follow them. Elected officials may face political ramifications if they become the scapegoat for a prisoner suicide. Another factor that has led to more screening of inmates for suicide is that research has shown that suicide tends to be the result of a plan rather than impulsive, which makes the suicide potentially more foreseeable if proper screening is done. See also
Death in custody
Death row phenomenon
Estelle v. Gamble
Guantanamo Bay detention camp suicide attempts
List of prison deaths
Philip Markoff
Jeffrey Epstein
References
^ CORREIA, KEVIN M. Suicide Assessment in a Prison Environment A Proposed Protocol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_suicide |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1302687816#6_1464543581 | Title: Prisoner suicide - Wikipedia
Headings: Prisoner suicide
Prisoner suicide
Contents
Risk factors
Incidence
Liability
See also
References
Content: One criticism of the current case law is that prison officials are incentivized to avoid screening inmates for suicidal tendencies, because if the screening is ineffective, or the jail fails to deter the suicidal attempt of a prisoner it knows is suicidal, the governmental entity and the jailer may be at greater risk of being held liable than if they had conducted no screening. Nonetheless, some jails screen anyway, since jail suicides are difficult on staff and on the municipality and often lead to legal action, and because some states mandate screening procedures and impose tort liability for failure to follow them. Elected officials may face political ramifications if they become the scapegoat for a prisoner suicide. Another factor that has led to more screening of inmates for suicide is that research has shown that suicide tends to be the result of a plan rather than impulsive, which makes the suicide potentially more foreseeable if proper screening is done. See also
Death in custody
Death row phenomenon
Estelle v. Gamble
Guantanamo Bay detention camp suicide attempts
List of prison deaths
Philip Markoff
Jeffrey Epstein
References
^ CORREIA, KEVIN M. Suicide Assessment in a Prison Environment A Proposed Protocol. Criminal justice and behavior. ( 10/2000), 27 (5), p. 581–99. ^ a bFerrari, Lorenzo (14 May 2018). " Why are there relatively fewer suicides in prison in the Balkans than elsewhere in Europe?". OBC Transeuropa/EDJNet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_suicide |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1302687816#7_1464545379 | Title: Prisoner suicide - Wikipedia
Headings: Prisoner suicide
Prisoner suicide
Contents
Risk factors
Incidence
Liability
See also
References
Content: Criminal justice and behavior. ( 10/2000), 27 (5), p. 581–99. ^ a bFerrari, Lorenzo (14 May 2018). " Why are there relatively fewer suicides in prison in the Balkans than elsewhere in Europe?". OBC Transeuropa/EDJNet. Retrieved 22 August 2018. ^ a b c Alison Liebling (1999). " Prison Suicide and Prisoner Coping". Crime and Justice. The University of Chicago Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_suicide |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1302687816#8_1464546082 | Title: Prisoner suicide - Wikipedia
Headings: Prisoner suicide
Prisoner suicide
Contents
Risk factors
Incidence
Liability
See also
References
Content: Retrieved 22 August 2018. ^ a b c Alison Liebling (1999). " Prison Suicide and Prisoner Coping". Crime and Justice. The University of Chicago Press. 26 (Prisons): 283–359. doi: 10.1086/449299. JSTOR 1147688. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_suicide |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1306287799#0_1468225301 | Title: Privatisation of British Rail - Wikipedia
Headings: Privatisation of British Rail
Privatisation of British Rail
Contents
Background
To 1979
1980s
1990s
Legislation
Domestic system
As implemented
Subsequent changes
Channel Tunnel infrastructure and services
Impact
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Bibliography
Content: Privatisation of British Rail - Wikipedia
Privatisation of British Rail
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Transfer of ownership and operation of British railways from government to private sector
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " Privatisation of British Rail" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The privatisation of British Rail was the process by which ownership and operation of the railways of Great Britain passed from government control into private hands. Begun in 1994, it had been completed by 1997. The deregulation of the industry was initiated by EU Directive 91/440 in 1991, which aimed to create a more efficient rail network by creating greater competition. British Railways (BR) had been in state ownership since 1948, under the control of the British Railways Board (BRB). Under the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher elected in 1979, various state-owned businesses were sold off, including various functions related to the railways – Sealink ferries and British Transport Hotels by 1984, Travellers Fare catering by 1988 and British Rail Engineering Limited (train building) by 1989. It was under Thatcher's successor John Major that the railways themselves were privatised, using the Railways Act 1993. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisation_of_British_Rail |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1306287799#1_1468227391 | Title: Privatisation of British Rail - Wikipedia
Headings: Privatisation of British Rail
Privatisation of British Rail
Contents
Background
To 1979
1980s
1990s
Legislation
Domestic system
As implemented
Subsequent changes
Channel Tunnel infrastructure and services
Impact
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Bibliography
Content: Begun in 1994, it had been completed by 1997. The deregulation of the industry was initiated by EU Directive 91/440 in 1991, which aimed to create a more efficient rail network by creating greater competition. British Railways (BR) had been in state ownership since 1948, under the control of the British Railways Board (BRB). Under the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher elected in 1979, various state-owned businesses were sold off, including various functions related to the railways – Sealink ferries and British Transport Hotels by 1984, Travellers Fare catering by 1988 and British Rail Engineering Limited (train building) by 1989. It was under Thatcher's successor John Major that the railways themselves were privatised, using the Railways Act 1993. The operations of the BRB were broken up and sold off, with various regulatory functions transferred to the newly created office of the Rail Regulator. Ownership of the infrastructure including the larger stations passed to Railtrack, while track maintenance and renewal assets were sold to 13 companies across the network. Ownership of passenger trains passed to three rolling stock companies (ROSCOs) – the stock being leased out to passenger train operating companies (TOCs) awarded contracts through a new system of rail franchising overseen by the Office of Passenger Rail Franchising (OPRAF). Ownership and operation of rail freight in Great Britain passed to two companies – English Welsh & Scottish (EWS) and Freightliner, less than the originally intended six, although there are considerably more now. The process was very controversial at the time, and still is, and its success is hotly debated – with the claimed benefits including increased ridership, improved customer service, and more investment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisation_of_British_Rail |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1306287799#2_1468229736 | Title: Privatisation of British Rail - Wikipedia
Headings: Privatisation of British Rail
Privatisation of British Rail
Contents
Background
To 1979
1980s
1990s
Legislation
Domestic system
As implemented
Subsequent changes
Channel Tunnel infrastructure and services
Impact
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Bibliography
Content: The operations of the BRB were broken up and sold off, with various regulatory functions transferred to the newly created office of the Rail Regulator. Ownership of the infrastructure including the larger stations passed to Railtrack, while track maintenance and renewal assets were sold to 13 companies across the network. Ownership of passenger trains passed to three rolling stock companies (ROSCOs) – the stock being leased out to passenger train operating companies (TOCs) awarded contracts through a new system of rail franchising overseen by the Office of Passenger Rail Franchising (OPRAF). Ownership and operation of rail freight in Great Britain passed to two companies – English Welsh & Scottish (EWS) and Freightliner, less than the originally intended six, although there are considerably more now. The process was very controversial at the time, and still is, and its success is hotly debated – with the claimed benefits including increased ridership, improved customer service, and more investment. Despite opposition from the Labour Party, who gained power in 1997 under Tony Blair, the process has never been reversed wholesale by any later government, and the system remains largely unaltered. A significant change came in 2001 with the collapse of Railtrack, which saw its assets passed to the state-owned Network Rail (NR), with track maintenance also brought in-house under NR in 2004. The regulatory structures have also subsequently changed. Contents
1 Background
1.1 To 1979
1.2 1980s
1.3 1990s
2 Legislation
3 Domestic system
3.1 As implemented
3.2 Subsequent changes
4 Channel Tunnel infrastructure and services
5 Impact
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
9.1 Bibliography
Background
Main article: History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948–1994
UK rail journeys per capita from 1840 to 2018, showing a steady decline in the decades leading up to privatisation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisation_of_British_Rail |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1306287799#3_1468232234 | Title: Privatisation of British Rail - Wikipedia
Headings: Privatisation of British Rail
Privatisation of British Rail
Contents
Background
To 1979
1980s
1990s
Legislation
Domestic system
As implemented
Subsequent changes
Channel Tunnel infrastructure and services
Impact
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Bibliography
Content: Despite opposition from the Labour Party, who gained power in 1997 under Tony Blair, the process has never been reversed wholesale by any later government, and the system remains largely unaltered. A significant change came in 2001 with the collapse of Railtrack, which saw its assets passed to the state-owned Network Rail (NR), with track maintenance also brought in-house under NR in 2004. The regulatory structures have also subsequently changed. Contents
1 Background
1.1 To 1979
1.2 1980s
1.3 1990s
2 Legislation
3 Domestic system
3.1 As implemented
3.2 Subsequent changes
4 Channel Tunnel infrastructure and services
5 Impact
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
9.1 Bibliography
Background
Main article: History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948–1994
UK rail journeys per capita from 1840 to 2018, showing a steady decline in the decades leading up to privatisation. To 1979
Historically, the pre- nationalisation railway companies were almost entirely self-sufficient, including, for example, the production of the steel used in the manufacturing of rolling stock and rails. As a consequence of the nationalisation of the railways in 1948 some of these activities had been hived off to other nationalised industries and institutions, e.g. "Railway Air Services Limited" was one of the forerunners of British Airways; the railways' road transport services, which had carried freight, parcels and passengers' luggage to and from railheads, ultimately became part of the National Freight Corporation, but not until 1969. A 1950s Mk1-based Class 411 (4-CEP) "slam-door" EMU at London Victoria station, in Network SouthEast livery (March 2003)
The preferred organisational structure in the 1970s was for the BRB to form wholly owned subsidiaries which were run at an arm's-length relationship, e.g. the railway engineering works became British Rail Engineering Limited (BREL) in 1970; the ferry operations to Ireland, France, Belgium and the Netherlands were run by Sealink, part of the Sealink consortium, which also used ferries owned by the French national railway SNCF, the Belgian Maritime Transport Authority Regie voor maritiem transport/Regie des transports maritimes (RMT/RTM), and the Dutch Zeeland Steamship Company. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisation_of_British_Rail |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1309804165#2_1471980743 | Title: Problem of time - Wikipedia
Headings: Problem of time
Problem of time
Contents
Time in quantum mechanics
Overturning of absolute time in general relativity
Proposed solutions to the problem of time
Weyl time in scale-invariant quantum gravity
The thermal time hypothesis
References
Further reading
Content: It is regarded as part of an a priori given classical background with a well defined value. In fact, the classical treatment of time is deeply intertwined with the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, and, thus, with the conceptual foundations of quantum theory: all measurements of observables are made at certain instants of time and probabilities are only assigned to such measurements. Special relativity has modified the notion of time. But from a fixed Lorentz observer's viewpoint time remains a distinguished, absolute, external, global parameter. The Newtonian notion of time essentially carries over to special relativistic systems, hidden in the spacetime structure. Overturning of absolute time in general relativity
Though classically spacetime appears to be an absolute background, general relativity reveals that spacetime is actually dynamical; gravity is a manifestation of spacetime geometry. Matter reacts with spacetime: Spacetime tells matter how to move; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_time |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1311257833#1_1473842514 | Title: Process theology - Wikipedia
Headings: Process theology
Process theology
Contents
History
God and the World relationship
Themes
Relationship to liberation theology
Relationship to pluralism
Relationship to the doctrine of the incarnation
Debate about process theology's conception of God’s power
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Reference works
Content: According to Cobb, "process theology may refer to all forms of theology that emphasize event, occurrence, or becoming over substance. In this sense theology influenced by Hegel is process theology just as much as that influenced by Whitehead. This use of the term calls attention to affinities between these otherwise quite different traditions." Also Pierre Teilhard de Chardin can be included among process theologians, even if they are generally understood as referring to the Whiteheadian/Hartshornean school, where there continue to be ongoing debates within the field on the nature of God, the relationship of God and the world, and immortality. Contents
1 History
2 God and the World relationship
3 Themes
4 Relationship to liberation theology
5 Relationship to pluralism
6 Relationship to the doctrine of the incarnation
7 Debate about process theology's conception of God’s power
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
History
Various theological and philosophical aspects have been expanded and developed by Charles Hartshorne (1897–2000), John B. Cobb, Jr., Eugene H. Peters, and David Ray Griffin. A characteristic of process theology each of these thinkers shared was a rejection of metaphysics that privilege " being " over " becoming ", particularly those of Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas. Hartshorne was deeply influenced by French philosopher Jules Lequier and by Swiss philosopher Charles Secrétan who were probably the first ones to claim that in God liberty of becoming is above his substantiality. Process theology soon influenced a number of Jewish theologians including Rabbis Max Kadushin, Milton Steinberg and Levi A. Olan, Harry Slominsky and, to a lesser degree, Abraham Joshua Heschel. Today some rabbis who advocate some form of process theology include Bradley Shavit Artson, Lawrence A. Englander, William E. Kaufman, Harold Kushner, Anson Laytner, Michael Lerner, Gilbert S. Rosenthal, Lawrence Troster, Donald B. Rossoff, Burton Mindick, and Nahum Ward. Alan Anderson and Deb Whitehouse have applied process theology to the New Thought variant of Christianity . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_theology |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1311257833#2_1473845231 | Title: Process theology - Wikipedia
Headings: Process theology
Process theology
Contents
History
God and the World relationship
Themes
Relationship to liberation theology
Relationship to pluralism
Relationship to the doctrine of the incarnation
Debate about process theology's conception of God’s power
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Reference works
Content: A characteristic of process theology each of these thinkers shared was a rejection of metaphysics that privilege " being " over " becoming ", particularly those of Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas. Hartshorne was deeply influenced by French philosopher Jules Lequier and by Swiss philosopher Charles Secrétan who were probably the first ones to claim that in God liberty of becoming is above his substantiality. Process theology soon influenced a number of Jewish theologians including Rabbis Max Kadushin, Milton Steinberg and Levi A. Olan, Harry Slominsky and, to a lesser degree, Abraham Joshua Heschel. Today some rabbis who advocate some form of process theology include Bradley Shavit Artson, Lawrence A. Englander, William E. Kaufman, Harold Kushner, Anson Laytner, Michael Lerner, Gilbert S. Rosenthal, Lawrence Troster, Donald B. Rossoff, Burton Mindick, and Nahum Ward. Alan Anderson and Deb Whitehouse have applied process theology to the New Thought variant of Christianity . The work of Richard Stadelmann has been to preserve the uniqueness of Jesus in process theology. God and the World relationship
Whitehead's classical statement is a set of antithetical statements that attempt to avoid self-contradiction by shifting them from a set of oppositions into a contrast: It is as true to say that God is permanent and the World fluent, as that the World is permanent and God is fluent. It is as true to say that God is one and the World many, as that the World is one and God many. It is as true to say that, in comparison with the World, God is actual eminently, as that, in comparison with God, the World is actual eminently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_theology |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1312989573#0_1476026250 | Title: Product/market fit - Wikipedia
Headings: Product/market fit
Product/market fit
Contents
History
Interpretations
Popular metrics
The 40% rule
Analytics metrics
Common mistakes
See also
References
Content: Product/market fit - Wikipedia
Product/market fit
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Product/market fit, also known as product-market fit, is the degree to which a product satisfies a strong market demand. Product/market fit has been identified as a first step to building a successful venture in which the company meets early adopters, gathers feedback and gauges interest in its product (s). Contents
1 History
2 Interpretations
3 Popular metrics
3.1 The 40% rule
3.2 Analytics metrics
3.3 Common mistakes
4 See also
5 References
History
According to Benchmark Capital co-founder Andy Rachleff, Sequoia Capital founder Don Valentine invented the concept of product-market fit. Venture Capitalist Marc Andreessen of Andreessen Horowitz would later popularize the term in the mid-2000's. Andreesen credits Rachleff for the concept, referring to the idea as Rachleff's Corollary of Startup Success: " The only thing that matters is getting to product/market fit." Marc Andreessen defined the term as follows: “ Product/market fit means being in a good market with a product that can satisfy that market.” Many people interpret product/market fit as creating a so called minimum viable product that addresses and solves a problem or need that exists. Steve Blank referred to the concept of product/market fit as a step in between customer validation (step #2 in his book The Four Steps to the Epiphany) and customer creation (step #3). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product/market_fit |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1312989573#1_1476028136 | Title: Product/market fit - Wikipedia
Headings: Product/market fit
Product/market fit
Contents
History
Interpretations
Popular metrics
The 40% rule
Analytics metrics
Common mistakes
See also
References
Content: The only thing that matters is getting to product/market fit." Marc Andreessen defined the term as follows: “ Product/market fit means being in a good market with a product that can satisfy that market.” Many people interpret product/market fit as creating a so called minimum viable product that addresses and solves a problem or need that exists. Steve Blank referred to the concept of product/market fit as a step in between customer validation (step #2 in his book The Four Steps to the Epiphany) and customer creation (step #3). Interpretations
Product/market fit might be interpreted in terms of Alexander Osterwalder 's Business Model Canvas paradigm as comprising value proposition, customer segment, relationship, and channel. Achieving Product/market fit implies these are set without requiring additional changes or pivots. Popular metrics
The 40% rule
One metric for product/market fit is if at least 40% percent of surveyed customers indicate that they would be "very disappointed" if they no longer have access to a particular product or service. Alternatively, it could be measured by having at least 40% of surveyed customers considering the product or service as "must have". Sean Ellis is noted for popularizing this heuristic after examining many startups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product/market_fit |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1312989573#2_1476029821 | Title: Product/market fit - Wikipedia
Headings: Product/market fit
Product/market fit
Contents
History
Interpretations
Popular metrics
The 40% rule
Analytics metrics
Common mistakes
See also
References
Content: Interpretations
Product/market fit might be interpreted in terms of Alexander Osterwalder 's Business Model Canvas paradigm as comprising value proposition, customer segment, relationship, and channel. Achieving Product/market fit implies these are set without requiring additional changes or pivots. Popular metrics
The 40% rule
One metric for product/market fit is if at least 40% percent of surveyed customers indicate that they would be "very disappointed" if they no longer have access to a particular product or service. Alternatively, it could be measured by having at least 40% of surveyed customers considering the product or service as "must have". Sean Ellis is noted for popularizing this heuristic after examining many startups. Rahul Vohra of Superhuman has developed a survey-based model based on the 40% Rule to help post-launch startups test and optimize for this metric. Analytics metrics
There are five metrics any online business can measure to empirically verify if they achieved Product / Market fit. They are 1. Bounce Rate, 2. Time on Site, 3. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product/market_fit |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1312989573#3_1476031289 | Title: Product/market fit - Wikipedia
Headings: Product/market fit
Product/market fit
Contents
History
Interpretations
Popular metrics
The 40% rule
Analytics metrics
Common mistakes
See also
References
Content: Rahul Vohra of Superhuman has developed a survey-based model based on the 40% Rule to help post-launch startups test and optimize for this metric. Analytics metrics
There are five metrics any online business can measure to empirically verify if they achieved Product / Market fit. They are 1. Bounce Rate, 2. Time on Site, 3. Pages per Visit, 4. Returning Visitors, 5. Customer Lifetime Value. Low bounce rates means a visitor's expectation is being met. High Time on Site and Pages per Visit indicate that the experience of the user is satisfactory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product/market_fit |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1312989573#4_1476032233 | Title: Product/market fit - Wikipedia
Headings: Product/market fit
Product/market fit
Contents
History
Interpretations
Popular metrics
The 40% rule
Analytics metrics
Common mistakes
See also
References
Content: Pages per Visit, 4. Returning Visitors, 5. Customer Lifetime Value. Low bounce rates means a visitor's expectation is being met. High Time on Site and Pages per Visit indicate that the experience of the user is satisfactory. High Returning Visitor reflects the lasting impact a product has on their customers, causing them to come back, and Customer Lifetime Value measures the profitability each customer brings to the company. If these 5 metrics are above average and your 40% rule is met, you'll know you have a Product / Market Fit company. Common mistakes
It is important to differentiate between product/market fit and problem/solution fit when measuring a company's customer base. More specifically, when gauging a customer's desire, companies need to be sure they are measuring desire for the product or service—not just for a solution. Misinterpreting customers' desire for a solution as desire for a company's product or service will end up being a false positive for product/market fit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product/market_fit |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1312989573#5_1476033629 | Title: Product/market fit - Wikipedia
Headings: Product/market fit
Product/market fit
Contents
History
Interpretations
Popular metrics
The 40% rule
Analytics metrics
Common mistakes
See also
References
Content: High Returning Visitor reflects the lasting impact a product has on their customers, causing them to come back, and Customer Lifetime Value measures the profitability each customer brings to the company. If these 5 metrics are above average and your 40% rule is met, you'll know you have a Product / Market Fit company. Common mistakes
It is important to differentiate between product/market fit and problem/solution fit when measuring a company's customer base. More specifically, when gauging a customer's desire, companies need to be sure they are measuring desire for the product or service—not just for a solution. Misinterpreting customers' desire for a solution as desire for a company's product or service will end up being a false positive for product/market fit. Product/market fit is not binary. For a fledgling startup, a minimum degree of product/market fit will not be adequate in order to achieve market traction and success. Rather, what is actually required is a high degree of product/market fit, or extreme product/market fit. See also
Lean startup
Customer Churn
Cohort Analysis
Revenue stream
References
^ "Andy Rachleff on "How to Know If You've Got Product Market Fit " ". Retrieved 24 September 2020. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product/market_fit |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1312989573#6_1476035262 | Title: Product/market fit - Wikipedia
Headings: Product/market fit
Product/market fit
Contents
History
Interpretations
Popular metrics
The 40% rule
Analytics metrics
Common mistakes
See also
References
Content: Product/market fit is not binary. For a fledgling startup, a minimum degree of product/market fit will not be adequate in order to achieve market traction and success. Rather, what is actually required is a high degree of product/market fit, or extreme product/market fit. See also
Lean startup
Customer Churn
Cohort Analysis
Revenue stream
References
^ "Andy Rachleff on "How to Know If You've Got Product Market Fit " ". Retrieved 24 September 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link)
^ Andreesen, Marc. " Part 4: The only thing that matters". Pmarchive. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product/market_fit |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1312989573#7_1476036230 | Title: Product/market fit - Wikipedia
Headings: Product/market fit
Product/market fit
Contents
History
Interpretations
Popular metrics
The 40% rule
Analytics metrics
Common mistakes
See also
References
Content: CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link)
^ Andreesen, Marc. " Part 4: The only thing that matters". Pmarchive. Retrieved 24 September 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link)
^ Griffen, Tren. " 12 Things about Product-Market Fit". Andreesen Horrowitz. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product/market_fit |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1312989573#8_1476036886 | Title: Product/market fit - Wikipedia
Headings: Product/market fit
Product/market fit
Contents
History
Interpretations
Popular metrics
The 40% rule
Analytics metrics
Common mistakes
See also
References
Content: Retrieved 24 September 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link)
^ Griffen, Tren. " 12 Things about Product-Market Fit". Andreesen Horrowitz. Retrieved 24 September 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link)
^ Andreesen, Marc. " Product/Market Fit - EE204". Stanford University. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product/market_fit |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1312989573#9_1476037572 | Title: Product/market fit - Wikipedia
Headings: Product/market fit
Product/market fit
Contents
History
Interpretations
Popular metrics
The 40% rule
Analytics metrics
Common mistakes
See also
References
Content: Retrieved 24 September 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link)
^ Andreesen, Marc. " Product/Market Fit - EE204". Stanford University. Retrieved 6 December 2018. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link)
^ Kenny McQuarrie. " Evaluating Product-Market-Fit". ^ Steve Blank. " | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product/market_fit |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1312989573#10_1476038250 | Title: Product/market fit - Wikipedia
Headings: Product/market fit
Product/market fit
Contents
History
Interpretations
Popular metrics
The 40% rule
Analytics metrics
Common mistakes
See also
References
Content: Retrieved 6 December 2018. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link)
^ Kenny McQuarrie. " Evaluating Product-Market-Fit". ^ Steve Blank. " The Four Step to the Epiphany - 2006" (PDF). ^ Blank, Steve and Dorf, Bob (2012). The Startup Owner's Manual, K&S Ranch (publishers), ISBN 978-0984999309
^ Blank, Steve (May 2013). Why the Lean Start-Up Changes Everything, in Harvard Business Review
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Product/market_fit&oldid=1007356448 "
Categories: Product management
Hidden categories: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product/market_fit |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1312989573#11_1476039190 | Title: Product/market fit - Wikipedia
Headings: Product/market fit
Product/market fit
Contents
History
Interpretations
Popular metrics
The 40% rule
Analytics metrics
Common mistakes
See also
References
Content: The Four Step to the Epiphany - 2006" (PDF). ^ Blank, Steve and Dorf, Bob (2012). The Startup Owner's Manual, K&S Ranch (publishers), ISBN 978-0984999309
^ Blank, Steve (May 2013). Why the Lean Start-Up Changes Everything, in Harvard Business Review
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Product/market_fit&oldid=1007356448 "
Categories: Product management
Hidden categories: CS1 maint: discouraged parameter
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019
All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product/market_fit |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1327225117#4_1492438296 | Title: Propaganda film - Wikipedia
Headings: Propaganda film
Propaganda film
Contents
Tools used in propaganda film
Rhetoric
The Kuleshov Effect
See also
References
External links
Content: Rhetoric
Making the viewer sympathize with the characters that align with the agenda or message the filmmaker portray is a common rhetorical tool used in propaganda film. Propaganda films exhibit this by having reoccurring themes good vs. evil. The viewer is meant to feel sympathy towards the "good side" while loathing in the "evil side". Prominent Nazi film maker Joseph Goebbels used this tactic to invoke deep emotions into the audience. Goebbels stressed that while making films full of nationalistic symbols can energize a population, nothing will work better to mobilize a population towards the Nazi cause like "intensifying life". The Kuleshov Effect
After the 1917 October Revolution the newly formed Bolshevik government and its leader Vladimir Lenin placed an emphasis on the need for film as a propaganda tool. Lenin viewed propaganda merely as a way to educate the masses as opposed to a way to evoke emotion and rally the masses towards a political cause. Film became the preferred medium of propaganda in the newly formed Russian Soviet Republic due to a large portion of the peasant population being illiterate. The Kuleshov Effect was first used in 1919 in the film The Exposure of the Relics of Sergius of Radonezh by juxtaposing images of the exhumed coffin and body of Sergius of Radonezh, a prominent Russian saint, and the reaction from the watching audience. The images of the crowd are made up of mostly female faces, whose expressions can be interpreted ambiguously. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_film |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1327225117#5_1492440163 | Title: Propaganda film - Wikipedia
Headings: Propaganda film
Propaganda film
Contents
Tools used in propaganda film
Rhetoric
The Kuleshov Effect
See also
References
External links
Content: The Kuleshov Effect
After the 1917 October Revolution the newly formed Bolshevik government and its leader Vladimir Lenin placed an emphasis on the need for film as a propaganda tool. Lenin viewed propaganda merely as a way to educate the masses as opposed to a way to evoke emotion and rally the masses towards a political cause. Film became the preferred medium of propaganda in the newly formed Russian Soviet Republic due to a large portion of the peasant population being illiterate. The Kuleshov Effect was first used in 1919 in the film The Exposure of the Relics of Sergius of Radonezh by juxtaposing images of the exhumed coffin and body of Sergius of Radonezh, a prominent Russian saint, and the reaction from the watching audience. The images of the crowd are made up of mostly female faces, whose expressions can be interpreted ambiguously. The idea behind juxtaposing these images was to subvert the audiences assumption that the crowd would show emotions of being sad or upset. Instead the crowd could be interpreted to be expressing emotions of boredom, fear, dismay, and a myriad amount of other emotions. There is nothing to prove to the audience that the images of the audience and the exhumed body were capture in the same moment or place (it is now believed the images of the crowd were filmed outdoors while the images showing the skeletal remains were captured indoors). This is what blurs the line of truth making the Kuleshov Effect an effective tool of propaganda. See also
History of propaganda films
Nazism and cinema
North Korean film propaganda
References
^ a bKuhn, Annette; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_film |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1327536615#1_1492648353 | Title: Propaganda in the Soviet Union - Wikipedia
Headings: Propaganda in the Soviet Union
Propaganda in the Soviet Union
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Theory of propaganda
Media
Schools and youth organizations
Radio
Posters
Cinema
Propaganda train
Meetings and lectures
Art
Newspapers
Books
Theatre
Themes
New Man
Class enemy
New society
Production
Mass movement
Peace-loving
Internationalism
Personality cult
Trotsky
Propaganda of extermination
Anti-religious
Anti-intellectualism
Plutocracies
Anti-Tsarist
Anti-Polish
Spanish war
World War II
Pre-war anti-Nazi propaganda
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
Anti-German
Germany vs. Hitlerites
Anti-fascism
Nationalist
Utopia and Space
Soviet propaganda abroad
See also
References
External links
Further reading
Content: In the post-Stalin era, these punitive measures were replaced by punitive psychiatry, prison, denial of work and loss of citizenship. " Today a man only talks freely to his wife – at night, with the blankets pulled over his head", said writer Isaac Babel privately to a trusted friend. Contents
1 Theory of propaganda
2 Media
2.1 Schools and youth organizations
2.2 Radio
2.3 Posters
2.4 Cinema
2.5 Propaganda train
2.6 Meetings and lectures
2.7 Art
2.8 Newspapers
2.9 Books
2.10 Theatre
3 Themes
3.1 New Man
3.2 Class enemy
3.3 New society
3.3.1 Production
3.4 Mass movement
3.5 Peace-loving
3.6 Internationalism
3.7 Personality cult
3.7.1 Trotsky
3.8 Propaganda of extermination
3.9 Anti-religious
3.10 Anti-intellectualism
3.11 Plutocracies
3.12 Anti-Tsarist
3.13 Anti-Polish
3.14 Spanish war
3.15 World War II
3.15.1 Pre-war anti-Nazi propaganda
3.15.2 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
3.15.3 Anti-German
3.15.4 Germany vs. Hitlerites
3.15.5 Anti-fascism
3.15.6 Nationalist
4 Soviet propaganda abroad
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
8 Further reading
Theory of propaganda
According to historian Peter Kenez, "the Russian socialists have contributed nothing to the theoretical discussion of the techniques of mass persuasion. ... The Bolsheviks never looked for and did not find devilishly clever methods to influence people's minds, to brainwash them". This lack of interest, says Kenez, "followed from their notion of propaganda. They thought of propaganda as part of education." In a study published in 1958, business administration professor Raymond Bauer concluded: " Ironically, psychology and the other social sciences have been employed least in the Soviet Union for precisely those purposes for which Americans popularly think psychology would be used in a totalitarian state—political propaganda and the control of human behavior". Media
Schools and youth organizations
See also: Education in the Soviet Union
Young Pioneers, with their slogan: " | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1327804223#8_1492817036 | Title: Propaganda through media - Wikipedia
Headings: Propaganda through media
Propaganda through media
Contents
Origins
Social media
Research
YouTube
Twitter
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Terrorism
College recruiting
Facebook
United States
Music
Manufactured consent
Advertising
Emphasis and Repression in Advertising
Reference through Name Calling
Bandwagon
Glittering Generality
Transfer Propaganda
Testimonial Advertising
See also
Further reading
References
Content: And since then, the word carries more negative connotations than neutral. Nowadays, the term is used in journalism, advertising, and education mostly in a political context. In non-democratic countries, propaganda continues to flourish as a means for indoctrinating citizens, and this practice is unlikely to cease in the future. In its origins, "propaganda" is an ancient and honorable word. Social media
Social media have become powerful tools for propaganda as the Internet is unprecedentedly accessible for each individual, and interactive social networking sites provide a strong platform for debate and sharing opinions. Propaganda, in forms of a video uploaded to YouTube, a post on Facebook or Twitter, or even a piece of comment, has far-reaching effectiveness to disseminate certain values and beliefs. Another element that makes social media effective for sharing propaganda is that it can reach many people with little effort and users can filter the content to remove content they do not want while retaining what they would like to see. This ease of use can be used by ordinary people as well as government agencies and politicians, who can take advantage of the platforms to spread "junk" news in favor of their cause. Research
In 2017 the University of Oxford launched the Computational Propaganda Research Project, a series of studies researching how social media are globally used to manipulate public opinion. The study, which used interviews and "tens of millions posts on seven different social media platforms during scores of elections, political crises, and national security incidents", found that in Russia, approximately 45% of Twitter accounts are bots and in Taiwan, a campaign against President Tsai Ing-wen involved thousands of accounts being heavily coordinated and sharing Chinese propaganda. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_through_media |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1327804223#9_1492819534 | Title: Propaganda through media - Wikipedia
Headings: Propaganda through media
Propaganda through media
Contents
Origins
Social media
Research
YouTube
Twitter
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Terrorism
College recruiting
Facebook
United States
Music
Manufactured consent
Advertising
Emphasis and Repression in Advertising
Reference through Name Calling
Bandwagon
Glittering Generality
Transfer Propaganda
Testimonial Advertising
See also
Further reading
References
Content: Propaganda, in forms of a video uploaded to YouTube, a post on Facebook or Twitter, or even a piece of comment, has far-reaching effectiveness to disseminate certain values and beliefs. Another element that makes social media effective for sharing propaganda is that it can reach many people with little effort and users can filter the content to remove content they do not want while retaining what they would like to see. This ease of use can be used by ordinary people as well as government agencies and politicians, who can take advantage of the platforms to spread "junk" news in favor of their cause. Research
In 2017 the University of Oxford launched the Computational Propaganda Research Project, a series of studies researching how social media are globally used to manipulate public opinion. The study, which used interviews and "tens of millions posts on seven different social media platforms during scores of elections, political crises, and national security incidents", found that in Russia, approximately 45% of Twitter accounts are bots and in Taiwan, a campaign against President Tsai Ing-wen involved thousands of accounts being heavily coordinated and sharing Chinese propaganda. Techniques to like, share, and post on social networks were used. The bot accounts were used to "game algorithms" to push different content on the platforms. Real content put out by real people can be covered up and bots can make online measures of support, such as the number of likes or retweets something has received, look larger than it should, thus tricking users into thinking that specific piece of content is popular, a process identified as manufacturing consensus. YouTube
YouTube has over 1 billion users each month. This means that many people will likely have a chance to see videos posted by others. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_through_media |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1327804223#11_1492823799 | Title: Propaganda through media - Wikipedia
Headings: Propaganda through media
Propaganda through media
Contents
Origins
Social media
Research
YouTube
Twitter
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Terrorism
College recruiting
Facebook
United States
Music
Manufactured consent
Advertising
Emphasis and Repression in Advertising
Reference through Name Calling
Bandwagon
Glittering Generality
Transfer Propaganda
Testimonial Advertising
See also
Further reading
References
Content: With this being such a huge place for propaganda to thrive, terrorist groups like ISIS try to get their videos on YouTube for millions to see. They often post videos of them helping out civilians or kids. Their videos show them being nice to try and change people's opinion about them. However, they also post videos to strike fear into others and to persuade them to join their cause. Fearing their own people will be swayed to join groups like ISIS, ISIS post videos to appeal to extremists: " they make these videos in a way to entice people who are vulnerable to extremist ways." As it is reported in New York Times, "A propaganda video is released by North Korea on YouTube mainly depicting a United States aircraft carrier and a warplane being destroyed in computer-generated balls of fire, the latest salvo in an escalating war of words between the two. The video released by a state media outlet is narrated by a woman and including images of North Korea’s military. According to the video, North Korea’s missiles will be "stabbed into the throat of the carrier," and the jet will "fall from the sky," it warns." Twitter
Russia
During the 2016 presidential election, 200,000 tweets deemed as "malicious activity" from Russia-linked accounts were outed on Twitter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_through_media |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1331528092#2_1497256538 | Title: Prosopis glandulosa - Wikipedia
Headings: Prosopis glandulosa
Prosopis glandulosa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Distribution
Description
Varieties
Invasive species
Uses
Indigenous peoples
References
External links
Content: P. glandulosa
Binomial name
Prosopis glandulosa
Torr. Varieties
Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa
Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana
Natural range
Synonyms
Prosopis juliflora var. glandulosa (Torr.) Prosopis glandulosa, commonly known as honey mesquite, is a species of small to medium-sized, thorny shrub or tree in the legume family ( Fabaceae ). Contents
1 Distribution
2 Description
2.1 Varieties
2.2 Invasive species
3 Uses
3.1 Indigenous peoples
4 References
5 External links
Distribution
The plant is primarily native to the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico. Its range extends on the northeast through Texas and into southern Kansas, and west to southern California. It can be part of the Mesquite Bosque plant association community in the Sonoran Desert ecoregion of California and Arizona (U.S.), and Sonora state (México). Description
Seedpods
Prosopis glandulosa has rounded big and floppy, drooping branches with feathery foliage and straight, paired spines on twigs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_glandulosa |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1331528092#3_1497257990 | Title: Prosopis glandulosa - Wikipedia
Headings: Prosopis glandulosa
Prosopis glandulosa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Distribution
Description
Varieties
Invasive species
Uses
Indigenous peoples
References
External links
Content: Prosopis glandulosa, commonly known as honey mesquite, is a species of small to medium-sized, thorny shrub or tree in the legume family ( Fabaceae ). Contents
1 Distribution
2 Description
2.1 Varieties
2.2 Invasive species
3 Uses
3.1 Indigenous peoples
4 References
5 External links
Distribution
The plant is primarily native to the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico. Its range extends on the northeast through Texas and into southern Kansas, and west to southern California. It can be part of the Mesquite Bosque plant association community in the Sonoran Desert ecoregion of California and Arizona (U.S.), and Sonora state (México). Description
Seedpods
Prosopis glandulosa has rounded big and floppy, drooping branches with feathery foliage and straight, paired spines on twigs. This tree normally reaches 20–30 ft (6.1–9.1 m), but can grow as tall as 50 ft (15 m). It is considered to have a medium growth rate. It flowers from March to November, with pale, yellow, elongated spikes and bears straight, yellow seedpods. The seeds are eaten by a variety of animals, such as scaled quail. Other animals, including deer, collared peccaries, coyotes, and jackrabbits, feed on both pods and vegetation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_glandulosa |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1331528092#9_1497265611 | Title: Prosopis glandulosa - Wikipedia
Headings: Prosopis glandulosa
Prosopis glandulosa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Distribution
Description
Varieties
Invasive species
Uses
Indigenous peoples
References
External links
Content: Mesquite flour contains abundant protein and carbohydrates, and can be used in recipes as a substitute for wheat flour . In Namibia, although an invasive species, it has qualities that have made it useful for humans, including: growing extremely rapidly there, having very dense shade, abundantly producing seed pods, and a readily available firewood. Indigenous peoples
The indigenous peoples of California and southwestern North America used parts of Prosopis glandulosa as a medicinal plant, food source, building and tools material, and fuel. The Cahuilla ate the blossoms and pods, which were ground into meal for cake. The thorns of the plant were used as tattoo needles, and the ashes for tattoos, by the Cahuilla and Serrano Indians of Southern California. Its dense and durable wood is prized for making tools and arrow points, and for the unique flavor it lends to foods cooked over it. The deep taproots, often larger than the trunks, are dug up for firewood. This species of mesquite, known as haas (pronounced [ʔaːs]) by the Seri people of northwestern Mexico, was very important for food and nonfood uses. The Seris had specific names for various stages of the growth of the mesquite pod. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_glandulosa |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1331528092#23_1497277956 | Title: Prosopis glandulosa - Wikipedia
Headings: Prosopis glandulosa
Prosopis glandulosa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Distribution
Description
Varieties
Invasive species
Uses
Indigenous peoples
References
External links
Content: Fire Effects Information System. United States Forest Service. Retrieved 2008-05-01. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link)
External links
Data related to Prosopis glandulosa at Wikispecies
USDA Plants Profile for Prosopis glandulosa (honey mesquite)
Calflora Database: Prosopis glandulosa (Honey mesquite)
Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Prosopis glandulosa
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center NPIN−Native Plant Information Network: Prosopis glandulosa (Honey mesquite)
UC CalPhotos gallery
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prosopis glandulosa. Taxon identifiers
Wikidata: Q3013277
Wikispecies: Prosopis glandulosa
APDB: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_glandulosa |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1331545633#1_1497309317 | Title: Prosopis velutina - Wikipedia
Headings: Prosopis velutina
Prosopis velutina
Contents
Distribution
Description
Ecology
Uses
Food
See also
References
External links
Content: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Clade : Mimosoideae
Genus: Prosopis
Species: P. velutina
Binomial name
Prosopis velutina
Wooton
Prosopis velutina, commonly known as velvet mesquite, is a small to medium-sized tree. It is a legume adapted to a dry, desert climate. Though considered to be a noxious weed in states outside its natural range, it plays a vital role in the ecology of the Sonoran Desert . Contents
1 Distribution
2 Description
3 Ecology
4 Uses
5 Food
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Distribution
Velvet mesquite is native to the Sonoran, Mojave, and Chihuahuan Deserts. It grows at elevations below 4,000 to 5,000 feet in desert grasslands and near washes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_velutina |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1331545633#2_1497310378 | Title: Prosopis velutina - Wikipedia
Headings: Prosopis velutina
Prosopis velutina
Contents
Distribution
Description
Ecology
Uses
Food
See also
References
External links
Content: P. velutina
Binomial name
Prosopis velutina
Wooton
Prosopis velutina, commonly known as velvet mesquite, is a small to medium-sized tree. It is a legume adapted to a dry, desert climate. Though considered to be a noxious weed in states outside its natural range, it plays a vital role in the ecology of the Sonoran Desert . Contents
1 Distribution
2 Description
3 Ecology
4 Uses
5 Food
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Distribution
Velvet mesquite is native to the Sonoran, Mojave, and Chihuahuan Deserts. It grows at elevations below 4,000 to 5,000 feet in desert grasslands and near washes. The main distribution is in central and southern Arizona and in adjacent Sonora, Mexico. Near waterways, mesquites can form deciduous woodlands called bosques. Description
Blossoming P. velutina in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park
Velvet mesquite can grow to 30–50 ft (9–15 m) tall or more. It grows larger in areas with ample water, smaller in open, dry grasslands. The youngest branches may be green and photosynthetic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_velutina |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1331545633#3_1497311783 | Title: Prosopis velutina - Wikipedia
Headings: Prosopis velutina
Prosopis velutina
Contents
Distribution
Description
Ecology
Uses
Food
See also
References
External links
Content: The main distribution is in central and southern Arizona and in adjacent Sonora, Mexico. Near waterways, mesquites can form deciduous woodlands called bosques. Description
Blossoming P. velutina in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park
Velvet mesquite can grow to 30–50 ft (9–15 m) tall or more. It grows larger in areas with ample water, smaller in open, dry grasslands. The youngest branches may be green and photosynthetic. Young bark is reddish-brown and smooth. As it matures, it becomes a dark, dusty gray or brown and takes on a shredded texture. Yellow thorns up to one inch long appear on the young branches. The leaves are about 3-6 in (7.5–15 cm) long, fine, and bipinnately compound. They fold closed at night. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_velutina |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1331545633#4_1497312874 | Title: Prosopis velutina - Wikipedia
Headings: Prosopis velutina
Prosopis velutina
Contents
Distribution
Description
Ecology
Uses
Food
See also
References
External links
Content: Young bark is reddish-brown and smooth. As it matures, it becomes a dark, dusty gray or brown and takes on a shredded texture. Yellow thorns up to one inch long appear on the young branches. The leaves are about 3-6 in (7.5–15 cm) long, fine, and bipinnately compound. They fold closed at night. Composite image of velvet mesquite leaves folding up in the evening in response to decreasing light levels
The taproot sinks deep into the earth, far deeper than the height of the tree, taking advantage of water sources inaccessible to most plants. Roots extend to about 50 ft (15 m), but depths as much as 175 ft (53 m) have been recorded. Velvet mesquite seeds
Dry velvet mesquite seedpods
Flowering velvet mesquite catkins
The mesquite is deciduous, losing its leaves in winter, and leafs out again in the spring when all danger of frost is past. Because of its deep root system, it keeps its leaves in the dry months of summer in all but the most severe drought years. The flowers are yellow and form in the spring (after the leaves) in dense cylindrical clusters ( catkins) roughly 4 in (10 cm) long. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_velutina |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1331545633#5_1497314344 | Title: Prosopis velutina - Wikipedia
Headings: Prosopis velutina
Prosopis velutina
Contents
Distribution
Description
Ecology
Uses
Food
See also
References
External links
Content: Composite image of velvet mesquite leaves folding up in the evening in response to decreasing light levels
The taproot sinks deep into the earth, far deeper than the height of the tree, taking advantage of water sources inaccessible to most plants. Roots extend to about 50 ft (15 m), but depths as much as 175 ft (53 m) have been recorded. Velvet mesquite seeds
Dry velvet mesquite seedpods
Flowering velvet mesquite catkins
The mesquite is deciduous, losing its leaves in winter, and leafs out again in the spring when all danger of frost is past. Because of its deep root system, it keeps its leaves in the dry months of summer in all but the most severe drought years. The flowers are yellow and form in the spring (after the leaves) in dense cylindrical clusters ( catkins) roughly 4 in (10 cm) long. Long seedpods ( legumes) form from the flowers. They are bright green and look somewhat like pea pods when young. Mature, dry pods are hard and contain several hard, dry, brown seeds. The seeds need to be scarified before they can germinate. This scarification typically takes place in the digestive tracts of animals, which eat the seeds and then disperse them widely, as the seed takes days to pass through the animal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_velutina |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1331545633#9_1497319647 | Title: Prosopis velutina - Wikipedia
Headings: Prosopis velutina
Prosopis velutina
Contents
Distribution
Description
Ecology
Uses
Food
See also
References
External links
Content: Cattle not only dispersed mesquite seeds, but they also overgrazed the land, resulting in fewer range fires to control the mesquite population. Mesquites grew more densely and spread into what had been grassland. Consequently, velvet mesquite is considered an invasive species or noxious weed in several states. However, mesquite bosques cover only a small fraction of the area they covered before human settlement. Agriculture, firewood cutting, housing developments, and the lowering of the water table have all contributed to the loss of native mesquite stands. Uses
Velvet mesquite is a common choice for residential and commercial xeriscaping in Tucson and Phoenix, cities which are inside its natural range. An established mesquite tree needs little or no watering, and is an attractive ornamental plant. Medicinal uses: Sore throats were treated with a hot tea made from a blend of the clear sap plus inner red bark. Stomachaches were treated with a tea made from the fresh leaves. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_velutina |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1331545633#10_1497320996 | Title: Prosopis velutina - Wikipedia
Headings: Prosopis velutina
Prosopis velutina
Contents
Distribution
Description
Ecology
Uses
Food
See also
References
External links
Content: Uses
Velvet mesquite is a common choice for residential and commercial xeriscaping in Tucson and Phoenix, cities which are inside its natural range. An established mesquite tree needs little or no watering, and is an attractive ornamental plant. Medicinal uses: Sore throats were treated with a hot tea made from a blend of the clear sap plus inner red bark. Stomachaches were treated with a tea made from the fresh leaves. Toothache was treated by chewing the soft inner bark of the root. For flagging appetite, a tea made from the dried leaves was taken before meals. Cosmetic uses: Most important to a select number of folks was mesquite's use against hair loss. This treatment was used by men only, and consisted of the black sap that oozes from mesquite wounds (not the clear sap) mixed with other secret herbs and applied to the scalp. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_velutina |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1331545633#17_1497326970 | Title: Prosopis velutina - Wikipedia
Headings: Prosopis velutina
Prosopis velutina
Contents
Distribution
Description
Ecology
Uses
Food
See also
References
External links
Content: College Station, TX: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. 24 p. In cooperation with: U.S. Department of Agriculture. ^ "PLANTS Profile for Prosopis velutina (velvet mesquite)". USDA PLANTS. Retrieved 2008-05-01. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link)
^ http://www.amwua.org/quick_search.html?type=&keyword=mesquite&x=0&y=0
^ Felger, R. S. and M. B. Moser, 1985, People of the Desert and Sea. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_velutina |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1332676612#3_1498809634 | Title: Prostitution - Wikipedia
Headings: Prostitution
Prostitution
Contents
Etymology and terminology
General
Procuring
Clients
Other meanings
History
Ancient Near East
Ancient Hebrew culture
Ancient Greece
Ancient Rome
Asia
Middle Ages
16th–17th centuries
18th century
19th century
20th century
21st century
Economics
Laws
Attitudes
Legality
Advertising
Socio-economic issues
Illegal immigration
Survival sex
Use of children
Among the elderly
Violence
Sex trafficking
Illicit uses
Types
Street
Window prostitution
Brothels
Escorts
Sex tourism
Virtual sex
Prevalence
Medical situation
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Content: Estimates place the annual revenue generated by prostitution worldwide to be over $100 billion. The majority of prostitutes are female and have male clients. The position of prostitution and the law varies widely worldwide, reflecting differing opinions. Some view prostitution as a form of exploitation of or violence against women, and children, that helps to create a supply of victims for human trafficking. Some critics of prostitution as an institution are supporters of the " Nordic model ", which decriminalizes the act of selling sex, but makes the purchase of sex illegal. This approach has also been adopted by Canada, Iceland, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Norway, France and Sweden. Others view sex work as a legitimate occupation, whereby a person trades or exchanges sexual acts for money. Amnesty International is one of the notable groups calling for the decriminalization of prostitution. Contents
1 Etymology and terminology
1.1 General
1.2 Procuring
1.3 Clients
1.4 Other meanings
2 History
2.1 Ancient Near East
2.2 Ancient Hebrew culture
2.3 Ancient Greece
2.4 Ancient Rome
2.5 Asia
2.6 Middle Ages
2.7 16th–17th centuries
2.8 18th century
2.9 19th century
2.10 20th century
2.11 21st century
3 Economics
4 Laws
4.1 Attitudes
4.2 Legality
4.3 Advertising
5 Socio-economic issues
5.1 Illegal immigration
5.2 Survival sex
5.3 Use of children
5.4 Among the elderly
5.5 Violence
5.6 Sex trafficking
5.7 Illicit uses
6 Types
6.1 Street
6.2 Window prostitution
6.3 Brothels
6.4 Escorts
6.5 Sex tourism
6.6 Virtual sex
7 Prevalence
8 Medical situation
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Etymology and terminology
General
Prostitute c.1890
Prostitute is derived from the Latin prostituta. Some sources cite the verb as a composition of " pro " meaning "up front" or "forward" and " stituere ", defined as "to offer up for sale". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1332676612#9_1498823893 | Title: Prostitution - Wikipedia
Headings: Prostitution
Prostitution
Contents
Etymology and terminology
General
Procuring
Clients
Other meanings
History
Ancient Near East
Ancient Hebrew culture
Ancient Greece
Ancient Rome
Asia
Middle Ages
16th–17th centuries
18th century
19th century
20th century
21st century
Economics
Laws
Attitudes
Legality
Advertising
Socio-economic issues
Illegal immigration
Survival sex
Use of children
Among the elderly
Violence
Sex trafficking
Illicit uses
Types
Street
Window prostitution
Brothels
Escorts
Sex tourism
Virtual sex
Prevalence
Medical situation
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Content: those offering services to male customers are hustlers or rent boys . Procuring
Main article: Procuring (prostitution)
Organizers of prostitution, may be known colloquially as pimps if male or madams if female. More formally, one who is said to practice procuring is a procurer, or procuress. They may also be called panderers or brothel keepers . Examples of procuring include: trafficking a person into a country for the purpose of soliciting sex
operating a prostitution business
transporting a prostitute to the location of their arrangement
deriving financial gain from the prostitution of another. Clients
Main article: Client (prostitution)
Clients of prostitutes, most often men by prevalence, are sometimes known as johns or tricks in North America and punters in Britain and Ireland. These slang terms are used among both prostitutes and law enforcement for persons who solicit prostitutes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1332676612#10_1498825683 | Title: Prostitution - Wikipedia
Headings: Prostitution
Prostitution
Contents
Etymology and terminology
General
Procuring
Clients
Other meanings
History
Ancient Near East
Ancient Hebrew culture
Ancient Greece
Ancient Rome
Asia
Middle Ages
16th–17th centuries
18th century
19th century
20th century
21st century
Economics
Laws
Attitudes
Legality
Advertising
Socio-economic issues
Illegal immigration
Survival sex
Use of children
Among the elderly
Violence
Sex trafficking
Illicit uses
Types
Street
Window prostitution
Brothels
Escorts
Sex tourism
Virtual sex
Prevalence
Medical situation
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Content: Examples of procuring include: trafficking a person into a country for the purpose of soliciting sex
operating a prostitution business
transporting a prostitute to the location of their arrangement
deriving financial gain from the prostitution of another. Clients
Main article: Client (prostitution)
Clients of prostitutes, most often men by prevalence, are sometimes known as johns or tricks in North America and punters in Britain and Ireland. These slang terms are used among both prostitutes and law enforcement for persons who solicit prostitutes. The term john may have originated from the frequent customer practice of giving one's name as "John", a common name in English-speaking countries, in an effort to maintain anonymity. In some places, men who drive around red-light districts for the purpose of soliciting prostitutes are also known as kerb crawlers . Female clients of prostitutes are sometimes referred to as janes or sugar mamas. Other meanings
The word "prostitution" can also be used metaphorically to mean debasing oneself or working towards an unworthy cause or "selling out". In this sense, "prostituting oneself" or "whoring oneself" the services or acts performed are typically not sexual. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1334551829#0_1500475639 | Title: Prostitution law - Wikipedia
Headings: Prostitution law
Prostitution law
Contents
Overview
Legal themes
General
Economic and health issues
Human trafficking
Legislation models
Prohibitionism
Neo-abolitionism
Abolitionism
Legalization
Decriminalization
Demographic impact
Gender
Developed vs. developing countries
Views of prohibitionists
Regulated prostitution
Mandatory health checks
Labour laws
Status of unregulated sex work
Worldwide laws
Prohibitionism
Neo-abolitionism
Legality varies with local laws
Abolitionism
Legalization
Decriminalization
Enforcement
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Prostitution law - Wikipedia
Prostitution law
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Legality of prostitution
Decriminalization – no criminal penalties for prostitution
Legalization – prostitution legal and regulated
Abolitionism – prostitution is legal, but organized activities such as brothels and pimping are illegal; prostitution is not regulated
Neo-abolitionism – illegal to buy sex and for 3rd party involvement, legal to sell sex
Prohibitionism – prostitution illegal
Legality varies with local laws
Sex and the law
Social issues
Age of consent
Antisexualism
Bodily integrity
Censorship
Circumcision
Deviant sexual intercourse
Ethics
Freedom of speech
Homophobia
Intersex rights
LGBT rights
Miscegenation (interracial relations)
Marriageable age
Norms
Objectification
Pornography
Public morality
Red-light district
Reproductive rights
Right to sexuality
Same-sex marriage
Sex industry
Sex workers' rights
Sexual consent in law
Sexual and reproductive health and rights
Survival sex
Specific offences
(Varies by jurisdiction)
Adultery
Bestiality
Buggery
Child grooming
Child pornography
Child prostitution
Criminal transmission of HIV
Cybersex trafficking
Female genital mutilation
Fornication
Incest
Pimping
Prostitution
forced
procuring
Public indecency
Rape
statutory
marital
Seduction
Sex trafficking
Sexting
Sexual abuse
child
Sexual assault
Sexual harassment
Slavery
Sodomy
UK Section 63 (2008)
Violence
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Voyeurism
Sex offender registration
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Sex offender registries in the United States
Portals
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v
t
e
Prostitution law varies widely from country to country, and between jurisdictions within a country. At one extreme, prostitution or sex work is legal in some places and regarded as a profession, while at the other extreme, it is a crime punishable by death in some other places. In many jurisdictions, prostitution – the commercial exchange of sex for money, goods, service, or some other benefit agreed upon by the transacting parties – is illegal, while in others it is legal, but surrounding activities, such as soliciting in a public place, operating a brothel, and pimping, may be illegal. In many jurisdictions where prostitution is legal, it is regulated; in others it is unregulated. Where the exchange of sex for money is criminalized, it may be the sex worker (most commonly), the client, or both, who are subject to prosecution. Prostitution has been condemned as a single form of human rights abuse, and an attack on the dignity and worth of human beings. Other schools of thought argue that sex work is a legitimate occupation, whereby a person trades or exchanges sexual acts for money and/or goods. Some believe that women in developing countries are especially vulnerable to sexual exploitation and human trafficking, while others distinguish this practice from the global sex industry, in which "sex work is done by consenting adults, where the act of selling or buying sexual services is not a violation of human rights." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_law |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1334551829#1_1500479643 | Title: Prostitution law - Wikipedia
Headings: Prostitution law
Prostitution law
Contents
Overview
Legal themes
General
Economic and health issues
Human trafficking
Legislation models
Prohibitionism
Neo-abolitionism
Abolitionism
Legalization
Decriminalization
Demographic impact
Gender
Developed vs. developing countries
Views of prohibitionists
Regulated prostitution
Mandatory health checks
Labour laws
Status of unregulated sex work
Worldwide laws
Prohibitionism
Neo-abolitionism
Legality varies with local laws
Abolitionism
Legalization
Decriminalization
Enforcement
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: in others it is unregulated. Where the exchange of sex for money is criminalized, it may be the sex worker (most commonly), the client, or both, who are subject to prosecution. Prostitution has been condemned as a single form of human rights abuse, and an attack on the dignity and worth of human beings. Other schools of thought argue that sex work is a legitimate occupation, whereby a person trades or exchanges sexual acts for money and/or goods. Some believe that women in developing countries are especially vulnerable to sexual exploitation and human trafficking, while others distinguish this practice from the global sex industry, in which "sex work is done by consenting adults, where the act of selling or buying sexual services is not a violation of human rights." The term "sex work" is used interchangeably with "prostitution" in this article, in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO 2001; WHO 2005) and the United Nations (UN 2006; UNAIDS 2002). Contents
1 Overview
2 Legal themes
2.1 General
2.2 Economic and health issues
2.3 Human trafficking
2.4 Legislation models
2.4.1 Prohibitionism
2.4.2 Neo-abolitionism
2.4.3 Abolitionism
2.4.4 Legalization
2.4.5 Decriminalization
3 Demographic impact
3.1 Gender
3.2 Developed vs. developing countries
4 Views of prohibitionists
5 Regulated prostitution
5.1 Mandatory health checks
5.2 Labour laws
5.3 Status of unregulated sex work
6 Worldwide laws
6.1 Prohibitionism
6.2 Neo-abolitionism
6.3 Legality varies with local laws
6.4 Abolitionism
6.5 Legalization
6.6 Decriminalization
7 Enforcement
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Overview
In most countries, sex work is controversial. Members of certain religions oppose prostitution, viewing it as contrary or a threat to their moral codes, while other parties view prostitution as a "necessary evil". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_law |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1334551829#2_1500482369 | Title: Prostitution law - Wikipedia
Headings: Prostitution law
Prostitution law
Contents
Overview
Legal themes
General
Economic and health issues
Human trafficking
Legislation models
Prohibitionism
Neo-abolitionism
Abolitionism
Legalization
Decriminalization
Demographic impact
Gender
Developed vs. developing countries
Views of prohibitionists
Regulated prostitution
Mandatory health checks
Labour laws
Status of unregulated sex work
Worldwide laws
Prohibitionism
Neo-abolitionism
Legality varies with local laws
Abolitionism
Legalization
Decriminalization
Enforcement
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: The term "sex work" is used interchangeably with "prostitution" in this article, in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO 2001; WHO 2005) and the United Nations (UN 2006; UNAIDS 2002). Contents
1 Overview
2 Legal themes
2.1 General
2.2 Economic and health issues
2.3 Human trafficking
2.4 Legislation models
2.4.1 Prohibitionism
2.4.2 Neo-abolitionism
2.4.3 Abolitionism
2.4.4 Legalization
2.4.5 Decriminalization
3 Demographic impact
3.1 Gender
3.2 Developed vs. developing countries
4 Views of prohibitionists
5 Regulated prostitution
5.1 Mandatory health checks
5.2 Labour laws
5.3 Status of unregulated sex work
6 Worldwide laws
6.1 Prohibitionism
6.2 Neo-abolitionism
6.3 Legality varies with local laws
6.4 Abolitionism
6.5 Legalization
6.6 Decriminalization
7 Enforcement
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Overview
In most countries, sex work is controversial. Members of certain religions oppose prostitution, viewing it as contrary or a threat to their moral codes, while other parties view prostitution as a "necessary evil". Sex worker activists and organizations believe the issue of sex worker human rights is of greatest importance, including those related to freedom of speech, travel, immigration, work, marriage, parenthood, insurance, health insurance, and housing. Some feminist organizations are opposed to prostitution, considering it a form of exploitation in which males dominate women, and as a practice that is the result of a patriarchal social order. For example, the European Women's Lobby, which bills itself as the largest umbrella organization of women's associations in the European Union, has condemned prostitution as "an intolerable form of male violence". In February 2014, the members of the European Parliament voted in a non-binding resolution (adopted by 343 votes to 139; with 105 abstentions), in favor of the ' Swedish Model ' of criminalizing the buying, but not the selling of sex. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_law |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1334551829#5_1500490975 | Title: Prostitution law - Wikipedia
Headings: Prostitution law
Prostitution law
Contents
Overview
Legal themes
General
Economic and health issues
Human trafficking
Legislation models
Prohibitionism
Neo-abolitionism
Abolitionism
Legalization
Decriminalization
Demographic impact
Gender
Developed vs. developing countries
Views of prohibitionists
Regulated prostitution
Mandatory health checks
Labour laws
Status of unregulated sex work
Worldwide laws
Prohibitionism
Neo-abolitionism
Legality varies with local laws
Abolitionism
Legalization
Decriminalization
Enforcement
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: The issue, however, gets mired in controversy and confusion when prostitution too is considered as a violation of the basic human rights of both adult women and minors, and equal to sexual exploitation per se. From this standpoint then, trafficking and prostitution become conflated with each other." In December 2012, UNAIDS, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, released the "Prevention and treatment of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections for sex workers in low- and middle- income countries" document that contains the following "Good practice recommendations": All countries should work toward decriminalization of sex work and elimination of the unjust application of non-criminal laws and regulations against sex workers.†
Governments should establish antidiscrimination and other rights-respecting laws to protect against discrimination and violence, and other violations of rights faced by sex workers in order to realize their human rights and reduce their vulnerability to HIV infection and the impact of AIDS. Antidiscrimination laws and regulations should guarantee sex workers’ right to social, health and financial services. Health services should be made available, accessible and acceptable to sex workers based on the principles of avoidance of stigma, non-discrimination and the right to health. Violence against sex workers is a risk factor for HIV and must be prevented and addressed in partnership with sex workers and sex worker-led organizations. Legal themes
Legal themes tend to focus on four issues: victimization (including potential victimhood), ethics and morality, freedom of the individual, and general benefit or harm to society (including harm arising indirectly from matters connected to prostitution). General
Many people who support legal prostitution argue that prostitution is a consensual sex act between adults and a victimless crime, thus the government should not prohibit this practice. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_law |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1334551829#8_1500498537 | Title: Prostitution law - Wikipedia
Headings: Prostitution law
Prostitution law
Contents
Overview
Legal themes
General
Economic and health issues
Human trafficking
Legislation models
Prohibitionism
Neo-abolitionism
Abolitionism
Legalization
Decriminalization
Demographic impact
Gender
Developed vs. developing countries
Views of prohibitionists
Regulated prostitution
Mandatory health checks
Labour laws
Status of unregulated sex work
Worldwide laws
Prohibitionism
Neo-abolitionism
Legality varies with local laws
Abolitionism
Legalization
Decriminalization
Enforcement
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Economic and health issues
Maxwell (2000) and other researchers have found substantial evidence that there is strong co-occurrence between prostitution, drug use, drug selling, and involvement in non-drug crimes, particularly property crime. Because the activity is considered criminal in many jurisdictions, its substantial revenues are not contributing to the tax revenues of the state, and its workers are not routinely screened for sexually transmitted diseases which is dangerous in cultures favouring unprotected sex and leads to significant expenditure in the health services. According to the Estimates of the costs of crime in Australia, there is an "estimated $96 million loss of taxation revenue from undeclared earnings of prostitution". On top of these physical issues, it is also argued that there are psychological issues that prostitutes face from certain experiences and through the duration or repetition. Some go through experiences that may result "in lasting feelings of worthlessness, shame, and self-hatred". De Marneffe further argues that this may affect the prostitute's ability to perform sexual acts for the purpose of building a trusting intimate relationship, which may be important for their partner. The lack of a healthy relationship can lead to higher divorce rates and can influence unhealthy relationship to their children, influencing their fut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_law |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1337694623#4_1504184843 | Title: Protest and dissent in China - Wikipedia
Headings: Protest and dissent in China
Protest and dissent in China
Contents
Legal framework
Hong Kong to mainland extradition
Tactics
Rural protests
Labor protests
Pro-democracy protests
Democracy Wall
1989 Tiananmen Square protests
Ethnic protests
Tibet
Xinjiang
Falun Gong
Online protests
Nationalist protests
Official response
See also
References
Content: Protestors objected to the proposed bill on the grounds that the mainland PRC "justice system is marked by torture, forced confessions, arbitrary detentions and unfair trials ." Tactics
Chinese dissidents and protesters have employed numerous different tactics to express dissatisfaction with authorities, including petitioning of local governments or appeals offices, Weiquan lawyering, demonstrations on Tiananmen Square, signing support for dissident manifestos such as Charter 08, boycotts, marches, and occasionally violent rioting. The majority of protests in China concern local grievances, such as the corruption of county- or township-level government or Communist Party officials, exploitation by employers, excessive taxation, and so on. Protests targeting specific, local grievances, and where citizens propose actionable remedies, are more likely to succeed than alternative forms of protests. As the rights consciousness of the Chinese populace has grown since the 1980s and 1990s, a growing number of citizens have adopted semi-institutionalized forms of protest known as " rightful resistance ," whereby they make use of the court system, petitioning channels, or of central government decrees and policies to bring grievances against local authorities. Such protests are occasionally successful, but are often frustrated if authorities determine that it is not in the party's interest to heed protesters' demands. The failure of semi-institutionalized means of protest can eventually lead citizens to adopt more overt and public forms of resistance, such as sit-ins, picketing, coordinated hunger strikes, or marches. When petitioning to local authorities fails, many citizens take their grievances to the capital in Beijing, occasionally staging demonstrations in Tiananmen Square. In isolated instances disaffected citizens have turned to rioting, bombings of government buildings and related targets, or suicide as a form of protest. In December 2011, residents of the village of Wukan expelled Communist Party authorities following land requisition protests. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_and_dissent_in_China |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1337722842#0_1504199126 | Title: Protest art - Wikipedia
Headings: Protest art
Protest art
Contents
History
Activist art
Historical basis in art and politics
Strategy and practice
Ongoing Activist Art
Resistance art
Collections
See also
References
Further reading
External links
"Street" protest art
Political protest in fine art
Content: Protest art - Wikipedia
Protest art
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Protest art about the value of protest by Martin Firrell, UK, 2019
An example protesting California Proposition 8. Protest art is the creative works produced by activists and social movements. It is a traditional means of communication, utilized by a cross section of collectives and the state to inform and persuade citizens. Protest art helps arouse base emotions in their audiences, and in return may increase the climate of tension and create new opportunities to dissent. Since art, unlike other forms of dissent, take few financial resources, less financially able groups and parties can rely more on performance art and street art as an affordable tactic. Protest art acts as an important tool to form social consciousness, create networks, operate accessibly, and be cost-effective. Social movements produce such works as the signs, banners, posters, and other printed materials used to convey a particular cause or message. Often, such art is used as part of demonstrations or acts of civil disobedience. These works tend to be ephemeral, characterized by their portability and disposability, and are frequently not authored or owned by any one person. The various peace symbols, and the raised fist are two examples that highlight the democratic ownership of these signs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_art |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1337722842#1_1504201012 | Title: Protest art - Wikipedia
Headings: Protest art
Protest art
Contents
History
Activist art
Historical basis in art and politics
Strategy and practice
Ongoing Activist Art
Resistance art
Collections
See also
References
Further reading
External links
"Street" protest art
Political protest in fine art
Content: Protest art acts as an important tool to form social consciousness, create networks, operate accessibly, and be cost-effective. Social movements produce such works as the signs, banners, posters, and other printed materials used to convey a particular cause or message. Often, such art is used as part of demonstrations or acts of civil disobedience. These works tend to be ephemeral, characterized by their portability and disposability, and are frequently not authored or owned by any one person. The various peace symbols, and the raised fist are two examples that highlight the democratic ownership of these signs. Protest art also includes (but is not limited to) performance, site-specific installations, graffiti and street art, and crosses the boundaries of Visual arts genres, media, and disciplines. While some protest art is associated with trained and professional artists, an extensive knowledge of art is not required to take part in protest art. Protest artists frequently bypass the art-world institutions and commercial gallery system in an attempt to reach a wider audience. Furthermore, protest art is not limited to one region or country, but is rather a method that is used around the world. There are many politically charged pieces of fine art — such as Picasso 's Guernica, some of Norman Carlberg 's Vietnam war -era work, or Susan Crile 's images of torture at Abu Ghraib . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_art |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1337722842#2_1504202910 | Title: Protest art - Wikipedia
Headings: Protest art
Protest art
Contents
History
Activist art
Historical basis in art and politics
Strategy and practice
Ongoing Activist Art
Resistance art
Collections
See also
References
Further reading
External links
"Street" protest art
Political protest in fine art
Content: Protest art also includes (but is not limited to) performance, site-specific installations, graffiti and street art, and crosses the boundaries of Visual arts genres, media, and disciplines. While some protest art is associated with trained and professional artists, an extensive knowledge of art is not required to take part in protest art. Protest artists frequently bypass the art-world institutions and commercial gallery system in an attempt to reach a wider audience. Furthermore, protest art is not limited to one region or country, but is rather a method that is used around the world. There are many politically charged pieces of fine art — such as Picasso 's Guernica, some of Norman Carlberg 's Vietnam war -era work, or Susan Crile 's images of torture at Abu Ghraib . Contents
1 History
2 Activist art
2.1 Historical basis in art and politics
2.2 Strategy and practice
2.3 Ongoing Activist Art
3 Resistance art
4 Collections
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
8.1 "Street" protest art
8.2 Political protest in fine art
History
It is difficult to establish a history for protest art because many variations of it can be found throughout history. While many cases of protest art can be found during the early 1900s, like Picasso's Guernica in 1937, the last thirty years has experienced a large increase in the number of artists adopting protest art as a style to relay a message to the public. Protest art against SOPA
Digital billboard in Manchester UK displaying protest art by Martin Firrell
A piece of protest art featuring a parody of the logo of the NBA. As awareness of social justices around the world became more common among the public, an increase in protest art can be seen. Some of the most critically effective artworks of the recent period were staged outside the gallery, away from the museum and in that sense, protest art has found a different relationship to the public. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_art |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1337722842#3_1504205354 | Title: Protest art - Wikipedia
Headings: Protest art
Protest art
Contents
History
Activist art
Historical basis in art and politics
Strategy and practice
Ongoing Activist Art
Resistance art
Collections
See also
References
Further reading
External links
"Street" protest art
Political protest in fine art
Content: Contents
1 History
2 Activist art
2.1 Historical basis in art and politics
2.2 Strategy and practice
2.3 Ongoing Activist Art
3 Resistance art
4 Collections
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
8.1 "Street" protest art
8.2 Political protest in fine art
History
It is difficult to establish a history for protest art because many variations of it can be found throughout history. While many cases of protest art can be found during the early 1900s, like Picasso's Guernica in 1937, the last thirty years has experienced a large increase in the number of artists adopting protest art as a style to relay a message to the public. Protest art against SOPA
Digital billboard in Manchester UK displaying protest art by Martin Firrell
A piece of protest art featuring a parody of the logo of the NBA. As awareness of social justices around the world became more common among the public, an increase in protest art can be seen. Some of the most critically effective artworks of the recent period were staged outside the gallery, away from the museum and in that sense, protest art has found a different relationship to the public. Activist art
Activist art represents and includes aesthetic, sociopolitical, and technological developments that have attempted to challenge and complicate the traditional boundaries and hierarchies of culture as represented by those in power. Like protest art, activist art practice emerged partly out of a call for art to be connected to a wider audience, and to open up spaces where the marginalized and disenfranchised can be seen and heard. Activist art incorporates the use of public space to address socio-political issues and to encourage community and public participation as a means of bringing about social change. It aims to affect social change by engaging in active processes of representation that work to foster participation in dialogue, raise consciousness, and empower individuals and communities. The need to ensure the continued impact of a work by sustaining the public participation process it initiated is also a challenge for many activist artists. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_art |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1337722842#4_1504207987 | Title: Protest art - Wikipedia
Headings: Protest art
Protest art
Contents
History
Activist art
Historical basis in art and politics
Strategy and practice
Ongoing Activist Art
Resistance art
Collections
See also
References
Further reading
External links
"Street" protest art
Political protest in fine art
Content: Activist art
Activist art represents and includes aesthetic, sociopolitical, and technological developments that have attempted to challenge and complicate the traditional boundaries and hierarchies of culture as represented by those in power. Like protest art, activist art practice emerged partly out of a call for art to be connected to a wider audience, and to open up spaces where the marginalized and disenfranchised can be seen and heard. Activist art incorporates the use of public space to address socio-political issues and to encourage community and public participation as a means of bringing about social change. It aims to affect social change by engaging in active processes of representation that work to foster participation in dialogue, raise consciousness, and empower individuals and communities. The need to ensure the continued impact of a work by sustaining the public participation process it initiated is also a challenge for many activist artists. It often requires the artist to establish relationships within the communities where projects take place. If social movements are understood as “repeated public displays” of alternative political and cultural values, then activist art is significant in articulating such alternative views. Activist art is also important to the dimension of culture and an understanding of its importance alongside political, economical, and social forces in movements and acts of social change. One should be wary of conflating activist art with political art, as doing so obscures critical differences in methodology, strategy, and activist goals. Historical basis in art and politics
Activist art cites its origins from a particular artistic and political climate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_art |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1337722842#5_1504210218 | Title: Protest art - Wikipedia
Headings: Protest art
Protest art
Contents
History
Activist art
Historical basis in art and politics
Strategy and practice
Ongoing Activist Art
Resistance art
Collections
See also
References
Further reading
External links
"Street" protest art
Political protest in fine art
Content: It often requires the artist to establish relationships within the communities where projects take place. If social movements are understood as “repeated public displays” of alternative political and cultural values, then activist art is significant in articulating such alternative views. Activist art is also important to the dimension of culture and an understanding of its importance alongside political, economical, and social forces in movements and acts of social change. One should be wary of conflating activist art with political art, as doing so obscures critical differences in methodology, strategy, and activist goals. Historical basis in art and politics
Activist art cites its origins from a particular artistic and political climate. In the art world, performance art of the late 1960s to the 70s worked to broaden aesthetic boundaries within visual arts and traditional theatre, blurring the rigidly construed distinction between the two. Protest art involves creative works grounded in the act of addressing political or social issues. Protest art is a medium that is accessible to all socioeconomic classes and represents an innovative tool to expand opportunity structures. The transient, interdisciplinary, and hybrid nature of performance art allowed for audience engagement. The openness and immediacy of the medium invited public participation, and the nature of the artistic medium was a hub for media attention. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_art |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1337722842#8_1504216388 | Title: Protest art - Wikipedia
Headings: Protest art
Protest art
Contents
History
Activist art
Historical basis in art and politics
Strategy and practice
Ongoing Activist Art
Resistance art
Collections
See also
References
Further reading
External links
"Street" protest art
Political protest in fine art
Content: Conceptual artists experimented with unconventional materials and processes of art production. Grounded by strategies rooted in the real world, projects in conceptual art demanded viewer participation and were exhibited outside of the traditional and exclusive space of the art gallery, thus making the work accessible to the public. Similarly, collaborative methods of execution and expertise drawn from outside the art world are often employed in activist art so as to attain its goals for community and public participation. Parallel to the emphasis on ideas that conceptual art endorsed, activist art is process-oriented, seeking to expose embedded power relationships through its process of creation. In the political sphere, the militancy and identity politics of the period fostered the conditions out of which activist art arose. Strategy and practice
In practice, activist art may often take the form of temporal interventions, such as performance, media events, exhibitions, and installations. It is also common to employ mainstream media techniques (through the use of billboards, posters, advertising, newspaper inserts…etc.). By making use of these commercial distributive channels of commerce, this technique is particularly effective in conveying messages that reveal and subvert its usual intentions. The use public participation as a strategy of activating individuals and communities to become a “catalyst for change” is important to activist art. In this context, participation becomes an act of self-expression or self-representation by the entire community. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_art |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1337722842#9_1504218477 | Title: Protest art - Wikipedia
Headings: Protest art
Protest art
Contents
History
Activist art
Historical basis in art and politics
Strategy and practice
Ongoing Activist Art
Resistance art
Collections
See also
References
Further reading
External links
"Street" protest art
Political protest in fine art
Content: Strategy and practice
In practice, activist art may often take the form of temporal interventions, such as performance, media events, exhibitions, and installations. It is also common to employ mainstream media techniques (through the use of billboards, posters, advertising, newspaper inserts…etc.). By making use of these commercial distributive channels of commerce, this technique is particularly effective in conveying messages that reveal and subvert its usual intentions. The use public participation as a strategy of activating individuals and communities to become a “catalyst for change” is important to activist art. In this context, participation becomes an act of self-expression or self-representation by the entire community. Creative expression empowers individuals by creating a space in which their voices can be heard and in which they can engage in a dialogue with one another, and with the issues in which they have a personal stake. The Artist and Homeless Collaborative is an example of a project that works with strategies of public participation as a means of individual and community empowerment. It is an affiliation of artists, arts professionals and women, children and teenagers living in NYC shelters, the A & HC believe that their work in a collaborative project of art-making offers the residents a “positive experience of self-motivation and helps them regain what the shelter system and circumstances of lives destroy: a sense of individual identity and confidence in human interaction.” The process of engaging the community in a dialogue with dominant and public discourses about the issue of homelessness is described in a statement by its founder, Hope Sandrow: “ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_art |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1338744065#0_1504926966 | Title: Protests against Emmanuel Macron - Wikipedia
Headings: Protests against Emmanuel Macron
Protests against Emmanuel Macron
Contents
Post-election
Protests
2017
23 March 2018
200,000 rallied against Macron nationwide.
19 April 2018
13 May 2018
26 May 2018
Yellow Vests protests
5 December 2019
Protests 2020 — 2021
See also
References
Content: Protests against Emmanuel Macron - Wikipedia
Protests against Emmanuel Macron
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Protests against Emmanuel Macron
Date
7 May 2017 – Present
Location
France
Caused by
Globalisation
Neoliberalism
Corruption
Labour code reform
High fuel taxes
Police brutality
Macron 's economic positions
Methods
Demonstrations, riots, vandalism, arson, assault
Status
Ongoing
Since Emmanuel Macron was elected President of France on 7 May 2017, a series of protests have been conducted by trade union and left-wing activists in opposition to what protesters consider to be neoliberal policies, his support of state visits by certain world leaders, his positions on labour code reform, as well as various comments or policy proposals he has made since assuming the presidency. According to Amnesty International, French authorities have used the state of emergency, which was in effect from the November 2015 Paris attacks until November 2017, to suppress protests, employing their emergency powers. They "imposed 639 measures preventing specific individuals participating in public assemblies. Of these, 574 were targeted at those protesting against proposed labour law reforms". Contents
1 Post-election
2 Protests
2.1 2017
2.2 23 March 2018
2.3 19 April 2018
2.4 13 May 2018
2.5 26 May 2018
2.6 Yellow Vests protests
2.7 5 December 2019
2.8 Protests 2020 — 2021
3 See also
4 References
Post-election
On 8 May 2017, only a few hours after Macron was announced the winner of the 2017 French presidential election, union protesters began clashing with French authorities in Paris under fears that Macron's economic program would take away workers’ rights. The protest was organised by "Social Front", which had already staged protests before the second round to protest the two frontrunners, Marine Le Pen and Emmanuel Macron. One specific protest organized by the Social Front had 950 to 1,500 protesters with individuals trying to occupy publicly owned buildings like a railway station in Rennes. Nearly 150 protesters were arrested after reports of missiles being thrown at the police and mass vandalism being done. The 8 May protest was supported by the CGT and SUD unions. Protests
This section needs expansion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Emmanuel_Macron |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1338744065#3_1504933604 | Title: Protests against Emmanuel Macron - Wikipedia
Headings: Protests against Emmanuel Macron
Protests against Emmanuel Macron
Contents
Post-election
Protests
2017
23 March 2018
200,000 rallied against Macron nationwide.
19 April 2018
13 May 2018
26 May 2018
Yellow Vests protests
5 December 2019
Protests 2020 — 2021
See also
References
Content: Jean-Luc Melenchon from La France Insoumise has spoken in support of the 12 September protest encouraging members to attend. Melenchon himself organized a protest on 12 July 2017. US President Donald Trump 's state visit to France during Bastile Day was met with protests, protesters gathered around Place de la République to create a "No Trump Zone". Protesters were reportedly protesting about the Trump visit and Macron's policies; with the ranks of the protesters being made up of socialists, pro-Palestinian groups, migrants’ rights activists, environmentalists and anti-fascists. Despite mass protests, 59% of French people approve of Trump's visit. Following Prime Minister Edouard Philippe 's announcement of the plans for immigration reform, a small protest was led by a group of LGBT activists in Paris holding up a sign reading "Macron starves migrants, queers without borders"
A series of protests by wine producers in the South of France have been ongoing since Francois Hollande 's presidency. These demonstrations generally involve arson, sabotage and assault. These protests are caused by the importation of wine rather than buying it from French producers and the loss of culture. These protests have led to a 25% decrease in sales for Spanish wine producers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Emmanuel_Macron |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1338744065#4_1504935449 | Title: Protests against Emmanuel Macron - Wikipedia
Headings: Protests against Emmanuel Macron
Protests against Emmanuel Macron
Contents
Post-election
Protests
2017
23 March 2018
200,000 rallied against Macron nationwide.
19 April 2018
13 May 2018
26 May 2018
Yellow Vests protests
5 December 2019
Protests 2020 — 2021
See also
References
Content: Despite mass protests, 59% of French people approve of Trump's visit. Following Prime Minister Edouard Philippe 's announcement of the plans for immigration reform, a small protest was led by a group of LGBT activists in Paris holding up a sign reading "Macron starves migrants, queers without borders"
A series of protests by wine producers in the South of France have been ongoing since Francois Hollande 's presidency. These demonstrations generally involve arson, sabotage and assault. These protests are caused by the importation of wine rather than buying it from French producers and the loss of culture. These protests have led to a 25% decrease in sales for Spanish wine producers. Spanish tankers transporting wine are usually the target of these attacks. Pro-Palestinian protesters began to demonstrate against Macron offering Israel Prime Minister Netanyahu a place at the Paris Holocaust Ceremony. The French Communist Party also opposed Netanyahu's visit. The organizers of the protest were unknown but Le Muslim Post, a religious radioshow promoted the demonstration, encouraging listeners to attend. 23 March 2018
200,000 rallied against Macron nationwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Emmanuel_Macron |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1338744065#6_1504939002 | Title: Protests against Emmanuel Macron - Wikipedia
Headings: Protests against Emmanuel Macron
Protests against Emmanuel Macron
Contents
Post-election
Protests
2017
23 March 2018
200,000 rallied against Macron nationwide.
19 April 2018
13 May 2018
26 May 2018
Yellow Vests protests
5 December 2019
Protests 2020 — 2021
See also
References
Content: 19 April 2018
Tens of thousands of striking rail workers, public sector staff and students rallied across France against President Emmanuel Macron. The SNCF and CGT were the major unions in the protests against plans by Macron to remove job-for-life guarantees and pension privileges for new recruits. 13 May 2018
Transport workers continued to protest against rampant privatisation efforts in France. Key SNCF services were reduced on Sunday. 26 May 2018
A day after the Emmanuel Macron "suggested he could be close to victory in a public battle over his reform agenda," several thousands people across France, led by CGT trade union and some 80 other organizations protested against Macron's reforms of the public sector, described by the organizers as imbalanced and "brutal." According to CGT 80,000 people participated in the protest in Paris, and 250,000 came out across the country. However, France Police said that 21,000 people participated in the Paris protests and that 35 protesters were detained for various "offences". Police fired tear gas and deployed 2000 officers to the event and the demonstrators were holding placards reading "Stop Macron!". Yellow Vests protests
A gilets jaunes protest in Mont-de-Marsan on 17 November 2018
Main article: Yellow vests movement
In October 2018, Macron announced that the carbon tax would rise in 2019. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Emmanuel_Macron |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1338744065#7_1504940926 | Title: Protests against Emmanuel Macron - Wikipedia
Headings: Protests against Emmanuel Macron
Protests against Emmanuel Macron
Contents
Post-election
Protests
2017
23 March 2018
200,000 rallied against Macron nationwide.
19 April 2018
13 May 2018
26 May 2018
Yellow Vests protests
5 December 2019
Protests 2020 — 2021
See also
References
Content: According to CGT 80,000 people participated in the protest in Paris, and 250,000 came out across the country. However, France Police said that 21,000 people participated in the Paris protests and that 35 protesters were detained for various "offences". Police fired tear gas and deployed 2000 officers to the event and the demonstrators were holding placards reading "Stop Macron!". Yellow Vests protests
A gilets jaunes protest in Mont-de-Marsan on 17 November 2018
Main article: Yellow vests movement
In October 2018, Macron announced that the carbon tax would rise in 2019. This was seen as a move crippling the rural class who had no other choice than to use the car and could not afford more expensive fuel. On 17 November 2018, protests occurred in most major cities, and highways were blocked. Protests started again next Saturday and are still occurring on every Saturday as of June 2019. This movement is noticed for having no official leader and its independence, in spite of appropriation attempts by the France Insoumise (Unsubmitted France) and the Rassemblement National (National Rally) parties. 5 December 2019
Main article: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Emmanuel_Macron |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1338744065#8_1504942628 | Title: Protests against Emmanuel Macron - Wikipedia
Headings: Protests against Emmanuel Macron
Protests against Emmanuel Macron
Contents
Post-election
Protests
2017
23 March 2018
200,000 rallied against Macron nationwide.
19 April 2018
13 May 2018
26 May 2018
Yellow Vests protests
5 December 2019
Protests 2020 — 2021
See also
References
Content: This was seen as a move crippling the rural class who had no other choice than to use the car and could not afford more expensive fuel. On 17 November 2018, protests occurred in most major cities, and highways were blocked. Protests started again next Saturday and are still occurring on every Saturday as of June 2019. This movement is noticed for having no official leader and its independence, in spite of appropriation attempts by the France Insoumise (Unsubmitted France) and the Rassemblement National (National Rally) parties. 5 December 2019
Main article: 2019 French Pension Reform Plan Strike
A general strike to protest changes to France's pension system proposed by French President Emmanuel Macron. More than 800,000 people protested across the country. Protests 2020 — 2021
Main article: Protest and strikes of the CGT union 2021
Thousands of protesters marched peacefully in a small group against the legislative bill that will criminalise the publish & circulation of the photograph of police office, which the opponent says would limit the press freedom. The protest is also organised to show the anger over the footage where a music producer Michel Zecler [ fr] a black man, being beaten by three police officers in Paris on November 21, 2020. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Emmanuel_Macron |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1338744065#9_1504944452 | Title: Protests against Emmanuel Macron - Wikipedia
Headings: Protests against Emmanuel Macron
Protests against Emmanuel Macron
Contents
Post-election
Protests
2017
23 March 2018
200,000 rallied against Macron nationwide.
19 April 2018
13 May 2018
26 May 2018
Yellow Vests protests
5 December 2019
Protests 2020 — 2021
See also
References
Content: 2019 French Pension Reform Plan Strike
A general strike to protest changes to France's pension system proposed by French President Emmanuel Macron. More than 800,000 people protested across the country. Protests 2020 — 2021
Main article: Protest and strikes of the CGT union 2021
Thousands of protesters marched peacefully in a small group against the legislative bill that will criminalise the publish & circulation of the photograph of police office, which the opponent says would limit the press freedom. The protest is also organised to show the anger over the footage where a music producer Michel Zecler [ fr] a black man, being beaten by three police officers in Paris on November 21, 2020. Some small group of masked protesters dressed in black, burnt down two cars, a motorcycle and a cafe and smashed the windows of the local shops. In response police fired tear gases and stun grenades to disperse the crowd. They also used fired water cannon. The interior ministry said that 46,000 protesters participated in the protest in Paris and nine were arrested. See also
El Khomri law
References
^ "France: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Emmanuel_Macron |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1338744065#16_1504951626 | Title: Protests against Emmanuel Macron - Wikipedia
Headings: Protests against Emmanuel Macron
Protests against Emmanuel Macron
Contents
Post-election
Protests
2017
23 March 2018
200,000 rallied against Macron nationwide.
19 April 2018
13 May 2018
26 May 2018
Yellow Vests protests
5 December 2019
Protests 2020 — 2021
See also
References
Content: Financial Times. Retrieved 22 July 2017. Cite uses generic title ( help)
^ a b "LGBT activists protest French president Emmanuel Macron over asylum plan". Attitude Magazine. Retrieved 22 July 2017. ^ a b Williams, David (16 July 2017). " Wine, protest and Macron: why southern French wine producers are so angry". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Emmanuel_Macron |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1338744065#17_1504952529 | Title: Protests against Emmanuel Macron - Wikipedia
Headings: Protests against Emmanuel Macron
Protests against Emmanuel Macron
Contents
Post-election
Protests
2017
23 March 2018
200,000 rallied against Macron nationwide.
19 April 2018
13 May 2018
26 May 2018
Yellow Vests protests
5 December 2019
Protests 2020 — 2021
See also
References
Content: ^ a b Williams, David (16 July 2017). " Wine, protest and Macron: why southern French wine producers are so angry". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 22 July 2017. ^ "France: Unchecked clampdown on protests under guise of fighting terrorism". Amnesty International. Retrieved 22 July 2017. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Emmanuel_Macron |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1354126826#11_1523608685 | Title: Psychological research - Wikipedia
Headings: Psychological research
Psychological research
Contents
History
Philosophical foundations
Ethical considerations
Methodology
Experimental methods
Observational methods
Descriptive methods
Case studies
Surveys
Psychometric methods
Archival methods
Cross-sectional methods
Longitudinal methods
Cross-cultural methods
Cohort methods
Computational methods
Unobtrusive methods
See also
Notes
References
Content: During naturalistic observations, researchers can avoid interfering with the behavior they are observing by using unobtrusive methods, if needed. Both types of observational methods are designed to be as reliable as possible. Reliability can be estimated using inter-observer reliability, that is, by comparing observations conducted by different researchers. Intra-observer reliability means estimating the reliability of an observation using a comparison of observations conducted by the same researcher. The reliability of conducted studies is important in any field of science. For a statistical perspective of reliability, see also Reliability (statistics) . Descriptive methods
Main article: Descriptive research
All scientific processes begin with a description based on observation. Theories may develop later to explain these observations or classify associated phenomena. In scientific methodology, the conceptualizing of descriptive research precedes the hypotheses of "explanatory research". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_research |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1358104787#6_1527216273 | Title: Public-order crime - Wikipedia
Headings: Public-order crime
Public-order crime
Contents
England and Wales
Crimes without apparent victims
The hidden crime factor
Decriminalization of public order crimes
Arguments in favor of decriminalization
Arguments against decriminalization
Specific examples
Prostitution
Drugs
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: English criminal law § Public order offences
History of English criminal law § Public order offences
Crimes without apparent victims
Main article: Victimless crime
In public order crimes, there are many instances of criminality where a person is accused because he/she has made a personal choice to engage in an activity of which society disapproves, e.g., private recreational drug use. Thus, there is continuing political debate on criminalization versus decriminalization, focusing on whether it is appropriate to use punishment to enforce the various public policies that regulate the nominated behaviours. After all, society could deal with unpopular behaviour without invoking criminal or other legal processes. Following the work of Schur (1965), the types of crime usually referred to include the sexually based offences of prostitution, paraphilia (i.e., sexual practices considered deviant), underage sex, and pornography; and the offences involving substance abuse which may or may not involve some element of public disorder or danger to the public as in driving while intoxicated. Since 1965, however, societal views have changed greatly, for example, prostitution, often considered a victimless crime, is classified by some countries as a form of exploitation of women—such views are held in Sweden, Norway, and Iceland, where it is illegal to pay for sex, but not to be a prostitute (the client commits a crime, but not the prostitute), see Prostitution in Sweden . When deciding whether harm to innocent individuals should be prohibited, the moral and political beliefs held by those in power interact and inform the decisions to create or repeal crimes without apparent victims. These decisions change over time as moral standards change. For example, Margaret Sanger who founded the first birth control clinic in New York City was accused of distributing obscene material and violating public morals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-order_crime |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1358886206#0_1528031072 | Title: Public Investment Fund - Wikipedia
Headings: Public Investment Fund
Public Investment Fund
Contents
Role
History
PIF post-CEDA
Investment projects
First Commercial Helicopter Company
See also
References
External links
Content: Public Investment Fund - Wikipedia
Public Investment Fund
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Sovereign wealth fund of Saudi Arabia
Public Investment Fund
Founded
17 August 1971; 49 years ago
( 1971-08-17)
Founder
Faisal of Saudi Arabia
Headquarters
Riyadh
,
Saudi Arabia
Key people
Mohammad bin Salman (chairman)
Yasir Al-Rumayyan (governor)
AUM
$347 billion
Website
www.pif.gov.sa
The Public Investment Fund ( PIF; Arabic: صندوق الإستثمارات العامة ) is the sovereign wealth fund of Saudi Arabia. It is among the largest sovereign wealth funds in the world with total estimated assets of $347 billion. It was founded for the purpose of investing funds on behalf of the Government of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia aims at transferring the PIF from a mere local authority to the largest sovereign fund in the world. Thus, PIF is working on managing assets worth $400 billion by 2020. The PIF has a portfolio made up of approximately 200 investments, of which around 20 are listed on Tadawul, the Saudi Stock Exchange. Contents
1 Role
2 History
2.1 PIF post-CEDA
3 Investment projects
4 First Commercial Helicopter Company
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Role
Yasir bin Othman Al-Rumayyan in 2016
The Public Investment Fund invests in specific projects through equity, loans or guarantees, and allocations of public funds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Investment_Fund_of_Saudi_Arabia |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1358886206#1_1528033076 | Title: Public Investment Fund - Wikipedia
Headings: Public Investment Fund
Public Investment Fund
Contents
Role
History
PIF post-CEDA
Investment projects
First Commercial Helicopter Company
See also
References
External links
Content: It was founded for the purpose of investing funds on behalf of the Government of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia aims at transferring the PIF from a mere local authority to the largest sovereign fund in the world. Thus, PIF is working on managing assets worth $400 billion by 2020. The PIF has a portfolio made up of approximately 200 investments, of which around 20 are listed on Tadawul, the Saudi Stock Exchange. Contents
1 Role
2 History
2.1 PIF post-CEDA
3 Investment projects
4 First Commercial Helicopter Company
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Role
Yasir bin Othman Al-Rumayyan in 2016
The Public Investment Fund invests in specific projects through equity, loans or guarantees, and allocations of public funds. The PIF also provides medium and long-term loans to the large-scale government and private industrial projects. The PIF invests in the fields of telecoms, aerospace, energy, green technologies, and security, seeking a focus on housing finance, renewable energy, and information technology. History
The Saudi Arabian Public Investment Fund (PIF) was established in 1971 by Royal Decree M/24 to provide financing support for projects of strategic significance to the national economy. Since its inception, the PIF has been the Kingdom's main investment arm, and has played an important role in the financing of vital projects in the Kingdom, including in the oil refining, fertilizer, petrochemical and electricity sectors. In July 2014, the Council of Ministers granted the PIF authority to fund new companies inside and outside the Kingdom, either independently or in cooperation with the public and private sectors, without the council's prior approval. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Investment_Fund_of_Saudi_Arabia |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1358886206#4_1528039325 | Title: Public Investment Fund - Wikipedia
Headings: Public Investment Fund
Public Investment Fund
Contents
Role
History
PIF post-CEDA
Investment projects
First Commercial Helicopter Company
See also
References
External links
Content: Investment projects
Beginning in 2015 the PIF began making a number of high-profile investments, including acquiring a 38% stake in South Korea's Posco Engineering & Construction Co. in July 2015 and establishing a sizable fund with French firms in October 2015. In June 2016, the PIF acquired an approximate 5% stake in Uber for $3.5 billion. On 14 October 2016, SoftBank Group announced it had signed a memorandum of understanding with the PIF for the establishment of a London-based SoftBank Vision Fund which aims to invest up to $45 billion over five years in the tech sector. In March 2016, it was announced that ownership of Saudi Aramco would be transferred to the PIF and that the Kingdom will seek to list 5 percent of Aramco's shares by 2017. The PIF expects to become the largest sovereign wealth fund in the world with assets of $2 trillion. On 20 May 2017, during the Saudi-US CEO Forum which was part of President Donald Trump 's official trip to Saudi Arabia, the Public Investment Fund (PIF) announced plans to "invest $40 billion in infrastructure projects, mostly in the U.S." Saudi Arabia, which is "working to diversify its economy" entered into business deals with General Electric, Lockheed Martin, and The Blackstone Group. Blackstone, whose CEO and founder— Stephen A. Schwarzman —is a top supporter of Trump, entered into a non-binding memorandum by which the PIF committed $20 billion to the project. During the CEO Forum US-Saudi, arms deals were announced including a pledge to "assemble 150 Lockheed Martin Black Hawk helicopters" in Saudi Arabia, representing 450 jobs in Saudi Arabia" as part of the "$6 billion deal for Black Hawks." Qiddiyah, an entertainment megaproject was established on 7 April 2017, and is currently being built, is wholly owned by PIF. On 31 July 2017, the PIF announced it will spearhead the Red Sea project for luxury beach resorts built over 50 islands unlocking 200 kilometres (125 mi) of coastline. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Investment_Fund_of_Saudi_Arabia |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1358886206#5_1528041741 | Title: Public Investment Fund - Wikipedia
Headings: Public Investment Fund
Public Investment Fund
Contents
Role
History
PIF post-CEDA
Investment projects
First Commercial Helicopter Company
See also
References
External links
Content: On 20 May 2017, during the Saudi-US CEO Forum which was part of President Donald Trump 's official trip to Saudi Arabia, the Public Investment Fund (PIF) announced plans to "invest $40 billion in infrastructure projects, mostly in the U.S." Saudi Arabia, which is "working to diversify its economy" entered into business deals with General Electric, Lockheed Martin, and The Blackstone Group. Blackstone, whose CEO and founder— Stephen A. Schwarzman —is a top supporter of Trump, entered into a non-binding memorandum by which the PIF committed $20 billion to the project. During the CEO Forum US-Saudi, arms deals were announced including a pledge to "assemble 150 Lockheed Martin Black Hawk helicopters" in Saudi Arabia, representing 450 jobs in Saudi Arabia" as part of the "$6 billion deal for Black Hawks." Qiddiyah, an entertainment megaproject was established on 7 April 2017, and is currently being built, is wholly owned by PIF. On 31 July 2017, the PIF announced it will spearhead the Red Sea project for luxury beach resorts built over 50 islands unlocking 200 kilometres (125 mi) of coastline. PIF will inject initial capital in order to raise funds for investments by international actors in the tourism and hospitality sectors. On 7 August 2018, Elon Musk announced that he was considering taking automotive and energy company Tesla private and that funding was "secured." In a follow-up blog post six days later, Musk said the Saudi Arabian sovereign wealth fund had met with him several times since early 2017 to express interest in such a move "because of the important need to diversify away from oil." As of that post, the fund held almost 5% of Tesla stock, purchased through public markets. On 29 January 2019, Saudi Arabia has announced setting up a closed joint-stock company named NEOM with $500 billion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Investment_Fund_of_Saudi_Arabia |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1358886206#6_1528044028 | Title: Public Investment Fund - Wikipedia
Headings: Public Investment Fund
Public Investment Fund
Contents
Role
History
PIF post-CEDA
Investment projects
First Commercial Helicopter Company
See also
References
External links
Content: PIF will inject initial capital in order to raise funds for investments by international actors in the tourism and hospitality sectors. On 7 August 2018, Elon Musk announced that he was considering taking automotive and energy company Tesla private and that funding was "secured." In a follow-up blog post six days later, Musk said the Saudi Arabian sovereign wealth fund had met with him several times since early 2017 to express interest in such a move "because of the important need to diversify away from oil." As of that post, the fund held almost 5% of Tesla stock, purchased through public markets. On 29 January 2019, Saudi Arabia has announced setting up a closed joint-stock company named NEOM with $500 billion. The aim of this company that wholly owned by the PIF, the sovereign wealth fund, is to develop the economic zone of Neom. In March 2019, it was revealed that PIF paid a New York communications firm, Karv Communications, $120,000-a-month in order to repair the Saudis diplomatic damaged reputation after the Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi. On 27 April 2020, PIF purchased a 5.7% stake (valued at $500 million) in concert distributor Live Nation. On 16 May 2020, the Public Investment Fund, has purchased minority stakes in major U.S. companies including Boeing, Facebook and Citigroup, according to a U.S. regulatory filing. PIF disclosed a $713.7 million stake in Boeing, around $522 million in Citigroup, a $522 million stake in Facebook, a $495.8 million stake in Disney and a $487.6 million stake in Bank of America. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Investment_Fund_of_Saudi_Arabia |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1358886206#9_1528050025 | Title: Public Investment Fund - Wikipedia
Headings: Public Investment Fund
Public Investment Fund
Contents
Role
History
PIF post-CEDA
Investment projects
First Commercial Helicopter Company
See also
References
External links
Content: In November 2020, Saudi Arabia's PIF reduced its holdings in US stocks to $7 billion from $10.1 billion in the third quarter. It instead left a stake of $2.7 billion in Uber Technologies Inc.
First Commercial Helicopter Company
In an aim to realize the Saudi Vision 2030, the PIF has established the first commercial helicopter company in Saudi Arabia. Such a step would ultimately boost the tourism sector. Moreover, it will be utilized as a transportation mean within the major Saudi cities. See also
Energy portal
The budgetary rule – concerning the usage of capital gains from The Government Pension Fund – Global
Economy of Saudi Arabia
Sovereign wealth fund
Ethical investing
References
^ a b "Public Investment Fund (PIF) - Sovereign Wealth Fund, Saudi Arabia - SWFI". www.swfinstitute.org. Retrieved 10 January 2021. ^ Bloomberg. " Saudi wealth fund on track to manage $400bn assets by end-2020". ArabianBusiness.com. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Investment_Fund_of_Saudi_Arabia |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1363174369#6_1532923387 | Title: Public school funding in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Public school funding in the United States
Public school funding in the United States
State and local role in education funding
Educational resource inequality
References
Content: Local officials have the ability to influence the rate of change of property taxes that are used to fund local expenditures, including education. Due to the varied levels of income throughout states and within local communities, education funding suffers from inequalities where some communities have excessive funding and others are lacking important resources to support students. According to the research on Equity and Adequacy in School Funding, “much of the current litigation and legislative activity in education funding seeks to assure “adequacy”, that is, a sufficient level of funding to deliver an adequate education to every student in the state.” There are key factors in which states receive more funding, teacher salaries, employee benefits, cost of living, class sizes, and demographics. For example, Utah has the lowest state funding due to their demographics, and the fact that the state of Utah can not afford to let the average costs rise due to its immense young demographic, which is one in five residents attend public school. New York, on the other hand, has the highest ranking expenditures, twenty thousand per student including teacher salaries, and the cost of living, which is significantly higher than other states. Educational resource inequality
Because income and tax revenue varies so widely from state to state, the current school funding model has led to a huge disparity in the funding that schools in different parts of a single state receive. Primarily, schools in affluent areas receive more funding as compared to those located in low-income areas. Overall, this model presents a challenge to schools situated in low-income areas because performance measures can be tied to this funding approach. Low-income areas have comparatively lower property and income taxes hence affecting the funding of the schools. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_funding |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1363174369#7_1532925689 | Title: Public school funding in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Public school funding in the United States
Public school funding in the United States
State and local role in education funding
Educational resource inequality
References
Content: New York, on the other hand, has the highest ranking expenditures, twenty thousand per student including teacher salaries, and the cost of living, which is significantly higher than other states. Educational resource inequality
Because income and tax revenue varies so widely from state to state, the current school funding model has led to a huge disparity in the funding that schools in different parts of a single state receive. Primarily, schools in affluent areas receive more funding as compared to those located in low-income areas. Overall, this model presents a challenge to schools situated in low-income areas because performance measures can be tied to this funding approach. Low-income areas have comparatively lower property and income taxes hence affecting the funding of the schools. Poor school performance in low-income areas has a direct causal relationship with the low income and property taxes hence the need for a change in the approach to funding. A solution to the identified problem is to distribute wealth evenly to allow better funding models for public schools. Derisma (2013) claimed that “using state taxes to fund public education has the potential to create funding insecurities. To begin, state tax revenues are largely generated from income and sales taxes. Income and sales tax revenue are not stable sources and have the propensity to drop in times of recession” (p. 122). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_funding |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1363637651#2_1533370690 | Title: Public transport in Ireland - Wikipedia
Headings: Public transport in Ireland
Public transport in Ireland
Contents
Provision by area
Dublin
Cork
Limerick
Derry
Galway
Overview table
See also
References
External links
Content: Public transport in Dublin is overseen by the National Transport Authority. It has undergone expansion in recent years, and the Irish Government plans to invest heavily in the system under the Transport 21 plan which means that approximately 20 billion euro will be spent on developing Greater Dublin's transport infrastructure. Dublin's transit system utilises electrified suburban trains, diesel commuter rail, trams and an extensive bus network to provide service to the population of the Greater Dublin Area. Buses are the most widely used form of public transport in Dublin. They are predominately operated by Dublin Bus and also a private operator Go-Ahead Ireland, part of the UK based Go-Ahead Group. The bus network consists of 200 bus routes covering the Dublin Region. The Bus Arrival Information Service is being rolled out across Dublin, and provides real time estimates of bus arrivals at each stop, based on GPS locations of buses. Dublin also has a commuter rail system, one of five suburban rail networks on the island. The system uses diesel-powered trains and an electrified line. There are four main lines, designated Northern Commuter, Western Commuter, South Eastern Commuter, and South Western Commuter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport_in_Ireland |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1363637651#3_1533372342 | Title: Public transport in Ireland - Wikipedia
Headings: Public transport in Ireland
Public transport in Ireland
Contents
Provision by area
Dublin
Cork
Limerick
Derry
Galway
Overview table
See also
References
External links
Content: The bus network consists of 200 bus routes covering the Dublin Region. The Bus Arrival Information Service is being rolled out across Dublin, and provides real time estimates of bus arrivals at each stop, based on GPS locations of buses. Dublin also has a commuter rail system, one of five suburban rail networks on the island. The system uses diesel-powered trains and an electrified line. There are four main lines, designated Northern Commuter, Western Commuter, South Eastern Commuter, and South Western Commuter. The trains are operated by Iarnród Éireann . The Dublin suburban network also consists of an electrified line Dublin Area Rapid Transit that serves the Dublin bay commuter belt. Northern Commuter – Dublin Pearse to Dundalk. South Eastern Commuter – Dublin Connolly to Wexford / Rosslare Europort. South Western Commuter – Dublin Heuston to Kildare. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport_in_Ireland |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1366899263#2_1536727997 | Title: Puerto Ricans in World War II - Wikipedia
Headings: Puerto Ricans in World War II
Puerto Ricans in World War II
Contents
Lead-up to World War II
World War II
Homefront
Highly decorated combatants
United States Army Air Forces
Women in the military
Puerto Rican commanders
Discrimination
Human experimentation
Post World War II
Further reading
See also
Notes
References
Content: They were often subject to the racial discrimination that was widespread in the United States at the time. Puerto Rican women who served had their options restricted to nursing or administrative positions. In World War II some of the island's men played active roles as commanders in the military. The military did not keep statistics with regard to the total number of Hispanics who served in the regular units of the Armed Forces, only of those who served in Puerto Rican units; therefore, it is impossible to determine the exact number of Puerto Ricans who served in World War II. Contents
1 Lead-up to World War II
2 World War II
2.1 Homefront
2.2 Highly decorated combatants
2.3 United States Army Air Forces
3 Women in the military
4 Puerto Rican commanders
5 Discrimination
5.1 Human experimentation
6 Post World War II
7 Further reading
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
Lead-up to World War II
Soldiers of the 65th Infantry training in Salinas, Puerto Rico, August 1941
Before the United States entered World War II Puerto Ricans were already fighting on European soil in the Spanish Civil War. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started following an attempted coup d'état committed by parts of the army, led by the Nationalist General Francisco Franco, against the government of the Second Spanish Republic. Puerto Ricans fought on behalf of both of the factions involved, the "Nationalists" as members of the Spanish Army and the "Loyalists" (Republicans) as members of the Abraham Lincoln International Brigade. Among the Puerto Ricans who fought alongside General Franco on behalf of the Nationalists was General Manuel Goded Llopis (1882–1936), a high-ranking officer in the Spanish Army. Llopis, who was born in San Juan, was named Chief of Staff of the Spanish Army of Africa, after his victories in the Rif War, took the Balearic Islands and by order of Franco, suppressed the rebellion of Asturias. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1366899263#3_1536730549 | Title: Puerto Ricans in World War II - Wikipedia
Headings: Puerto Ricans in World War II
Puerto Ricans in World War II
Contents
Lead-up to World War II
World War II
Homefront
Highly decorated combatants
United States Army Air Forces
Women in the military
Puerto Rican commanders
Discrimination
Human experimentation
Post World War II
Further reading
See also
Notes
References
Content: Contents
1 Lead-up to World War II
2 World War II
2.1 Homefront
2.2 Highly decorated combatants
2.3 United States Army Air Forces
3 Women in the military
4 Puerto Rican commanders
5 Discrimination
5.1 Human experimentation
6 Post World War II
7 Further reading
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
Lead-up to World War II
Soldiers of the 65th Infantry training in Salinas, Puerto Rico, August 1941
Before the United States entered World War II Puerto Ricans were already fighting on European soil in the Spanish Civil War. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started following an attempted coup d'état committed by parts of the army, led by the Nationalist General Francisco Franco, against the government of the Second Spanish Republic. Puerto Ricans fought on behalf of both of the factions involved, the "Nationalists" as members of the Spanish Army and the "Loyalists" (Republicans) as members of the Abraham Lincoln International Brigade. Among the Puerto Ricans who fought alongside General Franco on behalf of the Nationalists was General Manuel Goded Llopis (1882–1936), a high-ranking officer in the Spanish Army. Llopis, who was born in San Juan, was named Chief of Staff of the Spanish Army of Africa, after his victories in the Rif War, took the Balearic Islands and by order of Franco, suppressed the rebellion of Asturias. Llopis was sent to lead the fight against the Anarchists in Catalonia, but his troops were outnumbered. He was captured and was sentenced to die by firing squad. MG Luis R. Esteves
Among the many Puerto Ricans who fought on behalf of the Second Spanish Republic as members of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, was Lieutenant Carmelo Delgado Delgado (1913–1937), a leader of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party from Guayama who upon the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War was in Spain in pursuit of his law degree. Delgado was an anti-fascist who believed that the Spanish Nationalists were traitors. He fought in the Battle of Madrid, but was captured and was sentenced to die by firing squad on April 29, 1937; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1366899263#4_1536733228 | Title: Puerto Ricans in World War II - Wikipedia
Headings: Puerto Ricans in World War II
Puerto Ricans in World War II
Contents
Lead-up to World War II
World War II
Homefront
Highly decorated combatants
United States Army Air Forces
Women in the military
Puerto Rican commanders
Discrimination
Human experimentation
Post World War II
Further reading
See also
Notes
References
Content: Llopis was sent to lead the fight against the Anarchists in Catalonia, but his troops were outnumbered. He was captured and was sentenced to die by firing squad. MG Luis R. Esteves
Among the many Puerto Ricans who fought on behalf of the Second Spanish Republic as members of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, was Lieutenant Carmelo Delgado Delgado (1913–1937), a leader of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party from Guayama who upon the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War was in Spain in pursuit of his law degree. Delgado was an anti-fascist who believed that the Spanish Nationalists were traitors. He fought in the Battle of Madrid, but was captured and was sentenced to die by firing squad on April 29, 1937; he was amongst the first US citizens to die in that conflict. In 1937, Japan invaded China and in September 1939, Germany invaded Poland. In October 1940, the 295th and 296th Infantry Regiments of the Puerto Rican National Guard, founded by Major General Luis R. Esteves, were called into Federal Active Service and assigned to the Puerto Rican Department in accordance with the existing War Plan Orange. During that period of time, Puerto Rico's economy was suffering from the consequences of the Great Depression, and unemployment was widespread. Unemployment was one of the reasons that some Puerto Ricans chose to join the Armed Forces. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1368202248#0_1538373888 | Title: Puget Sound region - Wikipedia
Headings: Puget Sound region
Puget Sound region
Contents
History
Political geography
Climate
Flora and fauna
Places
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Puget Sound region - Wikipedia
Puget Sound region
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Region around Puget Sound in Washington
Puget Sound, its basins, and major surrounding cities. The Puget Sound region is a coastal area of the Pacific Northwest in the U.S. state of Washington, including Puget Sound, the Puget Sound lowlands, and the surrounding region roughly west of the Cascade Range and east of the Olympic Mountains. It is characterized by a complex array of saltwater bays, islands, and peninsulas carved out by prehistoric glaciers. Poet Robert Sund called the Puget Sound region "Ish River country", owing to its numerous rivers with names ending in "ish", such as the Duwamish, Samish, Sammamish, Skokomish, Skykomish, Snohomish, and the Stillaguamish. The ish ending is from Salishan languages and means "people of". Contents
1 History
2 Political geography
3 Climate
4 Flora and fauna
5 Places
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
History
Evening on Puget Sound by Edward S. Curtis, 1913
The Puget Sound region was formed by the collision and attachment of many terranes ("microcontinents") to the North American Plate between about 50 to 10 million years ago. About 15,000 years ago during the Vashon Glaciation, the Puget Sound region was covered by a lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. The glacier that covered the area was about 3,000 feet (900 m) thick within the vicinity of Seattle. By the time Captain George Vancouver found the Sound, early native people had already been there for over 5,000 years. Logging started as early as 1853. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_Sound_region |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1378877920#11_1552451831 | Title: Push–pull train - Wikipedia
Headings: Push–pull train
Push–pull train
Contents
Train formation
Locomotive at one end
Two locomotives
Locomotive in the middle
Distributed power
History
Britain
Steam
Great Western Railway
Other railways
Electric and diesel
Driving van trailers (DVTs)
Ireland
North America
Israel
Australia
New Zealand
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: but some problems of delay in actuation were experienced. They were replaced in 1979 by a system in which a Driving Brake Standard Open (DBSO), converted from a Mark 2, could control the Class 47/7 locomotive via computerised time-division multiplex (TDM) signalling through the train lighting circuits. This had the added benefit that intermediate carriages needed no special equipment, and was found more satisfactory. Such trains became widely used on the intensive passenger service between Edinburgh Waverley and Glasgow Queen Street. When the push–pull sets were replaced by multiple units, the DBSOs were transferred to the Liverpool Street to Norwich service, where they were modified to work with Class 86 electric locomotives. The original system of using the Blue Star multiple working was later revived after privatisation as a way of allowing locomotive-hauled stock to replace multiple units on certain routes, thus increasing capacity without the complications of having to run around or drag a dead locomotive at the rear. It was used by First North Western and Wessex Trains with Class 31s, and by Abellio Greater Anglia, Arriva Trains Northern, Northern Rail and Northern with Class 37s all with Mark 2 carriages. The same system was also adopted by Network Rail for its track observation trains, although on many trains one locomotive has recently been replaced by a DBSO modified to work with Blue Star. Driving van trailers (DVTs)
A GNER Mark 4 Driving Van Trailer at Alnmouth in June 2005
Main article: Driving Van Trailer
In 1988, 52 Mark 3 Driving Van Trailers were built by British Rail Engineering Limited to allow it to replace life | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push%E2%80%93pull_train |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1412101785#3_1591172660 | Title: Quincy Enunwa - Wikipedia
Headings: Quincy Enunwa
Quincy Enunwa
Contents
Early years
College career
Professional career
References
External links
Content: He was selected All-Inland Valley League first-team in high school. He played football and ran track. As a senior, he caught 40 passes for more than 600 yards and 15 touchdowns. He was selected and played in the Inland Empire All-Star Game while in high school. In addition to football, he competed as a jumper on the school's track & field team. He finished sixth in the triple jump at the 2009 CIF-Southern Meet, setting a personal-best leap of 13.79 meters. He won the high jump at the 2010 Rancho Verde Relays of Champions, with a career-best jump of 2.06 meters. College career
Enunwa was named to the Nebraska Scholar-Athlete Honor Roll in his junior season. He was selected as the 2014 TaxSlayer.com Gator Bowl MVP and was also the Nebraska Offensive MVP in his senior season. In the 2013 season, Enunwa broke Heisman Trophy winner Johnny Rodgers 's school record for most touchdown receptions in a season, catching 12 touchdowns in his senior year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Enunwa |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1413075285#2_1592457410 | Title: Quintet - Wikipedia
Headings: Quintet
Quintet
Contents
Overview
Notable quintets
Performing groups
Classical music
Jazz
Soul/R&B
Doo wop
Pop
References
Content: A piece of music written for such a group is similarly named. The standard wind quintet consists of one player each on flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and horn, while the standard brass quintet has two trumpets, horn, trombone, and tuba. Other combinations are sometimes found, however. In jazz music, a quintet is group of five players, usually consisting of two of any of the following instruments, guitar, trumpet, saxophone, clarinet, flute or trombone, in addition to those of the traditional jazz trio – piano, double bass, drums. In some modern bands there are quintets formed from the same family of instruments with various voices, as an all- brass ensemble, or all saxophones, in soprano, alto, baritone, and bass, and sometimes contrabass . Notable quintets
Performing groups
Amsterdam Wind Quintet
Arabesque Winds
Artecombo
Bergen Wind Quintet
Berlin Philharmonic Wind Quintet ( de: Philharmonisches Bläserquintett Berlin)
Blythwood Winds
Carion
I Cinque Elementi Wind Quintet
The City of Tomorrow
Coreopsis Quintet
Danzi Quintet
Dorian Wind Quintet
Farkas Quintet Amsterdam ( nl: Farkas Quintet Amsterdam)
Fifth Inversion
Galliard Ensemble
Hi-5 (Australian band)
Imani Winds (Grammy nominated 2006)
LutosAir Quintet
New London Chamber Ensemble
New York Woodwind Quintet
Pentaèdre (Montréal)
Pennsylvania Quintet
Quintet of the Americas
Quintette Aquilon
Soni Ventorum Wind Quintet
Vancouver Woodwind Quintet
Vento Chiaro
WindSync
Classical music
Mozart: Quintet for Piano and Winds K. 452 (oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn) (1784)
Mozart: Quintet for clarinet and strings in A major, K. 581 (1789)
Reicha: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintet |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1413075285#3_1592459421 | Title: Quintet - Wikipedia
Headings: Quintet
Quintet
Contents
Overview
Notable quintets
Performing groups
Classical music
Jazz
Soul/R&B
Doo wop
Pop
References
Content: Notable quintets
Performing groups
Amsterdam Wind Quintet
Arabesque Winds
Artecombo
Bergen Wind Quintet
Berlin Philharmonic Wind Quintet ( de: Philharmonisches Bläserquintett Berlin)
Blythwood Winds
Carion
I Cinque Elementi Wind Quintet
The City of Tomorrow
Coreopsis Quintet
Danzi Quintet
Dorian Wind Quintet
Farkas Quintet Amsterdam ( nl: Farkas Quintet Amsterdam)
Fifth Inversion
Galliard Ensemble
Hi-5 (Australian band)
Imani Winds (Grammy nominated 2006)
LutosAir Quintet
New London Chamber Ensemble
New York Woodwind Quintet
Pentaèdre (Montréal)
Pennsylvania Quintet
Quintet of the Americas
Quintette Aquilon
Soni Ventorum Wind Quintet
Vancouver Woodwind Quintet
Vento Chiaro
WindSync
Classical music
Mozart: Quintet for Piano and Winds K. 452 (oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn) (1784)
Mozart: Quintet for clarinet and strings in A major, K. 581 (1789)
Reicha: wind quintets, among the first for the medium (starting in 1811)
Schubert: Piano Quintet in A major, D. 667 (1819), popularly known as the 'Trout Quintet', based on his Lied " Die Forelle " ("the trout"). The piece is scored for violin, viola, cello, bass instead of an additional violin, and piano, unlike the usual arrangement of the piano quintet
Schubert: String Quintet in C major, Op. 163 (D. 956, 1828)
Schumann: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintet |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1414056531#0_1593814631 | Title: Quizás, Quizás, Quizás - Wikipedia
Headings: Quizás, Quizás, Quizás
Quizás, Quizás, Quizás
Contents
English version
French version
Notable cover versions
References
Content: Quizás, Quizás, Quizás - Wikipedia
Quizás, Quizás, Quizás
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " Quizás, Quizás, Quizás" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
1947 song by Osvaldo Farrés
"Quizás, Quizás, Quizás"
Song by Osvaldo Farrés
Language
Spanish
English title
Perhaps, Perhaps, Perhaps
Written
1947
( 1947)
Genre
Popular
Songwriter (s)
Osvaldo Farrés
" Quizás, quizás, quizás ", sometimes known simply as "Quizás " ( American Spanish: [ kiˈsas]; " perhaps"), is a popular song by Cuban songwriter Osvaldo Farrés. Farrés wrote the music and original Spanish lyrics for the song which became a hit for Bobby Capó in 1947 . Contents
1 English version
2 French version
3 Notable cover versions
4 References
English version
The English lyrics for " Perhaps, Perhaps, Perhaps " were translated by Joe Davis from the original Spanish version. The English version was first recorded by Desi Arnaz in 1948 (RCA). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiz%C3%A1s,_Quiz%C3%A1s,_Quiz%C3%A1s |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1414056531#1_1593816447 | Title: Quizás, Quizás, Quizás - Wikipedia
Headings: Quizás, Quizás, Quizás
Quizás, Quizás, Quizás
Contents
English version
French version
Notable cover versions
References
Content: kiˈsas]; " perhaps"), is a popular song by Cuban songwriter Osvaldo Farrés. Farrés wrote the music and original Spanish lyrics for the song which became a hit for Bobby Capó in 1947 . Contents
1 English version
2 French version
3 Notable cover versions
4 References
English version
The English lyrics for " Perhaps, Perhaps, Perhaps " were translated by Joe Davis from the original Spanish version. The English version was first recorded by Desi Arnaz in 1948 (RCA). French version
The French lyrics, Qui sait, qui sait, are by Jacques Larue [ fr], with a slightly different meaning. The story is about a man wondering if the flirting of his girlfriend while dancing with an unknown man will have impact on their relationship: " Who knows?". It has been first recorded by Luis Mariano in 1948, on a single for His Master's Voice. Notable cover versions
This section needs additional citations for verification. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiz%C3%A1s,_Quiz%C3%A1s,_Quiz%C3%A1s |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1414056531#2_1593817815 | Title: Quizás, Quizás, Quizás - Wikipedia
Headings: Quizás, Quizás, Quizás
Quizás, Quizás, Quizás
Contents
English version
French version
Notable cover versions
References
Content: French version
The French lyrics, Qui sait, qui sait, are by Jacques Larue [ fr], with a slightly different meaning. The story is about a man wondering if the flirting of his girlfriend while dancing with an unknown man will have impact on their relationship: " Who knows?". It has been first recorded by Luis Mariano in 1948, on a single for His Master's Voice. Notable cover versions
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Notable cover versions include: 1951: Bing Crosby recorded the song with the Bando Da Lua on February 5, 1951, for Decca Records. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiz%C3%A1s,_Quiz%C3%A1s,_Quiz%C3%A1s |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1414056531#7_1593823038 | Title: Quizás, Quizás, Quizás - Wikipedia
Headings: Quizás, Quizás, Quizás
Quizás, Quizás, Quizás
Contents
English version
French version
Notable cover versions
References
Content: 1969: Paco de Lucía recorded an instrumental flamenco version on the album En Hispanoamérica. 1996: The alternative rock band Cake released "Perhaps, Perhaps, Perhaps" on their album Fashion Nugget. 1998: British singer Samantha Fox recorded a cover of "Perhaps, Perhaps, Perhaps" for her 21st Century Fox album, but she titled the song simply "Perhaps". It was then released as a single. 2000: British recording artist Geri Halliwell released "Perhaps, Perhaps, Perhaps" as a B-side to her number one single " Bag It Up ". This version also appeared on the soundtrack of the film America's Sweethearts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiz%C3%A1s,_Quiz%C3%A1s,_Quiz%C3%A1s |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1414056531#8_1593824084 | Title: Quizás, Quizás, Quizás - Wikipedia
Headings: Quizás, Quizás, Quizás
Quizás, Quizás, Quizás
Contents
English version
French version
Notable cover versions
References
Content: British singer Samantha Fox recorded a cover of "Perhaps, Perhaps, Perhaps" for her 21st Century Fox album, but she titled the song simply "Perhaps". It was then released as a single. 2000: British recording artist Geri Halliwell released "Perhaps, Perhaps, Perhaps" as a B-side to her number one single " Bag It Up ". This version also appeared on the soundtrack of the film America's Sweethearts. 2000: English singer Mari Wilson 's cover of the song was later featured as the theme song to Coupling; in the American version of Coupling, it was sung by Lindsay Price. 2000: Rubén González included an instrumental version on his album Chanchullo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiz%C3%A1s,_Quiz%C3%A1s,_Quiz%C3%A1s |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1414056531#9_1593825173 | Title: Quizás, Quizás, Quizás - Wikipedia
Headings: Quizás, Quizás, Quizás
Quizás, Quizás, Quizás
Contents
English version
French version
Notable cover versions
References
Content: 2000: English singer Mari Wilson 's cover of the song was later featured as the theme song to Coupling; in the American version of Coupling, it was sung by Lindsay Price. 2000: Rubén González included an instrumental version on his album Chanchullo. 2006: British recording artist Emma Bunton included "Perhaps, Perhaps, Perhaps" as a B-side to her single " Downtown ", and on the special edition of her CD Life in Mono. 2008: The Pussycat Dolls included "Perhaps, Perhaps, Perhaps" as a bonus track on the CD 2 of the Deluxe edition of their second studio album Doll Domination. 2008: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiz%C3%A1s,_Quiz%C3%A1s,_Quiz%C3%A1s |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1415925355#2_1596019805 | Title: Río Piedras massacre - Wikipedia
Headings: Río Piedras massacre
Río Piedras massacre
Contents
Prelude to the massacre
Massacre
Casualties
Aftermath
See also
References
Content: Albizu Campos worried that Plan Chardón would strip Puerto Rico of her natural resources. He believed that Chardón had been placed in charge of the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration (PRRA) in order to "Americanize" the university with the support of the Liberal Party. On October 20, 1935, in a political meeting which the Nationalist Party held in the town of Maunabo and which was transmitted by radio, Albizu Campos denounced Chardón, the university deans and the Liberal Party as traitors, saying they wanted to convert the university into an "American" propaganda institution. On October 23, 1935, a group of students at the university who supported Chardón began to collect signatures for a petition to declare Albizu Campos "Student Enemy Number One." In turn, a protest against the group by the pro-Nationalist faction of students denounced Chardón and the Liberal Party as agents of the United States. Massacre
On October 24, 1935, a student assembly held at the university declared Albizu Campos as persona non grata. Chardón requested that the governor provide armed police officers on the university grounds, in case the situation turned violent. Two police officers spotted a "suspicious-looking vehicle" and asked the driver, Ramón S. Pagán, and his friend Pedro Quiñones, for identification. A struggle ensued, and the police killed Pagán and Quiñones. The local newspaper, El Mundo, reported on October 25, that the day before observers heard an explosion followed by gunfire; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Piedras_massacre |
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