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msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1158402186#12_1311875043 | Title: Point Pelee National Park - Wikipedia
Headings: Point Pelee National Park
Point Pelee National Park
Contents
History
Geography
Flora and fauna
Climate
Human impact
Development
Bird-watching
Occurrences
March 2017 marsh fire
Commemoration
Images
See also
References
External links
Content: Four different vegetation communities dominate in the marsh. Climate
Point Pelee has a humid continental climate ( Dfa under the Köppen climate classification) with warm, humid summers, and cold winters that is modified by the surrounding waters of Lake Erie. It lies in a zone that is characterized by variable weather due to conflict between polar and tropical air masses. Its position in Lake Erie modifies its climate, resulting in warmer winter and fall temperatures compared to inland regions, as the lake cools more slowly than the surrounding land though during the spring, temperatures remain cooler than inland areas due to the land warming faster than the lake. Winters are cold with a January average temperature of −3.9 °C (25.0 °F). Owing to its position in Lake Erie, winter temperatures are warmer than inland locations at a similar latitude due to the release of the heat stored by the lake. As a result, temperatures below −20 °C (−4.0 °F) are rare, with only 1.9 days where the temperature reaches or falls below −20 °C (−4.0 °F). The maximum temperature usually stays below freezing on most days although mild spells of weather can occur time to time. The park receives 98.9 centimetres (38.9 in) of snowfall per year and there are 30.6 days with measurable snow. The park is not located in the snowbelt region, and snow cover is intermittent through the winter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Pelee_National_Park |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1169693979#1_1324245341 | Title: Police use of deadly force in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Police use of deadly force in the United States
Police use of deadly force in the United States
Contents
Databases
Government data collection
Crowd-sourced projects to collect data
Frequency
Racial patterns
Civilian characteristics
Officer characteristics
Gender of Suspect
Policy
Legal standards
See also
References
Content: Several non-government and crowdsourcing projects have been started to address this lack of reliable data. A study by Esposito, Lee, Edwards estimated that 1 in 2,000 men and 1 in 33,000 women die as a result of police use of deadly force. The same study estimated that the risk is highest for black men, as approximately 1 in 1,000 black men are shown to be killed by police. Studies using recent data have found that Black, Hispanic, and Native American/Alaskan individuals are disproportionately stopped by police and killed in encounters. Contents
1 Databases
1.1 Government data collection
1.2 Crowd-sourced projects to collect data
2 Frequency
3 Racial patterns
3.1 Civilian characteristics
3.2 Officer characteristics
3.3 Gender of Suspect
4 Policy
5 Legal standards
6 See also
7 References
Databases
Although Congress instructed the Attorney General in 1994 to compile and publish annual statistics on police use of excessive force, this was never carried out, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation does not collect these data either. Consequently, no official national database exists to track such killings. This has led multiple non-governmental entities to attempt to create comprehensive databases of police shootings in the United States. The National Violent Death Reporting System is a more complete database to track police homicides than either the FBI's Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) or the Centers for Disease Control 's National Vital Statistics System (NVSS). This is because both the SHR and NVSS under-report the number of police killings. Government data collection
Through the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, specifically Section 210402, the U.S. Congress mandated that the attorney general collect data on the use of excessive force by police and publish an annual report from the data. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_use_of_deadly_force_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1169693979#7_1324258989 | Title: Police use of deadly force in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Police use of deadly force in the United States
Police use of deadly force in the United States
Contents
Databases
Government data collection
Crowd-sourced projects to collect data
Frequency
Racial patterns
Civilian characteristics
Officer characteristics
Gender of Suspect
Policy
Legal standards
See also
References
Content: Another project, the Facebook page "Killed by Police" (or web-page www.KilledbyPolice.net) tracks killings starting May 1, 2013. In 2015, CopCrisis used the KilledByPolice.net data to generate info-graphics about police killings. A project affiliated with Black Lives Matter, Mapping Police Violence, tracks killings starting January 1, 2013, and conducts analyses and visualizations examining rates of killings by police department, city, state, and national trends over time. The National Police Misconduct Reporting Project started in 2009 by David Packman, is now owned and operated by the Cato Institute. It covers a range of police behaviors. The most recent addition is The Puppycide Database Project, which collects information about police use of lethal force against animals, as well as people killed while defending their animals from police, or unintentionally while police were trying to kill animals. Frequency
Deaths by age group in 2015, according to The Counted
The annual average number of justifiable homicides alone was previously estimated to be near 400. Updated estimates from the Bureau of Justice Statistics released in 2015 estimate the number to be around 930 per year, or 1,240 if assuming that non-reporting local agencies kill people at the same rate as reporting agencies. A 2019 study by Esposito, Lee, and Edwards states that police killings are a leading cause of death for men aged 25-29 at 1.8 per 100000, trailing causes such as accidental death (76.6 per 100000), suicide (26.7 per 100000), and other homicides (22.0 per 100000). Around 2015–2016, The Guardian newspaper ran its own database, The Counted, which tracked US killings by police and other law enforcement agencies including from gunshots, tasers, car accidents and custody deaths. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_use_of_deadly_force_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1169693979#8_1324261397 | Title: Police use of deadly force in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Police use of deadly force in the United States
Police use of deadly force in the United States
Contents
Databases
Government data collection
Crowd-sourced projects to collect data
Frequency
Racial patterns
Civilian characteristics
Officer characteristics
Gender of Suspect
Policy
Legal standards
See also
References
Content: The most recent addition is The Puppycide Database Project, which collects information about police use of lethal force against animals, as well as people killed while defending their animals from police, or unintentionally while police were trying to kill animals. Frequency
Deaths by age group in 2015, according to The Counted
The annual average number of justifiable homicides alone was previously estimated to be near 400. Updated estimates from the Bureau of Justice Statistics released in 2015 estimate the number to be around 930 per year, or 1,240 if assuming that non-reporting local agencies kill people at the same rate as reporting agencies. A 2019 study by Esposito, Lee, and Edwards states that police killings are a leading cause of death for men aged 25-29 at 1.8 per 100000, trailing causes such as accidental death (76.6 per 100000), suicide (26.7 per 100000), and other homicides (22.0 per 100000). Around 2015–2016, The Guardian newspaper ran its own database, The Counted, which tracked US killings by police and other law enforcement agencies including from gunshots, tasers, car accidents and custody deaths. They counted 1,146 deaths for 2015 and 1,093 deaths for 2016. The database can be viewed by state, gender, race/ethnicity, age, classification (e.g., "gunshot"), and whether the person killed was armed. The Washington Post has tracked shootings since 2015, reporting more than 5,000 incidents since their tracking began. The database can also classify people in various categories including race, age, weapon etc. For 2019, it reported a total of 1,004 people shot and killed by police. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_use_of_deadly_force_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1174042572#0_1327923677 | Title: Political communication - Wikipedia
Headings: Political communication
Political communication
Contents
Defining the concept
Contemporary examples of strategic political communication
In the United States
Fields and areas of study
Role of social media
See also
References
External links
Content: Political communication - Wikipedia
Political communication
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about Political Communications Principles. For the academic journal, see Political Communication (journal). Part of a series on
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Political communication (s) is a subfield of communication and political science that is concerned with how information spreads and influences politics and policy makers, the news media and citizens. Since the advent of the World Wide Web, the amount of data to analyze has exploded, and researchers are shifting to computational methods to study the dynamics of political communication. In recent years, machine learning, natural language processing, and network analysis have become key tools in the subfield. It deals with the production, dissemination, procession and effects of information, both through mass media and interpersonally, within a political context. This includes the study of the media, the analysis of speeches by politicians and those that are trying to influence the political process, and formal and informal conversations among members of the public, among other aspects. The media acts as bridge between government and public. Political communication can be defined as the connection concerning politics and citizens and the interaction modes that connect these groups to each other. Whether the relationship is formed by the modes of persuasion, Pathos, Ethos or Logos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_communication |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1174894755#2_1328777639 | Title: Political history of the Roman military - Wikipedia
Headings: Political history of the Roman military
Political history of the Roman military
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Roman kingdom
Roman Republic
From late Republic to mid-Roman Empire
Middle Roman Empire
Late Roman Empire
Political economy of the Roman military
References
Content: A further politicization of the military involved officers for a unit not belonging to and being drawn from the class of the military unit he commanded but being selected often through voting. Roman Republic
In the republic, the tradition of social class determining military duty continued, despite structural changes - the rich equestrians continued to serve together in the equites for instance - but the lower ranks became less politicized and based upon a mix of social class, age and military experience rather than social class alone. For non-citizens, 25 years in the army was a guaranteed way of gaining citizenship for them and their family. Despite these changes on the bottom rungs of the military, amongst the army's commanders a process began of politicizing military command. In the Republic, military service made a person of the equestrian class eligible for a wide range of profitable postings: military triumphs boosted a person's career, and military service became a pre-requirement for a number of political posts. Intended initially to ensure that all political leaders had shown dedication and duty serving in the military, the effect was to cause military experience to become of paramount importance to a Roman's political career, with the eventual consequence that armies would become tools for the political goals of their generals, rather than neutrally aligned forces of the state. At the highest level, two consuls were elected each year to head the government of the state and simultaneously were appointed the commanders-in-chief of the Roman army, and would be assigned a consular army and an area in which to campaign. From late Republic to mid-Roman Empire
In 100 BC, Lucius Appuleius Saturninus was tribune and advocated several social reforms, among which was a bill that gave colonial lands to war veterans, a suggestion that was radical and displeasing to the patrician senate, which opposed the measures. Violence broke out and the Senate ordered Gaius Marius, as Consul for that year, to put down the revolt. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1175125452#0_1328919964 | Title: Political journalism - Wikipedia
Headings: Political journalism
Political journalism
Contents
Overview
Goals
Supporters and opponents
Subsets
See also
References
External links
Content: Political journalism - Wikipedia
Political journalism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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political reporter
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The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with North America and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (December 2016)
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The examples and perspective in this article may not include all significant viewpoints. Please improve the article or discuss the issue. (December 2016)
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Members of the press ask questions of US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo
Political journalism is a broad branch of journalism that includes coverage of all aspects of politics and political science, although the term usually refers specifically to coverage of civil governments and political power . Political journalism aims to provide voters with the information to formulate their own opinion and participate in community, local or national matters that will affect them. According to Edward Morrissey in an opinion article from theweek.com, political journalism frequently includes opinion journalism, as current political events can be biased in their reporting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_journalism |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1175125452#1_1328923093 | Title: Political journalism - Wikipedia
Headings: Political journalism
Political journalism
Contents
Overview
Goals
Supporters and opponents
Subsets
See also
References
External links
Content: Please improve the article or discuss the issue. (December 2016)
( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Journalism
News
Writing style
Ethics
code of ethics
Objectivity
News values
Attribution
Defamation
Sensationalism
Editorial independence
Journalism school
Index of journalism articles
Areas
Arts
Business
Data
Entertainment
Environment
Fashion
Medicine
Music
Politics
Science
Sports
Technology
Trade
Traffic
Weather
World
Genres
Advocacy
Analytic
Blogging
Broadcast
Churnalism
Citizen
Civic
Collaborative
Comics-based
Community
Data
Database
Digital/Online
Explanatory
Fact-checking
Gonzo
Immersion
Interpretive
Investigative
Muckraking
Multimedia
Narrative
New Journalism
Non-profit
Opinion
Peace
Photojournalism
Press release
Scientific
Sensor
Underground
Video
Visual
Watchdog
Social impact
Fake news
Fourth Estate
Fifth Estate
Freedom of the press
Infotainment
Media bias
Public relations
Press service
Propaganda model
Yellow journalism
News media
Newspapers
Magazines
TV and radio
Internet
News agencies
Alternative media
Roles
Journalists (reporters)
Columnist
Blogger
Editor
Copy editor
Meteorologist
News presenter
Photographer
Pundit / commentator
Journalism portal
Category: Journalism
v
t
e
Members of the press ask questions of US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo
Political journalism is a broad branch of journalism that includes coverage of all aspects of politics and political science, although the term usually refers specifically to coverage of civil governments and political power . Political journalism aims to provide voters with the information to formulate their own opinion and participate in community, local or national matters that will affect them. According to Edward Morrissey in an opinion article from theweek.com, political journalism frequently includes opinion journalism, as current political events can be biased in their reporting. The information provided includes facts, its perspective is subjective and leans towards one viewpoint. Brendan Nyhan and John Sides argue that "Journalists who report on politics are frequently unfamiliar with political science research or question its relevance to their work". Journalists covering politics who are unfamiliar with information that would provide context to their stories can enable the story to take a different spin on what is being reported. Political journalism is provided through different mediums, in print, broadcast, or online reporting. Digital media use has increased and it provides instant coverage of campaign, politics, event news and an accessible platform for the candidate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_journalism |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1175125452#2_1328926223 | Title: Political journalism - Wikipedia
Headings: Political journalism
Political journalism
Contents
Overview
Goals
Supporters and opponents
Subsets
See also
References
External links
Content: The information provided includes facts, its perspective is subjective and leans towards one viewpoint. Brendan Nyhan and John Sides argue that "Journalists who report on politics are frequently unfamiliar with political science research or question its relevance to their work". Journalists covering politics who are unfamiliar with information that would provide context to their stories can enable the story to take a different spin on what is being reported. Political journalism is provided through different mediums, in print, broadcast, or online reporting. Digital media use has increased and it provides instant coverage of campaign, politics, event news and an accessible platform for the candidate. Media outlets known for their political journalism like The New York Times and the Washington Post, have increased their use of this medium as well. Printed, online, and broadcast political humor presented as entertainment has been used to provide updates on aspects of government status, political news, campaign, and election updates. According to Geoffrey Baym, the information provided may not be considered "fake news" but the lines between entertainment and factual news may seem blurred or biased while providing political updates. This type of journalism is analyzed, interpreted, and discussed by news media pundits and editorialists. It can lack objectivity which can prevent the accuracy of the presented information. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_journalism |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1175125452#3_1328928041 | Title: Political journalism - Wikipedia
Headings: Political journalism
Political journalism
Contents
Overview
Goals
Supporters and opponents
Subsets
See also
References
External links
Content: Media outlets known for their political journalism like The New York Times and the Washington Post, have increased their use of this medium as well. Printed, online, and broadcast political humor presented as entertainment has been used to provide updates on aspects of government status, political news, campaign, and election updates. According to Geoffrey Baym, the information provided may not be considered "fake news" but the lines between entertainment and factual news may seem blurred or biased while providing political updates. This type of journalism is analyzed, interpreted, and discussed by news media pundits and editorialists. It can lack objectivity which can prevent the accuracy of the presented information. The reporting of news with a bias view point can also take away the audience's ability to form their own opinion or beliefs of what has been reported. This type of reporting is subjective with a possible social or political purpose. Contents
1 Overview
2 Goals
3 Supporters and opponents
4 Subsets
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Overview
Civic journalism has began to develop a strong following again after first emerging as a philosophy in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Those who find civic journalism to be a new, progressive, and profound method for the media to engage with the public see it as an opportunity to revitalize democracy as we know it. As technological advances overtake the modern world, it is becoming less common for the general public to buy newspapers or watch TV news to inform themselves on the events in the political sphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_journalism |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1175125452#4_1328930019 | Title: Political journalism - Wikipedia
Headings: Political journalism
Political journalism
Contents
Overview
Goals
Supporters and opponents
Subsets
See also
References
External links
Content: The reporting of news with a bias view point can also take away the audience's ability to form their own opinion or beliefs of what has been reported. This type of reporting is subjective with a possible social or political purpose. Contents
1 Overview
2 Goals
3 Supporters and opponents
4 Subsets
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Overview
Civic journalism has began to develop a strong following again after first emerging as a philosophy in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Those who find civic journalism to be a new, progressive, and profound method for the media to engage with the public see it as an opportunity to revitalize democracy as we know it. As technological advances overtake the modern world, it is becoming less common for the general public to buy newspapers or watch TV news to inform themselves on the events in the political sphere. Including this, younger generations, such as, Generation Y (Millennials) and Generation Z, are not coming out to the polls due to a variety of reasons. Overall, democracy is beginning to fail as there is a lack of civic engagement and even interference with democratic processes, such as Russia's involvement with the 2016 United States election, and even electronic voting (e-voting) machines that are being hacked and altering results. All in all, proponents of civic journalism believe that for democracy to regain its traction and glory in the modern world, the media must be more receptive to feedback from the public and take initiative to engage the public as well. According to Oxford Research Encyclopedias, the popularity of political journalism is rising, and the area is becoming one of the more dominant domains of journalism. Political journalism is meant to be more of an overseer of democratic process as they relate to civic engagement rather than a scapegoat for the issues with democracy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_journalism |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1175125452#5_1328932274 | Title: Political journalism - Wikipedia
Headings: Political journalism
Political journalism
Contents
Overview
Goals
Supporters and opponents
Subsets
See also
References
External links
Content: Including this, younger generations, such as, Generation Y (Millennials) and Generation Z, are not coming out to the polls due to a variety of reasons. Overall, democracy is beginning to fail as there is a lack of civic engagement and even interference with democratic processes, such as Russia's involvement with the 2016 United States election, and even electronic voting (e-voting) machines that are being hacked and altering results. All in all, proponents of civic journalism believe that for democracy to regain its traction and glory in the modern world, the media must be more receptive to feedback from the public and take initiative to engage the public as well. According to Oxford Research Encyclopedias, the popularity of political journalism is rising, and the area is becoming one of the more dominant domains of journalism. Political journalism is meant to be more of an overseer of democratic process as they relate to civic engagement rather than a scapegoat for the issues with democracy. Including this, there are four key concepts that political journalism can be boiled down to. These concepts are the framing of politics as a strategic game, interpretive versus straight news, conflict framing and media negativity, and finally, political or partisan bias. In essence, these can be viewed as the four quintessential pillars of civic journalism. Goals
The goal of civic journalism, or public journalism, is to allow the community to remain engaged with journalists and news outlets, restore democratic values, and rebuild the public's trust in journalists. The concept of fake news arose due to the fact that it is so easy to manipulate or twist information these days and create a certain narrative that might be entirely incorrect. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_journalism |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1175125452#6_1328934406 | Title: Political journalism - Wikipedia
Headings: Political journalism
Political journalism
Contents
Overview
Goals
Supporters and opponents
Subsets
See also
References
External links
Content: Including this, there are four key concepts that political journalism can be boiled down to. These concepts are the framing of politics as a strategic game, interpretive versus straight news, conflict framing and media negativity, and finally, political or partisan bias. In essence, these can be viewed as the four quintessential pillars of civic journalism. Goals
The goal of civic journalism, or public journalism, is to allow the community to remain engaged with journalists and news outlets, restore democratic values, and rebuild the public's trust in journalists. The concept of fake news arose due to the fact that it is so easy to manipulate or twist information these days and create a certain narrative that might be entirely incorrect. This has led to an overall decrease in the credibility that people have for journalists and media sources. Certain media sources or news outlets often come under a lot of heat for certain stories or narratives they push which are built upon fallacies. People argue for participatory democracy, but politics now is largely considered a popularity contest, and consists of politicians making decisions to ensure their reelection. Proponents of civic journalism believe that this philosophy will allow individuals to have a greater say in decision-making and in the broader political sphere. Given the rise in yellow journalism and search optimization algorithms that create an echo-chamber among mass-media, civic journalism is entering a niche role where it can shift the position of news within public reception. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_journalism |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1175125452#7_1328936343 | Title: Political journalism - Wikipedia
Headings: Political journalism
Political journalism
Contents
Overview
Goals
Supporters and opponents
Subsets
See also
References
External links
Content: This has led to an overall decrease in the credibility that people have for journalists and media sources. Certain media sources or news outlets often come under a lot of heat for certain stories or narratives they push which are built upon fallacies. People argue for participatory democracy, but politics now is largely considered a popularity contest, and consists of politicians making decisions to ensure their reelection. Proponents of civic journalism believe that this philosophy will allow individuals to have a greater say in decision-making and in the broader political sphere. Given the rise in yellow journalism and search optimization algorithms that create an echo-chamber among mass-media, civic journalism is entering a niche role where it can shift the position of news within public reception. As of recent, most news publishers undergo more and more observation as their ethics and content come under extensive scrutiny for political biases. In a time where traditional news outlets concern themselves with how to effectively monetize and are not the main distributors of information, civic journalism pivots the role of publishers from distributing information to curating information. Given one of civic journalism's central tenets - making the press a forum for discussion of community issues - a publisher is able to seek out a niche in bolstering local engagement over spreading knowledge of worldly issues readily available via a web search. Supporters and opponents
According to the University of Nebraska-Lincoln College of Journalism and Mass Communications, civic journalism is a polarizing philosophy and has a collection of opponents as well. Such opponents of civic journalism find it to be risky and ineffective. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_journalism |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1175125452#8_1328938466 | Title: Political journalism - Wikipedia
Headings: Political journalism
Political journalism
Contents
Overview
Goals
Supporters and opponents
Subsets
See also
References
External links
Content: As of recent, most news publishers undergo more and more observation as their ethics and content come under extensive scrutiny for political biases. In a time where traditional news outlets concern themselves with how to effectively monetize and are not the main distributors of information, civic journalism pivots the role of publishers from distributing information to curating information. Given one of civic journalism's central tenets - making the press a forum for discussion of community issues - a publisher is able to seek out a niche in bolstering local engagement over spreading knowledge of worldly issues readily available via a web search. Supporters and opponents
According to the University of Nebraska-Lincoln College of Journalism and Mass Communications, civic journalism is a polarizing philosophy and has a collection of opponents as well. Such opponents of civic journalism find it to be risky and ineffective. They also find the practice to bring about conflicts of interest and believe that it necessitates involvement into public affairs deemed to be unethical. John Bender, assistant professor of new editorial at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, claimed that journalists who are the most esteemed and high regarded play active roles in helping their community thrive. That practice would be an example of how civic journalism is indeed beneficial for the future of democracy as proponents believe. Proponents of civic journalism are steadfast on certain issues. They believe that integrating journalism into the democratic process helps to inform voters and makes them more aware of what is occurring in the political sphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_journalism |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1175125452#9_1328940499 | Title: Political journalism - Wikipedia
Headings: Political journalism
Political journalism
Contents
Overview
Goals
Supporters and opponents
Subsets
See also
References
External links
Content: They also find the practice to bring about conflicts of interest and believe that it necessitates involvement into public affairs deemed to be unethical. John Bender, assistant professor of new editorial at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, claimed that journalists who are the most esteemed and high regarded play active roles in helping their community thrive. That practice would be an example of how civic journalism is indeed beneficial for the future of democracy as proponents believe. Proponents of civic journalism are steadfast on certain issues. They believe that integrating journalism into the democratic process helps to inform voters and makes them more aware of what is occurring in the political sphere. Including this, it could make a difference in the democratic process if all voters were equally informed. An important aspect is ensuring that the information received by the public is all accurate and fact-checked. That is an important aspect that sometimes gives journalism, and certain news sources, a bad reputation, as previously mentioned. Accuracy in political news and journalism can enable voters to be more involved in the democratic process. Civic journalism itself is the process of integrating journalism into the democratic process and allowing voters and the media to play a more active role rather than being witnesses and bystanders in what happens in the political sphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_journalism |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1175125452#10_1328942288 | Title: Political journalism - Wikipedia
Headings: Political journalism
Political journalism
Contents
Overview
Goals
Supporters and opponents
Subsets
See also
References
External links
Content: Including this, it could make a difference in the democratic process if all voters were equally informed. An important aspect is ensuring that the information received by the public is all accurate and fact-checked. That is an important aspect that sometimes gives journalism, and certain news sources, a bad reputation, as previously mentioned. Accuracy in political news and journalism can enable voters to be more involved in the democratic process. Civic journalism itself is the process of integrating journalism into the democratic process and allowing voters and the media to play a more active role rather than being witnesses and bystanders in what happens in the political sphere. Moreover, technology also plays an active role in educating voters and determining viewpoints. Subsets
Election journalism or electoral j | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_journalism |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1175242221#0_1329062543 | Title: Political myth - Wikipedia
Headings: Political myth
Political myth
Contents
Function
See also
Bibliography
References
Content: Political myth - Wikipedia
Political myth
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A political myth is an ideological narrative that is believed by social groups. In 1975, Henry Tudor defined it in the book Political Myth. He said that myths are believed to be true even if they may be false, and they are devices with dramatic constructions used "in order to come to grips with reality". Political myths simply deal with political topics and always use a group of people as the hero or protagonist. In 2001, Christopher G. Flood described a working definition of a political myth as "an ideologically marked narrative which purports to give a true account of a set of past, present, or predicted political events and which is accepted as valid in its essentials by a social group". Examples cited as political myths include Manifest Destiny, The Clash of Civilizations, and national myths. In 1946 Ernst Cassirer recounted political theory in his The Myth of the State. In 1973, T. L. Thorson wrote in the 4th edition of A History of Political Theory: " It is the mark of a modern mind to be able to explicitly create a 'myth' as a way of influencing others (as, for example, Plato does in The Republic ). In its original sense myth is a literal description." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_myth |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1175278077#0_1329102641 | Title: Political opportunity - Wikipedia
Headings: Political opportunity
Political opportunity
Contents
Description
Comparison with political structure
Political mediation model
Criticism
Examples
See also
References
Sources
Content: Political opportunity - Wikipedia
Political opportunity
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Political process" redirects here. For information about the manner in which political systems are organized, see Government. For information about the right to fair legal procedures, see Due process. For information about the rules governing political bodies or group, see Parliamentary procedure. Political opportunity theory, also known as the political process theory or political opportunity structure, is an approach of social movements that is heavily influenced by political sociology. It argues that success or failure of social movements is affected primarily by political opportunities. Social theorists Peter Eisinger, Sidney Tarrow, David Meyer and Doug McAdam are considered among the most prominent supporters of the theory. Contents
1 Description
2 Comparison with political structure
3 Political mediation model
4 Criticism
5 Examples
6 See also
7 References
8 Sources
Description
Three vital components for movement formation are the following: Insurgent Consciousness: certain members of society feel deprived, mistreated, and have grievances directed at a system that they perceive as unjust (see also deprivation theory ). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_opportunity |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1175278077#1_1329104345 | Title: Political opportunity - Wikipedia
Headings: Political opportunity
Political opportunity
Contents
Description
Comparison with political structure
Political mediation model
Criticism
Examples
See also
References
Sources
Content: It argues that success or failure of social movements is affected primarily by political opportunities. Social theorists Peter Eisinger, Sidney Tarrow, David Meyer and Doug McAdam are considered among the most prominent supporters of the theory. Contents
1 Description
2 Comparison with political structure
3 Political mediation model
4 Criticism
5 Examples
6 See also
7 References
8 Sources
Description
Three vital components for movement formation are the following: Insurgent Consciousness: certain members of society feel deprived, mistreated, and have grievances directed at a system that they perceive as unjust (see also deprivation theory ). When a collective sense of injustice develops, it motivates people to become movement members. Movement activists do not choose their goals at random, but the political context stresses certain grievances around which movements organize. Organizational Strength: similar to the main argument of the resource mobilization theory, the argument here is that the social movement must have strong and efficient leadership and sufficient resources. The political opportunity theory has much in common with the related resource mobilization theory, particularly when it is seen as focusing on mobilization of resources external to the movement. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_opportunity |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1175278077#2_1329106060 | Title: Political opportunity - Wikipedia
Headings: Political opportunity
Political opportunity
Contents
Description
Comparison with political structure
Political mediation model
Criticism
Examples
See also
References
Sources
Content: When a collective sense of injustice develops, it motivates people to become movement members. Movement activists do not choose their goals at random, but the political context stresses certain grievances around which movements organize. Organizational Strength: similar to the main argument of the resource mobilization theory, the argument here is that the social movement must have strong and efficient leadership and sufficient resources. The political opportunity theory has much in common with the related resource mobilization theory, particularly when it is seen as focusing on mobilization of resources external to the movement. Associated and indigenous organizations also play a major role in recruiting and motivating actors to join and participate within social movements. Often, the rise of a movement merges with other pre-existing and highly-organized blocs of individuals, who lend the movement resources and support. The more heavily that individuals are integrated into disconnected but otherwise mobile communities, the higher the likelihood of those communities merging and lending support to causes that their members are active in. Political Opportunities: if the existing political system is vulnerable to a challenge, it creates an opportunity for others, like the movement members, to issue such a challenge and try to use this opportune time to push through a social change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_opportunity |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1175278077#6_1329114875 | Title: Political opportunity - Wikipedia
Headings: Political opportunity
Political opportunity
Contents
Description
Comparison with political structure
Political mediation model
Criticism
Examples
See also
References
Sources
Content: That, in turn, may lead to the loss of indigenous support and, along with it, many of the supporting grassroots organizations that were able to quickly mobilize members at the onset of the movement. Meyer (2004) credited Eisinger (1973) with first use of the political opportunity theory framed in such a way (traces of which, of course, go further back). Eisinger asked why in the 1960s, the level of riots about race and poverty varied between different places in the United States and noted that lack of visible openings for participation of repressed or discouraged dissident made riots more likely. Thus, the inability to air grievances legally was the political opportunity which led to organization and the mobilization of movements expressing their grievances by rioting. Meyer (2004), in his overview of political opportunity theory, noted that this broader context can affect: "mobilizing",
"advancing particular claims rather than others",
"cultivating some alliances rather than others",
"employing particular political strategies and tactics rather than others", and
"affecting mainstream institutional politics and policy". A key advantage of the theory is that it explains why social movements emerge and/or increase their activity at a given time. When there are no political opportunities, simply having grievances (organizational consciousness) and resources is not enough. It is only when all three of these components are present that the movement has a chance to succeed. Comparison with political structure
Within the structure and agency debate, actions of activists (agents) can be understood only when they are seen in the broader context of political opportunities (structure). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_opportunity |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1175278077#7_1329117012 | Title: Political opportunity - Wikipedia
Headings: Political opportunity
Political opportunity
Contents
Description
Comparison with political structure
Political mediation model
Criticism
Examples
See also
References
Sources
Content: "mobilizing",
"advancing particular claims rather than others",
"cultivating some alliances rather than others",
"employing particular political strategies and tactics rather than others", and
"affecting mainstream institutional politics and policy". A key advantage of the theory is that it explains why social movements emerge and/or increase their activity at a given time. When there are no political opportunities, simply having grievances (organizational consciousness) and resources is not enough. It is only when all three of these components are present that the movement has a chance to succeed. Comparison with political structure
Within the structure and agency debate, actions of activists (agents) can be understood only when they are seen in the broader context of political opportunities (structure). The term structure has been used to characterize political opportunities in older scholarship. A political opportunity structure has been defined as the circumstances surrounding a political landscape. However, Tarrow, who used the term in his earlier publications, now argues it is misleading, as most opportunities need to be perceived and are situational, not structural. Rather than just a political landscape, political opportunity structures can be described as a specific configuration of resources, institutional arrangements and historical precedent for social mobilizations. Political opportunity structures are prone to change and can alter in days or last for decades. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_opportunity |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1175278077#8_1329118943 | Title: Political opportunity - Wikipedia
Headings: Political opportunity
Political opportunity
Contents
Description
Comparison with political structure
Political mediation model
Criticism
Examples
See also
References
Sources
Content: The term structure has been used to characterize political opportunities in older scholarship. A political opportunity structure has been defined as the circumstances surrounding a political landscape. However, Tarrow, who used the term in his earlier publications, now argues it is misleading, as most opportunities need to be perceived and are situational, not structural. Rather than just a political landscape, political opportunity structures can be described as a specific configuration of resources, institutional arrangements and historical precedent for social mobilizations. Political opportunity structures are prone to change and can alter in days or last for decades. Demographics and socioeconomic factors create "structure" that affects political actors. Political mediation model
One side model, based on the political opportunity theory, is known as the political mediation model. The political mediation model focuses on how the political context affects the strategic choices of the political actors. The model goes beyond looking at whether the movements just succeeded or failed and analyzes other consequences, including unintentional ones as well as collective benefits. The opposite of political opportunity is a political constraint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_opportunity |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1176676778#4_1330144217 | Title: Political positions of David Cameron - Wikipedia
Headings: Political positions of David Cameron
Political positions of David Cameron
Contents
Economic policy
Air travel
Copyright
Environment
Globalisation
Rail transport
Regulation
Taxation and public spending
Crime and justice
Capital punishment
Terrorism
ISIL flag
Deportation and the ECHR
Youth justice and ASBOs
Social policy
Counter-Extremism policy
Media
Abortion
Three-parent babies
Succession to the Throne
Forced marriage
LGBT rights and same-sex marriage
Health
Education
MPs Expenses
Disability
ID cards
British Hindus
Fox hunting
Immigration, asylum and integration
Integration
Welfare
UK Government welfare expenditure 2011–12
Welfare Reform and Work Bill
Poverty
Foreign policy
Israel
Falkland Islands
Iraq and the War on terror
Syria
Libya
European Union
Turkey in the EU
India
Sri Lanka
2014 Ukrainian-Crimean crisis
Constitutional issues
Voting reform
Criticism of other parties and politicians
See also
References
Content: Cameron included the book in a 2008 reading list for Conservative MPs. Contents
1 Economic policy
1.1 Air travel
1.2 Copyright
1.3 Environment
1.4 Globalisation
1.5 Rail transport
1.6 Regulation
1.7 Taxation and public spending
2 Crime and justice
2.1 Capital punishment
2.2 Terrorism
2.3 ISIL flag
2.4 Deportation and the ECHR
2.5 Youth justice and ASBOs
3 Social policy
3.1 Counter-Extremism policy
3.2 Media
3.3 Abortion
3.4 Three-parent babies
3.5 Succession to the Throne
3.6 Forced marriage
3.7 LGBT rights and same-sex marriage
3.8 Health
3.9 Education
3.10 MPs Expenses
3.11 Disability
3.12 ID cards
3.13 British Hindus
3.14 Fox hunting
3.15 Immigration, asylum and integration
3.15.1 Integration
3.16 Welfare
3.16.1 Welfare Reform and Work Bill
3.16.2 Poverty
4 Foreign policy
4.1 Israel
4.2 Falkland Islands
4.3 Iraq and the War on terror
4.4 Syria
4.5 Libya
4.6 European Union
4.7 Turkey in the EU
4.8 India
4.9 Sri Lanka
4.10 2014 Ukrainian-Crimean crisis
5 Constitutional issues
5.1 Voting reform
6 Criticism of other parties and politicians
7 See also
8 References
Economic policy
Cameron has said that it is "essential to reduce taxes on employment and wealth creation in order to enhance our economy's competitiveness. But I don't think it's sensible today to write a Conservative budget for 2009 or 2010, with specific pledges on tax reduction." He has stated that he hoped to cut taxes and raise public spending, "as the economy grows". Air travel
Cameron has expressed interest in abolishing Air Passenger Duty for those who travel abroad only rarely, while introducing "frequent flyer" taxes on those who frequently fly around the globe. Copyright
Cameron intends to increase the period of copyright from 50 to 70 years, bring copyright infringing downloads under stronger legal control and require Internet Service Providers to "block access and indeed close down offending file-sharing sites". He supports music industry representatives going into schools to teach children about copyright, technology hindering copyright infringement ( DRM ), and encourages the music industry to exercise self-censorship on its material in return for the above music industry friendly measures. Environment
Cameron has regularly stressed his green credentials since becoming leader, describing himself as "passionate about our environment." He has argued that "there is a price ... for tackling climate change " but it is a "social responsibility to the next generation". He has stated he is committed to achieving the 2010 emissions limit and has announced he would change the current Climate Change Levy to a carbon tax in order to counter global warming. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1176676778#5_1330148196 | Title: Political positions of David Cameron - Wikipedia
Headings: Political positions of David Cameron
Political positions of David Cameron
Contents
Economic policy
Air travel
Copyright
Environment
Globalisation
Rail transport
Regulation
Taxation and public spending
Crime and justice
Capital punishment
Terrorism
ISIL flag
Deportation and the ECHR
Youth justice and ASBOs
Social policy
Counter-Extremism policy
Media
Abortion
Three-parent babies
Succession to the Throne
Forced marriage
LGBT rights and same-sex marriage
Health
Education
MPs Expenses
Disability
ID cards
British Hindus
Fox hunting
Immigration, asylum and integration
Integration
Welfare
UK Government welfare expenditure 2011–12
Welfare Reform and Work Bill
Poverty
Foreign policy
Israel
Falkland Islands
Iraq and the War on terror
Syria
Libya
European Union
Turkey in the EU
India
Sri Lanka
2014 Ukrainian-Crimean crisis
Constitutional issues
Voting reform
Criticism of other parties and politicians
See also
References
Content: Copyright
Cameron intends to increase the period of copyright from 50 to 70 years, bring copyright infringing downloads under stronger legal control and require Internet Service Providers to "block access and indeed close down offending file-sharing sites". He supports music industry representatives going into schools to teach children about copyright, technology hindering copyright infringement ( DRM ), and encourages the music industry to exercise self-censorship on its material in return for the above music industry friendly measures. Environment
Cameron has regularly stressed his green credentials since becoming leader, describing himself as "passionate about our environment." He has argued that "there is a price ... for tackling climate change " but it is a "social responsibility to the next generation". He has stated he is committed to achieving the 2010 emissions limit and has announced he would change the current Climate Change Levy to a carbon tax in order to counter global warming. Cameron proposed a Climate Change Bill which would include committing to binding annual carbon reduction targets. However, a memo that was leaked to the Labour Party suggested the binding targets proposal may be dropped, and these do not form part of the proposed Bill as of November 2006. Cameron has expressed his opposition to Green Taxes in Prime Minister's Questions in October 2013, stating that, in order to cut taxes generally, he would 'roll back' the Green Tax. The 'Big Six' energy companies are advocates of this, according to the Express, in order to avoid Labour's plans for an energy price freeze, which would 'deter much-needed investment' from the energy industry (according to The Daily Telegraph ). Labour – on the other hand – implied that Cameron was being hypocritical, because even though he was proposing reducing renewable investment, he had said previously in the 2010 election campaign, '...vote blue to go green...' (in other words, that the Conservatives would be eco-friendly). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1176676778#6_1330151476 | Title: Political positions of David Cameron - Wikipedia
Headings: Political positions of David Cameron
Political positions of David Cameron
Contents
Economic policy
Air travel
Copyright
Environment
Globalisation
Rail transport
Regulation
Taxation and public spending
Crime and justice
Capital punishment
Terrorism
ISIL flag
Deportation and the ECHR
Youth justice and ASBOs
Social policy
Counter-Extremism policy
Media
Abortion
Three-parent babies
Succession to the Throne
Forced marriage
LGBT rights and same-sex marriage
Health
Education
MPs Expenses
Disability
ID cards
British Hindus
Fox hunting
Immigration, asylum and integration
Integration
Welfare
UK Government welfare expenditure 2011–12
Welfare Reform and Work Bill
Poverty
Foreign policy
Israel
Falkland Islands
Iraq and the War on terror
Syria
Libya
European Union
Turkey in the EU
India
Sri Lanka
2014 Ukrainian-Crimean crisis
Constitutional issues
Voting reform
Criticism of other parties and politicians
See also
References
Content: Cameron proposed a Climate Change Bill which would include committing to binding annual carbon reduction targets. However, a memo that was leaked to the Labour Party suggested the binding targets proposal may be dropped, and these do not form part of the proposed Bill as of November 2006. Cameron has expressed his opposition to Green Taxes in Prime Minister's Questions in October 2013, stating that, in order to cut taxes generally, he would 'roll back' the Green Tax. The 'Big Six' energy companies are advocates of this, according to the Express, in order to avoid Labour's plans for an energy price freeze, which would 'deter much-needed investment' from the energy industry (according to The Daily Telegraph ). Labour – on the other hand – implied that Cameron was being hypocritical, because even though he was proposing reducing renewable investment, he had said previously in the 2010 election campaign, '...vote blue to go green...' (in other words, that the Conservatives would be eco-friendly). The prospect of large-scale solar energy farms being built in the British countryside was discarded by Eric Pickles, the Communities Secretary, on 8 June 2014. At the time, the solar energy industry received £600mn per annum in subsidy. Pickles killed a project because it would have had "major ... adverse impact on the landscape... The loss of a substantial area of productive agricultural land for at least 25 years is another negative factor". Globalisation
At a speech in Mumbai in 2006, Cameron said there were depressed towns "where the winds of globalisation [felt] like a chilling blast, not an invigorating breeze". While stressing "the benefits of globalisation", Cameron also argued that globalisation – not immigration – was to blame for lower wages in the UK, and opposed saying "We must also be honest about [globalisation's] costs, because the alternative is that people project their fears and anxieties on to other ethnic groups or other countries." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1178601036#11_1330751136 | Title: Political positions of the Democratic Party - Wikipedia
Headings: Political positions of the Democratic Party
Political positions of the Democratic Party
Contents
Economic issues
Fiscal policy
Minimum wage
Health care
Education
Environment
Renewable energy and fossil fuels
Trade agreements
Social issues
Equal Opportunity
Voting rights
Abortion and reproductive rights
Immigration
LGBT rights
Puerto Rico
Legal issues
Gun control
Death penalty
Torture
Right to privacy
Patriot Act
Foreign policy issues
Iraq War
Iran sanctions
Invasion of Afghanistan
Israel and Palestine
See also
Notes
References
Content: Ideological social elements in the party include cultural liberalism, civil libertarianism, and feminism. Some Democratic social policies are immigration reform, electoral reform, and women's reproductive rights . Equal Opportunity
The Democratic Party strives for equality of opportunity for all Americans regardless of sex, age, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, creed, or national origin. Many Democrats support affirmative action programs to further this goal. Democrats also strongly support the Americans with Disabilities Act to prohibit discrimination against people based on physical or mental disability. As such, they pushed the ADA Amendments Act of 2008, a disability rights expansion that became law. Voting rights
The 2012 Democratic Party platform believes the right to vote and to have one's vote counted is an essential American freedom, and opposes laws placing unnecessary restrictions on those seeking to exercise that freedom, such as voter ID laws. Many Democrats also support automatic voter registration, which ensures that all Americans over the legal voting age are registered to vote upon reaching the aforementioned age, and are never required to re-register. Abortion and reproductive rights
See also: Abortion in the United States
The 2012 Democratic Party platform endorses maintaining Roe v. Wade, a woman's right to make decisions regarding her pregnancy, including a safe and legal abortion, regardless of ability to pay, and a woman's decision to have a child by providing affordable | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_Democratic_Party |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1179716169#0_1331380601 | Title: Terrorism - Wikipedia
Headings: Terrorism
Terrorism
Contents
Etymology
Historical background
Main article: Reign of Terror
Modern definitions
State terrorism
United Nations
U.S. law
Media spectacle
Political violence
Pejorative use
History
Infographics
Types
Causes and motivations
Choice of terrorism as a tactic
Causes motivating terrorism
Personal and social factors
Democracy and domestic terrorism
Religious terrorism
Perpetrators
Non-state groups
State sponsors
State terrorism
Connection with tourism
Funding
Tactics
Responses
Response in the United States
Terrorism research
International agreements
Mass media
Outcome of terrorist groups
Databases
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Terrorism - Wikipedia
Terrorism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Political terrorism)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
intentional violence for political purposes
"Terrorist" redirects here. For other uses, see Terrorist (disambiguation). United Airlines Flight 175 hits the South Tower of the World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks of 2001 in New York City
Terrorism
Definitions
History
Incidents
By ideology
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Vehicle-ramming
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Suicide attack ( list)
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Terrorist groups
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Response to terrorism
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Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentional violence for political or religious purposes. It is used in this regard primarily to refer to violence during peacetime or in the context of war against non-combatants (mostly civilians and neutral military personnel ). The terms "terrorist" and "terrorism" originated during the French Revolution of the late 18th century but gained mainstream popularity in the 1970s during the conflicts of Northern Ireland, the Basque Country and Palestine. The increased use of suicide attacks from the 1980s onwards was typified by the September 11 attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C. in 2001. There are various different definitions of terrorism, with no universal agreement about it. Terrorism is a charged term. It is often used with the connotation of something that is "morally wrong". Governments and non-state groups use the term to abuse or denounce opposing groups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_terrorism |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1183704968#3_1335363099 | Title: Politics of Minnesota - Wikipedia
Headings: Politics of Minnesota
Politics of Minnesota
Contents
Long-term trends
Historical figures of note
John Pillsbury
Frank Kellogg
Floyd B. Olson
Harold Stassen
Hubert Humphrey
Eugene McCarthy
Orville Freeman
Walter Mondale
Paul Wellstone
Jesse Ventura
Historically progressive
Third party movements
Law and government
Legislature
Executive
Judiciary
Regional government
Federal representation
Gallery of members of the U.S. Senate
Gallery of members of the U.S. House of Representatives
See also
References
External links
Content: Betty McCollum (DFL)
5: Ilhan Omar (DFL)
6: Tom Emmer (R)
7: Michelle Fischbach (R)
8: Pete Stauber (R)
Politics of the United States
Politics portal
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Minnesota is known for a politically active citizenry, with populism being a longstanding force among the state's political parties. Minnesota has consistently high voter turnout; in the 2008 U.S. presidential election, 77.8% of eligible Minnesotans voted – the highest percentage of any U.S. state or territory – versus the national average of 61.7%. This was due in part to its same day voter registration laws; previously unregistered voters can register on election day, at their polls, with evidence of residency. The major political parties are the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) and the Republican Party of Minnesota, along with the Grassroots-Legalize Cannabis and Legal Marijuana Now parties since 2018. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Minnesota |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1183704968#4_1335364791 | Title: Politics of Minnesota - Wikipedia
Headings: Politics of Minnesota
Politics of Minnesota
Contents
Long-term trends
Historical figures of note
John Pillsbury
Frank Kellogg
Floyd B. Olson
Harold Stassen
Hubert Humphrey
Eugene McCarthy
Orville Freeman
Walter Mondale
Paul Wellstone
Jesse Ventura
Historically progressive
Third party movements
Law and government
Legislature
Executive
Judiciary
Regional government
Federal representation
Gallery of members of the U.S. Senate
Gallery of members of the U.S. House of Representatives
See also
References
External links
Content: Minnesota has consistently high voter turnout; in the 2008 U.S. presidential election, 77.8% of eligible Minnesotans voted – the highest percentage of any U.S. state or territory – versus the national average of 61.7%. This was due in part to its same day voter registration laws; previously unregistered voters can register on election day, at their polls, with evidence of residency. The major political parties are the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) and the Republican Party of Minnesota, along with the Grassroots-Legalize Cannabis and Legal Marijuana Now parties since 2018. The DFL was founded in 1944 when the Minnesota Democratic Party and Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party merged. The party is affiliated with the national Democratic Party. Supporters of the DFL are often referred to as "DFLers" in Minnesota by both members and non-members of the party as an alternative to "Democrats." The state Republican Party is affiliated with the national Republican Party . Contents
1 Long-term trends
2 Historical figures of note
2.1 John Pillsbury
2.2 Frank Kellogg
2.3 Floyd B. Olson
2.4 Harold Stassen
2.5 Hubert Humphrey
2.6 Eugene McCarthy
2.7 Orville Freeman
2.8 Walter Mondale
2.9 Paul Wellstone
2.10 Jesse Ventura
3 Historically progressive
4 Third party movements
5 Law and government
5.1 Legislature
5.2 Executive
5.3 Judiciary
5.4 Regional government
6 Federal representation
6.1 Gallery of members of the U.S. Senate
6.2 Gallery of members of the U.S. House of Representatives
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Long-term trends
The neutrality of this section is disputed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Minnesota |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1183704968#5_1335367232 | Title: Politics of Minnesota - Wikipedia
Headings: Politics of Minnesota
Politics of Minnesota
Contents
Long-term trends
Historical figures of note
John Pillsbury
Frank Kellogg
Floyd B. Olson
Harold Stassen
Hubert Humphrey
Eugene McCarthy
Orville Freeman
Walter Mondale
Paul Wellstone
Jesse Ventura
Historically progressive
Third party movements
Law and government
Legislature
Executive
Judiciary
Regional government
Federal representation
Gallery of members of the U.S. Senate
Gallery of members of the U.S. House of Representatives
See also
References
External links
Content: The DFL was founded in 1944 when the Minnesota Democratic Party and Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party merged. The party is affiliated with the national Democratic Party. Supporters of the DFL are often referred to as "DFLers" in Minnesota by both members and non-members of the party as an alternative to "Democrats." The state Republican Party is affiliated with the national Republican Party . Contents
1 Long-term trends
2 Historical figures of note
2.1 John Pillsbury
2.2 Frank Kellogg
2.3 Floyd B. Olson
2.4 Harold Stassen
2.5 Hubert Humphrey
2.6 Eugene McCarthy
2.7 Orville Freeman
2.8 Walter Mondale
2.9 Paul Wellstone
2.10 Jesse Ventura
3 Historically progressive
4 Third party movements
5 Law and government
5.1 Legislature
5.2 Executive
5.3 Judiciary
5.4 Regional government
6 Federal representation
6.1 Gallery of members of the U.S. Senate
6.2 Gallery of members of the U.S. House of Representatives
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Long-term trends
The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. ( February 2019) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Historian Annette Atkins has explored the changing long-term pattern of Minnesota politics. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the heavily rural state was hostile to business and railroads, with the Republicans dominant in the small towns, and the Democrats on the farms. Numerous left-wing groups and third-parties emerged, such as the Anti-Monopolist party in the 1870s, the Populists in the 1890s, the Non-Partisan League in the 1910s, and the Farmer–Labor party in the 1930s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Minnesota |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1183704968#6_1335369752 | Title: Politics of Minnesota - Wikipedia
Headings: Politics of Minnesota
Politics of Minnesota
Contents
Long-term trends
Historical figures of note
John Pillsbury
Frank Kellogg
Floyd B. Olson
Harold Stassen
Hubert Humphrey
Eugene McCarthy
Orville Freeman
Walter Mondale
Paul Wellstone
Jesse Ventura
Historically progressive
Third party movements
Law and government
Legislature
Executive
Judiciary
Regional government
Federal representation
Gallery of members of the U.S. Senate
Gallery of members of the U.S. House of Representatives
See also
References
External links
Content: Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. ( February 2019) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Historian Annette Atkins has explored the changing long-term pattern of Minnesota politics. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the heavily rural state was hostile to business and railroads, with the Republicans dominant in the small towns, and the Democrats on the farms. Numerous left-wing groups and third-parties emerged, such as the Anti-Monopolist party in the 1870s, the Populists in the 1890s, the Non-Partisan League in the 1910s, and the Farmer–Labor party in the 1930s. Isolationism was strong, Adkins argues, because of the fear that Eastern bankers and industrialists forced the United States into World War I to enlarge their profits. Business fought unions, and the unions fought back, and with the governor on their side unions won some violent battles in the 1930s. In recent decades, however, the liberal coalition has weakened. Labor unions are a shadow of their old strength. Most farmers have left for the towns and especially the Twin Cities, where half the people live. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Minnesota |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1183704968#7_1335371737 | Title: Politics of Minnesota - Wikipedia
Headings: Politics of Minnesota
Politics of Minnesota
Contents
Long-term trends
Historical figures of note
John Pillsbury
Frank Kellogg
Floyd B. Olson
Harold Stassen
Hubert Humphrey
Eugene McCarthy
Orville Freeman
Walter Mondale
Paul Wellstone
Jesse Ventura
Historically progressive
Third party movements
Law and government
Legislature
Executive
Judiciary
Regional government
Federal representation
Gallery of members of the U.S. Senate
Gallery of members of the U.S. House of Representatives
See also
References
External links
Content: Isolationism was strong, Adkins argues, because of the fear that Eastern bankers and industrialists forced the United States into World War I to enlarge their profits. Business fought unions, and the unions fought back, and with the governor on their side unions won some violent battles in the 1930s. In recent decades, however, the liberal coalition has weakened. Labor unions are a shadow of their old strength. Most farmers have left for the towns and especially the Twin Cities, where half the people live. The New Right has mobilized social conservatives, especially those from traditional religious backgrounds, with abortion a furiously contested issue. State government has become much more friendly toward growth and the needs of business entrepreneurship. Environmentalism has split left and right, with the industrial workers in the Up North and Iron Range districts demanding that their jobs be protected from environmentalists. Adkins finds that: What makes the North country valuable to conservationists is the seclusion, beauty, isolation, quiet, clear water, and absence of development. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Minnesota |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1183704968#8_1335373620 | Title: Politics of Minnesota - Wikipedia
Headings: Politics of Minnesota
Politics of Minnesota
Contents
Long-term trends
Historical figures of note
John Pillsbury
Frank Kellogg
Floyd B. Olson
Harold Stassen
Hubert Humphrey
Eugene McCarthy
Orville Freeman
Walter Mondale
Paul Wellstone
Jesse Ventura
Historically progressive
Third party movements
Law and government
Legislature
Executive
Judiciary
Regional government
Federal representation
Gallery of members of the U.S. Senate
Gallery of members of the U.S. House of Representatives
See also
References
External links
Content: The New Right has mobilized social conservatives, especially those from traditional religious backgrounds, with abortion a furiously contested issue. State government has become much more friendly toward growth and the needs of business entrepreneurship. Environmentalism has split left and right, with the industrial workers in the Up North and Iron Range districts demanding that their jobs be protected from environmentalists. Adkins finds that: What makes the North country valuable to conservationists is the seclusion, beauty, isolation, quiet, clear water, and absence of development. The preservationists have tried to limit or prohibit roads, hydroelectric generators, sawmills and lumbering, resorts, power boats, airplanes, and snowmobiles…. The tensions between development and preservation, restraint and growth, beauty and jobs runs deep and strong. Historical figures of note
John S. Pillsbury
John Pillsbury
John S. Pillsbury (July 29, 1828 – October 18, 1901) served as the 8th Governor of Minnesota from January 7, 1876 to January 10, 1882. Pillsbury was a noted philanthropist and often anonymously donated funds to causes he favored. In particular, he helped the University of Minnesota recover from debt in its early years, and later served as a regent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Minnesota |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1183704968#15_1335388679 | Title: Politics of Minnesota - Wikipedia
Headings: Politics of Minnesota
Politics of Minnesota
Contents
Long-term trends
Historical figures of note
John Pillsbury
Frank Kellogg
Floyd B. Olson
Harold Stassen
Hubert Humphrey
Eugene McCarthy
Orville Freeman
Walter Mondale
Paul Wellstone
Jesse Ventura
Historically progressive
Third party movements
Law and government
Legislature
Executive
Judiciary
Regional government
Federal representation
Gallery of members of the U.S. Senate
Gallery of members of the U.S. House of Representatives
See also
References
External links
Content: He lost the nomination to Thomas Dewey, however, who had already lost in the presidential election of 1944 to Franklin D. Roosevelt. Stassen played a key role in the 1952 Republican contest when he released his delegates to Dwight D. Eisenhower. This helped Eisenhower to defeat Robert A. Taft on the first ballot. He served in the Eisenhower Administration, filling posts including director of the Mutual Security Administration (foreign aid) and Special Assistant to the President for Disarmament. During this period he held cabinet rank and led a quixotic effort to "dump Nixon " at the 1956 Republican National Convention. Stassen gained a reputation as a liberal, particularly when, as president of the American Baptist Convention in 1963, he joined Martin Luther King Jr. in his march on Washington, D.C. He was a prime representative of the socially-progressive " Rockefeller Republican " wing of American Republicanism. Hubert Humphrey
Hubert Humphrey
Hubert Humphrey (May 27, 1911 – January 13, 1978) was the 38th Vice President of the United States, serving under President Lyndon Johnson. Humphrey twice served as a United States Senator from Minnesota, and served as Democratic Majority Whip. He was a founder of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party and Americans for Dem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Minnesota |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1185714460#0_1337432476 | Title: Politics of Vatican City - Wikipedia
Headings: Politics of Vatican City
Politics of Vatican City
Contents
Administration of Vatican City
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2013 "gay lobby" comment
See also
References
Content: Politics of Vatican City - Wikipedia
Politics of Vatican City
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1188081401#0_1339889100 | Title: Pollution in Canada - Wikipedia
Headings: Pollution in Canada
Pollution in Canada
Contents
Air pollution
Oil sands pollution
Pollution from oil wells
Canada/United States transboundary pollution
Climate Change Accountability Act
Water pollution
Oil sands pollution
Great Lakes pollution
Arctic waters pollution
Pollution from sewage
Soil pollution
Soil degradation/pollution
Road salt pollution
PCB pollution
Health effects of pollution
Air pollution
Soil pollution
See also
References
External links
Content: Pollution in Canada - Wikipedia
Pollution in Canada
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Overview of pollution in Canada
Leduc oil
Pollution is an environmental issue in Canada. It has posed health risks to the Canadian population and is an area of concern for Canadian lawmakers. Air, water and soil pollution as well as the health effects associated with these three types of pollution, are prominent points of contention in modern Canadian society. Contents
1 Air pollution
1.1 Oil sands pollution
1.2 Pollution from oil wells
1.3 Canada/United States transboundary pollution
1.4 Climate Change Accountability Act
2 Water pollution
2.1 Oil sands pollution
2.2 Great Lakes pollution
2.3 Arctic waters pollution
2.4 Pollution from sewage
3 Soil pollution
3.1 Soil degradation/pollution
3.2 Road salt pollution
3.3 PCB pollution
4 Health effects of pollution
4.1 Air pollution
4.2 Soil pollution
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Air pollution
Main article: Air Pollution in Canada
Air pollution in Canada is contributed by industrial and vehicular emissions, agriculture, construction, wood burning and energy production. A recent report found that Canadian companies contributed 73% more to air pollution than companies in the United States. Within the 73% more emissions it was found that Canadian companies contributed 29% more respiratory toxins into the air than the U.S." . This can be evidenced with Environment Canada's 2010 document named Air Pollutant Emission Summaries and Historical Emission Trends. This report found that 2010 emissions, when compared to 2009 emissions, saw an overall decrease. Additionally, it was found that heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants ( smog precursors) were at lower levels in 2010 than in 1990. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_in_Canada |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1188081401#1_1339891632 | Title: Pollution in Canada - Wikipedia
Headings: Pollution in Canada
Pollution in Canada
Contents
Air pollution
Oil sands pollution
Pollution from oil wells
Canada/United States transboundary pollution
Climate Change Accountability Act
Water pollution
Oil sands pollution
Great Lakes pollution
Arctic waters pollution
Pollution from sewage
Soil pollution
Soil degradation/pollution
Road salt pollution
PCB pollution
Health effects of pollution
Air pollution
Soil pollution
See also
References
External links
Content: A recent report found that Canadian companies contributed 73% more to air pollution than companies in the United States. Within the 73% more emissions it was found that Canadian companies contributed 29% more respiratory toxins into the air than the U.S." . This can be evidenced with Environment Canada's 2010 document named Air Pollutant Emission Summaries and Historical Emission Trends. This report found that 2010 emissions, when compared to 2009 emissions, saw an overall decrease. Additionally, it was found that heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants ( smog precursors) were at lower levels in 2010 than in 1990. Oil sands pollution
Further information: Athabasca oil sands § Environmental impacts
While overall pollution levels have dropped, it was found that oil sands pollution has increased by 20% since 2009. Tar sands facilities were found to be among the top four highest polluters of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)- a major air contaminant. VOCs and other air contaminants are set to increase in the future as a result of continued output from the oil sands. Oil sands pollution is not only set to increase VOCs, but also, acid rain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_in_Canada |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1188081401#4_1339897109 | Title: Pollution in Canada - Wikipedia
Headings: Pollution in Canada
Pollution in Canada
Contents
Air pollution
Oil sands pollution
Pollution from oil wells
Canada/United States transboundary pollution
Climate Change Accountability Act
Water pollution
Oil sands pollution
Great Lakes pollution
Arctic waters pollution
Pollution from sewage
Soil pollution
Soil degradation/pollution
Road salt pollution
PCB pollution
Health effects of pollution
Air pollution
Soil pollution
See also
References
External links
Content: Pollution from oil wells
In southeastern Saskatchewan, air pollution from oil production has breached provincial air quality standards hundreds of times since 2014. Canada/United States transboundary pollution
In recent years, the Canada-United States Air Quality Agreement, signed on 13 March 1991, has improved air quality by reducing sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions in both countries. The agreement was meant to address the issue of transnational air pollution between the two countries. The agreement was expanded in 2000 to also include goals of reducing emissions of volatile organic compounds and levels of ground-level ozone. Ground-level ozone is caused by reactions between nitrogen oxides and VOCs in the presence of sunlight. Ozone is a contributor to smog and is known to cause numerous respiratory diseases. The 2012 Canada-United States Air Quality Agreement Progress Report found that "Canada's total emissions of sulfur dioxide have decreased by 57% from 1990 levels while the U.S. has reduced total sulfur dioxide emissions from covered sources by 67% from their 1990 emission levels. Between 2000 and 2010, Canada reduced total emissions of nitrogen oxides by 40% in the transboundary ozone region while U.S. total nitrogen oxide emissions decreased by 42% in the region". While transnational pollution between the United States and Canada has decreased many Canadians still say they contend with polluted air as a result of drifting pollution from the U.S. In 2006 the government of Ontario announced that "5,000 premature deaths caused by smog in the province every year can be attributed to air pollution that crosses the Canada-U.S. border." Additionally, the then (2006) mayor of Halifax, Peter Kelley, also proclaimed "over 50 per cent of air pollutants over New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are from the U.S. For us, we're trying to deal with what's coming our way, but also what we generate here as well." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_in_Canada |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1188081401#5_1339899770 | Title: Pollution in Canada - Wikipedia
Headings: Pollution in Canada
Pollution in Canada
Contents
Air pollution
Oil sands pollution
Pollution from oil wells
Canada/United States transboundary pollution
Climate Change Accountability Act
Water pollution
Oil sands pollution
Great Lakes pollution
Arctic waters pollution
Pollution from sewage
Soil pollution
Soil degradation/pollution
Road salt pollution
PCB pollution
Health effects of pollution
Air pollution
Soil pollution
See also
References
External links
Content: Ozone is a contributor to smog and is known to cause numerous respiratory diseases. The 2012 Canada-United States Air Quality Agreement Progress Report found that "Canada's total emissions of sulfur dioxide have decreased by 57% from 1990 levels while the U.S. has reduced total sulfur dioxide emissions from covered sources by 67% from their 1990 emission levels. Between 2000 and 2010, Canada reduced total emissions of nitrogen oxides by 40% in the transboundary ozone region while U.S. total nitrogen oxide emissions decreased by 42% in the region". While transnational pollution between the United States and Canada has decreased many Canadians still say they contend with polluted air as a result of drifting pollution from the U.S. In 2006 the government of Ontario announced that "5,000 premature deaths caused by smog in the province every year can be attributed to air pollution that crosses the Canada-U.S. border." Additionally, the then (2006) mayor of Halifax, Peter Kelley, also proclaimed "over 50 per cent of air pollutants over New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are from the U.S. For us, we're trying to deal with what's coming our way, but also what we generate here as well." In an attempt to combat the pollution a petition was created. In 2006 the petition was filed by thirteen Canadian municipalities to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency calling for a reduction in coal-fired plants. Climate Change Accountability Act
The Climate Change Accountability Act called for greenhouse gas emissions to be 25% below 1990 levels by 2021, and 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. Although the bill was passed by the House of Commons, the bill was defeated by the Senate. Environment Minister Jim Prentice stated in early 2010 that the new goal for greenhouse gas emissions would be 17% below 2005 levels by 2020, the equivalent of a 3% increase from 1990. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_in_Canada |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1188081401#6_1339902355 | Title: Pollution in Canada - Wikipedia
Headings: Pollution in Canada
Pollution in Canada
Contents
Air pollution
Oil sands pollution
Pollution from oil wells
Canada/United States transboundary pollution
Climate Change Accountability Act
Water pollution
Oil sands pollution
Great Lakes pollution
Arctic waters pollution
Pollution from sewage
Soil pollution
Soil degradation/pollution
Road salt pollution
PCB pollution
Health effects of pollution
Air pollution
Soil pollution
See also
References
External links
Content: In an attempt to combat the pollution a petition was created. In 2006 the petition was filed by thirteen Canadian municipalities to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency calling for a reduction in coal-fired plants. Climate Change Accountability Act
The Climate Change Accountability Act called for greenhouse gas emissions to be 25% below 1990 levels by 2021, and 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. Although the bill was passed by the House of Commons, the bill was defeated by the Senate. Environment Minister Jim Prentice stated in early 2010 that the new goal for greenhouse gas emissions would be 17% below 2005 levels by 2020, the equivalent of a 3% increase from 1990. Water pollution
Main article: Water pollution (Canada)
While most of Canada's surface and ground water is generally clean there is some local and regional water pollution that can be caused by "industrial and municipal discharge, runoff, spills, and deposition of airborne pollutants". Contaminated water can result in a myriad of serious consequences for human health. Oil sands pollution
As previously stated, Alberta's oil sands are set to cause growing levels of acid rain consequentially leading to an increase in water contamination in the area. Acid rain will cause Canada's lakes and rivers to become further acidified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_in_Canada |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1208473644#0_1362602821 | Title: Populism in Latin America - Wikipedia
Headings: Populism in Latin America
Populism in Latin America
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Inequality
Populist socialism
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Sources and further reading
Content: Populism in Latin America - Wikipedia
Populism in Latin America
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Latin America has been claimed to have the world's "most enduring and prevalent populist tradition". This has been argued to be because it was a region with a long tradition of democratic governance and free elections, but with high rates of socio-economic inequality, generating widespread resentments that politicians can articulate through populism. The first wave of Latin American populism began at the start of the Great Depression in 1929 and last until the end of the 1960s. In various countries, politicians took power while emphasising "the people": these included Getúlio Vargas in Brazil, Juan Perón in Argentina, and José María Velasco Ibarra in Ecuador. These relied on the Americanismo ideology, presenting a common identity across Latin America and denouncing any interference from imperialist powers. The second wave took place in the early 1990s. In the late 1980s, many Latin American states were experiencing economic crisis and several populist figures were elected by blaming the elites for this situation. Examples include Carlos Menem in Argentina, Fernando Collor de Mello in Brazil, and Alberto Fujimori in Peru. Once in power, these individuals pursued neoliberal economic strategies recommended by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), stabilizing the economy and ending hyperinflation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism_in_Latin_America |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1208473644#1_1362605339 | Title: Populism in Latin America - Wikipedia
Headings: Populism in Latin America
Populism in Latin America
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Inequality
Populist socialism
References
Sources and further reading
Content: These relied on the Americanismo ideology, presenting a common identity across Latin America and denouncing any interference from imperialist powers. The second wave took place in the early 1990s. In the late 1980s, many Latin American states were experiencing economic crisis and several populist figures were elected by blaming the elites for this situation. Examples include Carlos Menem in Argentina, Fernando Collor de Mello in Brazil, and Alberto Fujimori in Peru. Once in power, these individuals pursued neoliberal economic strategies recommended by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), stabilizing the economy and ending hyperinflation. Unlike the first wave, the second did not include an emphasis on Americanismo or anti-imperialism. The third wave began in the final years of the 1990s and continued into the 21st century. Like the first wave, the third made heavy use of Americanismo and anti-imperialism, although this time these themes presented alongside an explicitly socialist program that opposed the free market. Prominent examples included Hugo Chávez in Venezuela, Evo Morales in Bolivia, Rafael Correa in Ecuador, and Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua. These socialist populist governments have presented themselves as giving sovereignty "back to the people", in particular through the formation of constituent assemblies that would draw up new constitutions, which could then be ratified via referendums. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism_in_Latin_America |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1208473644#2_1362607187 | Title: Populism in Latin America - Wikipedia
Headings: Populism in Latin America
Populism in Latin America
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Inequality
Populist socialism
References
Sources and further reading
Content: Unlike the first wave, the second did not include an emphasis on Americanismo or anti-imperialism. The third wave began in the final years of the 1990s and continued into the 21st century. Like the first wave, the third made heavy use of Americanismo and anti-imperialism, although this time these themes presented alongside an explicitly socialist program that opposed the free market. Prominent examples included Hugo Chávez in Venezuela, Evo Morales in Bolivia, Rafael Correa in Ecuador, and Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua. These socialist populist governments have presented themselves as giving sovereignty "back to the people", in particular through the formation of constituent assemblies that would draw up new constitutions, which could then be ratified via referendums. Populism has been an important force in Latin American political history, where many charismatic leaders have emerged since the beginning of the 20th century, as the paramountcy of agrarian oligarchies had been dislocated by the onset of industrial capitalism, allowing for the emergence of an industrial bourgeoisie and the activation of an urban working class, causing the emergence of reformist and multi-class nationalist politics, centered on a charismatic leadership, such as Aprismo in Peru, the MNR in Bolivia, and the political movements gravitating around Getúlio Vargas in Brazil, Perón in Argentina, Lázaro Cárdenas in Mexico, Ecuador's Velasco Ibarra and others. Ideologically, Latin American populism, with its emphasis on nation-building under an authoritarian leadership as a prerequisite for technological modernization, betrayed the earlier influence of Comtean positivism. Socially, for many authors—such as Brazil's Octavio Ianni —populism should be understood as the political alliance between an emerging industrial bourgeoisie and a newly organizing urban working class, in which the former accepts social reforming for the latter's sake as long as the working class remains politically subordinated to both a more or less authoritarian State and private enterprise, in a process of controlled inclusion of the "masses" into the political system, a co-opting process some Marxist authors like Brazil's Francisco Weffort ascertain was accepted by the newly urbanized working class given their lack of a previously developed class consciousness. Despite efforts to charter an ideological pedigree to Populism in Latin America, as has been attempted by some, working, e.g., with concepts taken from Perón's Third Position, Latin American countries have not always had a clear and consistent political ideology under populism. Populist practitioners and movements in Latin America usually adapt politically to the prevailing mood of the nation, moving within the ideological spectrum from left to right many times during their political lives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism_in_Latin_America |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1208473644#3_1362610487 | Title: Populism in Latin America - Wikipedia
Headings: Populism in Latin America
Populism in Latin America
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Inequality
Populist socialism
References
Sources and further reading
Content: Populism has been an important force in Latin American political history, where many charismatic leaders have emerged since the beginning of the 20th century, as the paramountcy of agrarian oligarchies had been dislocated by the onset of industrial capitalism, allowing for the emergence of an industrial bourgeoisie and the activation of an urban working class, causing the emergence of reformist and multi-class nationalist politics, centered on a charismatic leadership, such as Aprismo in Peru, the MNR in Bolivia, and the political movements gravitating around Getúlio Vargas in Brazil, Perón in Argentina, Lázaro Cárdenas in Mexico, Ecuador's Velasco Ibarra and others. Ideologically, Latin American populism, with its emphasis on nation-building under an authoritarian leadership as a prerequisite for technological modernization, betrayed the earlier influence of Comtean positivism. Socially, for many authors—such as Brazil's Octavio Ianni —populism should be understood as the political alliance between an emerging industrial bourgeoisie and a newly organizing urban working class, in which the former accepts social reforming for the latter's sake as long as the working class remains politically subordinated to both a more or less authoritarian State and private enterprise, in a process of controlled inclusion of the "masses" into the political system, a co-opting process some Marxist authors like Brazil's Francisco Weffort ascertain was accepted by the newly urbanized working class given their lack of a previously developed class consciousness. Despite efforts to charter an ideological pedigree to Populism in Latin America, as has been attempted by some, working, e.g., with concepts taken from Perón's Third Position, Latin American countries have not always had a clear and consistent political ideology under populism. Populist practitioners and movements in Latin America usually adapt politically to the prevailing mood of the nation, moving within the ideological spectrum from left to right many times during their political lives. If populist movements in 1930s and 1940s Latin America had apparent fascist overtones and based themselves on authoritarian politics, as was the case of Vargas' Estado Novo dictatorship in Brazil (1937–1945), or of some of Peron's openly expressed sympathies, in the 1950s populism adapted—not without considerable unease from its political leadership —to heightened levels of working-class mobilization. Therefore, it is not surprising that 1960s populism was associated mainly with radical, left-leaning petty-bourgeois nationalism, which emptied the State of its function as a coercive class -rule apparatus and saw it instead as an organ of representation of the Nation as a whole. Such was the case, for instance, of the Goulart government (1961–1964) in Brazil, Goulart being described as a fiery populist who identified—mainly rhetorically—with the dispossessed and tried to foster a reformist agenda through ties to the organized Left. The fact that Goulart was eventually ousted by the military shows that, in the views of some authors, other populist leaders of the time faced a jeopardy: they were reformists who, in the pursuit of their agenda, had to encourage popular mobilization and class conflict they ultimately abhorred. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism_in_Latin_America |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1208473644#4_1362614274 | Title: Populism in Latin America - Wikipedia
Headings: Populism in Latin America
Populism in Latin America
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Inequality
Populist socialism
References
Sources and further reading
Content: If populist movements in 1930s and 1940s Latin America had apparent fascist overtones and based themselves on authoritarian politics, as was the case of Vargas' Estado Novo dictatorship in Brazil (1937–1945), or of some of Peron's openly expressed sympathies, in the 1950s populism adapted—not without considerable unease from its political leadership —to heightened levels of working-class mobilization. Therefore, it is not surprising that 1960s populism was associated mainly with radical, left-leaning petty-bourgeois nationalism, which emptied the State of its function as a coercive class -rule apparatus and saw it instead as an organ of representation of the Nation as a whole. Such was the case, for instance, of the Goulart government (1961–1964) in Brazil, Goulart being described as a fiery populist who identified—mainly rhetorically—with the dispossessed and tried to foster a reformist agenda through ties to the organized Left. The fact that Goulart was eventually ousted by the military shows that, in the views of some authors, other populist leaders of the time faced a jeopardy: they were reformists who, in the pursuit of their agenda, had to encourage popular mobilization and class conflict they ultimately abhorred. Consequently, populism was eventually identified by the 1970s military dictatorships as "demagogery" and as a risk to the stability of the existing social order. If "left", reformist and nationalist populism never died out altogether during the 1970s Latin American military dictatorships—as offered proof by the prompt and successful return of a populist like Brazil's Leonel Brizola to electoral politics in the early 1980s —a different streak of populism appeared in the post-military dictatorship era. This 1990s populism, in the persons of leaders like Argentina's Carlos Menem or Brazil's Fernando Collor, adapted itself to prevailing neoliberal policies of economic adjustment, setting aside nationalistic reforms and retaining the need for charismatic leadership policies, mass support and a concern for the plight of the "common people". In the 1990s and 2000s, with the emergence of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela —albeit Chavez refuses himself to be labelled as "populist" —reformist and nationalism Latin American populism has resurfaced with new patterns, as what is called by some authors socialist populism that appeals to masses of poor by promising redistributive policies and state control of the nation's energy resources —a blueprint that had already appeared, however—albeit with no openly "socialist" rhetoric, viz., in the nationalist policies—including the launch of the State-owned oil-company Petrobrás —that were the hallmark of Vargas' second term as Brazil's democratically elected president (1951–1954) and that led to his eventual suicide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism_in_Latin_America |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1208473644#5_1362617591 | Title: Populism in Latin America - Wikipedia
Headings: Populism in Latin America
Populism in Latin America
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Inequality
Populist socialism
References
Sources and further reading
Content: Consequently, populism was eventually identified by the 1970s military dictatorships as "demagogery" and as a risk to the stability of the existing social order. If "left", reformist and nationalist populism never died out altogether during the 1970s Latin American military dictatorships—as offered proof by the prompt and successful return of a populist like Brazil's Leonel Brizola to electoral politics in the early 1980s —a different streak of populism appeared in the post-military dictatorship era. This 1990s populism, in the persons of leaders like Argentina's Carlos Menem or Brazil's Fernando Collor, adapted itself to prevailing neoliberal policies of economic adjustment, setting aside nationalistic reforms and retaining the need for charismatic leadership policies, mass support and a concern for the plight of the "common people". In the 1990s and 2000s, with the emergence of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela —albeit Chavez refuses himself to be labelled as "populist" —reformist and nationalism Latin American populism has resurfaced with new patterns, as what is called by some authors socialist populism that appeals to masses of poor by promising redistributive policies and state control of the nation's energy resources —a blueprint that had already appeared, however—albeit with no openly "socialist" rhetoric, viz., in the nationalist policies—including the launch of the State-owned oil-company Petrobrás —that were the hallmark of Vargas' second term as Brazil's democratically elected president (1951–1954) and that led to his eventual suicide. In some countries, Populism has been fiscally supported in Latin America during periods of growth such as the 1950s and 1960s and during commodity price booms such as in oil and precious metals. Political leaders could gather followers among the popular classes with broad redistributive programs during these boom times. Conversely, in others countries, Populism has been historically associated with countering the relative decline of export agriculture with deficit spending and import-substitution policies aimed at developing an internal market for industrial consumer goods. Populism in Latin America has been sometimes criticized for the fiscal policies of many of its leaders, but has also been defended for having allowed historically weak states to alleviate disorder and achieve a tolerable degree of stability while initiating large-scale industrialization. Though populist fiscal and monetary policies, called macroeconomic populism, has been criticized by economists, who see in it the ultimately dysfunctional subordination of economic policy to political goals, some authors acknowledge populism to have allowed non-radical leaders and parties to co-opt the radical ideas of the masses so as to redirect them in a non-revolutionary direction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism_in_Latin_America |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1208473644#6_1362620897 | Title: Populism in Latin America - Wikipedia
Headings: Populism in Latin America
Populism in Latin America
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Inequality
Populist socialism
References
Sources and further reading
Content: In some countries, Populism has been fiscally supported in Latin America during periods of growth such as the 1950s and 1960s and during commodity price booms such as in oil and precious metals. Political leaders could gather followers among the popular classes with broad redistributive programs during these boom times. Conversely, in others countries, Populism has been historically associated with countering the relative decline of export agriculture with deficit spending and import-substitution policies aimed at developing an internal market for industrial consumer goods. Populism in Latin America has been sometimes criticized for the fiscal policies of many of its leaders, but has also been defended for having allowed historically weak states to alleviate disorder and achieve a tolerable degree of stability while initiating large-scale industrialization. Though populist fiscal and monetary policies, called macroeconomic populism, has been criticized by economists, who see in it the ultimately dysfunctional subordination of economic policy to political goals, some authors acknowledge populism to have allowed non-radical leaders and parties to co-opt the radical ideas of the masses so as to redirect them in a non-revolutionary direction. It's generally regarded that populists hope "to reform the system, not to overthrow it". Often adapting a nationalist vocabulary and rhetorically convincing manner, populism was used to appeal to broad masses while remaining ideologically ambivalent. Notwithstanding, there have been notable exceptions. 21st-century Latin-American populist leaders have had a decidedly—even if mostly rhetorical —socialist bent. When populists take strong positions on economic philosophies such as capitalism versus socialism, the position sparks strong emotional responses regarding how best to manage the nation's current and future social and economic position. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism_in_Latin_America |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1208473644#7_1362623235 | Title: Populism in Latin America - Wikipedia
Headings: Populism in Latin America
Populism in Latin America
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Inequality
Populist socialism
References
Sources and further reading
Content: It's generally regarded that populists hope "to reform the system, not to overthrow it". Often adapting a nationalist vocabulary and rhetorically convincing manner, populism was used to appeal to broad masses while remaining ideologically ambivalent. Notwithstanding, there have been notable exceptions. 21st-century Latin-American populist leaders have had a decidedly—even if mostly rhetorical —socialist bent. When populists take strong positions on economic philosophies such as capitalism versus socialism, the position sparks strong emotional responses regarding how best to manage the nation's current and future social and economic position. Mexico's 2006 Presidential election was hotly debated among supporters and opponents of populist candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador. Contents
1 Inequality
2 Populist socialism
3 References
3.1 Sources and further reading
Inequality
Populism in Latin American countries has both an economic and an ideological edge. Populism in Latin America has mostly addressed the problem, not of capitalist economic development as such bu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism_in_Latin_America |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1232100902#6_1386744264 | Title: Post–Cold War era - Wikipedia
Headings: Post–Cold War era
Post–Cold War era
Contents
Background
Dating issues
Trends
International cooperation
Consequences of the fall of communism
Government, economic and military institutions
Technology
The Second Cold War
See also
References
Further reading
Content: Accompanying the NATO expansion, Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) systems were installed in Eastern Europe. These marked important steps in military globalization . International cooperation
The end of the Cold War intensified hopes for increasing international cooperation and strengthened international organizations focused on approaching global issues. This has paved way for the establishment of international agreements such as the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, and the Paris Climate Agreement. Environmentalism has also become a mainstream concern in the post–Cold War era following the circulation of widely accepted evidence for human activity's effects on Earth's climate. The same heightened consciousness is true of terrorism, owing largely to the September 11 attacks in the United States and their global fallout. Consequences of the fall of communism
The collapse of the Soviet Union caused profound changes in nearly every society in the world. Much of the policy and infrastructure of the West and the Eastern Bloc had revolved around the capitalist and communist ideologies respectively and the possibility of a nuclear warfare . Government, economic and military institutions
The fall of Communism formed an existential threat for many institutions. The US military was forced to cut much of its expenditure, though the level rose again to comparable heights after the September 11 attacks and the initiation of the War on Terror in 2001. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1232100902#7_1386746387 | Title: Post–Cold War era - Wikipedia
Headings: Post–Cold War era
Post–Cold War era
Contents
Background
Dating issues
Trends
International cooperation
Consequences of the fall of communism
Government, economic and military institutions
Technology
The Second Cold War
See also
References
Further reading
Content: The same heightened consciousness is true of terrorism, owing largely to the September 11 attacks in the United States and their global fallout. Consequences of the fall of communism
The collapse of the Soviet Union caused profound changes in nearly every society in the world. Much of the policy and infrastructure of the West and the Eastern Bloc had revolved around the capitalist and communist ideologies respectively and the possibility of a nuclear warfare . Government, economic and military institutions
The fall of Communism formed an existential threat for many institutions. The US military was forced to cut much of its expenditure, though the level rose again to comparable heights after the September 11 attacks and the initiation of the War on Terror in 2001. The end of the Cold War also coincided with the end of apartheid in South Africa. Declining Cold War tensions in the later years of the 1980s meant that the apartheid regime was no longer supported by the West as a bulwark against Communism and they were condemned with an embargo. In 1990, Nelson Mandela was freed from prison and the regime made steps to end apartheid, which were on an official basis completed by 1994 with the new election . Socialist and Communist parties around the world saw drops in membership after the Berlin Wall fell and the public felt that free market ideology had won. Libertarian, neoliberal, nationalist and Islamist parties on the other hand benefited from the fall of the Soviet Union. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1233328980#3_1387960190 | Title: Postmodernism - Wikipedia
Headings: Postmodernism
Postmodernism
Contents
Definition
Origins of term
History
Theories and derivatives
Structuralism and post-structuralism
Deconstruction
Post-postmodernism
Philosophy
Jacques Derrida
Michel Foucault
Jean-François Lyotard
Richard Rorty
Jean Baudrillard
Fredric Jameson
Douglas Kellner
Manifestations
Architecture
Art
Graphic design
Literature
Music
Urban planning
Criticisms
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Postmodern thinkers frequently describe knowledge claims and value systems as contingent or socially-conditioned, framing them as products of political, historical, or cultural discourses and hierarchies. Common targets of postmodern criticism include universalist ideas of objective reality, morality, truth, human nature, reason, science, language, and social progress. Accordingly, postmodern thought is broadly characterized by tendencies to self-consciousness, self-referentiality, epistemological and moral relativism, pluralism, and irreverence. Postmodern critical approaches gained popularity in the 1980s and 1990s, and have been adopted in a variety of academic and theoretical disciplines, including cultural studies, philosophy of science, economics, linguistics, architecture, feminist theory, and literary criticism, as well as art movements in fields such as literature, contemporary art, and music. Postmodernism is often associated with schools of thought such as deconstruction, post-structuralism, and institutional critique, as well as philosophers such as Jean-François Lyotard, Jacques Derrida, and Fredric Jameson . Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse and include arguments that postmodernism promotes obscurantism, is meaningless, and that it adds nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge. Contents
1 Definition
2 Origins of term
3 History
4 Theories and derivatives
4.1 Structuralism and post-structuralism
4.2 Deconstruction
4.3 Post-postmodernism
5 Philosophy
5.1 Jacques Derrida
5.2 Michel Foucault
5.3 Jean-François Lyotard
5.4 Richard Rorty
5.5 Jean Baudrillard
5.6 Fredric Jameson
5.7 Douglas Kellner
6 Manifestations
6.1 Architecture
6.2 Art
6.3 Graphic design
6.4 Literature
6.5 Music
6.6 Urban planning
7 Criticisms
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Definition
Postmodernism is an intellectual stance or mode of discourse defined by an attitude of skepticism toward what it describes as the grand narratives and ideologies of modernism, as well as opposition to epistemic certainty and the stability of meaning. It questions or criticizes viewpoints associated with Enlightenment rationality dating back to the 17th century, and is characterized by irony, eclecticism, and its rejection of the "universal validity" of binary oppositions, stable identity, hierarchy, and categorization. Postmodernism is associated with relativism and a focus on ideology in the maintenance of economic and political power. Postmodernists are generally "skeptical of explanations which claim to be valid for all groups, cultures, traditions, or races," and describe truth as relative. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-modern |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1233328980#4_1387963572 | Title: Postmodernism - Wikipedia
Headings: Postmodernism
Postmodernism
Contents
Definition
Origins of term
History
Theories and derivatives
Structuralism and post-structuralism
Deconstruction
Post-postmodernism
Philosophy
Jacques Derrida
Michel Foucault
Jean-François Lyotard
Richard Rorty
Jean Baudrillard
Fredric Jameson
Douglas Kellner
Manifestations
Architecture
Art
Graphic design
Literature
Music
Urban planning
Criticisms
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse and include arguments that postmodernism promotes obscurantism, is meaningless, and that it adds nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge. Contents
1 Definition
2 Origins of term
3 History
4 Theories and derivatives
4.1 Structuralism and post-structuralism
4.2 Deconstruction
4.3 Post-postmodernism
5 Philosophy
5.1 Jacques Derrida
5.2 Michel Foucault
5.3 Jean-François Lyotard
5.4 Richard Rorty
5.5 Jean Baudrillard
5.6 Fredric Jameson
5.7 Douglas Kellner
6 Manifestations
6.1 Architecture
6.2 Art
6.3 Graphic design
6.4 Literature
6.5 Music
6.6 Urban planning
7 Criticisms
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Definition
Postmodernism is an intellectual stance or mode of discourse defined by an attitude of skepticism toward what it describes as the grand narratives and ideologies of modernism, as well as opposition to epistemic certainty and the stability of meaning. It questions or criticizes viewpoints associated with Enlightenment rationality dating back to the 17th century, and is characterized by irony, eclecticism, and its rejection of the "universal validity" of binary oppositions, stable identity, hierarchy, and categorization. Postmodernism is associated with relativism and a focus on ideology in the maintenance of economic and political power. Postmodernists are generally "skeptical of explanations which claim to be valid for all groups, cultures, traditions, or races," and describe truth as relative. It can be described as a reaction against attempts to explain reality in an objective manner by claiming that reality is a mental construct. Access to an unmediated reality or to objectively rational knowledge is rejected on the grounds that all interpretations are contingent on the perspective from which they are made; as such, claims to objective fact are dismissed as "naive realism ." Postmodern thinkers frequently describe knowledge claims and value systems as contingent or socially-conditioned, describing them as products of political, historical, or cultural discourses and hierarchies. Accordingly, postmodern thought is broadly characterized by tendencies to self-referentiality, epistemological and moral relativism, pluralism, and irreverence. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-modern |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1233328980#6_1387968745 | Title: Postmodernism - Wikipedia
Headings: Postmodernism
Postmodernism
Contents
Definition
Origins of term
History
Theories and derivatives
Structuralism and post-structuralism
Deconstruction
Post-postmodernism
Philosophy
Jacques Derrida
Michel Foucault
Jean-François Lyotard
Richard Rorty
Jean Baudrillard
Fredric Jameson
Douglas Kellner
Manifestations
Architecture
Art
Graphic design
Literature
Music
Urban planning
Criticisms
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Postmodernism is often associated with schools of thought such as deconstruction and post-structuralism. Postmodernism relies on critical theory, which considers the effects of ideology, society, and history on culture. Postmodernism and critical theory commonly criticize universalist ideas of objective reality, morality, truth, human nature, reason, language, and social progress. Initially, postmodernism was a mode of discourse on literature and literary criticism, commenting on the nature of literary text, meaning, author and reader, writing, and reading. Postmodernism developed in the mid- to late-twentieth century across philosophy, the arts, architecture, and criticism as a departure or rejection of modernism. Postmodernist approaches have been adopted in a variety of academic and theoretical disciplines, including political science, organization theory, cultural studies, philosophy of science, economics, linguistics, architecture, feminist theory, and literary criticism, as well as art movements in fields such as literature and music. As a critical practice, postmodernism employs concepts such as hyperreality, simulacrum, trace, and difference, and rejects abstract principles in favor of direct experience. Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse, and include arguments that postmodernism promotes obscurantism, is meaningless, and adds nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge. Some philosophers, beginning with the pragmatist philosopher Jürgen Habermas, say that postmodernism contradicts itself through self-reference, as their critique would be impossible without the concepts and methods that modern reason provides. Various authors have criticized postmodernism, or trends under the general postmodern umbrella, as abandoning Enlightenment rationalism or scientific rigor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-modern |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1233742118#1_1388301680 | Title: Post-postmodernism - Wikipedia
Headings: Post-postmodernism
Post-postmodernism
Contents
Periodization
Definitions
Turner's post-postmodernism
Epstein's trans-postmodernism
Gans' post-millennialism
Kirby's pseudo-modernism or digimodernism
Vermeulen and van den Akker's metamodernism
See also
References
External links
Content: These characteristics are normally lacking in postmodernism or are treated as objects of irony. Postmodernism arose after World War II as a reaction to the perceived failings of modernism, whose radical artistic projects had come to be associated with totalitarianism or had been assimilated into mainstream culture. The basic features of what we now call postmodernism can be found as early as the 1940s, most notably in the work of Jorge Luis Borges. However, most scholars today would agree that postmodernism began to compete with modernism in the late 1950s and gained ascendancy over it in the 1960s. Since then, postmodernism has been a dominant, though not undisputed, force in art, literature, film, music, drama, architecture, history, and continental philosophy. Salient features of postmodernism are normally thought to include the ironic play with styles, citations and narrative levels, a metaphysical skepticism or nihilism towards a " grand narrative " of Western culture, a preference for the virtual at the expense of the real (or more accurately, a fundamental questioning of what 'the real' constitutes) and a "waning of affect" on the part of the subject, who is caught up in the free interplay of virtual, endlessly reproducible signs inducing a state of consciousness similar to schizophrenia. Since the late 1990s there has been a small but growing feeling both in popular culture and in academia that postmodernism "has gone out of fashion." However, there have been few formal attempts to define and name the era succeeding postmodernism, and none of the proposed designations has yet become part of mainstream usage. Definitions
Consensus on what constitutes an era can not be easily achieved while that era is still in its early stages. However, a common theme of current attempts to define post-postmodernism is emerging as one where faith, trust, dialogue, performance, and sincerity can work to transcend postmodern irony. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-postmodernism |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1233742118#2_1388304158 | Title: Post-postmodernism - Wikipedia
Headings: Post-postmodernism
Post-postmodernism
Contents
Periodization
Definitions
Turner's post-postmodernism
Epstein's trans-postmodernism
Gans' post-millennialism
Kirby's pseudo-modernism or digimodernism
Vermeulen and van den Akker's metamodernism
See also
References
External links
Content: Salient features of postmodernism are normally thought to include the ironic play with styles, citations and narrative levels, a metaphysical skepticism or nihilism towards a " grand narrative " of Western culture, a preference for the virtual at the expense of the real (or more accurately, a fundamental questioning of what 'the real' constitutes) and a "waning of affect" on the part of the subject, who is caught up in the free interplay of virtual, endlessly reproducible signs inducing a state of consciousness similar to schizophrenia. Since the late 1990s there has been a small but growing feeling both in popular culture and in academia that postmodernism "has gone out of fashion." However, there have been few formal attempts to define and name the era succeeding postmodernism, and none of the proposed designations has yet become part of mainstream usage. Definitions
Consensus on what constitutes an era can not be easily achieved while that era is still in its early stages. However, a common theme of current attempts to define post-postmodernism is emerging as one where faith, trust, dialogue, performance, and sincerity can work to transcend postmodern irony. The following definitions, which vary widely in depth, focus, and scope, are listed in the chronological order of their appearance. Turner's post-postmodernism
In 1995, the landscape architect and urban planner Tom Turner issued a book-length call for a post-postmodern turn in urban planning. Turner criticizes the postmodern credo of "anything goes" and suggests that “the built environment professions are witnessing the gradual dawn of a post-Postmodernism that seeks to temper reason with faith.” In particular, Turner argues for the use of timeless organic and geometrical patterns in urban planning. As sources of such patterns he cites, among others, the Taoist-influenced work of the American architect Christopher Alexander, gestalt psychology and the psychoanalyst Carl Jung 's concept of archetypes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-postmodernism |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1234288385#6_1388950590 | Title: Post-truth politics - Wikipedia
Headings: Post-truth politics
Post-truth politics
Contents
History
Terminology
Concept
Description
Drivers
Major news outlets
Social media and the Internet
Polarized political culture
Dissenting views
Examples
Germany
India
South Africa
United Kingdom
United States
Environmental politics
Solutions
See also
References
Further reading
Content: February 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A Vote Leave poster with a contested claim about the EU membership fee, cited as an example of post-truth politics
A defining trait of post-truth politics is that campaigners continue to repeat their talking points, even when media outlets, experts in the field in question, and others provide proof that contradicts these talking points. For example, during campaigning for the British EU referendum campaign, Vote Leave made repeated use of the claim that EU membership cost £350 million a week, although later began to use the figure as a net amount of money sent directly to the EU. This figure, which ignored the UK rebate and other factors, was described as "potentially misleading" by the UK Statistics Authority, as "not sensible" by the Institute for Fiscal Studies, and was rejected in fact checks by BBC News, Channel 4 News and Full Fact. Vote Leave nevertheless continued to use the figure as a centrepiece of their campaign until the day of the referendum, after which point they downplayed the pledge as having been an "example", pointing out that it was only ever suggested as a possible alternative use of the net funds sent to the EU. Tory MP and Leave campaigner Sarah Wollaston, who left the group in protest during its campaign, criticised its "post-truth politics". The Justice Secretary Michael Gove controversially claimed in an interview that the British people "Had had enough of experts". Michael Deacon, parliamentary sketchwriter for The Daily Telegraph, summarised the core message of post-truth politics as "Facts are negative. Facts are pessimistic. Facts are unpatriotic." He added that post-truth politics can also include a claimed rejection of partisanship and negative campaigning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-truth_politics |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1236348551#0_1391517234 | Title: Postage stamps of Ireland - Wikipedia
Headings: Postage stamps of Ireland
Postage stamps of Ireland
Contents
Background
British stamps used in Ireland
Stamp issuing authorities
Forerunners
Essays
Postage stamps
Overprints
Name of state
Definitives
Commemoratives
Miniature sheets
Airmails
Postage dues
Sterling issues
Decimal issues
Booklets
Watermarks
Postal stationery
Official
Stamped-to-order
Collecting Irish stamps
Numbering systems
Stamp societies
Local societies
See also
References and sources
Notes
Sources
External links
Philatelic societies
Content: Postage stamps of Ireland - Wikipedia
Postage stamps of Ireland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Stamps issued by the Republic of Ireland
This article does not discuss country definitives for Northern Ireland. For those see Country definitives: Northern Ireland. 2d Map of Ireland: first Irish postage stamp
The postage stamps of Ireland are issued by the postal operator of the independent Irish state. Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland when the world's first postage stamps were issued in 1840. These stamps, and all subsequent British issues, were used in Ireland until the new Irish Government assumed power in 1922. Beginning on 17 February 1922, existing British stamps were overprinted with Irish text to provide some definitives until separate Irish issues became available. Following the overprints, a regular series of definitive stamps was produced by the new Department of Posts and Telegraphs, using domestic designs. These definitives were issued on 6 December 1922; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_of_Ireland |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1236533938#5_1391793732 | Title: Postal addresses in the Republic of Ireland - Wikipedia
Headings: Postal addresses in the Republic of Ireland
Postal addresses in the Republic of Ireland
Contents
Pre-Eircode postal districts
Dublin
Cork
Eircode
Background
Introduction of a national system
Language concerns
Preparation for a postcode
Legislation
List of Eircode routing keys
Issues
An Post's position
Utility issues
Usage questions
GeoDirectory
Alternative location codes
GO Code
Loc8 Code
OpenPostcode
OP grid
See also
References
External links
Content: Cork 2, administered from the Ballinlough sorting office, covered the south-east, Cork 3 (from Gurranabraher) covered the north-west while Cork 4 (from Togher sorting office) covered the south-west. The numbers are not used in the Eircode system, with routing keys in the Cork area instead beginning with the letter 'T'. Eircode
The launch of a national postcode system (Eircode, Irish éirchód) in Ireland began on 28 April 2014. The system incorporates the existing numbered Dublin postal districts as part of the routing key. Eircode made Ireland the first country in the world to have a unique postcode for each address. The codes, known as "Eircodes", consist of seven characters. The first three characters, called the "Routing Key", are designed to benefit the postal and logistics industry and contain on average 15,000 addresses each. The Routing Key is used to help sort mail, it is the principal Post Town of the address as defined by An Post. The second part of the Eircode, called the "Unique Identifier", consists of four characters drawn from a set of randomised letters and numbers that identify each individual address. They are stored in a central database, Eircode Address Database (ECAD), along with other useful geographic information including addresses, variants/aliases, and geo-coordinates of each address point. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_addresses_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1237354129#11_1392831854 | Title: Postcolonial literature - Wikipedia
Headings: Postcolonial literature
Postcolonial literature
Contents
Terminology
Evolution of the term
"Post-colonial" or "postcolonial"?
Critical approaches
Nationalism
Negritude, pan-Africanism and pan-nationalism
Back to Africa movement
Anti-conquest
Postcolonial feminist literature
Pacific Islands
Australia
Africa
Nigeria
South Africa
The Americas
Caribbean Islands
West Indies
United States
African-American literature
Puerto Rico
Canada
East Asia
Korea:
Taiwan:
West Asia: The Middle East
South and Southeast Asia
Philippines
Indonesia
Dutch East Indies
Singapore
India
Sri Lanka
Bangladesh
Europe
Britain
Wales
Ireland
Poland
Romania
See also
References
Bibliography
External links
Content: Pan-Africanism was a movement among English-speaking black intellectuals who echoed the principles négritude. Frantz Fanon (1925–1961), a Martinique -born Afro-Caribbean psychiatrist, philosopher, revolutionary, and writer, was one of the proponents of the movement. His works are influential in the fields of postcolonial studies, critical theory, and Marxism. As an intellectual, Fanon was a political radical and Marxist humanist concerned with the psychopathology of colonization, and the human, social, and cultural consequences of decolonization. Back to Africa movement
Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr. (1887–1940), another proponent of Pan-Africanism, was a Jamaican political leader, publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator. He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL). He also founded the Black Star Line, a shipping and passenger line which promoted the return of the African diaspora to their ancestral lands. Prior to the 20th century, leaders such as Prince Hall, Martin Delany, Edward Wilmot Blyden, and Henry Highland Garnet advocated the involvement of the African diaspora in African affairs. However, Garvey was unique in advancing a Pan-African philosophy to inspire a global mass movement and economic empowerment focusing on Africa. The philosophy came to be known as Garveyism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcolonial_literature |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1238899657#1_1394907070 | Title: Postmodern architecture - Wikipedia
Headings: Postmodern architecture
Postmodern architecture
Postmodern architecture
Contents
Origins
Notable postmodern buildings and architects
Robert Venturi
Michael Graves
Charles Moore
Philip Johnson
Frank Gehry
César Pelli
Postmodernism in Europe
Postmodernism in Japan
Concert halls – Sydney Opera House and the Berlin Philharmonic
Characteristics
Complexity and contradiction
Fragmentation
Asymmetric and oblique forms
Colour
Humour and "camp"
Theories of postmodern architecture
Relationship to previous styles
Roots of postmodernism
Changing pedagogies
Subsequent movements
Postmodern architects
Other examples of postmodern architecture
See also
Footnotes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Content: Guild House in Philadelphia by Robert Venturi; Center: 550 Madison Avenue by Philip Johnson: Center right: PPG Place in Pittsburgh by Philip Johnson: Bottom: Piazza d'Italia, New Orleans by Charles Moore
Years active
1960-2000s
Country
international
Influences
international style
Postmodernism
Preceded by Modernism
Postmodernity
Hypermodernity
Metamodernism
Posthumanism
Postmaterialism
Post-postmodernism
Post-structuralism
Fields
anthropology
archaeology
architecture
art
criminology
dance
feminism
film
literature ( picture books)
music
philosophy
anarchism
Marxism
positivism
social construction of nature
social construction of gender
psychology
political science
theatre
theology and religion
Related
linguistic theory
linguistic determinism
semantics ( semiotics)
media studies
film theory
The medium is the message
Materialist feminism
Criticism of postmodernism
v
t
e
Postmodern architecture is a style or movement which emerged in the 1960s as a reaction against the austerity, formality, and lack of variety of modern architecture, particularly in the international style advocated by Philip Johnson and Henry-Russell Hitchcock. The movement was introduced by the architect and urban planner Denise Scott Brown and architectural theorist Robert Venturi in their book Learning from Las Vegas. The style flourished from the 1980s through the 1990s, particularly in the work of Scott Brown & Venturi, Philip Johnson, Charles Moore and Michael Graves. In the late 1990s, it divided into a multitude of new tendencies, including high-tech architecture, neo-futurism and deconstructivism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_architecture |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1238899657#2_1394909706 | Title: Postmodern architecture - Wikipedia
Headings: Postmodern architecture
Postmodern architecture
Postmodern architecture
Contents
Origins
Notable postmodern buildings and architects
Robert Venturi
Michael Graves
Charles Moore
Philip Johnson
Frank Gehry
César Pelli
Postmodernism in Europe
Postmodernism in Japan
Concert halls – Sydney Opera House and the Berlin Philharmonic
Characteristics
Complexity and contradiction
Fragmentation
Asymmetric and oblique forms
Colour
Humour and "camp"
Theories of postmodern architecture
Relationship to previous styles
Roots of postmodernism
Changing pedagogies
Subsequent movements
Postmodern architects
Other examples of postmodern architecture
See also
Footnotes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Content: Bottom: Piazza d'Italia, New Orleans by Charles Moore
Years active
1960-2000s
Country
international
Influences
international style
Postmodernism
Preceded by Modernism
Postmodernity
Hypermodernity
Metamodernism
Posthumanism
Postmaterialism
Post-postmodernism
Post-structuralism
Fields
anthropology
archaeology
architecture
art
criminology
dance
feminism
film
literature ( picture books)
music
philosophy
anarchism
Marxism
positivism
social construction of nature
social construction of gender
psychology
political science
theatre
theology and religion
Related
linguistic theory
linguistic determinism
semantics ( semiotics)
media studies
film theory
The medium is the message
Materialist feminism
Criticism of postmodernism
v
t
e
Postmodern architecture is a style or movement which emerged in the 1960s as a reaction against the austerity, formality, and lack of variety of modern architecture, particularly in the international style advocated by Philip Johnson and Henry-Russell Hitchcock. The movement was introduced by the architect and urban planner Denise Scott Brown and architectural theorist Robert Venturi in their book Learning from Las Vegas. The style flourished from the 1980s through the 1990s, particularly in the work of Scott Brown & Venturi, Philip Johnson, Charles Moore and Michael Graves. In the late 1990s, it divided into a multitude of new tendencies, including high-tech architecture, neo-futurism and deconstructivism. Contents
1 Origins
2 Notable postmodern buildings and architects
2.1 Robert Venturi
2.2 Michael Graves
2.3 Charles Moore
2.4 Philip Johnson
2.5 Frank Gehry
2.6 César Pelli
3 Postmodernism in Europe
4 Postmodernism in Japan
5 Concert halls – Sydney Opera House and the Berlin Philharmonic
6 Characteristics
6.1 Complexity and contradiction
6.2 Fragmentation
6.3 Asymmetric and oblique forms
6.4 Colour
6.5 Humour and "camp"
7 Theories of postmodern architecture
8 Relationship to previous styles
9 Roots of postmodernism
10 Changing pedagogies
11 Subsequent movements
12 Postmodern architects
13 Other examples of postmodern architecture
14 See also
15 Footnotes
16 References
17 Bibliography
18 Further reading
19 External links
Origins
Postmodern architecture emerged in the 1960s as a reaction against the perceived shortcomings of modern architecture, particularly its rigid doctrines, its uniformity, its lack of ornament, and its habit of ignoring the history and culture of the cities where it appeared. In 1966, Venturi formalized the movement in his book, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture. Venturi summarized the kind of architecture he wanted to see replace modernism: I speak of a complex and contradictory architecture based on the richness and ambiguity of modern experience, including that experience which is inherent in art... I welcome the problems and exploit the uncertainties... I like elements which are hybrid rather than "pure", compromising rather than "clean", ...accommodating rather than excluding... I am for messy vitality over obvious unity... I prefer "both-and" to "either-or", black and white, and sometimes gray, to black or white... An architecture of complexity and contradiction must embody the difficult unity of inclusion rather than the easy unity of exclusion. In place of the functional doctrines of modernism, Venturi proposed giving primary emphasis to the façade, incorporating historical elements, a subtle use of unusual materials and historical allusions, and the use of fragmentation and modulations to make the building interesting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_architecture |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1238899657#4_1394918488 | Title: Postmodern architecture - Wikipedia
Headings: Postmodern architecture
Postmodern architecture
Postmodern architecture
Contents
Origins
Notable postmodern buildings and architects
Robert Venturi
Michael Graves
Charles Moore
Philip Johnson
Frank Gehry
César Pelli
Postmodernism in Europe
Postmodernism in Japan
Concert halls – Sydney Opera House and the Berlin Philharmonic
Characteristics
Complexity and contradiction
Fragmentation
Asymmetric and oblique forms
Colour
Humour and "camp"
Theories of postmodern architecture
Relationship to previous styles
Roots of postmodernism
Changing pedagogies
Subsequent movements
Postmodern architects
Other examples of postmodern architecture
See also
Footnotes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Content: Venturi's wife, accomplished architect and urban planner Denise Scott Brown, and Venturi wrote Learning from Las Vegas (1972), co-authored with Steven Izenour, in which they further developed their joint argument against modernism. They urged architects to take into consideration and to celebrate the existing architecture in a place, rather than to try to impose a visionary utopia from their own fantasies. This was in line with Scott Brown’s belief that buildings should be built for people, and that architecture should listen to them. Scott Brown and Venturi argued that ornamental and decorative elements "accommodate existing needs for variety and communication". The book was instrumental in opening readers' eyes to new ways of thinking about buildings, as it drew from the entire history of architecture—both high-style and vernacular, both historic and modern—and In response to Mies van der Rohe 's famous maxim "Less is more", Venturi responded, to "Less is a bore." Venturi cited the examples of his wife’s and his own buildings, Guild House, in Philadelphia, as examples of a new style that welcomed variety and historical references, without returning to academic revival of old styles. In Italy at about the same time, a similar revolt against strict modernism was being launched by the architect Aldo Rossi, who criticized the rebuilding of Italian cities and buildings destroyed during the war in the modernist style, which had had no relation to the architectural history, original street plans, or culture of the cities. Rossi insisted that cities be rebuilt in ways that preserved their historical fabric and local traditions. Similar ideas were and projects were put forward at the Venice Biennale in 1980. The call for a post-modern style was joined by Christian de Portzamparc in France and Ricardo Bofill in Spain, and in Japan by Arata Isozaki. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_architecture |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1238899657#5_1394921379 | Title: Postmodern architecture - Wikipedia
Headings: Postmodern architecture
Postmodern architecture
Postmodern architecture
Contents
Origins
Notable postmodern buildings and architects
Robert Venturi
Michael Graves
Charles Moore
Philip Johnson
Frank Gehry
César Pelli
Postmodernism in Europe
Postmodernism in Japan
Concert halls – Sydney Opera House and the Berlin Philharmonic
Characteristics
Complexity and contradiction
Fragmentation
Asymmetric and oblique forms
Colour
Humour and "camp"
Theories of postmodern architecture
Relationship to previous styles
Roots of postmodernism
Changing pedagogies
Subsequent movements
Postmodern architects
Other examples of postmodern architecture
See also
Footnotes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Content: Venturi cited the examples of his wife’s and his own buildings, Guild House, in Philadelphia, as examples of a new style that welcomed variety and historical references, without returning to academic revival of old styles. In Italy at about the same time, a similar revolt against strict modernism was being launched by the architect Aldo Rossi, who criticized the rebuilding of Italian cities and buildings destroyed during the war in the modernist style, which had had no relation to the architectural history, original street plans, or culture of the cities. Rossi insisted that cities be rebuilt in ways that preserved their historical fabric and local traditions. Similar ideas were and projects were put forward at the Venice Biennale in 1980. The call for a post-modern style was joined by Christian de Portzamparc in France and Ricardo Bofill in Spain, and in Japan by Arata Isozaki. Notable postmodern buildings and architects
Robert Venturi
The Guild House in Philadelphia by Robert Venturi (1960–1963)
Vanna Venturi House by Robert Venturi (1964)
Fire Station Number 4 in Columbus, Indiana (1968)
Carson Hall, Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire
Trabant Center at the University of Delaware in Newark, DE (1996)
Episcopal Academy Chapel
Frist Campus Center at Princeton University (2000)
Robert Venturi (born 1925) was both a prominent theorist of postmodernism and an architect whose buildings illustrated his ideas. After studying at the American Academy in Rome, he worked in the offices of the modernists Eero Saarinen and Louis Kahn until 1958, and then became a professor of architecture at Yale University. One of his first buildings was the Guild House in Philadelphia, built between 1960 and 1963, and a house for his mother in Chestnut Hill, in Philadelphia. These two houses became symbols of the postmodern movement. He went on to design, in the 1960s and 1970s, a series of buildings which took into account both historic precedents, and the ideas and forms existing in the real life of the cities around them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_architecture |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1238899657#6_1394924433 | Title: Postmodern architecture - Wikipedia
Headings: Postmodern architecture
Postmodern architecture
Postmodern architecture
Contents
Origins
Notable postmodern buildings and architects
Robert Venturi
Michael Graves
Charles Moore
Philip Johnson
Frank Gehry
César Pelli
Postmodernism in Europe
Postmodernism in Japan
Concert halls – Sydney Opera House and the Berlin Philharmonic
Characteristics
Complexity and contradiction
Fragmentation
Asymmetric and oblique forms
Colour
Humour and "camp"
Theories of postmodern architecture
Relationship to previous styles
Roots of postmodernism
Changing pedagogies
Subsequent movements
Postmodern architects
Other examples of postmodern architecture
See also
Footnotes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Content: Notable postmodern buildings and architects
Robert Venturi
The Guild House in Philadelphia by Robert Venturi (1960–1963)
Vanna Venturi House by Robert Venturi (1964)
Fire Station Number 4 in Columbus, Indiana (1968)
Carson Hall, Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire
Trabant Center at the University of Delaware in Newark, DE (1996)
Episcopal Academy Chapel
Frist Campus Center at Princeton University (2000)
Robert Venturi (born 1925) was both a prominent theorist of postmodernism and an architect whose buildings illustrated his ideas. After studying at the American Academy in Rome, he worked in the offices of the modernists Eero Saarinen and Louis Kahn until 1958, and then became a professor of architecture at Yale University. One of his first buildings was the Guild House in Philadelphia, built between 1960 and 1963, and a house for his mother in Chestnut Hill, in Philadelphia. These two houses became symbols of the postmodern movement. He went on to design, in the 1960s and 1970s, a series of buildings which took into account both historic precedents, and the ideas and forms existing in the real life of the cities around them. Michael Graves
Portland Building by Michael Graves (1982)
Humana Building in Louisville, Kentucky (1982)
Radisson Blu Astrid Hotel in Antwerp (1993)
The Denver Public Library by Michael Graves (1995)
IFC building in Washington, D.C. (1996)
Castalia building in The Hague (1998)
Michael Graves (1934–2015) designed two of the most prominent buildings in the postmodern style, the Portland Building and the Denver Public Library. He later followed up his landmark buildings by designing large, low-cost retail stores for chains such as Target and J.C. Penney in the United States, which had a major influence on the design of retail stores in city centers and shopping malls. In his early career, he, along with the Peter Eisenman, Charles Gwathmey, John Hejduk and Richard Meier, was considered one of the New York Five, a group of advocates of pure modern architecture, but in 1982 he turned toward postmodernism with the Portland Building, one of the first major structures in the style. The building has since been added to the National Register of Historic Places. Charles Moore
Piazza d'Italia in New Orleans, by Charles Moore, completed 1978
Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley by Charles Moore (1992)
Beverly Hills Civic Center by Charles Moore (1990)
The most famous work of architect Charles Moore is the Piazza d'Italia in New Orleans (1978), a public square composed of an exuberant collection of pieces of famous Italian Renaissance architecture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_architecture |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1239028793#2_1395000843 | Title: Postmodern feminism - Wikipedia
Headings: Postmodern feminism
Postmodern feminism
Contents
Origins and theory
Butler
Frug
French feminism
Critiques
See also
References
Bibliography
External links
Content: Postmodern feminists analyze these notions and attempt to promote equality of gender through critiquing logocentrism, supporting multiple discourses, deconstructing texts, and seeking to promote subjectivity. Postmodern feminists are accredited with drawing attention to dichotomies in society and demonstrating how language influences the difference in treatment of genders. The inclusion of postmodern theory into feminist theory is not readily accepted by all feminists—some believe postmodern thought undermines the attacks that feminist theory attempts to create, while other feminists are in favor of the union. For this reason, postmodernism and feminism have always had an uneasy relationship. Contents
1 Origins and theory
1.1 Butler
1.2 Frug
1.3 French feminism
2 Critiques
3 See also
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 External links
Origins and theory
Butler
Postmodern feminism's major departure from other branches of feminism is perhaps the argument that sex, or at least gender, is itself constructed through language, a view notably propounded in Judith Butler 's 1990 book, Gender Trouble. She draws on and critiques the work of Simone de Beauvoir, Michel Foucault, and Jacques Lacan, as well as on Luce Irigaray 's argument that what we conventionally regard as 'feminine' is only a reflection of what is constructed as masculine. Butler criticises the distinction drawn by previous feminisms between (biological) sex and (socially constructed) gender. She asks why we assume that material things (such as the body) are not subject to processes of social construction themselves. Butler argues that this does not allow for a sufficient criticism of essentialism: though recognizing that gender is a social construct, feminists assume it is always constructed in the same way. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_feminism |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1239932695#1_1396164454 | Title: Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 - Wikipedia
Headings: Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945
Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
See also
References
Content: A History of Europe Since 1945 is a 2005 non-fiction book written by British historian and scholar Tony Judt who specialised in European history. The book examines six decades of European history from the end of World War II in 1945 up to 2005. The book won considerable praise for its breadth and comprehensive approach. The New York Times Book Review listed it as one of the ten best books of 2005. It won the 2006 Arthur Ross Book Award for the best book published on international affairs, and was shortlisted for the 2006 Samuel Johnson Prize. It also won the 2008 European Book Prize . As is made clear in the introduction, the author makes no attempt to expound any grand theory or "overarching theme" for contemporary European history, aiming to avoid narrative fallacies by plainly retelling the entire scope of European history in that period, to let what themes do exist become self-apparent. See also
History of Europe
References
^ "Postwar by Tony Judt". Metacritic. Archived from the original on March 20, 2006. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postwar:_A_History_of_Europe_Since_1945 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1258986611#6_1419903470 | Title: Predeterminism - Wikipedia
Headings: Predeterminism
Predeterminism
Contents
Definitional difficulties
R. E. Hobart
Philippa Foot
References
External links
Content: Hobart (Miller) criticized the core idea of James' The Will to Believe, namely that it was acceptable to hold religious faith in the absence of evidence for or against that faith. James referred to Miller as "my most penetrating critic and intimate enemy." Nearly 25 years after James' death, R. E. Hobart published a short article in Mind in 1934 that is considered one of the definitive statements of determinism and compatibilism. It was entitled Free Will as Involving Determination and Inconceivable Without It. Hobart's compatibilism was similar to earlier landmark positions by Thomas Hobbes and David Hume, as refined in the 19th-century compatibilist views of John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick, and F. H. Bradley. But unlike them Hobart explicitly did not endorse strict logical or physical determinism, and he explicitly did endorse the existence of alternative possibilities, which can depend on absolute chance . He was writing just a few years after the discovery of quantum mechanics and indeterminacy, and also makes passing mention of the ancient "swerve" of the atoms espoused by Epicurus : 'I am not maintaining that determinism is true...it is not here affirmed that there are no small exceptions, no slight undetermined swervings, no ingredient of absolute chance.' '"We say," I can will this or I can will that, whichever I choose". Two courses of action present themselves to my mind. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predeterminism |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1259081060#8_1420085116 | Title: Predictably Irrational - Wikipedia
Headings: Predictably Irrational
Predictably Irrational
Contents
Chapter summary
The Truth about Relativity
The Fallacy of Supply and Demand
The Cost of Zero Cost
Being Paid vs. A Friendly Favor
Emotion in Decision Making
The Problem of Procrastination and Self-control
The High Price of Ownership
The Effect of Expectations
The Power of Placebo
Reception
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: Furthermore, supply and demand are dependent on each other (manufacturer's suggested retail prices affect consumers' willingness to pay). Finally, the author claims that the relationships between supply and demand are based on memory rather than on preferences. The Cost of Zero Cost
In chapter 3, Ariely explains how humans react to the words "free" and "zero". Humans make decisions without rationalizing the outcomes of their choices. To illustrate this point, Ariely conducted multiple experiments. The outcome was consistent: when faced with multiple choices, the free option was commonly chosen. With the opportunity to receive something for free, the actual value of the product or service is no longer considered. Ariely claims, "Most transactions have an upside and a downside, but when something is FREE! we forget the downside. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictably_Irrational |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1259081060#9_1420086601 | Title: Predictably Irrational - Wikipedia
Headings: Predictably Irrational
Predictably Irrational
Contents
Chapter summary
The Truth about Relativity
The Fallacy of Supply and Demand
The Cost of Zero Cost
Being Paid vs. A Friendly Favor
Emotion in Decision Making
The Problem of Procrastination and Self-control
The High Price of Ownership
The Effect of Expectations
The Power of Placebo
Reception
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: The outcome was consistent: when faced with multiple choices, the free option was commonly chosen. With the opportunity to receive something for free, the actual value of the product or service is no longer considered. Ariely claims, "Most transactions have an upside and a downside, but when something is FREE! we forget the downside. FREE! gives us such an emotional charge that we perceive what is being offered as immensely more valuable than it really is." Ariely's concept of "FREE!" applies not only to monetary and quantitative costs, but also to time. We forgo some of our time when we wait in line for free popcorn or to enter a museum on a free-entrance day. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictably_Irrational |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1259081060#10_1420087915 | Title: Predictably Irrational - Wikipedia
Headings: Predictably Irrational
Predictably Irrational
Contents
Chapter summary
The Truth about Relativity
The Fallacy of Supply and Demand
The Cost of Zero Cost
Being Paid vs. A Friendly Favor
Emotion in Decision Making
The Problem of Procrastination and Self-control
The High Price of Ownership
The Effect of Expectations
The Power of Placebo
Reception
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: FREE! gives us such an emotional charge that we perceive what is being offered as immensely more valuable than it really is." Ariely's concept of "FREE!" applies not only to monetary and quantitative costs, but also to time. We forgo some of our time when we wait in line for free popcorn or to enter a museum on a free-entrance day. We could have been doing something else at that time. Ultimately, he demonstrates how such a simple concept can be used to drive business and social policy. For example, to reduce health cost, companies could offer free regular checks. Employees would be more willing to get them at zero cost rather than paying some amount of money. Ariely recommends the consideration of the net benefits of the choices we make regarding both preference and money. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictably_Irrational |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1259081060#11_1420089343 | Title: Predictably Irrational - Wikipedia
Headings: Predictably Irrational
Predictably Irrational
Contents
Chapter summary
The Truth about Relativity
The Fallacy of Supply and Demand
The Cost of Zero Cost
Being Paid vs. A Friendly Favor
Emotion in Decision Making
The Problem of Procrastination and Self-control
The High Price of Ownership
The Effect of Expectations
The Power of Placebo
Reception
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: We could have been doing something else at that time. Ultimately, he demonstrates how such a simple concept can be used to drive business and social policy. For example, to reduce health cost, companies could offer free regular checks. Employees would be more willing to get them at zero cost rather than paying some amount of money. Ariely recommends the consideration of the net benefits of the choices we make regarding both preference and money. Perhaps we would get the better deal and even save money if we did not react to free the way we do. Being Paid vs. A Friendly Favor
In chapters 4 and 5, Ariely speaks in great detail of the differences between social norms—which include friendly requests with instant payback not being required—and market norms—which account for wages, prices, rents, cost benefits, and repayment being essential. He also explains how combining the two can create troubling situations. The author comments that people are happy to do things occasionally when they are not paid for them. In fact there are some situations in which work output is negatively affected by payment of small amounts of money. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictably_Irrational |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1259081060#12_1420091137 | Title: Predictably Irrational - Wikipedia
Headings: Predictably Irrational
Predictably Irrational
Contents
Chapter summary
The Truth about Relativity
The Fallacy of Supply and Demand
The Cost of Zero Cost
Being Paid vs. A Friendly Favor
Emotion in Decision Making
The Problem of Procrastination and Self-control
The High Price of Ownership
The Effect of Expectations
The Power of Placebo
Reception
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: Perhaps we would get the better deal and even save money if we did not react to free the way we do. Being Paid vs. A Friendly Favor
In chapters 4 and 5, Ariely speaks in great detail of the differences between social norms—which include friendly requests with instant payback not being required—and market norms—which account for wages, prices, rents, cost benefits, and repayment being essential. He also explains how combining the two can create troubling situations. The author comments that people are happy to do things occasionally when they are not paid for them. In fact there are some situations in which work output is negatively affected by payment of small amounts of money. Tests showed that work done as a "favor" sometimes produced much better results than work paid for. For example, some lawyers were asked by AARP to provide needy retirees with services at a cost of about $30. The lawyers did not accept the offer. However, when asked to offer services at no cost, they agreed. Experiments also showed that offering a small gift would not offend anybody (the gift falls into social norms), but mentioning the monetary value of the gifts invokes market norms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictably_Irrational |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1264073013#0_1425602038 | Title: Prenatal care - Wikipedia
Headings: Prenatal care
Prenatal care
Contents
Visits numbers
Group versus individual care
Midwife-led care
Prenatal examinations
United States
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Prenatal care - Wikipedia
Prenatal care
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Regular check-ups that allow doctors or midwives to treat and prevent potential health problems throughout the course of the pregnancy
Prenatal care
A doctor performs a prenatal exam. [ edit on Wikidata]
Prenatal care, also known as antenatal care, is a type of preventive healthcare. It is provided in the form of medical checkups, consisting of recommendations on managing a healthy lifestyle and the provision of medical information such as maternal physiological changes in pregnancy, biological changes, and prenatal nutrition including prenatal vitamins, which prevents potential health problems throughout the course of the pregnancy and promotes the mother and child's health alike. The availability of routine prenatal care, including prenatal screening and diagnosis, has played a part in reducing the frequency of maternal death, miscarriages, birth defects, low birth weight, neonatal infections and other preventable health problems. Traditional prenatal care in high-income countries generally consists of: monthly visits during the first two trimesters (from the 1st week to the 28th week)
fortnightly visits from the 28th week to the 36th week of pregnancy
weekly visits after 36th week to the delivery, from the 38th week to the 42nd week
Assessment of parental needs and family dynamics
The traditional form of antenatal care has developed from the early 1900s and there is very little research to suggest that it is the best way of giving antenatal care. Antenatal care can be costly and uses many staff. The following paragraphs describe research on other forms of antenatal care, which may reduce the burden on maternity services in all countries. Contents
1 Visits numbers
2 Group versus individual care
3 Midwife-led care
4 Prenatal examinations
5 United States
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Visits numbers
The WHO recommends that pregnant women should all receive at least eight antenatal visits to spot and treat problems and give immunizations. Although antenatal care is important to improve the health of both mother and baby, many women do not receive eight visits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_care |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1264073013#8_1425616639 | Title: Prenatal care - Wikipedia
Headings: Prenatal care
Prenatal care
Contents
Visits numbers
Group versus individual care
Midwife-led care
Prenatal examinations
United States
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: In many countries, women are given a summary of their case notes including important background information about their pregnancy for example their medical history, growth charts and any scan reports. If the mother goes to a different hospital for care or to give birth the summary of her case notes can be used by the midwives and doctors until her hospital notes arrive. A review looking into women keeping their own case notes shows they have more risk of having a caesarean section. However the women reported feeling more in control having their notes and would like to have them again in future pregnancies. 25% of women reported their hospital notes were lost in hospital though none of the women forgot to take their own notes to any appointments. Prenatal diagnosis or prenatal screening (note that "Prenatal Diagnosis" and "Prenatal Screening" refer to two different types of tests) is testing for diseases or conditions in a fetus or embryo before it is born. Obstetricians and midwives have the ability to monitor mother's health and prenatal development during pregnancy through series of regular check-ups. Physical examinations generally consist of: Collection of (mother's) medical history
Checking (mother's) blood pressure
(Mother's) height and weight
Pelvic exam
Doppler fetal heart rate monitoring
(Mother's) blood and urine tests
Discussion with caregiver
In some countries, such as the UK, the symphysial fundal height (SFH) is measured as part of antenatal appointments from 25 weeks gestation. ( The SFH is measured from the woman’s pubic bone to the top of the uterus ). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_care |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1264073013#9_1425618665 | Title: Prenatal care - Wikipedia
Headings: Prenatal care
Prenatal care
Contents
Visits numbers
Group versus individual care
Midwife-led care
Prenatal examinations
United States
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Prenatal diagnosis or prenatal screening (note that "Prenatal Diagnosis" and "Prenatal Screening" refer to two different types of tests) is testing for diseases or conditions in a fetus or embryo before it is born. Obstetricians and midwives have the ability to monitor mother's health and prenatal development during pregnancy through series of regular check-ups. Physical examinations generally consist of: Collection of (mother's) medical history
Checking (mother's) blood pressure
(Mother's) height and weight
Pelvic exam
Doppler fetal heart rate monitoring
(Mother's) blood and urine tests
Discussion with caregiver
In some countries, such as the UK, the symphysial fundal height (SFH) is measured as part of antenatal appointments from 25 weeks gestation. ( The SFH is measured from the woman’s pubic bone to the top of the uterus ). A review into this practice found only one piece of research so there is not enough evidence to say whether measuring the SFH helps to detect small or large babies. As measuring the SFH is not costly and is used in many places, the review recommends carrying on this practice. Growth charts are a way of detecting small babies by the measuring the SFH. There are two types of growth chart: Population based chart which shows a standard growth and size for each baby
Customized growth chart which is worked out by looking at the mother’s height and weight, and the weights of their previous babies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_care |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1264095948#0_1425626477 | Title: Prenatal care in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Prenatal care in the United States
Prenatal care in the United States
Contents
Background
Schedule
Pre-conception counseling
Vaccination
Influenza vaccination
Rubella
Varicella
Tetanus and pertussis
Attitudes towards prenatal care
Positive influences
Negative influences
Disparities in accessibility
Low-socioeconomic areas
Minorities' access
Latina paradox
Contributing factors
Unintended pregnancy
Health insurance
Formal education
Consequences from lack of prenatal care
Delivery complications
Low birth weight
Congenital malformations
Infant mortality
Improving prenatal care
Preventing unintended pregnancy
Connection between physicians and patients
Increase insurance
Community outreach programs
See also
References
Content: Prenatal care in the United States - Wikipedia
Prenatal care in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Main article: Prenatal care
Overview of the prenatal care system in the United States of America
Prenatal care in the United States is a health care preventive care protocol recommended to women with the goal to provide regular check-ups that allow obstetricians - gynecologists or midwives to detect, treat and prevent potential health problems throughout the course of pregnancy while promoting healthy lifestyles that benefit both mother and child. Patients are encouraged to attend monthly checkups during the first two trimesters and in the third trimester gradually increasing to weekly visits. Women who suspect they are pregnant can schedule pregnancy tests prior to 9 weeks gestation. Once pregnancy is confirmed an initial appointment is scheduled after 8 weeks gestation. Subsequent appointments consist of various tests ranging from blood pressure to glucose levels to check on the health of the mother and fetus. If not, appropriate treatment will then be provided to hinder any further complications. Prenatal care in the United States started as a preventive measure against preeclampsia, which included program visits during which medical professionals conducted physical, history, and risk evaluations. Over the last century, prenatal care has shifted focus to low birth weight and other preventive conditions in order to decrease the rate of infant mortality. Increased use of prenatal care was found to decrease the rates of birth-weight-related mortality and other preventable medical ailments such as post-partum depression and infant injuries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1264095948#1_1425629215 | Title: Prenatal care in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Prenatal care in the United States
Prenatal care in the United States
Contents
Background
Schedule
Pre-conception counseling
Vaccination
Influenza vaccination
Rubella
Varicella
Tetanus and pertussis
Attitudes towards prenatal care
Positive influences
Negative influences
Disparities in accessibility
Low-socioeconomic areas
Minorities' access
Latina paradox
Contributing factors
Unintended pregnancy
Health insurance
Formal education
Consequences from lack of prenatal care
Delivery complications
Low birth weight
Congenital malformations
Infant mortality
Improving prenatal care
Preventing unintended pregnancy
Connection between physicians and patients
Increase insurance
Community outreach programs
See also
References
Content: Subsequent appointments consist of various tests ranging from blood pressure to glucose levels to check on the health of the mother and fetus. If not, appropriate treatment will then be provided to hinder any further complications. Prenatal care in the United States started as a preventive measure against preeclampsia, which included program visits during which medical professionals conducted physical, history, and risk evaluations. Over the last century, prenatal care has shifted focus to low birth weight and other preventive conditions in order to decrease the rate of infant mortality. Increased use of prenatal care was found to decrease the rates of birth-weight-related mortality and other preventable medical ailments such as post-partum depression and infant injuries. The United States has socioeconomic disparities that prevent the equal adoption of prenatal care throughout the country. Various levels of prenatal care accessibility can be observed in both developing and developed countries such as the U.S. Although women can benefit from taking advantage of prenatal care, there exists varying degrees of health care accessibility between different demographics, by ethnicity, race, and income-level, throughout the United States. Education level can also influence the utilization and accessibility of prenatal care. Nearly one-fifth of women in the United States do not access prenatal care during the first trimester of pregnancy. The prenatal health care system, along with personal attitudes all contribute to the utilization and accessibility of prenatal care. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1264095948#2_1425631816 | Title: Prenatal care in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Prenatal care in the United States
Prenatal care in the United States
Contents
Background
Schedule
Pre-conception counseling
Vaccination
Influenza vaccination
Rubella
Varicella
Tetanus and pertussis
Attitudes towards prenatal care
Positive influences
Negative influences
Disparities in accessibility
Low-socioeconomic areas
Minorities' access
Latina paradox
Contributing factors
Unintended pregnancy
Health insurance
Formal education
Consequences from lack of prenatal care
Delivery complications
Low birth weight
Congenital malformations
Infant mortality
Improving prenatal care
Preventing unintended pregnancy
Connection between physicians and patients
Increase insurance
Community outreach programs
See also
References
Content: The United States has socioeconomic disparities that prevent the equal adoption of prenatal care throughout the country. Various levels of prenatal care accessibility can be observed in both developing and developed countries such as the U.S. Although women can benefit from taking advantage of prenatal care, there exists varying degrees of health care accessibility between different demographics, by ethnicity, race, and income-level, throughout the United States. Education level can also influence the utilization and accessibility of prenatal care. Nearly one-fifth of women in the United States do not access prenatal care during the first trimester of pregnancy. The prenatal health care system, along with personal attitudes all contribute to the utilization and accessibility of prenatal care. Suggested steps to improve prenatal care in the United States include the implementation of community-based health care programs, and the increase in number of those insured. Contents
1 Background
2 Schedule
2.1 Pre-conception counseling
3 Vaccination
3.1 Influenza vaccination
3.2 Rubella
3.3 Varicella
3.4 Tetanus and pertussis
4 Attitudes towards prenatal care
4.1 Positive influences
4.2 Negative influences
5 Disparities in accessibility
5.1 Low-socioeconomic areas
5.2 Minorities' access
5.2.1 Latina paradox
5.3 Contributing factors
5.3.1 Unintended pregnancy
5.3.2 Health insurance
5.3.3 Formal education
6 Consequences from lack of prenatal care
6.1 Delivery complications
6.2 Low birth weight
6.3 Congenital malformations
6.4 Infant mortality
7 Improving prenatal care
7.1 Preventing unintended pregnancy
7.2 Connection between physicians and patients
7.3 Increase insurance
7.4 Community outreach programs
8 See also
9 References
Background
Main article: Prenatal care
Prenatal care is health care provided to pregnant women as a type of preventive care with the goal of providing regular check-ups that allow obstetricians - gynecologists or midwives to detect, treat and prevent potential health problems throughout the course of the pregnancy while promoting healthy lifestyles that benefit both mother and child. Health professionals instruct mothers on prenatal nutrition, the benefits of breastfeeding, life style changes, injury and illness prevention, and methods to monitor potentially dangerous health conditions. Medical professionals also inform the mother on the birthing process and basic skills for taking care of a new born. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1264095948#3_1425635321 | Title: Prenatal care in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Prenatal care in the United States
Prenatal care in the United States
Contents
Background
Schedule
Pre-conception counseling
Vaccination
Influenza vaccination
Rubella
Varicella
Tetanus and pertussis
Attitudes towards prenatal care
Positive influences
Negative influences
Disparities in accessibility
Low-socioeconomic areas
Minorities' access
Latina paradox
Contributing factors
Unintended pregnancy
Health insurance
Formal education
Consequences from lack of prenatal care
Delivery complications
Low birth weight
Congenital malformations
Infant mortality
Improving prenatal care
Preventing unintended pregnancy
Connection between physicians and patients
Increase insurance
Community outreach programs
See also
References
Content: Suggested steps to improve prenatal care in the United States include the implementation of community-based health care programs, and the increase in number of those insured. Contents
1 Background
2 Schedule
2.1 Pre-conception counseling
3 Vaccination
3.1 Influenza vaccination
3.2 Rubella
3.3 Varicella
3.4 Tetanus and pertussis
4 Attitudes towards prenatal care
4.1 Positive influences
4.2 Negative influences
5 Disparities in accessibility
5.1 Low-socioeconomic areas
5.2 Minorities' access
5.2.1 Latina paradox
5.3 Contributing factors
5.3.1 Unintended pregnancy
5.3.2 Health insurance
5.3.3 Formal education
6 Consequences from lack of prenatal care
6.1 Delivery complications
6.2 Low birth weight
6.3 Congenital malformations
6.4 Infant mortality
7 Improving prenatal care
7.1 Preventing unintended pregnancy
7.2 Connection between physicians and patients
7.3 Increase insurance
7.4 Community outreach programs
8 See also
9 References
Background
Main article: Prenatal care
Prenatal care is health care provided to pregnant women as a type of preventive care with the goal of providing regular check-ups that allow obstetricians - gynecologists or midwives to detect, treat and prevent potential health problems throughout the course of the pregnancy while promoting healthy lifestyles that benefit both mother and child. Health professionals instruct mothers on prenatal nutrition, the benefits of breastfeeding, life style changes, injury and illness prevention, and methods to monitor potentially dangerous health conditions. Medical professionals also inform the mother on the birthing process and basic skills for taking care of a new born. During visits physicians determine the due date, family and medical history, conduct a physical exam and pelvic exam, and run various blood work. Physicians also conduct ultrasounds to monitor the baby's health periodically throughout the pregnancy. Ultrasounds are used to measure fetus growth, heartbeats, movement, and the identification of physically identifiable abnormalities. Regular check-ups allow physicians to assess changes to the mothers' blood pressure, weight, uterus size, protein supplies from urine samples, and various diseases such as diabetes through screen tests. Prenatal care serves as a tool to inform mothers on common concerns, and on methods to take care of themselves (amount of rest needed, the proper nutritional diet, etc.). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1264095948#4_1425638779 | Title: Prenatal care in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Prenatal care in the United States
Prenatal care in the United States
Contents
Background
Schedule
Pre-conception counseling
Vaccination
Influenza vaccination
Rubella
Varicella
Tetanus and pertussis
Attitudes towards prenatal care
Positive influences
Negative influences
Disparities in accessibility
Low-socioeconomic areas
Minorities' access
Latina paradox
Contributing factors
Unintended pregnancy
Health insurance
Formal education
Consequences from lack of prenatal care
Delivery complications
Low birth weight
Congenital malformations
Infant mortality
Improving prenatal care
Preventing unintended pregnancy
Connection between physicians and patients
Increase insurance
Community outreach programs
See also
References
Content: During visits physicians determine the due date, family and medical history, conduct a physical exam and pelvic exam, and run various blood work. Physicians also conduct ultrasounds to monitor the baby's health periodically throughout the pregnancy. Ultrasounds are used to measure fetus growth, heartbeats, movement, and the identification of physically identifiable abnormalities. Regular check-ups allow physicians to assess changes to the mothers' blood pressure, weight, uterus size, protein supplies from urine samples, and various diseases such as diabetes through screen tests. Prenatal care serves as a tool to inform mothers on common concerns, and on methods to take care of themselves (amount of rest needed, the proper nutritional diet, etc.). Schedule
A prenatal care schedule is recommended to consist of: Monthly visits to a health care professional for weeks 1 through 28 - (up to month 7)
Visits twice a month from 28 to 36 weeks of pregnancy - (the 7th and 8th month)
Weekly after week 36 (delivery at week 38–40)- (After the 8th month)
More frequent visits are warranted for women older than 35 or in case of a high risk pregnancy, with the number and types of extra controls depending on individual risk factors. On the other hand, it has been suggested that 8 to 11 visits in total can be sufficient for women considered at low risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. Example of prenatal care schedule in the United States for low-risk pregnancies
Screening and monitoring
Education and intervention
Vaccination and other prophylaxis
Pre-conception check up
Height and weight to calculate BMI
Blood pressure
Medical history
Abdominal and pelvic examination
Rubella testing
Varicella testing
Domestic violence
Depression
Blood lipids (cholesterol and HDL)
Pap test
Preterm labor education and prevention
Substance use
Weight and nutrition and pregnancy
Domestic violence and pregnancy
List of medications, dietary supplements, herbal supplements
Accurate recording of menstrual dates
Counseling in case of potential vaginal birth after Caesarean
Tdap or tetanus booster if needed
rubella and/or varicella vaccination if needed
Hepatitis B vaccine
Folic acid supplementation
Visit 1, 3–6
weeks
Height and weight to calculate BMI
Blood pressure
Medical history
Abdominal and pelvic examination
Rubella testing
Varicella testing
Domestic violence
Depression
Complete blood count
ABO/rh blood typing
Syphilis test
Gonorrhea and chlamydia for women at high risk for STDs
Urine culture
HIV testing
Lead poisoning test if necessary
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C if high risk
Preterm labor education and prevention
Exercise in pregnancy
Nutrition
Follow-up of modifiable risk factors in pregnancy
Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy
Warning signs
Course of care
Physiology of pregnancy
Counseling in case of potential vaginal birth after Caesarean
Discussion of diagnosis of fetal aneuploidy
Tdap or tetanus booster if needed
Nutritional supplements if needed
Influenza vaccination if necessary
Varicella vaccination if necessary
Tetanus and pertussis vaccination if necessary
Visit 2, 9–13 weeks
Weight
Blood pressure
Fetal heart monitoring
Diagnosis of fetal aneuploidy if warranted
Preterm labor education and prevention
Fetal growth
Review of labs from visit 1
Breastfeeding
Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy
Physiology of pregnancy
Follow-up of modifiable risk factors in pregnancy
Visit 3, 16 weeks
Weight
Blood pressure
Fetal heart monitoring
Fundal height
Depression
Diagnosis of fetal aneuploidy if warranted
Obstetric ultrasonography (optional)
Preterm labor education and prevention
Follow-up of modifiable risk factors
Physiology of pregnancy
Second-trimester growth
Quickening
Progesterone for prevention of preterm birth if necessary
Visit 4, 18–21 weeks
Weight
Blood pressure
Fetal heart monitoring
Fundal height
Preterm labor education and prevention
Follow-up of modifiable risk factors
Parent education program
Family issues
Length of stay
Gestational diabetes
Rho (D) immune globulin
Visit 5, 24–28 weeks
Weight
Blood pressure
Fetal heart monitoring
Fundal height
Preterm labor risk
Depression
Gestational diabetes screening
Domestic abuse
Rh antibody status if needed
Hepatitis B surface antigen if needed
Gonorrhea and chlamydia for women at high risk for STDs
Preterm labor education and prevention
Psychosocial risk factors in pregnancy
Follow-up modifiable risk factors
Work
Physiology of pregnancy
Preregistration
Fetal growth
Awareness of fetal movement
Rho (D) immune globulin if necessary
Visit 6, 29–32 weeks
Weight
Blood pressure
Fetal heart monitoring
Fundal height
Preterm labor education and prevention
Follow-up of modifiable risk factors
Travel
Contraception
Sexuality
Pediatric care
Episiotomy
Labor & delivery issues
pregnancy-induced hypertension
Counseling in case of potential vaginal birth after Caesarean
Visit 7, 36 weeks
Weight
Blood pressure
Fetal heart monitoring
Fundal height
Cervix exam
Confirming fetal position
Culture for group B streptococcus
Follow-up of modifiable risk factors
Postpartum care
Management of late pregnancy symptoms
Contraception
When to call provider
Discussion of postpartum depression
Visit 8-11, 38–41 weeks
Weight
Blood pressure
Fetal heart monitoring
Fundal height
Cervix exam
Follow-up of modifiable risk factors
Postpartum vaccinations
Infant CPR
Post-term management
Labor and delivery update
Pre-conception counseling
Main article: Pre-conception counseling in the United States
Pre-conception counseling in the United States is recommended to include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1264095948#5_1425645539 | Title: Prenatal care in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Prenatal care in the United States
Prenatal care in the United States
Contents
Background
Schedule
Pre-conception counseling
Vaccination
Influenza vaccination
Rubella
Varicella
Tetanus and pertussis
Attitudes towards prenatal care
Positive influences
Negative influences
Disparities in accessibility
Low-socioeconomic areas
Minorities' access
Latina paradox
Contributing factors
Unintended pregnancy
Health insurance
Formal education
Consequences from lack of prenatal care
Delivery complications
Low birth weight
Congenital malformations
Infant mortality
Improving prenatal care
Preventing unintended pregnancy
Connection between physicians and patients
Increase insurance
Community outreach programs
See also
References
Content: Schedule
A prenatal care schedule is recommended to consist of: Monthly visits to a health care professional for weeks 1 through 28 - (up to month 7)
Visits twice a month from 28 to 36 weeks of pregnancy - (the 7th and 8th month)
Weekly after week 36 (delivery at week 38–40)- (After the 8th month)
More frequent visits are warranted for women older than 35 or in case of a high risk pregnancy, with the number and types of extra controls depending on individual risk factors. On the other hand, it has been suggested that 8 to 11 visits in total can be sufficient for women considered at low risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. Example of prenatal care schedule in the United States for low-risk pregnancies
Screening and monitoring
Education and intervention
Vaccination and other prophylaxis
Pre-conception check up
Height and weight to calculate BMI
Blood pressure
Medical history
Abdominal and pelvic examination
Rubella testing
Varicella testing
Domestic violence
Depression
Blood lipids (cholesterol and HDL)
Pap test
Preterm labor education and prevention
Substance use
Weight and nutrition and pregnancy
Domestic violence and pregnancy
List of medications, dietary supplements, herbal supplements
Accurate recording of menstrual dates
Counseling in case of potential vaginal birth after Caesarean
Tdap or tetanus booster if needed
rubella and/or varicella vaccination if needed
Hepatitis B vaccine
Folic acid supplementation
Visit 1, 3–6
weeks
Height and weight to calculate BMI
Blood pressure
Medical history
Abdominal and pelvic examination
Rubella testing
Varicella testing
Domestic violence
Depression
Complete blood count
ABO/rh blood typing
Syphilis test
Gonorrhea and chlamydia for women at high risk for STDs
Urine culture
HIV testing
Lead poisoning test if necessary
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C if high risk
Preterm labor education and prevention
Exercise in pregnancy
Nutrition
Follow-up of modifiable risk factors in pregnancy
Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy
Warning signs
Course of care
Physiology of pregnancy
Counseling in case of potential vaginal birth after Caesarean
Discussion of diagnosis of fetal aneuploidy
Tdap or tetanus booster if needed
Nutritional supplements if needed
Influenza vaccination if necessary
Varicella vaccination if necessary
Tetanus and pertussis vaccination if necessary
Visit 2, 9–13 weeks
Weight
Blood pressure
Fetal heart monitoring
Diagnosis of fetal aneuploidy if warranted
Preterm labor education and prevention
Fetal growth
Review of labs from visit 1
Breastfeeding
Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy
Physiology of pregnancy
Follow-up of modifiable risk factors in pregnancy
Visit 3, 16 weeks
Weight
Blood pressure
Fetal heart monitoring
Fundal height
Depression
Diagnosis of fetal aneuploidy if warranted
Obstetric ultrasonography (optional)
Preterm labor education and prevention
Follow-up of modifiable risk factors
Physiology of pregnancy
Second-trimester growth
Quickening
Progesterone for prevention of preterm birth if necessary
Visit 4, 18–21 weeks
Weight
Blood pressure
Fetal heart monitoring
Fundal height
Preterm labor education and prevention
Follow-up of modifiable risk factors
Parent education program
Family issues
Length of stay
Gestational diabetes
Rho (D) immune globulin
Visit 5, 24–28 weeks
Weight
Blood pressure
Fetal heart monitoring
Fundal height
Preterm labor risk
Depression
Gestational diabetes screening
Domestic abuse
Rh antibody status if needed
Hepatitis B surface antigen if needed
Gonorrhea and chlamydia for women at high risk for STDs
Preterm labor education and prevention
Psychosocial risk factors in pregnancy
Follow-up modifiable risk factors
Work
Physiology of pregnancy
Preregistration
Fetal growth
Awareness of fetal movement
Rho (D) immune globulin if necessary
Visit 6, 29–32 weeks
Weight
Blood pressure
Fetal heart monitoring
Fundal height
Preterm labor education and prevention
Follow-up of modifiable risk factors
Travel
Contraception
Sexuality
Pediatric care
Episiotomy
Labor & delivery issues
pregnancy-induced hypertension
Counseling in case of potential vaginal birth after Caesarean
Visit 7, 36 weeks
Weight
Blood pressure
Fetal heart monitoring
Fundal height
Cervix exam
Confirming fetal position
Culture for group B streptococcus
Follow-up of modifiable risk factors
Postpartum care
Management of late pregnancy symptoms
Contraception
When to call provider
Discussion of postpartum depression
Visit 8-11, 38–41 weeks
Weight
Blood pressure
Fetal heart monitoring
Fundal height
Cervix exam
Follow-up of modifiable risk factors
Postpartum vaccinations
Infant CPR
Post-term management
Labor and delivery update
Pre-conception counseling
Main article: Pre-conception counseling in the United States
Pre-conception counseling in the United States is recommended to include: Height and weight to calculate BMI
Blood pressure
Medical history
Abdominal and pelvic examination
Rubella screening
Varicella screening
Domestic violence screening
Depression screening
Testing for gonorrhea and chlamydia for women at high risk for STDs
Vaccination
Vaccine
Type
Recomm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1266943889#0_1428743050 | Title: Presidency of Boris Yeltsin - Wikipedia
Headings: Presidency of Boris Yeltsin
Presidency of Boris Yeltsin
Contents
The election and inauguration
First term
State Committee on the State of Emergency
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Russian constitutional crisis
Press Freedom in Russia
First Chechen War
Russian presidential election, 1996
Second term
Resignation
Bibliography
See also
References
Content: Presidency of Boris Yeltsin - Wikipedia
Presidency of Boris Yeltsin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Presidency of Boris Yeltsin
July 10, 1991 – December 31, 1999
President
Boris Yeltsin
Party
Independent
Election
1991 and 1996
Seat
Moscow Kremlin
Vladimir Putin →
This article is part of
a series about
Boris Yeltsin
Early life
Presidency
Yeltsinism
CPSU membership
26th
27th Politburo
26th
27th Central Committee
28th Congress
Elections
1991
campaign
1996
campaign
Loans for shares
Semibankirschina
Soskovets campaign strategy
Xerox Affair
First term
1st inauguration
Cabinet
August Coup
Constitutional conference
1993 crisis
1st Chechen War
International trips
Second term
2nd inauguration
Ruble crisis
2nd Chechen War
Resignation
International trips
Post-Presidency
Presidential Center
Presidential Library
Illness
Death and state funeral
Media gallery
v
t
e
At a press conference with American President Bill Clinton. October 24, 1995
The Russian Presidency of Boris Yeltsin, was the executive branch of the federal government of the Russian Federation from June 12, 1991 to December 31, 1999. Yeltsin was the first Russian president, and during his presidency, the country suffered from widespread corruption. As a result of persistent low oil and commodity prices during the 1990s, Russia suffered inflation, economic collapse and enormous political and social problems that affected Russia and the other former states of the USSR. Within a few years of his presidency, many of Yeltsin's initial supporters started to criticize his leadership, and Vice President Alexander Rutskoy even denounced the reforms as "economic genocide". Ongoing confrontations with the Supreme Soviet climaxed in the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis in which Yeltsin illegally ordered the dissolution of the Supreme Soviet parliament, which as a result decided to try to remove him from office. In October 1993, troops loyal to Yeltsin stopped an armed uprising outside of the parliament building, leading to a number of deaths. Yeltsin then scrapped the existing Russian constitution, banned political opposition and deepened his efforts to transform the economy. On December 31, 1999, under enormous internal pressure, Yeltsin announced his resignation, leaving the presidency in the hands of his chosen successor, then-Prime Minister Vladimir Putin. Yeltsin left office widely unpopular with the Russian population. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Boris_Yeltsin |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1266943889#1_1428746184 | Title: Presidency of Boris Yeltsin - Wikipedia
Headings: Presidency of Boris Yeltsin
Presidency of Boris Yeltsin
Contents
The election and inauguration
First term
State Committee on the State of Emergency
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Russian constitutional crisis
Press Freedom in Russia
First Chechen War
Russian presidential election, 1996
Second term
Resignation
Bibliography
See also
References
Content: Ongoing confrontations with the Supreme Soviet climaxed in the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis in which Yeltsin illegally ordered the dissolution of the Supreme Soviet parliament, which as a result decided to try to remove him from office. In October 1993, troops loyal to Yeltsin stopped an armed uprising outside of the parliament building, leading to a number of deaths. Yeltsin then scrapped the existing Russian constitution, banned political opposition and deepened his efforts to transform the economy. On December 31, 1999, under enormous internal pressure, Yeltsin announced his resignation, leaving the presidency in the hands of his chosen successor, then-Prime Minister Vladimir Putin. Yeltsin left office widely unpopular with the Russian population. Contents
1 The election and inauguration
2 First term
2.1 State Committee on the State of Emergency
2.2 Dissolution of the Soviet Union
2.3 Russian constitutional crisis
2.4 Press Freedom in Russia
2.5 First Chechen War
2.6 Russian presidential election, 1996
3 Second term
4 Resignation
5 Bibliography
6 See also
7 References
The election and inauguration
Main article: First inauguration of Boris Yeltsin
On June 12, 1991 Yeltsin was elected as the first President of the Russian Federation, received 45,552,041 votes, representing 57.30 percent of the number who took part in the vote, and well ahead of Nikolai Ryzhkov, who, despite the support of the federal authorities, received only 16.85%. Together with Boris Yeltsin was elected a vice-president, Alexander Rutskoi. After the elections, Boris Yeltsin began the struggle with the privileges of the range and the maintenance of Russia's sovereignty within the USSR. These were the first in the history of Russian national presidential elections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Boris_Yeltsin |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1266943889#6_1428757954 | Title: Presidency of Boris Yeltsin - Wikipedia
Headings: Presidency of Boris Yeltsin
Presidency of Boris Yeltsin
Contents
The election and inauguration
First term
State Committee on the State of Emergency
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Russian constitutional crisis
Press Freedom in Russia
First Chechen War
Russian presidential election, 1996
Second term
Resignation
Bibliography
See also
References
Content: Dissolution of the Soviet Union
In December 1991, Boris Yeltsin, Soviet President Gorbachev held a secret meeting with Ukrainian President, Leonid Kravchuk, and Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Belarus, Stanislav Shushkevich, which led to negotiations on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States. On December 8, 1991, the presidents of Ukraine, Russia and the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Belarus signed the Belavezha Agreement on creation of the CIS, which states that "the USSR, as a subject of international law and a geopolitical reality ceased to exist". The agreement was signed despite the referendum on preserving the Soviet Union, which took place March 17, 1991. On December 12, the agreement was ratified by the Supreme Soviet of Russia. The Russian parliament ratified the document by a large majority: 188 votes "for" with 6 votes "against", and 7 votes were "abstained". The legitimacy of the ratification caused doubts among some members of the Russian parliament, since according to the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the RSFSR in 1978 consideration of the documents are in the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress of People's Deputies, as it affects the character of the Republic as part of USSR and thus entailed changes in the Russian constitution. On December 21 the majority of the union republics joined to the Commonwealth after they signed the Alma-Ata Declarations and the Protocol to the Agreement on the establishment of the CIS. Alexander Lukashenko believes that the most negative consequence of the collapse of the USSR was the formation of a unipolar world. According to Stanislav Shushkevich in 1996, Yeltsin said that he regretted signing the Bialowieza agreements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Boris_Yeltsin |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1266943889#7_1428760298 | Title: Presidency of Boris Yeltsin - Wikipedia
Headings: Presidency of Boris Yeltsin
Presidency of Boris Yeltsin
Contents
The election and inauguration
First term
State Committee on the State of Emergency
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Russian constitutional crisis
Press Freedom in Russia
First Chechen War
Russian presidential election, 1996
Second term
Resignation
Bibliography
See also
References
Content: 188 votes "for" with 6 votes "against", and 7 votes were "abstained". The legitimacy of the ratification caused doubts among some members of the Russian parliament, since according to the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the RSFSR in 1978 consideration of the documents are in the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress of People's Deputies, as it affects the character of the Republic as part of USSR and thus entailed changes in the Russian constitution. On December 21 the majority of the union republics joined to the Commonwealth after they signed the Alma-Ata Declarations and the Protocol to the Agreement on the establishment of the CIS. Alexander Lukashenko believes that the most negative consequence of the collapse of the USSR was the formation of a unipolar world. According to Stanislav Shushkevich in 1996, Yeltsin said that he regretted signing the Bialowieza agreements. On December 24, the President of the Russian Federation informed the Secretary General of the United Nations that the membership of the Soviet Union replacing by the Russian Federation which continues the membership in all organs of the United Nations (including membership in the UN Security Council). Thus, Russia is considered an original member of the United Nations (since October 24, 1945), along with Ukraine (SSR) and Belarus (Byelorussian SSR). On December 25, 1991, Boris Yeltsin, was full of presidential power in Russia in connection with the resignation of Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and the actual collapse of the USSR. Following the resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev, Boris Yeltsin had transferred his residence from the Russia's White House to the Kremlin and he received the so-called nuclear suitcase . In April 1992, 4th Congress of People's Deputies three times refused to ratify Belovezhskoe agreement and deleted from the text of the Russian Constitution mention of the constitution and laws of the USSR, which subsequently became one of the causes of the confrontation of the Congress of People's Deputies with President Yeltsin and later led to the dispersal of the Congress in October 1993. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Boris_Yeltsin |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1270459216#7_1430276158 | Title: President-elect of the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: President-elect of the United States
President-elect of the United States
Contents
Presidential election law overview
Electoral College role
Congressional reports
President-elect succession
Presidential transitions
List of presidents-elect
Vice president-elect
See also
References
External links
Content: If no presidential candidate reaches the 270-vote threshold, the election for the president is decided by the House of Representatives in a run-off contingent election. Similarly, if no vice-presidential candidate reaches that threshold, the election for the vice president is decided by the Senate. Electoral College role
Although neither the Constitution nor any federal law requires electors to vote for the candidate who wins their state's popular vote, some states have enacted laws mandating that they vote for the state vote winner. In 2020, the constitutionality of these laws was upheld by the United States Supreme Court. Historically, there have only been a few instances of " faithless electors " casting their ballots for a candidate to whom they were not pledged, and such instances have never altered the final outcome of a presidential election. Congressional reports
Two congressional reports found that the president-elect is the eventual winner of the majority of electoral ballots cast in December. The Congressional Research Service (CRS) of the Library of Congress, in its 2004 report "Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession: Overview and Current Legislation," discussed the question of when candidates who have received a majority of electoral votes become president-elect. The report notes that the constitutional status of the president-elect is disputed: Some commentators doubt whether an official president- and vice president-elect exist prior to the electoral votes being counted and announced by Congress on January 6, maintaining that this is a problematic contingency lacking clear constitutional or statutory direction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1274873685#8_1434081612 | Title: Presidential system - Wikipedia
Headings: Presidential system
Presidential system
Contents
Characteristics
Subnational governments of the world
Advantages
Direct elections
Separation of powers
Speed and decisiveness
Stability
Criticism and disadvantages
Tendency towards authoritarianism
Political gridlock
Lack of accountability
Impediments to leadership change
Differences from a parliamentary system
Overlapping elements
States with a presidential system of government
Presidential systems
Presidential systems with a prime minister
Countries with a Supreme Leader
Presidential System in Administrative Divisions
Dependencies of United States
Special Administrative Regions of China
Former presidential republics
See also
Notes and references
External links
Content: Some presidential states have an indirectly elected head of state. Separation of powers — a presidential system establishes the presidency and the legislature as two parallel structures. This allows each structure to monitor and check the other, preventing abuses of power. Speed and decisiveness — A president with strong powers can usually enact changes quickly. However, the separation of powers can also slow the system down. Stability — a president, by virtue of a fixed term, may provide more stability than a prime minister, who can be dismissed at any time. Direct elections
In most presidential systems, the president is elected by popular vote, although some such as the United States use an electoral college or some other method. By this method, the president receives a personal mandate to lead the country, whereas in a parliamentary system a candidate might only receive a personal mandate to represent a constituency. That means a president can only be elected independently of the legislative branch. Separation of powers
A presidential system's separation of the executive from the legislature is sometimes held up as an advantage, in that each branch may scrutinize the actions of the other. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_democracy |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1274873685#9_1434083819 | Title: Presidential system - Wikipedia
Headings: Presidential system
Presidential system
Contents
Characteristics
Subnational governments of the world
Advantages
Direct elections
Separation of powers
Speed and decisiveness
Stability
Criticism and disadvantages
Tendency towards authoritarianism
Political gridlock
Lack of accountability
Impediments to leadership change
Differences from a parliamentary system
Overlapping elements
States with a presidential system of government
Presidential systems
Presidential systems with a prime minister
Countries with a Supreme Leader
Presidential System in Administrative Divisions
Dependencies of United States
Special Administrative Regions of China
Former presidential republics
See also
Notes and references
External links
Content: Stability — a president, by virtue of a fixed term, may provide more stability than a prime minister, who can be dismissed at any time. Direct elections
In most presidential systems, the president is elected by popular vote, although some such as the United States use an electoral college or some other method. By this method, the president receives a personal mandate to lead the country, whereas in a parliamentary system a candidate might only receive a personal mandate to represent a constituency. That means a president can only be elected independently of the legislative branch. Separation of powers
A presidential system's separation of the executive from the legislature is sometimes held up as an advantage, in that each branch may scrutinize the actions of the other. In a parliamentary system, the executive is drawn from the legislature, making criticism of one by the other considerably less likely. A formal condemnation of the executive by the legislature is often considered a vote of no confidence. According to supporters of the presidential system, the lack of checks and balances means that misconduct by a prime minister may never be discovered. Writing about Watergate, Woodrow Wyatt, a former MP in the UK, said "don't think a Watergate couldn't happen here, you just wouldn't hear about it." ( ibid)
Critics respond that if a presidential system's legislature is controlled by the president's party, the same situation exists. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_democracy |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1277798861#7_1437659441 | Title: Pretexting - Wikipedia
Headings: Pretexting
Pretexting
Contents
Background
Social engineering
Pretexting in the timeline of social engineering
Reverse social engineering
Social aspect
Prized
Ability to trust
Susceptibility to react
Low perception of threat
Response to authority
Examples throughout history
Early pretexting (1970–80s)
Recent examples
Current education frameworks
See also
References
Content: Due to the connection between the attacker and the victim, the victim will be inclined to believe the attacker and click on the harmful link). Social aspect
Pretexting was and continues to be seen as a useful tactic in social engineering attacks. According to researchers, this is because they don't rely on technology (such as hacking into computer systems or breaching technology ). Pretexting can occur online, but it is more reliant on the user and the aspects of their personality the attacker can utilize to their advantage. Attacks that are more reliant on the user are harder to track and control, as each person responds to social engineering and pretexting attacks differently. Directly attacking a computer, however, can take less effort to solve, since computers relatively work in similar ways. There are certain characteristics of users that attackers pinpoint and target. In academia, some common characteristics are: Prized
If the victim is "prized", it means that he/she has some type of information that the social engineer desires. Ability to trust
Trustworthiness goes along with likability, as typically the more someone is liked, the more they are trusted. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretexting |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1279782711#0_1439590332 | Title: Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 - Wikipedia
Headings: Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002
Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002
Contents
Objectives
Key definitions
Salient features
Punishment for money-laundering
Powers of attachment of tainted property
Adjudicating Authority
Presumption in inter-connected transactions
Burden of proof
Appellate Tribunal
Special Court
FIU-IND
Similar laws in other countries
Money Laundering Control Act of 1986
See also
References
Content: Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 - Wikipedia
Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. ( April 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002
Parliament of India
Long title
An Act to prevent land laundering and to provide for confiscation of property derived from, or involved in, money-laundering and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. Citation
Act No.15 of 2003
Enacted by
Parliament of India
Enacted
17 January 2003
Assented to
17 January 2003
Commenced
1 July 2005
Amended by
The Prevention of Money Laundering (Amendment) Act, 2005, The Prevention of Money Laundering (Amendment) Act, 2009
Status: In force
Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted by the NDA government to prevent money-laundering and to provide for confiscation of property derived from money-laundering. PMLA and the Rules notified there under came into force with effect from July 1, 2005. The Act and Rules notified there under impose obligation on banking companies, financial institutions and intermediaries to verify identity of clients, maintain records and furnish information in prescribed form to Financial Intelligence Unit - India (FIU-IND). The act was amended in the year 2005, 2009 and 2012. On 24 Nov 2017, In a ruling in favour of citizens' liberty, the Supreme Court has set aside a clause in the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, which made it virtually impossible for a person convicted to more than three years in jail to get bail if the public prosecutor opposed it. ( | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_of_Money_Laundering_Act,_2002 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1279782711#1_1439592887 | Title: Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 - Wikipedia
Headings: Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002
Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002
Contents
Objectives
Key definitions
Salient features
Punishment for money-laundering
Powers of attachment of tainted property
Adjudicating Authority
Presumption in inter-connected transactions
Burden of proof
Appellate Tribunal
Special Court
FIU-IND
Similar laws in other countries
Money Laundering Control Act of 1986
See also
References
Content: In force
Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted by the NDA government to prevent money-laundering and to provide for confiscation of property derived from money-laundering. PMLA and the Rules notified there under came into force with effect from July 1, 2005. The Act and Rules notified there under impose obligation on banking companies, financial institutions and intermediaries to verify identity of clients, maintain records and furnish information in prescribed form to Financial Intelligence Unit - India (FIU-IND). The act was amended in the year 2005, 2009 and 2012. On 24 Nov 2017, In a ruling in favour of citizens' liberty, the Supreme Court has set aside a clause in the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, which made it virtually impossible for a person convicted to more than three years in jail to get bail if the public prosecutor opposed it. ( Section 45 of the PMLA Act, 2002, provides that no person can be granted bail for any offence under the Act unless the public prosecutor, appointed by the government, gets a chance to oppose his bail. And should the public prosecutor choose to oppose bail, the court has to be convinced that the accused was not guilty of the crime and additionally that he/she was not likely to commit any offence while out on bail- a tall order by any count.) ( It observed that the provision violates Articles 14 and 21 of the Indian Constitution)
Contents
1 Objectives
2 Key definitions
3 Salient features
3.1 Punishment for money-laundering
3.2 Powers of attachment of tainted property
3.3 Adjudicating Authority
3.4 Presumption in inter-connected transactions
3.5 Burden of proof
3.6 Appellate Tribunal
3.7 Special Court
3.8 FIU-IND
4 Similar laws in other countries
4.1 Money Laundering Control Act of 1986
5 See also
6 References
Objectives
The PMLA seeks to combat money laundering in India and has three main objectives: To prevent and control money laundering. To confiscate and seize the property obtained from the laundered money; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_of_Money_Laundering_Act,_2002 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1286556076#0_1447360320 | Title: Prime farmland - Wikipedia
Headings: Prime farmland
Prime farmland
Contents
Definition
Overlapping interests
Other designations
Demarcation of Prime Farmland
See also
References
Content: Prime farmland - Wikipedia
Prime farmland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article concerns soils in the United States. For the equivalent in Canada, see Canada Land Inventory; for the equivalent in China, see territorial spatial planning#"Three areas, three lines". Prime farmland in 1997
Prime farmland is a designation assigned by U.S. Department of Agriculture defining land that has the best combination of physical and chemical characteristics for producing food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is also available for these land uses. Contents
1 Definition
2 Overlapping interests
3 Other designations
4 Demarcation of Prime Farmland
5 See also
6 References
Definition
Prime farmland "has the soil quality, growing season, and moisture supply needed to produce economically sustained high yields of crops when treated and managed according to acceptable farming methods, including water management.". In general, prime farmlands have an adequate and dependable water supply from precipitation or irrigation, a favorable temperature and growing season, acceptable acidity or alkalinity, acceptable salt and sodium content, and few or no rocks. They are permeable to water and air. Prime farmlands are not excessively erodible or saturated with water for a long period of time, and they either do not flood frequently or are protected from flooding. Overlapping interests
Because many of today's major cities were historically founded in agriculturally rich areas, prime farmland tends to be (by virtue of its location) well suited to “growing” houses. Therefore, prime farmland is also prime developable land, and is extremely prone to conversion when in proximity to urban growth areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_farmland |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1286556076#1_1447362462 | Title: Prime farmland - Wikipedia
Headings: Prime farmland
Prime farmland
Contents
Definition
Overlapping interests
Other designations
Demarcation of Prime Farmland
See also
References
Content: In general, prime farmlands have an adequate and dependable water supply from precipitation or irrigation, a favorable temperature and growing season, acceptable acidity or alkalinity, acceptable salt and sodium content, and few or no rocks. They are permeable to water and air. Prime farmlands are not excessively erodible or saturated with water for a long period of time, and they either do not flood frequently or are protected from flooding. Overlapping interests
Because many of today's major cities were historically founded in agriculturally rich areas, prime farmland tends to be (by virtue of its location) well suited to “growing” houses. Therefore, prime farmland is also prime developable land, and is extremely prone to conversion when in proximity to urban growth areas. This trend is further encouraged by the widespread availability of the private automobile, continuous expansion of roadways, and relatively low-priced gasoline. USDA prime farmland designation helps growth management and resource conservation efforts in urban growth areas to use zoning and conservation easements in order to preserve prime farmland resources, maintain local economic diversity, and establish green belts. Nonprofit organizations like American Farmland Trust specialize in helping communities use these techniques. Other designations used by USDA to complement Prime Farmland are Farmland of statewide importance, Farmland of local importance, and Unique farmland. Unique farmland is land other than prime farmland that is used for the production of specific high value food and fiber crops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_farmland |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1286556076#2_1447364436 | Title: Prime farmland - Wikipedia
Headings: Prime farmland
Prime farmland
Contents
Definition
Overlapping interests
Other designations
Demarcation of Prime Farmland
See also
References
Content: This trend is further encouraged by the widespread availability of the private automobile, continuous expansion of roadways, and relatively low-priced gasoline. USDA prime farmland designation helps growth management and resource conservation efforts in urban growth areas to use zoning and conservation easements in order to preserve prime farmland resources, maintain local economic diversity, and establish green belts. Nonprofit organizations like American Farmland Trust specialize in helping communities use these techniques. Other designations used by USDA to complement Prime Farmland are Farmland of statewide importance, Farmland of local importance, and Unique farmland. Unique farmland is land other than prime farmland that is used for the production of specific high value food and fiber crops. It has the special combination of soil quality, location, growing season, and moisture supply needed to produce economically sustained high quality and/or high yields of a specific crop when treated and managed according to acceptable farming methods. Examples of crops are tree nuts, olives, cranberries, citruses and other fruits, and vegetables. Other designations
Criteria for defining and delineating these lands are determined by the appropriate state or local agencies in cooperation with USDA. The significant difference is that although the criteria are not appropriate outside the state or local area, that these lands approach the productivity of lands in their area which meet criteria for prime farmland and unique farmland. Demarcation of Prime Farmland
A universal method for the demarcation of Prime Farmland (PF) soils that considers both science and policy is highly necessary, as when PF soils occupy < 60% of an area their preservation is hard. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_farmland |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1299058673#8_1460172409 | Title: Principes - Wikipedia
Headings: Principes
Principes
Contents
History and deployment
Camillan system
Polybian system
Marian reforms
See also
References
Content: Marian reforms
With the formal military reforms of Gaius Marius in 107 BC, intended to combat a shortage of manpower from wars against the Numidian king Jugurtha in North Africa and Germanic tribes to the north, the different classes of units were disbanded entirely with legionaries uniformly armed with gladius and two pilum. The wealth and age requirements were scrapped. Soldiers would join as a career, rather than as service to the city, and would all be equipped as miles, or soldiers, with the same state purchased equipment. Auxiliaries, local irregular troops, would fulfill other roles, serving as archers, skirmishers and cavalry. See also
Ancient Rome portal
War portal
List of Roman army unit types
Roman infantry tactics
References
^ a bSouthern, Pat (2007). The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History. Oxford University Press. pp. 90. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principes |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1301791956#7_1463658609 | Title: Prison escape - Wikipedia
Headings: Prison escape
Prison escape
Contents
Methods
Cell escape
Containment penetration
Physical force
Deception
Exploitation of weaknesses
Exploitation of corruption
Failure to return
Escape from outside
Outside help
Escape from island prisons
Prevention
Structural
Guard placement
Technology
Routine
Punishment
Famous historical escapes
Helicopter escapes
Prisoner of war escapes
See also
Footnotes
External links
Content: In some escapes, inmates construct makeshift dummies to make guards believe they are in their cells, usually in bed, when they are not. This enables the inmate to gain a head start from the prison before guards discover they are actually missing. Such dummies are typically constructed quite crudely, often using the inmate's or another's hair, shoes, and miscellaneous materials for stuffing, hidden under a blanket to give the appearance a body is present. Exploitation of weaknesses
Finding holes in the security of the facility, and taking advantage of them. This may include the discovery of overlooked security issues, or taking advantage of guards who are not following policies or procedures, or are otherwise not doing their jobs properly. Exploitation of corruption
Taking advantage of intentional wrongdoing on part of prison staff. This may include the use of weapons or other contraband smuggled in by staff, or receiving assistance from staff who believe in that inmate's freedom and willingly assist. Failure to return
Some lower security inmates are permitted to leave prison grounds temporarily on the honor they will return. These include those who depart for employment outside the facility or furloughs that allow time outside for periods of time. Escape from outside
Breaking while in custody outside facility grounds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_escape |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1301791956#11_1463666260 | Title: Prison escape - Wikipedia
Headings: Prison escape
Prison escape
Contents
Methods
Cell escape
Containment penetration
Physical force
Deception
Exploitation of weaknesses
Exploitation of corruption
Failure to return
Escape from outside
Outside help
Escape from island prisons
Prevention
Structural
Guard placement
Technology
Routine
Punishment
Famous historical escapes
Helicopter escapes
Prisoner of war escapes
See also
Footnotes
External links
Content: Some of the preventive measures are: Structural
One or more fences surrounding the facility
Barbed wire or razor wire on topping fences that surround the facility
Razor wire on the ground between fences, thereby making one's presence in this area dangerous and possibly deadly
Multiple locked doors between the "pods" (sections of cells) and the exit
Cell windows made too narrow for a human body to fit through; iron bars are often fitted
Guard placement
Rounds: Guards within the facility make rounds checking inmates at set intervals
Full-time watch: High-risk inmates are watched non-stop around the clock one-on-one
Guard towers: Guards in towers at corners of compound can observe edges of the facility and are often authorized to use deadly force against fleeing escapees
Perimeter patrol: A guard in a vehicle circles the compound from the outside, watching for escaping inmates
Technology
Surveillance cameras allow guards to monitor areas of the compound without being physically present there
Security lighting provides nighttime visibility of exterior areas, including entrances, exercise yards and perimeter fencing
Microwave motion sensors alert security if an inmate nears the fence
Thermal cameras detect heat signatures and can notify guards if an inmate (or other unauthorized person) is present in a restricted area or moving towards the fence
Alarms, buzzers, or sirens make guards aware if any doors or gates are open, signifying a possible breach
Perimeter intrusion detection systems sound an alarm if fences are climbed or cut. Some systems also provide guards with live audio feedback
Routine
Head counts at set times to ensure the number of inmates actually in the facility matches the number on record
Cell searches to make sure inmates do not have contraband that can be used to aid an escape or commit violence against guards or other inmates
Punishment
In some jurisdictions, including the United States, escaping from jail or prison is a criminal offense. In Virginia, for instance, the punishment for escape depends on whether the offen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_escape |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1301986746#7_1463867071 | Title: Prison overcrowding - Wikipedia
Headings: Prison overcrowding
Prison overcrowding
Contents
Prison History
United States
Causes
Risks
Solutions
See also
References
Content: There has been an increase in waitlisted or lack of specialized programs (drug, alcohol, intoxicated driving courses) that allow inmates to have the proper rehabilitation. Some crimes are just simply not given the option for parole, which holds inmates in the system for an extended time or even life. Risks
The rise of overcrowding has resulted in many issues such as: Poor health care
Increased gang activity within the prisons
Increase in individual mental health issues
Violence/Racism
Spread of disease
Staff stress
Prison overcrowding could create a range of consequences that have become prevalent in the world today. First, prison overcrowding could affect resources per prisoner. The more inmates that are admitted, the fewer resources there are to distribute. Due to the lack of resources, inmates may be forced to spend large amounts of time doing nothing rather than becoming engaged in an activity. The amount of resources continues to reduce as more prisoners are admitted, and social support services become more limited. With a small amount of space and resources within the prisons, prisoners progress more slowly through the steps to release, and their numbers accumulate more quickly. The combination of those two factors could lead to the prison system slowing down, and prisoners' progress would also begin to move slowly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_overcrowding |
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