Datasets:

ielabgroup
/

processed_segmented_msmarco_v2.1_doc_dataset_small

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (1)

train · 69.5k rows

id stringlengths 33 45	content stringlengths 95 98.7k	url stringlengths 18 263
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_704097814#8_790121564	Title: Observer effect (physics) - Wikipedia Headings: Observer effect (physics) Observer effect (physics) Contents Particle physics Electronics Thermodynamics Quantum mechanics References Content: A consequence of Bell's theorem is that measurement on one of two entangled particles can appear to have a nonlocal effect on the other particle. Additional problems related to decoherence arise when the observer is modeled as a quantum system, as well. See also: Quantum decoherence and Delayed choice quantum eraser The uncertainty principle has been frequently confused with the observer effect, evidently even by its originator, Werner Heisenberg. The uncertainty principle in its standard form describes how precisely we may measure the position and momentum of a particle at the same time – if we increase the precision in measuring one quantity, we are forced to lose precision in measuring the other. An alternative version of the uncertainty principle, more in the spirit of an observer effect, fully accounts for the disturbance the observer has on a system and the error incurred, although this is not how the term "uncertainty principle" is m	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect_(physics)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_705931122#10_792101132	Title: Occlusal trauma - Wikipedia Headings: Occlusal trauma Occlusal trauma Contents Signs and symptoms Diagnosis Primary vs. secondary Primary Secondary Cause and treatment References External links Content: editors: Carranza’s Clinical Periodontology, 9th Edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 2002. page 192. ^ traumatogenic occlusion - definition of traumatogenic occlusion in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia ^ Carranza, FA: Bone Loss and Patterns of Bone Destructions. In Newman, MG; Takei, HH; Carranza, FA;	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occlusal_trauma
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_705931122#11_792101897	Title: Occlusal trauma - Wikipedia Headings: Occlusal trauma Occlusal trauma Contents Signs and symptoms Diagnosis Primary vs. secondary Primary Secondary Cause and treatment References External links Content: ^ traumatogenic occlusion - definition of traumatogenic occlusion in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia ^ Carranza, FA: Bone Loss and Patterns of Bone Destructions. In Newman, MG; Takei, HH; Carranza, FA; editors: Carranza’s Clinical Periodontology, 9th Edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 2002. page 362.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occlusal_trauma
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_706785378#2_792771047	Title: Occupational heat stress - Wikipedia Headings: Occupational heat stress Occupational heat stress Contents Risk factors Acclimatization Examples of high risk occupations Symptoms of heat stress Heat exhaustion Heat stroke Measurement and monitoring Measurements Monitoring Prevention Engineering controls Work practices Training Acclimatization schedules Occupational standards International United States NIOSH recommended standard Control of heat stress General Requirements Heat Alert Program See also External links References Content: Workers exposed to high temperatures, humidity, and limited air movement, especially outside workers, are vulnerable to heat illness. Physiologic factors can also impact a worker's vulnerability, specifically if their job requires physical exertion, which produces metabolic heat. Workers can also be more vulnerable to heat illness if they are dehydrated from sweating and not drinking enough water or have a low level of physical fitness. Certain medications can also make it more difficult for someone to adapt to high temperatures, such as some common antibiotics, as well as some diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and psychiatric medications. Workers who have cardiovascular diseases, respiratory illnesses, diabetes, hypertension, or obesity, or who are currently pregnant, are also at higher risk for heat illness. Additionally, wearing heavy or thick personal protective equipment and clothing can prevent workers from sweating properly, which prevents the body from effectively cooling. Workers can also adjust to working in high temperatures so their bodies can become better at cooling over time, though this adjustment requires a multi-week acclimatization process. Acclimatization According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), acclimatization is a biological process that an individual will go through to adjust to a stimulus following continued exposure. Physiologically, acclimatization to heat will allow a worker’s body to more efficiently cool itself when exposed to high temperatures. When a worker has adjusted to working in a hotter environment, they will have a lower heart rate, earlier onset of sweating, and increased blood flow to blood vessels near the skin, allowing their body to more efficiently cool itself than a worker who is not acclimatized.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Heat_Stress
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_706785378#3_792773611	Title: Occupational heat stress - Wikipedia Headings: Occupational heat stress Occupational heat stress Contents Risk factors Acclimatization Examples of high risk occupations Symptoms of heat stress Heat exhaustion Heat stroke Measurement and monitoring Measurements Monitoring Prevention Engineering controls Work practices Training Acclimatization schedules Occupational standards International United States NIOSH recommended standard Control of heat stress General Requirements Heat Alert Program See also External links References Content: Additionally, wearing heavy or thick personal protective equipment and clothing can prevent workers from sweating properly, which prevents the body from effectively cooling. Workers can also adjust to working in high temperatures so their bodies can become better at cooling over time, though this adjustment requires a multi-week acclimatization process. Acclimatization According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), acclimatization is a biological process that an individual will go through to adjust to a stimulus following continued exposure. Physiologically, acclimatization to heat will allow a worker’s body to more efficiently cool itself when exposed to high temperatures. When a worker has adjusted to working in a hotter environment, they will have a lower heart rate, earlier onset of sweating, and increased blood flow to blood vessels near the skin, allowing their body to more efficiently cool itself than a worker who is not acclimatized. See below section on acclimatization schedules for specific processes. Construction workers are at high risk for heat illnesses as their jobs are normally outside and require physical exertion. Examples of high risk occupations Workers in many occupations are at high risk for exposure to heat stress. Especially vulnerable are outdoor workers who have highly physical tasks to complete, such as firefighters, miners, military personnel, construction workers, landscapers, athletes, delivery persons, and agricultural workers. Additionally, many indoor jobs also require high-exertion work in very hot conditions, for example factory workers, boiler room workers, welders, and kitchen staff.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Heat_Stress
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_715776722#1_801585220	Title: Ocular tilt reaction - Wikipedia Headings: Ocular tilt reaction Ocular tilt reaction References Content: Each anterior semi-circular canals has excitatory projections to the ipsilateral superior rectus muscle and its yoke i.e., the contralateral inferior oblique while simultaneously inhibiting the ipsilateral inferior rectus muscle and its yoke i.e. the contralateral superior oblique. Also, each posterior semi-circular canals has excitatory projections to the ipsilateral superior oblique and its yoke i.e. the contralateral inferior rectus, while simultaneously inhibiting the ipsilateral inferior oblique and its yoke i.e. the contralateral superior rectus. A head tilt causes stimulation of both anterior semi-circular canals and the posterior semi-circular canals resulting in excitation of ipsilateral intorters ( superior oblique and superior rectus) and contralateral extorters ( inferior oblique and inferior rectus) while their antagonists are simultaneously inhibited. The otoliths ( utricle and saccule) probably follow a similar pathway. Normally, a body tilt (along with the initial head tilt) to the right causes a shift of the subjective visual vertical (SVV) to the left resulting in reflex, compensatory orientation of the head to left to realign the SVV to the true vertical. The initial head tilt to right will cause stimulation of the right utricle resulting in excitory signals to pass to the SR and SO (right eye), and IO and IR (left eye). Simultaneously, inhibitory signals pass to their antagonists. The stimulated two intorters (right eye) and the two extorters (left eye) have opposite vertical actions i.e., one is an elevator and the other is a depressor. The opposite vertical actions nearly cancel each other and therefore only a small vertical deviation occurs, whereas their identical torsional actions are additive. In case of any lesion from the utricle to the brainstem, diminished input from the affected vestibular pathway, for example the left vestibular is the same as stimulation of right vestibular pathway, resulting in the erroneous interpretation by the brain that the head is tilted to the right and consequently that the SVV is tilted to the left.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocular_tilt_reaction
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_730401151#0_820476932	Title: Oil Pollution Act of 1973 - Wikipedia Headings: Oil Pollution Act of 1973 Oil Pollution Act of 1973 Contents History of OILPOL Provisions of the Act Definitions Tank Ship Construction Standards Zone Prohibitions Oil Record Book Repeal of Oil Pollution Act of 1973 See also References External links Content: Oil Pollution Act of 1973 - Wikipedia Oil Pollution Act of 1973 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Oil Pollution Act of 1973 Long title An Act to amend the Oil Pollution Act, 1961 (75 Stat. 402), as amended, to implement the 1969 and 1971 amendments to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954, as amended; and for other purposes. Nicknames Oil Pollution Act Amendments of 1973 Enacted by the 93rd United States Congress Effective October 4, 1973 Citations Public law 93-119 Statutes at Large 87 Stat. 424-2 Codification Acts amended Oil Pollution Act of 1961 Titles amended 33 U.S.C.: Navigable Waters U.S.C. sections amended 33 U.S.C. ch. 20 §§ 1001-1016 Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 5451 by Leonor Sullivan ( D - MO) on March 8, 1973 Committee consideration by House Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Senate Commerce Passed the House on May 8, 1973 ( 370-1) Passed the Senate on September 24, 1973 (passed) Signed into law by President Richard Nixon on October 4, 1973 The Oil Pollution Act of 1973 or Oil Pollution Act Amendments of 1973, 33 U.S.C. Chapter 20 §§ 1001-1011, was a United States federal law which amended the United States Statute 75 Stat. 402. The Act of Congress sustained the United States commitment to control the discharge of fossil fuel pollutants from nautical vessels and to acknowledge the embargo of coastal zones in trans-boundary waters . The H.R. 5451 legislation was passed by the United States 93rd Congressional session and enacted by the 37th President of the United States Richard Nixon on October 4, 1973.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1973
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_730401151#1_820479130	Title: Oil Pollution Act of 1973 - Wikipedia Headings: Oil Pollution Act of 1973 Oil Pollution Act of 1973 Contents History of OILPOL Provisions of the Act Definitions Tank Ship Construction Standards Zone Prohibitions Oil Record Book Repeal of Oil Pollution Act of 1973 See also References External links Content: Navigable Waters U.S.C. sections amended 33 U.S.C. ch. 20 §§ 1001-1016 Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 5451 by Leonor Sullivan ( D - MO) on March 8, 1973 Committee consideration by House Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Senate Commerce Passed the House on May 8, 1973 ( 370-1) Passed the Senate on September 24, 1973 (passed) Signed into law by President Richard Nixon on October 4, 1973 The Oil Pollution Act of 1973 or Oil Pollution Act Amendments of 1973, 33 U.S.C. Chapter 20 §§ 1001-1011, was a United States federal law which amended the United States Statute 75 Stat. 402. The Act of Congress sustained the United States commitment to control the discharge of fossil fuel pollutants from nautical vessels and to acknowledge the embargo of coastal zones in trans-boundary waters . The H.R. 5451 legislation was passed by the United States 93rd Congressional session and enacted by the 37th President of the United States Richard Nixon on October 4, 1973. Contents 1 History of OILPOL 2 Provisions of the Act 2.1 Definitions 2.2 Tank Ship Construction Standards 2.3 Zone Prohibitions 2.4 Oil Record Book 3 Repeal of Oil Pollution Act of 1973 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History of OILPOL The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil (OILPOL) was an international convention organized by the United Kingdom in 1954. The convention was held in London, England from April 26, 1954 to May 12, 1954. The international meeting was convened to recognize the disposal of hazardous waste which could potentially yield toxic contamination to the marine ecosystems. The International Convention for the Prevention of the Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954 original text was authored in English and French. The environmental protocol was amended in 1962, 1969, and 1971.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1973
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_730401151#2_820481501	Title: Oil Pollution Act of 1973 - Wikipedia Headings: Oil Pollution Act of 1973 Oil Pollution Act of 1973 Contents History of OILPOL Provisions of the Act Definitions Tank Ship Construction Standards Zone Prohibitions Oil Record Book Repeal of Oil Pollution Act of 1973 See also References External links Content: Contents 1 History of OILPOL 2 Provisions of the Act 2.1 Definitions 2.2 Tank Ship Construction Standards 2.3 Zone Prohibitions 2.4 Oil Record Book 3 Repeal of Oil Pollution Act of 1973 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History of OILPOL The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil (OILPOL) was an international convention organized by the United Kingdom in 1954. The convention was held in London, England from April 26, 1954 to May 12, 1954. The international meeting was convened to recognize the disposal of hazardous waste which could potentially yield toxic contamination to the marine ecosystems. The International Convention for the Prevention of the Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954 original text was authored in English and French. The environmental protocol was amended in 1962, 1969, and 1971. The 1971 OILPOL amendments imposed irrevocable oceanic jurisdictions for the Great Barrier Reef located in the Coral Sea. The international convention amendments introduced design control provisions for sea-going vessels which specified tank formation arrangement and tank size limitations for nautical transport ships . Provisions of the Act The 1973 amendments accentuated the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954 by complying with the 1969 and 1971 international convention agreement amendments. Definitions Oily mixture means a mixture with any oil content. Discharge in relation to instantaneous rate of discharge of oil content means the rate of discharge of oil in liters per hour at any instant divided by the speed of the ship in knots at the same instant.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1973
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_730401151#3_820483677	Title: Oil Pollution Act of 1973 - Wikipedia Headings: Oil Pollution Act of 1973 Oil Pollution Act of 1973 Contents History of OILPOL Provisions of the Act Definitions Tank Ship Construction Standards Zone Prohibitions Oil Record Book Repeal of Oil Pollution Act of 1973 See also References External links Content: The 1971 OILPOL amendments imposed irrevocable oceanic jurisdictions for the Great Barrier Reef located in the Coral Sea. The international convention amendments introduced design control provisions for sea-going vessels which specified tank formation arrangement and tank size limitations for nautical transport ships . Provisions of the Act The 1973 amendments accentuated the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954 by complying with the 1969 and 1971 international convention agreement amendments. Definitions Oily mixture means a mixture with any oil content. Discharge in relation to instantaneous rate of discharge of oil content means the rate of discharge of oil in liters per hour at any instant divided by the speed of the ship in knots at the same instant. Discharge of oil or oily mixture from a ship is prohibited unless I.) ship is proceeding en route II.) the instantaneous rate of discharge of oil content does not exceed 60 litres (13 imp gal; 16 US gal) per 1 mile (1.6 km) Discharge of oil or oily mixture from a ship, other than tankers is prohibited unless I.) oil content of the discharge is less than one hundred parts per one million parts of the mixture II.) oil content of the discharge is made as far as practicable from the nearest land Discharge of oil or oily mixture from tankers is prohibited unless I.) Discharges from machinery space bilges shall be governed by the above provisions for ships other than tankers II.) Total quantity of oil discharge on a ballast voyage does not exceed 1/15000 of the total cargo carrying capacity III.)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1973
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_737983847#0_829552555	Title: Old Dominion - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion Old Dominion Music Other uses Content: Old Dominion - Wikipedia Old Dominion From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Look up Old Dominion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Old Dominion may refer to: The Old Dominion, a nickname for the U.S. Commonwealth of Virginia Colony of Virginia Old Dominion, Virginia, an unincorporated community in Albemarle County, Virginia Music Old Dominion (band), an American country-rock band Old Dominion (album) Old Dominion, an album by Hotel of the Laughing Tree "Old Dominion", a 2000 song by Avail from One Wrench "Old Dominion", a 2002 song by Enon from High Society Other uses Old Dominion (train), a former Amtrak passenger train in the United States Old Dominion Athletic Conference, an NCAA Division III athletic conference Old Dominion Brewing Company Old Dominion Electric Cooperative Old Dominion Foundation, a predecessor of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Old Dominion Freight Line Old Dominion University, a public university in Norfolk, Virginia Old Dominion Monarchs and Lady Monarchs, the athletic teams representing Old Dominion University Disambiguation page providing links to topics that could be referred to by the same search term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Old Dominion. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Dominion&oldid=984027334 " Categories: Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Disambiguation pages with short descriptions Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_737985792#0_829554544	Title: Old Dominion (album) - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion (album) Old Dominion (album) Contents Content Critical reception Commercial performance Track listing Personnel Old Dominion Additional Musicians Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References Content: Old Dominion (album) - Wikipedia Old Dominion (album) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search 2019 studio album by Old Dominion Old Dominion Studio album by Old Dominion Released October 25, 2019 ( 2019-10-25) Genre Country Length 41:58 Label RCA Nashville Producer Shane McAnally Old Dominion Old Dominion chronology Happy Endings (2017) Old Dominion (2019) Singles from Old Dominion " Make It Sweet " Released: November 5, 2018 " One Man Band " Released: June 17, 2019 " Some People Do " Released: March 2, 2020 "Never Be Sorry" Released: August 31, 2020 Old Dominion is the third album by American country music band Old Dominion. It was released on October 25, 2019 via RCA Records Nashville. Contents 1 Content 2 Critical reception 3 Commercial performance 4 Track listing 5 Personnel 5.1 Old Dominion 5.2 Additional Musicians 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year-end charts 7 References Content The band announced the album's release in July 2019. At the time, the album had produced two singles: " Make It Sweet " and " One Man Band ", the latter of which the band debuted on Good Morning America following the release announcement. The band promoted the album throughout 2019 on the Make It Sweet Tour.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(album)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_737985792#19_829574215	Title: Old Dominion (album) - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion (album) Old Dominion (album) Contents Content Critical reception Commercial performance Track listing Personnel Old Dominion Additional Musicians Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References Content: ^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2020". Billboard. Retrieved December 4, 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link) ^ "Top Country Albums – Year-End 2020". Billboard. Retrieved December 17, 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link) v t e Old Dominion Matthew Ramsey Trevor Rosen Whit Sellers Geoff Sprung Brad Tursi Studio albums Meat and Candy (2015) Happy Endings (2017) Old Dominion (2019) Singles " Shut Me Up " " Break Up with Him " " Snapback " " Song for Another Time " " No Such Thing as a Broken Heart " " Written in the Sand " " Hotel Key " " Make It Sweet " " One Man Band " " Some People Do " Related articles Discography Army of Me Shane McAnally Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Dominion_ (album)&oldid=1001530637 " Categories: 2019 albums Old Dominion (band) albums RCA Records albums Albums produced by Shane McAnally Hidden categories:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(album)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_737985792#20_829575639	Title: Old Dominion (album) - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion (album) Old Dominion (album) Contents Content Critical reception Commercial performance Track listing Personnel Old Dominion Additional Musicians Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References Content: Billboard. Retrieved December 17, 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link) v t e Old Dominion Matthew Ramsey Trevor Rosen Whit Sellers Geoff Sprung Brad Tursi Studio albums Meat and Candy (2015) Happy Endings (2017) Old Dominion (2019) Singles " Shut Me Up " " Break Up with Him " " Snapback " " Song for Another Time " " No Such Thing as a Broken Heart " " Written in the Sand " " Hotel Key " " Make It Sweet " " One Man Band " " Some People Do " Related articles Discography Army of Me Shane McAnally Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Dominion_ (album)&oldid=1001530637 " Categories: 2019 albums Old Dominion (band) albums RCA Records albums Albums produced by Shane McAnally Hidden categories: CS1 maint: discouraged parameter Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Album articles lacking alt text for covers Album chart usages for BillboardCanada Album chart usages for Scotland Album chart usages for BillboardCountry AC with 0 elements	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(album)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_737993316#0_829577207	Title: Old Dominion (band) - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion (band) Old Dominion (band) Contents Origin Music career 2014–2016: Old Dominion EP, Meat and Candy 2017–present: Happy Endings and Old Dominion Discography Television appearances Awards and nominations References Content: Old Dominion (band) - Wikipedia Old Dominion (band) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search For other uses, see Old Dominion. Old Dominion Old Dominion at the 54th Academy of Country Music Awards Background information Origin Nashville, Tennessee, U.S. Genres Country country pop Years active 2007–present Labels RCA Nashville Website weareolddominion .com Members Matthew Ramsey Trevor Rosen Whit Sellers Geoff Sprung Brad Tursi Old Dominion is an American five-member country music band formed in Nashville, Tennessee. The band consists of Matthew Ramsey (lead vocals), Trevor Rosen (guitar, keyboards), Whit Sellers (drums), Geoff Sprung (bass guitar), and Brad Tursi (guitar). Their music is contemporary country with rock instrumentation, and has pop overtones. The band has released three full-length albums and three EPs. They released their self-titled EP in 2014 & 2019, followed in the next year by their debut studio album, Meat and Candy on RCA Records Nashville, which includes the singles " Break Up with Him ", " Snapback ", and " Song for Another Time ". Their second album Happy Endings was released in 2017, which includes the singles " No Such Thing as a Broken Heart ", " Written in the Sand ", and " Hotel Key ". In addition to their own material, Ramsey, Rosen, and Tursi have written several hit singles for other contemporary country music artists. Contents 1 Origin 2 Music career 2.1 2014–2016: Old Dominion EP, Meat and Candy 2.2 2017–present:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(band)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_737993316#1_829579238	Title: Old Dominion (band) - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion (band) Old Dominion (band) Contents Origin Music career 2014–2016: Old Dominion EP, Meat and Candy 2017–present: Happy Endings and Old Dominion Discography Television appearances Awards and nominations References Content: They released their self-titled EP in 2014 & 2019, followed in the next year by their debut studio album, Meat and Candy on RCA Records Nashville, which includes the singles " Break Up with Him ", " Snapback ", and " Song for Another Time ". Their second album Happy Endings was released in 2017, which includes the singles " No Such Thing as a Broken Heart ", " Written in the Sand ", and " Hotel Key ". In addition to their own material, Ramsey, Rosen, and Tursi have written several hit singles for other contemporary country music artists. Contents 1 Origin 2 Music career 2.1 2014–2016: Old Dominion EP, Meat and Candy 2.2 2017–present: Happy Endings and Old Dominion 3 Discography 4 Television appearances 5 Awards and nominations 6 References Origin The band members of Old Dominion are lead singer Matthew Ramsey, Trevor Rosen on guitar and keyboard, Whit Sellers on drums, Geoff Sprung on bass, and Brad Tursi on guitar. The band was named Old Dominion in 2007. " Old Dominion " was chosen because it is a nickname for the state of Virginia, and four members of the group have links to Virginia. Ramsey and Sellers are both originally from the Roanoke Region of Virginia, and played on drumlines for their respective, rival high schools, James River High School and Lord Botetourt High School. After high school, Ramsey went to Virginia Commonwealth University and moved to Nashville after graduation to become a songwriter.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(band)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_737993316#2_829581179	Title: Old Dominion (band) - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion (band) Old Dominion (band) Contents Origin Music career 2014–2016: Old Dominion EP, Meat and Candy 2017–present: Happy Endings and Old Dominion Discography Television appearances Awards and nominations References Content: Happy Endings and Old Dominion 3 Discography 4 Television appearances 5 Awards and nominations 6 References Origin The band members of Old Dominion are lead singer Matthew Ramsey, Trevor Rosen on guitar and keyboard, Whit Sellers on drums, Geoff Sprung on bass, and Brad Tursi on guitar. The band was named Old Dominion in 2007. " Old Dominion " was chosen because it is a nickname for the state of Virginia, and four members of the group have links to Virginia. Ramsey and Sellers are both originally from the Roanoke Region of Virginia, and played on drumlines for their respective, rival high schools, James River High School and Lord Botetourt High School. After high school, Ramsey went to Virginia Commonwealth University and moved to Nashville after graduation to become a songwriter. He was introduced to Rosen in 2003 and formed a songwriting partnership for some years while working as a solo artist. Sellers went to James Madison University in Virginia where he met Sprung and Tursi. Sellers and Sprung also ended up in Nashville where they joined force with Ramsey and formed Old Dominion. Tursi who was once a member of the rock band Army of Me joined the band in 2012. Music career The band was initially formed to showcase the songs that its individual band members had written.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(band)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_737993316#3_829582956	Title: Old Dominion (band) - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion (band) Old Dominion (band) Contents Origin Music career 2014–2016: Old Dominion EP, Meat and Candy 2017–present: Happy Endings and Old Dominion Discography Television appearances Awards and nominations References Content: He was introduced to Rosen in 2003 and formed a songwriting partnership for some years while working as a solo artist. Sellers went to James Madison University in Virginia where he met Sprung and Tursi. Sellers and Sprung also ended up in Nashville where they joined force with Ramsey and formed Old Dominion. Tursi who was once a member of the rock band Army of Me joined the band in 2012. Music career The band was initially formed to showcase the songs that its individual band members had written. Members of the band have writing credits on many songs recorded by other artists: Brad Tursi has written Luke Bryan 's " Light It Up ", Cole Swindell 's "Remember Boys" and "Up" as well as Tyler Farr 's " A Guy Walks Into a Bar " in addition to songs for Kenny Chesney, the Randy Rogers Band, Michael Ray, Josh Turner, Ryan Hurd, Brandon Lay and for the ABC musical drama, Nashville. Matthew Ramsey co-wrote " Chainsaw " for The Band Perry, Trevor Rosen co-wrote Kelsea Ballerini 's " I Hate Love Songs ", Blake Shelton 's " Sangria ", William Michael Morgan 's " I Met A Girl ", Chris Young 's " Neon " and The Band Perry's " Better Dig Two ", Two songs written for the band by Ramsey and Rosen, " Wake Up Lovin' You " and " Say You Do ", were covered by Craig Morgan and Dierks Bentley respectively and became hits. The success of these songs led to the band self-releasing the extended play It Was Always Yours in 2012. Their song "Dirt on a Road" was their first song as a band that received significant airplay, and their single "Shut Me Up" further gained them some attention.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(band)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_737993316#5_829586902	Title: Old Dominion (band) - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion (band) Old Dominion (band) Contents Origin Music career 2014–2016: Old Dominion EP, Meat and Candy 2017–present: Happy Endings and Old Dominion Discography Television appearances Awards and nominations References Content: The band had opened for Alabama, Jake Owen and Chase Rice. 2014–2016: Old Dominion EP, Meat and Candy On October 7, 2014, they released their self-titled EP, produced by Shane McAnally. The EP debuted on the Top Country Albums chart at No. 33 with 1,000 copies sold. The lead single from the EP was " Shut Me Up ", the music video features American country music singer and songwriter Whitney Duncan. A song from the EP " Break Up with Him " first received exposure on the satellite Sirius XM Radio 's " The Highway " channel in late 2014 which boosted its popularity, and the song was then released as the second single to radio on January 20, 2015. The song would become their first hit song. They signed a record deal with RCA Nashville in late February 2015. The band also opened for Kenny Chesney in his Big Revival Tour.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(band)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_737993316#6_829588215	Title: Old Dominion (band) - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion (band) Old Dominion (band) Contents Origin Music career 2014–2016: Old Dominion EP, Meat and Candy 2017–present: Happy Endings and Old Dominion Discography Television appearances Awards and nominations References Content: The lead single from the EP was " Shut Me Up ", the music video features American country music singer and songwriter Whitney Duncan. A song from the EP " Break Up with Him " first received exposure on the satellite Sirius XM Radio 's " The Highway " channel in late 2014 which boosted its popularity, and the song was then released as the second single to radio on January 20, 2015. The song would become their first hit song. They signed a record deal with RCA Nashville in late February 2015. The band also opened for Kenny Chesney in his Big Revival Tour. In September, they announced that their debut studio album, titled Meat and Candy, would be released on November 6, 2015. Shortly before the album's release, " Break Up with Him " reached No. 1 on Country Airplay. The album's second single, " Snapback " released to country radio on January 11, 2016. It reached at number 2 on the Country Airplay in June 2016.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(band)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_737993316#7_829589620	Title: Old Dominion (band) - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion (band) Old Dominion (band) Contents Origin Music career 2014–2016: Old Dominion EP, Meat and Candy 2017–present: Happy Endings and Old Dominion Discography Television appearances Awards and nominations References Content: In September, they announced that their debut studio album, titled Meat and Candy, would be released on November 6, 2015. Shortly before the album's release, " Break Up with Him " reached No. 1 on Country Airplay. The album's second single, " Snapback " released to country radio on January 11, 2016. It reached at number 2 on the Country Airplay in June 2016. The album's third single, " Song for Another Time " released to country radio on June 20, 2016. 2017–present: Happy Endings and Old Dominion On March 10, 2017, Old Dominion released " No Such Thing as a Broken Heart ", the lead single to their second RCA album, which went to number one on the Country Airplay Charts. The album's name, Happy Endings, was announced in June, and the album was released on August 25, 2017. " Written in the Sand" was the album's second single, and "Hotel Key" its third.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(band)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_737993316#8_829590975	Title: Old Dominion (band) - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion (band) Old Dominion (band) Contents Origin Music career 2014–2016: Old Dominion EP, Meat and Candy 2017–present: Happy Endings and Old Dominion Discography Television appearances Awards and nominations References Content: The album's third single, " Song for Another Time " released to country radio on June 20, 2016. 2017–present: Happy Endings and Old Dominion On March 10, 2017, Old Dominion released " No Such Thing as a Broken Heart ", the lead single to their second RCA album, which went to number one on the Country Airplay Charts. The album's name, Happy Endings, was announced in June, and the album was released on August 25, 2017. " Written in the Sand" was the album's second single, and "Hotel Key" its third. The band released " Make It Sweet " in November 2018. Make It Sweet is also the name of the corresponding tour, the band's first as a headliner. Acts joining them on this tour include Morgan Evans, Jordan Davis, and Mitchell Tenpenny. Both "Make It Sweet" and " One Man Band " appear on the band's third album, Old Dominion, released in October 2019, with the latter becoming their highest-peaking Billboard Hot 100 hit to date. However, the album's third single " Some People Do " became their first single since their commercial breakthrough to fail to chart the Billboard Hot 100, as well as their first single to peak outside the top twenty of Billboard's Country Airplay chart.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(band)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_737993316#9_829592656	Title: Old Dominion (band) - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion (band) Old Dominion (band) Contents Origin Music career 2014–2016: Old Dominion EP, Meat and Candy 2017–present: Happy Endings and Old Dominion Discography Television appearances Awards and nominations References Content: The band released " Make It Sweet " in November 2018. Make It Sweet is also the name of the corresponding tour, the band's first as a headliner. Acts joining them on this tour include Morgan Evans, Jordan Davis, and Mitchell Tenpenny. Both "Make It Sweet" and " One Man Band " appear on the band's third album, Old Dominion, released in October 2019, with the latter becoming their highest-peaking Billboard Hot 100 hit to date. However, the album's third single " Some People Do " became their first single since their commercial breakthrough to fail to chart the Billboard Hot 100, as well as their first single to peak outside the top twenty of Billboard's Country Airplay chart. Discography Main article: Old Dominion discography Meat and Candy (2015) Happy Endings (2017) Old Dominion (2019) Television appearances Year Title Role Notes 2014 Nashville (2012 TV series) Themselves Season 3 of Episode 3 (Playing Live) 2019 Songland Themselves Season 1 of Episode 8 (Judging) Awards and nominations Year Awards Recipient/Work Category Result Ref. 2016 Academy of Country Music Awards Old Dominion New Vocal Duo or Group of the Year Won Vocal Group of the Year Nominated American Country Countdown Awards Breakthrough Group / Duo of the Year Won Group / Duo of the Year Nominated CMT Music Awards "Break Up with Him" (Old Dominion) Group/Duo Video of the Year Nominated Breakthrough Video of the Year Nominated American Music Awards Old Dominion Favorite Duo or Group – Country Nominated 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards "Snapback" Country Song of the Year Nominated Academy of Country Music Awards Old Dominion Vocal Group of the Year Nominated CMT Music Awards "Song For Another Time" Group Video of the Year Nominated Country Music Association Awards Old Dominion New Artist of the Year Nominated Vocal Group of the Year Nominated American Music Awards Favorite Duo or Group – Country Nominated 2018 Academy of Country Music Awards Vocal Group of the Year Won Country Music Association Awards Won 2019 Billboard Music Awards Old Dominion Top Country Duo/Group Nominated CMT Music Awards " Hotel Key " Group Video of the Year Nominated Academy of Country Music Awards Old Dominion Vocal Group of the Year Won Country Music Association Awards Old Dominion Vocal Group of the Year Won 2020 CMT Music Awards " One Man Band " Group Video of the Year Won Academy of Country Music Awards Old Dominion Vocal Group of the Year Won " One Man Band " Single of the Year Nominated Song of the Year Won Video of the Year Nominated Country Music Association Awards Old Dominion Vocal Group of the Year Won Old Dominion Album of the Year Nominated References ^ a b "Old Dominion". Allmusic.com. ^ "Old Dominion".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(band)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_737993316#10_829596023	Title: Old Dominion (band) - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion (band) Old Dominion (band) Contents Origin Music career 2014–2016: Old Dominion EP, Meat and Candy 2017–present: Happy Endings and Old Dominion Discography Television appearances Awards and nominations References Content: Discography Main article: Old Dominion discography Meat and Candy (2015) Happy Endings (2017) Old Dominion (2019) Television appearances Year Title Role Notes 2014 Nashville (2012 TV series) Themselves Season 3 of Episode 3 (Playing Live) 2019 Songland Themselves Season 1 of Episode 8 (Judging) Awards and nominations Year Awards Recipient/Work Category Result Ref. 2016 Academy of Country Music Awards Old Dominion New Vocal Duo or Group of the Year Won Vocal Group of the Year Nominated American Country Countdown Awards Breakthrough Group / Duo of the Year Won Group / Duo of the Year Nominated CMT Music Awards "Break Up with Him" (Old Dominion) Group/Duo Video of the Year Nominated Breakthrough Video of the Year Nominated American Music Awards Old Dominion Favorite Duo or Group – Country Nominated 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards "Snapback" Country Song of the Year Nominated Academy of Country Music Awards Old Dominion Vocal Group of the Year Nominated CMT Music Awards "Song For Another Time" Group Video of the Year Nominated Country Music Association Awards Old Dominion New Artist of the Year Nominated Vocal Group of the Year Nominated American Music Awards Favorite Duo or Group – Country Nominated 2018 Academy of Country Music Awards Vocal Group of the Year Won Country Music Association Awards Won 2019 Billboard Music Awards Old Dominion Top Country Duo/Group Nominated CMT Music Awards " Hotel Key " Group Video of the Year Nominated Academy of Country Music Awards Old Dominion Vocal Group of the Year Won Country Music Association Awards Old Dominion Vocal Group of the Year Won 2020 CMT Music Awards " One Man Band " Group Video of the Year Won Academy of Country Music Awards Old Dominion Vocal Group of the Year Won " One Man Band " Single of the Year Nominated Song of the Year Won Video of the Year Nominated Country Music Association Awards Old Dominion Vocal Group of the Year Won Old Dominion Album of the Year Nominated References ^ a b "Old Dominion". Allmusic.com. ^ "Old Dominion". CMT. ^ S.M. Walsh (April 2, 2017). " Old Dominion Band Members: Meet the Group". heavy.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(band)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_737993316#11_829598790	Title: Old Dominion (band) - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion (band) Old Dominion (band) Contents Origin Music career 2014–2016: Old Dominion EP, Meat and Candy 2017–present: Happy Endings and Old Dominion Discography Television appearances Awards and nominations References Content: CMT. ^ S.M. Walsh (April 2, 2017). " Old Dominion Band Members: Meet the Group". heavy. ^ a b c Beville Dunkerley (June 23, 2014). " Brandy Clark and Old Dominion Laugh About Haters and Hot Rollers". Rolling Stone. ^ Tad Dickens (June 3, 2014). " Old Dominion country band has Roanoke Valley roots".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(band)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_737993316#12_829599571	Title: Old Dominion (band) - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion (band) Old Dominion (band) Contents Origin Music career 2014–2016: Old Dominion EP, Meat and Candy 2017–present: Happy Endings and Old Dominion Discography Television appearances Awards and nominations References Content: ^ a b c Beville Dunkerley (June 23, 2014). " Brandy Clark and Old Dominion Laugh About Haters and Hot Rollers". Rolling Stone. ^ Tad Dickens (June 3, 2014). " Old Dominion country band has Roanoke Valley roots". The Roanoke Times. ^ a b Laura Spinelli (October 15, 2014). " Old Dominion Discusses New EP, Touring, and Band Mascot". The Shotgun Seat. ^ a b "About Old Dominion".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(band)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_737993316#13_829600432	Title: Old Dominion (band) - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion (band) Old Dominion (band) Contents Origin Music career 2014–2016: Old Dominion EP, Meat and Candy 2017–present: Happy Endings and Old Dominion Discography Television appearances Awards and nominations References Content: The Roanoke Times. ^ a b Laura Spinelli (October 15, 2014). " Old Dominion Discusses New EP, Touring, and Band Mascot". The Shotgun Seat. ^ a b "About Old Dominion". Archived from the original on October 23, 2015. ^ a b Tom Roland (October 7, 2015). " Old Dominion Takes an Unusual Path to Country's Top 10". Billboard. ^ a b Sophie Schillaci (December 16, 2014). "	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(band)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_737993316#14_829601280	Title: Old Dominion (band) - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion (band) Old Dominion (band) Contents Origin Music career 2014–2016: Old Dominion EP, Meat and Candy 2017–present: Happy Endings and Old Dominion Discography Television appearances Awards and nominations References Content: Archived from the original on October 23, 2015. ^ a b Tom Roland (October 7, 2015). " Old Dominion Takes an Unusual Path to Country's Top 10". Billboard. ^ a b Sophie Schillaci (December 16, 2014). " EXCLUSIVE: Kenny Chesney Taps Buzzy Band Old Dominion for Big Revival Tour". Entertainment Tonight. ^ "Old Dominion band started just for kicks". Florida Weekly.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(band)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_737993316#15_829602123	Title: Old Dominion (band) - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion (band) Old Dominion (band) Contents Origin Music career 2014–2016: Old Dominion EP, Meat and Candy 2017–present: Happy Endings and Old Dominion Discography Television appearances Awards and nominations References Content: EXCLUSIVE: Kenny Chesney Taps Buzzy Band Old Dominion for Big Revival Tour". Entertainment Tonight. ^ "Old Dominion band started just for kicks". Florida Weekly. November 22, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2021. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link) ^ "10 New Artists You Need to Know: Fall 2014".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(band)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_737993316#16_829602899	Title: Old Dominion (band) - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion (band) Old Dominion (band) Contents Origin Music career 2014–2016: Old Dominion EP, Meat and Candy 2017–present: Happy Endings and Old Dominion Discography Television appearances Awards and nominations References Content: November 22, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2021. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link) ^ "10 New Artists You Need to Know: Fall 2014". Rolling Stone. October 10, 2014. ^ a b Beville Dunkerley (January 5, 2015). " Watch Old Dominion Get Loud on 'Shut Me Up ' ". Rolling Stone.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(band)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_737993316#17_829603653	Title: Old Dominion (band) - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion (band) Old Dominion (band) Contents Origin Music career 2014–2016: Old Dominion EP, Meat and Candy 2017–present: Happy Endings and Old Dominion Discography Television appearances Awards and nominations References Content: Rolling Stone. October 10, 2014. ^ a b Beville Dunkerley (January 5, 2015). " Watch Old Dominion Get Loud on 'Shut Me Up ' ". Rolling Stone. ^ Wade Jessen (November 7, 2014). " Tomorrow's Hits: Shakey Graves, Leihoku & Old Dominion". Billboard. ^ Coti Howell (September 1, 2014). "	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(band)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_737993316#18_829604415	Title: Old Dominion (band) - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion (band) Old Dominion (band) Contents Origin Music career 2014–2016: Old Dominion EP, Meat and Candy 2017–present: Happy Endings and Old Dominion Discography Television appearances Awards and nominations References Content: ^ Wade Jessen (November 7, 2014). " Tomorrow's Hits: Shakey Graves, Leihoku & Old Dominion". Billboard. ^ Coti Howell (September 1, 2014). " Old Dominion Reveal Debut EP Details". Taste of Country. ^ Matt Bjorke (October 15, 2014). " Country Album Chart Recap: October 15, 2014".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(band)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_737993316#20_829605919	Title: Old Dominion (band) - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion (band) Old Dominion (band) Contents Origin Music career 2014–2016: Old Dominion EP, Meat and Candy 2017–present: Happy Endings and Old Dominion Discography Television appearances Awards and nominations References Content: Roughstock. ^ Carrie Horton. " Old Dominion, 'Shut Me Up' [Listen]". Taste of Country. ^ Matt Bjorke (January 20, 2015). " Old Dominion Releases "Break Up With Him" To Radio". Roughstock. ^ Rebekah Bell (February 26, 2015), "Old Dominion Sign With RCA Nashville", Taste of Country ^ "Old Dominion Announce Debut Album, 'Meat and Candy ' ".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(band)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_738138284#0_829772522	Title: Old Dominion University - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion University Old Dominion University Old Dominion University Contents History Directors and Presidents Academics Accreditation Schools and Colleges College of Arts and Letters Strome College of Business Darden College of Education & Professional Studies Batten College of Engineering & Technology School of Cybersecurity College of Health Sciences College of Sciences Distance learning Research Research at Old Dominion University Climate Change and Sea Level Rise Initiative (CCSLRI) Maritime Institute Virginia Modeling, Analysis & Simulation Center (VMASC) Campus The Norfolk Campus The University Libraries University Village Campus ministries Maglev Student life Residential life Student traditions Student recreation ROTC program Student organizations Greek life Athletics ODU-VCU rivalry Men's basketball Women's basketball Monarch football Men's soccer Wrestling Rowing Cheerleading (co-ed) The Old Dominion Athletic Foundation Notable faculty Notable alumni References External links Content: Old Dominion University - Wikipedia Old Dominion University From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Public, co-educational research university in Norfolk, Virginia, U.S. This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. ( July 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) It has been suggested that Center for Advanced Engineering Environments be merged into this article. ( Discuss) Proposed since March 2021. Old Dominion University Former names Norfolk Division of the College of William and Mary (1930–1962) Old Dominion College (1962–1969) Type Public research university Established 1930; 91 years ago ( 1930) Academic affiliations SURA CUMU Sea-grant Space-grant Endowment $265.8 million (2020) President John R. Broderick Academic staff 1,023 Students 25,000 Undergraduates 19,612 Postgraduates 5,058 Location Norfolk , Virginia , United States 36°53′12″N 76°18′19″W / 36.88654°N 76.30522°W / 36.88654; -76.30522 Coordinates: 36°53′12″N 76°18′19″W / 36.88654°N 76.30522°W / 36.88654; -76.30522 Campus Urban, 251 acres (102 ha) Colors Slate blue and silver Athletics NCAA Division I – C-USA Nickname Monarchs Sports 18 varsity teams Mascot Big Blue Website www .odu .edu Old Dominion University ( ODU) is a public research university in Norfolk, Virginia. It was established in 1930 as the Norfolk Division of the College of William & Mary and is now one of the largest universities in Virginia with an enrollment of 24,176 students for the 2019 academic year.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_University
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_738138284#1_829775704	Title: Old Dominion University - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion University Old Dominion University Old Dominion University Contents History Directors and Presidents Academics Accreditation Schools and Colleges College of Arts and Letters Strome College of Business Darden College of Education & Professional Studies Batten College of Engineering & Technology School of Cybersecurity College of Health Sciences College of Sciences Distance learning Research Research at Old Dominion University Climate Change and Sea Level Rise Initiative (CCSLRI) Maritime Institute Virginia Modeling, Analysis & Simulation Center (VMASC) Campus The Norfolk Campus The University Libraries University Village Campus ministries Maglev Student life Residential life Student traditions Student recreation ROTC program Student organizations Greek life Athletics ODU-VCU rivalry Men's basketball Women's basketball Monarch football Men's soccer Wrestling Rowing Cheerleading (co-ed) The Old Dominion Athletic Foundation Notable faculty Notable alumni References External links Content: 91 years ago ( 1930) Academic affiliations SURA CUMU Sea-grant Space-grant Endowment $265.8 million (2020) President John R. Broderick Academic staff 1,023 Students 25,000 Undergraduates 19,612 Postgraduates 5,058 Location Norfolk , Virginia , United States 36°53′12″N 76°18′19″W / 36.88654°N 76.30522°W / 36.88654; -76.30522 Coordinates: 36°53′12″N 76°18′19″W / 36.88654°N 76.30522°W / 36.88654; -76.30522 Campus Urban, 251 acres (102 ha) Colors Slate blue and silver Athletics NCAA Division I – C-USA Nickname Monarchs Sports 18 varsity teams Mascot Big Blue Website www .odu .edu Old Dominion University ( ODU) is a public research university in Norfolk, Virginia. It was established in 1930 as the Norfolk Division of the College of William & Mary and is now one of the largest universities in Virginia with an enrollment of 24,176 students for the 2019 academic year. Old Dominion University is also home to over 700 international students from 89 different countries. Its main campus covers over 251 acres (1.02 km 2) straddling the city neighborhoods of Larchmont, Highland Park, and Lambert's Point, approximately five miles (8.0 km) from Downtown Norfolk . Old Dominion University is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". According to the National Science Foundation, ODU spent $60.3 million on research and development in 2018.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_University
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_738138284#2_829778541	Title: Old Dominion University - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion University Old Dominion University Old Dominion University Contents History Directors and Presidents Academics Accreditation Schools and Colleges College of Arts and Letters Strome College of Business Darden College of Education & Professional Studies Batten College of Engineering & Technology School of Cybersecurity College of Health Sciences College of Sciences Distance learning Research Research at Old Dominion University Climate Change and Sea Level Rise Initiative (CCSLRI) Maritime Institute Virginia Modeling, Analysis & Simulation Center (VMASC) Campus The Norfolk Campus The University Libraries University Village Campus ministries Maglev Student life Residential life Student traditions Student recreation ROTC program Student organizations Greek life Athletics ODU-VCU rivalry Men's basketball Women's basketball Monarch football Men's soccer Wrestling Rowing Cheerleading (co-ed) The Old Dominion Athletic Foundation Notable faculty Notable alumni References External links Content: Old Dominion University is also home to over 700 international students from 89 different countries. Its main campus covers over 251 acres (1.02 km 2) straddling the city neighborhoods of Larchmont, Highland Park, and Lambert's Point, approximately five miles (8.0 km) from Downtown Norfolk . Old Dominion University is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". According to the National Science Foundation, ODU spent $60.3 million on research and development in 2018. It contributes nearly $2 billion annually in economic impact to the regional economy. The university offers 168 undergraduate and graduate degree programs to over 24,000 students and is one of the nation's largest providers of online distance learning courses. Old Dominion University has approximately 124,000 alumni in all 50 states and 67 countries. Old Dominion University derives its name from one of Virginia's state nicknames, " The Old Dominion ", given to the state by King Charles II of England for remaining loyal to the crown during the English Civil War . Contents 1 History 1.1 Directors and Presidents 2 Academics 2.1 Accreditation 3 Schools and Colleges 3.1 College of Arts and Letters 3.2 Strome College of Business 3.3 Darden College of Education & Professional Studies 3.4 Batten College of Engineering & Technology 3.5 School of Cybersecurity 3.6 College of Health Sciences 3.7 College of Sciences 3.8 Distance learning 4 Research 4.1 Research at Old Dominion University 4.2 Climate Change and Sea Level Rise Initiative (CCSLRI) 4.3 Maritime Institute 4.4 Virginia Modeling, Analysis & Simulation Center (VMASC) 5 Campus 5.1 The Norfolk Campus 5.2 The University Libraries 5.3 University Village 5.4 Campus ministries 5.5 Maglev 6 Student life 6.1 Residential life 6.2 Student traditions 6.3 Student recreation 6.4 ROTC program 6.5 Student organizations 6.6 Greek life 7 Athletics 7.1 ODU-VCU rivalry 7.2 Men's basketball 7.3 Women's basketball 7.4 Monarch football 7.5 Men's soccer 7.6 Wrestling 7.7 Rowing 7.8 Cheerleading (co-ed) 7.9 The Old Dominion Athletic Foundation 8 Notable faculty 9 Notable alumni 10 References 11 External links History J. A. C. Chandler The foundations of Old Dominion University began in the minds of administrators and officials at the College of William and Mary in the first decades of the twentieth century.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_University
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_738138284#3_829782247	Title: Old Dominion University - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion University Old Dominion University Old Dominion University Contents History Directors and Presidents Academics Accreditation Schools and Colleges College of Arts and Letters Strome College of Business Darden College of Education & Professional Studies Batten College of Engineering & Technology School of Cybersecurity College of Health Sciences College of Sciences Distance learning Research Research at Old Dominion University Climate Change and Sea Level Rise Initiative (CCSLRI) Maritime Institute Virginia Modeling, Analysis & Simulation Center (VMASC) Campus The Norfolk Campus The University Libraries University Village Campus ministries Maglev Student life Residential life Student traditions Student recreation ROTC program Student organizations Greek life Athletics ODU-VCU rivalry Men's basketball Women's basketball Monarch football Men's soccer Wrestling Rowing Cheerleading (co-ed) The Old Dominion Athletic Foundation Notable faculty Notable alumni References External links Content: It contributes nearly $2 billion annually in economic impact to the regional economy. The university offers 168 undergraduate and graduate degree programs to over 24,000 students and is one of the nation's largest providers of online distance learning courses. Old Dominion University has approximately 124,000 alumni in all 50 states and 67 countries. Old Dominion University derives its name from one of Virginia's state nicknames, " The Old Dominion ", given to the state by King Charles II of England for remaining loyal to the crown during the English Civil War . Contents 1 History 1.1 Directors and Presidents 2 Academics 2.1 Accreditation 3 Schools and Colleges 3.1 College of Arts and Letters 3.2 Strome College of Business 3.3 Darden College of Education & Professional Studies 3.4 Batten College of Engineering & Technology 3.5 School of Cybersecurity 3.6 College of Health Sciences 3.7 College of Sciences 3.8 Distance learning 4 Research 4.1 Research at Old Dominion University 4.2 Climate Change and Sea Level Rise Initiative (CCSLRI) 4.3 Maritime Institute 4.4 Virginia Modeling, Analysis & Simulation Center (VMASC) 5 Campus 5.1 The Norfolk Campus 5.2 The University Libraries 5.3 University Village 5.4 Campus ministries 5.5 Maglev 6 Student life 6.1 Residential life 6.2 Student traditions 6.3 Student recreation 6.4 ROTC program 6.5 Student organizations 6.6 Greek life 7 Athletics 7.1 ODU-VCU rivalry 7.2 Men's basketball 7.3 Women's basketball 7.4 Monarch football 7.5 Men's soccer 7.6 Wrestling 7.7 Rowing 7.8 Cheerleading (co-ed) 7.9 The Old Dominion Athletic Foundation 8 Notable faculty 9 Notable alumni 10 References 11 External links History J. A. C. Chandler The foundations of Old Dominion University began in the minds of administrators and officials at the College of William and Mary in the first decades of the twentieth century. Notable among these men were Robert M. Hughes, a member of the Board of Visitors of William and Mary from 1893 to 1917, and J. A. C. Chandler, the eighteenth president of that school. In 1924 after becoming the director of the William and Mary extension in Norfolk, Joseph Healy began organizing classes and finding locations for faculty and staff. He along with the collective efforts of Robert M. Hughes, Dr. J. A. C. Chandler, and A. H. Foreman, a two-year branch division was established on March 13, 1930. On September 12, 1930, the Norfolk Division of the College of William and Mary held its first class with 206 students (125 men and 81 women) in the old Larchmont School building which was an abandoned elementary school on Hampton Boulevard. On September 3, 1930, H. Edgar Timmerman became the Division's first director.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_University
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_738138284#10_829801875	Title: Old Dominion University - Wikipedia Headings: Old Dominion University Old Dominion University Old Dominion University Contents History Directors and Presidents Academics Accreditation Schools and Colleges College of Arts and Letters Strome College of Business Darden College of Education & Professional Studies Batten College of Engineering & Technology School of Cybersecurity College of Health Sciences College of Sciences Distance learning Research Research at Old Dominion University Climate Change and Sea Level Rise Initiative (CCSLRI) Maritime Institute Virginia Modeling, Analysis & Simulation Center (VMASC) Campus The Norfolk Campus The University Libraries University Village Campus ministries Maglev Student life Residential life Student traditions Student recreation ROTC program Student organizations Greek life Athletics ODU-VCU rivalry Men's basketball Women's basketball Monarch football Men's soccer Wrestling Rowing Cheerleading (co-ed) The Old Dominion Athletic Foundation Notable faculty Notable alumni References External links Content: In 1969, Old Dominion College transitioned to Old Dominion University under the leadership of President James L. Bugg, Jr. During Bugg's tenure the first doctoral programs were established along with a university-wide governance structure in which faculty, administrators and students were represented. Bugg also reestablished the Army ROTC program that had been originally created in 1948 but had been abandoned because of the outbreak of the Korean War. In the 1970s, during the tenure of President Alfred B. Rollins, Jr., Old Dominion began mutual partnerships between regional organizations such as NASA, the U.S. Navy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, and Norfolk State University. This was a result of Dr. Rollins goal of becoming the leading educational institution in the Hampton Roads area. Under Rollins, the university expanded its state and private funding, improved student services and introduced an honors program along with many other improvements to the university. In 1971 the university established its own campus police force and hired several police officers to patrol the campus. In 1977, the Virginia Campus Police Act was made into a law, the university helped train local and campus police officers and the campus police officers were given full police authority on and around the campus grounds. Since this time, the university has continued to grow and now has an enrollment of over 24,000 students. Directors and Presidents Directors of the Norfolk Division H. Edgar Timmerman 1930-1932 Edward L. Gwathmey 1932 William T. Hodges 1933-1941 Lewis W. Webb, Jr. 1946–1962 Presidents of Old Dominion Lewis W. Webb, Jr. 1962–1969 James L. Bugg, Jr. 1969–1976 Alfred B. Rollins, Jr. 1976–1985 Joseph M. Marchello 1985–1988 William B. Spong, Jr. 1989–1990 James V. Koch 1990–2001 Roseann Runte 2001–2008 John R. Broderick 2008-2021 Brian O. Hemphill (announced) 2021- Academics University rankings National ARWU 176-181 Forbes 523 THE / WSJ 501-600 U.S. News & World Report 258 Washington Monthly 123 Global ARWU 701-800 THE 801-1000 U.S. News & World Repor	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_University
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_741021918#8_833180816	Title: Old San Juan - Wikipedia Headings: Old San Juan Old San Juan Contents Location History Origins Expansion and growth Maintaining architectural integrity Historic designations Today Blockhouses and subbarrios Public transportation Popular culture See also References External links Content: According to a census made in 1846, the population had risen to 223 inhabitants living in 58 houses. On March 3, 1865, the municipal government of San Juan approved a resolution promoting the city expansion across the Puerta de Tierra which included the plan for demolishing the city walls along the eastern side. On May 28, 1897, the wall demolition was officially started after a proclamation was issued by Queen Maria Christina. By the year 1899, the population of Puerta de Tierra had risen to 5,453; while the area comprising the old walled city had a civilian population of roughly 18,103 inhabitants. Maintaining architectural integrity During the late 1940s, disrepair in the old city was evident. The local authorities were considering development proposals for renovating the old city and incorporating modern architecture on new constructions. Anthropologist Ricardo Alegría vehemently advised against the idea of razing old colonial buildings in favor of contemporary building designs. He followed the example suggested by his father, a local civic leader who had successfully prevented the demolition of the Capilla del Cristo in favor of a traffic redesign. He advised mayor Rincón de Gautier in having local zoning laws changed to favor remodeling and the incorporation of Spanish colonial motifs in any new construction.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_San_Juan
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_746734157#2_839624246	Title: Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe - Wikipedia Headings: Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Background Procedural history Ruling Dissenting opinion Effects Evolution See also References Further reading External links Content: Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, 435 U.S. 191 (1978), is a United States Supreme Court case deciding that Indian tribal courts have no criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians. The case was decided on March 6, 1978 with a 6–2 majority. The court opinion was written by William Rehnquist, and a dissenting opinion was written by Thurgood Marshall, who was joined by Chief Justice Warren Burger. Justice William J. Brennan did not participate in the decision. Congress partially abrogated the Supreme Court's decision by enacting the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013, which recognizes the criminal jurisdiction of tribes over non-Indian perpetrators of domestic violence that occur in Indian Country when the victim is Indian. Contents 1 Background 2 Procedural history 3 Ruling 4 Dissenting opinion 5 Effects 6 Evolution 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background In August 1973 Mark David Oliphant, a non-Indian living as a permanent resident with the Suquamish Tribe on the Port Madison Indian Reservation in northwestern Washington, was arrested and charged by tribal police with assaulting a tribal officer and resisting arrest during the Suquamish Tribe's Chief Seattle Days. Knowing that thousands of people would gather in a small area for the celebration, the tribe requested Kitsap County and the Bureau of Indian Affairs for additional law enforcement assistance. The county sent just one deputy, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs sent no one. When Oliphant was arrested, at 4:30 a.m., only tribal officers were on duty. Oliphant applied for a writ of habeas corpus in federal court and claimed he was not subject to tribal authority because he was not Native American.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliphant_v._Suquamish_Indian_Tribe
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_746734157#3_839626501	Title: Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe - Wikipedia Headings: Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Background Procedural history Ruling Dissenting opinion Effects Evolution See also References Further reading External links Content: Contents 1 Background 2 Procedural history 3 Ruling 4 Dissenting opinion 5 Effects 6 Evolution 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background In August 1973 Mark David Oliphant, a non-Indian living as a permanent resident with the Suquamish Tribe on the Port Madison Indian Reservation in northwestern Washington, was arrested and charged by tribal police with assaulting a tribal officer and resisting arrest during the Suquamish Tribe's Chief Seattle Days. Knowing that thousands of people would gather in a small area for the celebration, the tribe requested Kitsap County and the Bureau of Indian Affairs for additional law enforcement assistance. The county sent just one deputy, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs sent no one. When Oliphant was arrested, at 4:30 a.m., only tribal officers were on duty. Oliphant applied for a writ of habeas corpus in federal court and claimed he was not subject to tribal authority because he was not Native American. He challenged the exercise of criminal jurisdiction by the tribe over non-Indians. Procedural history Oliphant's application for a writ of habeas corpus was rejected by the lower courts. The Ninth Circuit upheld tribal criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians on Indian land because the ability to keep law and order on tribal lands was an important attribute of tribal sovereignty that had been neither surrendered by treaty nor removed by the US Congress under its plenary power over Tribes. Judge Anthony Kennedy, then a judge of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, dissented from the decision and said he found no support for the idea that only treaties and acts of Congress could take away the retained rights of tribes. He considered that doctrine of tribal sovereignty was not "analytically helpful" in resolving the issue.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliphant_v._Suquamish_Indian_Tribe
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_746734157#4_839628839	Title: Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe - Wikipedia Headings: Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Background Procedural history Ruling Dissenting opinion Effects Evolution See also References Further reading External links Content: He challenged the exercise of criminal jurisdiction by the tribe over non-Indians. Procedural history Oliphant's application for a writ of habeas corpus was rejected by the lower courts. The Ninth Circuit upheld tribal criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians on Indian land because the ability to keep law and order on tribal lands was an important attribute of tribal sovereignty that had been neither surrendered by treaty nor removed by the US Congress under its plenary power over Tribes. Judge Anthony Kennedy, then a judge of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, dissented from the decision and said he found no support for the idea that only treaties and acts of Congress could take away the retained rights of tribes. He considered that doctrine of tribal sovereignty was not "analytically helpful" in resolving the issue. Ruling The Supreme Court ruled in Oliphant's favor by holding that Indian tribal courts do not have criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians for conduct occurring on Indian land and reversed the Ninth Circuit's decision. More broadly, the Supreme Court held that Indian tribes cannot exercise powers "expressly terminated by Congress" or "inconsistent with their status" as "domestic dependent nations." Analyzing the history of Congressional actions related to criminal jurisdiction in Indian Country, the Supreme Court concluded that there was an "unspoken assumption" that tribes lacked criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians. While "not conclusive," the "commonly shared presumption of Congress, the Executive Branch, and lower federal courts that tribal courts do not have the power to try non-Indians carrie [d] considerable weight." The Court incorporated that presumption into its analysis of the Treaty of Point Elliot, which was silent on the issue of tribal criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliphant_v._Suquamish_Indian_Tribe
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_746734157#5_839631204	Title: Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe - Wikipedia Headings: Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Background Procedural history Ruling Dissenting opinion Effects Evolution See also References Further reading External links Content: Ruling The Supreme Court ruled in Oliphant's favor by holding that Indian tribal courts do not have criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians for conduct occurring on Indian land and reversed the Ninth Circuit's decision. More broadly, the Supreme Court held that Indian tribes cannot exercise powers "expressly terminated by Congress" or "inconsistent with their status" as "domestic dependent nations." Analyzing the history of Congressional actions related to criminal jurisdiction in Indian Country, the Supreme Court concluded that there was an "unspoken assumption" that tribes lacked criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians. While "not conclusive," the "commonly shared presumption of Congress, the Executive Branch, and lower federal courts that tribal courts do not have the power to try non-Indians carrie [d] considerable weight." The Court incorporated that presumption into its analysis of the Treaty of Point Elliot, which was silent on the issue of tribal criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians. The Court rejected the Ninth Circuit's approach, which interpreted the treaty's silence in favor of tribal sovereignty and applied the "long-standing rule that legislation affecting the Indians is to be construed in their interest." Instead, the Court revived the doctrine of implicit divestiture. Citing Johnson v. M'Intosh and Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, the Court considered criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians an example of the "inherent limitations on tribal powers that stem from their incorporation into the United States," similar to tribes' abrogated rights to alienate land. By incorporating into the United States, the Court found that Tribes "necessarily [gave] up their power to try non-Indian citizens of the United States except in a manner acceptable to Congress". Arguing that non-Indian citizens should not be subjected to another sovereign's "customs and procedure", the Court analogizes to Crow Dog.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliphant_v._Suquamish_Indian_Tribe
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_746734157#6_839633668	Title: Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe - Wikipedia Headings: Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Background Procedural history Ruling Dissenting opinion Effects Evolution See also References Further reading External links Content: The Court rejected the Ninth Circuit's approach, which interpreted the treaty's silence in favor of tribal sovereignty and applied the "long-standing rule that legislation affecting the Indians is to be construed in their interest." Instead, the Court revived the doctrine of implicit divestiture. Citing Johnson v. M'Intosh and Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, the Court considered criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians an example of the "inherent limitations on tribal powers that stem from their incorporation into the United States," similar to tribes' abrogated rights to alienate land. By incorporating into the United States, the Court found that Tribes "necessarily [gave] up their power to try non-Indian citizens of the United States except in a manner acceptable to Congress". Arguing that non-Indian citizens should not be subjected to another sovereign's "customs and procedure", the Court analogizes to Crow Dog. In Crow Dog, which was decided before the Major Crimes Act, the Court found exclusive Tribal jurisdiction over Tribe-members because it would be unfair to subject Tribe-members to an "unknown code" imposed by people of a different "race [and] tradition" from their own. Although the Court found no inherent Tribal criminal jurisdiction, it acknowledged the "prevalence of non-Indian crime on today's reservations which the tribes forcefully argue requires the ability to try non-Indians" and invited "Congress to weigh in" on "whether Indian tribes should finally be authorized to try non-Indians". Dissenting opinion Justice Thurgood Marshall Justice Thurgood Marshall dissented. In his view, the right to punish all individuals who commit crimes against tribal law within the reservation was a necessary aspect of the tribe's sovereignty: I agree with the court below that the "power to preserve order on the reservation ... is a sine qua non of the sovereignty that the Suquamish originally possessed."	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliphant_v._Suquamish_Indian_Tribe
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_746734157#8_839638259	Title: Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe - Wikipedia Headings: Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Background Procedural history Ruling Dissenting opinion Effects Evolution See also References Further reading External links Content: Oliphant v. Schlie, 544 F.2d 1007, 1009 (CA9 1976). In the absence of affirmative withdrawal by treaty or statute, I am of the view that Indian tribes enjoy, as a necessary aspect of their retained sovereignty, the right to try and punish all persons who commit offenses against tribal law within the reservation. Accordingly, I dissent. Chief Justice Warren Burger joined the dissenting opinion. Effects In 1990 the Supreme Court extended Oliphant to hold that tribes also lacked criminal jurisdiction over Indians who were not members of the tribe, exercising jurisdiction in Duro v. Reina. Within six months, however, Congress abrogated the decision by amending the Indian Civil Rights Act to affirm that tribes had inherent criminal jurisdiction over nonmember Indians. In 2004, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the legislation in United States v. Lara. Scholars have extensively criticized the decision. According to Professor Bethany Berger, "By patching together bits and pieces of history and isolated quotes from nineteenth century cases, and relegating contrary evidence to footnotes or ignoring it altogether, the majority created a legal basis for denying jurisdiction out of whole cloth." Rather than legal precedent, the holding was "dictated by the Court's assumptions that tribal courts could not fairly exercise jurisdiction over outsiders and that the effort to exercise such jurisdiction was a modern upstart of little importance to tribal concerns."	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliphant_v._Suquamish_Indian_Tribe
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_746734157#9_839640264	Title: Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe - Wikipedia Headings: Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Background Procedural history Ruling Dissenting opinion Effects Evolution See also References Further reading External links Content: Within six months, however, Congress abrogated the decision by amending the Indian Civil Rights Act to affirm that tribes had inherent criminal jurisdiction over nonmember Indians. In 2004, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the legislation in United States v. Lara. Scholars have extensively criticized the decision. According to Professor Bethany Berger, "By patching together bits and pieces of history and isolated quotes from nineteenth century cases, and relegating contrary evidence to footnotes or ignoring it altogether, the majority created a legal basis for denying jurisdiction out of whole cloth." Rather than legal precedent, the holding was "dictated by the Court's assumptions that tribal courts could not fairly exercise jurisdiction over outsiders and that the effort to exercise such jurisdiction was a modern upstart of little importance to tribal concerns." Professor Philip Frickey describes Oliphant, along with the subsequent decisions limiting tribal jurisdiction over non-Indians, as rooted in a "normatively unattractive judicial colonial impulse," and Professor Robert Williams condemns the decision as "legal auto-genocide." According to Dr. Bruce Duthu, the case showed "that the project of imperialism is alive and well in Indian Country and that courts can now get into the action." The Oliphant Court essentially elevated a local level conflict between a private citizen and an Indian tribe into a collision of framework interests between two sovereigns, and in the process revived the most negative and destructive aspects of colonialism as it relates to Indian rights. This is a principal reason the decision has attracted so much negative reaction ... Oliphant 's impact on the development of federal Indian law and life on the ground in Indian Country has been nothing short of revolutionary. The opinion gutted the notion of full territorial sovereignty as it applies to Indian tribes.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliphant_v._Suquamish_Indian_Tribe
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_752340923#0_845413929	Title: Ancient Olympic Games - Wikipedia Headings: Ancient Olympic Games Ancient Olympic Games Contents Origin mythology History Prehistory First games Olympiad calendar Early history Temple of Zeus Imperial period Roman conquest of Greece Augustus Nero Renaissance Decline Location Culture Politics Events Running Combat Discus Long jump Pentathlon Equestrian Famous athletes Olympic festivals in other places See also Notes References Further reading External links Content: Ancient Olympic Games - Wikipedia Ancient Olympic Games From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Olympic Games, Ancient) Jump to navigation Jump to search For the modern event, see Olympic Games. Athletic competitions in Ancient Greece The palaestra of Olympia, a place devoted to the training of wrestlers and other athletes Olympic Games Main topics Bids Boycotts Ceremonies Charter Host cities IFs IOC Medal Medal tables Medalists NOCs Pierre de Coubertin medal Scandals and controversies Sports Symbols Television Torch relays Venues Women participation Games Summer Winter Youth African American Asian European Pacific Ancient Intercalated v t e The ancient Olympic Games (Ὀλυμπιακοί ἀγώνες, "Olympiakoi agones") were a series of athletic competitions among representatives of city-states and one of the Panhellenic Games of Ancient Greece. They were held in honor of Zeus, and the Greeks gave them a mythological origin. The first Olympics is traditionally dated to 776 BC. They continued to be celebrated when Greece came under Roman rule, until the emperor Theodosius I, who having been converted to Christianity, banned pagan festivals. He banned the Olympics in AD 394 as part of the campaign to impose Christianity as the State religion of Rome. The games were held every four years, or Olympiad, which became a unit of time in historical chronologies. During the celebration of the games, an Olympic Truce was enacted so that athletes could travel from their cities to the games in safety. The prizes for the victors were olive leaf wreaths or crowns. The games became a political tool used by city-states to assert dominance over their rivals.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games,_Ancient
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_752340923#3_845420393	Title: Ancient Olympic Games - Wikipedia Headings: Ancient Olympic Games Ancient Olympic Games Contents Origin mythology History Prehistory First games Olympiad calendar Early history Temple of Zeus Imperial period Roman conquest of Greece Augustus Nero Renaissance Decline Location Culture Politics Events Running Combat Discus Long jump Pentathlon Equestrian Famous athletes Olympic festivals in other places See also Notes References Further reading External links Content: The ancient Olympics had fewer events than the modern games, and only freeborn Greek men were allowed to participate, although there were victorious women chariot owners. As long as they met the entrance criteria, athletes from any Greek city-state and kingdom were allowed to participate. The games were always held at Olympia rather than moving between different locations as is the practice with the modern Olympic Games. Victors at the Olympics were honored, and their feats chronicled for future generations. An artist's impression of ancient Olympia Contents 1 Origin mythology 2 History 2.1 Prehistory 2.2 First games 2.2.1 Olympiad calendar 2.3 Early history 2.4 Temple of Zeus 2.5 Imperial period 2.5.1 Roman conquest of Greece 2.5.2 Augustus 2.5.3 Nero 2.5.4 Renaissance 2.6 Decline 3 Location 4 Culture 5 Politics 6 Events 6.1 Running 6.2 Combat 6.3 Discus 6.4 Long jump 6.5 Pentathlon 6.6 Equestrian 7 Famous athletes 8 Olympic festivals in other places 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Origin mythology To the Ancient Greeks, it was important to root the Olympic Games in mythology. During the time of the ancient games their origins were attributed to the gods, and competing legends persisted as to who actually was responsible for the genesis of the games. These origin traditions have become nearly impossible to untangle, yet a chronology and patterns have arisen that help people understand the story behind the games. Greek historian, Pausanias provides a story about the dactyl Heracles (not to be confused with the son of Zeus and the Roman god Hercules) and four of his brothers, Paeonaeus, Epimedes, Iasius and Idas, who raced at Olympia to entertain the newborn Zeus. He crowned the victor with an olive wreath (which thus became a peace symbol), which also explains the four-year interval, bringing the games around every fifth year (counting inclusively). The other Olympian gods (so named because they lived permanently on Mount Olympus) would also engage in wrestling, jumping and running contests.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games,_Ancient
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_752340923#6_845427263	Title: Ancient Olympic Games - Wikipedia Headings: Ancient Olympic Games Ancient Olympic Games Contents Origin mythology History Prehistory First games Olympiad calendar Early history Temple of Zeus Imperial period Roman conquest of Greece Augustus Nero Renaissance Decline Location Culture Politics Events Running Combat Discus Long jump Pentathlon Equestrian Famous athletes Olympic festivals in other places See also Notes References Further reading External links Content: Before the race, she persuaded her father's charioteer Myrtilus to replace the bronze axle pins of the king's chariot with wax ones. Naturally, during the race, the wax melted and the king fell from his chariot and was killed. After his victory, Pelops organized chariot races as a thanksgiving to the gods and as funeral games in honor of King Oenomaus, in order to be purified of his death. It was from this funeral race held at Olympia that the beginnings of the Olympic Games were inspired. Pelops became a great king, a local hero, and he gave his name to the Peloponnese . One (later) myth, attributed to Pindar, states that the festival at Olympia involved Heracles, the son of Zeus: According to Pindar, Heracles established an athletic festival to honor his father, Zeus, after he had completed his labors. The patterns that emerge from these myths are that the Greeks believed the games had their roots in religion, that athletic competition was tied to worship of the gods, and the revival of the ancient games was intended to bring peace, harmony and a return to the origins of Greek life. History The Olympic games were held to be one of the two central rituals in ancient Greece, the other being the much older religious festival, the Eleusinian Mysteries. Prehistory Areas around the Mediterranean had a long tradition of athletic events.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games,_Ancient
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_752340923#7_845429301	Title: Ancient Olympic Games - Wikipedia Headings: Ancient Olympic Games Ancient Olympic Games Contents Origin mythology History Prehistory First games Olympiad calendar Early history Temple of Zeus Imperial period Roman conquest of Greece Augustus Nero Renaissance Decline Location Culture Politics Events Running Combat Discus Long jump Pentathlon Equestrian Famous athletes Olympic festivals in other places See also Notes References Further reading External links Content: One (later) myth, attributed to Pindar, states that the festival at Olympia involved Heracles, the son of Zeus: According to Pindar, Heracles established an athletic festival to honor his father, Zeus, after he had completed his labors. The patterns that emerge from these myths are that the Greeks believed the games had their roots in religion, that athletic competition was tied to worship of the gods, and the revival of the ancient games was intended to bring peace, harmony and a return to the origins of Greek life. History The Olympic games were held to be one of the two central rituals in ancient Greece, the other being the much older religious festival, the Eleusinian Mysteries. Prehistory Areas around the Mediterranean had a long tradition of athletic events. Ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians depicted athletic scenes in tombs of kings and their nobles. They did not, however, hold regular competitions, and those events that occurred were probably the preserve of kings and upper classes. Minoans culture held gymnastics in high esteem, with bull-leaping, tumbling, running, wrestling and boxing shown on their frescoes. The Myceneans adopted Minoan games and also raced chariots in religious or funerary ceremonies. Homer 's heroes participate in athletic competitions to honor the dead.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games,_Ancient
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_766998387#13_863050800	Title: One Man Band (Old Dominion song) - Wikipedia Headings: One Man Band (Old Dominion song) One Man Band (Old Dominion song) Contents History Commercial performance Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References Content: Billboard. Retrieved December 3, 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link) ^ "Hot Country Songs – Year-End 2020". Billboard. Retrieved December 3, 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link) v t e Old Dominion Matthew Ramsey Trevor Rosen Whit Sellers Geoff Sprung Brad Tursi Studio albums Meat and Candy (2015) Happy Endings (2017) Old Dominion (2019) Singles " Shut Me Up " " Break Up with Him " " Snapback " " Song for Another Time " " No Such Thing as a Broken Heart " " Written in the Sand " " Hotel Key " " Make It Sweet " " One Man Band " " Some People Do " Related articles Discography Army of Me Shane McAnally This 2010s country song -related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Man_Band_ (Old_Dominion_song)&oldid=1001161887 " Categories:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Man_Band_(Old_Dominion_song)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_766998387#14_863052132	Title: One Man Band (Old Dominion song) - Wikipedia Headings: One Man Band (Old Dominion song) One Man Band (Old Dominion song) Contents History Commercial performance Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References Content: Retrieved December 3, 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link) v t e Old Dominion Matthew Ramsey Trevor Rosen Whit Sellers Geoff Sprung Brad Tursi Studio albums Meat and Candy (2015) Happy Endings (2017) Old Dominion (2019) Singles " Shut Me Up " " Break Up with Him " " Snapback " " Song for Another Time " " No Such Thing as a Broken Heart " " Written in the Sand " " Hotel Key " " Make It Sweet " " One Man Band " " Some People Do " Related articles Discography Army of Me Shane McAnally This 2010s country song -related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Man_Band_ (Old_Dominion_song)&oldid=1001161887 " Categories: 2019 singles 2019 songs Country ballads 2010s ballads Old Dominion (band) songs RCA Records Nashville singles Songs written by Matthew Ramsey Songs written by Trevor Rosen Songs written by Brad Tursi Songs written by Josh Osborne Song recordings produced by Shane McAnally 2010s country song stubs Hidden categories: CS1 maint: discouraged parameter Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs All stub articles	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Man_Band_(Old_Dominion_song)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_772081882#3_869876432	Title: Online degree - Wikipedia Headings: Online degree Online degree Contents Accreditation Quality Prevalence of online education Financial aid See also References Content: While most major online colleges are regionally accredited, the public estimation of their quality is in dispute. A national survey of hiring representatives showed that a preference toward on-campus degrees exists. In some instances, hiring executives were unwilling to consider applicants with an online degree. Some experts argue that degrees in certain fields are more accepted online than in others, while some programs are less suited for online-only schools. A major issue for accredited and reputable online programs is the proliferation of proprietary online-only programs that have come under fire in recent years. A survey by the Distance Education Accrediting Commission (DEAC) found that 100% of employers who responded felt that distance education program graduates performed better on the job as a result of their degree (as compared to their previous performance). Additionally, employers felt that an employee receiving a distance education degree compared favorably, in terms of knowledge learned, to someone with a resident degree. On the other hand, The Chronicle of Higher Education reported in January 2007 on a Vault Inc. survey that found 55 percent of employers preferred traditional degrees over online ones. Forty-one percent, however, said they would give "equal consideration to both types of degrees". The Sloan Consortium, an organization funded by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to maintain and improve the quality of distance education, publishes regular reports on the state of United States distance education.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_degree
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_779790077#11_878936543	Title: Open Door Policy - Wikipedia Headings: Open Door Policy Open Door Policy Contents Background History Formation of policy Subsequent development In modern China Applications in 20th and 21st centuries See also Notes References and further reading External links Content: Special Economic Zones (SEZ) were set up in 1980 in his belief that to modernize China's industry and boost its economy, he needed to welcome foreign direct investment. Chinese economic policy then shifted to encouraging and supporting foreign trade and investment. It was the turning point in China's economic fortune, which started its way on the path to becoming 'The World's Factory'. Four SEZs were initially set up in 1980: Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong, and Xiamen in Fujian. The SEZs were strategically located near Hong Kong, Macau ,and Taiwan but with a favorable tax regime and low wages to attract capital and business from these Chinese communities. Shenzhen was the first to be established and showed the most rapid growth, averaging a very high growth rate of 40% per annum between 1981 and 1993, compared to the average GDP growth of 9.8% for the country as a whole. Other SEZs were set up in other parts of China. In 1978, China was ranked 32nd in the world in export volume, but by 1989, it had doubled its world trade and became the 13th exporter. Between 1978 and 1990, the average annual rate of trade expansion was above 15 percent, and a high rate of growth continued for the next decade.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Door_Policy
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_781899307#9_881738586	Title: Open relationship - Wikipedia Headings: Open relationship Open relationship Contents Types Swinging Open marriage Polyamory Prevalence Reward vs. risk Reasons for entering an open relationship Reasons for avoiding an open relationship Sexually transmitted infection Successful open relationships Boundaries Time management Research on open marriages Positive outcomes Neutral outcomes Negative outcomes See also References Further reading Content: These include: liking another person but not wanting to end the old relationship being non-monogamous by nature (i.e. born that way) a difference emerging between two people in a relationship one partner realizing that they are unable to fulfill the other's needs varying sex drive between partners one or both partners desiring more freedom, companionship, intellectual variety, a variety of sexual partners, getting ahead career-wise or maintaining relationships a need for challenge: some people feel that their relationship is inadequate unless they are being challenged. Open relationships may create a sense of jealousy, attachment, or possessiveness, all of which are challenges for a relationship to work through. These emotions can also lead to greater self-awareness which may be seen as satisfying to those in open relationships. the enjoyment of new relationship energy, the state of heightened emotional and sexual receptivity and excitement experienced during the formation of a new physical relationship being able to meet other couples and individuals with a similar outlook with whom the participants can connect with on an intellectual and emotional level being in a relationship of convenience, that is, one that is not primarily based on mutual feeling of love towards each other (anymore), but rather on economic or social factors (e.g.: the traditional practice of polyandry in rural Tibet) distance – when partners live in separate parts of the world for part or all of the time sex may be more pleasing, and the participants may engage in it more frequently than those in an average couple “It has been proposed that men (both gay and straight), in contrast to women, are able to cognitively separate sex from emotions (or love) in a process commonly termed compartmentalization. " This means it is not unusual for homosexual men to have open relationships, which means breaking the ‘norm’ of a committed and ‘typical’ heterosexual relationship. That is not to suggest that open relationships do not work; research has shown comparable relationship satisfaction for both monogamous and non-monogamous couples.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_relationship
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_797278303#10_896686765	Title: Optimum currency area - Wikipedia Headings: Optimum currency area Optimum currency area Contents Models Optimum currency area with stationary expectations Optimum currency area with international risk sharing Applications European Union United States Criticism Keynesian Self-fulfilling argument See also Notes References Content: However, in 1973 Mundell himself constructed an argument on the basis of the second model that was more favorable to the concept of a (then-hypothetical) shared European currency. Rather than moving toward more flexibility in exchange rates within Europe the economic arguments suggest less flexibility and a closer integration of capital markets. These economic arguments are supported by social arguments as well. On every occasion when a social disturbance leads to the threat of a strike, and the strike to an increase in wages unjustified by increases in productivity and thence to devaluation, the national currency becomes threatened. Long-run costs for the nation as a whole are bartered away by governments for what they presume to be short-run political benefits. If instead, the European currencies were bound together disturbances in the country would be cushioned, with the shock weakened by capital movements. — Robert Mundell, 1973, A Plan for a European Currency pp. 147 and 150 Applications European Union Europe exemplifies a situation unfavourable to a common currency. It is composed of separate nations, speaking different languages, with different customs, and having citizens feeling far greater loyalty and attachment to their own country than to a common market or to the idea of Europe. Milton Friedman There is never complete labour mobility, even within single countries.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimum_currency_area
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_809698128#6_910903552	Title: Ordination of women and the Catholic Church - Wikipedia Headings: Ordination of women and the Catholic Church Ordination of women and the Catholic Church Contents History Early Church Church Fathers Ecumenical councils Church teaching Requirements of holy orders Declaration on the Question of the Admission of Women to the Ministerial Priesthood Ordinatio sacerdotalis Response of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith Doctrinal Commentary on Ad tuendam fidem Decree on the Attempted Ordination of Some Catholic Women Catechism 2008 excommunication order Pope Francis Ordination to the diaconate Ordination and equality Dissenting views See also Notes References Content: If after receiving ordination and spending some time in the ministry she despises God's grace and gets married, such a person is to be anathematised along with her spouse. Church teaching Requirements of holy orders While the church believes Christians have the right to receive the sacraments, the church does not believe in a right to ordination. The church believes the sacraments work ex opere operato as manifestations of Jesus' actions and words during his life, and that according to dogma Jesus only chose certain men as apostles. The church teaches that a woman's impediment to ordination is diriment, of divine law, public, absolute, and permanent because Jesus instituted ordination by ordaining the twelve apostles, since holy orders is a manifestation of Jesus' calling of the apostles. Declaration on the Question of the Admission of Women to the Ministerial Priesthood In 1976, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued the Declaration on the Question of the Admission of Women to the Ministerial Priesthood which taught that for doctrinal, theological, and historical reasons, the Church "does not consider herself authorized to admit women to priestly ordination". Reasons given were the Church's determination to remain faithful to its constant tradition, its fidelity to Christ's will, and the iconic value of male representation due to the "sacramental nature" of the priesthood. The Church teaching on the restriction of its ordination to men is that masculinity was integral to the personhood of both Jesus and the men he called as apostles. The Church sees maleness and femaleness as two different ways of expressing common humanity ( essence ). Ordinatio sacerdotalis Main article: Ordinatio sacerdotalis On May 22, 1994, John Paul II promulgated Ordinatio sacerdotalis, where he states that the Church cannot confer priestly ordination on women:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination_of_women_and_the_Catholic_Church
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_809698128#7_910906349	Title: Ordination of women and the Catholic Church - Wikipedia Headings: Ordination of women and the Catholic Church Ordination of women and the Catholic Church Contents History Early Church Church Fathers Ecumenical councils Church teaching Requirements of holy orders Declaration on the Question of the Admission of Women to the Ministerial Priesthood Ordinatio sacerdotalis Response of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith Doctrinal Commentary on Ad tuendam fidem Decree on the Attempted Ordination of Some Catholic Women Catechism 2008 excommunication order Pope Francis Ordination to the diaconate Ordination and equality Dissenting views See also Notes References Content: Reasons given were the Church's determination to remain faithful to its constant tradition, its fidelity to Christ's will, and the iconic value of male representation due to the "sacramental nature" of the priesthood. The Church teaching on the restriction of its ordination to men is that masculinity was integral to the personhood of both Jesus and the men he called as apostles. The Church sees maleness and femaleness as two different ways of expressing common humanity ( essence ). Ordinatio sacerdotalis Main article: Ordinatio sacerdotalis On May 22, 1994, John Paul II promulgated Ordinatio sacerdotalis, where he states that the Church cannot confer priestly ordination on women: Wherefore, in order that all doubt may be removed regarding a matter of great importance, a matter which pertains to the Church's divine constitution itself, in virtue of my ministry of confirming the brethren (cf. Lk 22:32) I declare that the Church has no authority whatsoever to confer priestly ordination on women and that this judgment is to be definitively held by all the Church's faithful. Pope John Paul II explains the Catholic understanding that the priesthood is a role specia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination_of_women_and_the_Catholic_Church
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_815473659#6_917194489	Title: Organisation of African Unity - Wikipedia Headings: Organisation of African Unity Organisation of African Unity Contents History Aims Criticism and praises Agencies List of Chairpersons List of Secretaries-General OAU summits OAU members by date of admission (53 states) See also References Further reading Content: Secondly, it would remain neutral in terms of world affairs, preventing its members from being controlled once more by outside powers. A Liberation Committee was established to aid independence movements and look after the interests of already-independent states. The OAU also aimed to stay neutral in terms of global politics, which would prevent them from being controlled once more by outside forces – an especial danger with the Cold War. Part of a series on the History of the African Union History of Africa Economic history Decolonisation of Africa Union of African States Organisation of African Unity African Economic Community Sirte Declaration Constitutive Act of the African Union Union Launch v t e The OAU had other aims, too: Ensure that all Africans enjoyed human rights. Raise the living standards of all Africans. Settle arguments and disputes between members – not through fighting but rather peaceful and diplomatic negotiation. Soon after achieving independence, a number of African states expressed a growing desire for more unity within the continent. Not everyone was agreed on how this unity could be achieved, however, and two opinionated groups emerged in this respect: The Casablanca bloc, led by Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, wanted a federation of all African countries.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_815473659#12_917204568	Title: Organisation of African Unity - Wikipedia Headings: Organisation of African Unity Organisation of African Unity Contents History Aims Criticism and praises Agencies List of Chairpersons List of Secretaries-General OAU summits OAU members by date of admission (53 states) See also References Further reading Content: Total unity was difficult to achieve, however, as the OAU was largely divided. The former French colonies, still dependent on France, had formed the Monrovia Group, and there was a further split between those that supported the United States and those that supported the USSR in the Cold War of ideologies. The pro- Socialist faction was led by Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah, while Félix Houphouët-Boigny of the Ivory Coast led the pro- capitalists. Because of these divisions, it was difficult for the OAU to take action against states involved in internal conflicts because it could rarely reach an agreement on what was to be done. The OAU did play a pivotal role in eradicating colonialism and white minority rule in Africa. It gave weapons, training and military bases to rebel groups fighting white minority and colonial rule. Groups such as the ANC and PAC, fighting apartheid, and ZANU and ZAPU, fighting to topple the government of Rhodesia, were aided in their endeavours by the OAU. African harbours were closed to the South African government, and South African aircraft were prohibited from flying over the rest of the continent. The UN was convinced by the OAU to expel South Africa from bodies such as the World Health Organization . The OAU also worked with the UN to ease refugee problems.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_816898419#0_918581915	Title: Organizational justice - Wikipedia Headings: Organizational justice Organizational justice Contents Overview Corporate social responsibility Roots in equity theory Types Distributive Procedural Interactional Proposed models The role of affect in perceptions Antecedents of perceptions Employee participation Communication Justice climate Outcomes of perceptions Trust Performance Job satisfaction and organizational commitment Organizational citizenship behavior Counterproductive work behaviors Absenteeism and withdrawal Emotional exhaustion Health Turnover Intention See also Bibliography References Content: Organizational justice - Wikipedia Organizational justice From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Organizational injustice redirects to here, and is the flip-side, often more easily considered. Greenberg (1987) introduced the concept of organizational justice with regard to how an employee judges the behaviour of the organization and the employee's resulting attitude and behaviour. ( e.g., if a firm makes redundant half of the workers, an employee may feel a sense of injustice with a resulting change in attitude and a drop in productivity). Justice or fairness refers to the idea that an action or decision is morally right, which may be defined according to ethics, religion, fairness, equity, or law. People are naturally attentive to the justice of events and situations in their everyday lives, across a variety of contexts (Tabibnia, Satpute, & Lieberman, 2008). Individuals react to actions and decisions made by organizations every day. An individual's perceptions of these decisions as fair or unfair can influence the individual's subsequent attitudes and behaviors. Fairness is often of central interest to organizations because the implications of perceptions of injustice can impact job attitudes and behaviors at work. Justice in organizations can include issues related to perceptions of fair pay, equal opportunities for promotion, and personnel selection procedures. There are two forms of Organizational Justice;	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_justice
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_816898419#1_918584204	Title: Organizational justice - Wikipedia Headings: Organizational justice Organizational justice Contents Overview Corporate social responsibility Roots in equity theory Types Distributive Procedural Interactional Proposed models The role of affect in perceptions Antecedents of perceptions Employee participation Communication Justice climate Outcomes of perceptions Trust Performance Job satisfaction and organizational commitment Organizational citizenship behavior Counterproductive work behaviors Absenteeism and withdrawal Emotional exhaustion Health Turnover Intention See also Bibliography References Content: Individuals react to actions and decisions made by organizations every day. An individual's perceptions of these decisions as fair or unfair can influence the individual's subsequent attitudes and behaviors. Fairness is often of central interest to organizations because the implications of perceptions of injustice can impact job attitudes and behaviors at work. Justice in organizations can include issues related to perceptions of fair pay, equal opportunities for promotion, and personnel selection procedures. There are two forms of Organizational Justice; outcome favorability and outcome justice. Outcome favorability is a judgement based on personal worth, and outcome justice is based on moral propriety. Managers often believe that employees think of justice as justice the desired outcome. Contents 1 Overview 2 Corporate social responsibility 3 Roots in equity theory 4 Types 4.1 Distributive 4.2 Procedural 4.3 Interactional 4.4 Proposed models 5 The role of affect in perceptions 6 Antecedents of perceptions 6.1 Employee participation 6.2 Communication 6.3 Justice climate 7 Outcomes of perceptions 7.1 Trust 7.2 Performance 7.3 Job satisfaction and organizational commitment 7.4 Organizational citizenship behavior 7.5 Counterproductive work behaviors 7.6 Absenteeism and withdrawal 7.7 Emotional exhaustion 7.8 Health 7.9 Turnover Intention 8 See also 9 Bibliography 10 References Overview Four components of organizational justice are distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational justice. Research also suggests the importance of affect and emotion in the appraisal of the fairness of a situation as well as one's behavioral and attitudinal reactions to the situation (e.g., Barsky, Kaplan, & Beal, 2011).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_justice
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_816898419#2_918586789	Title: Organizational justice - Wikipedia Headings: Organizational justice Organizational justice Contents Overview Corporate social responsibility Roots in equity theory Types Distributive Procedural Interactional Proposed models The role of affect in perceptions Antecedents of perceptions Employee participation Communication Justice climate Outcomes of perceptions Trust Performance Job satisfaction and organizational commitment Organizational citizenship behavior Counterproductive work behaviors Absenteeism and withdrawal Emotional exhaustion Health Turnover Intention See also Bibliography References Content: outcome favorability and outcome justice. Outcome favorability is a judgement based on personal worth, and outcome justice is based on moral propriety. Managers often believe that employees think of justice as justice the desired outcome. Contents 1 Overview 2 Corporate social responsibility 3 Roots in equity theory 4 Types 4.1 Distributive 4.2 Procedural 4.3 Interactional 4.4 Proposed models 5 The role of affect in perceptions 6 Antecedents of perceptions 6.1 Employee participation 6.2 Communication 6.3 Justice climate 7 Outcomes of perceptions 7.1 Trust 7.2 Performance 7.3 Job satisfaction and organizational commitment 7.4 Organizational citizenship behavior 7.5 Counterproductive work behaviors 7.6 Absenteeism and withdrawal 7.7 Emotional exhaustion 7.8 Health 7.9 Turnover Intention 8 See also 9 Bibliography 10 References Overview Four components of organizational justice are distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational justice. Research also suggests the importance of affect and emotion in the appraisal of the fairness of a situation as well as one's behavioral and attitudinal reactions to the situation (e.g., Barsky, Kaplan, & Beal, 2011). Much literature in the industrial/organizational psychology field has examined organizational justice as well as the associated outcomes. Perceptions of justice influence many key organizational outcomes such as motivation (Latham & Pinder, 2005) and job satisfaction (Al-Zu'bi, 2010). Corporate social responsibility A concept related to organizational justice is corporate social responsibility (CSR). Organizational justice generally refers to perceptions of fairness in treatment of individuals internal to that organization while corporate social responsibility focuses on the fairness of treatment of entities external to the organization. Corporate social responsibility refers to a mechanism by which businesses monitor and regulate their performance in line with moral and societal standards such that it has positive influences on all of its stakeholders (Carroll, 1999).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_justice
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_816898419#3_918589696	Title: Organizational justice - Wikipedia Headings: Organizational justice Organizational justice Contents Overview Corporate social responsibility Roots in equity theory Types Distributive Procedural Interactional Proposed models The role of affect in perceptions Antecedents of perceptions Employee participation Communication Justice climate Outcomes of perceptions Trust Performance Job satisfaction and organizational commitment Organizational citizenship behavior Counterproductive work behaviors Absenteeism and withdrawal Emotional exhaustion Health Turnover Intention See also Bibliography References Content: Much literature in the industrial/organizational psychology field has examined organizational justice as well as the associated outcomes. Perceptions of justice influence many key organizational outcomes such as motivation (Latham & Pinder, 2005) and job satisfaction (Al-Zu'bi, 2010). Corporate social responsibility A concept related to organizational justice is corporate social responsibility (CSR). Organizational justice generally refers to perceptions of fairness in treatment of individuals internal to that organization while corporate social responsibility focuses on the fairness of treatment of entities external to the organization. Corporate social responsibility refers to a mechanism by which businesses monitor and regulate their performance in line with moral and societal standards such that it has positive influences on all of its stakeholders (Carroll, 1999). Thus, CSR involves organizations going above and beyond what is moral or ethical and behaving in ways that benefit members of society in general. It has been proposed that an employee's perceptions of their organization's level of corporate social responsibility can impact that individual's own attitudes and perceptions of justice even if they are not the victim of unfair acts (Rupp et al., 2006). Roots in equity theory The idea of organizational justice stems from equity theory (Adams, 1963, 1965), which posits that judgments of equity and inequity are derived from comparisons between one's self and others based on inputs and outcomes. Inputs refer to what a person perceives to contribute (e.g., knowledge and effort) while outcomes are what an individual perceives to get out of an exchange relationship (e.g., pay and recognition).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_justice
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_816898419#4_918592244	Title: Organizational justice - Wikipedia Headings: Organizational justice Organizational justice Contents Overview Corporate social responsibility Roots in equity theory Types Distributive Procedural Interactional Proposed models The role of affect in perceptions Antecedents of perceptions Employee participation Communication Justice climate Outcomes of perceptions Trust Performance Job satisfaction and organizational commitment Organizational citizenship behavior Counterproductive work behaviors Absenteeism and withdrawal Emotional exhaustion Health Turnover Intention See also Bibliography References Content: Thus, CSR involves organizations going above and beyond what is moral or ethical and behaving in ways that benefit members of society in general. It has been proposed that an employee's perceptions of their organization's level of corporate social responsibility can impact that individual's own attitudes and perceptions of justice even if they are not the victim of unfair acts (Rupp et al., 2006). Roots in equity theory The idea of organizational justice stems from equity theory (Adams, 1963, 1965), which posits that judgments of equity and inequity are derived from comparisons between one's self and others based on inputs and outcomes. Inputs refer to what a person perceives to contribute (e.g., knowledge and effort) while outcomes are what an individual perceives to get out of an exchange relationship (e.g., pay and recognition). Comparison points against which these inputs and outcomes are judged may be internal (one's self at an earlier time) or external (other individuals). Types Three main proposed components of organizational justice are distributive, procedural, and interactional justice (which includes informational and interpersonal justice). Distributive Distributive justice is conceptualized as the fairness associated with decision outcomes and distribution of resources. The outcomes or resources distributed may be tangible ( e.g., pay) or intangible ( e.g., praise). Perceptions of distributive justice can be fostered when outcomes are perceived to be equally applied (Adams, 1965).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_justice
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_816898419#5_918594586	Title: Organizational justice - Wikipedia Headings: Organizational justice Organizational justice Contents Overview Corporate social responsibility Roots in equity theory Types Distributive Procedural Interactional Proposed models The role of affect in perceptions Antecedents of perceptions Employee participation Communication Justice climate Outcomes of perceptions Trust Performance Job satisfaction and organizational commitment Organizational citizenship behavior Counterproductive work behaviors Absenteeism and withdrawal Emotional exhaustion Health Turnover Intention See also Bibliography References Content: Comparison points against which these inputs and outcomes are judged may be internal (one's self at an earlier time) or external (other individuals). Types Three main proposed components of organizational justice are distributive, procedural, and interactional justice (which includes informational and interpersonal justice). Distributive Distributive justice is conceptualized as the fairness associated with decision outcomes and distribution of resources. The outcomes or resources distributed may be tangible ( e.g., pay) or intangible ( e.g., praise). Perceptions of distributive justice can be fostered when outcomes are perceived to be equally applied (Adams, 1965). Also, distributive justice can be viewed as capitalist justice: ratio of one's inputs to one's outcomes. According to the article:, distributive justice is composed of three main component: Equity, Equality and need.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_justice
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_816898419#6_918596300	Title: Organizational justice - Wikipedia Headings: Organizational justice Organizational justice Contents Overview Corporate social responsibility Roots in equity theory Types Distributive Procedural Interactional Proposed models The role of affect in perceptions Antecedents of perceptions Employee participation Communication Justice climate Outcomes of perceptions Trust Performance Job satisfaction and organizational commitment Organizational citizenship behavior Counterproductive work behaviors Absenteeism and withdrawal Emotional exhaustion Health Turnover Intention See also Bibliography References Content: Also, distributive justice can be viewed as capitalist justice: ratio of one's inputs to one's outcomes. According to the article:, distributive justice is composed of three main component: Equity, Equality and need. Equity focus more on rewarding employees based on their contribution. Equality on the other hand provide each employee with the same compensation. Finally, need is providing a benefit based on one's personal requirement. Procedural Procedural justice is defined as the fairness of the processes that lead to outcomes. When individuals feel that they have a voice in the process or that the process involves characteristics such as consistency, accuracy, ethicality, and lack of bias then procedural justice is enhanced (Leventhal, 1980).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_justice
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_816898419#7_918597876	Title: Organizational justice - Wikipedia Headings: Organizational justice Organizational justice Contents Overview Corporate social responsibility Roots in equity theory Types Distributive Procedural Interactional Proposed models The role of affect in perceptions Antecedents of perceptions Employee participation Communication Justice climate Outcomes of perceptions Trust Performance Job satisfaction and organizational commitment Organizational citizenship behavior Counterproductive work behaviors Absenteeism and withdrawal Emotional exhaustion Health Turnover Intention See also Bibliography References Content: Equity focus more on rewarding employees based on their contribution. Equality on the other hand provide each employee with the same compensation. Finally, need is providing a benefit based on one's personal requirement. Procedural Procedural justice is defined as the fairness of the processes that lead to outcomes. When individuals feel that they have a voice in the process or that the process involves characteristics such as consistency, accuracy, ethicality, and lack of bias then procedural justice is enhanced (Leventhal, 1980). According to the article, procedural justice is the appropriateness of the allocation process. it includes six main point which are consistency, lack of bias, accuracy, representation of all concerned, correction and ethics. Procedural justice seems to be essential to maintaining institutional legitimacy. What is more interesting is that procedural justice affects what workers believe about the organization as a whole. Interactional Interactional justice refers to the treatment that an individual receives as decisions are made and can be promoted by providing explanations for decisions and delivering the news with sensitivity and respect (Bies & Moag, 1986).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_justice
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_816898419#8_918599903	Title: Organizational justice - Wikipedia Headings: Organizational justice Organizational justice Contents Overview Corporate social responsibility Roots in equity theory Types Distributive Procedural Interactional Proposed models The role of affect in perceptions Antecedents of perceptions Employee participation Communication Justice climate Outcomes of perceptions Trust Performance Job satisfaction and organizational commitment Organizational citizenship behavior Counterproductive work behaviors Absenteeism and withdrawal Emotional exhaustion Health Turnover Intention See also Bibliography References Content: According to the article, procedural justice is the appropriateness of the allocation process. it includes six main point which are consistency, lack of bias, accuracy, representation of all concerned, correction and ethics. Procedural justice seems to be essential to maintaining institutional legitimacy. What is more interesting is that procedural justice affects what workers believe about the organization as a whole. Interactional Interactional justice refers to the treatment that an individual receives as decisions are made and can be promoted by providing explanations for decisions and delivering the news with sensitivity and respect (Bies & Moag, 1986). A construct validation study by Colquitt (2001) suggests that interactional justice should be broken into two components: interpersonal and informational justice. Interpersonal justice refers to perceptions of respect and propriety in one's treatment while informational justice relates to the adequacy of the explanations given in terms of their timeliness, specificity, and truthfulness. Interpersonal justice "reflects the degree to which people are treated with politeness, dignity, and respect by authorities and third parties involved in executing procedures or determining outcomes". Informational justice "focuses on explanations provided to people that convey information about why procedures were used in a certain way or why outcomes were distributed in a certain fashion".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_justice
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_816898419#11_918607626	Title: Organizational justice - Wikipedia Headings: Organizational justice Organizational justice Contents Overview Corporate social responsibility Roots in equity theory Types Distributive Procedural Interactional Proposed models The role of affect in perceptions Antecedents of perceptions Employee participation Communication Justice climate Outcomes of perceptions Trust Performance Job satisfaction and organizational commitment Organizational citizenship behavior Counterproductive work behaviors Absenteeism and withdrawal Emotional exhaustion Health Turnover Intention See also Bibliography References Content: The accuracy of the two-factor model was challenged by studies that suggested a third factor (interactional justice) may be involved. Bies and Moag (1986) argue that interactional justice is distinct from procedural justice because it represents the social exchange component of the interaction and the quality of treatment whereas procedural justice represents the processes that were used to arrive at the decision outcomes. Generally researchers are in agreement regarding the distinction between procedural and distributive justice but there is more controversy over the distinction between interactional and procedural justice (Cohen-Charash & Spector, 2001). Colquitt (2001) demonstrated that a four-factor model (including procedural, distributive, interpersonal, and informational justice) fit the data significantly better than a two or three factor model. Colquitt's construct validation study also showed that each of the four components have predictive validity for different key organizational outcomes (e.g., commitment and rule compliance). Another model of organizational justice proposed by Byrne (1999) and colleagues (Byrne & Cropanzano, 2000) suggested that organizational justice is a multi-foci construct, one where employees see justice as coming from a source - either the organization or their supervisor. Thus, rather than focus on justice as the three or four factor component model, Byrne suggested that employees personify the organization and they distinguish between whether they feel the organization or supervisor have treated them fairly (interactional), use fair procedures (procedural), or allocate rewards or assignments fairly (distributive justice). A number of researchers used this model exploring the possibility that justice is	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_justice
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_847748138#0_954616226	Title: Outline of artificial intelligence - Wikipedia Headings: Outline of artificial intelligence Outline of artificial intelligence Contents What type of thing is artificial intelligence? Types of artificial intelligence Branches of artificial intelligence By approach By application Further AI design elements AI projects AI applications Integrated AI systems Intelligent personal assistants AI development AI algorithms Open-source AI development tools Psychology and AI History of artificial intelligence by period or events by region by subject AI hazards and safety AI and the future Philosophy of artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence debate Critics of AI Artificial intelligence in fiction AI community Competitions and awards Publications Organizations Companies Artificial intelligence researchers and scholars 1930s and 40s (generation 0) 1950s (the founders) 1960s (their students) 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s on See also References Bibliography Further reading External links Content: Outline of artificial intelligence - Wikipedia Outline of artificial intelligence From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Overview of and topical guide to artificial intelligence Part of a series on Artificial intelligence Major goals Artificial general intelligence Planning Computer vision General game playing Knowledge reasoning Machine learning Natural language processing Robotics Approaches Symbolic Deep learning Bayesian networks Evolutionary algorithms Philosophy Ethics Existential risk Turing test Chinese room Control problem Friendly AI History Timeline Progress AI winter Technology Applications Projects Programming languages Glossary Glossary v t e The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to artificial intelligence: Artificial intelligence (AI) – intelligence exhibited by machines or software. It is also the name of the scientific field which studies how to create computers and computer software that are capable of intelligent behaviour. Contents 1 What type of thing is artificial intelligence? 2 Types of artificial intelligence 3 Branches of artificial intelligence 3.1 By approach 3.2 By application 4 Further AI design elements 5 AI projects 6 AI applications 6.1 Integrated AI systems 6.2 Intelligent personal assistants 7 AI development 7.1 AI algorithms 7.2 Open-source AI development tools 8 Psychology and AI 9 History of artificial intelligence 9.1 by period or events 9.2 by region 9.3 by subject 10 AI hazards and safety 11 AI and the future 12 Philosophy of artificial intelligence 12.1 Artificial intelligence debate 12.1.1 Critics of AI 13 Artificial intelligence in fiction 14 AI community 14.1 Competitions and awards 14.2 Publications 14.3 Organizations 14.3.1 Companies 14.4 Artificial intelligence researchers and scholars 14.4.1 1930s and 40s (generation 0) 14.4.2 1950s (the founders) 14.4.3 1960s (their students) 14.4.4 1970s 14.4.5 1980s 14.4.6 1990s 14.4.7 2000s on 15 See also 16 References 16.1 Bibliography 17 Further reading 18 External links What type of thing is artificial intelligence? A form of intelligence Synthetic intelligence – intelligence of a man-made yet real quality: actual, not fake, not simulated A type of technology A type of computer technology A computer system that performs some intellectual function An emerging technology A field: An academic discipline A branch of science A branch of applied science A branch of computer science Types of artificial intelligence Weak AI (narrow AI) – non-sentient machine intelligence, typically focused on a narrow task (narrow AI). Strong AI / artificial general intelligence (AGI) – (hypothetical) machine with the ability to apply intelligence to any problem, rather than just one specific problem, typically meaning "at least as smart as a typical human". Its future potential creation is referred to as a technological singularity, and constitutes a global catastrophic risk ( see Superintelligence, below ).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_artificial_intelligence
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_855080025#0_963564583	Title: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom - Wikipedia Headings: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Background Sugar reciprocity Rebellion of 1887 and the Bayonet Constitution Wilcox Rebellion of 1888 Liliʻuokalani attempts to re-write Constitution Overthrow United States involvement Aftermath Response United States International Hawaiian counter-revolution Republic, United States annexation, United States Territory See also References External links Content: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom - Wikipedia Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search 1893 government overthrow The Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom Part of the Hawaiian Rebellions (1887–95) The USS Boston 's landing force on duty at the Arlington Hotel, Honolulu, at the time of the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, January 1893. Lieutenant Lucien Young, USN, commanded the detachment, and is presumably the officer at right. Date January 17, 1893; 128 years ago ( 1893-01-17) Location Honolulu, Hawaii Result Hawaiian League / United States victory Surrender of the Hawaiian Kingdom Queen Liliʻuokalani relinquishes power Provisional Government, later renamed to Republic, established Hawaii organized into a territory, then a state of the United States Belligerents Committee of Safety United States Hawaii Commanders and leaders Lorrin A. Thurston John L. Stevens Queen Liliʻuokalani Samuel Nowlein Charles B. Wilson Strength United States 1 cruiser, USS Boston 162 US Navy and USMC personnel 496 troops (several) Volunteers 85–110 Police 322–337 Royal Guard 50–65 at ʻIolani Palace 272 at ʻIolani Barracks 8–14 artillery pieces 1 Gatling gun Casualties and losses None 1 wounded v t e Hawaiian Rebellions Rebellion of 1887 Wilcox Rebellion 1889 Burlesque Conspiracy Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom Leper War Black Week 1895 Wilcox rebellion Part of a series on the Hawaiian sovereignty movement The inverted Hawaiian flag represents the Hawaiian Kingdom in distress and is the main symbol of the Hawaiian sovereignty movement Main issues Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom Opposition to the overthrow Legal status of Hawaii US federal recognition of Native Hawaiians Governments Chiefdom Kingdom Provisional Government Government in Exile Republic Territory State Historical conflicts Hawaiian rebellions (1887–1895) Wilcox rebellion of 1889 Leper War on Kauaʻi Black Week (Hawaii) 1895 Wilcox rebellion Modern events Hawaiian Renaissance 2008 occupation of Iolani Palace 125th anniversary of the overthrow Parties and organizations Aloha ʻĀina Party Home Rule Party of Hawaii Office of Hawaiian Affairs Documents and ideas Blount Report Morgan Report Bayonet Constitution Proposed 1893 Constitution Kūʻē Petitions Newlands Resolution Hawaiian Organic Act Apology Resolution Akaka Bill Books Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen Kaua Kuloko 1895 v t e The overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom began on January 17, 1893, with a coup d'état against Queen Liliʻuokalani on the island of Oahu by subjects of the Hawaiian Kingdom, United States citizens, and foreign residents residing in Honolulu. A majority of the insurgents were foreigners. They prevailed upon American minister John L. Stevens to call in the U.S. Marines to protect United States interests, an action that effectively buttressed the rebellion. The insurgents established the Republic of Hawaii, but their ultimate goal was the annexation of the islands to the United States, which occurred in 1898. The 1993 Apology Resolution by the U.S. Congress concedes that "the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and [...] the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum". Debates regarding the event play an important role in the Hawaiian sovereignty movement . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Sugar reciprocity 1.2 Rebellion of 1887 and the Bayonet Constitution 1.3 Wilcox Rebellion of 1888 1.4 Liliʻuokalani attempts to re-write Constitution 2 Overthrow 2.1 United States involvement 3 Aftermath 4 Response 4.1 United States 4.2 International 4.3 Hawaiian counter-revolution 5 Republic, United States annexation, United States Territory 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background The Kamehameha Dynasty was the reigning monarchy of the Hawaiian Kingdom, beginning with its founding by Kamehameha I in 1795, until the death of Kamehameha V in 1872 and Lunalilo in 1874.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_855080025#1_963569714	Title: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom - Wikipedia Headings: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Background Sugar reciprocity Rebellion of 1887 and the Bayonet Constitution Wilcox Rebellion of 1888 Liliʻuokalani attempts to re-write Constitution Overthrow United States involvement Aftermath Response United States International Hawaiian counter-revolution Republic, United States annexation, United States Territory See also References External links Content: They prevailed upon American minister John L. Stevens to call in the U.S. Marines to protect United States interests, an action that effectively buttressed the rebellion. The insurgents established the Republic of Hawaii, but their ultimate goal was the annexation of the islands to the United States, which occurred in 1898. The 1993 Apology Resolution by the U.S. Congress concedes that "the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and [...] the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum". Debates regarding the event play an important role in the Hawaiian sovereignty movement . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Sugar reciprocity 1.2 Rebellion of 1887 and the Bayonet Constitution 1.3 Wilcox Rebellion of 1888 1.4 Liliʻuokalani attempts to re-write Constitution 2 Overthrow 2.1 United States involvement 3 Aftermath 4 Response 4.1 United States 4.2 International 4.3 Hawaiian counter-revolution 5 Republic, United States annexation, United States Territory 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background The Kamehameha Dynasty was the reigning monarchy of the Hawaiian Kingdom, beginning with its founding by Kamehameha I in 1795, until the death of Kamehameha V in 1872 and Lunalilo in 1874. On July 6, 1846, U.S. Secretary of State John C. Calhoun, on behalf of President Tyler, formally recognized Hawaii's independence under the reign of Kamehameha III. As a result of the recognition of Hawaiian independence, the Hawaiian Kingdom entered into treaties with the major nations of the world and established over ninety legations and consulates in multiple seaports and cities. The kingdom would continue for another 21 years until its overthrow in 1893 with the fall of the House of Kalākaua. Sugar reciprocity Further information: Sugar plantations in Hawaii Sugar had been a major export from Hawaii since Captain James Cook arrived in 1778.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_855080025#2_963572609	Title: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom - Wikipedia Headings: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Background Sugar reciprocity Rebellion of 1887 and the Bayonet Constitution Wilcox Rebellion of 1888 Liliʻuokalani attempts to re-write Constitution Overthrow United States involvement Aftermath Response United States International Hawaiian counter-revolution Republic, United States annexation, United States Territory See also References External links Content: On July 6, 1846, U.S. Secretary of State John C. Calhoun, on behalf of President Tyler, formally recognized Hawaii's independence under the reign of Kamehameha III. As a result of the recognition of Hawaiian independence, the Hawaiian Kingdom entered into treaties with the major nations of the world and established over ninety legations and consulates in multiple seaports and cities. The kingdom would continue for another 21 years until its overthrow in 1893 with the fall of the House of Kalākaua. Sugar reciprocity Further information: Sugar plantations in Hawaii Sugar had been a major export from Hawaii since Captain James Cook arrived in 1778. The first permanent plantation in the islands was on Kauai in 1835. William Hooper leased 980 acres (4 km²) of land from Kamehameha III and began growing sugar cane. Within thirty years there would be plantations on four of the main islands. Sugar had completely altered Hawaii's economy. The influence of the United States in Hawaiian government began with American-born plantation owners advocating for fair representation in the Kingdom's politics, owing to the significant tax contributions made from the plantations to both the Royal family and national economy.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_855080025#3_963574593	Title: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom - Wikipedia Headings: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Background Sugar reciprocity Rebellion of 1887 and the Bayonet Constitution Wilcox Rebellion of 1888 Liliʻuokalani attempts to re-write Constitution Overthrow United States involvement Aftermath Response United States International Hawaiian counter-revolution Republic, United States annexation, United States Territory See also References External links Content: The first permanent plantation in the islands was on Kauai in 1835. William Hooper leased 980 acres (4 km²) of land from Kamehameha III and began growing sugar cane. Within thirty years there would be plantations on four of the main islands. Sugar had completely altered Hawaii's economy. The influence of the United States in Hawaiian government began with American-born plantation owners advocating for fair representation in the Kingdom's politics, owing to the significant tax contributions made from the plantations to both the Royal family and national economy. This was driven by missionary religion and the economics of the sugar industry. Pressure from these foreign-born politicians was being felt by the King and chiefs with demands of land tenure. The 1839 Hawaiian Bill of Rights, also known as the 1839 Constitution of Hawaii, was an attempt by Kamehameha III and his chiefs to guarantee that the Hawaiian people would not lose their tenured land, and provided the groundwork for a free enterprise system. After a five-month occupation by George Paulet in 1843, Kamehameha III relented to the foreign advisors to private land demands with the Great Māhele, distributing the lands as pushed on heavily by the missionaries, including Gerrit P. Judd. During the 1850s, the U.S. import tariff on sugar from Hawaii was much higher than the import tariffs Hawaiians were charging the U.S., and Kamehameha III sought reciprocity.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_855080025#4_963576790	Title: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom - Wikipedia Headings: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Background Sugar reciprocity Rebellion of 1887 and the Bayonet Constitution Wilcox Rebellion of 1888 Liliʻuokalani attempts to re-write Constitution Overthrow United States involvement Aftermath Response United States International Hawaiian counter-revolution Republic, United States annexation, United States Territory See also References External links Content: This was driven by missionary religion and the economics of the sugar industry. Pressure from these foreign-born politicians was being felt by the King and chiefs with demands of land tenure. The 1839 Hawaiian Bill of Rights, also known as the 1839 Constitution of Hawaii, was an attempt by Kamehameha III and his chiefs to guarantee that the Hawaiian people would not lose their tenured land, and provided the groundwork for a free enterprise system. After a five-month occupation by George Paulet in 1843, Kamehameha III relented to the foreign advisors to private land demands with the Great Māhele, distributing the lands as pushed on heavily by the missionaries, including Gerrit P. Judd. During the 1850s, the U.S. import tariff on sugar from Hawaii was much higher than the import tariffs Hawaiians were charging the U.S., and Kamehameha III sought reciprocity. The monarch wished to lower the tariffs being paid out to the U.S. while still maintaining the Kingdom's sovereignty and making Hawaiian sugar competitive with other foreign markets. In 1854 Kamehameha III proposed a policy of reciprocity between the countries but the proposal died in the U.S. Senate. Charles Reed Bishop, Minister of Foreign Affairs (Hawaii) As early as 1873, a United States military commission recommended attempting to obtain Ford Island in exchange for the tax-free importation of sugar to the U.S. Major General John Schofield, U.S. commander of the military division of the Pacific, and Brevet Brigadier General Burton S. Alexander arrived in Hawaii to ascertain its defensive capabilities. United States control of Hawaii was considered vital for the defense of the west coast of the United States, and they were especially interested in Pu'uloa, Pearl Harbor. The sale of one of Hawaii's harbors was proposed by Charles Reed Bishop, a foreigner who had married into the Kamehameha family, had risen in the government to be Hawaiian Minister of Foreign Affairs, and owned a country home near Pu'uloa.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_855080025#5_963579542	Title: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom - Wikipedia Headings: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Background Sugar reciprocity Rebellion of 1887 and the Bayonet Constitution Wilcox Rebellion of 1888 Liliʻuokalani attempts to re-write Constitution Overthrow United States involvement Aftermath Response United States International Hawaiian counter-revolution Republic, United States annexation, United States Territory See also References External links Content: The monarch wished to lower the tariffs being paid out to the U.S. while still maintaining the Kingdom's sovereignty and making Hawaiian sugar competitive with other foreign markets. In 1854 Kamehameha III proposed a policy of reciprocity between the countries but the proposal died in the U.S. Senate. Charles Reed Bishop, Minister of Foreign Affairs (Hawaii) As early as 1873, a United States military commission recommended attempting to obtain Ford Island in exchange for the tax-free importation of sugar to the U.S. Major General John Schofield, U.S. commander of the military division of the Pacific, and Brevet Brigadier General Burton S. Alexander arrived in Hawaii to ascertain its defensive capabilities. United States control of Hawaii was considered vital for the defense of the west coast of the United States, and they were especially interested in Pu'uloa, Pearl Harbor. The sale of one of Hawaii's harbors was proposed by Charles Reed Bishop, a foreigner who had married into the Kamehameha family, had risen in the government to be Hawaiian Minister of Foreign Affairs, and owned a country home near Pu'uloa. He showed the two U.S. officers around the lochs, although his wife, Bernice Pauahi Bishop, privately disapproved of selling Hawaiian lands. As monarch, William Charles Lunalilo, was content to let Bishop run almost all business affairs but the ceding of lands would become unpopular with the native Hawaiians. Many islanders thought that all the islands, rather than just Pearl Harbor, might be lost and opposed any cession of land. By November 1873, Lunalilo canceled negotiations and returned to drinking, against his doctor's advice; his health declined swiftly, and he died on February 3, 1874.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_855080025#6_963582020	Title: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom - Wikipedia Headings: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Background Sugar reciprocity Rebellion of 1887 and the Bayonet Constitution Wilcox Rebellion of 1888 Liliʻuokalani attempts to re-write Constitution Overthrow United States involvement Aftermath Response United States International Hawaiian counter-revolution Republic, United States annexation, United States Territory See also References External links Content: He showed the two U.S. officers around the lochs, although his wife, Bernice Pauahi Bishop, privately disapproved of selling Hawaiian lands. As monarch, William Charles Lunalilo, was content to let Bishop run almost all business affairs but the ceding of lands would become unpopular with the native Hawaiians. Many islanders thought that all the islands, rather than just Pearl Harbor, might be lost and opposed any cession of land. By November 1873, Lunalilo canceled negotiations and returned to drinking, against his doctor's advice; his health declined swiftly, and he died on February 3, 1874. Lunalilo left no heirs. The legislature was empowered by the constitution to elect the monarch in these instances and chose David Kalākaua as the next monarch. The new ruler was pressured by the U.S. government to surrender Pearl Harbor to the Navy. Kalākaua was concerned that this would lead to annexation by the U.S. and to the contravention of the traditions of the Hawaiian people, who believed that the land ('Āina) was fertile, sacred, and not for sale to anyone. In 1874 through 1875, Kalākaua traveled to the United States for a state visit to Washington DC to help gain support for a new treaty.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_855080025#7_963583996	Title: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom - Wikipedia Headings: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Background Sugar reciprocity Rebellion of 1887 and the Bayonet Constitution Wilcox Rebellion of 1888 Liliʻuokalani attempts to re-write Constitution Overthrow United States involvement Aftermath Response United States International Hawaiian counter-revolution Republic, United States annexation, United States Territory See also References External links Content: Lunalilo left no heirs. The legislature was empowered by the constitution to elect the monarch in these instances and chose David Kalākaua as the next monarch. The new ruler was pressured by the U.S. government to surrender Pearl Harbor to the Navy. Kalākaua was concerned that this would lead to annexation by the U.S. and to the contravention of the traditions of the Hawaiian people, who believed that the land ('Āina) was fertile, sacred, and not for sale to anyone. In 1874 through 1875, Kalākaua traveled to the United States for a state visit to Washington DC to help gain support for a new treaty. Congress agreed to the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 for seven years in exchange for Ford Island. After the treaty, sugar production expanded from 12,000 acres (49 km 2) of farm land to 125,000 acres (510 km 2) in 1891. At the end of the seven-year reciprocity agreement, the United States showed little interest in renewal. Rebellion of 1887 and the Bayonet Constitution Main articles: Hawaiian rebellions (1887–1895) and 1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom Lorrin Thurston, Minister of the Interior (Hawaii) On January 20, 1887, the United States began leasing Pearl Harbor.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_855080025#8_963585960	Title: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom - Wikipedia Headings: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Background Sugar reciprocity Rebellion of 1887 and the Bayonet Constitution Wilcox Rebellion of 1888 Liliʻuokalani attempts to re-write Constitution Overthrow United States involvement Aftermath Response United States International Hawaiian counter-revolution Republic, United States annexation, United States Territory See also References External links Content: Congress agreed to the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 for seven years in exchange for Ford Island. After the treaty, sugar production expanded from 12,000 acres (49 km 2) of farm land to 125,000 acres (510 km 2) in 1891. At the end of the seven-year reciprocity agreement, the United States showed little interest in renewal. Rebellion of 1887 and the Bayonet Constitution Main articles: Hawaiian rebellions (1887–1895) and 1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom Lorrin Thurston, Minister of the Interior (Hawaii) On January 20, 1887, the United States began leasing Pearl Harbor. Shortly afterwards, a group of mostly non-Hawaiians calling themselves the Hawaiian Patriotic League began the Rebellion of 1887. They drafted their own constitution on July 6, 1887. The new constitution was written by Lorrin Thurston, the Hawaiian Minister of the Interior who used the Hawaiian militia as threat against Kalākaua. Kalākaua was forced under threat of assassination to dismiss his cabinet ministers and sign a new constitution which greatly lessened his power. It would become known as the " Bayonet Constitution " due to the threat of force used.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_861162551#8_970877962	Title: Pulse oximetry - Wikipedia Headings: Pulse oximetry Pulse oximetry Contents History Function Mode of operation Indication Advantages Limitations Equipment Early detection of COVID-19 Derived measurements See also Notes References External links Content: fluid volumes that are too low (under-hydration) or too high (over-hydration) have been shown to decrease wound healing and increase the risk of infection or cardiac complications. Recently, the National Health Service in the United Kingdom and the French Anesthesia and Critical Care Society listed PVI monitoring as part of their suggested strategies for intra-operative fluid management. In 2011, an expert workgroup recommended newborn screening with pulse oximetry to increase the detection of critical congenital heart disease (CCHD). The CCHD workgroup cited the results of two large, prospective studies of 59,876 subjects that exclusively used signal extraction technology to increase the identification of CCHD with minimal false positives. The CCHD workgroup recommended newborn screening be performed with motion tolerant pulse oximetry that has also been validated in low perfusion conditions. In 2011, the US Secretary of Health and Human Services added pulse oximetry to the recommended uniform screening panel. Before the evidence for screening using signal extraction technology, less than 1% of newborns in the United States were screened. Today, The Newborn Foundation has documented near universal screening in the United States and international screening is rapidly expanding. In 2014, a third large study of 122,738 newborns that also exclusively used signal extraction technology showed similar, positive results as the first two large studies. High-resolution pulse oximetry (HRPO) has been developed for in-home sleep apnea screening and testing in patients for whom it is impractical to perform polysomnography.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_saturation_test
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_879574680#5_991762526	Title: Pace Foods - Wikipedia Headings: Pace Foods Pace Foods Contents History Ingredients Varieties Lines Awards References External links Content: Ingredients When he started selling his salsa, Pace looked for a supplier for peppers. He even tried growing his own jalapeños — but the local deer were so fond of his peppers that he had a hard time maintaining a supply. Eventually, he began buying his peppers directly from local farmers. Later, the company began following the “jalapeño trail”, buying from different regions according to the harvest season. In recent years, the Pace brand has developed its own pepper seeds. Today it uses more than 25 million pounds of jalapeños every year – more than anyone else in the country. Varieties In 1981, the company introduced “mild” and “hot” varieties to accompany the original “medium” Picante sauce. In 1989, Pace Foods added Thick & Chunky salsa to their product line. It is a thicker salsa with larger chunks of vegetables. The growing demand for picante sauce and salsa reflected the changing demographics of America as well as the increasing popularity of Mexican restaurants and cuisine.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pace_Foods
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_879574680#6_991763909	Title: Pace Foods - Wikipedia Headings: Pace Foods Pace Foods Contents History Ingredients Varieties Lines Awards References External links Content: Today it uses more than 25 million pounds of jalapeños every year – more than anyone else in the country. Varieties In 1981, the company introduced “mild” and “hot” varieties to accompany the original “medium” Picante sauce. In 1989, Pace Foods added Thick & Chunky salsa to their product line. It is a thicker salsa with larger chunks of vegetables. The growing demand for picante sauce and salsa reflected the changing demographics of America as well as the increasing popularity of Mexican restaurants and cuisine. Over time, consumers preferences turned toward Mexican foods, such as salsas, and in 1991, Mexican sauces overtook ketchup as the top-selling condiment in the United States in total dollar sales, with Pace Picante sauce and salsa taking the lion's share of the market. Lines Pace Foods introduced a new line of specialty salsas in 2008. The specialty salsas include: Salsa Verde: Jalapeños and chunks of tomatillos, seasoned with a lime and smoked Spanish paprika.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pace_Foods
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_879574680#7_991765258	Title: Pace Foods - Wikipedia Headings: Pace Foods Pace Foods Contents History Ingredients Varieties Lines Awards References External links Content: Over time, consumers preferences turned toward Mexican foods, such as salsas, and in 1991, Mexican sauces overtook ketchup as the top-selling condiment in the United States in total dollar sales, with Pace Picante sauce and salsa taking the lion's share of the market. Lines Pace Foods introduced a new line of specialty salsas in 2008. The specialty salsas include: Salsa Verde: Jalapeños and chunks of tomatillos, seasoned with a lime and smoked Spanish paprika. Pico De Gallo: Like traditional pico de gallo, with jalapeños, onions, diced tomatoes and cilantro. Mexican Four Cheese Salsa Con Queso: With four cheeses – Monterey Jack, Cheddar, Asadero and Queso Blanco, plus jalapeños, red peppers and onion. Pineapple Mango Chipotle Salsa:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pace_Foods
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_879721136#0_991999135	Title: Pacer (British Rail) - Wikipedia Headings: Pacer (British Rail) Pacer (British Rail) Contents Features Background Class 140 Class 141 Class 142 Class 143 and Class 144 Analysis Replacements CAF Civity Vivarail D-Train "144e Evolution" Preservation References Further reading Content: Pacer (British Rail) - Wikipedia Pacer (British Rail) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Pacer (train)) Jump to navigation Jump to search 5 classes of British diesel trains Pacer A Class 142 and Class 143 at Exeter St Davids in 2011 In service 1984– present (production units) Family name Pacer Constructed 1980–1987 Number built 165 sets Number in service 15 sets (National Rail) Number scrapped 37 sets (142/143/144) Operator (s) Specifications Coupling system BSI Track gauge 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in ( 1,435 mm) standard gauge Pacer is the operational name of the British Rail Classes 140, 141, 142, 143 and 144 diesel multiple unit railbuses, built between 1980 and 1987. The railbuses were intended as a short-term solution to a shortage of rolling stock, with a lifespan of no more than 20 years. All Pacer trains were scheduled to be retired by the end of 2019 as the Rail Vehicle Accessibility Regulations require that all public passenger trains must be accessible to disabled people by 2020 - however the Pacer units were given dispensation until the end of 2020. Only one Pacer (the modernised 144e) currently meets this requirement, and the remainder were therefore planned to be withdrawn by that date. Furthermore, a decision in 2015 by the Transport Secretary required that such railbuses be removed from service by 2020 for the then-new Northern franchise, stating that the "continued use of these uncomfortable and low-quality vehicles is not compatible with our vision for economic growth and prosperity in the north". At the start of 2020, 138 Pacer units were either still in service or storage with three National Rail operators: Northern Trains, Great Western Railway and Transport for Wales. Northern Trains retired its last Pacer unit on 27 November 2020, with Great Western Railway following in December 2020. Transport for Wales Rail Limited continue to operate their Class 143s in 2021. Contents 1 Features 2 Background 3 Class 140 4 Class 141 5 Class 142 6 Class 143 and Class 144 7 Analysis 8 Replacements 8.1 CAF Civity 8.2 Vivarail D-Train 8.3 "144e Evolution" 9 Preservation 10 References 11 Further reading Features Main article:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacer_(train)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_879721136#7_992013976	Title: Pacer (British Rail) - Wikipedia Headings: Pacer (British Rail) Pacer (British Rail) Contents Features Background Class 140 Class 141 Class 142 Class 143 and Class 144 Analysis Replacements CAF Civity Vivarail D-Train "144e Evolution" Preservation References Further reading Content: The two-car Class 140 was a prototype vehicle that was built in 1980 at British Rail Engineering Limited (BREL)'s Derby Litchurch Lane Works. This prototype was introduced with much fanfare during June 1981. During its trial period, the Class 140 toured various lines across the UK. It later functioned as a demonstration unit for the incoming fleet based on the type, the Class 141. By 1985, the unit was in use as a driver training vehicle. From September 1986, the sole Class 140 was allocated to Neville Hill. Initial testing with the Class 140 uncovered several issues, such as difficulty detecting the type via track circuits, this was reliably resolved by swapping the material of the brake blocks from a composite to iron. Two less easily addressable drawbacks were the high level of noise generated during transit, particularly on older jointed rails, which was a consequence of the railbus's direct connection between the underframe and suspension with the body that transmitted impact forces across the body. It was also observed that the inclusion of strengthening members in the mass-produced bus body added significantly to the overall production cost, which eliminated much of the cost advantage that was the primarily goal of the type. The original traction power train of the Class 140 consisted of a Leyland TL11 200 HP engine, a Self-Changing Gears mechanical automatic gearbox and a Gmeinder final drive unit on each car driving only a single axle.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacer_(train)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_879721136#9_992017810	Title: Pacer (British Rail) - Wikipedia Headings: Pacer (British Rail) Pacer (British Rail) Contents Features Background Class 140 Class 141 Class 142 Class 143 and Class 144 Analysis Replacements CAF Civity Vivarail D-Train "144e Evolution" Preservation References Further reading Content: This propulsion arrangement was in part taken from the Leyland National bus. The controller for the automatic transmission was observed by BR engineers to the cause of numerous operating failures and other reliability issues; this was allegedly due to defective relay logic and poor earthing. Class 141 Main article: British Rail Class 141 A preserved Class 141 at the Colne Valley Railway. The resemblance to the bus is clear by the flat roof and windows. The Class 140 was viewed to be an overall success, and thus BR issued an order for an initial production model, designated Class 141, to British Leyland during 1984 with production commencing thereafter. During its early years of service, the Class 141 experienced numerous issues, particularly with the transmission and ride quality; work undertaken at BR's direction resulted in the quick development of numerous improvements to at least partially address these shortcomings. When it came to ordering more railbuses, however, it was decided that instead of placing these follow-on orders for further Class 141, it would be more desirable to procure improved derivatives of the Class 141.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacer_(train)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_879721136#10_992019432	Title: Pacer (British Rail) - Wikipedia Headings: Pacer (British Rail) Pacer (British Rail) Contents Features Background Class 140 Class 141 Class 142 Class 143 and Class 144 Analysis Replacements CAF Civity Vivarail D-Train "144e Evolution" Preservation References Further reading Content: The resemblance to the bus is clear by the flat roof and windows. The Class 140 was viewed to be an overall success, and thus BR issued an order for an initial production model, designated Class 141, to British Leyland during 1984 with production commencing thereafter. During its early years of service, the Class 141 experienced numerous issues, particularly with the transmission and ride quality; work undertaken at BR's direction resulted in the quick development of numerous improvements to at least partially address these shortcomings. When it came to ordering more railbuses, however, it was decided that instead of placing these follow-on orders for further Class 141, it would be more desirable to procure improved derivatives of the Class 141. Accordingly, BR placed orders for two new models of the Pacer family with separate manufacturers, these being the Class 142 and Class 143 respectively. The prototype was joined by another 20 two-car units which formed the Class 141 fleet. The units were used mainly in Yorkshire, operating on predominantly suburban services. They had a capacity of 94 passengers per two-car set, and two Leyland TL11 engines gave a total of 410 bhp (310 kW), resulting in a top speed of 75 miles per hour (121 km/h). The Class 141s were built with standard Leyland National bodies, whose comparatively narrow width meant they could only be fitted with standard bus seating.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacer_(train)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_885383683#15_998569702	Title: Paden City, West Virginia - Wikipedia Headings: Paden City, West Virginia Paden City, West Virginia The town was named after Obediah Paden, a local pioneer. Contents Geography Demographics 2010 census 2000 census Notable people See also References Content: Archived from the original on 2012-01-25. Retrieved 2013-01-24. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. v t e Municipalities and communities of Tyler County, West Virginia, United States County seat: Middlebourne Cities Paden City ‡ Sistersville Towns Friendly Middlebourne Unincorporated communities Adonis Akron Bens Run Bert Big Moses Blue Booher Braden Centerville Conaway Dale Everett Frew Iuka Josephs Mills Kidwell Link Little Long Reach Luzon McKim Meeker Plum Run Polard Pursley Sancho Sandusky Shiloh Shirley Stringtown Sunnyside Tyler Vincen ‡ Watkins Wick Wilbur Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties United States portal v t e Municipalities and communities of Wetzel County, West Virginia, United States County seat: New Martinsville Cities New Martinsville Paden City ‡ Towns Hundred Pine Grove Smithfield CDPs Jacksonburg Littleton Reader Unincorporated communities Allister Anthem Archer Bane Barker Bebee Big Run Brink ‡ Brooklyn Burchfield Burton Carbide Childs Coburn Earnshaw Fairview Fanlight Far Folsom Four Mile Galmish Green Hill Hastings Hazel Hoyt King Knob Fork Kodol Mand Marion Maud Minnie Mobley Porters Falls Proctor Rockport Round Bottom Sincerity Van Camp Veto Vincen ‡ West Wheat Wileyville Ghost towns Andy Five Points Onie Shenango Suter Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties United States portal v t e Municipalities of West Virginia Cities Beckley Benwood Bluefield Bridgeport Buckhannon Cameron Ceredo Charles Town Charleston Chester Clarksburg Dunbar Elkins Fairmont Follansbee Gary Glen Dale Grafton Hinton Huntington Hurricane Kenova Keyser Kingwood Lewisburg Logan Madison Mannington Marmet Martinsburg McMechen Montgomery Morgantown Moundsville Mount Hope Mullens New Cumberland New Martinsville Nitro Oak Hill Paden City Parkersburg Parsons Pennsboro Petersburg Philippi Pleasant Valley Point Pleasant Princeton Ranson Ravenswood Richwood Ripley Romney Ronceverte Salem Shinnston Sistersville Smithers South Charleston Spencer St. Albans St. Marys Stonewood Thomas Vienna War Weirton Welch Wellsburg Weston Westover Wheeling White Sulphur Springs Williamson Williamstown Towns Addison (Webster Springs) Albright Alderson Anawalt Anmoore Ansted Athens Auburn Bancroft Barrackville Belmont Bath (Berkeley Springs) Bayard Belington Belle Bethany Beverly Blacksville Bolivar Bradshaw Bramwell Brandonville Bruceton Mills Buffalo Burnsville Cairo Camden-on-Gauley Capon Bridge Carpendale Cedar Grove Chapmanville Chesapeake Clay Clendenin Cowen Danville Davis Davy Delbarton Durbin East Bank Eleanor Elizabeth Elk Garden Ellenboro Fairview Falling Spring Farmington Fayetteville Flatwoods Flemington Fort Gay Franklin Friendly Gassaway Gauley Bridge Gilbert Glasgow Glenville Grant Town Grantsville Granville Hambleton Hamlin Handley Harman Harpers Ferry Harrisville Hartford City Hedgesville Henderson Hendricks Hillsboro Hundred Huttonsville Iaeger Jane Lew Junior Kermit Kimball Leon Lester Lost Creek Lumberport Mabscott Man Marlinton Mason Masontown Matewan Matoaka Meadow Bridge Middlebourne Mill Creek Milton Mitchell Heights Monongah Montrose Moorefield New Haven Newburg North Hills Northfork Nutter Fort Oakvale Oceana Paw Paw Pax Peterstown Piedmont Pine Grove Pineville Poca Pratt Pullman Quinwood Rainelle Reedsville Reedy Ridgeley Rivesville Rowlesburg Rupert Sand Fork Shepherdstown Smithfield Sophia Star City Summersville Sutton Sylvester Terra Alta Thurmond Triadelphia Tunnelton Union Wardensville Wayne West Hamlin West Liberty West Logan West Milford West Union White Hall Whitesville Winfield Womelsdorf (Coalton) Worthington Villages Barboursville Beech Bottom Bethlehem Clearview Valley Grove Windsor Heights Authority control LCCN: n85308224 VIAF: 126743249 WorldCat Identities:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paden_City,_West_Virginia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_885383683#16_998574428	Title: Paden City, West Virginia - Wikipedia Headings: Paden City, West Virginia Paden City, West Virginia The town was named after Obediah Paden, a local pioneer. Contents Geography Demographics 2010 census 2000 census Notable people See also References Content: v t e Municipalities and communities of Tyler County, West Virginia, United States County seat: Middlebourne Cities Paden City ‡ Sistersville Towns Friendly Middlebourne Unincorporated communities Adonis Akron Bens Run Bert Big Moses Blue Booher Braden Centerville Conaway Dale Everett Frew Iuka Josephs Mills Kidwell Link Little Long Reach Luzon McKim Meeker Plum Run Polard Pursley Sancho Sandusky Shiloh Shirley Stringtown Sunnyside Tyler Vincen ‡ Watkins Wick Wilbur Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties United States portal v t e Municipalities and communities of Wetzel County, West Virginia, United States County seat: New Martinsville Cities New Martinsville Paden City ‡ Towns Hundred Pine Grove Smithfield CDPs Jacksonburg Littleton Reader Unincorporated communities Allister Anthem Archer Bane Barker Bebee Big Run Brink ‡ Brooklyn Burchfield Burton Carbide Childs Coburn Earnshaw Fairview Fanlight Far Folsom Four Mile Galmish Green Hill Hastings Hazel Hoyt King Knob Fork Kodol Mand Marion Maud Minnie Mobley Porters Falls Proctor Rockport Round Bottom Sincerity Van Camp Veto Vincen ‡ West Wheat Wileyville Ghost towns Andy Five Points Onie Shenango Suter Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties United States portal v t e Municipalities of West Virginia Cities Beckley Benwood Bluefield Bridgeport Buckhannon Cameron Ceredo Charles Town Charleston Chester Clarksburg Dunbar Elkins Fairmont Follansbee Gary Glen Dale Grafton Hinton Huntington Hurricane Kenova Keyser Kingwood Lewisburg Logan Madison Mannington Marmet Martinsburg McMechen Montgomery Morgantown Moundsville Mount Hope Mullens New Cumberland New Martinsville Nitro Oak Hill Paden City Parkersburg Parsons Pennsboro Petersburg Philippi Pleasant Valley Point Pleasant Princeton Ranson Ravenswood Richwood Ripley Romney Ronceverte Salem Shinnston Sistersville Smithers South Charleston Spencer St. Albans St. Marys Stonewood Thomas Vienna War Weirton Welch Wellsburg Weston Westover Wheeling White Sulphur Springs Williamson Williamstown Towns Addison (Webster Springs) Albright Alderson Anawalt Anmoore Ansted Athens Auburn Bancroft Barrackville Belmont Bath (Berkeley Springs) Bayard Belington Belle Bethany Beverly Blacksville Bolivar Bradshaw Bramwell Brandonville Bruceton Mills Buffalo Burnsville Cairo Camden-on-Gauley Capon Bridge Carpendale Cedar Grove Chapmanville Chesapeake Clay Clendenin Cowen Danville Davis Davy Delbarton Durbin East Bank Eleanor Elizabeth Elk Garden Ellenboro Fairview Falling Spring Farmington Fayetteville Flatwoods Flemington Fort Gay Franklin Friendly Gassaway Gauley Bridge Gilbert Glasgow Glenville Grant Town Grantsville Granville Hambleton Hamlin Handley Harman Harpers Ferry Harrisville Hartford City Hedgesville Henderson Hendricks Hillsboro Hundred Huttonsville Iaeger Jane Lew Junior Kermit Kimball Leon Lester Lost Creek Lumberport Mabscott Man Marlinton Mason Masontown Matewan Matoaka Meadow Bridge Middlebourne Mill Creek Milton Mitchell Heights Monongah Montrose Moorefield New Haven Newburg North Hills Northfork Nutter Fort Oakvale Oceana Paw Paw Pax Peterstown Piedmont Pine Grove Pineville Poca Pratt Pullman Quinwood Rainelle Reedsville Reedy Ridgeley Rivesville Rowlesburg Rupert Sand Fork Shepherdstown Smithfield Sophia Star City Summersville Sutton Sylvester Terra Alta Thurmond Triadelphia Tunnelton Union Wardensville Wayne West Hamlin West Liberty West Logan West Milford West Union White Hall Whitesville Winfield Womelsdorf (Coalton) Worthington Villages Barboursville Beech Bottom Bethlehem Clearview Valley Grove Windsor Heights Authority control LCCN: n85308224 VIAF: 126743249 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n85308224 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paden_City,_West_Virginia&oldid=1020151385 " Categories: Cities in West Virginia Cities in Tyler County, West Virginia Cities in Wetzel County, West Virginia West Virginia populated places on the Ohio River Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Official website not in Wikidata Wikipedia articles wit	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paden_City,_West_Virginia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_891274689#8_1005696078	Title: Pakistan–Saudi Arabia relations - Wikipedia Headings: Pakistan–Saudi Arabia relations Pakistan–Saudi Arabia relations Contents History Diplomatic relations Economic Relation Expat Pakistani Labour Energy Relation Petroleum Mining Security relations Pakistani troops in Saudi Arabia Military Procurement Cultural relations 2019 Saudi visit to Pakistan See also References Content: Energy Relation Petroleum In February 2019, Saudi Arabia's Saudi Aramco and SABIC announced to set up a US$10 billion oil refinery and Petrochemical industry in Pakistan's deepwater port of Gwadar, Balochistan. It would also help refine and store imported oil for onward transportation to China and develop fuel supply chain for the landlocked Central Asian states. Fuel transportation to China through Pakistan would take just 7 days as opposed to the western route through Indian Ocean that takes almost 40 days. Mining Saudi Arabia is thought to possibly invest in Reko Diq Mine. It is a large copper mine located in the west of Pakistan in Balochistan. Reko Diq represents one of the largest copper reserve in Pakistan and in the world having estimated reserves of 5.9 billion tonnes of ore grading 0.41% copper. The mine also has gold mining reserves amounting to 41.5 million oz. Security relations Pakistan maintains close military ties with Saudi Arabia, providing extensive support, arms and training for the Saudi armed forces. Since the 1970s, Pakistani soldiers have been stationed in Saudi Arabia to protect the Kingdom. Pakistan has also been providing training to Saudi soldiers and pilots.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_892330014#0_1006298027	Title: Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism - Wikipedia Headings: Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Background Allegations of state-sponsored terrorism Inter-Services Intelligence and terrorism Links to terrorist groups Militant outfits about Pakistan Sympathizing with militants Criticism Alleged Pakistani Army support of terrorists Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jamaat-ud-Dawa Haqqani Network United States United Kingdom Afghanistan India Bangladesh International isolation Al Qaeda leaders killed or captured in Pakistan See also References Content: Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism - Wikipedia Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Pakistan's involvement in state-sponsored terrorism Terrorism Definitions History Incidents By ideology Anarchist Communist Green/Ecological Left-wing/Far-left Narcotics-driven Nationalist Right-wing/Far-right Religious Buddhist Christian ( Mormon) Hindu Islamic ( Wahhabism) Jewish Sikh Special-interest / Single-issue Suffragette Anti-abortion Environmental Misogynist Related topics Violent extremism Ethnic violence Militia movement Resistance movement Structure Financing Fronting Radicalization ( Online) Training camp Death squad Clandestine cell system Leaderless resistance Lone wolf Methods Tactics Agro-terrorism Aircraft hijacking ( list) Animal-borne bomb attacks Beheading Bioterrorism Car bombing ( list) Cyberterrorism Dirty bomb Dry run Explosive Hostage-taking Improvised explosive device (IED) Vehicle-ramming Spree shooting Individual terror Insurgency Kidnapping Letter bomb Lone wolf Mass shooting Nuclear Paper terrorism Piracy Propaganda of the deed Proxy bomb School shooting Stabbing Suicide attack ( list) Rockets and mortars Terrorist groups Designated terrorist groups Charities accused of ties to terrorism Adherents Violent non-state actors State terrorism Kazakhstan Soviet Union Sri Lanka United States Uzbekistan State-sponsored terrorism Iran Israel Kuwait Pakistan Qatar Russia ( Soviet Union) Saudi Arabia Syria United States Response to terrorism Counter-terrorism International conventions Anti-terrorism legislation Terrorism insurance v t e Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism refers to the involvement of Pakistan in terrorism through the backing of various designated terrorist organizations. Pakistan has been frequently accused by various countries, including its neighbours Afghanistan, India, and Iran, as well as by the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and France, of involvement in a variety of terrorist activities in both its local region of South Asia and beyond. Pakistan's northwestern tribal regions along the Afghanistan–Pakistan border have been described as an effective safe haven for terrorists by Western media and the United States Secretary of Defense, while India has accused Pakistan of perpetuating the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir by providing financial support and armaments to militant groups, as well as by sending state-trained terrorists across the Line of Control and de jure India–Pakistan border to launch attacks in Indian-administered Kashmir and India proper, respectively. According to an analysis published by the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution in 2008, Pakistan was reportedly, "with the possible exception of Iran, perhaps the world's most active sponsor of terrorist groups... aiding these groups that pose a direct threat to the United States. Pakistan's active participation has caused thousands of deaths in the region; all these years Pakistan has been supportive to several terrorist groups despite several stern warnings from the international community." Daniel Byman, a professor and senior analyst of terrorism and security at the Center For Middle East Policy, also wrote that, "Pakistan is probably 2008's most active sponsor of terrorism". In 2018, the former Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawaz Sharif, suggested that the Pakistani government (see The Establishment) played a role in the 2008 Mumbai attacks that were carried out by Lashkar-e-Taiba, a Pakistan-based Islamist terrorist group. In July 2019, Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan, on an official visit to the United States, acknowledged the presence of some 30,000–40,000 armed terrorists operating on Pakistani soil. He further stated that previous administrations were hiding this truth, particularly from the United States, for the last 15 years during the War on Terror.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_892330014#1_1006302941	Title: Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism - Wikipedia Headings: Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Background Allegations of state-sponsored terrorism Inter-Services Intelligence and terrorism Links to terrorist groups Militant outfits about Pakistan Sympathizing with militants Criticism Alleged Pakistani Army support of terrorists Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jamaat-ud-Dawa Haqqani Network United States United Kingdom Afghanistan India Bangladesh International isolation Al Qaeda leaders killed or captured in Pakistan See also References Content: all these years Pakistan has been supportive to several terrorist groups despite several stern warnings from the international community." Daniel Byman, a professor and senior analyst of terrorism and security at the Center For Middle East Policy, also wrote that, "Pakistan is probably 2008's most active sponsor of terrorism". In 2018, the former Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawaz Sharif, suggested that the Pakistani government (see The Establishment) played a role in the 2008 Mumbai attacks that were carried out by Lashkar-e-Taiba, a Pakistan-based Islamist terrorist group. In July 2019, Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan, on an official visit to the United States, acknowledged the presence of some 30,000–40,000 armed terrorists operating on Pakistani soil. He further stated that previous administrations were hiding this truth, particularly from the United States, for the last 15 years during the War on Terror. The United States' State Sponsors of Terrorism designation list describes Pakistan as a "terrorist safe haven" where individual terrorists and terrorist groups are able to organize, plan, raise funds, communicate, recruit, train, transit, and operate in relative security because of inadequate/supportive governance, political will, or both. Osama bin Laden, the leader of al-Qaeda and mastermind behind the September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001, was killed by U.S. Navy SEALs during Operation Neptune Spear at his compound near the Pakistan Military Academy in Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Contents 1 Background 2 Allegations of state-sponsored terrorism 3 Inter-Services Intelligence and terrorism 4 Links to terrorist groups 4.1 Militant outfits about Pakistan 4.2 Sympathizing with militants 4.3 Criticism 5 Alleged Pakistani Army support of terrorists 6 Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jamaat-ud-Dawa 7 Haqqani Network 8 United States 9 United Kingdom 10 Afghanistan 11 India 12 Bangladesh 13 International isolation 14 Al Qaeda leaders killed or captured in Pakistan 15 See also 16 References Background Until Pakistan became a key ally in the War on Terrorism, the US Secretary of State included Pakistan on the 1993 list of countries which repeatedly provide support for acts of international terrorism. In fact, many consider that Pakistan has been playing both sides in the fight against terror, on the one hand, demonstrating to help curtail terrorist activities while on the other, stoking it. Pakistani journalist Ahmed Rashid and author Ted Galen Carpenter have accused Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) of providing help to the Taliban and rebels in Kashmir.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_892330014#2_1006306446	Title: Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism - Wikipedia Headings: Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Background Allegations of state-sponsored terrorism Inter-Services Intelligence and terrorism Links to terrorist groups Militant outfits about Pakistan Sympathizing with militants Criticism Alleged Pakistani Army support of terrorists Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jamaat-ud-Dawa Haqqani Network United States United Kingdom Afghanistan India Bangladesh International isolation Al Qaeda leaders killed or captured in Pakistan See also References Content: The United States' State Sponsors of Terrorism designation list describes Pakistan as a "terrorist safe haven" where individual terrorists and terrorist groups are able to organize, plan, raise funds, communicate, recruit, train, transit, and operate in relative security because of inadequate/supportive governance, political will, or both. Osama bin Laden, the leader of al-Qaeda and mastermind behind the September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001, was killed by U.S. Navy SEALs during Operation Neptune Spear at his compound near the Pakistan Military Academy in Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Contents 1 Background 2 Allegations of state-sponsored terrorism 3 Inter-Services Intelligence and terrorism 4 Links to terrorist groups 4.1 Militant outfits about Pakistan 4.2 Sympathizing with militants 4.3 Criticism 5 Alleged Pakistani Army support of terrorists 6 Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jamaat-ud-Dawa 7 Haqqani Network 8 United States 9 United Kingdom 10 Afghanistan 11 India 12 Bangladesh 13 International isolation 14 Al Qaeda leaders killed or captured in Pakistan 15 See also 16 References Background Until Pakistan became a key ally in the War on Terrorism, the US Secretary of State included Pakistan on the 1993 list of countries which repeatedly provide support for acts of international terrorism. In fact, many consider that Pakistan has been playing both sides in the fight against terror, on the one hand, demonstrating to help curtail terrorist activities while on the other, stoking it. Pakistani journalist Ahmed Rashid and author Ted Galen Carpenter have accused Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) of providing help to the Taliban and rebels in Kashmir. Allegations of state-sponsored terrorism Author Gordon Thomas states that whilst aiding in the capture of Al Qaeda members, Pakistan "still sponsored terrorist groups in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, funding, training and arming them in their war of attrition against India". Journalist Stephen Schwartz notes that several terrorist and criminal groups are "backed by senior officers in the Pakistani army, the country's ISI intelligence establishment and other armed bodies of the state". According to Ted Galen Carpenter, a senior fellow for defense and foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, "Without the active support of the government in Islamabad, it is doubtful whether the Taliban could ever have come to power in Afghanistan. Pakistani authorities helped fund the militia and equip it with military hardware during the mid-1990s when the Taliban was merely one of several competing factions in Afghanistan’s civil war. Only when the United States exerted enormous diplomatic pressure after the 11 Sept. attacks did Islamabad begin to sever its political and financial ties with the Taliban.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_892330014#3_1006310145	Title: Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism - Wikipedia Headings: Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Background Allegations of state-sponsored terrorism Inter-Services Intelligence and terrorism Links to terrorist groups Militant outfits about Pakistan Sympathizing with militants Criticism Alleged Pakistani Army support of terrorists Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jamaat-ud-Dawa Haqqani Network United States United Kingdom Afghanistan India Bangladesh International isolation Al Qaeda leaders killed or captured in Pakistan See also References Content: Allegations of state-sponsored terrorism Author Gordon Thomas states that whilst aiding in the capture of Al Qaeda members, Pakistan "still sponsored terrorist groups in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, funding, training and arming them in their war of attrition against India". Journalist Stephen Schwartz notes that several terrorist and criminal groups are "backed by senior officers in the Pakistani army, the country's ISI intelligence establishment and other armed bodies of the state". According to Ted Galen Carpenter, a senior fellow for defense and foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, "Without the active support of the government in Islamabad, it is doubtful whether the Taliban could ever have come to power in Afghanistan. Pakistani authorities helped fund the militia and equip it with military hardware during the mid-1990s when the Taliban was merely one of several competing factions in Afghanistan’s civil war. Only when the United States exerted enormous diplomatic pressure after the 11 Sept. attacks did Islamabad begin to sever its political and financial ties with the Taliban. Even now it is not certain that key members of Pakistan’s intelligence service have repudiated their Taliban clients. Afghanistan is not the only place where Pakistani leaders have flirted with terrorist clients. Pakistan has also assisted rebel forces in Kashmir even though those groups have committed terrorist acts against civilians. A disproportionate number of the extremist madrasas schools funded by the Saudis operate in Pakistan." Pakistan's former ambassador to the U.S., Husain Haqqani has said Pakistan sponsors terrorism.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_892330014#4_1006312665	Title: Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism - Wikipedia Headings: Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Background Allegations of state-sponsored terrorism Inter-Services Intelligence and terrorism Links to terrorist groups Militant outfits about Pakistan Sympathizing with militants Criticism Alleged Pakistani Army support of terrorists Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jamaat-ud-Dawa Haqqani Network United States United Kingdom Afghanistan India Bangladesh International isolation Al Qaeda leaders killed or captured in Pakistan See also References Content: Even now it is not certain that key members of Pakistan’s intelligence service have repudiated their Taliban clients. Afghanistan is not the only place where Pakistani leaders have flirted with terrorist clients. Pakistan has also assisted rebel forces in Kashmir even though those groups have committed terrorist acts against civilians. A disproportionate number of the extremist madrasas schools funded by the Saudis operate in Pakistan." Pakistan's former ambassador to the U.S., Husain Haqqani has said Pakistan sponsors terrorism. Author Daniel Byman states, "Pakistan is probably today's most active sponsor of terrorism." Writing in an article published by The Australian he stated, "following the terror massacres in Mumbai, Pakistan may now be the single biggest state sponsor of terrorism, beyond even Iran, yet it has never been listed by the US State Department as a state sponsor of terrorism". Former Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf has conceded that his forces trained militant groups to fight India in Indian-administered Kashmir. He confessed that the government ″ turned a blind eye ″ because it wanted to force India to enter into negotiations, as well as raise the issue internationally. He also said Pakistani spies in the Inter-Services Intelligence directorate (ISI) cultivated the Taliban after 2001 because Karzai's government was dominated by non-Pashtuns, who are the country's largest ethnic group, and by officials who were thought to favour India.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_904271044#0_1019711821	Title: Pan-African Congress - Wikipedia Headings: Pan-African Congress Pan-African Congress Contents Background 1st Pan-African Congress Delegates 2nd Pan-African Congress 3rd Pan-African Congress 4th Pan-African Congress 5th Pan-African Congress Delegates Issues addressed Women's Contributions Reception Archives Commemoration The significance of the Pan-African movement and the Fifth Congress See also References External links Content: Pan-African Congress - Wikipedia Pan-African Congress From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search For South African political party, see Pan Africanist Congress of Azania. The Pan-African Congress – following on from the first Pan-African Conference of 1900 in London – was a series of eight meetings, held in 1919 in Paris (1st Pan-African Congress), 1921 in London (2nd Pan-African Congress), 1923 in London (3rd Pan-African Congress), 1927 in New York City (4th Pan-African Congress), 1945 in Manchester (5th Pan-African Congress), 1974 in Dar es Salaam (6th Pan-African Congress), 1994 in Kampala (7th Pan-African Congress), and 2014 in Johannesburg (8th Pan-African Congress) that were intended to address the issues facing Africa as a result of European colonization of most of the continent. The Pan-African Congress gained the reputation as a peace maker for decolonization in Africa and in the West Indies. It made significant advance for the Pan-African cause. One of the demands was to end colonial rule and end racial discrimination, against imperialism and it demanded human rights and equality of economic opportunity. The manifesto given by the Pan-African Congress included the political and economic demands of the Congress for a new world context of international cooperation. Contents 1 Background 2 1st Pan-African Congress 2.1 Delegates 3 2nd Pan-African Congress 4 3rd Pan-African Congress 5 4th Pan-African Congress 6 5th Pan-African Congress 6.1 Delegates 6.2 Issues addressed 6.3 Women's Contributions 6.4 Reception 6.5 Archives 6.6 Commemoration 7 The significance of the Pan-African movement and the Fifth Congress 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background Colonial powers in Africa wanted native Africans to wait patiently for limited political concessions and better career opportunities. Due to their exclusion from the negotiations of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles – the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end – black ex-servicemen and educated urban classes became disillusioned. Because colonialism had been built on the foundation of capitalism, socialist ideas of equality and global collaboration appealed to these budding revolutionaries. A letter from Jamaican writer and socialist Claude McKay to Leon Trotsky in 1922 refers to the experience of black soldiers:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_Congress
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_904297646#0_1019738436	Title: Pan-Africanism - Wikipedia Headings: Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism Contents Overview History Concept Pan-African colours Maafa studies Political parties and organizations In Africa Formal political bodies Political groups In the Caribbean In the United Kingdom In the United States Pan-African concepts and philosophies Afrocentric Pan-Africanism Kawaida Hip hop Pan-African art and media African internal conflicts See also General: References Further reading External links Content: Pan-Africanism - Wikipedia Pan-Africanism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Worldwide movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all people of African descent Part of the Politics series on Pan-Africanism Arts African art African art in Western collections (stolen art) Black Star of Africa Pan-African colours Pan-African flag Ideology African nationalism African philosophy African socialism Afrocentrism Black nationalism Garveyism Négritude Nkrumaism Rastafari Sankarism Third International Theory Ujamaa People Ahmed Sékou Touré Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof Amos N. Wilson Babacar Sedikh Diouf Cheikh Anta Diop C. L. R. James Dennis Akumu Edward Francis Small Félix Houphouët-Boigny Frantz Fanon George Padmore Haile Selassie Issa Laye Thiaw Jomo Kenyatta Julius Malema Julius Nyerere Kwame Nkrumah Malcolm X Marcus Garvey Muammar Gaddafi Musa Ngum Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo Omali Yeshitela Patrice Lumumba Robert Mugabe Thomas Sankara Tom Mboya Walter Rodney W. E. B. Du Bois Yosef Ben-Jochannan Related Africa African and Black Topics Afro-Asian Afro-Latino Anti-imperialism Black people Reparations for slavery Africa portal Pan-Africanism portal Politics portal v t e This article is part of a series about Black Power History Black Arts Movement Black is beautiful Black Power movement Black Power Revolution Kwanzaa Raised fist events of 1968 and 1972 Ideologies Africana womanism Afrocentrism Black anarchism Black feminism Black leftism Black nationalism Black pride Black separatism Black supremacism New Left Pan-Africanism Organizations Black Liberation Army Black Liberators Black Panther Party Black Radical Congress Black Revolutionary Assault Team George Jackson Brigade Huey P. Newton Gun Club League of Revolutionary Black Workers May 19th Communist Organization MOVE Nation of Islam New Black Panther Party Republic of New Afrika Revolutionary Action Movement SNCC US Organization Weather Underground People Angela Davis Assata Shakur Donald DeFreeze Elaine Brown Eldridge Cleaver Fay Bellamy Powell Fred Hampton Gloria Richardson Huey P. Newton John Africa Malcolm X Marcus Garvey Maulana Karenga Malik Zulu Shabazz Obi Egbuna Robert F. Williams Rosa Parks Stokely Carmichael Wadsworth Jarrell Works A Taste of Power Black Power and the American Myth Ten-Point Program The Diary of Malcolm X Revolutionary Suicide Related Black Lives Matter Chicano Movement Civil Rights Movement Feminism Political hip hop Red Power movement Socialism The Troubles White Power Youth rights Category United States portal v t e Pan-Africanism is a worldwide movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all indigenous and diaspora ethnic groups of African descent. Based on a common goal dating back to the Atlantic slave trade, the movement extends beyond continental Africans with a substantial support base among the African diaspora in the Americas and Europe. Pan-Africanism can be said to have its origins in the struggles of the African people against enslavement and colonization and this struggle may be traced back to the first resistance on slave ships—rebellions and suicides—through the constant plantation and colonial uprisings and the "Back to Africa" movements of the 19th century. Based on the belief that unity is vital to economic, social, and political progress and aims to "unify and uplift" people of African descent. At its core, Pan-Africanism is a belief that "African people, both on the continent and in the diaspora, share not merely a common history, but a common destiny". Pan-Africanist intellectual, cultural, and political movements tend to view all Africans and descendants of Africans as belonging to a single "race" and sharing cultural unity. Pan-Africanism posits a sense of a shared historical fate for Africans in America, West Indies, and on the continent, itself centered on the Atlantic trade in slaves, African slavery, and European imperialism. The Organization of African Unity (now the African Union) was established in 1963 to safeguard the sovereignty and territorial integrity of its Member States and to promote global relations within the framework of the United Nations. The African Union Commission has its seat in Addis Ababa and the Pan-African Parliament has its seat in Johannesburg and Midrand. Contents 1 Overview 2 History 3 Concept 4 Pan-African colours 5 Maafa studies 6 Political parties and organizations 6.1 In Africa 6.1.1 Formal political bodies 6.1.2 Political groups 6.2 In the Caribbean 6.3 In the United Kingdom 6.4 In the United States 7 Pan-African concepts and philosophies 7.1 Afrocentric Pan-Africanism 7.2 Kawaida 7.3 Hip hop 8 Pan-African art and media 9 African internal conflicts 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Overview Malcolm X Kwame Nkrumah, an icon of Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism stresses the need for "collective self-reliance".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_904297646#1_1019744287	Title: Pan-Africanism - Wikipedia Headings: Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism Contents Overview History Concept Pan-African colours Maafa studies Political parties and organizations In Africa Formal political bodies Political groups In the Caribbean In the United Kingdom In the United States Pan-African concepts and philosophies Afrocentric Pan-Africanism Kawaida Hip hop Pan-African art and media African internal conflicts See also General: References Further reading External links Content: Pan-Africanist intellectual, cultural, and political movements tend to view all Africans and descendants of Africans as belonging to a single "race" and sharing cultural unity. Pan-Africanism posits a sense of a shared historical fate for Africans in America, West Indies, and on the continent, itself centered on the Atlantic trade in slaves, African slavery, and European imperialism. The Organization of African Unity (now the African Union) was established in 1963 to safeguard the sovereignty and territorial integrity of its Member States and to promote global relations within the framework of the United Nations. The African Union Commission has its seat in Addis Ababa and the Pan-African Parliament has its seat in Johannesburg and Midrand. Contents 1 Overview 2 History 3 Concept 4 Pan-African colours 5 Maafa studies 6 Political parties and organizations 6.1 In Africa 6.1.1 Formal political bodies 6.1.2 Political groups 6.2 In the Caribbean 6.3 In the United Kingdom 6.4 In the United States 7 Pan-African concepts and philosophies 7.1 Afrocentric Pan-Africanism 7.2 Kawaida 7.3 Hip hop 8 Pan-African art and media 9 African internal conflicts 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Overview Malcolm X Kwame Nkrumah, an icon of Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism stresses the need for "collective self-reliance". Pan-Africanism exists as a governmental and grassroots objective. Pan-African advocates include leaders such as Toussaint Louverture, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Haile Selassie, Julius Nyerere, Ahmed Sékou Touré, Kwame Nkrumah, King Sobhuza II, Robert Mugabe, Thomas Sankara, Dr. John Pombe Magufuli and Muammar Gaddafi, grassroots organizers such as Joseph Robert Love, Marcus Garvey and Malcolm X, academics such as W. E. B. Du Bois, Anténor Firmin and others in the diaspora. Pan-Africanists believe that solidarity will enable the continent to fulfill its potential to independently provide for all its people. Crucially, an all-African alliance would empower African people globally. The realization of the Pan-African objective would lead to "power consolidation in Africa", which "would compel a reallocation of global resources, as well as unleashing a fiercer psychological energy and political assertion ... that would unsettle social and political (power) structures...in the Americas".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_904297646#2_1019747360	Title: Pan-Africanism - Wikipedia Headings: Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism Contents Overview History Concept Pan-African colours Maafa studies Political parties and organizations In Africa Formal political bodies Political groups In the Caribbean In the United Kingdom In the United States Pan-African concepts and philosophies Afrocentric Pan-Africanism Kawaida Hip hop Pan-African art and media African internal conflicts See also General: References Further reading External links Content: Pan-Africanism exists as a governmental and grassroots objective. Pan-African advocates include leaders such as Toussaint Louverture, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Haile Selassie, Julius Nyerere, Ahmed Sékou Touré, Kwame Nkrumah, King Sobhuza II, Robert Mugabe, Thomas Sankara, Dr. John Pombe Magufuli and Muammar Gaddafi, grassroots organizers such as Joseph Robert Love, Marcus Garvey and Malcolm X, academics such as W. E. B. Du Bois, Anténor Firmin and others in the diaspora. Pan-Africanists believe that solidarity will enable the continent to fulfill its potential to independently provide for all its people. Crucially, an all-African alliance would empower African people globally. The realization of the Pan-African objective would lead to "power consolidation in Africa", which "would compel a reallocation of global resources, as well as unleashing a fiercer psychological energy and political assertion ... that would unsettle social and political (power) structures...in the Americas". Advocates of Pan-Africanism—i.e. " Pan-Africans" or "Pan-Africanists"—often champion socialist principles and tend to be opposed to external political and economic involvement on the continent. Critics accuse the ideology of homogenizing the experience of people of African descent. They also point to the difficulties of reconciling current divisions within countries on the continent and within communities in the diaspora. History Invitation to Pan-African Conference at Westminster Town Hall, London, July 1900 Jamaican Marcus Garvey in a military uniform as the "Provisional President of Africa" during a parade on the opening day of the annual Convention of the Negro Peoples of the World on Lenox Avenue in Harlem, New York City, 1922 As a philosophy, Pan-Africanism represents the aggregation of the historical, cultural, spiritual, artistic, scientific, and philosophical legacies of Africans from past times to the present.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanism

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.