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msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_482875358#18_542956855
Title: Natural gas in Russia - Wikipedia Headings: Natural gas in Russia Natural gas in Russia Contents Disputes with Ukraine Agreement with China Subsidies Automotive use See also References Content: Retrieved 9 January 2009. ^ "Ukraine says has good winter gas stocks for Europe". Reuters. 7 September 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2009. ^ "There are no controversies on gas issues between Ukraine and Russia". UNIAN. 8 September 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2009. ^ "Gazprom sees political risk to Ukraine gas payments".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Russia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_482875358#19_542957563
Title: Natural gas in Russia - Wikipedia Headings: Natural gas in Russia Natural gas in Russia Contents Disputes with Ukraine Agreement with China Subsidies Automotive use See also References Content: ^ "There are no controversies on gas issues between Ukraine and Russia". UNIAN. 8 September 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2009. ^ "Gazprom sees political risk to Ukraine gas payments". Reuters. 12 September 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2009. ^ "Ukraine, Russia's Gazprom disagree on 2010 imports". Kyiv Post.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Russia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_482875358#20_542958258
Title: Natural gas in Russia - Wikipedia Headings: Natural gas in Russia Natural gas in Russia Contents Disputes with Ukraine Agreement with China Subsidies Automotive use See also References Content: Reuters. 12 September 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2009. ^ "Ukraine, Russia's Gazprom disagree on 2010 imports". Kyiv Post. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2009. ^ "Ukraine to remain without gas because of RosUkrEnergo? | Events". Mignews.com.ua.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Russia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_482875358#21_542958895
Title: Natural gas in Russia - Wikipedia Headings: Natural gas in Russia Natural gas in Russia Contents Disputes with Ukraine Agreement with China Subsidies Automotive use See also References Content: 8 October 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2009. ^ "Ukraine to remain without gas because of RosUkrEnergo? | Events". Mignews.com.ua. Retrieved 2014-05-22. ^ "Бойко обещает как-то удовлетворить Фирташа". Minprom.ua. Retrieved 2014-05-22. ^ "Бойко объяснил Фирташу, что газ он быстро не получит | Украинская правда".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Russia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_482888503#8_542974756
Title: Natural gas in Ukraine - Wikipedia Headings: Natural gas in Ukraine Natural gas in Ukraine Contents Domestic production Regions Consumers Imports Prices of import Ukraine as transit route of natural gas Shale gas See also Notes References External links Content: In January 2013 Ukraine paid $430 per 1,000 cm. There have been disputes over prices that lead to several economic conflicts with Russia since 1990. Then Ukrainian Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko and Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin making a joint press statement on 18 January 2009 after they reached a deal on restoring gas supplies to both Europe and Ukraine. After 2008 a rapid increase in price has raised Ukraine's annual cost of gas imports; from less than $4 billion in 2005 to $14 billion in 2011 and 2012. Natural gas is Ukraine's biggest import at present and is the main cause of the country's structural trade deficit. In the 17 December 2013 Ukrainian–Russian action plan it was agreed that the cost of Russian natural gas supplied to Ukraine would be lowered to $268 per 1,000 cubic metres (this price was more than $400 in December 2013). During the Russian - Ukrainian crisis, starting in February 2014 with the Russian military intervention in Crimea, severe tensions extended to the gas sector. Eventually, the EU commissioner for energy Günther Oettinger was called in to broker a deal securing supplies to Ukraine and transit to the EU. The package signed on 30.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Ukraine
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_482888503#9_542976411
Title: Natural gas in Ukraine - Wikipedia Headings: Natural gas in Ukraine Natural gas in Ukraine Contents Domestic production Regions Consumers Imports Prices of import Ukraine as transit route of natural gas Shale gas See also Notes References External links Content: Natural gas is Ukraine's biggest import at present and is the main cause of the country's structural trade deficit. In the 17 December 2013 Ukrainian–Russian action plan it was agreed that the cost of Russian natural gas supplied to Ukraine would be lowered to $268 per 1,000 cubic metres (this price was more than $400 in December 2013). During the Russian - Ukrainian crisis, starting in February 2014 with the Russian military intervention in Crimea, severe tensions extended to the gas sector. Eventually, the EU commissioner for energy Günther Oettinger was called in to broker a deal securing supplies to Ukraine and transit to the EU. The package signed on 30. October included Russian supplies of gas to Ukraine in the period November 2014 through March 2015, conditioned on the payment of undisputed Ukrainian gas debt ($3 billion). The price for November and December 2014 was set at $378 per thousand cubic meters, to be adjusted in January. Deliveries were to be prepaid. During that winter Ukrainian monopoly Naftogaz was able to import limited quantities of gas from the EU (reverse flow from Slovakia, Poland and Hungary) at Central European hub prices, around $250 per thousand cubic meters. Due to severe drop of oil market price (the price halved from mid-2014 to end of the year) Gazprom had to reduce the oil-linked gas price.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Ukraine
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_482888503#10_542978224
Title: Natural gas in Ukraine - Wikipedia Headings: Natural gas in Ukraine Natural gas in Ukraine Contents Domestic production Regions Consumers Imports Prices of import Ukraine as transit route of natural gas Shale gas See also Notes References External links Content: October included Russian supplies of gas to Ukraine in the period November 2014 through March 2015, conditioned on the payment of undisputed Ukrainian gas debt ($3 billion). The price for November and December 2014 was set at $378 per thousand cubic meters, to be adjusted in January. Deliveries were to be prepaid. During that winter Ukrainian monopoly Naftogaz was able to import limited quantities of gas from the EU (reverse flow from Slovakia, Poland and Hungary) at Central European hub prices, around $250 per thousand cubic meters. Due to severe drop of oil market price (the price halved from mid-2014 to end of the year) Gazprom had to reduce the oil-linked gas price. On 9 January 2014 Naftogaz and Russia's Gazprom signed a supplement to the Russian-Ukrainian gas contract, setting the price of natural gas for Ukraine in the first quarter of 2014 at $268.5 per 1,000 cubic meters. Ukraine as transit route of natural gas Main article: Natural gas transmission system of Ukraine Ukraine remains the main transit route for Russian natural gas sold to Europe, which earns Ukraine about $ 3 billion a year in transit fees, making it the country's most lucrative export service. Following Russia's launch of the Nord Stream pipeline, which bypasses Ukraine, gas transit volumes have been steadily decreasing. In 2004 more than 120 bcm of Russian gas was transported through Ukraine;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Ukraine
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_482888503#11_542980074
Title: Natural gas in Ukraine - Wikipedia Headings: Natural gas in Ukraine Natural gas in Ukraine Contents Domestic production Regions Consumers Imports Prices of import Ukraine as transit route of natural gas Shale gas See also Notes References External links Content: On 9 January 2014 Naftogaz and Russia's Gazprom signed a supplement to the Russian-Ukrainian gas contract, setting the price of natural gas for Ukraine in the first quarter of 2014 at $268.5 per 1,000 cubic meters. Ukraine as transit route of natural gas Main article: Natural gas transmission system of Ukraine Ukraine remains the main transit route for Russian natural gas sold to Europe, which earns Ukraine about $ 3 billion a year in transit fees, making it the country's most lucrative export service. Following Russia's launch of the Nord Stream pipeline, which bypasses Ukraine, gas transit volumes have been steadily decreasing. In 2004 more than 120 bcm of Russian gas was transported through Ukraine; this figure dropped to just 84 bcm in 2012. Russia–Ukraine gas disputes left many countries with a significant drop in their supplies when Russia cut off all natural gas supplies passing through Ukraine in 2009 and 2006. Shale gas Ukraine has Europe's third-largest shale gas reserves at 1.2 trillion cubic meters (tcm). There are two potentially large shale gas fields. The Yuzivska gas field located in Donetsk Oblast (province) and Kharkiv Oblast;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Ukraine
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_491314671#0_552726164
Title: Navigation system - Wikipedia Headings: Navigation system Navigation system Types of navigation systems See also References Content: Navigation system - Wikipedia Navigation system From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search A navigation system is a computing system that aids in navigation. Navigation systems may be entirely on board the vehicle or vessel that the system is controlling (for example, on the ship's bridge) or located elsewhere, making use of radio or other signal transmission to control the vehicle or vessel. In some cases, a combination of these methods is used. Navigation systems may be capable of one or more of: containing maps, which may be displayed in human-readable format via text or in a graphical format determining a vehicle or vessel's location via sensors, maps, or information from external sources providing suggested directions to a human in charge of a vehicle or vessel via text or speech providing directions directly to an autonomous vehicle such as a robotic probe or guided missile providing information on nearby vehicles or vessels, or other hazards or obstacles providing information on traffic conditions and suggesting alternative directions simultaneous localization and mapping acoustic positioning for underwater navigation The first in-car navigation navigation system available to consumers in 1985 was called Etak Navigation. The company, Etak, was led by engineer Stan Honey and incubated by Nolan Bushnell 's Catalyst Technologies in Silicon Valley. Etak held a number of patents and produced digitized maps for the navigation system. The maps were streamed to the navigation system from special tape cassettes. The early digitized maps turned out to be more valuable than the navigation system. The car icon used in Etak Navigation display was a vector-based graphic based on Atari, Inc.'s Asteroids spaceship.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_system
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_491314671#1_552728250
Title: Navigation system - Wikipedia Headings: Navigation system Navigation system Types of navigation systems See also References Content: The company, Etak, was led by engineer Stan Honey and incubated by Nolan Bushnell 's Catalyst Technologies in Silicon Valley. Etak held a number of patents and produced digitized maps for the navigation system. The maps were streamed to the navigation system from special tape cassettes. The early digitized maps turned out to be more valuable than the navigation system. The car icon used in Etak Navigation display was a vector-based graphic based on Atari, Inc.'s Asteroids spaceship. Types of navigation systems Automotive navigation system Marine navigation systems using sonar Satellite navigation system Global Positioning System, a group of satellites and computers that can provide information on any person, vessel, or vehicle's location via a GPS receiver GPS navigation device, a device that can receive GPS signals for the purpose of determining the device's location and possibly to suggest or give directions GLONASS, satellite navigation system run by Russia Galileo global navigation satellite system IRNSS, regional satellite system run by India. Surgical navigation system, a system that determines the position of surgical instruments in relation to patient images such as CT or MRI scans. Inertial guidance system, a system which continuously determines the position, orientation, and velocity (direction and speed of movement) of a moving object without the need for external reference Robotic mapping, the methods and equipment by which an autonomous robot is able to construct (or use) a map or floor plan and to localize itself within it XNAV for deep space navigation See also Positioning system Guidance, navigation and control Guidance system References ^ Dissanayake, MWM Gamini, et al. " A solution to the simultaneous localization and map building (SLAM) problem ." IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation 17.3 (2001):
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_system
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_491314671#2_552730435
Title: Navigation system - Wikipedia Headings: Navigation system Navigation system Types of navigation systems See also References Content: Types of navigation systems Automotive navigation system Marine navigation systems using sonar Satellite navigation system Global Positioning System, a group of satellites and computers that can provide information on any person, vessel, or vehicle's location via a GPS receiver GPS navigation device, a device that can receive GPS signals for the purpose of determining the device's location and possibly to suggest or give directions GLONASS, satellite navigation system run by Russia Galileo global navigation satellite system IRNSS, regional satellite system run by India. Surgical navigation system, a system that determines the position of surgical instruments in relation to patient images such as CT or MRI scans. Inertial guidance system, a system which continuously determines the position, orientation, and velocity (direction and speed of movement) of a moving object without the need for external reference Robotic mapping, the methods and equipment by which an autonomous robot is able to construct (or use) a map or floor plan and to localize itself within it XNAV for deep space navigation See also Positioning system Guidance, navigation and control Guidance system References ^ Dissanayake, MWM Gamini, et al. " A solution to the simultaneous localization and map building (SLAM) problem ." IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation 17.3 (2001): 229-241. ^ Paul D. Groves (1 April 2013). Principles of GNSS, Inertial, and Multisensor Integrated Navigation Systems, Second Edition. Artech House. ISBN 978-1-60807-005-3.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_system
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_491314671#3_552732305
Title: Navigation system - Wikipedia Headings: Navigation system Navigation system Types of navigation systems See also References Content: 229-241. ^ Paul D. Groves (1 April 2013). Principles of GNSS, Inertial, and Multisensor Integrated Navigation Systems, Second Edition. Artech House. ISBN 978-1-60807-005-3. ^ a b "Who Needs GPS? The Forgotten Story of Etak's Amazing 1985 Car Navigation System". Fast Company. June 6, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_system
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_494923111#7_556301018
Title: Ndamukong Suh - Wikipedia Headings: Ndamukong Suh Ndamukong Suh Ndamukong Suh Contents Early years College career Awards Career statistics Professional career 2010 NFL Draft Detroit Lions 2010 season 2011 season 2012 season 2013 season 2014 season Miami Dolphins 2015 season 2016 season 2017 season Los Angeles Rams 2018 season Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2019 season 2020 season 2021 season Style of play NFL career statistics Personal life Donation and endowment Endorsements References External links Content: He attended Grant High School in Portland, where he was a three-sport star in football, basketball, and track and field. He played as a two-way lineman for the Grant Generals. Suh earned first-team All-PIL honors on both offense and defense as a junior and was an honorable-mention All-state pick. In his senior year, he collected 65 tackles, including 10 sacks and recovered four fumbles, which earned him Parade magazine high school All-America honors, the 2004 Portland Interscholastic League Defensive Player of the Year, and a Class 4A first-team all-state selection. He also played in the 2005 U.S. Army All-American Bowl. In basketball, he earned honorable-mention All-League honors as a junior and senior. Also a track & field athlete, Suh was one of the state's top performers in the shot put. He was the district shot put champion in 2004, and won the OSAA Class 4A shot put title in 2005 with a school-record throw of 18.71 meters (61 ft, 4 in). For his all-around athletic accomplishments, Suh was a finalist for the Portland Tribune ’s Athlete of the Year. Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Suh was the sixth ranked defensive tackle in the United States.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndamukong_Suh
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_500359916#0_562577906
Title: Needs assessment - Wikipedia Headings: Needs assessment Needs assessment Contents History Applications Extensive vs. intensive Examples Needs chain model Training Need Assessment - TNA Conducting a needs analysis Organizational training needs Community Types and strategies for planning and organizing Local governments Conduction Tools Assessment Community demographics Consumer leadership Service gaps Methodology and data collection Community/social survey Community mapping Seasonal calendar Focus group sessions Examples Bayview Hunters Point Environmental Mental health promotion program for rural communities in Ireland See also References Citations Bibliography Further reading External links Content: Needs assessment - Wikipedia Needs assessment From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Need assessment) Jump to navigation Jump to search A needs assessment is a systematic process for determining and addressing needs, or "gaps" between current conditions and desired conditions or "wants". The discrepancy between the current condition and wanted condition must be measured to appropriately identify the need. The need can be a desire to improve current performance or to correct a deficiency. A needs assessment is a part of planning processes, often used for improvement in individuals, education/training, organizations, or communities. It can refine and improve a product such as a training or service a client receives. It can be an effective tool to clarify problems and identify appropriate interventions or solutions. By clearly identifying the problem, finite resources can be directed towards developing and implementing a feasible and applicable solution. Gathering appropriate and sufficient data informs the process of developing an effective product that will address the groups needs and wants. Needs assessments are only effective when they are ends-focused and provide concrete evidence that can be used to determine which of the possible means-to-the-ends are most effective and efficient for achieving the desired results. Needs assessments can help improve the quality of policy or program decisions—thus leading to improvements in performance and the accomplishment of desired results.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need_assessment
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_508868484#0_571839510
Title: Nematicide - Wikipedia Headings: Nematicide Nematicide See also References Content: Nematicide - Wikipedia Nematicide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Not to be confused with Nematicon. A nematicide is a type of chemical pesticide used to kill plant- parasitic nematodes. Nematicides have tended to be broad-spectrum toxicants possessing high volatility or other properties promoting migration through the soil. Aldicarb (Temik), a carbamate insecticide marketed by Bayer CropScience, is an example of a commonly used commercial nematicide. It is important in potato production, where it has been used for control of soil-borne nematodes. Aldicarb is a cholinesterase inhibitor, which prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synapse. In case of severe poisoning, the victim dies of respiratory failure. It is no longer authorised for use in the EU and, in August 2010, Bayer CropScience announced that it planned to discontinue aldicarb by 2014. Human health safety and environmental concerns have resulted in the widespread deregistration of several other agronomically important nematicides. Prior to 1985, the persistent halocarbon DBCP was a widely used nematicide and soil fumigant.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematicide
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_508868484#1_571840916
Title: Nematicide - Wikipedia Headings: Nematicide Nematicide See also References Content: Aldicarb is a cholinesterase inhibitor, which prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synapse. In case of severe poisoning, the victim dies of respiratory failure. It is no longer authorised for use in the EU and, in August 2010, Bayer CropScience announced that it planned to discontinue aldicarb by 2014. Human health safety and environmental concerns have resulted in the widespread deregistration of several other agronomically important nematicides. Prior to 1985, the persistent halocarbon DBCP was a widely used nematicide and soil fumigant. However, it was banned from use after being linked to sterility among male workers; the Dow Chemical company was subsequently found liable for more than $600 million in damages. Several natural nematicides are known. An environmentally benign garlic -derived polysulfide product is approved for use in the European Union (under Annex 1 of 91/414) and the UK as a nematicide. Another common natural nematicide is obtained from neem cake, the residue obtained after cold-pressing the fruit and kernels of the neem tree.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematicide
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_508868484#2_571842244
Title: Nematicide - Wikipedia Headings: Nematicide Nematicide See also References Content: However, it was banned from use after being linked to sterility among male workers; the Dow Chemical company was subsequently found liable for more than $600 million in damages. Several natural nematicides are known. An environmentally benign garlic -derived polysulfide product is approved for use in the European Union (under Annex 1 of 91/414) and the UK as a nematicide. Another common natural nematicide is obtained from neem cake, the residue obtained after cold-pressing the fruit and kernels of the neem tree. Known by several names in the world, the tree was first cultivated in India in ancient times and is now widely distributed throughout the world. The root exudate of marigold ( Tagetes) is also found to have nematicidal action. Nematophagous fungi, a type of carnivorous fungi, can be useful in controlling nematodes, Paecilomyces being one example. Besides chemicals, soil steaming can be used in order to kill nematodes. Superheated steam is induced into the soil, which causes almost all organic material to deteriorate.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematicide
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_508868484#4_571844618
Title: Nematicide - Wikipedia Headings: Nematicide Nematicide See also References Content: See also Vermicide References ^ "Bayer CropScience plans to discontinue Aldicarb by 2014". Archived from the original on 2010-09-25. Retrieved 2012-09-01. ^ D. J. Chitwood, “Nematicides,” in Encyclopedia of Agrochemicals (3), pp. 1104–1115, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 2003; http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/43874/PDF. ^ S. R. Gowen, "Chemical control of nematodes: efficiency and side-effects," in Plant Nematode Problems and their Control in the Near East Region (FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper - 144), 1992; http://www.fao.org/docrep/V9978E/v9978e08.htm ^ Anwar, A.; Groom, M.;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematicide
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_508868484#6_571846186
Title: Nematicide - Wikipedia Headings: Nematicide Nematicide See also References Content: Sadler-Bridge, D. (2009). " Garlic: from nature's ancient food to nematicide" (PDF). Pesticide News. 84 (June): 18–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-03. v t e Pesticides Pesticide types Acaricide Bactericide Biocide Bioherbicide Biopesticide Fungicide Herbicide Insecticide Molluscicide Nematicide Piscicide Rodenticide Slimicide Related topics Health effects Environmental effects Fumigation Agricultural spray adjuvant Biological pest control Gene silencing Green pest management Integrated pest management Maximum residue limit Non-pesticide management Persistent organic pollutant Pest control Application Drift Formulation Degradation Misuse Paradox of the pesticides Poisoning Research Residue Resistance Bee toxicity Restricted use Pesticide Action Network Silent Spring The Pesticide Question Toxicity Class By country Canada European Union New Zealand United States Integrated Pest Management Index of pesticide articles Pesticide categories Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nematicide&oldid=1003896809 " Categories: Nematicides
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematicide
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_508927784#9_571899309
Title: Nematology - Wikipedia Headings: Nematology Nematology Contents History: pre-1850 History: 1850 to the present Specimen collections Notable nematologists Contributions to other sciences References Further reading Content: Accounts of the history of nematology (the few that exist) mention three major events occurring between 1926 and 1950 that affected the relative importance of nematodes in the eyes of farmers, legislators and the U.S. public in general. These same events had profound worldwide effects on the course of nematology research over the next fifty to seventy-five years First, the discovery of the golden nematode in the potato fields of Long Island led to a trip by U.S. quarantine officials to the potato fields of Europe, where the devastating effects of this parasite had been known for many years. This excursion allayed all skepticism about the seriousness of this agricultural pest. Second, the introduction of the soil fumigants, D-D and EDB made available for the first time nematicides that could be used effectively and practically on a field scale. Third, the development of nematode-resistant crop cultivars brought substantial government funding to applied nematology research. These events contributed to a shift from broad taxonomy-based nematology research to deep, yet focused investigations of plant parasitic nematodes, especially the control of agricultural pests. From the early 1930s until recently, the bulk of researchers studying nematodes have been plant pathologists by training. Consequently, nematological research leaned heavily toward answering plant pathological and agro-economical questions for the last three-quarters of the 20th century. Specimen collections U.S. Department of Agriculture Nematode Collection is one of the largest collections and has over 49,200 permanent slides and vials. University of California Riverside Nematode type collection includes 3,184 slides.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematology
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_513036026#1_575893386
Title: Neonicotinoid - Wikipedia Headings: Neonicotinoid Neonicotinoid Contents History Market Agricultural usage Efficacy Seed coatings Regulation United States European Union Studies and national regulations European ban Economic impact Canada Oceania Mode of action Basis of selectivity Chemical properties Toxicity Bees Birds Other wildlife See also References External links Content: Some breakdown products are also toxic to insects. Neonicotinoid use has been linked in a range of studies to adverse ecological effects, including honey-bee colony collapse disorder (CCD) and loss of birds due to a reduction in insect populations. Some scientific findings regarding the harm caused to bees by neonics have been conflicting and controversial, partly because of the sheer number of biological factors that complicate tying CCD with neonicotinoid use, including varroa mite infestation and Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV). This is partly because bees exposed to normal levels of neonicotinoids do not immediately die. Some sources have proposed that neonicotinoids reduce a bee colony's ability to survive the winter. Most academic and governmental bodies agree that neonicotinoids have had a negative influence on bee populations. In 2013, the European Union and a few neighbouring countries restricted the use of certain neonicotinoids; in 2018, the EU banned the three main neonicotinoids ( clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) for all outdoor uses. Several states in the United States have also restricted usage of neonicotinoids out of concern for pollinators and bees. Contents 1 History 2 Market 3 Agricultural usage 3.1 Efficacy 3.2 Seed coatings 4 Regulation 4.1 United States 4.2 European Union 4.2.1 Studies and national regulations 4.2.2 European ban 4.2.3 Economic impact 4.3 Canada 4.4 Oceania 5 Mode of action 5.1 Basis of selectivity 6 Chemical properties 7 Toxicity 7.1 Bees 7.2 Birds 7.3 Other wildlife 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History The precursor to nithiazine was first synthesized by Henry Feuer, a chemist at Purdue University, in 1970;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonicotinoid
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_513036026#2_575895694
Title: Neonicotinoid - Wikipedia Headings: Neonicotinoid Neonicotinoid Contents History Market Agricultural usage Efficacy Seed coatings Regulation United States European Union Studies and national regulations European ban Economic impact Canada Oceania Mode of action Basis of selectivity Chemical properties Toxicity Bees Birds Other wildlife See also References External links Content: Most academic and governmental bodies agree that neonicotinoids have had a negative influence on bee populations. In 2013, the European Union and a few neighbouring countries restricted the use of certain neonicotinoids; in 2018, the EU banned the three main neonicotinoids ( clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) for all outdoor uses. Several states in the United States have also restricted usage of neonicotinoids out of concern for pollinators and bees. Contents 1 History 2 Market 3 Agricultural usage 3.1 Efficacy 3.2 Seed coatings 4 Regulation 4.1 United States 4.2 European Union 4.2.1 Studies and national regulations 4.2.2 European ban 4.2.3 Economic impact 4.3 Canada 4.4 Oceania 5 Mode of action 5.1 Basis of selectivity 6 Chemical properties 7 Toxicity 7.1 Bees 7.2 Birds 7.3 Other wildlife 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History The precursor to nithiazine was first synthesized by Henry Feuer, a chemist at Purdue University, in 1970; Shell researchers found in screening that this precursor showed insecticide potential and refined it to develop nithiazine. In 1984 nithiazine's mode of action was found to be as a postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor agonist, the same as nicotine. Nithiazine does not act as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in contrast to the organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. While nithiazine has the desired specificity (i.e. low mammalian toxicity), it is not photostable—that is, it breaks down in sunlight, thus is not commercially viable. In 1985, Bayer patented imidacloprid as the first commercial neonicotinoid.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonicotinoid
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_513036026#4_575899597
Title: Neonicotinoid - Wikipedia Headings: Neonicotinoid Neonicotinoid Contents History Market Agricultural usage Efficacy Seed coatings Regulation United States European Union Studies and national regulations European ban Economic impact Canada Oceania Mode of action Basis of selectivity Chemical properties Toxicity Bees Birds Other wildlife See also References External links Content: During the late 1990s, primarily, imidacloprid became widely used. Beginning in the early 2000s, two other neonicotinoids, clothianidin and thiamethoxam, entered the market. As of 2013 [update] , virtually all corn planted in the United States was treated with one of these two insecticides. As of 2014 [update] , about a third of US soybean acreage was planted with neonicotinoid-treated seeds, usually imidacloprid or thiamethoxam. Market Neonicotinoids have been registered in more than 120 countries. With a global turnover of €1.5 billion in 2008, they represented 24% of the global market for insecticides. After the introduction of the first neonicotinoids in the 1990s, this market has grown from €155 million in 1990 to €957 million in 2008. Neonicotinoids made up 80% of all seed treatment sales in 2008. As of 2011, seven neonicotinoids from different companies are on the market. Name Company Products Turnover in million US$ (2009) Imidacloprid Bayer CropScience Confidor, Admire, Gaucho, Advocate 1,091 Thiamethoxam Syngenta Actara, Platinum, Cruiser 627 Clothianidin Sumitomo Chemical /Bayer CropScience Poncho, Dantosu, Dantop, Belay 439 Acetamiprid Nippon Soda Mospilan, Assail, ChipcoTristar 276 Thiacloprid Bayer CropScience Calypso 112 Dinotefuran Mitsui Chemicals Starkle, Safari, Venom 79 Nitenpyram Sumitomo Chemical Capstar, Guardian 8 Agricultural usage Efficacy Imidacloprid is effective against sucking insects, some chewing insects, soil insects and fleas on domestic animals.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonicotinoid
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_521028324#6_585296748
Title: Network SouthEast - Wikipedia Headings: Network SouthEast Network SouthEast Network SouthEast Contents History Network Railcard Main article: Network Railcard Rolling stock Subdivisions Modernisation Chiltern Lines New trains Privatisation Legacy References Further reading External links Content: Farringdon station with a Class 319 on a Thameslink service. Class 487 at Waterloo with a Waterloo & City line service. Rolling stock Class Image Number Power Carriages Notes 03 * 2 Diesel Shunter N/A Shunters at Ryde depot on the Isle of Wight. 05 * 1 Shunter at Ryde depot on the Isle of Wight, where it earned the nickname "Nuclear Fred". Replaced by two Class 03s, currently owned by the Isle of Wight Steam Railway . 08 * Examples include: 08 600 'Ivor' (97800) 08 631 'Eagle' 08 641 'Dartmoor' 33 Diesel Locomotive 47 50 73 6 Electro-Diesel Locomotive 86 AC Electric Locomotive 97 Departmental Locomotives and Shunters Had ex-members of starred classes and worked across the NSE network. 101 DMU 2, 3 or 4 104 108 115 4 117 3 119 121 21 1 Worked the branches of the Thames valley. 159 30 3 165 76 2 or 3 166 21 3 203 DEMU 6 205 34 3 or 4 207 19 3 302 AC EMU 4 Worked the GE lines out of Liverpool Street and Fenchurch Street 306 3 313 64 Dual Voltage EMU 3 315 61 AC EMU 4 316 1 Converted to class 457. 317 72 319 86 Dual Voltage EMU 321 114 AC EMU 322 5 341, 342 Never built Never built These classes were proposed for the rolling stock of the original Crossrail project.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_SouthEast
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_521028324#7_585298612
Title: Network SouthEast - Wikipedia Headings: Network SouthEast Network SouthEast Network SouthEast Contents History Network Railcard Main article: Network Railcard Rolling stock Subdivisions Modernisation Chiltern Lines New trains Privatisation Legacy References Further reading External links Content: 08 * Examples include: 08 600 'Ivor' (97800) 08 631 'Eagle' 08 641 'Dartmoor' 33 Diesel Locomotive 47 50 73 6 Electro-Diesel Locomotive 86 AC Electric Locomotive 97 Departmental Locomotives and Shunters Had ex-members of starred classes and worked across the NSE network. 101 DMU 2, 3 or 4 104 108 115 4 117 3 119 121 21 1 Worked the branches of the Thames valley. 159 30 3 165 76 2 or 3 166 21 3 203 DEMU 6 205 34 3 or 4 207 19 3 302 AC EMU 4 Worked the GE lines out of Liverpool Street and Fenchurch Street 306 3 313 64 Dual Voltage EMU 3 315 61 AC EMU 4 316 1 Converted to class 457. 317 72 319 86 Dual Voltage EMU 321 114 AC EMU 322 5 341, 342 Never built Never built These classes were proposed for the rolling stock of the original Crossrail project. 365 41 4 371, 381, 471 Never built Dual Voltage and DC EMU Never built 411 135 DC EMU 4 413 29 414 209 2 415 Unknown 4 416 128 2 419 10 DC Motor Luggage Van 1 421 166 DC EMU 4 423 196 432 15 438 34 442 24 5 455 137 4 456 24 2 457 1 4 465 147 466 43 2 482 10 DC Tube Train Waterloo & City line 1992 stock, transferred to London Underground in 1994. 483 10 Works on the Island line on the Isle of Wight. Following the retirement of the Classes 485 and 486, the class became the oldest to operate on the mainline. 485, 486 12 3 or 4 Worked on the Island line on the Isle of Wight. Replaced by Class 483s from 1989 onwards.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_SouthEast
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_521028324#8_585300764
Title: Network SouthEast - Wikipedia Headings: Network SouthEast Network SouthEast Network SouthEast Contents History Network Railcard Main article: Network Railcard Rolling stock Subdivisions Modernisation Chiltern Lines New trains Privatisation Legacy References Further reading External links Content: 365 41 4 371, 381, 471 Never built Dual Voltage and DC EMU Never built 411 135 DC EMU 4 413 29 414 209 2 415 Unknown 4 416 128 2 419 10 DC Motor Luggage Van 1 421 166 DC EMU 4 423 196 432 15 438 34 442 24 5 455 137 4 456 24 2 457 1 4 465 147 466 43 2 482 10 DC Tube Train Waterloo & City line 1992 stock, transferred to London Underground in 1994. 483 10 Works on the Island line on the Isle of Wight. Following the retirement of the Classes 485 and 486, the class became the oldest to operate on the mainline. 485, 486 12 3 or 4 Worked on the Island line on the Isle of Wight. Replaced by Class 483s from 1989 onwards. 487 28 2 Worked on the Waterloo & City line before being replaced by Class 482 in 1993. Subdivisions NSE was broken down into various sub-divisions. Subdivision Main Route (s) Route Description Chiltern Chiltern Main Line, London to Aylesbury Line London Marylebone-Aylesbury/Banbury Great Eastern Great Eastern Main Line London Liverpool Street-Ipswich/Harwich/Clacton-on-Sea/Walton-on-the-Naze/Southminster/Southend Victoria Great Northern East Coast Main Line, Hitchin-Cambridge Line London King's Cross-Peterborough/Cambridge (and subsequently London King's Cross-Cambridge-King's Lynn) Island Line Island Line Ryde Pier Head-Shanklin Kent Link North Kent Line, Bexleyheath Line, Dartford Loop Line, Mid-Kent Line, Catford Loop Line, Hayes Line London Victoria/Charing Cross-Dartford/Gravesend/Gillingham/Orpington/Sevenoaks/Hayes Kent Coast Chatham Main Line, Hastings Line, Sheerness Line, South East Main Line London Victoria/Charing Cross-Margate/Dover/Folkestone/Ashford/Tunbridge Wells/Hastings (and subsequently North Downs services as far as Redhill/Three Bridges) London, Tilbury and Southend London, Tilbury and Southend line London Fenchurch Street - Tilbury - Southend Central - Shoeburyness North Downs North Downs Line Reading-Guildford-Reigate-Gatwick Airport-Tonbridge Northampton Line/North London Lines West Coast Main Line, Marston Vale Line, North London Line London Euston/Broad Street-Watford-Milton Keynes-Northampton-Birmingham, Bedford-Bletchley Solent and Wessex Portsmouth Direct Line, South Western Main Line London Waterloo-Guildford-Portsmouth, London Waterloo-Basingstoke-Southampton-Bournemouth-Weymouth South London Lines South London Lines, Oxted Line, Sutton & Mole Valley Lines London Victoria & London Bridge to Croydon London Victoria-East Grinstead/Uckfield/Sutton/Epsom Downs/Dorking/Horsham South Western Lines Alton Line, Waterloo-Reading Line South West London Suburban services via Wimbledon or Richmond to Chessington South/Epsom/Dorking/Effingham Junction/Guildford/Hampton Court/Woking/Weybridge/Hounslow loop/Windsor/Shepperton/Kingston loop. London Waterloo-Alton/Reading/Windsor/Guildford/Epsom/Chessington South/Dorking/Hampton Court/Kingston Circle/Shepperton/Hounslow Circle/Weybridge Sussex Coast Brighton Main Line, Arun Valley Line, East Coastway Line, West Coastway Line London Victoria/London Bridge-Gatwick Airport-Brighton/Eastbourne/Littlehampton, Brighton-Hastings, Brighton-Portsmouth-Southampton Thames Great Western Main Line, Cotswold Line Windsor branch London Paddington-Slough- (-Windsor-) Reading-Oxford-Worcester/Banbury Thameslink Thameslink Bedford-Luton-London-Gatwick Airport-Brighton Waterloo & City Waterloo & City line Waterloo-Bank West Anglia Fen Line, Lea Valley Line London Liverpool Street-Harlow-Cambridge-King's Lynn (express services to Cambridge, and almost all services to Ki
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_SouthEast
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_529165348#0_594589771
Title: Never Again MSD - Wikipedia Headings: Never Again MSD Never Again MSD Contents Founding Activism March for Our Lives Town halls Cross–country gun control tour Response Misinformation and criticism New laws References External links Content: Never Again MSD - Wikipedia Never Again MSD From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Never Again MSD Formation February 15, 2018; 3 years ago ( 2018-02-15) Purpose Gun control advocacy after the shooting at the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in 2018 Location Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, Parkland, Florida Key people Alfonso Calderon Sarah Chadwick Jaclyn Corin Matt Deitsch Ryan Deitsch Emma González David Hogg Cameron Kasky Alex Wind Cameron Kasky (center) at a rally in Fort Lauderdale, Florida on February 17, 2018 Never Again MSD is an American student-led political action committee for gun control that advocates for tighter regulations to prevent gun violence. The organization, also known by the Twitter hashtags #NeverAgain, and #EnoughIsEnough, was formed by a group of twenty students attending the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School (MSD) at the time of the deadly shooting in 2018, in which seventeen students and staff members were killed by the alleged gunman, who was a former student at the school and armed with an AR-15 style semi-automatic rifle. The organization started on social media as a movement "for survivors of the Stoneman Douglas Shooting, by survivors of the Stoneman Douglas Shooting" using the hashtag #NeverAgain. A main goal of the group was to influence the 2018 United States elections, and they embarked on a multi-city bus tour in June 2018 to encourage young people to register to vote. The organization staged protests demanding legislative action to be taken to prevent similar shootings in the future and has vocally condemned U.S. lawmakers who have received political contributions from the National Rifle Association (NRA). It was credited in the Washington Post as winning a "stunning victory" against the NRA in the Florida legislature in March 2018 when both houses voted for various gun control measures./ The law increased funding for school security and raised the required age to buy a gun from 18 to 21. Among the organization's most prominent members are Alfonso Calderon, Sarah Chadwick, Jaclyn Corin, Ryan Deitsch, Emma González, David Hogg, Cameron Kasky, and Alex Wind. Corin, González, Hogg, Kasky, and Wind were featured on a cover of Time in March 2018. In December later that year, it was announced that the March for Our Lives activists made the shortlist for Time's Person of the Year at number four.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Again_MSD
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_529165348#1_594592658
Title: Never Again MSD - Wikipedia Headings: Never Again MSD Never Again MSD Contents Founding Activism March for Our Lives Town halls Cross–country gun control tour Response Misinformation and criticism New laws References External links Content: The organization staged protests demanding legislative action to be taken to prevent similar shootings in the future and has vocally condemned U.S. lawmakers who have received political contributions from the National Rifle Association (NRA). It was credited in the Washington Post as winning a "stunning victory" against the NRA in the Florida legislature in March 2018 when both houses voted for various gun control measures./ The law increased funding for school security and raised the required age to buy a gun from 18 to 21. Among the organization's most prominent members are Alfonso Calderon, Sarah Chadwick, Jaclyn Corin, Ryan Deitsch, Emma González, David Hogg, Cameron Kasky, and Alex Wind. Corin, González, Hogg, Kasky, and Wind were featured on a cover of Time in March 2018. In December later that year, it was announced that the March for Our Lives activists made the shortlist for Time's Person of the Year at number four. Contents 1 Founding 2 Activism 2.1 March for Our Lives 2.2 Town halls 2.3 Cross–country gun control tour 3 Response 3.1 Misinformation and criticism 3.2 New laws 4 References 5 External links Founding David Hogg (far left) and Emma Gonzalez (second to right) at a rally in Fort Lauderdale, Florida on February 17, 2018 The group was co-formed by Cameron Kasky and his high school friends in the first four days after the shooting, which was committed by a gunman who was a former student at the school and armed with an AR-15 style semi-automatic rifle. The initial three co-founders were Kasky, Alex Wind, and Sofie Whitney. On February 15, 2018, one day after the shooting, Kasky met with Wind at a candlelight vigil. Wind stated, "The day after the shooting, we said something needs to happen; there needs to be a central space;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Again_MSD
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_541870566#19_609438369
Title: New Martinsville, West Virginia - Wikipedia Headings: New Martinsville, West Virginia New Martinsville, West Virginia Contents Geography History Demographics 2010 census 2000 census Political Officials Climate Notable people See also References External links Content: p. 443. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ Climate Summary for New Martinsville, West Virginia External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Martinsville, West Virginia. Detailed City Data from www.city-data.com v t e Municipalities and communities of Wetzel County, West Virginia, United States County seat: New Martinsville Cities New Martinsville Paden City ‡ Towns Hundred Pine Grove Smithfield CDPs Jacksonburg Littleton Reader Unincorporated communities Allister Anthem Archer Bane Barker Bebee Big Run Brink ‡ Brooklyn Burchfield Burton Carbide Childs Coburn Earnshaw Fairview Fanlight Far Folsom Four Mile Galmish Green Hill Hastings Hazel Hoyt King Knob Fork Kodol Mand Marion Maud Minnie Mobley Porters Falls Proctor Rockport Round Bottom Sincerity Van Camp Veto Vincen ‡ West Wheat Wileyville Ghost towns Andy Five Points Onie Shenango Suter Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties United States portal v t e Municipalities of West Virginia Cities Beckley Benwood Bluefield Bridgeport Buckhannon Cameron Ceredo Charles Town Charleston Chester Clarksburg Dunbar Elkins Fairmont Follansbee Gary Glen Dale Grafton Hinton Huntington Hurricane Kenova Keyser Kingwood Lewisburg Logan Madison Mannington Marmet Martinsburg McMechen Montgomery Morgantown Moundsville Mount Hope Mullens New Cumberland New Martinsville Nitro Oak Hill Paden City Parkersburg Parsons Pennsboro Petersburg Philippi Pleasant Valley Point Pleasant Princeton Ranson Ravenswood Richwood Ripley Romney Ronceverte Salem Shinnston Sistersville Smithers South Charleston Spencer St. Albans St. Marys Stonewood Thomas Vienna War Weirton Welch Wellsburg Weston Westover Wheeling White Sulphur Springs Williamson Williamstown Towns Addison (Webster Springs) Albright Alderson Anawalt Anmoore Ansted Athens Auburn Bancroft Barrackville Belmont Bath (Berkeley Springs) Bayard Belington Belle Bethany Beverly Blacksville Bolivar Bradshaw Bramwell Brandonville Bruceton Mills Buffalo Burnsville Cairo Camden-on-Gauley Capon Bridge Carpendale Cedar Grove Chapmanville Chesapeake Clay Clendenin Cowen Danville Davis Davy Delbarton Durbin East Bank Eleanor Elizabeth Elk Garden Ellenboro Fairview Falling Spring Farmington Fayetteville Flatwoods Flemington Fort Gay Franklin Friendly Gassaway Gauley Bridge Gilbert Glasgow Glenville Grant Town Grantsville Granville Hambleton Hamlin Handley Harman Harpers Ferry Harrisville Hartford City Hedgesville Henderson Hendricks Hillsboro Hundred Huttonsville Iaeger Jane Lew Junior Kermit Kimball Leon Lester Lost Creek Lumberpo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Martinsville,_West_Virginia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_566482544#0_634242801
Title: Headings: Content: Media bias - Wikipedia Media bias From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from News bias) Jump to navigationJump to search Summarized analysis of various types of media bias. "Liberal media" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Media in Liberal, Kansas. Journalism News Writing style Ethics code of ethics Objectivity News values Attribution Defamation Sensationalism Editorial independence Journalism school Index of journalism articles Areas Arts Business Data Entertainment Environment Fashion Medicine Music Politics Science Sports Technology Trade Traffic Weather World Genres Advocacy Analytic Blogging Broadcast Churnalism Citizen Civic Collaborative Comics-based Community Data Database Digital/Online Explanatory Fact-checking Gonzo Immersion Interpretive Investigative Muckraking Multimedia Narrative New Journalism Non-profit Opinion Peace Photojournalism Press release Scientific Sensor Underground Video Visual Watchdog Social impact Fake news Fourth Estate Fifth Estate Freedom of the press Infotainment Media bias Public relations Press service Propaganda model Yellow journalism News media Newspapers Magazines TV and radio Internet News agencies Alternative media Roles Journalists (reporters) Columnist Blogger Editor Copy editor Meteorologist News presenter Photographer Pundit / commentator  Journalism portal Category: Journalism v t e Media biasis the biasof journalistsand news producerswithin the mass mediain the selection of many events and stories that are reported and how they are covered. The term "media bias" implies a pervasive or widespread bias contravening the standards of journalism, rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article. The direction and degree of media bias in various countries is widely disputed. [ 1] Practical limitations to media neutralityinclude the inability of journalists to report all available stories and facts, and the requirement that selected facts be linked into a coherent narrative.[2] Governmentinfluence, including overt and covert censorship, biases the media in some countries, for example China, North Koreaand Myanmar. [ 3][4]Marketforces that result in a biased presentation include the ownershipof the news source, concentration of media ownership, the subjective selection of staff, or the preferencesof an intended audience. There are a number of national and international watchdoggroups that report on bias of the media.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_bias
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_566482544#1_634245558
Title: Headings: Content: The term "media bias" implies a pervasive or widespread bias contravening the standards of journalism, rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article. The direction and degree of media bias in various countries is widely disputed. [ 1] Practical limitations to media neutralityinclude the inability of journalists to report all available stories and facts, and the requirement that selected facts be linked into a coherent narrative.[2] Governmentinfluence, including overt and covert censorship, biases the media in some countries, for example China, North Koreaand Myanmar. [ 3][4]Marketforces that result in a biased presentation include the ownershipof the news source, concentration of media ownership, the subjective selection of staff, or the preferencesof an intended audience. There are a number of national and international watchdoggroups that report on bias of the media. Contents 1Types 2History 3Confirmation bias 4United States political bias 5Scholarly treatment in the United States and United Kingdom 6Efforts to correct bias 7National and ethnic viewpoint 8Anglophone bias in the world media 9Religious bias 10Social media bias 11How people view media 12Role of language 13Other influences 14See also 15References 16Further reading 17External links Types[edit] The most commonly discussed types of bias occur when the (allegedly partisan) media support or attack a particular political party,[5]candidate,[6]or ideology. D'Alessio and Allen list three forms of media bias as the most widely studied:[7] Coverage bias(also known as visibility bias),[5]when actors or issues are more or less visible in the news. Gatekeeping bias(also known as selectivity[8]or selection bias),[9]when stories are selected or deselected, sometimes on ideological grounds (see spike). It is sometimes also referred to as agenda bias, when the focus is on political actors and whether they are covered based on their preferred policy issues. [ 5][10] Statement bias (also known as tonality bias[5]or presentation bias),[9]when media coverage is slanted towards or against particular actors or issues.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_bias
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_566482544#2_634247889
Title: Headings: Content: Contents 1Types 2History 3Confirmation bias 4United States political bias 5Scholarly treatment in the United States and United Kingdom 6Efforts to correct bias 7National and ethnic viewpoint 8Anglophone bias in the world media 9Religious bias 10Social media bias 11How people view media 12Role of language 13Other influences 14See also 15References 16Further reading 17External links Types[edit] The most commonly discussed types of bias occur when the (allegedly partisan) media support or attack a particular political party,[5]candidate,[6]or ideology. D'Alessio and Allen list three forms of media bias as the most widely studied:[7] Coverage bias(also known as visibility bias),[5]when actors or issues are more or less visible in the news. Gatekeeping bias(also known as selectivity[8]or selection bias),[9]when stories are selected or deselected, sometimes on ideological grounds (see spike). It is sometimes also referred to as agenda bias, when the focus is on political actors and whether they are covered based on their preferred policy issues. [ 5][10] Statement bias (also known as tonality bias[5]or presentation bias),[9]when media coverage is slanted towards or against particular actors or issues. Other common forms of political and non-political media bias include: Advertisingbias, when stories are selected or slanted to please advertisers. [ 11] Concisionbias, a tendency to report views that can be summarized succinctly, crowding out more unconventional views that take time to explain. Corporate bias, when stories are selected or slanted to please corporate owners of media. Mainstreambias, a tendency to report what everyone else is reporting, and to avoid stories that will offend anyone.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_bias
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_566930939#6_634696157
Title: News values - Wikipedia Headings: News values News values Contents List of news values Values in news actors and events: Values in the news process: Audience perceptions of news Evolutionary perspectives See also Notes References External links Content: Given these changes and the rapid rise of digital technology in recent years, Harcup and O’Neill updated their 2001 study in 2016, while other scholars have analysed news values in viral news shared via social media. The growth of interactive media and citizen journalism is fast altering the traditional distinction between news producer and passive audience and may in future lead to a redefinition of what "news" means and the role of the news industry. Contents 1 List of news values 2 Audience perceptions of news 3 Evolutionary perspectives 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links List of news values A variety of external and internal pressures influence journalistic decisions during the news -making process, which can sometimes lead to bias or unethical reporting. Many different factors have the potential to influence whether an event is first noticed by a news organisation, second whether a story will be written about that event, third, how that story is written, and fourth whether this story will end up being published as news and if so, where it is placed. Therefore, "there is no end to lists of news criteria". There are multiple competing lists of news values (including Galtung & Ruge's news factors, and others put forward by Schlesinger, Bell, Bednarek & Caple ), with considerable overlap but also disagreement as to what should be included. News values can relate to aspects of events and actors, or to aspects of news gathering and processing: Values in news actors and events: Frequency: Events that occur suddenly and fit well with the news organization's schedule are more likely to be reported than those that occur gradually or at inconvenient times of day or night.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_values
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_566930939#8_634699559
Title: News values - Wikipedia Headings: News values News values Contents List of news values Values in news actors and events: Values in the news process: Audience perceptions of news Evolutionary perspectives See also Notes References External links Content: Long-term trends are not likely to receive much coverage. Timeliness: Events that have only just happened, are current, ongoing, or are about to happen are newsworthy. Familiarity: To do with people or places close to the target audience. Others prefer the term Proximity for this news value, which includes geographical and cultural proximity (see "meaningfulness"). Negativity: Bad news is more newsworthy than good news. Sometimes described as "the basic news value". Conversely, it has also been suggested that Positivity is a news value in certain cases (such as sports news, science news, feel-good tabloid stories).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_values
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_584741571#14_654355578
Title: Nigel Martin-Smith - Wikipedia Headings: Nigel Martin-Smith Nigel Martin-Smith Contents Biography Early career Take That Robbie Williams After Take That The Mend Manchester Gay village Bibliography References External links Content: The Mend In 2008 Nigel Martin-Smith, formed a new vocal group after auditioning boys from the North West. The initial line up consisted of Lewis Conroy, Dean Kelly, Jayme Kontzle and Craig Worsley. The band was initially called ASBRO, a play on words related to an ASBO (Anti Social Behaviour Order), and were described by Danny McFadden in The Guardian as the new East 17. Martin-Smith stated in an interview that, in seeking members for the band, he, "wanted them to be ‘streetwise’ as well as having bags of personality, a good voice and looking good in front of a camera." In early 2010, Martin-Smith auditioned for a fifth member, which resulted in the addition of Kris Evans to the group. At this point Lewis Conroy left the line up and the group became a four piece consisting of Evans, Kelly, Kontzle and Worsley. In 2011, due to the negative associations linked to the name ASBRO, the group became known as The Mend. Of the change, Dean Kelly stated in an interview, 'We loved the name Asbro, but we felt it was holding us back because there was negative feedback about it. We thought ‘we need to mend this’, hence how we came up with The Mend.' Jayme Kontzle added of the name change, "No record label has seen us as The Mend so it’s like a new start for us.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Martin-Smith
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_584741571#15_654357298
Title: Nigel Martin-Smith - Wikipedia Headings: Nigel Martin-Smith Nigel Martin-Smith Contents Biography Early career Take That Robbie Williams After Take That The Mend Manchester Gay village Bibliography References External links Content: At this point Lewis Conroy left the line up and the group became a four piece consisting of Evans, Kelly, Kontzle and Worsley. In 2011, due to the negative associations linked to the name ASBRO, the group became known as The Mend. Of the change, Dean Kelly stated in an interview, 'We loved the name Asbro, but we felt it was holding us back because there was negative feedback about it. We thought ‘we need to mend this’, hence how we came up with The Mend.' Jayme Kontzle added of the name change, "No record label has seen us as The Mend so it’s like a new start for us. It also stands for The Manchester End." They stated during their first appearance on Britain's Got Talent in early 2012 that they had been together for three years. Manchester Gay village In 2000 Martin-Smith opened the first of his commercial entertainment venues in Manchester's gay village a nightclub called Essential. He then opened a second venue in 2004 called "Queer" – a cafe bar by day and a bar/club by night on Canal Street and finally "Boyz" – an underground pop bar club also on canal street all of which have since closed down. Bibliography Heath, Chris – Feel:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Martin-Smith
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_584962186#10_654600049
Title: Niger Delta - Wikipedia Headings: Niger Delta Niger Delta Contents Geography Demographics History Colonial period Post-colonial period Nigerian Civil War Non-violent resistance Recent armed conflict Sub-regions Western Niger Delta Central Niger Delta Eastern Niger Delta Nigerian oil Oil revenue derivation Media Social Media Environmental issues See also References Sources External links Content: Cohesive oil protests became most pronounced in 1990 with the publication of the Ogoni Bill of Rights. The indigents protested against the lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, and hospitals, in the region, despite all the oil wealth created. They also complained about environmental pollution and destruction of their land and rivers by foreign oil companies. Ken Saro Wiwa and nine other oil activists from Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP) were arrest and killed under Sani Abacha in 1995. Although protests have never been as strong as they were under Saro-Wiwa, there is still an oil reform movement based on peaceful protests today as the Ogoni struggle served as a modern-day eye opener to the Peoples of the region. Recent armed conflict Main article: Conflict in the Niger Delta Unfortunately, the struggle got out of control, and the present phase has become militant. When long-held concerns about loss of control over resources to the oil companies were voiced by the Ijaw people in the Kaiama Declaration in 1998, the Nigerian government sent troops to occupy the Bayelsa and Delta states. Soldiers opened fire with rifles, machine guns, and tear gas, killing at least three protesters and arresting twenty-five more. Since then, local indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries and pipelines in the region have increased in frequency and militancy.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_584962186#11_654602055
Title: Niger Delta - Wikipedia Headings: Niger Delta Niger Delta Contents Geography Demographics History Colonial period Post-colonial period Nigerian Civil War Non-violent resistance Recent armed conflict Sub-regions Western Niger Delta Central Niger Delta Eastern Niger Delta Nigerian oil Oil revenue derivation Media Social Media Environmental issues See also References Sources External links Content: Recent armed conflict Main article: Conflict in the Niger Delta Unfortunately, the struggle got out of control, and the present phase has become militant. When long-held concerns about loss of control over resources to the oil companies were voiced by the Ijaw people in the Kaiama Declaration in 1998, the Nigerian government sent troops to occupy the Bayelsa and Delta states. Soldiers opened fire with rifles, machine guns, and tear gas, killing at least three protesters and arresting twenty-five more. Since then, local indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries and pipelines in the region have increased in frequency and militancy. Recently foreign employees of Shell, the primary corporation operating in the region, were taken hostage by outraged local people. Such activities have also resulted in greater governmental intervention in the area, and the mobilization of the Nigerian army and State Security Service into the region, resulting in violence and human rights abuses. In April 2006, a bomb exploded near an oil refinery in the Niger Delta region, a warning against Chinese expansion in the region. MEND stated: " We wish to warn the Chinese government and its oil companies to steer well clear of the Niger Delta.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_584962186#12_654603895
Title: Niger Delta - Wikipedia Headings: Niger Delta Niger Delta Contents Geography Demographics History Colonial period Post-colonial period Nigerian Civil War Non-violent resistance Recent armed conflict Sub-regions Western Niger Delta Central Niger Delta Eastern Niger Delta Nigerian oil Oil revenue derivation Media Social Media Environmental issues See also References Sources External links Content: Recently foreign employees of Shell, the primary corporation operating in the region, were taken hostage by outraged local people. Such activities have also resulted in greater governmental intervention in the area, and the mobilization of the Nigerian army and State Security Service into the region, resulting in violence and human rights abuses. In April 2006, a bomb exploded near an oil refinery in the Niger Delta region, a warning against Chinese expansion in the region. MEND stated: " We wish to warn the Chinese government and its oil companies to steer well clear of the Niger Delta. The Chinese government, by investing in stolen crude, places its citizens in our line of fire." Government and private initiatives to develop the Niger Delta region have been introduced recently. These include the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC), a government initiative, and the Development Initiative (DEVIN), a community development non-governmental organization (NGO) based in Port Harcourt in the Niger Delta. Uz and Uz Transnational, a company with a strong commitment to the Niger Delta, has introduced ways of developing the poor in the Niger Delta, especially in Rivers State. In September 2008, MEND released a statement proclaiming that their militants had launched an "oil war" throughout the Niger Delta against both, pipelines and oil-production facilities, and the Nigerian soldiers that protect them.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_584962186#13_654605913
Title: Niger Delta - Wikipedia Headings: Niger Delta Niger Delta Contents Geography Demographics History Colonial period Post-colonial period Nigerian Civil War Non-violent resistance Recent armed conflict Sub-regions Western Niger Delta Central Niger Delta Eastern Niger Delta Nigerian oil Oil revenue derivation Media Social Media Environmental issues See also References Sources External links Content: The Chinese government, by investing in stolen crude, places its citizens in our line of fire." Government and private initiatives to develop the Niger Delta region have been introduced recently. These include the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC), a government initiative, and the Development Initiative (DEVIN), a community development non-governmental organization (NGO) based in Port Harcourt in the Niger Delta. Uz and Uz Transnational, a company with a strong commitment to the Niger Delta, has introduced ways of developing the poor in the Niger Delta, especially in Rivers State. In September 2008, MEND released a statement proclaiming that their militants had launched an "oil war" throughout the Niger Delta against both, pipelines and oil-production facilities, and the Nigerian soldiers that protect them. Both MEND and the Nigerian Government claim to have inflicted heavy casualties on one another. In August 2009, the Nigerian government granted amnesty
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_584991202#0_654607487
Title: Niger Delta Liberation Front - Wikipedia Headings: Niger Delta Liberation Front Niger Delta Liberation Front Contents Background John Togo After Togo Sources Content: Niger Delta Liberation Front - Wikipedia Niger Delta Liberation Front From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( April 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Niger Delta Liberation Front Leaders John Togo † Dates of operation 2005-2014 Headquarters Port Harcourt Active regions Niger Delta Ideology Regionalism Size ~2,500 (2011) Allies Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force Joint Revolutionary Council Opponents Nigeria Niger Delta Vigilante Battles and wars Conflict in the Niger Delta Preceded by Joint Revolutionary Council The Niger Delta Liberation Front (NDLF) is a militant group in Nigeria 's Niger Delta. The group's former leader John Togo claims that their main goal is to secede from Nigeria and gain independence from Nigeria. The group is best known for their notorious leader John Togo who is known throughout Nigeria as a fierce soldier. Although Togo is the NDLF's most notorious member he was killed on July 19, 2011 by a Nigerian air strike near Warri in Delta State. The group is closely linked to the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta and fight side by side against the Nigerian Army. In early 2013 war erupted within the NDLF after 2 different commanders claimed to be leader. It ended after one was killed in March 2013. Contents 1 Background 2 John Togo 3 After Togo 4 Sources Background In 1998 the Ijaw Youth Council was formed and many militants were brought up in the Ijaw Youth Council.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta_Liberation_Front
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_584991202#1_654609637
Title: Niger Delta Liberation Front - Wikipedia Headings: Niger Delta Liberation Front Niger Delta Liberation Front Contents Background John Togo After Togo Sources Content: Although Togo is the NDLF's most notorious member he was killed on July 19, 2011 by a Nigerian air strike near Warri in Delta State. The group is closely linked to the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta and fight side by side against the Nigerian Army. In early 2013 war erupted within the NDLF after 2 different commanders claimed to be leader. It ended after one was killed in March 2013. Contents 1 Background 2 John Togo 3 After Togo 4 Sources Background In 1998 the Ijaw Youth Council was formed and many militants were brought up in the Ijaw Youth Council. In 1999 the Odi Massacre occurred in Bayelsa State which was the spark that erupted into violence. In 2004 the Joint Revolutionary Council was formed and recruited members to rock the Nigerian petroleum industry to its core. In 2005 high-ranking member John Togo formed a splinter group after the Joint Revolutionary Council did not deliver much damage. Togo recruited about 4,000 members and went into the Niger Delta to begin attacks. John Togo John Togo is one of the most notorious warlords in the Niger Delta region.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta_Liberation_Front
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_584991202#4_654613951
Title: Niger Delta Liberation Front - Wikipedia Headings: Niger Delta Liberation Front Niger Delta Liberation Front Contents Background John Togo After Togo Sources Content: In June 2011 Togo and the NDLF got into a firefight with the Nigerian Army. Togo was shot in the arm and his men took him to a hospital in Warri. After the bullet was removed from his arm he and his men fled back into the forest. Less than an hour later Nigerian soldiers raided the hospital and were mad at the fact that if they arrived only a few minutes earlier they would have caught Togo. On July 19, 2011 Togo and his men were sleeping in their camp in Delta State when all of a sudden the Nigerian Air Force bombed his camp. Togo and 20 other militants were killed in the attack. The Nigerian Army recovered his body and it was given to his family. After Togo With the death of Togo the NDLF seemed weak and many members joined the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta. Although many members left around 2,500 remained in the NDLF. For the next 2 years they attacked oil installations on and off.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta_Liberation_Front
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_584991202#5_654615227
Title: Niger Delta Liberation Front - Wikipedia Headings: Niger Delta Liberation Front Niger Delta Liberation Front Contents Background John Togo After Togo Sources Content: Togo and 20 other militants were killed in the attack. The Nigerian Army recovered his body and it was given to his family. After Togo With the death of Togo the NDLF seemed weak and many members joined the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta. Although many members left around 2,500 remained in the NDLF. For the next 2 years they attacked oil installations on and off. In February 2013 civil war erupted within the group when 2 different commanders claimed to be leader. After a month of fighting one was killed and the other took full control of the group. Sources Infos at refworld.org Former militants offer to help Niger Delta combat piracy How JTF bombed John Togo to death Infos on allafrica.com v t e Nigerian militant groups Ansaru Arewa People's Congress Bakassi Boys Bakassi Movement for Self-Determination Boko Haram Civilian Joint Task Force Egbesu Boys Igbo Peoples Congress Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta Niger Delta Avengers Niger Delta Liberation Front Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force Niger Delta Vigilante Oodua Peoples Congress Yan Tatsine Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niger_Delta_Liberation_Front&oldid=989599031 " Categories: 2005 establishments in Nigeria Military units and formations established in 2005 Rebel groups in Nigeria Hidden categories: Articles lacking in-text citations from April 2013 All articles lacking in-text citations
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta_Liberation_Front
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_594021673#14_665739103
Title: Nila (Ramayana) - Wikipedia Headings: Nila (Ramayana) Nila (Ramayana) Contents Background Search for Sita Builder of the bridge The battle Jain Version Notes References Content: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-862-1. Philip Lutgendorf (13 December 2006). Hanuman's Tale : The Messages of a Divine Monkey: The Messages of a Divine Monkey. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-804220-4. v t e Ramayana by Valmiki Ikshvaku dynasty Dasharatha Kausalya Sumitra Kaikeyi Shanta Rama Bharata Lakshmana Shatrughna Sita Urmila Mandavi Shrutakirti Lava Kusha (genealogy) Vanara Hanuman Sugriva Vali Angada Tara Rumā Nala Nila Kesari Anjana Makardhwaja Rakshasa Ravana Vibhishana Kumbhakarna Indrajit Akshayakumara Atikaya Kabandha Khara Dushan Mandodari Dhanyamalini Lavanasura Malyavan Maricha Mayasura Narantaka-Devantaka Prahasta Sarama Subahu Sulochana Sumali Shurpanakha Tataka Trijata Trishira Viradha Sages Agastya Ahalya Arundhati Bharadwaja Kambhoja Parashurama Vasistha Vishvamitra Rishyasringa Other characters and concepts Lakshmana rekha Jambavan Janaka Kushadhwaja Jatayu Manthara Ashwapati Sampati Shabari Shravan Vedavati Shambuka Places Ayodhya Mithila Dandakaranya Kishkindha Lanka Oshadhiparvata Books/Kandas Bala Ayodhya Aranya Kishkindha Sundara Yuddha Uttara Versions Adbhuta Ramayana Adhyathmaramayanam Adhyatma Ramayana Ananda Ramayana Bhaṭṭikāvya Hikayat Seri Rama Jagamohana Ramayana Kakawin Ramayana Kamba Ramayanam Krittivasi Ramayana Maharadia Lawana Phra Lak Phra Ram Raghunatha Ramayana Ramakien Ramcharitmanas Ranganatha Ramayanamu Reamker Saptakanda Ramayana Sri Ramayana Darshanam Sri Ramayanamu Vilanka Ramayana Yama Zatdaw Related Ramlila { { Films based on the Ramayana }} Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nila_ (Ramayana)&oldid=1015607128 " Categories: Vanara in the Ramayana Characters in the Ramayana Hidden categories:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nila_%28Ramayana%29
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_594021673#15_665741317
Title: Nila (Ramayana) - Wikipedia Headings: Nila (Ramayana) Nila (Ramayana) Contents Background Search for Sita Builder of the bridge The battle Jain Version Notes References Content: The Messages of a Divine Monkey. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-804220-4. v t e Ramayana by Valmiki Ikshvaku dynasty Dasharatha Kausalya Sumitra Kaikeyi Shanta Rama Bharata Lakshmana Shatrughna Sita Urmila Mandavi Shrutakirti Lava Kusha (genealogy) Vanara Hanuman Sugriva Vali Angada Tara Rumā Nala Nila Kesari Anjana Makardhwaja Rakshasa Ravana Vibhishana Kumbhakarna Indrajit Akshayakumara Atikaya Kabandha Khara Dushan Mandodari Dhanyamalini Lavanasura Malyavan Maricha Mayasura Narantaka-Devantaka Prahasta Sarama Subahu Sulochana Sumali Shurpanakha Tataka Trijata Trishira Viradha Sages Agastya Ahalya Arundhati Bharadwaja Kambhoja Parashurama Vasistha Vishvamitra Rishyasringa Other characters and concepts Lakshmana rekha Jambavan Janaka Kushadhwaja Jatayu Manthara Ashwapati Sampati Shabari Shravan Vedavati Shambuka Places Ayodhya Mithila Dandakaranya Kishkindha Lanka Oshadhiparvata Books/Kandas Bala Ayodhya Aranya Kishkindha Sundara Yuddha Uttara Versions Adbhuta Ramayana Adhyathmaramayanam Adhyatma Ramayana Ananda Ramayana Bhaṭṭikāvya Hikayat Seri Rama Jagamohana Ramayana Kakawin Ramayana Kamba Ramayanam Krittivasi Ramayana Maharadia Lawana Phra Lak Phra Ram Raghunatha Ramayana Ramakien Ramcharitmanas Ranganatha Ramayanamu Reamker Saptakanda Ramayana Sri Ramayana Darshanam Sri Ramayanamu Vilanka Ramayana Yama Zatdaw Related Ramlila { { Films based on the Ramayana }} Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nila_ (Ramayana)&oldid=1015607128 " Categories: Vanara in the Ramayana Characters in the Ramayana Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from April 2017 Use Indian English from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nila_%28Ramayana%29
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_621764772#2_697675038
Title: Non-Aligned Movement - Wikipedia Headings: Non-Aligned Movement Non-Aligned Movement Contents History Origins and the Cold War Cuba's Role Post-Cold War Organizational structure and membership Policies and ideology Current activities and positions Criticism of US policy Self-determination of Puerto Rico Self-determination of Western Sahara Sustainable development Reforms of the UN South–South cooperation Cultural diversity and human rights Summits Chairperson Members, observers and guests Current members Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania Former members Observers Countries Organisations Guests See also References Further reading External links Content: Although many of the Non-Aligned Movement's members were actually quite closely aligned with China or the Soviet Union, the movement still persisted throughout the Cold War, even despite several conflicts between members which also threatened the movement. In the years since the Cold War's end in 1991, it has focused on developing multilateral ties and connections as well as unity among the developing nations of the world, especially those within the Global South . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins and the Cold War 1.1.1 Cuba's Role 1.2 Post-Cold War 2 Organizational structure and membership 3 Policies and ideology 4 Current activities and positions 4.1 Criticism of US policy 4.2 Self-determination of Puerto Rico 4.3 Self-determination of Western Sahara 4.4 Sustainable development 4.5 Reforms of the UN 4.6 South–South cooperation 4.7 Cultural diversity and human rights 5 Summits 6 Chairperson 7 Members, observers and guests 7.1 Current members 7.1.1 Africa 7.1.2 Americas 7.1.3 Asia 7.1.4 Europe 7.1.5 Oceania 7.2 Former members 7.3 Observers 7.3.1 Countries 7.3.2 Organisations 7.4 Guests 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History Origins and the Cold War Drawing on the principles agreed at the Bandung Conference in 1955, the Non-Aligned Movement as an organization was founded on the Brijuni islands in Yugoslavia in 1956 and was formalized by signing the Declaration of Brijuni on 19 July 1956. The Declaration was signed by Yugoslavia 's president, Josip Broz Tito, India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Egypt's second president, Gamal Abdel Nasser. One of the quotations within the Declaration is "Peace can not be achieved with separation, but with the aspiration towards collective security in global terms and expansion of freedom, as well as terminating the domination of one country over another". According to Rejaul Karim Laskar, an ideologue of the Congress party which ruled India for most part of the Cold War years, the Non-Aligned Movement arose from the desire of Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders of the newly independent countries of the third world to guard their independence "in face of complex international situation demanding allegiance to either two warring superpowers ". The Movement advocates a middle course for states in the developing world between the Western and Eastern Blocs during the Cold War. The phrase itself was first used to represent the doctrine by Indian diplomat V. K. Krishna Menon in 1953, at the United Nations. But it soon after became the name to refer to the participants of the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries first held in 1961. The term "non-alignment" was established in 1953 at the United Nations.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_621764772#9_697691827
Title: Non-Aligned Movement - Wikipedia Headings: Non-Aligned Movement Non-Aligned Movement Contents History Origins and the Cold War Cuba's Role Post-Cold War Organizational structure and membership Policies and ideology Current activities and positions Criticism of US policy Self-determination of Puerto Rico Self-determination of Western Sahara Sustainable development Reforms of the UN South–South cooperation Cultural diversity and human rights Summits Chairperson Members, observers and guests Current members Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania Former members Observers Countries Organisations Guests See also References Further reading External links Content: At the time, Afghanistan was also an active member of the Nonaligned Movement. At the United Nations, Nonaligned members voted 56 to 9, with 26 abstaining, to condemn the Soviet Union. Cuba in fact was deeply in debt financially and politically to Moscow and voted against the resolution. It lost its reputation as nonaligned in the Cold War. Castro, instead of becoming a high-profile spokesman for the Movement, remained quiet and inactive, and in 1983 leadership passed to India, which had abstained on the UN vote, though India maintained close ties with the Soviet Union and with the Soviet puppet regime in Kabul. Cuba lost its bid to become a member of the United Nations Security Council and its ambitions for a role in global leadership had totally collapsed. More broadly the Movement was deeply split over the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. Although Moscow's allies supported the Soviet intervention, other members of the movement (particularly predominantly Muslim states) condemned it. Post-Cold War Because the Non-Aligned Movement was formed as an attempt to thaw out the Cold War, it has struggled to find relevance since the Cold War ended. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a founding member, its membership was suspended in 1992 at the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement, held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_621764772#10_697694105
Title: Non-Aligned Movement - Wikipedia Headings: Non-Aligned Movement Non-Aligned Movement Contents History Origins and the Cold War Cuba's Role Post-Cold War Organizational structure and membership Policies and ideology Current activities and positions Criticism of US policy Self-determination of Puerto Rico Self-determination of Western Sahara Sustainable development Reforms of the UN South–South cooperation Cultural diversity and human rights Summits Chairperson Members, observers and guests Current members Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania Former members Observers Countries Organisations Guests See also References Further reading External links Content: Cuba lost its bid to become a member of the United Nations Security Council and its ambitions for a role in global leadership had totally collapsed. More broadly the Movement was deeply split over the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. Although Moscow's allies supported the Soviet intervention, other members of the movement (particularly predominantly Muslim states) condemned it. Post-Cold War Because the Non-Aligned Movement was formed as an attempt to thaw out the Cold War, it has struggled to find relevance since the Cold War ended. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a founding member, its membership was suspended in 1992 at the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement, held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations. The successor states of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have expressed little interest in membership, though Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have observer status. In 2004, Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members and joined
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_626257800#0_702968278
Title: Nondelegation doctrine - Wikipedia Headings: Nondelegation doctrine Nondelegation doctrine Contents Australia Canada United States Case law See also References External links Content: Nondelegation doctrine - Wikipedia Nondelegation doctrine From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Theory of constitutional law Theory of constitutional law Administrative law General principles Administrative court Delegated legislation Exhaustion of remedies Justiciability Legitimate expectation Ministerial act Natural justice Nondelegation doctrine Ouster clause Patently unreasonable Polycentricity Prerogative writ Certiorari Habeas corpus Mandamus Prohibition Quo warranto Rulemaking Ultra vires Administrative law in common law jurisdictions Australia Canada Singapore South Africa United Kingdom Scotland United States Administrative law in civil law jurisdictions China Mongolia Ukraine Related topics Constitutional law Judicial review v t e The doctrine of nondelegation is the theory that one branch of government must not authorize another entity to exercise the power or function which it is constitutionally authorized to exercise itself. It is explicit or implicit in all written constitutions that impose a strict structural separation of powers. It is usually applied in questions of constitutionally improper delegations of powers of any of the three branches of government to either of the other, to the administrative state, or to private entities. Although it is usually constitutional for executive officials to delegate executive powers to executive branch subordinates, there can also be improper delegations of powers within an executive branch. Contents 1 Australia 2 Canada 3 United States 3.1 Case law 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Australia Australian federalism does not permit the federal Parliament or Government to delegate its powers to state or territorial parliaments or governments, nor territorial parliaments or governments to delegate their powers to the federal Parliament or Government, but the states parliaments delegate its powers to the federal parliament by means of section 51 subsection (xxxvii) of the Constitution Act 1901. Canada Canadian federalism does not permit Parliament or the provincial legislatures to delegate their powers to each other. United States In the Federal Government of the United States, the nondelegation doctrine is the theory that the Congress of the United States, being vested with "all legislative powers" by Article One, Section 1 of the United States Constitution, cannot delegate that power to anyone else. However, the Supreme Court ruled in J. W. Hampton, Jr. & Co. v. United States (1928) that congressional delegation of legislative authority is an implied power of Congress that is constitutional so long as Congress provides an " intelligible principle" to guide the executive branch: " ' In determining what Congress may do in seeking assistance from another branch, the extent and character of that assistance must be fixed according to common sense and the inherent necessities of the government co-ordination.' So long as Congress 'shall lay down by legislative act an intelligible principle to which the person or body authorized to [exercise the delegated authority] is directed to conform, such legislative action is not a forbidden delegation of legislative power. ' "
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondelegation_doctrine
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_631480488#0_708944523
Title: Nori - Wikipedia Headings: Nori Nori Contents History Production Culinary uses Nutrition Health risks See also References External links Content: Nori - Wikipedia Nori From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search For other uses, see Nori (disambiguation). Edible seaweed species of the red algae genus Pyropia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " Nori" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Nori Nori sheets Type edible seaweed Main ingredients dried red algae Cookbook: Nori Media: Nori Nori sheet under a microscope, magnification 200× Nori ( 海苔) is a dried edible seaweed used in Japanese cuisine, made from species of the red algae genus Pyropia including P. yezoensis and P. tenera. It has a strong and distinctive flavor, and is often used to wrap rolls of sushi or onigiri (rice balls). The finished dried sheets are made by a shredding and rack-drying process that resembles papermaking.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nori
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_631480488#1_708945909
Title: Nori - Wikipedia Headings: Nori Nori Contents History Production Culinary uses Nutrition Health risks See also References External links Content: Nori" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Nori Nori sheets Type edible seaweed Main ingredients dried red algae Cookbook: Nori Media: Nori Nori sheet under a microscope, magnification 200× Nori ( 海苔) is a dried edible seaweed used in Japanese cuisine, made from species of the red algae genus Pyropia including P. yezoensis and P. tenera. It has a strong and distinctive flavor, and is often used to wrap rolls of sushi or onigiri (rice balls). The finished dried sheets are made by a shredding and rack-drying process that resembles papermaking. They are sold in packs in grocery stores for culinary purposes. Since nori sheets easily absorb water from the air and degrade, a desiccant is needed when storing nori for any significant time. Contents 1 History 2 Production 3 Culinary uses 4 Nutrition 5 Health risks 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History Cakes and Food Made of Seaweed by Kubo Shunman, 19th century Toasting a sheet of nori. 1864 Originally, the term nori was generic and referred to seaweeds, including hijiki. One of the oldest descriptions of nori is dated to around the 8th century.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nori
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_631480488#2_708947479
Title: Nori - Wikipedia Headings: Nori Nori Contents History Production Culinary uses Nutrition Health risks See also References External links Content: They are sold in packs in grocery stores for culinary purposes. Since nori sheets easily absorb water from the air and degrade, a desiccant is needed when storing nori for any significant time. Contents 1 History 2 Production 3 Culinary uses 4 Nutrition 5 Health risks 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History Cakes and Food Made of Seaweed by Kubo Shunman, 19th century Toasting a sheet of nori. 1864 Originally, the term nori was generic and referred to seaweeds, including hijiki. One of the oldest descriptions of nori is dated to around the 8th century. In the Taihō Code enacted in 701, nori was already included in the form of taxation. Local people have been described as drying nori in Hitachi Province fudoki (721–721), and harvesting of nori was mentioned in Izumo Province fudoki (713–733), showing that nori was used as food from ancient times. In Utsubo Monogatari, written around 987, nori was recognized as a common food. Nori had been consumed as paste form until the sheet form was invented in Asakusa, Edo (contemporary Tokyo), around 1750 in the Edo period through the method of Japanese paper-making. The word " nori " first appeared in an English-language publication in C. P. Thunberg's Trav.,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nori
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_631480488#9_708958742
Title: Nori - Wikipedia Headings: Nori Nori Contents History Production Culinary uses Nutrition Health risks See also References External links Content: It is most typically toasted prior to consumption ( yaki-nori ). A common secondary product is toasted and flavored nori ( ajitsuke-nori ), in which a flavoring mixture (variable, but typically soy sauce, sugar, sake, mirin, and seasonings) is applied in combination with the toasting process. It is also eaten by making it into a soy sauce-flavored paste, nori no tsukudani ( 海苔の佃煮 ). Nori is sometimes also used as a form of food decoration . A related product, prepared from the unrelated green algae Monostroma and Enteromorpha, is called aonori ( 青海苔 literally blue/green nori) and is used like herbs on everyday meals, such as okonomiyaki and yakisoba . Nutrition Seaweed, laver, raw Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) Energy 146 kJ (35 kcal) Carbohydrates 5.11 g Dietary fiber 0.3 g Fat 0.28 g Protein 5.81 g Vitamins Quantity %DV† Vitamin A equiv. 33% 260 μg Thiamine (B 1) 9% 0.098 mg Riboflavin (B 2) 37% 0.446 mg Niacin (B 3) 10% 1.470 mg Folate (B 9) 37% 146 μg Vitamin B 12 0% 0.0 μg Vitamin C 47% 39.0 mg Vitamin D 0% 0 μg Vitamin E 7% 1.00 mg Vitamin K 4% 4.0 μg Minerals Quantity %DV† Calcium 7% 70 mg Iron 14% 1.80 mg Magnesium 1% 2 mg Phosphorus 8% 58 mg Potassium 8% 356 mg Sodium 3% 48 mg Zinc 11% 1.05 mg Other constituents Quantity Water 85.03 g Full Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams IU = International units † Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA FoodData Central Raw seaweed is 85% water, 6% protein, 5% carbohydrates, and has negligible fat (table). In a 100 gram reference amount, seaweed is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin A, vitamin C, riboflavin, and folate (table).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nori
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_631480488#10_708960963
Title: Nori - Wikipedia Headings: Nori Nori Contents History Production Culinary uses Nutrition Health risks See also References External links Content: Nutrition Seaweed, laver, raw Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) Energy 146 kJ (35 kcal) Carbohydrates 5.11 g Dietary fiber 0.3 g Fat 0.28 g Protein 5.81 g Vitamins Quantity %DV† Vitamin A equiv. 33% 260 μg Thiamine (B 1) 9% 0.098 mg Riboflavin (B 2) 37% 0.446 mg Niacin (B 3) 10% 1.470 mg Folate (B 9) 37% 146 μg Vitamin B 12 0% 0.0 μg Vitamin C 47% 39.0 mg Vitamin D 0% 0 μg Vitamin E 7% 1.00 mg Vitamin K 4% 4.0 μg Minerals Quantity %DV† Calcium 7% 70 mg Iron 14% 1.80 mg Magnesium 1% 2 mg Phosphorus 8% 58 mg Potassium 8% 356 mg Sodium 3% 48 mg Zinc 11% 1.05 mg Other constituents Quantity Water 85.03 g Full Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams IU = International units † Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA FoodData Central Raw seaweed is 85% water, 6% protein, 5% carbohydrates, and has negligible fat (table). In a 100 gram reference amount, seaweed is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin A, vitamin C, riboflavin, and folate (table). Seaweed is a moderate source (less than 20% DV) of niacin, iron, and zinc. Seaweed has a high content of iodine, providing a substantial amount in just one gram. A 2014 study reported that dried purple laver ("nori") contains vitamin B12 in sufficient quantities to meet the RDA requirement (Vitamin B12 content: 77.6 μg /100 g dry weight). By contrast, a 2017 review concluded that vitamin B12 may be destroyed during metabolism or is converted into inactive B12 analogs during drying and storage.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nori
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_631480488#11_708962991
Title: Nori - Wikipedia Headings: Nori Nori Contents History Production Culinary uses Nutrition Health risks See also References External links Content: Seaweed is a moderate source (less than 20% DV) of niacin, iron, and zinc. Seaweed has a high content of iodine, providing a substantial amount in just one gram. A 2014 study reported that dried purple laver ("nori") contains vitamin B12 in sufficient quantities to meet the RDA requirement (Vitamin B12 content: 77.6 μg /100 g dry weight). By contrast, a 2017 review concluded that vitamin B12 may be destroyed during metabolism or is converted into inactive B12 analogs during drying and storage. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics stated in 2016 that nori is not an adequate source of vitamin B12 for humans. Health risks Nori contains toxic metals ( arsenic and cadmium ), whose levels are highly variable among nori products. It also contains amphipod allergens that can cause serious allergic reactions, especially in highly sensitized crustacean-allergic people. Therefore, daily consumption of high amounts of dried nori is discouraged. See also Laverbread – A food made from edible seaweed Mamenori – Thin wrappers of soybean paper used as a substitute for nori Mekong weed – A genus of filamentous green algae, – river algae often eaten in sheets in Laos Spam musubi References ^ Niwa, Kyosuke (November 2020). "
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nori
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_631480488#12_708964572
Title: Nori - Wikipedia Headings: Nori Nori Contents History Production Culinary uses Nutrition Health risks See also References External links Content: The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics stated in 2016 that nori is not an adequate source of vitamin B12 for humans. Health risks Nori contains toxic metals ( arsenic and cadmium ), whose levels are highly variable among nori products. It also contains amphipod allergens that can cause serious allergic reactions, especially in highly sensitized crustacean-allergic people. Therefore, daily consumption of high amounts of dried nori is discouraged. See also Laverbread – A food made from edible seaweed Mamenori – Thin wrappers of soybean paper used as a substitute for nori Mekong weed – A genus of filamentous green algae, – river algae often eaten in sheets in Laos Spam musubi References ^ Niwa, Kyosuke (November 2020). " Molecular evidence of allodiploidy in F1 gametophytic blades from a cross between Neopyropia yezoensis and a cryptic species of the Neopyropia yezoensis complex (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) by the use of microsatellite markers". Aquaculture Reports. 18 – via ScienceDirect. ^ Kodansha encyclopedia of Japan. 6.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nori
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_657645711#0_736576761
Title: Northwest Coast art - Wikipedia Headings: Northwest Coast art Northwest Coast art Contents Distinguishing characteristics History Cultural appropriateness Notable artists Notable art historians and thinkers See also Notes References Further reading External links Content: Northwest Coast art - Wikipedia Northwest Coast art From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Totem Poles, a type of Northwest Coast art Northwest Coast art is the term commonly applied to a style of art created primarily by artists from Tlingit, Haida, Heiltsuk, Nuxalk, Tsimshian, Kwakwaka'wakw, Nuu-chah-nulth and other First Nations and Native American tribes of the Northwest Coast of North America, from pre-European-contact times up to the present. Contents 1 Distinguishing characteristics 2 History 3 Cultural appropriateness 4 Notable artists 5 Notable art historians and thinkers 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Distinguishing characteristics Namgis, Thunderbird Transformation Mask, 19th century. The Thunderbird is believed to be an Ancestral Sky Being of the Namgis clan of the Kwakwaka'wakw, who say that when this bird ruffles its feathers, it causes thunder and when it blinks its eyes, lightning flashes. Brooklyn Museum Two-dimensional Northwest Coast art is distinguished by the use of formlines, and the use of characteristic shapes referred to as ovoids, U forms and S forms. Before European contact, the most common media were wood (often Western red cedar ), stone, and copper; since European contact, paper, canvas, glass, and precious metals have also been used. If paint is used, the most common colours are red and black, but yellow is also often used, particularly among Kwakwaka'wakw artists. Chilkat weaving applies formline designs to textiles. Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian have traditionally produced Chilkat woven regalia, from wool and yellow cedar bark, that is important for civic and ceremonial events, including potlatches. The patterns depicted include natural forms such as bears, ravens, eagles, orcas, and humans;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Coast_art
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_657645711#1_736579062
Title: Northwest Coast art - Wikipedia Headings: Northwest Coast art Northwest Coast art Contents Distinguishing characteristics History Cultural appropriateness Notable artists Notable art historians and thinkers See also Notes References Further reading External links Content: since European contact, paper, canvas, glass, and precious metals have also been used. If paint is used, the most common colours are red and black, but yellow is also often used, particularly among Kwakwaka'wakw artists. Chilkat weaving applies formline designs to textiles. Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian have traditionally produced Chilkat woven regalia, from wool and yellow cedar bark, that is important for civic and ceremonial events, including potlatches. The patterns depicted include natural forms such as bears, ravens, eagles, orcas, and humans; legendary creatures such as thunderbirds and sisiutls; and abstract forms made up of the characteristic Northwest Coast shapes. Totem poles are the most well-known artifacts produced using this style. Northwest Coast artists are also notable for producing characteristic "bent-corner" or "bentwood" boxes, masks, and canoes. Northwest Coast designs were also used to decorate traditional First Nations household items such as spoons, ladles, baskets, hats, and paddles;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Coast_art
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_657645711#2_736580554
Title: Northwest Coast art - Wikipedia Headings: Northwest Coast art Northwest Coast art Contents Distinguishing characteristics History Cultural appropriateness Notable artists Notable art historians and thinkers See also Notes References Further reading External links Content: legendary creatures such as thunderbirds and sisiutls; and abstract forms made up of the characteristic Northwest Coast shapes. Totem poles are the most well-known artifacts produced using this style. Northwest Coast artists are also notable for producing characteristic "bent-corner" or "bentwood" boxes, masks, and canoes. Northwest Coast designs were also used to decorate traditional First Nations household items such as spoons, ladles, baskets, hats, and paddles; since European contact, the Northwest Coast art style has increasingly been used in gallery-oriented forms such as paintings, prints and sculptures. Mary Ebbets Hunt - Chilkat blanket Although highly conventionalized decorative design occurs all along the coast, to the south and north of this center the representational motive becomes progressively stronger. Krickeberg (1925: 144) characterizes this as a fresh naturalism to the south among the Kwakiutl, Nootka, and Salish and a certain relationship to Eskimo engraving and painting among the Tlingit to the north. The shift in emphasis is gradual - Bella Bella art, for example, has a close affinity to its Coast Tsimshian counterpart.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Coast_art
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_657645711#3_736582182
Title: Northwest Coast art - Wikipedia Headings: Northwest Coast art Northwest Coast art Contents Distinguishing characteristics History Cultural appropriateness Notable artists Notable art historians and thinkers See also Notes References Further reading External links Content: since European contact, the Northwest Coast art style has increasingly been used in gallery-oriented forms such as paintings, prints and sculptures. Mary Ebbets Hunt - Chilkat blanket Although highly conventionalized decorative design occurs all along the coast, to the south and north of this center the representational motive becomes progressively stronger. Krickeberg (1925: 144) characterizes this as a fresh naturalism to the south among the Kwakiutl, Nootka, and Salish and a certain relationship to Eskimo engraving and painting among the Tlingit to the north. The shift in emphasis is gradual - Bella Bella art, for example, has a close affinity to its Coast Tsimshian counterpart. Two-dimensional art of all these groups, however, is much more closely related than is their sculpture, especially among the northern tribes of Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, and Bella Bella. Textile arts from the Northwest Coast include Chilkat weaving, Raven's Tail Weavings, Button Blankets, and elaborate ceremonial regalia using a range of materials. Three dimension art was created from many materials, notably wood. History Tlingit twined basket tray, late 19th c., spruce root, American dunegrass, pigment, Cleveland Museum of Art Prior to contact with Europeans, First Nations on the Northwest coast evolved complex social and ceremonial institutions, including the potlatch system, hereditary systems of rank and descent, ceremonial societies, and permanent villages. Social organization involved groups of kin, reckoned variously matrilineally, patrilineally or bi-lineally.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Coast_art
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_665338274#0_746047692
Title: Notice and take down - Wikipedia Headings: Notice and take down Notice and take down Contents United States European Union India Criticism Notice and stay down See also References Content: Notice and take down - Wikipedia Notice and take down From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search For the notice-and-take-down policy of the Wikimedia Foundation, the owner of Wikipedia, see wmf: DMCA Policy. Notice and take down is a process operated by online hosts in response to court orders or allegations that content is illegal. Content is removed by the host following notice. Notice and take down is widely operated in relation to copyright infringement, as well as for libel and other illegal content. In United States and European Union law, notice and takedown is mandated as part of limited liability, or safe harbour, provisions for online hosts (see the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1998 and the Electronic Commerce Directive 2000). As a condition for limited liability online hosts must expeditiously remove or disable access to content they host when they are notified of the alleged illegality. Contents 1 United States 2 European Union 3 India 4 Criticism 5 Notice and stay down 6 See also 7 References United States The Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act, passed into law in 1998 as part of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act provides safe harbour protection to "online service providers" for "online storage" in section 512 (c). Section 512 (c) applies to online service providers that store copyright infringing material. In addition to the two general requirements that online service providers comply with standard technical measures and remove repeat infringers, section 512 (c) also requires that the online service providers:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notice_and_take_down
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680844592#0_760860097
Title: Nudge (book) - Wikipedia Headings: Nudge (book) Nudge (book) Contents Summary Human behavior Two systems of thinking Fallacies and biases Libertarian paternalism Policy recommendations Retirement saving Health care Reception See also Notes References External links Content: Nudge (book) - Wikipedia Nudge (book) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search 2008 book by Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. ( May 2020) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness Author Richard H. Thaler Cass R. Sunstein Language English Genre Non-fiction Publisher Yale University Press Publication date April 8, 2008 Pages 312 ISBN 978-0-14-311526-7 OCLC 791403664 Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness is a book written by University of Chicago economist Richard H. Thaler and Harvard Law School Professor Cass R. Sunstein, first published in 2008. The book draws on research in psychology and behavioral economics to defend libertarian paternalism and active engineering of choice architecture. The book received largely positive reviews. The Guardian described it as "never intimidating, always amusing and elucidating: a jolly economic romp but with serious lessons within." It was named one of the best books of 2008 by The Economist.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_%28book%29
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680844592#1_760861794
Title: Nudge (book) - Wikipedia Headings: Nudge (book) Nudge (book) Contents Summary Human behavior Two systems of thinking Fallacies and biases Libertarian paternalism Policy recommendations Retirement saving Health care Reception See also Notes References External links Content: The book draws on research in psychology and behavioral economics to defend libertarian paternalism and active engineering of choice architecture. The book received largely positive reviews. The Guardian described it as "never intimidating, always amusing and elucidating: a jolly economic romp but with serious lessons within." It was named one of the best books of 2008 by The Economist. Contents 1 Summary 1.1 Human behavior 1.1.1 Two systems of thinking 1.1.2 Fallacies and biases 1.2 Libertarian paternalism 1.3 Policy recommendations 1.3.1 Retirement saving 1.3.2 Health care 2 Reception 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Summary Human behavior One of the main justifications for Thaler's and Sunstein's endorsement of libertarian paternalism in Nudge draws on facts of human nature and psychology. The book is critical of the homo economicus view of human beings "that each of us thinks and chooses unfailingly well, and thus fits within the textbook picture of human beings offered by economists." They cite many examples of research which raise "serious questions about the rationality of many judgments and decisions that people make". They state that, unlike members of homo economicus, members of the species homo sapiens make predictable mistakes because of their use of heuristics, fallacies, and because of the way they are influenced by their social interactions. Two systems of thinking The book describes two systems that characterize human thinking, which Sunstein and Thaler refer to as the "Reflective System" and the "Automatic System".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_%28book%29
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680844592#2_760863861
Title: Nudge (book) - Wikipedia Headings: Nudge (book) Nudge (book) Contents Summary Human behavior Two systems of thinking Fallacies and biases Libertarian paternalism Policy recommendations Retirement saving Health care Reception See also Notes References External links Content: Contents 1 Summary 1.1 Human behavior 1.1.1 Two systems of thinking 1.1.2 Fallacies and biases 1.2 Libertarian paternalism 1.3 Policy recommendations 1.3.1 Retirement saving 1.3.2 Health care 2 Reception 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Summary Human behavior One of the main justifications for Thaler's and Sunstein's endorsement of libertarian paternalism in Nudge draws on facts of human nature and psychology. The book is critical of the homo economicus view of human beings "that each of us thinks and chooses unfailingly well, and thus fits within the textbook picture of human beings offered by economists." They cite many examples of research which raise "serious questions about the rationality of many judgments and decisions that people make". They state that, unlike members of homo economicus, members of the species homo sapiens make predictable mistakes because of their use of heuristics, fallacies, and because of the way they are influenced by their social interactions. Two systems of thinking The book describes two systems that characterize human thinking, which Sunstein and Thaler refer to as the "Reflective System" and the "Automatic System". These two systems are more thoroughly defined in Daniel Kahneman 's book Thinking, Fast and Slow . The Automatic System is "rapid and is or feels instinctive, and it does not involve what we usually associate with the word thinking ". Instances of the Automatic System at work include smiling upon seeing a puppy, getting nervous while experiencing air turbulence, and ducking when a ball is thrown at you. The Reflective System is deliberate and self-conscious. It is the one at work when people decide which college to attend, where to go on trips, and (under most circumstances) whether or not to get married.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_%28book%29
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680844592#7_760873714
Title: Nudge (book) - Wikipedia Headings: Nudge (book) Nudge (book) Contents Summary Human behavior Two systems of thinking Fallacies and biases Libertarian paternalism Policy recommendations Retirement saving Health care Reception See also Notes References External links Content: Status quo bias This is when people are very likely to continue a course of action since it has been traditionally the one pursued, even though this course of action may clearly not be in their best interest. An example of the status-quo bias at work would be when magazine companies offer trials of their magazines for free, but then, after the trial has ended, continue to send magazines and charge the customer until he or she actively end the subscription. This leads to many people receiving and paying for magazines they do not read. Herd mentality People are heavily influenced by the actions of others. Sunstein and Thaler cite a famous study by Solomon Asch where people, due to peer pressure, answer certain questions in a way that was clearly false (such as saying that two lines are the same length when they clearly are not). Libertarian paternalism Libertarian paternalism (also called soft paternalism) is the union of two political notions commonly viewed as being at odds: libertarianism and paternalism . Sunstein and Thaler state that "the libertarian aspect of our strategies lies in the straightforward insistence that, in general, people should be free to do what they like-and to opt out of undesirable arrangements if they want to do so". The paternalistic portion of the term "lies in the claim that it is legitimate for choice architects to try to influence people's behavior in order to make their lives longer, healthier, and better". Choice architecture describes the way in which decisions are influenced by how the choices are presented.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_%28book%29
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680844592#8_760875757
Title: Nudge (book) - Wikipedia Headings: Nudge (book) Nudge (book) Contents Summary Human behavior Two systems of thinking Fallacies and biases Libertarian paternalism Policy recommendations Retirement saving Health care Reception See also Notes References External links Content: Libertarian paternalism Libertarian paternalism (also called soft paternalism) is the union of two political notions commonly viewed as being at odds: libertarianism and paternalism . Sunstein and Thaler state that "the libertarian aspect of our strategies lies in the straightforward insistence that, in general, people should be free to do what they like-and to opt out of undesirable arrangements if they want to do so". The paternalistic portion of the term "lies in the claim that it is legitimate for choice architects to try to influence people's behavior in order to make their lives longer, healthier, and better". Choice architecture describes the way in which decisions are influenced by how the choices are presented. People can be "nudged" by arranging the choice architecture in a certain way without taking away the individual's freedom of choice. A simple example of a nudge would be placing healthy foods in a school cafeteria at eye level while putting less-healthy junk food in harder-to-reach places. Individuals are not actually prevented from eating whatever they want, but arranging the food choices that way causes people to eat less junk food and more healthy food. Policy recommendations Sunstein and Thaler apply the idea of nudges in the context of choice architecture to propose policy recommendations in the spirit of libertarian paternalism. They have recommendations in the areas of finance, health, the environment, schools, and marriage.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_%28book%29
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680844592#9_760877704
Title: Nudge (book) - Wikipedia Headings: Nudge (book) Nudge (book) Contents Summary Human behavior Two systems of thinking Fallacies and biases Libertarian paternalism Policy recommendations Retirement saving Health care Reception See also Notes References External links Content: People can be "nudged" by arranging the choice architecture in a certain way without taking away the individual's freedom of choice. A simple example of a nudge would be placing healthy foods in a school cafeteria at eye level while putting less-healthy junk food in harder-to-reach places. Individuals are not actually prevented from eating whatever they want, but arranging the food choices that way causes people to eat less junk food and more healthy food. Policy recommendations Sunstein and Thaler apply the idea of nudges in the context of choice architecture to propose policy recommendations in the spirit of libertarian paternalism. They have recommendations in the areas of finance, health, the environment, schools, and marriage. They believe these problems can at least be partially addressed by improving the choice architecture. Retirement saving Thaler and Sunstein point out that many Americans are not saving enough for retirement. They state that "in 2005 the personal savings rate for Americans was negative for the first time since 1932 and 1933 – the Great Depression years". One change they offer is creating better default plans for employees. Employees would be able to adopt any plan they like, but, if no action is taken, they would automatically be enrolled in an expertly designed program [such as social security].
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_%28book%29
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680868325#0_760903096
Title: Nudge theory - Wikipedia Headings: Nudge theory Nudge theory Contents Definition of a nudge Overview Types of nudges Application of theory Government Business Healthcare Public Health and Safety Fundraising Critique See also References Further reading Content: Nudge theory - Wikipedia Nudge theory From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search concept in behavioral economics, political theory, and behavioral sciences Part of a series on Nudge theory Social scientists Richard Thaler Shlomo Benartzi Cass Sunstein Maya Shankar Government programs Race to the Top Affordable Care Act tax provisions Social Credit System Vision Zero Government agencies Behavioural Insights Team (UK) Social and Behavioral Sciences Team (US) Behavioral economics Social proof Default effect Paternalism Libertarian paternalism Choice architecture Social engineering IT-backed authoritarianism Design for behaviour change Nudge theory in business Loyalty program Safety culture v t e Nudge is a concept in behavioral economics, political theory, and behavioral sciences which proposes positive reinforcement and indirect suggestions as ways to influence the behavior and decision making of groups or individuals. Nudging contrasts with other ways to achieve compliance, such as education, legislation or enforcement . The nudge concept was popularized in the 2008 book Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness, by two American scholars at the University of Chicago: behavioral economist Richard Thaler and legal scholar Cass Sunstein. It has influenced British and American politicians. Several nudge units exist around the world at the national level (UK, Germany, Japan and others) as well as at the international level (e.g. World Bank, UN, and the European Commission ). It is disputed whether "nudge theory" is a recent novel development in behavioral economics or merely a new term for one of many methods for influencing behavior, investigated in the science of behavior analysis. Contents 1 Definition of a nudge 2 Overview 3 Types of nudges 4 Application of theory 4.1 Government 4.2 Business 4.3 Healthcare 4.4 Public Health and Safety 4.5 Fundraising 5 Critique 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Definition of a nudge Example of a nudge: a housefly painted onto the ceramic of a urinal in a men's public toilet The first formulation of the term and associated principles was developed in cybernetics by James Wilk before 1995 and described by Brunel University academic D. J. Stewart as "the art of the nudge" (sometimes referred to as micronudges).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_theory
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680868325#1_760905932
Title: Nudge theory - Wikipedia Headings: Nudge theory Nudge theory Contents Definition of a nudge Overview Types of nudges Application of theory Government Business Healthcare Public Health and Safety Fundraising Critique See also References Further reading Content: It has influenced British and American politicians. Several nudge units exist around the world at the national level (UK, Germany, Japan and others) as well as at the international level (e.g. World Bank, UN, and the European Commission ). It is disputed whether "nudge theory" is a recent novel development in behavioral economics or merely a new term for one of many methods for influencing behavior, investigated in the science of behavior analysis. Contents 1 Definition of a nudge 2 Overview 3 Types of nudges 4 Application of theory 4.1 Government 4.2 Business 4.3 Healthcare 4.4 Public Health and Safety 4.5 Fundraising 5 Critique 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Definition of a nudge Example of a nudge: a housefly painted onto the ceramic of a urinal in a men's public toilet The first formulation of the term and associated principles was developed in cybernetics by James Wilk before 1995 and described by Brunel University academic D. J. Stewart as "the art of the nudge" (sometimes referred to as micronudges). It also drew on methodological influences from clinical psychotherapy tracing back to Gregory Bateson, including contributions from Milton Erickson, Watzlawick, Weakland and Fisch, and Bill O'Hanlon. In this variant, the nudge is a microtargeted design geared towards a specific group of people, irrespective of the scale of intended intervention. In 2008, Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein 's book Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness brought nudge theory to prominence. It also gained a following among US and UK politicians, in the private sector and in public health.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_theory
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680868325#2_760908029
Title: Nudge theory - Wikipedia Headings: Nudge theory Nudge theory Contents Definition of a nudge Overview Types of nudges Application of theory Government Business Healthcare Public Health and Safety Fundraising Critique See also References Further reading Content: It also drew on methodological influences from clinical psychotherapy tracing back to Gregory Bateson, including contributions from Milton Erickson, Watzlawick, Weakland and Fisch, and Bill O'Hanlon. In this variant, the nudge is a microtargeted design geared towards a specific group of people, irrespective of the scale of intended intervention. In 2008, Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein 's book Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness brought nudge theory to prominence. It also gained a following among US and UK politicians, in the private sector and in public health. The authors refer to influencing behaviour without coercion as libertarian paternalism and the influencers as choice architects. Thaler and Sunstein defined their concept as: A nudge, as we will use the term, is any aspect of the choice architecture that alters people's behavior in a predictable way without forbidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives. To count as a mere nudge, the intervention must be easy and cheap to avoid. Nudges are not mandates.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_theory
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680868325#3_760909558
Title: Nudge theory - Wikipedia Headings: Nudge theory Nudge theory Contents Definition of a nudge Overview Types of nudges Application of theory Government Business Healthcare Public Health and Safety Fundraising Critique See also References Further reading Content: The authors refer to influencing behaviour without coercion as libertarian paternalism and the influencers as choice architects. Thaler and Sunstein defined their concept as: A nudge, as we will use the term, is any aspect of the choice architecture that alters people's behavior in a predictable way without forbidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives. To count as a mere nudge, the intervention must be easy and cheap to avoid. Nudges are not mandates. Putting fruit at eye level counts as a nudge. Banning junk food does not. In this form, drawing on behavioral economics, the nudge is more generally applied to influence behaviour. One of the most frequently cited examples of a nudge is the etching of the image of a housefly into the men's room urinals at Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport, which is intended to "improve the aim". Overview A nudge makes it more likely that an individual will make a particular choice, or behave in a particular way, by altering the environment so that automatic cognitive processes are triggered to favour the desired outcome.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_theory
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680868325#4_760911100
Title: Nudge theory - Wikipedia Headings: Nudge theory Nudge theory Contents Definition of a nudge Overview Types of nudges Application of theory Government Business Healthcare Public Health and Safety Fundraising Critique See also References Further reading Content: Putting fruit at eye level counts as a nudge. Banning junk food does not. In this form, drawing on behavioral economics, the nudge is more generally applied to influence behaviour. One of the most frequently cited examples of a nudge is the etching of the image of a housefly into the men's room urinals at Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport, which is intended to "improve the aim". Overview A nudge makes it more likely that an individual will make a particular choice, or behave in a particular way, by altering the environment so that automatic cognitive processes are triggered to favour the desired outcome. An individual's behaviour is not always in alignment with their intentions (termed a value-action gap ). It is common knowledge that humans are not fully rational beings; that is, people will often do something that is not in their own self-interest, even when they are aware that their actions are not in their best interest. As an example, when hungry, people who diet often underestimate their ability to lose weight, and their intentions to eat healthy can be temporarily weakened until they are satiated. Nobel Laureate Daniel Kahneman describes two distinct systems for processing information as to why people sometimes act against their own self-interest:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_theory
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680868325#5_760912819
Title: Nudge theory - Wikipedia Headings: Nudge theory Nudge theory Contents Definition of a nudge Overview Types of nudges Application of theory Government Business Healthcare Public Health and Safety Fundraising Critique See also References Further reading Content: An individual's behaviour is not always in alignment with their intentions (termed a value-action gap ). It is common knowledge that humans are not fully rational beings; that is, people will often do something that is not in their own self-interest, even when they are aware that their actions are not in their best interest. As an example, when hungry, people who diet often underestimate their ability to lose weight, and their intentions to eat healthy can be temporarily weakened until they are satiated. Nobel Laureate Daniel Kahneman describes two distinct systems for processing information as to why people sometimes act against their own self-interest: System 1 is fast, automatic, and highly susceptible to environmental influences; System 2 processing is slow, reflective, and takes into account explicit goals and intentions. When situations are overly complex or overwhelming for an individual's cognitive capacity, or when an individual is faced with time-constraints or other pressures, System 1 processing takes over decision-making. System 1 processing relies on various judgmental heuristics to make decisions, resulting in faster decisions. Unfortunately, this can also lead to sub-optimal decisions.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_theory
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680868325#6_760914486
Title: Nudge theory - Wikipedia Headings: Nudge theory Nudge theory Contents Definition of a nudge Overview Types of nudges Application of theory Government Business Healthcare Public Health and Safety Fundraising Critique See also References Further reading Content: System 1 is fast, automatic, and highly susceptible to environmental influences; System 2 processing is slow, reflective, and takes into account explicit goals and intentions. When situations are overly complex or overwhelming for an individual's cognitive capacity, or when an individual is faced with time-constraints or other pressures, System 1 processing takes over decision-making. System 1 processing relies on various judgmental heuristics to make decisions, resulting in faster decisions. Unfortunately, this can also lead to sub-optimal decisions. In fact, Thaler and Sunstein trace maladaptive behaviour to situations in which System 1 processing over-rides an individual's explicit values and goals. It is well documented that habitual behaviour is resistant to change without a disruption to the environmental cues that trigger that behaviour. Nudging techniques aim to use judgmental heuristics to the advantage of the party creating the set of choices. In other words, a nudge alters the environment so that when heuristic, or System 1, decision-making is used, the resulting choice will be the most positive or desired outcome. An example of such a nudge is switching the placement of junk food in a store, so that fruit and other healthy options are located next to the cash register, while junk food is relocated to another part of the store.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_theory
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680868325#7_760916293
Title: Nudge theory - Wikipedia Headings: Nudge theory Nudge theory Contents Definition of a nudge Overview Types of nudges Application of theory Government Business Healthcare Public Health and Safety Fundraising Critique See also References Further reading Content: In fact, Thaler and Sunstein trace maladaptive behaviour to situations in which System 1 processing over-rides an individual's explicit values and goals. It is well documented that habitual behaviour is resistant to change without a disruption to the environmental cues that trigger that behaviour. Nudging techniques aim to use judgmental heuristics to the advantage of the party creating the set of choices. In other words, a nudge alters the environment so that when heuristic, or System 1, decision-making is used, the resulting choice will be the most positive or desired outcome. An example of such a nudge is switching the placement of junk food in a store, so that fruit and other healthy options are located next to the cash register, while junk food is relocated to another part of the store. Types of nudges Nudges are small changes in the environment that are easy and inexpensive to implement. Several different techniques exist for nudging, including defaults, social proof heuristics, and increasing the salience of the desired option. Nudging to incite pupils to use toilet buildings at May Sa'iri school in Ethiopia A default option is the option an individual automatically receives if he or she does nothing. People are more likely to choose a particular option if it is the default option. For example, Pichert & Katsikopoulos found that a greater number of consumers chose the renewable energy option for electricity when it was offered as the default option.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_theory
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680868325#8_760918222
Title: Nudge theory - Wikipedia Headings: Nudge theory Nudge theory Contents Definition of a nudge Overview Types of nudges Application of theory Government Business Healthcare Public Health and Safety Fundraising Critique See also References Further reading Content: Types of nudges Nudges are small changes in the environment that are easy and inexpensive to implement. Several different techniques exist for nudging, including defaults, social proof heuristics, and increasing the salience of the desired option. Nudging to incite pupils to use toilet buildings at May Sa'iri school in Ethiopia A default option is the option an individual automatically receives if he or she does nothing. People are more likely to choose a particular option if it is the default option. For example, Pichert & Katsikopoulos found that a greater number of consumers chose the renewable energy option for electricity when it was offered as the default option. A social proof heuristic refers to the tendency for individuals to look at the behavior of other people to help guide their own behavior. Studies have found some success in using social proof heuristics to nudge individuals to make healthier food choices. When an individual's attention is drawn towards a particular option, that option will become more salient to the individual and they will be more likely to choose that option. As an example, in snack shops at train stations in the Netherlands, consumers purchased more fruit and healthy snack options when they were relocated next to the cash register. Since then, other similar studies have been made regarding the placement of healthier food options close to the checkout counter and the effect on the consuming behavior of the customers and this is now considered an effective and well-accepted nudge.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_theory
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680868325#9_760920209
Title: Nudge theory - Wikipedia Headings: Nudge theory Nudge theory Contents Definition of a nudge Overview Types of nudges Application of theory Government Business Healthcare Public Health and Safety Fundraising Critique See also References Further reading Content: A social proof heuristic refers to the tendency for individuals to look at the behavior of other people to help guide their own behavior. Studies have found some success in using social proof heuristics to nudge individuals to make healthier food choices. When an individual's attention is drawn towards a particular option, that option will become more salient to the individual and they will be more likely to choose that option. As an example, in snack shops at train stations in the Netherlands, consumers purchased more fruit and healthy snack options when they were relocated next to the cash register. Since then, other similar studies have been made regarding the placement of healthier food options close to the checkout counter and the effect on the consuming behavior of the customers and this is now considered an effective and well-accepted nudge. Application of theory Behavioral insights and nudges are currently used in many countries around the world. Government In 2008, the United States appointed Sunstein, who helped develop the theory, as administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs. Notable applications of nudge theory include the formation of the British Behavioural Insights Team in 2010. It is often called the "Nudge Unit", at the British Cabinet Office, headed by David Halpern. Both Prime Minister David Cameron and President Barack Obama sought to employ nudge theory to advance domestic policy goals during their terms.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_theory
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_686023384#6_766977594
Title: Stereotypes of nurses - Wikipedia Headings: Stereotypes of nurses Stereotypes of nurses Contents History Nurses as selfless and angelic Harmful effects Misrepresentations in the media See also References Further reading Content: The image of a drunk nurse was exemplified by Dickens' Sarah Gamp. The nurse in this image is depicted as a moral, noble and religious being who was devout like a nun —chaste and abstemious - as opposed to the resemblance that of a witch. Her skills would be practical and her demeanor would be stoic and obedient. Florence Nightingale also known as The Lady with the Lamp, promoted this image due to the fact that during the Crimean War, she was known to make rounds at night, treating wounds and giving care to soldiers. The angelic image that comes to mind when a woman with a lamp approaches an injured soldier is not far fetched. This is where much or the selfless angelic image of nurses come from. The idea of female nurses attending the British Army fighting in the war was controversial, due to it being thought immoral as well as revolutionary. Harmful effects The media has a strong influence on public views, shaping the way the public values and treats professions in healthcare. In the book Saving Lives: Why the Media's Portrayal Nurses Puts Us All At Risk, Sandy Summers and Harry Jacobs discuss the many ill effects of the common stereotypes and how those are presented in today's media.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse_stereotypes
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_686308505#9_767433585
Title: Nursing documentation - Wikipedia Headings: Nursing documentation Nursing documentation Contents Purposes Documentation of the nursing process Content Admission Assessment Nursing care plan Progress notes Recording format Paper-based nursing documentation Electronic nursing documentation Comparison of the quality of paper-based and electronic documentation Quality of nursing documentation Standardized nursing terminology Structured documentation References Content: Electronic nursing documentation Electronic nursing documentation is an electronic format of nursing documentation an increasingly used by nurses. Electronic nursing documentation systems have been implemented in health care organizations to bring in the benefits of increasing access to more complete, accurate and up-to-date data and reducing redundancy, improving communication and care service delivery. Comparison of the quality of paper-based and electronic documentation Electronic nursing documentation systems are able to produce somewhat better quality data in comparison with paper-based systems, in certain respects depending on the characteristics of the systems and the practice of the various study settings. The common benefits of electronic documentation systems include the improvement of comprehensiveness in documenting the nursing process, the use of standardized language and the recording of specific items about particular client issues and relevance of the message. In addition, electronic systems can improve legibility, dating and signing in nursing records. For the documentation of nursing assessment, the electronic systems significantly increased the quantity and comprehensiveness of documented assessment forms in each record. In regard to the NCP, the electronic standardized NCPs were graded with a higher total quality score than its paper-based counterpart. In addition, in comparison with the paper-based documentation systems, the electronic systems, due to their automatic functions, were able to improve the format, structure and process features of documentation quality such as legibility, signing, dating, crossing out error and space with a single line and resident identification on every page. Paper-based documentation has been found to be inferior in comparison with electronic documentation. This is caused by the inherent nature of paper being difficult to update, time-consuming in a recording.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_documentation
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_686687368#0_767841378
Title: Nursing theory - Wikipedia Headings: Nursing theory Nursing theory Contents Nursing theory Importance Borrowed and shared theories Types Grand nursing theories Mid-range nursing theories Nursing practice theories Nursing models Components of nursing modeling Common concepts of nursing modeling: a metaparadigm Notable nursing theorists and theories See also References External links Content: Nursing theory - Wikipedia Nursing theory From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Nursing theory is defined as "a creative and rigorous structuring of ideas that project a tentative, purposeful, and systematic view of phenomena". Through systematic inquiry, whether in nursing research or practice, nurses are able to develop knowledge relevant to improving the care of patients. Theory refers to "a coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation". Contents 1 Nursing theory 1.1 Importance 1.2 Borrowed and shared theories 2 Types 2.1 Grand nursing theories 2.2 Mid-range nursing theories 2.3 Nursing practice theories 3 Nursing models 3.1 Components of nursing modeling 3.2 Common concepts of nursing modeling: a metaparadigm 4 Notable nursing theorists and theories 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Nursing theory Importance In the early part of nursing's history, there was little formal nursing knowledge. As nursing education developed, the need to categorize knowledge led to development of nursing theory to help nurses evaluate increasingly complex client care situations. Nursing theories give a plan for reflection in which to examine a certain direction in where the plan needs to head. As new situations are encountered, this framework provides an arrangement for management, investigation and decision-making. Nursing theories also administer a structure for communicating with other nurses and with other representatives and members of the health care team. Nursing theories assist the development of nursing in formulating beliefs, values and goals.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_theory
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_686687368#1_767843613
Title: Nursing theory - Wikipedia Headings: Nursing theory Nursing theory Contents Nursing theory Importance Borrowed and shared theories Types Grand nursing theories Mid-range nursing theories Nursing practice theories Nursing models Components of nursing modeling Common concepts of nursing modeling: a metaparadigm Notable nursing theorists and theories See also References External links Content: As nursing education developed, the need to categorize knowledge led to development of nursing theory to help nurses evaluate increasingly complex client care situations. Nursing theories give a plan for reflection in which to examine a certain direction in where the plan needs to head. As new situations are encountered, this framework provides an arrangement for management, investigation and decision-making. Nursing theories also administer a structure for communicating with other nurses and with other representatives and members of the health care team. Nursing theories assist the development of nursing in formulating beliefs, values and goals. They help to define the different particular contribution of nursing with the care of clients. Nursing theory guides research and practice. Borrowed and shared theories Not all theories in nursing are unique nursing theories; many are borrowed or shared with other disciplines. Theories developed by Neuman, Watson, Parse, Orlando and Peplau are considered unique nursing theories.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_theory
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_686687368#2_767845232
Title: Nursing theory - Wikipedia Headings: Nursing theory Nursing theory Contents Nursing theory Importance Borrowed and shared theories Types Grand nursing theories Mid-range nursing theories Nursing practice theories Nursing models Components of nursing modeling Common concepts of nursing modeling: a metaparadigm Notable nursing theorists and theories See also References External links Content: They help to define the different particular contribution of nursing with the care of clients. Nursing theory guides research and practice. Borrowed and shared theories Not all theories in nursing are unique nursing theories; many are borrowed or shared with other disciplines. Theories developed by Neuman, Watson, Parse, Orlando and Peplau are considered unique nursing theories. Theories and concepts that originated in related sciences have been borrowed by nurses to explain and explore phenomena specific to nursing. Types Grand nursing theories Grand nursing theories have the broadest scope and present general concepts and propositions. Theories at this level may both reflect and provide insights useful for practice but are not designed for empirical testing. This limits the use of grand nursing theories for directing, explaining, and predicting nursing in particular situations. However, these theories may contain concepts that can lend themselves to empirical testing.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_theory
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_686687368#6_767852356
Title: Nursing theory - Wikipedia Headings: Nursing theory Nursing theory Contents Nursing theory Importance Borrowed and shared theories Types Grand nursing theories Mid-range nursing theories Nursing practice theories Nursing models Components of nursing modeling Common concepts of nursing modeling: a metaparadigm Notable nursing theorists and theories See also References External links Content: Nursing practice theories are usually defined to an exact community or discipline. Nursing models Nursing models are usually described as a representation of reality or a more simple way of organising a complex phenomenon. The nursing model is a consolidation of both concepts and the assumption that combine them into a meaningful arrangement. A model is a way of presenting a situation in such a way that it shows the logical terms in order to showcase the structure of the original idea. The term nursing model cannot be used interchangeably with nursing theory. Components of nursing modeling There are three main key components to a nursing model: Statement of goal that the nurse is trying to achieve Set of beliefs and values Awareness, skills and knowledge the nurse needs to practice. The first important step in development of ideas about nursing is to establish the body approach essential to nursing, then to analyse the beliefs and values around those. Common concepts of nursing modeling: a metaparadigm A metaparadigm contains philosophical worldviews and concepts that are unique to a discipline and defines boundaries that separate it from other disciplines.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_theory
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_700048804#1_785079591
Title: Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign - Wikipedia Headings: Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign Contents End of the primaries Running mate Major events Middle Eastern and European tour Presidential debates Saddleback Civil Forum Victory speech Fundraising Chronology Branding Logo Slogan Hope poster Typefaces Campaign songs Technology Social Media MyBo NationalField Voter Data Media campaign Online advertising Television advertisements Infomercial Other Initiatives Fight the Smears Israel for Obama Political positions Opinion polling Election day Certification of the electoral votes See also References External links Content: After winning a majority of delegates in the Democratic primaries of 2008, on August 23, leading up to the convention, the campaign announced that Senator Joe Biden of Delaware would be the vice presidential nominee. At the 2008 Democratic National Convention on August 27, Barack Obama was formally selected as the Democratic Party nominee for President of the United States in 2008. He was the first African American in history to be nominated on a major party ticket. On November 4, 2008, Obama defeated the Republican nominee, Senator John McCain of Arizona, making him the President-elect and the first African American elected President. He was the third sitting U.S. Senator, after Warren G. Harding and John F. Kennedy, to be elected president. Upon the vote of the Electoral College on December 15, 2008, and the subsequent certification thereof by a Joint Session of the United States Congress on January 8, 2009, Barack Obama was elected President of the United States and Joe Biden Vice President of the United States, with 365 of 538 electors. Contents 1 End of the primaries 2 Running mate 3 Major events 3.1 Middle Eastern and European tour 3.2 Presidential debates 3.3 Saddleback Civil Forum 3.4 Victory speech 4 Fundraising 4.1 Chronology 5 Branding 5.1 Logo 5.2 Slogan 5.3 Hope poster 5.4 Typefaces 5.5 Campaign songs 6 Technology 6.1 Social Media 6.2 MyBo 6.3 NationalField 6.4 Voter Data 7 Media campaign 7.1 Online advertising 7.2 Television advertisements 7.3 Infomercial 7.4 Other Initiatives 7.4.1 Fight the Smears 7.4.2 Israel for Obama 8 Political positions 9 Opinion polling 10 Election day 11 Certification of the electoral votes 12 See also 13 References 14 External links End of the primaries Further information: Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign On June 3, 2008, after the Montana and South Dakota primaries, he secured enough delegates to clinch the nomination of the Democratic Party for President of the United States. His opponent in the general election, Republican John McCain, passed the delegate threshold to become the apparent nominee of his party on March 4. On June 7, Hillary Clinton, Obama's remaining opponent in the quest for the Democratic nomination, conceded defeat and urged her supporters to back Obama.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_2008
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_701099639#0_786502247
Title: Obesity in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia Headings: Obesity in the United Kingdom Obesity in the United Kingdom Contents Causes Patterns of food consumption outside the home Effects Operational issues Tackling obesity School meals Recommendations by medical professionals Government initiatives Geographical distribution of obesity in the United Kingdom Regional overweight and obesity statistics for England Comparison within Europe See also References Content: Obesity in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia Obesity in the United Kingdom From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( February 2020) Overview of obesity in the United Kingdom Obesity in the United Kingdom is a significant contemporary health concern, with authorities stating that it is one of the leading preventable causes of death. In February 2016, former Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt described rising rates of childhood obesity as a "national emergency". Data from the Health Survey for England (HSE) conducted in 2018 indicated that 31% of adults in the England were recognised as clinically obese with a Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than 30. 63% of adults were classified as overweight or obese (a body mass index of 25 or above), compared to 53% in 1993. More than two-thirds of men and 6 in 10 women were overweight or obese. 15% of children aged between 2 and 15 years (inclusive) were obese and an additional 13% of children were overweight. Rising levels of obesity are a major challenge to public health. There are expected to be 11 million more obese adults in the UK by 2030, accruing up to 668,000 additional cases of diabetes mellitus, 461,000 cases of heart disease and stroke, 130,000 cases of cancer, with associated medical costs set to increase by £1.9–2.0B per year by 2030.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_Kingdom
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_701099639#5_786513879
Title: Obesity in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia Headings: Obesity in the United Kingdom Obesity in the United Kingdom Contents Causes Patterns of food consumption outside the home Effects Operational issues Tackling obesity School meals Recommendations by medical professionals Government initiatives Geographical distribution of obesity in the United Kingdom Regional overweight and obesity statistics for England Comparison within Europe See also References Content: Professor Jimmy Bell, an obesity specialist at Imperial College London, has stated that contrary to popular belief, the people of the United Kingdom have not become greedier or less active in recent years. One thing that has changed is the food that they eat, and, more specifically, the sheer amount of sugar they ingest. " We're being bombarded every day by the food industry to consume more and more food. It's a war between our bodies and the demands our body makes, and the accessibility that modern society gives us with food." Effects Main article: Obesity § Effects on health Being overweight or obese increases the risk of illnesses, such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, as well as some forms of cancer. In the United Kingdom, obesity and a BMI of 30 to 35 has been found to reduce life expectancy by an average of three years, while a BMI of over 40 reduced longevity by eight to 10 years. According to a report published by the Commons Health Select Committee in November 2015, treating obesity related medical conditions costs the National Health Service (NHS) £5 billion a year and has a wider cost to the economy of £27 billion. A study published by two McKinsey researchers in the same year estimated costs to the United Kingdom economy of £6 billion ($9.6 billion) annually in direct medical costs of conditions related to being overweight or obese and a further £10 billion in costs on diabetes treatment. The cost of obesity and diabetes treatment in the NHS is equivalent to the United Kingdom's combined budget for the police and fire services, law courts, and prisons;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_Kingdom
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_702327825#0_787973354
Title: Objections to evolution - Wikipedia Headings: Objections to evolution Objections to evolution Contents History Defining evolution Scientific acceptance Status as a theory Degree of acceptance Scientific status Religious nature Unfalsifiability Tautological nature Evidence Lack of observation Unreliable evidence Unreliable chronology Plausibility Improbability Unexplained aspects of the natural world Impossibility Creation of complex structures Cambrian explosion complexity argument Creation of information Violation of the second law of thermodynamics Moral implications Humans as animals Social effects Atheism See also Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links Content: Objections to evolution - Wikipedia Objections to evolution From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Arguments that have been made against evolution Part of a series on Evolutionary biology Darwin's finches by John Gould Key topics Introduction to evolution Common descent Evidence Processes and outcomes Population genetics Variation Diversity Mutation Natural selection Adaptation Polymorphism Genetic drift Gene flow Speciation Adaptive radiation Co-operation Coevolution Coextinction Divergence Convergence Parallel evolution Extinction Natural history Origin of life History of life Timeline of evolution Human evolution Phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography Classification Evolutionary taxonomy Cladistics Transitional fossil Extinction event History of evolutionary theory Overview Renaissance Before Darwin Darwin Origin of Species Before synthesis Modern synthesis Molecular evolution Evo-devo Current research History of speciation History of paleontology ( timeline) Fields and applications Applications of evolution Biosocial criminology Ecological genetics Evolutionary aesthetics Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary computation Evolutionary ecology Evolutionary economics Evolutionary epistemology Evolutionary ethics Evolutionary game theory Evolutionary linguistics Evolutionary medicine Evolutionary neuroscience Evolutionary physiology Evolutionary psychology Experimental evolution Phylogenetics Paleontology Selective breeding Speciation experiments Sociobiology Systematics Universal Darwinism Social implications Evolution as fact and theory Social effects Creation–evolution controversy Objections to evolution Level of support Evolutionary biology portal Category Related topics v t e Objections to evolution have been raised since evolutionary ideas came to prominence in the 19th century. When Charles Darwin published his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, his theory of evolution (the idea that species arose through descent with modification from a single common ancestor in a process driven by natural selection) initially met opposition from scientists with different theories, but eventually came to receive overwhelming acceptance in the scientific community. The observation of evolutionary processes occurring (as well as the modern evolutionary synthesis explaining that evidence) has been uncontroversial among mainstream biologists since the 1940s. Since then, most criticisms and denials of evolution have come from religious groups, rather than from the scientific community. Although many religious groups have found reconciliation of their beliefs with evolution, such as through theistic evolution, other religious groups continue to reject evolutionary explanations in favor of creationism, the belief that the universe and life were created by supernatural forces. The U.S. -centered creation–evolution controversy has become a focal point of perceived conflict between religion and science . Several branches of creationism, including creation science, neo-creationism, and intelligent design, argue that the idea of life being directly designed by a god or intelligence is at least as scientific as evolutionary theory, and should therefore be taught in public education. Such arguments against evolution have become widespread and include objections to evolution's evidence, methodology, plausibility, morality, and scientific acceptance. The scientific community does not recognize such objections as valid, pointing to detractors' misinterpretations of such things as the scientific method, evidence, and basic physical laws . Contents 1 History 2 Defining evolution 3 Scientific acceptance 3.1 Status as a theory 3.2 Degree of acceptance 4 Scientific status 4.1 Religious nature 4.2 Unfalsifiability 4.3 Tautological nature 5 Evidence 5.1 Lack of observation 5.2 Unreliable evidence 5.3 Unreliable chronology 6 Plausibility 6.1 Improbability 6.2 Unexplained aspects of the natural world 7 Impossibility 7.1 Creation of complex structures 7.1.1 Cambrian explosion complexity argument 7.2 Creation of information 7.3 Violation of the second law of thermodynamics 8 Moral implications 8.1 Humans as animals 8.2 Social effects 8.3 Atheism 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Further reading 14 External links History Further information:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objections_to_evolution
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_702327825#1_787978733
Title: Objections to evolution - Wikipedia Headings: Objections to evolution Objections to evolution Contents History Defining evolution Scientific acceptance Status as a theory Degree of acceptance Scientific status Religious nature Unfalsifiability Tautological nature Evidence Lack of observation Unreliable evidence Unreliable chronology Plausibility Improbability Unexplained aspects of the natural world Impossibility Creation of complex structures Cambrian explosion complexity argument Creation of information Violation of the second law of thermodynamics Moral implications Humans as animals Social effects Atheism See also Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links Content: The U.S. -centered creation–evolution controversy has become a focal point of perceived conflict between religion and science . Several branches of creationism, including creation science, neo-creationism, and intelligent design, argue that the idea of life being directly designed by a god or intelligence is at least as scientific as evolutionary theory, and should therefore be taught in public education. Such arguments against evolution have become widespread and include objections to evolution's evidence, methodology, plausibility, morality, and scientific acceptance. The scientific community does not recognize such objections as valid, pointing to detractors' misinterpretations of such things as the scientific method, evidence, and basic physical laws . Contents 1 History 2 Defining evolution 3 Scientific acceptance 3.1 Status as a theory 3.2 Degree of acceptance 4 Scientific status 4.1 Religious nature 4.2 Unfalsifiability 4.3 Tautological nature 5 Evidence 5.1 Lack of observation 5.2 Unreliable evidence 5.3 Unreliable chronology 6 Plausibility 6.1 Improbability 6.2 Unexplained aspects of the natural world 7 Impossibility 7.1 Creation of complex structures 7.1.1 Cambrian explosion complexity argument 7.2 Creation of information 7.3 Violation of the second law of thermodynamics 8 Moral implications 8.1 Humans as animals 8.2 Social effects 8.3 Atheism 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Further reading 14 External links History Further information: History of evolutionary thought, History of creationism, and Creation–evolution controversy Charles Darwin 's theory of evolution gained widespread acceptance as a description of the origin of species, but there was continued resistance to his views on the significance of natural selection as the mechanism of evolution. Evolutionary ideas came to prominence in the early 19th century with the theory (developed between 1800 and 1822) of the transmutation of species put forward by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829). At first the scientific community - and notably Georges Cuvier (1769 - 1832) - opposed the idea of evolution. The idea that laws control nature and society gained vast popular audiences with George Combe 's The Constitution of Man of 1828 and with the anonymous Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation of 1844. When Charles Darwin published his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, he convinced most of the scientific community that new species arise through descent through modification in a branching pattern of divergence from common ancestors, but while most scientists accepted natural selection as a valid and empirically testable hypothesis, Darwin's view of it as the primary mechanism of evolution was rejected by some.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objections_to_evolution
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_703540892#1_789418738
Title: Observation - Wikipedia Headings: Observation Observation Contents Science Formulate a hypothesis that tentatively answers the question Paradoxes Biases Confirmation bias Processing bias Philosophy See also References Content: Observations can be qualitative, that is, only the absence or presence of a property is noted, or quantitative if a numerical value is attached to the observed phenomenon by counting or measuring . Contents 1 Science 2 Formulate a hypothesis that tentatively answers the question 3 Paradoxes 4 Biases 4.1 Confirmation bias 4.2 Processing bias 5 Philosophy 6 See also 7 References Science The scientific method requires observations of natural phenomena to formulate and test hypotheses. It consists of the following steps: Ask a question about a natural phenomenon Make observations of the phenomenon Formulate a hypothesis that tentatively answers the question Predict logical, observable consequences of the hypothesis that have not yet been investigated Test the hypothesis' predictions by an experiment , observational study , field study , or simulation Draw a conclusion from data gathered in the experiment, or revise the hypothesis or form a new one and repeat the process Write a descriptive method of observation and the results or conclusions reached Have peers with experience researching the same phenomenon evaluate the results Observations play a role in the second and fifth steps of the scientific method. However, the need for reproducibility requires that observations by different observers can be comparable. Human sense impressions are subjective and qualitative, making them difficult to record or compare. The use of measurement developed to allow recording and comparison of observations made at different times and places, by different people. Measurement consists of using observation to compare the phenomenon being observed to a standard unit. The standard unit can be an artifact, process, or definition which can be duplicated or shared by all observers. In measurement the number of standard units which is equal to the observation is counted.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_704084217#0_790071056
Title: Observer (quantum physics) - Wikipedia Headings: Observer (quantum physics) Observer (quantum physics) See also References Content: Observer (quantum physics) - Wikipedia Observer (quantum physics) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Some interpretations of quantum mechanics posit a central role for an observer of a quantum phenomenon. The quantum mechanical observer is tied to the issue of observer effect, where a measurement necessarily requires interacting with the physical object being measured, affecting its properties through the interaction. The term "observable" has gained a technical meaning, denoting a Hermitian operator that represents a measurement. The prominence of seemingly subjective or anthropocentric ideas like "observer" in the early development of the theory has been a continuing source of disquiet and philosophical dispute. A number of new-age religious or philosophical views give the observer a more special role, or place constraints on who or what can be an observer. There is no credible peer-reviewed research that backs such claims. As an example of such claims, Fritjof Capra declared, "The crucial feature of atomic physics is that the human observer is not only necessary to observe the properties of an object, but is necessary even to define these properties." The Copenhagen interpretation, which is the most widely accepted interpretation of quantum mechanics among physicists, posits that an "observer" or a "measurement" is merely a physical process. One of the founders of the Copenhagen interpretation, Werner Heisenberg, wrote: Of course the introduction of the observer must not be misunderstood to imply that some kind of subjective features are to be brought into the description of nature.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_(quantum_physics)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_704084217#1_790073036
Title: Observer (quantum physics) - Wikipedia Headings: Observer (quantum physics) Observer (quantum physics) See also References Content: There is no credible peer-reviewed research that backs such claims. As an example of such claims, Fritjof Capra declared, "The crucial feature of atomic physics is that the human observer is not only necessary to observe the properties of an object, but is necessary even to define these properties." The Copenhagen interpretation, which is the most widely accepted interpretation of quantum mechanics among physicists, posits that an "observer" or a "measurement" is merely a physical process. One of the founders of the Copenhagen interpretation, Werner Heisenberg, wrote: Of course the introduction of the observer must not be misunderstood to imply that some kind of subjective features are to be brought into the description of nature. The observer has, rather, only the function of registering decisions, i.e., processes in space and time, and it does not matter whether the observer is an apparatus or a human being; but the registration, i.e., the transition from the "possible" to the "actual," is absolutely necessary here and cannot be omitted from the interpretation of quantum theory. Niels Bohr, also a founder of the Copenhagen interpretation, wrote: all unambiguous information concerning atomic objects is derived from the permanent marks such as a spot on a photographic plate, caused by the impact of an electron left on the bodies which define the experimental conditions. Far from involving any special intricacy, the irreversible amplification effects on which the recording of the presence of atomic objects rests rather remind us of the essential irreversibility inherent in the very concept of observation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_(quantum_physics)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_704084217#2_790074996
Title: Observer (quantum physics) - Wikipedia Headings: Observer (quantum physics) Observer (quantum physics) See also References Content: The observer has, rather, only the function of registering decisions, i.e., processes in space and time, and it does not matter whether the observer is an apparatus or a human being; but the registration, i.e., the transition from the "possible" to the "actual," is absolutely necessary here and cannot be omitted from the interpretation of quantum theory. Niels Bohr, also a founder of the Copenhagen interpretation, wrote: all unambiguous information concerning atomic objects is derived from the permanent marks such as a spot on a photographic plate, caused by the impact of an electron left on the bodies which define the experimental conditions. Far from involving any special intricacy, the irreversible amplification effects on which the recording of the presence of atomic objects rests rather remind us of the essential irreversibility inherent in the very concept of observation. The description of atomic phenomena has in these respects a perfectly objective character, in the sense that no explicit reference is made to any individual observer and that therefore, with proper regard to relativistic exigencies, no ambiguity is involved in the communication of information. Likewise, Asher Peres stated that "observers" in quantum physics are similar to the ubiquitous "observers" who send and receive light signals in special relativity. Obviously, this terminology does not imply the actual presence of human beings. These fictitious physicists may as well be inanimate automata that can perform all the required tasks, if suitably programmed. Critics of the special role of the observer also point out that observers can themselves be observed, leading to paradoxes such as that of Wigner's friend;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_(quantum_physics)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_704084217#3_790077038
Title: Observer (quantum physics) - Wikipedia Headings: Observer (quantum physics) Observer (quantum physics) See also References Content: The description of atomic phenomena has in these respects a perfectly objective character, in the sense that no explicit reference is made to any individual observer and that therefore, with proper regard to relativistic exigencies, no ambiguity is involved in the communication of information. Likewise, Asher Peres stated that "observers" in quantum physics are similar to the ubiquitous "observers" who send and receive light signals in special relativity. Obviously, this terminology does not imply the actual presence of human beings. These fictitious physicists may as well be inanimate automata that can perform all the required tasks, if suitably programmed. Critics of the special role of the observer also point out that observers can themselves be observed, leading to paradoxes such as that of Wigner's friend; and that it is not clear how much consciousness is required. As John Bell inquired, "Was the wave function waiting to jump for thousands of millions of years until a single-celled living creature appeared? Or did it have to wait a little longer for some highly qualified measurer—with a PhD?" See also Observer (physics) Quantum foundations References ^ a bSchlosshauer, Maximilian; Kofler, Johannes;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_(quantum_physics)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_704097814#0_790102038
Title: Observer effect (physics) - Wikipedia Headings: Observer effect (physics) Observer effect (physics) Contents Particle physics Electronics Thermodynamics Quantum mechanics References Content: Observer effect (physics) - Wikipedia Observer effect (physics) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search For other uses, see Observer effect. Part of a series on Quantum mechanics i ℏ ∂ ∂ t | ψ ( t ) ⟩ = H ^ | ψ ( t ) ⟩ {\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {\partial } {\partial t}}|\psi (t)\rangle = {\hat {H}}|\psi (t)\rangle } Schrödinger equation Introduction Glossary History Textbooks Background Classical mechanics Old quantum theory Bra–ket notation Hamiltonian Interference Fundamentals Born rule Compton wavelength Coherence Decoherence Complementarity Energy level Entanglement Hamiltonian Uncertainty principle Ground state Probability amplitude Probability distribution Interference Measurement Weak measurement Nonlocality Observable Operator Quantum Quantum fluctuation Quantum number Quantum noise Quantum state Quantum system Quantum teleportation Qubit Spin Superposition Quantum vacuum state Symmetry (Spontaneous) symmetry breaking Vacuum state Wave propagation Wave function Wave function collapse Wave–particle duality Matter wave Rectangular potential barrier Fock space Effects Zeeman effect Stark effect Aharonov–Bohm effect Landau quantization Quantum Hall effect Quantum Zeno effect Quantum tunnelling Photoelectric effect Casimir effect Experiments Bell's inequality Davisson–Germer Double-slit Elitzur–Vaidman Franck–Hertz Leggett–Garg inequality Mach–Zehnder Popper Quantum eraser ( delayed-choice) Schrödinger's cat Stern–Gerlach Wheeler's delayed-choice Formulations Overview Dynamical pictures ( Heisenberg; Interaction; Schrödinger) Matrix Phase-space Sum-over-histories (path-integral) Equations Dirac Hellmann–Feynman Klein–Gordon Lippmann–Schwinger Pauli Rydberg Schrödinger Functional integration Interpretations Overview Bayesian Consistent histories Copenhagen de Broglie–Bohm Ensemble Hidden-variable Many-worlds Objective collapse Quantum logic Relational Transactional Advanced topics Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis Quantum annealing Quantum chaos Quantum computing Quantum geometry Density matrix Quantum field theory Fractional quantum mechanics Quantum gravity Quantum information science Quantum machine learning Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics) Relativistic quantum mechanics Scattering theory Superfluid vacuum theory Spontaneous parametric down-conversion Quantum statistical mechanics Scientists Aharonov Bell Blackett Bloch Bohm Bohr Born Bose de Broglie Candlin Compton Dirac Davisson Debye Ehrenfest Einstein Everett Fock Fermi Feynman Glauber Gutzwiller Heisenberg Hilbert Jordan Kramers Pauli Lamb Landau Laue Moseley Millikan Onnes Planck Rabi Raman Reid Rydberg Schrödinger Simmons Sommerfeld von Neumann Weyl Wien Wigner Zeeman Zeilinger Goudsmit Uhlenbeck Yang Categories ► Quantum mechanics v t e In physics, the observer effect is the disturbance of an observed system by the act of observation. This is often the result of instruments that, by necessity, alter the state of what they measure in some manner. A common example is checking the pressure in an automobile tire; this is difficult to do without letting out some of the air, thus changing the pressure. Similarly, it is not possible to see any object without light hitting the object, and causing it to reflect that light. While the effects of observation are often negligible, the object still experiences a change. This effect can be found in many domains of physics, but can usually be reduced to insignificance by using different instruments or observation techniques.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect_(physics)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_704097814#1_790106270
Title: Observer effect (physics) - Wikipedia Headings: Observer effect (physics) Observer effect (physics) Contents Particle physics Electronics Thermodynamics Quantum mechanics References Content: A common example is checking the pressure in an automobile tire; this is difficult to do without letting out some of the air, thus changing the pressure. Similarly, it is not possible to see any object without light hitting the object, and causing it to reflect that light. While the effects of observation are often negligible, the object still experiences a change. This effect can be found in many domains of physics, but can usually be reduced to insignificance by using different instruments or observation techniques. An especially unusual version of the observer effect occurs in quantum mechanics, as best demonstrated by the double-slit experiment. Physicists have found that even passive observation of quantum phenomena (by changing the test apparatus and passively "ruling out" all but one possibility) can actually change the measured result. Despite the "observer" in this experiment being an electronic detector—possibly due to the assumption that the word "observer" implies a person—its results have led to the popular belief that a conscious mind can directly affect reality. The need for the "observer" to be conscious is not supported by scientific research, and has been pointed out as a misconception rooted in a poor understanding of the quantum wave function ψ and the quantum measurement process, apparently being the generation of information at its most basic level that produces the effect. Contents 1 Particle physics 2 Electronics 3 Thermodynamics 4 Quantum mechanics 5 References Particle physics An electron is detected upon interaction with a photon;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect_(physics)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_704097814#2_790108265
Title: Observer effect (physics) - Wikipedia Headings: Observer effect (physics) Observer effect (physics) Contents Particle physics Electronics Thermodynamics Quantum mechanics References Content: An especially unusual version of the observer effect occurs in quantum mechanics, as best demonstrated by the double-slit experiment. Physicists have found that even passive observation of quantum phenomena (by changing the test apparatus and passively "ruling out" all but one possibility) can actually change the measured result. Despite the "observer" in this experiment being an electronic detector—possibly due to the assumption that the word "observer" implies a person—its results have led to the popular belief that a conscious mind can directly affect reality. The need for the "observer" to be conscious is not supported by scientific research, and has been pointed out as a misconception rooted in a poor understanding of the quantum wave function ψ and the quantum measurement process, apparently being the generation of information at its most basic level that produces the effect. Contents 1 Particle physics 2 Electronics 3 Thermodynamics 4 Quantum mechanics 5 References Particle physics An electron is detected upon interaction with a photon; this interaction will inevitably alter the velocity and momentum of that electron. It is possible for other, less direct means of measurement to affect the electron. It is also necessary to distinguish clearly between the measured value of a quantity and the value resulting from the measurement process. In particular, a measurement of momentum is non-repeatable in short intervals of time. A formula (one-dimensional for simplicity) relating involved quantities, due to Niels Bohr (1928) is given by | v x ′ − v x | Δ p x ≈ ℏ / Δ t , {\displaystyle |v'_ {x}-v_ {x}|\Delta p_ {x}\approx \hbar /\Delta t,} where Δ px is uncertainty in measured value of momentum, Δ t is duration of measurement, vx is velocity of particle before measurement, v ' x is velocity of particle after measurement, ħ is the reduced Planck constant.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect_(physics)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_704097814#5_790115048
Title: Observer effect (physics) - Wikipedia Headings: Observer effect (physics) Observer effect (physics) Contents Particle physics Electronics Thermodynamics Quantum mechanics References Content: Quantum mechanics Main article: Observer (quantum mechanics) The theoretical foundation of the concept of measurement in quantum mechanics is a contentious issue deeply connected to the many interpretations of quantum mechanics. A key focus point is that of wave function collapse, for which several popular interpretations assert that measurement causes a discontinuous change into an eigenstate of the operator associated with the quantity that was measured, a change which is not time-reversible. More explicitly, the superposition principle ( ψ = Σnanψn) of quantum physics dictates that for a wave function ψ, a measurement will result in a state of the quantum system of one of the m possible eigenvalues fn , n = 1, 2, ..., m, of the operator ∧ F which in the space of the eigenfunctions ψn , n = 1, 2, ..., m . Once one has measured the system, one knows its current state; and this prevents it from being in one of its other states ⁠— it has apparently decohered from them without prospects of future strong quantum interference. This means that the type of measurement one performs on the system affects the end-state of the system. An experimentally studied situation related to this is the quantum Zeno effect, in which a quantum state would decay if left alone, but does not decay because of its continuous observation. The dynamics of a quantum system under continuous observation are described by a quantum stochastic master equation known as the Belavkin equation. Further studies have shown that even observing the results after the photon is produced leads to collapsing the wave function and loading a back-history as shown by delayed choice quantum eraser.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect_(physics)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_704097814#6_790117158
Title: Observer effect (physics) - Wikipedia Headings: Observer effect (physics) Observer effect (physics) Contents Particle physics Electronics Thermodynamics Quantum mechanics References Content: and this prevents it from being in one of its other states ⁠— it has apparently decohered from them without prospects of future strong quantum interference. This means that the type of measurement one performs on the system affects the end-state of the system. An experimentally studied situation related to this is the quantum Zeno effect, in which a quantum state would decay if left alone, but does not decay because of its continuous observation. The dynamics of a quantum system under continuous observation are described by a quantum stochastic master equation known as the Belavkin equation. Further studies have shown that even observing the results after the photon is produced leads to collapsing the wave function and loading a back-history as shown by delayed choice quantum eraser. When discussing the wave function ψ which describes the state of a system in quantum mechanics, one should be cautious of a common misconception that assumes that the wave function ψ amounts to the same thing as the physical object it describes. This flawed concept must then require existence of an external mechanism, such as a measuring instrument, that lies outside the principles governing the time evolution of the wave function ψ, in order to account for the so-called "collapse of the wave function" after a measurement has been performed. But the wave function ψ is not a physical object like, for example, an atom, which has an observable mass, charge and spin, as well as internal degrees of freedom. Instead, ψ is an abstract mathematical function that contains all the statistical information that an observer can obtain from measurements of a given system. In this case, there is no real mystery in that this mathematical form of the wave function ψ must change abruptly after a measurement has been performed.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect_(physics)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_704097814#7_790119411
Title: Observer effect (physics) - Wikipedia Headings: Observer effect (physics) Observer effect (physics) Contents Particle physics Electronics Thermodynamics Quantum mechanics References Content: When discussing the wave function ψ which describes the state of a system in quantum mechanics, one should be cautious of a common misconception that assumes that the wave function ψ amounts to the same thing as the physical object it describes. This flawed concept must then require existence of an external mechanism, such as a measuring instrument, that lies outside the principles governing the time evolution of the wave function ψ, in order to account for the so-called "collapse of the wave function" after a measurement has been performed. But the wave function ψ is not a physical object like, for example, an atom, which has an observable mass, charge and spin, as well as internal degrees of freedom. Instead, ψ is an abstract mathematical function that contains all the statistical information that an observer can obtain from measurements of a given system. In this case, there is no real mystery in that this mathematical form of the wave function ψ must change abruptly after a measurement has been performed. A consequence of Bell's theorem is that measurement on one of two entangled particles can appear to have a nonlocal effect on the other particle. Additional problems related to decoherence arise when the observer is modeled as a quantum system, as well. See also: Quantum decoherence and Delayed choice quantum eraser The uncertainty principle has been frequently confused with the observer effect, evidently even by its originator, Werner Heisenberg. The uncertainty principle in its standard form describes how precisely we may measure the position and momentum of a particle at the same time – if we increase the precision in measuring one quantity, we are forced to lose precision in measuring the other.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect_(physics)