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msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_482875358#18_542956855 | Title: Natural gas in Russia - Wikipedia
Headings: Natural gas in Russia
Natural gas in Russia
Contents
Disputes with Ukraine
Agreement with China
Subsidies
Automotive use
See also
References
Content: Retrieved 9 January 2009. ^ "Ukraine says has good winter gas stocks for Europe". Reuters. 7 September 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2009. ^ "There are no controversies on gas issues between Ukraine and Russia". UNIAN. 8 September 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2009. ^ "Gazprom sees political risk to Ukraine gas payments". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Russia |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_482875358#19_542957563 | Title: Natural gas in Russia - Wikipedia
Headings: Natural gas in Russia
Natural gas in Russia
Contents
Disputes with Ukraine
Agreement with China
Subsidies
Automotive use
See also
References
Content: ^ "There are no controversies on gas issues between Ukraine and Russia". UNIAN. 8 September 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2009. ^ "Gazprom sees political risk to Ukraine gas payments". Reuters. 12 September 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2009. ^ "Ukraine, Russia's Gazprom disagree on 2010 imports". Kyiv Post. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Russia |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_482875358#20_542958258 | Title: Natural gas in Russia - Wikipedia
Headings: Natural gas in Russia
Natural gas in Russia
Contents
Disputes with Ukraine
Agreement with China
Subsidies
Automotive use
See also
References
Content: Reuters. 12 September 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2009. ^ "Ukraine, Russia's Gazprom disagree on 2010 imports". Kyiv Post. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2009. ^ "Ukraine to remain without gas because of RosUkrEnergo? | Events". Mignews.com.ua. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Russia |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_482875358#21_542958895 | Title: Natural gas in Russia - Wikipedia
Headings: Natural gas in Russia
Natural gas in Russia
Contents
Disputes with Ukraine
Agreement with China
Subsidies
Automotive use
See also
References
Content: 8 October 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2009. ^ "Ukraine to remain without gas because of RosUkrEnergo? | Events". Mignews.com.ua. Retrieved 2014-05-22. ^ "Бойко обещает как-то удовлетворить Фирташа". Minprom.ua. Retrieved 2014-05-22. ^ "Бойко объяснил Фирташу, что газ он быстро не получит | Украинская правда". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Russia |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_482888503#8_542974756 | Title: Natural gas in Ukraine - Wikipedia
Headings: Natural gas in Ukraine
Natural gas in Ukraine
Contents
Domestic production
Regions
Consumers
Imports
Prices of import
Ukraine as transit route of natural gas
Shale gas
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: In January 2013 Ukraine paid $430 per 1,000 cm. There have been disputes over prices that lead to several economic conflicts with Russia since 1990. Then Ukrainian Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko and Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin making a joint press statement on 18 January 2009 after they reached a deal on restoring gas supplies to both Europe and Ukraine. After 2008 a rapid increase in price has raised Ukraine's annual cost of gas imports; from less than $4 billion in 2005 to $14 billion in 2011 and 2012. Natural gas is Ukraine's biggest import at present and is the main cause of the country's structural trade deficit. In the 17 December 2013 Ukrainian–Russian action plan it was agreed that the cost of Russian natural gas supplied to Ukraine would be lowered to $268 per 1,000 cubic metres (this price was more than $400 in December 2013). During the Russian - Ukrainian crisis, starting in February 2014 with the Russian military intervention in Crimea, severe tensions extended to the gas sector. Eventually, the EU commissioner for energy Günther Oettinger was called in to broker a deal securing supplies to Ukraine and transit to the EU. The package signed on 30. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Ukraine |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_482888503#9_542976411 | Title: Natural gas in Ukraine - Wikipedia
Headings: Natural gas in Ukraine
Natural gas in Ukraine
Contents
Domestic production
Regions
Consumers
Imports
Prices of import
Ukraine as transit route of natural gas
Shale gas
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: Natural gas is Ukraine's biggest import at present and is the main cause of the country's structural trade deficit. In the 17 December 2013 Ukrainian–Russian action plan it was agreed that the cost of Russian natural gas supplied to Ukraine would be lowered to $268 per 1,000 cubic metres (this price was more than $400 in December 2013). During the Russian - Ukrainian crisis, starting in February 2014 with the Russian military intervention in Crimea, severe tensions extended to the gas sector. Eventually, the EU commissioner for energy Günther Oettinger was called in to broker a deal securing supplies to Ukraine and transit to the EU. The package signed on 30. October included Russian supplies of gas to Ukraine in the period November 2014 through March 2015, conditioned on the payment of undisputed Ukrainian gas debt ($3 billion). The price for November and December 2014 was set at $378 per thousand cubic meters, to be adjusted in January. Deliveries were to be prepaid. During that winter Ukrainian monopoly Naftogaz was able to import limited quantities of gas from the EU (reverse flow from Slovakia, Poland and Hungary) at Central European hub prices, around $250 per thousand cubic meters. Due to severe drop of oil market price (the price halved from mid-2014 to end of the year) Gazprom had to reduce the oil-linked gas price. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Ukraine |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_482888503#10_542978224 | Title: Natural gas in Ukraine - Wikipedia
Headings: Natural gas in Ukraine
Natural gas in Ukraine
Contents
Domestic production
Regions
Consumers
Imports
Prices of import
Ukraine as transit route of natural gas
Shale gas
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: October included Russian supplies of gas to Ukraine in the period November 2014 through March 2015, conditioned on the payment of undisputed Ukrainian gas debt ($3 billion). The price for November and December 2014 was set at $378 per thousand cubic meters, to be adjusted in January. Deliveries were to be prepaid. During that winter Ukrainian monopoly Naftogaz was able to import limited quantities of gas from the EU (reverse flow from Slovakia, Poland and Hungary) at Central European hub prices, around $250 per thousand cubic meters. Due to severe drop of oil market price (the price halved from mid-2014 to end of the year) Gazprom had to reduce the oil-linked gas price. On 9 January 2014 Naftogaz and Russia's Gazprom signed a supplement to the Russian-Ukrainian gas contract, setting the price of natural gas for Ukraine in the first quarter of 2014 at $268.5 per 1,000 cubic meters. Ukraine as transit route of natural gas
Main article: Natural gas transmission system of Ukraine
Ukraine remains the main transit route for Russian natural gas sold to Europe, which earns Ukraine about $ 3 billion a year in transit fees, making it the country's most lucrative export service. Following Russia's launch of the Nord Stream pipeline, which bypasses Ukraine, gas transit volumes have been steadily decreasing. In 2004 more than 120 bcm of Russian gas was transported through Ukraine; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Ukraine |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_482888503#11_542980074 | Title: Natural gas in Ukraine - Wikipedia
Headings: Natural gas in Ukraine
Natural gas in Ukraine
Contents
Domestic production
Regions
Consumers
Imports
Prices of import
Ukraine as transit route of natural gas
Shale gas
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: On 9 January 2014 Naftogaz and Russia's Gazprom signed a supplement to the Russian-Ukrainian gas contract, setting the price of natural gas for Ukraine in the first quarter of 2014 at $268.5 per 1,000 cubic meters. Ukraine as transit route of natural gas
Main article: Natural gas transmission system of Ukraine
Ukraine remains the main transit route for Russian natural gas sold to Europe, which earns Ukraine about $ 3 billion a year in transit fees, making it the country's most lucrative export service. Following Russia's launch of the Nord Stream pipeline, which bypasses Ukraine, gas transit volumes have been steadily decreasing. In 2004 more than 120 bcm of Russian gas was transported through Ukraine; this figure dropped to just 84 bcm in 2012. Russia–Ukraine gas disputes left many countries with a significant drop in their supplies when Russia cut off all natural gas supplies passing through Ukraine in 2009 and 2006. Shale gas
Ukraine has Europe's third-largest shale gas reserves at 1.2 trillion cubic meters (tcm). There are two potentially large shale gas fields. The Yuzivska gas field located in Donetsk Oblast (province) and Kharkiv Oblast; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Ukraine |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_491314671#0_552726164 | Title: Navigation system - Wikipedia
Headings: Navigation system
Navigation system
Types of navigation systems
See also
References
Content: Navigation system - Wikipedia
Navigation system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
A navigation system is a computing system that aids in navigation. Navigation systems may be entirely on board the vehicle or vessel that the system is controlling (for example, on the ship's bridge) or located elsewhere, making use of radio or other signal transmission to control the vehicle or vessel. In some cases, a combination of these methods is used. Navigation systems may be capable of one or more of: containing maps, which may be displayed in human-readable format via text or in a graphical format
determining a vehicle or vessel's location via sensors, maps, or information from external sources
providing suggested directions to a human in charge of a vehicle or vessel via text or speech
providing directions directly to an autonomous vehicle such as a robotic probe or guided missile
providing information on nearby vehicles or vessels, or other hazards or obstacles
providing information on traffic conditions and suggesting alternative directions
simultaneous localization and mapping
acoustic positioning for underwater navigation
The first in-car navigation navigation system available to consumers in 1985 was called Etak Navigation. The company, Etak, was led by engineer Stan Honey and incubated by Nolan Bushnell 's Catalyst Technologies in Silicon Valley. Etak held a number of patents and produced digitized maps for the navigation system. The maps were streamed to the navigation system from special tape cassettes. The early digitized maps turned out to be more valuable than the navigation system. The car icon used in Etak Navigation display was a vector-based graphic based on Atari, Inc.'s Asteroids spaceship. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_system |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_491314671#1_552728250 | Title: Navigation system - Wikipedia
Headings: Navigation system
Navigation system
Types of navigation systems
See also
References
Content: The company, Etak, was led by engineer Stan Honey and incubated by Nolan Bushnell 's Catalyst Technologies in Silicon Valley. Etak held a number of patents and produced digitized maps for the navigation system. The maps were streamed to the navigation system from special tape cassettes. The early digitized maps turned out to be more valuable than the navigation system. The car icon used in Etak Navigation display was a vector-based graphic based on Atari, Inc.'s Asteroids spaceship. Types of navigation systems
Automotive navigation system
Marine navigation systems using sonar
Satellite navigation system
Global Positioning System, a group of satellites and computers that can provide information on any person, vessel, or vehicle's location via a GPS receiver
GPS navigation device, a device that can receive GPS signals for the purpose of determining the device's location and possibly to suggest or give directions
GLONASS, satellite navigation system run by Russia
Galileo global navigation satellite system
IRNSS, regional satellite system run by India. Surgical navigation system, a system that determines the position of surgical instruments in relation to patient images such as CT or MRI scans. Inertial guidance system, a system which continuously determines the position, orientation, and velocity (direction and speed of movement) of a moving object without the need for external reference
Robotic mapping, the methods and equipment by which an autonomous robot is able to construct (or use) a map or floor plan and to localize itself within it
XNAV for deep space navigation
See also
Positioning system
Guidance, navigation and control
Guidance system
References
^ Dissanayake, MWM Gamini, et al. " A solution to the simultaneous localization and map building (SLAM) problem ." IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation 17.3 (2001): | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_system |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_491314671#2_552730435 | Title: Navigation system - Wikipedia
Headings: Navigation system
Navigation system
Types of navigation systems
See also
References
Content: Types of navigation systems
Automotive navigation system
Marine navigation systems using sonar
Satellite navigation system
Global Positioning System, a group of satellites and computers that can provide information on any person, vessel, or vehicle's location via a GPS receiver
GPS navigation device, a device that can receive GPS signals for the purpose of determining the device's location and possibly to suggest or give directions
GLONASS, satellite navigation system run by Russia
Galileo global navigation satellite system
IRNSS, regional satellite system run by India. Surgical navigation system, a system that determines the position of surgical instruments in relation to patient images such as CT or MRI scans. Inertial guidance system, a system which continuously determines the position, orientation, and velocity (direction and speed of movement) of a moving object without the need for external reference
Robotic mapping, the methods and equipment by which an autonomous robot is able to construct (or use) a map or floor plan and to localize itself within it
XNAV for deep space navigation
See also
Positioning system
Guidance, navigation and control
Guidance system
References
^ Dissanayake, MWM Gamini, et al. " A solution to the simultaneous localization and map building (SLAM) problem ." IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation 17.3 (2001): 229-241. ^ Paul D. Groves (1 April 2013). Principles of GNSS, Inertial, and Multisensor Integrated Navigation Systems, Second Edition. Artech House. ISBN 978-1-60807-005-3. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_system |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_491314671#3_552732305 | Title: Navigation system - Wikipedia
Headings: Navigation system
Navigation system
Types of navigation systems
See also
References
Content: 229-241. ^ Paul D. Groves (1 April 2013). Principles of GNSS, Inertial, and Multisensor Integrated Navigation Systems, Second Edition. Artech House. ISBN 978-1-60807-005-3. ^ a b "Who Needs GPS? The Forgotten Story of Etak's Amazing 1985 Car Navigation System". Fast Company. June 6, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2020. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_system |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_494923111#7_556301018 | Title: Ndamukong Suh - Wikipedia
Headings: Ndamukong Suh
Ndamukong Suh
Ndamukong Suh
Contents
Early years
College career
Awards
Career statistics
Professional career
2010 NFL Draft
Detroit Lions
2010 season
2011 season
2012 season
2013 season
2014 season
Miami Dolphins
2015 season
2016 season
2017 season
Los Angeles Rams
2018 season
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
2019 season
2020 season
2021 season
Style of play
NFL career statistics
Personal life
Donation and endowment
Endorsements
References
External links
Content: He attended Grant High School in Portland, where he was a three-sport star in football, basketball, and track and field. He played as a two-way lineman for the Grant Generals. Suh earned first-team All-PIL honors on both offense and defense as a junior and was an honorable-mention All-state pick. In his senior year, he collected 65 tackles, including 10 sacks and recovered four fumbles, which earned him Parade magazine high school All-America honors, the 2004 Portland Interscholastic League Defensive Player of the Year, and a Class 4A first-team all-state selection. He also played in the 2005 U.S. Army All-American Bowl. In basketball, he earned honorable-mention All-League honors as a junior and senior. Also a track & field athlete, Suh was one of the state's top performers in the shot put. He was the district shot put champion in 2004, and won the OSAA Class 4A shot put title in 2005 with a school-record throw of 18.71 meters (61 ft, 4 in). For his all-around athletic accomplishments, Suh was a finalist for the Portland Tribune ’s Athlete of the Year. Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Suh was the sixth ranked defensive tackle in the United States. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndamukong_Suh |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_500359916#0_562577906 | Title: Needs assessment - Wikipedia
Headings: Needs assessment
Needs assessment
Contents
History
Applications
Extensive vs. intensive
Examples
Needs chain model
Training Need Assessment - TNA
Conducting a needs analysis
Organizational training needs
Community
Types and strategies for planning and organizing
Local governments
Conduction
Tools
Assessment
Community demographics
Consumer leadership
Service gaps
Methodology and data collection
Community/social survey
Community mapping
Seasonal calendar
Focus group sessions
Examples
Bayview Hunters Point
Environmental
Mental health promotion program for rural communities in Ireland
See also
References
Citations
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Content: Needs assessment - Wikipedia
Needs assessment
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Need assessment)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
A needs assessment is a systematic process for determining and addressing needs, or "gaps" between current conditions and desired conditions or "wants". The discrepancy between the current condition and wanted condition must be measured to appropriately identify the need. The need can be a desire to improve current performance or to correct a deficiency. A needs assessment is a part of planning processes, often used for improvement in individuals, education/training, organizations, or communities. It can refine and improve a product such as a training or service a client receives. It can be an effective tool to clarify problems and identify appropriate interventions or solutions. By clearly identifying the problem, finite resources can be directed towards developing and implementing a feasible and applicable solution. Gathering appropriate and sufficient data informs the process of developing an effective product that will address the groups needs and wants. Needs assessments are only effective when they are ends-focused and provide concrete evidence that can be used to determine which of the possible means-to-the-ends are most effective and efficient for achieving the desired results. Needs assessments can help improve the quality of policy or program decisions—thus leading to improvements in performance and the accomplishment of desired results. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need_assessment |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_508868484#0_571839510 | Title: Nematicide - Wikipedia
Headings: Nematicide
Nematicide
See also
References
Content: Nematicide - Wikipedia
Nematicide
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Not to be confused with Nematicon. A nematicide is a type of chemical pesticide used to kill plant- parasitic nematodes. Nematicides have tended to be broad-spectrum toxicants possessing high volatility or other properties promoting migration through the soil. Aldicarb (Temik), a carbamate insecticide marketed by Bayer CropScience, is an example of a commonly used commercial nematicide. It is important in potato production, where it has been used for control of soil-borne nematodes. Aldicarb is a cholinesterase inhibitor, which prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synapse. In case of severe poisoning, the victim dies of respiratory failure. It is no longer authorised for use in the EU and, in August 2010, Bayer CropScience announced that it planned to discontinue aldicarb by 2014. Human health safety and environmental concerns have resulted in the widespread deregistration of several other agronomically important nematicides. Prior to 1985, the persistent halocarbon DBCP was a widely used nematicide and soil fumigant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematicide |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_508868484#1_571840916 | Title: Nematicide - Wikipedia
Headings: Nematicide
Nematicide
See also
References
Content: Aldicarb is a cholinesterase inhibitor, which prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synapse. In case of severe poisoning, the victim dies of respiratory failure. It is no longer authorised for use in the EU and, in August 2010, Bayer CropScience announced that it planned to discontinue aldicarb by 2014. Human health safety and environmental concerns have resulted in the widespread deregistration of several other agronomically important nematicides. Prior to 1985, the persistent halocarbon DBCP was a widely used nematicide and soil fumigant. However, it was banned from use after being linked to sterility among male workers; the Dow Chemical company was subsequently found liable for more than $600 million in damages. Several natural nematicides are known. An environmentally benign garlic -derived polysulfide product is approved for use in the European Union (under Annex 1 of 91/414) and the UK as a nematicide. Another common natural nematicide is obtained from neem cake, the residue obtained after cold-pressing the fruit and kernels of the neem tree. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematicide |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_508868484#2_571842244 | Title: Nematicide - Wikipedia
Headings: Nematicide
Nematicide
See also
References
Content: However, it was banned from use after being linked to sterility among male workers; the Dow Chemical company was subsequently found liable for more than $600 million in damages. Several natural nematicides are known. An environmentally benign garlic -derived polysulfide product is approved for use in the European Union (under Annex 1 of 91/414) and the UK as a nematicide. Another common natural nematicide is obtained from neem cake, the residue obtained after cold-pressing the fruit and kernels of the neem tree. Known by several names in the world, the tree was first cultivated in India in ancient times and is now widely distributed throughout the world. The root exudate of marigold ( Tagetes) is also found to have nematicidal action. Nematophagous fungi, a type of carnivorous fungi, can be useful in controlling nematodes, Paecilomyces being one example. Besides chemicals, soil steaming can be used in order to kill nematodes. Superheated steam is induced into the soil, which causes almost all organic material to deteriorate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematicide |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_508868484#4_571844618 | Title: Nematicide - Wikipedia
Headings: Nematicide
Nematicide
See also
References
Content: See also
Vermicide
References
^ "Bayer CropScience plans to discontinue Aldicarb by 2014". Archived from the original on 2010-09-25. Retrieved 2012-09-01. ^ D. J. Chitwood, “Nematicides,” in Encyclopedia of Agrochemicals (3), pp. 1104–1115, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 2003; http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/43874/PDF. ^ S. R. Gowen, "Chemical control of nematodes: efficiency and side-effects," in Plant Nematode Problems and their Control in the Near East Region (FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper - 144), 1992; http://www.fao.org/docrep/V9978E/v9978e08.htm
^ Anwar, A.; Groom, M.; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematicide |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_508868484#6_571846186 | Title: Nematicide - Wikipedia
Headings: Nematicide
Nematicide
See also
References
Content: Sadler-Bridge, D. (2009). " Garlic: from nature's ancient food to nematicide" (PDF). Pesticide News. 84 (June): 18–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-03. v
t
e
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Bactericide
Biocide
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Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nematicide&oldid=1003896809 "
Categories: Nematicides | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematicide |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_508927784#9_571899309 | Title: Nematology - Wikipedia
Headings: Nematology
Nematology
Contents
History: pre-1850
History: 1850 to the present
Specimen collections
Notable nematologists
Contributions to other sciences
References
Further reading
Content: Accounts of the history of nematology (the few that exist) mention three major events occurring between 1926 and 1950 that affected the relative importance of nematodes in the eyes of farmers, legislators and the U.S. public in general. These same events had profound worldwide effects on the course of nematology research over the next fifty to seventy-five years
First, the discovery of the golden nematode in the potato fields of Long Island led to a trip by U.S. quarantine officials to the potato fields of Europe, where the devastating effects of this parasite had been known for many years. This excursion allayed all skepticism about the seriousness of this agricultural pest. Second, the introduction of the soil fumigants, D-D and EDB made available for the first time nematicides that could be used effectively and practically on a field scale. Third, the development of nematode-resistant crop cultivars brought substantial government funding to applied nematology research. These events contributed to a shift from broad taxonomy-based nematology research to deep, yet focused investigations of plant parasitic nematodes, especially the control of agricultural pests. From the early 1930s until recently, the bulk of researchers studying nematodes have been plant pathologists by training. Consequently, nematological research leaned heavily toward answering plant pathological and agro-economical questions for the last three-quarters of the 20th century. Specimen collections
U.S. Department of Agriculture Nematode Collection is one of the largest collections and has over 49,200 permanent slides and vials. University of California Riverside Nematode type collection includes 3,184 slides. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematology |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_513036026#1_575893386 | Title: Neonicotinoid - Wikipedia
Headings: Neonicotinoid
Neonicotinoid
Contents
History
Market
Agricultural usage
Efficacy
Seed coatings
Regulation
United States
European Union
Studies and national regulations
European ban
Economic impact
Canada
Oceania
Mode of action
Basis of selectivity
Chemical properties
Toxicity
Bees
Birds
Other wildlife
See also
References
External links
Content: Some breakdown products are also toxic to insects. Neonicotinoid use has been linked in a range of studies to adverse ecological effects, including honey-bee colony collapse disorder (CCD) and loss of birds due to a reduction in insect populations. Some scientific findings regarding the harm caused to bees by neonics have been conflicting and controversial, partly because of the sheer number of biological factors that complicate tying CCD with neonicotinoid use, including varroa mite infestation and Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV). This is partly because bees exposed to normal levels of neonicotinoids do not immediately die. Some sources have proposed that neonicotinoids reduce a bee colony's ability to survive the winter. Most academic and governmental bodies agree that neonicotinoids have had a negative influence on bee populations. In 2013, the European Union and a few neighbouring countries restricted the use of certain neonicotinoids; in 2018, the EU banned the three main neonicotinoids ( clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) for all outdoor uses. Several states in the United States have also restricted usage of neonicotinoids out of concern for pollinators and bees. Contents
1 History
2 Market
3 Agricultural usage
3.1 Efficacy
3.2 Seed coatings
4 Regulation
4.1 United States
4.2 European Union
4.2.1 Studies and national regulations
4.2.2 European ban
4.2.3 Economic impact
4.3 Canada
4.4 Oceania
5 Mode of action
5.1 Basis of selectivity
6 Chemical properties
7 Toxicity
7.1 Bees
7.2 Birds
7.3 Other wildlife
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History
The precursor to nithiazine was first synthesized by Henry Feuer, a chemist at Purdue University, in 1970; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonicotinoid |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_513036026#2_575895694 | Title: Neonicotinoid - Wikipedia
Headings: Neonicotinoid
Neonicotinoid
Contents
History
Market
Agricultural usage
Efficacy
Seed coatings
Regulation
United States
European Union
Studies and national regulations
European ban
Economic impact
Canada
Oceania
Mode of action
Basis of selectivity
Chemical properties
Toxicity
Bees
Birds
Other wildlife
See also
References
External links
Content: Most academic and governmental bodies agree that neonicotinoids have had a negative influence on bee populations. In 2013, the European Union and a few neighbouring countries restricted the use of certain neonicotinoids; in 2018, the EU banned the three main neonicotinoids ( clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) for all outdoor uses. Several states in the United States have also restricted usage of neonicotinoids out of concern for pollinators and bees. Contents
1 History
2 Market
3 Agricultural usage
3.1 Efficacy
3.2 Seed coatings
4 Regulation
4.1 United States
4.2 European Union
4.2.1 Studies and national regulations
4.2.2 European ban
4.2.3 Economic impact
4.3 Canada
4.4 Oceania
5 Mode of action
5.1 Basis of selectivity
6 Chemical properties
7 Toxicity
7.1 Bees
7.2 Birds
7.3 Other wildlife
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History
The precursor to nithiazine was first synthesized by Henry Feuer, a chemist at Purdue University, in 1970; Shell researchers found in screening that this precursor showed insecticide potential and refined it to develop nithiazine. In 1984 nithiazine's mode of action was found to be as a postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor agonist, the same as nicotine. Nithiazine does not act as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in contrast to the organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. While nithiazine has the desired specificity (i.e. low mammalian toxicity), it is not photostable—that is, it breaks down in sunlight, thus is not commercially viable. In 1985, Bayer patented imidacloprid as the first commercial neonicotinoid. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonicotinoid |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_513036026#4_575899597 | Title: Neonicotinoid - Wikipedia
Headings: Neonicotinoid
Neonicotinoid
Contents
History
Market
Agricultural usage
Efficacy
Seed coatings
Regulation
United States
European Union
Studies and national regulations
European ban
Economic impact
Canada
Oceania
Mode of action
Basis of selectivity
Chemical properties
Toxicity
Bees
Birds
Other wildlife
See also
References
External links
Content: During the late 1990s, primarily, imidacloprid became widely used. Beginning in the early 2000s, two other neonicotinoids, clothianidin and thiamethoxam, entered the market. As of 2013
[update]
, virtually all corn planted in the United States was treated with one of these two insecticides. As of 2014
[update]
, about a third of US soybean acreage was planted with neonicotinoid-treated seeds, usually imidacloprid or thiamethoxam. Market
Neonicotinoids have been registered in more than 120 countries. With a global turnover of €1.5 billion in 2008, they represented 24% of the global market for insecticides. After the introduction of the first neonicotinoids in the 1990s, this market has grown from €155 million in 1990 to €957 million in 2008. Neonicotinoids made up 80% of all seed treatment sales in 2008. As of 2011, seven neonicotinoids from different companies are on the market. Name
Company
Products
Turnover in million US$ (2009)
Imidacloprid
Bayer CropScience
Confidor, Admire, Gaucho, Advocate
1,091
Thiamethoxam
Syngenta
Actara, Platinum, Cruiser
627
Clothianidin
Sumitomo Chemical /Bayer CropScience
Poncho, Dantosu, Dantop, Belay
439
Acetamiprid
Nippon Soda
Mospilan, Assail, ChipcoTristar
276
Thiacloprid
Bayer CropScience
Calypso
112
Dinotefuran
Mitsui Chemicals
Starkle, Safari, Venom
79
Nitenpyram
Sumitomo Chemical
Capstar, Guardian
8
Agricultural usage
Efficacy
Imidacloprid is effective against sucking insects, some chewing insects, soil insects and fleas on domestic animals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonicotinoid |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_521028324#6_585296748 | Title: Network SouthEast - Wikipedia
Headings: Network SouthEast
Network SouthEast
Network SouthEast
Contents
History
Network Railcard
Main article: Network Railcard
Rolling stock
Subdivisions
Modernisation
Chiltern Lines
New trains
Privatisation
Legacy
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Farringdon station with a Class 319 on a Thameslink service. Class 487 at Waterloo with a Waterloo & City line service. Rolling stock
Class
Image
Number
Power
Carriages
Notes
03 *
2
Diesel Shunter
N/A
Shunters at Ryde depot on the Isle of Wight. 05 *
1
Shunter at Ryde depot on the Isle of Wight, where it earned the nickname "Nuclear Fred". Replaced by two Class 03s, currently owned by the Isle of Wight Steam Railway . 08 *
Examples include: 08 600 'Ivor' (97800)
08 631 'Eagle'
08 641 'Dartmoor'
33
Diesel Locomotive
47
50
73
6
Electro-Diesel Locomotive
86
AC Electric Locomotive
97
Departmental Locomotives and Shunters
Had ex-members of starred classes and worked across the NSE network. 101
DMU
2, 3 or 4
104
108
115
4
117
3
119
121
21
1
Worked the branches of the Thames valley. 159
30
3
165
76
2 or 3
166
21
3
203
DEMU
6
205
34
3 or 4
207
19
3
302
AC EMU
4
Worked the GE lines out of Liverpool Street and Fenchurch Street
306
3
313
64
Dual Voltage EMU
3
315
61
AC EMU
4
316
1
Converted to class 457. 317
72
319
86
Dual Voltage EMU
321
114
AC EMU
322
5
341, 342
Never built
Never built
These classes were proposed for the rolling stock of the original Crossrail project. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_SouthEast |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_521028324#7_585298612 | Title: Network SouthEast - Wikipedia
Headings: Network SouthEast
Network SouthEast
Network SouthEast
Contents
History
Network Railcard
Main article: Network Railcard
Rolling stock
Subdivisions
Modernisation
Chiltern Lines
New trains
Privatisation
Legacy
References
Further reading
External links
Content: 08 *
Examples include: 08 600 'Ivor' (97800)
08 631 'Eagle'
08 641 'Dartmoor'
33
Diesel Locomotive
47
50
73
6
Electro-Diesel Locomotive
86
AC Electric Locomotive
97
Departmental Locomotives and Shunters
Had ex-members of starred classes and worked across the NSE network. 101
DMU
2, 3 or 4
104
108
115
4
117
3
119
121
21
1
Worked the branches of the Thames valley. 159
30
3
165
76
2 or 3
166
21
3
203
DEMU
6
205
34
3 or 4
207
19
3
302
AC EMU
4
Worked the GE lines out of Liverpool Street and Fenchurch Street
306
3
313
64
Dual Voltage EMU
3
315
61
AC EMU
4
316
1
Converted to class 457. 317
72
319
86
Dual Voltage EMU
321
114
AC EMU
322
5
341, 342
Never built
Never built
These classes were proposed for the rolling stock of the original Crossrail project. 365
41
4
371, 381, 471
Never built
Dual Voltage and DC EMU
Never built
411
135
DC EMU
4
413
29
414
209
2
415
Unknown
4
416
128
2
419
10
DC Motor Luggage Van
1
421
166
DC EMU
4
423
196
432
15
438
34
442
24
5
455
137
4
456
24
2
457
1
4
465
147
466
43
2
482
10
DC Tube Train
Waterloo & City line 1992 stock, transferred to London Underground in 1994. 483
10
Works on the Island line on the Isle of Wight. Following the retirement of the Classes 485 and 486, the class became the oldest to operate on the mainline. 485, 486
12
3 or 4
Worked on the Island line on the Isle of Wight. Replaced by Class 483s from 1989 onwards. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_SouthEast |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_521028324#8_585300764 | Title: Network SouthEast - Wikipedia
Headings: Network SouthEast
Network SouthEast
Network SouthEast
Contents
History
Network Railcard
Main article: Network Railcard
Rolling stock
Subdivisions
Modernisation
Chiltern Lines
New trains
Privatisation
Legacy
References
Further reading
External links
Content: 365
41
4
371, 381, 471
Never built
Dual Voltage and DC EMU
Never built
411
135
DC EMU
4
413
29
414
209
2
415
Unknown
4
416
128
2
419
10
DC Motor Luggage Van
1
421
166
DC EMU
4
423
196
432
15
438
34
442
24
5
455
137
4
456
24
2
457
1
4
465
147
466
43
2
482
10
DC Tube Train
Waterloo & City line 1992 stock, transferred to London Underground in 1994. 483
10
Works on the Island line on the Isle of Wight. Following the retirement of the Classes 485 and 486, the class became the oldest to operate on the mainline. 485, 486
12
3 or 4
Worked on the Island line on the Isle of Wight. Replaced by Class 483s from 1989 onwards. 487
28
2
Worked on the Waterloo & City line before being replaced by Class 482 in 1993. Subdivisions
NSE was broken down into various sub-divisions. Subdivision
Main Route (s)
Route Description
Chiltern
Chiltern Main Line, London to Aylesbury Line
London Marylebone-Aylesbury/Banbury
Great Eastern
Great Eastern Main Line
London Liverpool Street-Ipswich/Harwich/Clacton-on-Sea/Walton-on-the-Naze/Southminster/Southend Victoria
Great Northern
East Coast Main Line, Hitchin-Cambridge Line
London King's Cross-Peterborough/Cambridge (and subsequently London King's Cross-Cambridge-King's Lynn)
Island Line
Island Line
Ryde Pier Head-Shanklin
Kent Link
North Kent Line, Bexleyheath Line, Dartford Loop Line, Mid-Kent Line, Catford Loop Line, Hayes Line
London Victoria/Charing Cross-Dartford/Gravesend/Gillingham/Orpington/Sevenoaks/Hayes
Kent Coast
Chatham Main Line, Hastings Line, Sheerness Line, South East Main Line
London Victoria/Charing Cross-Margate/Dover/Folkestone/Ashford/Tunbridge Wells/Hastings (and subsequently North Downs services as far as Redhill/Three Bridges)
London, Tilbury and Southend
London, Tilbury and Southend line
London Fenchurch Street - Tilbury - Southend Central - Shoeburyness
North Downs
North Downs Line
Reading-Guildford-Reigate-Gatwick Airport-Tonbridge
Northampton Line/North London Lines
West Coast Main Line, Marston Vale Line, North London Line
London Euston/Broad Street-Watford-Milton Keynes-Northampton-Birmingham, Bedford-Bletchley
Solent and Wessex
Portsmouth Direct Line, South Western Main Line
London Waterloo-Guildford-Portsmouth, London Waterloo-Basingstoke-Southampton-Bournemouth-Weymouth
South London Lines
South London Lines, Oxted Line, Sutton & Mole Valley Lines
London Victoria & London Bridge to Croydon
London Victoria-East Grinstead/Uckfield/Sutton/Epsom Downs/Dorking/Horsham
South Western Lines
Alton Line, Waterloo-Reading Line South West London Suburban services via Wimbledon or Richmond to Chessington South/Epsom/Dorking/Effingham Junction/Guildford/Hampton Court/Woking/Weybridge/Hounslow loop/Windsor/Shepperton/Kingston loop. London Waterloo-Alton/Reading/Windsor/Guildford/Epsom/Chessington South/Dorking/Hampton Court/Kingston Circle/Shepperton/Hounslow Circle/Weybridge
Sussex Coast
Brighton Main Line, Arun Valley Line, East Coastway Line, West Coastway Line
London Victoria/London Bridge-Gatwick Airport-Brighton/Eastbourne/Littlehampton, Brighton-Hastings, Brighton-Portsmouth-Southampton
Thames
Great Western Main Line, Cotswold Line Windsor branch
London Paddington-Slough- (-Windsor-) Reading-Oxford-Worcester/Banbury
Thameslink
Thameslink
Bedford-Luton-London-Gatwick Airport-Brighton
Waterloo & City
Waterloo & City line
Waterloo-Bank
West Anglia
Fen Line, Lea Valley Line
London Liverpool Street-Harlow-Cambridge-King's Lynn (express services to Cambridge, and almost all services to Ki | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_SouthEast |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_529165348#0_594589771 | Title: Never Again MSD - Wikipedia
Headings: Never Again MSD
Never Again MSD
Contents
Founding
Activism
March for Our Lives
Town halls
Cross–country gun control tour
Response
Misinformation and criticism
New laws
References
External links
Content: Never Again MSD - Wikipedia
Never Again MSD
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Never Again MSD
Formation
February 15, 2018; 3 years ago
( 2018-02-15)
Purpose
Gun control advocacy after the shooting at the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in 2018
Location
Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, Parkland, Florida
Key people
Alfonso Calderon
Sarah Chadwick
Jaclyn Corin
Matt Deitsch
Ryan Deitsch
Emma González
David Hogg
Cameron Kasky
Alex Wind
Cameron Kasky (center) at a rally in Fort Lauderdale, Florida on February 17, 2018
Never Again MSD is an American student-led political action committee for gun control that advocates for tighter regulations to prevent gun violence. The organization, also known by the Twitter hashtags #NeverAgain, and #EnoughIsEnough, was formed by a group of twenty students attending the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School (MSD) at the time of the deadly shooting in 2018, in which seventeen students and staff members were killed by the alleged gunman, who was a former student at the school and armed with an AR-15 style semi-automatic rifle. The organization started on social media as a movement "for survivors of the Stoneman Douglas Shooting, by survivors of the Stoneman Douglas Shooting" using the hashtag #NeverAgain. A main goal of the group was to influence the 2018 United States elections, and they embarked on a multi-city bus tour in June 2018 to encourage young people to register to vote. The organization staged protests demanding legislative action to be taken to prevent similar shootings in the future and has vocally condemned U.S. lawmakers who have received political contributions from the National Rifle Association (NRA). It was credited in the Washington Post as winning a "stunning victory" against the NRA in the Florida legislature in March 2018 when both houses voted for various gun control measures./ The law increased funding for school security and raised the required age to buy a gun from 18 to 21. Among the organization's most prominent members are Alfonso Calderon, Sarah Chadwick, Jaclyn Corin, Ryan Deitsch, Emma González, David Hogg, Cameron Kasky, and Alex Wind. Corin, González, Hogg, Kasky, and Wind were featured on a cover of Time in March 2018. In December later that year, it was announced that the March for Our Lives activists made the shortlist for Time's Person of the Year at number four. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Again_MSD |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_529165348#1_594592658 | Title: Never Again MSD - Wikipedia
Headings: Never Again MSD
Never Again MSD
Contents
Founding
Activism
March for Our Lives
Town halls
Cross–country gun control tour
Response
Misinformation and criticism
New laws
References
External links
Content: The organization staged protests demanding legislative action to be taken to prevent similar shootings in the future and has vocally condemned U.S. lawmakers who have received political contributions from the National Rifle Association (NRA). It was credited in the Washington Post as winning a "stunning victory" against the NRA in the Florida legislature in March 2018 when both houses voted for various gun control measures./ The law increased funding for school security and raised the required age to buy a gun from 18 to 21. Among the organization's most prominent members are Alfonso Calderon, Sarah Chadwick, Jaclyn Corin, Ryan Deitsch, Emma González, David Hogg, Cameron Kasky, and Alex Wind. Corin, González, Hogg, Kasky, and Wind were featured on a cover of Time in March 2018. In December later that year, it was announced that the March for Our Lives activists made the shortlist for Time's Person of the Year at number four. Contents
1 Founding
2 Activism
2.1 March for Our Lives
2.2 Town halls
2.3 Cross–country gun control tour
3 Response
3.1 Misinformation and criticism
3.2 New laws
4 References
5 External links
Founding
David Hogg (far left) and Emma Gonzalez (second to right) at a rally in Fort Lauderdale, Florida on February 17, 2018
The group was co-formed by Cameron Kasky and his high school friends in the first four days after the shooting, which was committed by a gunman who was a former student at the school and armed with an AR-15 style semi-automatic rifle. The initial three co-founders were Kasky, Alex Wind, and Sofie Whitney. On February 15, 2018, one day after the shooting, Kasky met with Wind at a candlelight vigil. Wind stated, "The day after the shooting, we said something needs to happen; there needs to be a central space; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Again_MSD |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_541870566#19_609438369 | Title: New Martinsville, West Virginia - Wikipedia
Headings: New Martinsville, West Virginia
New Martinsville, West Virginia
Contents
Geography
History
Demographics
2010 census
2000 census
Political Officials
Climate
Notable people
See also
References
External links
Content: p. 443. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ Climate Summary for New Martinsville, West Virginia
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Martinsville, West Virginia. Detailed City Data from www.city-data.com
v
t
e
Municipalities and communities of Wetzel County, West Virginia, United States
County seat: New Martinsville
Cities
New Martinsville
Paden City ‡
Towns
Hundred
Pine Grove
Smithfield
CDPs
Jacksonburg
Littleton
Reader
Unincorporated
communities
Allister
Anthem
Archer
Bane
Barker
Bebee
Big Run
Brink ‡
Brooklyn
Burchfield
Burton
Carbide
Childs
Coburn
Earnshaw
Fairview
Fanlight
Far
Folsom
Four Mile
Galmish
Green Hill
Hastings
Hazel
Hoyt
King
Knob Fork
Kodol
Mand
Marion
Maud
Minnie
Mobley
Porters Falls
Proctor
Rockport
Round Bottom
Sincerity
Van Camp
Veto
Vincen ‡
West
Wheat
Wileyville
Ghost towns
Andy
Five Points
Onie
Shenango
Suter
Footnotes
‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
United States portal
v
t
e
Municipalities of West Virginia
Cities
Beckley
Benwood
Bluefield
Bridgeport
Buckhannon
Cameron
Ceredo
Charles Town
Charleston
Chester
Clarksburg
Dunbar
Elkins
Fairmont
Follansbee
Gary
Glen Dale
Grafton
Hinton
Huntington
Hurricane
Kenova
Keyser
Kingwood
Lewisburg
Logan
Madison
Mannington
Marmet
Martinsburg
McMechen
Montgomery
Morgantown
Moundsville
Mount Hope
Mullens
New Cumberland
New Martinsville
Nitro
Oak Hill
Paden City
Parkersburg
Parsons
Pennsboro
Petersburg
Philippi
Pleasant Valley
Point Pleasant
Princeton
Ranson
Ravenswood
Richwood
Ripley
Romney
Ronceverte
Salem
Shinnston
Sistersville
Smithers
South Charleston
Spencer
St. Albans
St. Marys
Stonewood
Thomas
Vienna
War
Weirton
Welch
Wellsburg
Weston
Westover
Wheeling
White Sulphur Springs
Williamson
Williamstown
Towns
Addison (Webster Springs)
Albright
Alderson
Anawalt
Anmoore
Ansted
Athens
Auburn
Bancroft
Barrackville
Belmont
Bath (Berkeley Springs)
Bayard
Belington
Belle
Bethany
Beverly
Blacksville
Bolivar
Bradshaw
Bramwell
Brandonville
Bruceton Mills
Buffalo
Burnsville
Cairo
Camden-on-Gauley
Capon Bridge
Carpendale
Cedar Grove
Chapmanville
Chesapeake
Clay
Clendenin
Cowen
Danville
Davis
Davy
Delbarton
Durbin
East Bank
Eleanor
Elizabeth
Elk Garden
Ellenboro
Fairview
Falling Spring
Farmington
Fayetteville
Flatwoods
Flemington
Fort Gay
Franklin
Friendly
Gassaway
Gauley Bridge
Gilbert
Glasgow
Glenville
Grant Town
Grantsville
Granville
Hambleton
Hamlin
Handley
Harman
Harpers Ferry
Harrisville
Hartford City
Hedgesville
Henderson
Hendricks
Hillsboro
Hundred
Huttonsville
Iaeger
Jane Lew
Junior
Kermit
Kimball
Leon
Lester
Lost Creek
Lumberpo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Martinsville,_West_Virginia |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_566482544#0_634242801 | Title:
Headings:
Content: Media bias - Wikipedia
Media bias
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from News bias)
Jump to navigationJump to search
Summarized analysis of various types of media bias. "Liberal media" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Media in Liberal, Kansas. Journalism
News
Writing style
Ethics
code of ethics
Objectivity
News values
Attribution
Defamation
Sensationalism
Editorial independence
Journalism school
Index of journalism articles
Areas
Arts
Business
Data
Entertainment
Environment
Fashion
Medicine
Music
Politics
Science
Sports
Technology
Trade
Traffic
Weather
World
Genres
Advocacy
Analytic
Blogging
Broadcast
Churnalism
Citizen
Civic
Collaborative
Comics-based
Community
Data
Database
Digital/Online
Explanatory
Fact-checking
Gonzo
Immersion
Interpretive
Investigative
Muckraking
Multimedia
Narrative
New Journalism
Non-profit
Opinion
Peace
Photojournalism
Press release
Scientific
Sensor
Underground
Video
Visual
Watchdog
Social impact
Fake news
Fourth Estate
Fifth Estate
Freedom of the press
Infotainment
Media bias
Public relations
Press service
Propaganda model
Yellow journalism
News media
Newspapers
Magazines
TV and radio
Internet
News agencies
Alternative media
Roles
Journalists (reporters)
Columnist
Blogger
Editor
Copy editor
Meteorologist
News presenter
Photographer
Pundit / commentator
Journalism portal
Category: Journalism
v
t
e
Media biasis the biasof journalistsand news producerswithin the mass mediain the selection of many events and stories that are reported and how they are covered. The term "media bias" implies a pervasive or widespread bias contravening the standards of journalism, rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article. The direction and degree of media bias in various countries is widely disputed. [ 1]
Practical limitations to media neutralityinclude the inability of journalists to report all available stories and facts, and the requirement that selected facts be linked into a coherent narrative.[2] Governmentinfluence, including overt and covert censorship, biases the media in some countries, for example China, North Koreaand Myanmar. [ 3][4]Marketforces that result in a biased presentation include the ownershipof the news source, concentration of media ownership, the subjective selection of staff, or the preferencesof an intended audience. There are a number of national and international watchdoggroups that report on bias of the media. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_bias |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_566482544#1_634245558 | Title:
Headings:
Content: The term "media bias" implies a pervasive or widespread bias contravening the standards of journalism, rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article. The direction and degree of media bias in various countries is widely disputed. [ 1]
Practical limitations to media neutralityinclude the inability of journalists to report all available stories and facts, and the requirement that selected facts be linked into a coherent narrative.[2] Governmentinfluence, including overt and covert censorship, biases the media in some countries, for example China, North Koreaand Myanmar. [ 3][4]Marketforces that result in a biased presentation include the ownershipof the news source, concentration of media ownership, the subjective selection of staff, or the preferencesof an intended audience. There are a number of national and international watchdoggroups that report on bias of the media. Contents
1Types
2History
3Confirmation bias
4United States political bias
5Scholarly treatment in the United States and United Kingdom
6Efforts to correct bias
7National and ethnic viewpoint
8Anglophone bias in the world media
9Religious bias
10Social media bias
11How people view media
12Role of language
13Other influences
14See also
15References
16Further reading
17External links
Types[edit]
The most commonly discussed types of bias occur when the (allegedly partisan) media support or attack a particular political party,[5]candidate,[6]or ideology. D'Alessio and Allen list three forms of media bias as the most widely studied:[7]
Coverage bias(also known as visibility bias),[5]when actors or issues are more or less visible in the news. Gatekeeping bias(also known as selectivity[8]or selection bias),[9]when stories are selected or deselected, sometimes on ideological grounds (see spike). It is sometimes also referred to as agenda bias, when the focus is on political actors and whether they are covered based on their preferred policy issues. [ 5][10]
Statement bias (also known as tonality bias[5]or presentation bias),[9]when media coverage is slanted towards or against particular actors or issues. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_bias |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_566482544#2_634247889 | Title:
Headings:
Content: Contents
1Types
2History
3Confirmation bias
4United States political bias
5Scholarly treatment in the United States and United Kingdom
6Efforts to correct bias
7National and ethnic viewpoint
8Anglophone bias in the world media
9Religious bias
10Social media bias
11How people view media
12Role of language
13Other influences
14See also
15References
16Further reading
17External links
Types[edit]
The most commonly discussed types of bias occur when the (allegedly partisan) media support or attack a particular political party,[5]candidate,[6]or ideology. D'Alessio and Allen list three forms of media bias as the most widely studied:[7]
Coverage bias(also known as visibility bias),[5]when actors or issues are more or less visible in the news. Gatekeeping bias(also known as selectivity[8]or selection bias),[9]when stories are selected or deselected, sometimes on ideological grounds (see spike). It is sometimes also referred to as agenda bias, when the focus is on political actors and whether they are covered based on their preferred policy issues. [ 5][10]
Statement bias (also known as tonality bias[5]or presentation bias),[9]when media coverage is slanted towards or against particular actors or issues. Other common forms of political and non-political media bias include: Advertisingbias, when stories are selected or slanted to please advertisers. [ 11]
Concisionbias, a tendency to report views that can be summarized succinctly, crowding out more unconventional views that take time to explain. Corporate bias, when stories are selected or slanted to please corporate owners of media. Mainstreambias, a tendency to report what everyone else is reporting, and to avoid stories that will offend anyone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_bias |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_566930939#6_634696157 | Title: News values - Wikipedia
Headings: News values
News values
Contents
List of news values
Values in news actors and events:
Values in the news process:
Audience perceptions of news
Evolutionary perspectives
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: Given these changes and the rapid rise of digital technology in recent years, Harcup and O’Neill updated their 2001 study in 2016, while other scholars have analysed news values in viral news shared via social media. The growth of interactive media and citizen journalism is fast altering the traditional distinction between news producer and passive audience and may in future lead to a redefinition of what "news" means and the role of the news industry. Contents
1 List of news values
2 Audience perceptions of news
3 Evolutionary perspectives
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
List of news values
A variety of external and internal pressures influence journalistic decisions during the news -making process, which can sometimes lead to bias or unethical reporting. Many different factors have the potential to influence whether an event is first noticed by a news organisation, second whether a story will be written about that event, third, how that story is written, and fourth whether this story will end up being published as news and if so, where it is placed. Therefore, "there is no end to lists of news criteria". There are multiple competing lists of news values (including Galtung & Ruge's news factors, and others put forward by Schlesinger, Bell, Bednarek & Caple ), with considerable overlap but also disagreement as to what should be included. News values can relate to aspects of events and actors, or to aspects of news gathering and processing: Values in news actors and events: Frequency: Events that occur suddenly and fit well with the news organization's schedule are more likely to be reported than those that occur gradually or at inconvenient times of day or night. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_values |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_566930939#8_634699559 | Title: News values - Wikipedia
Headings: News values
News values
Contents
List of news values
Values in news actors and events:
Values in the news process:
Audience perceptions of news
Evolutionary perspectives
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: Long-term trends are not likely to receive much coverage. Timeliness: Events that have only just happened, are current, ongoing, or are about to happen are newsworthy. Familiarity: To do with people or places close to the target audience. Others prefer the term Proximity for this news value, which includes geographical and cultural proximity (see "meaningfulness"). Negativity: Bad news is more newsworthy than good news. Sometimes described as "the basic news value". Conversely, it has also been suggested that Positivity is a news value in certain cases (such as sports news, science news, feel-good tabloid stories). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_values |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_584741571#14_654355578 | Title: Nigel Martin-Smith - Wikipedia
Headings: Nigel Martin-Smith
Nigel Martin-Smith
Contents
Biography
Early career
Take That
Robbie Williams
After Take That
The Mend
Manchester Gay village
Bibliography
References
External links
Content: The Mend
In 2008 Nigel Martin-Smith, formed a new vocal group after auditioning boys from the North West. The initial line up consisted of Lewis Conroy, Dean Kelly, Jayme Kontzle and Craig Worsley. The band was initially called ASBRO, a play on words related to an ASBO (Anti Social Behaviour Order), and were described by Danny McFadden in The Guardian as the new East 17. Martin-Smith stated in an interview that, in seeking members for the band, he, "wanted them to be ‘streetwise’ as well as having bags of personality, a good voice and looking good in front of a camera." In early 2010, Martin-Smith auditioned for a fifth member, which resulted in the addition of Kris Evans to the group. At this point Lewis Conroy left the line up and the group became a four piece consisting of Evans, Kelly, Kontzle and Worsley. In 2011, due to the negative associations linked to the name ASBRO, the group became known as The Mend. Of the change, Dean Kelly stated in an interview, 'We loved the name Asbro, but we felt it was holding us back because there was negative feedback about it. We thought ‘we need to mend this’, hence how we came up with The Mend.' Jayme Kontzle added of the name change, "No record label has seen us as The Mend so it’s like a new start for us. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Martin-Smith |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_584741571#15_654357298 | Title: Nigel Martin-Smith - Wikipedia
Headings: Nigel Martin-Smith
Nigel Martin-Smith
Contents
Biography
Early career
Take That
Robbie Williams
After Take That
The Mend
Manchester Gay village
Bibliography
References
External links
Content: At this point Lewis Conroy left the line up and the group became a four piece consisting of Evans, Kelly, Kontzle and Worsley. In 2011, due to the negative associations linked to the name ASBRO, the group became known as The Mend. Of the change, Dean Kelly stated in an interview, 'We loved the name Asbro, but we felt it was holding us back because there was negative feedback about it. We thought ‘we need to mend this’, hence how we came up with The Mend.' Jayme Kontzle added of the name change, "No record label has seen us as The Mend so it’s like a new start for us. It also stands for The Manchester End." They stated during their first appearance on Britain's Got Talent in early 2012 that they had been together for three years. Manchester Gay village
In 2000 Martin-Smith opened the first of his commercial entertainment venues in Manchester's gay village a nightclub called Essential. He then opened a second venue in 2004 called "Queer" – a cafe bar by day and a bar/club by night on Canal Street and finally "Boyz" – an underground pop bar club also on canal street all of which have since closed down. Bibliography
Heath, Chris – Feel: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Martin-Smith |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_584962186#10_654600049 | Title: Niger Delta - Wikipedia
Headings: Niger Delta
Niger Delta
Contents
Geography
Demographics
History
Colonial period
Post-colonial period
Nigerian Civil War
Non-violent resistance
Recent armed conflict
Sub-regions
Western Niger Delta
Central Niger Delta
Eastern Niger Delta
Nigerian oil
Oil revenue derivation
Media
Social Media
Environmental issues
See also
References
Sources
External links
Content: Cohesive oil protests became most pronounced in 1990 with the publication of the Ogoni Bill of Rights. The indigents protested against the lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, and hospitals, in the region, despite all the oil wealth created. They also complained about environmental pollution and destruction of their land and rivers by foreign oil companies. Ken Saro Wiwa and nine other oil activists from Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP) were arrest and killed under Sani Abacha in 1995. Although protests have never been as strong as they were under Saro-Wiwa, there is still an oil reform movement based on peaceful protests today as the Ogoni struggle served as a modern-day eye opener to the Peoples of the region. Recent armed conflict
Main article: Conflict in the Niger Delta
Unfortunately, the struggle got out of control, and the present phase has become militant. When long-held concerns about loss of control over resources to the oil companies were voiced by the Ijaw people in the Kaiama Declaration in 1998, the Nigerian government sent troops to occupy the Bayelsa and Delta states. Soldiers opened fire with rifles, machine guns, and tear gas, killing at least three protesters and arresting twenty-five more. Since then, local indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries and pipelines in the region have increased in frequency and militancy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_584962186#11_654602055 | Title: Niger Delta - Wikipedia
Headings: Niger Delta
Niger Delta
Contents
Geography
Demographics
History
Colonial period
Post-colonial period
Nigerian Civil War
Non-violent resistance
Recent armed conflict
Sub-regions
Western Niger Delta
Central Niger Delta
Eastern Niger Delta
Nigerian oil
Oil revenue derivation
Media
Social Media
Environmental issues
See also
References
Sources
External links
Content: Recent armed conflict
Main article: Conflict in the Niger Delta
Unfortunately, the struggle got out of control, and the present phase has become militant. When long-held concerns about loss of control over resources to the oil companies were voiced by the Ijaw people in the Kaiama Declaration in 1998, the Nigerian government sent troops to occupy the Bayelsa and Delta states. Soldiers opened fire with rifles, machine guns, and tear gas, killing at least three protesters and arresting twenty-five more. Since then, local indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries and pipelines in the region have increased in frequency and militancy. Recently foreign employees of Shell, the primary corporation operating in the region, were taken hostage by outraged local people. Such activities have also resulted in greater governmental intervention in the area, and the mobilization of the Nigerian army and State Security Service into the region, resulting in violence and human rights abuses. In April 2006, a bomb exploded near an oil refinery in the Niger Delta region, a warning against Chinese expansion in the region. MEND stated: " We wish to warn the Chinese government and its oil companies to steer well clear of the Niger Delta. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_584962186#12_654603895 | Title: Niger Delta - Wikipedia
Headings: Niger Delta
Niger Delta
Contents
Geography
Demographics
History
Colonial period
Post-colonial period
Nigerian Civil War
Non-violent resistance
Recent armed conflict
Sub-regions
Western Niger Delta
Central Niger Delta
Eastern Niger Delta
Nigerian oil
Oil revenue derivation
Media
Social Media
Environmental issues
See also
References
Sources
External links
Content: Recently foreign employees of Shell, the primary corporation operating in the region, were taken hostage by outraged local people. Such activities have also resulted in greater governmental intervention in the area, and the mobilization of the Nigerian army and State Security Service into the region, resulting in violence and human rights abuses. In April 2006, a bomb exploded near an oil refinery in the Niger Delta region, a warning against Chinese expansion in the region. MEND stated: " We wish to warn the Chinese government and its oil companies to steer well clear of the Niger Delta. The Chinese government, by investing in stolen crude, places its citizens in our line of fire." Government and private initiatives to develop the Niger Delta region have been introduced recently. These include the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC), a government initiative, and the Development Initiative (DEVIN), a community development non-governmental organization (NGO) based in Port Harcourt in the Niger Delta. Uz and Uz Transnational, a company with a strong commitment to the Niger Delta, has introduced ways of developing the poor in the Niger Delta, especially in Rivers State. In September 2008, MEND released a statement proclaiming that their militants had launched an "oil war" throughout the Niger Delta against both, pipelines and oil-production facilities, and the Nigerian soldiers that protect them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_584962186#13_654605913 | Title: Niger Delta - Wikipedia
Headings: Niger Delta
Niger Delta
Contents
Geography
Demographics
History
Colonial period
Post-colonial period
Nigerian Civil War
Non-violent resistance
Recent armed conflict
Sub-regions
Western Niger Delta
Central Niger Delta
Eastern Niger Delta
Nigerian oil
Oil revenue derivation
Media
Social Media
Environmental issues
See also
References
Sources
External links
Content: The Chinese government, by investing in stolen crude, places its citizens in our line of fire." Government and private initiatives to develop the Niger Delta region have been introduced recently. These include the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC), a government initiative, and the Development Initiative (DEVIN), a community development non-governmental organization (NGO) based in Port Harcourt in the Niger Delta. Uz and Uz Transnational, a company with a strong commitment to the Niger Delta, has introduced ways of developing the poor in the Niger Delta, especially in Rivers State. In September 2008, MEND released a statement proclaiming that their militants had launched an "oil war" throughout the Niger Delta against both, pipelines and oil-production facilities, and the Nigerian soldiers that protect them. Both MEND and the Nigerian Government claim to have inflicted heavy casualties on one another. In August 2009, the Nigerian government granted amnesty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_584991202#0_654607487 | Title: Niger Delta Liberation Front - Wikipedia
Headings: Niger Delta Liberation Front
Niger Delta Liberation Front
Contents
Background
John Togo
After Togo
Sources
Content: Niger Delta Liberation Front - Wikipedia
Niger Delta Liberation Front
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Niger Delta Liberation Front
Leaders
John Togo †
Dates of operation
2005-2014
Headquarters
Port Harcourt
Active regions
Niger Delta
Ideology
Regionalism
Size
~2,500 (2011)
Allies
Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta
Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force
Joint Revolutionary Council
Opponents
Nigeria
Niger Delta Vigilante
Battles and wars
Conflict in the Niger Delta
Preceded by
Joint Revolutionary Council
The Niger Delta Liberation Front (NDLF) is a militant group in Nigeria 's Niger Delta. The group's former leader John Togo claims that their main goal is to secede from Nigeria and gain independence from Nigeria. The group is best known for their notorious leader John Togo who is known throughout Nigeria as a fierce soldier. Although Togo is the NDLF's most notorious member he was killed on July 19, 2011 by a Nigerian air strike near Warri in Delta State. The group is closely linked to the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta and fight side by side against the Nigerian Army. In early 2013 war erupted within the NDLF after 2 different commanders claimed to be leader. It ended after one was killed in March 2013. Contents
1 Background
2 John Togo
3 After Togo
4 Sources
Background
In 1998 the Ijaw Youth Council was formed and many militants were brought up in the Ijaw Youth Council. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta_Liberation_Front |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_584991202#1_654609637 | Title: Niger Delta Liberation Front - Wikipedia
Headings: Niger Delta Liberation Front
Niger Delta Liberation Front
Contents
Background
John Togo
After Togo
Sources
Content: Although Togo is the NDLF's most notorious member he was killed on July 19, 2011 by a Nigerian air strike near Warri in Delta State. The group is closely linked to the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta and fight side by side against the Nigerian Army. In early 2013 war erupted within the NDLF after 2 different commanders claimed to be leader. It ended after one was killed in March 2013. Contents
1 Background
2 John Togo
3 After Togo
4 Sources
Background
In 1998 the Ijaw Youth Council was formed and many militants were brought up in the Ijaw Youth Council. In 1999 the Odi Massacre occurred in Bayelsa State which was the spark that erupted into violence. In 2004 the Joint Revolutionary Council was formed and recruited members to rock the Nigerian petroleum industry to its core. In 2005 high-ranking member John Togo formed a splinter group after the Joint Revolutionary Council did not deliver much damage. Togo recruited about 4,000 members and went into the Niger Delta to begin attacks. John Togo
John Togo is one of the most notorious warlords in the Niger Delta region. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta_Liberation_Front |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_584991202#4_654613951 | Title: Niger Delta Liberation Front - Wikipedia
Headings: Niger Delta Liberation Front
Niger Delta Liberation Front
Contents
Background
John Togo
After Togo
Sources
Content: In June 2011 Togo and the NDLF got into a firefight with the Nigerian Army. Togo was shot in the arm and his men took him to a hospital in Warri. After the bullet was removed from his arm he and his men fled back into the forest. Less than an hour later Nigerian soldiers raided the hospital and were mad at the fact that if they arrived only a few minutes earlier they would have caught Togo. On July 19, 2011 Togo and his men were sleeping in their camp in Delta State when all of a sudden the Nigerian Air Force bombed his camp. Togo and 20 other militants were killed in the attack. The Nigerian Army recovered his body and it was given to his family. After Togo
With the death of Togo the NDLF seemed weak and many members joined the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta. Although many members left around 2,500 remained in the NDLF. For the next 2 years they attacked oil installations on and off. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta_Liberation_Front |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_584991202#5_654615227 | Title: Niger Delta Liberation Front - Wikipedia
Headings: Niger Delta Liberation Front
Niger Delta Liberation Front
Contents
Background
John Togo
After Togo
Sources
Content: Togo and 20 other militants were killed in the attack. The Nigerian Army recovered his body and it was given to his family. After Togo
With the death of Togo the NDLF seemed weak and many members joined the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta. Although many members left around 2,500 remained in the NDLF. For the next 2 years they attacked oil installations on and off. In February 2013 civil war erupted within the group when 2 different commanders claimed to be leader. After a month of fighting one was killed and the other took full control of the group. Sources
Infos at refworld.org
Former militants offer to help Niger Delta combat piracy
How JTF bombed John Togo to death
Infos on allafrica.com
v
t
e
Nigerian militant groups
Ansaru
Arewa People's Congress
Bakassi Boys
Bakassi Movement for Self-Determination
Boko Haram
Civilian Joint Task Force
Egbesu Boys
Igbo Peoples Congress
Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta
Niger Delta Avengers
Niger Delta Liberation Front
Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force
Niger Delta Vigilante
Oodua Peoples Congress
Yan Tatsine
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niger_Delta_Liberation_Front&oldid=989599031 "
Categories: 2005 establishments in Nigeria
Military units and formations established in 2005
Rebel groups in Nigeria
Hidden categories: Articles lacking in-text citations from April 2013
All articles lacking in-text citations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta_Liberation_Front |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_594021673#14_665739103 | Title: Nila (Ramayana) - Wikipedia
Headings: Nila (Ramayana)
Nila (Ramayana)
Contents
Background
Search for Sita
Builder of the bridge
The battle
Jain Version
Notes
References
Content: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-862-1. Philip Lutgendorf (13 December 2006). Hanuman's Tale : The Messages of a Divine Monkey: The Messages of a Divine Monkey. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-804220-4. v
t
e
Ramayana by Valmiki
Ikshvaku dynasty
Dasharatha
Kausalya
Sumitra
Kaikeyi
Shanta
Rama
Bharata
Lakshmana
Shatrughna
Sita
Urmila
Mandavi
Shrutakirti
Lava
Kusha
(genealogy)
Vanara
Hanuman
Sugriva
Vali
Angada
Tara
Rumā
Nala
Nila
Kesari
Anjana
Makardhwaja
Rakshasa
Ravana
Vibhishana
Kumbhakarna
Indrajit
Akshayakumara
Atikaya
Kabandha
Khara
Dushan
Mandodari
Dhanyamalini
Lavanasura
Malyavan
Maricha
Mayasura
Narantaka-Devantaka
Prahasta
Sarama
Subahu
Sulochana
Sumali
Shurpanakha
Tataka
Trijata
Trishira
Viradha
Sages
Agastya
Ahalya
Arundhati
Bharadwaja
Kambhoja
Parashurama
Vasistha
Vishvamitra
Rishyasringa
Other characters
and concepts
Lakshmana rekha
Jambavan
Janaka
Kushadhwaja
Jatayu
Manthara
Ashwapati
Sampati
Shabari
Shravan
Vedavati
Shambuka
Places
Ayodhya
Mithila
Dandakaranya
Kishkindha
Lanka
Oshadhiparvata
Books/Kandas
Bala
Ayodhya
Aranya
Kishkindha
Sundara
Yuddha
Uttara
Versions
Adbhuta Ramayana
Adhyathmaramayanam
Adhyatma Ramayana
Ananda Ramayana
Bhaṭṭikāvya
Hikayat Seri Rama
Jagamohana Ramayana
Kakawin Ramayana
Kamba Ramayanam
Krittivasi Ramayana
Maharadia Lawana
Phra Lak Phra Ram
Raghunatha Ramayana
Ramakien
Ramcharitmanas
Ranganatha Ramayanamu
Reamker
Saptakanda Ramayana
Sri Ramayana Darshanam
Sri Ramayanamu
Vilanka Ramayana
Yama Zatdaw
Related
Ramlila
{ { Films based on the Ramayana }}
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nila_ (Ramayana)&oldid=1015607128 "
Categories: Vanara in the Ramayana
Characters in the Ramayana
Hidden categories: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nila_%28Ramayana%29 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_594021673#15_665741317 | Title: Nila (Ramayana) - Wikipedia
Headings: Nila (Ramayana)
Nila (Ramayana)
Contents
Background
Search for Sita
Builder of the bridge
The battle
Jain Version
Notes
References
Content: The Messages of a Divine Monkey. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-804220-4. v
t
e
Ramayana by Valmiki
Ikshvaku dynasty
Dasharatha
Kausalya
Sumitra
Kaikeyi
Shanta
Rama
Bharata
Lakshmana
Shatrughna
Sita
Urmila
Mandavi
Shrutakirti
Lava
Kusha
(genealogy)
Vanara
Hanuman
Sugriva
Vali
Angada
Tara
Rumā
Nala
Nila
Kesari
Anjana
Makardhwaja
Rakshasa
Ravana
Vibhishana
Kumbhakarna
Indrajit
Akshayakumara
Atikaya
Kabandha
Khara
Dushan
Mandodari
Dhanyamalini
Lavanasura
Malyavan
Maricha
Mayasura
Narantaka-Devantaka
Prahasta
Sarama
Subahu
Sulochana
Sumali
Shurpanakha
Tataka
Trijata
Trishira
Viradha
Sages
Agastya
Ahalya
Arundhati
Bharadwaja
Kambhoja
Parashurama
Vasistha
Vishvamitra
Rishyasringa
Other characters
and concepts
Lakshmana rekha
Jambavan
Janaka
Kushadhwaja
Jatayu
Manthara
Ashwapati
Sampati
Shabari
Shravan
Vedavati
Shambuka
Places
Ayodhya
Mithila
Dandakaranya
Kishkindha
Lanka
Oshadhiparvata
Books/Kandas
Bala
Ayodhya
Aranya
Kishkindha
Sundara
Yuddha
Uttara
Versions
Adbhuta Ramayana
Adhyathmaramayanam
Adhyatma Ramayana
Ananda Ramayana
Bhaṭṭikāvya
Hikayat Seri Rama
Jagamohana Ramayana
Kakawin Ramayana
Kamba Ramayanam
Krittivasi Ramayana
Maharadia Lawana
Phra Lak Phra Ram
Raghunatha Ramayana
Ramakien
Ramcharitmanas
Ranganatha Ramayanamu
Reamker
Saptakanda Ramayana
Sri Ramayana Darshanam
Sri Ramayanamu
Vilanka Ramayana
Yama Zatdaw
Related
Ramlila
{ { Films based on the Ramayana }}
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nila_ (Ramayana)&oldid=1015607128 "
Categories: Vanara in the Ramayana
Characters in the Ramayana
Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from April 2017
Use Indian English from April 2017
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nila_%28Ramayana%29 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_621764772#2_697675038 | Title: Non-Aligned Movement - Wikipedia
Headings: Non-Aligned Movement
Non-Aligned Movement
Contents
History
Origins and the Cold War
Cuba's Role
Post-Cold War
Organizational structure and membership
Policies and ideology
Current activities and positions
Criticism of US policy
Self-determination of Puerto Rico
Self-determination of Western Sahara
Sustainable development
Reforms of the UN
South–South cooperation
Cultural diversity and human rights
Summits
Chairperson
Members, observers and guests
Current members
Africa
Americas
Asia
Europe
Oceania
Former members
Observers
Countries
Organisations
Guests
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Although many of the Non-Aligned Movement's members were actually quite closely aligned with China or the Soviet Union, the movement still persisted throughout the Cold War, even despite several conflicts between members which also threatened the movement. In the years since the Cold War's end in 1991, it has focused on developing multilateral ties and connections as well as unity among the developing nations of the world, especially those within the Global South . Contents
1 History
1.1 Origins and the Cold War
1.1.1 Cuba's Role
1.2 Post-Cold War
2 Organizational structure and membership
3 Policies and ideology
4 Current activities and positions
4.1 Criticism of US policy
4.2 Self-determination of Puerto Rico
4.3 Self-determination of Western Sahara
4.4 Sustainable development
4.5 Reforms of the UN
4.6 South–South cooperation
4.7 Cultural diversity and human rights
5 Summits
6 Chairperson
7 Members, observers and guests
7.1 Current members
7.1.1 Africa
7.1.2 Americas
7.1.3 Asia
7.1.4 Europe
7.1.5 Oceania
7.2 Former members
7.3 Observers
7.3.1 Countries
7.3.2 Organisations
7.4 Guests
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
History
Origins and the Cold War
Drawing on the principles agreed at the Bandung Conference in 1955, the Non-Aligned Movement as an organization was founded on the Brijuni islands in Yugoslavia in 1956 and was formalized by signing the Declaration of Brijuni on 19 July 1956. The Declaration was signed by Yugoslavia 's president, Josip Broz Tito, India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Egypt's second president, Gamal Abdel Nasser. One of the quotations within the Declaration is "Peace can not be achieved with separation, but with the aspiration towards collective security in global terms and expansion of freedom, as well as terminating the domination of one country over another". According to Rejaul Karim Laskar, an ideologue of the Congress party which ruled India for most part of the Cold War years, the Non-Aligned Movement arose from the desire of Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders of the newly independent countries of the third world to guard their independence "in face of complex international situation demanding allegiance to either two warring superpowers ". The Movement advocates a middle course for states in the developing world between the Western and Eastern Blocs during the Cold War. The phrase itself was first used to represent the doctrine by Indian diplomat V. K. Krishna Menon in 1953, at the United Nations. But it soon after became the name to refer to the participants of the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries first held in 1961. The term "non-alignment" was established in 1953 at the United Nations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_621764772#9_697691827 | Title: Non-Aligned Movement - Wikipedia
Headings: Non-Aligned Movement
Non-Aligned Movement
Contents
History
Origins and the Cold War
Cuba's Role
Post-Cold War
Organizational structure and membership
Policies and ideology
Current activities and positions
Criticism of US policy
Self-determination of Puerto Rico
Self-determination of Western Sahara
Sustainable development
Reforms of the UN
South–South cooperation
Cultural diversity and human rights
Summits
Chairperson
Members, observers and guests
Current members
Africa
Americas
Asia
Europe
Oceania
Former members
Observers
Countries
Organisations
Guests
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: At the time, Afghanistan was also an active member of the Nonaligned Movement. At the United Nations, Nonaligned members voted 56 to 9, with 26 abstaining, to condemn the Soviet Union. Cuba in fact was deeply in debt financially and politically to Moscow and voted against the resolution. It lost its reputation as nonaligned in the Cold War. Castro, instead of becoming a high-profile spokesman for the Movement, remained quiet and inactive, and in 1983 leadership passed to India, which had abstained on the UN vote, though India maintained close ties with the Soviet Union and with the Soviet puppet regime in Kabul. Cuba lost its bid to become a member of the United Nations Security Council and its ambitions for a role in global leadership had totally collapsed. More broadly the Movement was deeply split over the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. Although Moscow's allies supported the Soviet intervention, other members of the movement (particularly predominantly Muslim states) condemned it. Post-Cold War
Because the Non-Aligned Movement was formed as an attempt to thaw out the Cold War, it has struggled to find relevance since the Cold War ended. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a founding member, its membership was suspended in 1992 at the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement, held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_621764772#10_697694105 | Title: Non-Aligned Movement - Wikipedia
Headings: Non-Aligned Movement
Non-Aligned Movement
Contents
History
Origins and the Cold War
Cuba's Role
Post-Cold War
Organizational structure and membership
Policies and ideology
Current activities and positions
Criticism of US policy
Self-determination of Puerto Rico
Self-determination of Western Sahara
Sustainable development
Reforms of the UN
South–South cooperation
Cultural diversity and human rights
Summits
Chairperson
Members, observers and guests
Current members
Africa
Americas
Asia
Europe
Oceania
Former members
Observers
Countries
Organisations
Guests
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Cuba lost its bid to become a member of the United Nations Security Council and its ambitions for a role in global leadership had totally collapsed. More broadly the Movement was deeply split over the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. Although Moscow's allies supported the Soviet intervention, other members of the movement (particularly predominantly Muslim states) condemned it. Post-Cold War
Because the Non-Aligned Movement was formed as an attempt to thaw out the Cold War, it has struggled to find relevance since the Cold War ended. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a founding member, its membership was suspended in 1992 at the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement, held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations. The successor states of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have expressed little interest in membership, though Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have observer status. In 2004, Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members and joined | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_626257800#0_702968278 | Title: Nondelegation doctrine - Wikipedia
Headings: Nondelegation doctrine
Nondelegation doctrine
Contents
Australia
Canada
United States
Case law
See also
References
External links
Content: Nondelegation doctrine - Wikipedia
Nondelegation doctrine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Theory of constitutional law
Theory of constitutional law
Administrative law
General principles
Administrative court
Delegated legislation
Exhaustion of remedies
Justiciability
Legitimate expectation
Ministerial act
Natural justice
Nondelegation doctrine
Ouster clause
Patently unreasonable
Polycentricity
Prerogative writ
Certiorari
Habeas corpus
Mandamus
Prohibition
Quo warranto
Rulemaking
Ultra vires
Administrative law in
common law jurisdictions
Australia
Canada
Singapore
South Africa
United Kingdom
Scotland
United States
Administrative law in
civil law jurisdictions
China
Mongolia
Ukraine
Related topics
Constitutional law
Judicial review
v
t
e
The doctrine of nondelegation is the theory that one branch of government must not authorize another entity to exercise the power or function which it is constitutionally authorized to exercise itself. It is explicit or implicit in all written constitutions that impose a strict structural separation of powers. It is usually applied in questions of constitutionally improper delegations of powers of any of the three branches of government to either of the other, to the administrative state, or to private entities. Although it is usually constitutional for executive officials to delegate executive powers to executive branch subordinates, there can also be improper delegations of powers within an executive branch. Contents
1 Australia
2 Canada
3 United States
3.1 Case law
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Australia
Australian federalism does not permit the federal Parliament or Government to delegate its powers to state or territorial parliaments or governments, nor territorial parliaments or governments to delegate their powers to the federal Parliament or Government, but the states parliaments delegate its powers to the federal parliament by means of section 51 subsection (xxxvii) of the Constitution Act 1901. Canada
Canadian federalism does not permit Parliament or the provincial legislatures to delegate their powers to each other. United States
In the Federal Government of the United States, the nondelegation doctrine is the theory that the Congress of the United States, being vested with "all legislative powers" by Article One, Section 1 of the United States Constitution, cannot delegate that power to anyone else. However, the Supreme Court ruled in J. W. Hampton, Jr. & Co. v. United States (1928) that congressional delegation of legislative authority is an implied power of Congress that is constitutional so long as Congress provides an " intelligible principle" to guide the executive branch: " ' In determining what Congress may do in seeking assistance from another branch, the extent and character of that assistance must be fixed according to common sense and the inherent necessities of the government co-ordination.' So long as Congress 'shall lay down by legislative act an intelligible principle to which the person or body authorized to [exercise the delegated authority] is directed to conform, such legislative action is not a forbidden delegation of legislative power. ' " | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondelegation_doctrine |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_631480488#0_708944523 | Title: Nori - Wikipedia
Headings: Nori
Nori
Contents
History
Production
Culinary uses
Nutrition
Health risks
See also
References
External links
Content: Nori - Wikipedia
Nori
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For other uses, see Nori (disambiguation). Edible seaweed species of the red algae genus Pyropia
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " Nori" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Nori
Nori sheets
Type
edible seaweed
Main ingredients
dried red algae
Cookbook: Nori
Media: Nori
Nori sheet under a microscope, magnification 200×
Nori ( 海苔) is a dried edible seaweed used in Japanese cuisine, made from species of the red algae genus Pyropia including P. yezoensis and P. tenera. It has a strong and distinctive flavor, and is often used to wrap rolls of sushi or onigiri (rice balls). The finished dried sheets are made by a shredding and rack-drying process that resembles papermaking. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nori |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_631480488#1_708945909 | Title: Nori - Wikipedia
Headings: Nori
Nori
Contents
History
Production
Culinary uses
Nutrition
Health risks
See also
References
External links
Content: Nori" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Nori
Nori sheets
Type
edible seaweed
Main ingredients
dried red algae
Cookbook: Nori
Media: Nori
Nori sheet under a microscope, magnification 200×
Nori ( 海苔) is a dried edible seaweed used in Japanese cuisine, made from species of the red algae genus Pyropia including P. yezoensis and P. tenera. It has a strong and distinctive flavor, and is often used to wrap rolls of sushi or onigiri (rice balls). The finished dried sheets are made by a shredding and rack-drying process that resembles papermaking. They are sold in packs in grocery stores for culinary purposes. Since nori sheets easily absorb water from the air and degrade, a desiccant is needed when storing nori for any significant time. Contents
1 History
2 Production
3 Culinary uses
4 Nutrition
5 Health risks
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History
Cakes and Food Made of Seaweed by Kubo Shunman, 19th century
Toasting a sheet of nori. 1864
Originally, the term nori was generic and referred to seaweeds, including hijiki. One of the oldest descriptions of nori is dated to around the 8th century. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nori |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_631480488#2_708947479 | Title: Nori - Wikipedia
Headings: Nori
Nori
Contents
History
Production
Culinary uses
Nutrition
Health risks
See also
References
External links
Content: They are sold in packs in grocery stores for culinary purposes. Since nori sheets easily absorb water from the air and degrade, a desiccant is needed when storing nori for any significant time. Contents
1 History
2 Production
3 Culinary uses
4 Nutrition
5 Health risks
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History
Cakes and Food Made of Seaweed by Kubo Shunman, 19th century
Toasting a sheet of nori. 1864
Originally, the term nori was generic and referred to seaweeds, including hijiki. One of the oldest descriptions of nori is dated to around the 8th century. In the Taihō Code enacted in 701, nori was already included in the form of taxation. Local people have been described as drying nori in Hitachi Province fudoki (721–721), and harvesting of nori was mentioned in Izumo Province fudoki (713–733), showing that nori was used as food from ancient times. In Utsubo Monogatari, written around 987, nori was recognized as a common food. Nori had been consumed as paste form until the sheet form was invented in Asakusa, Edo (contemporary Tokyo), around 1750 in the Edo period through the method of Japanese paper-making. The word " nori " first appeared in an English-language publication in C. P. Thunberg's Trav., | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nori |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_631480488#9_708958742 | Title: Nori - Wikipedia
Headings: Nori
Nori
Contents
History
Production
Culinary uses
Nutrition
Health risks
See also
References
External links
Content: It is most typically toasted prior to consumption ( yaki-nori ). A common secondary product is toasted and flavored nori ( ajitsuke-nori ), in which a flavoring mixture (variable, but typically soy sauce, sugar, sake, mirin, and seasonings) is applied in combination with the toasting process. It is also eaten by making it into a soy sauce-flavored paste, nori no tsukudani ( 海苔の佃煮 ). Nori is sometimes also used as a form of food decoration . A related product, prepared from the unrelated green algae Monostroma and Enteromorpha, is called aonori ( 青海苔 literally blue/green nori) and is used like herbs on everyday meals, such as okonomiyaki and yakisoba . Nutrition
Seaweed, laver, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy
146 kJ (35 kcal)
Carbohydrates
5.11 g
Dietary fiber
0.3 g
Fat
0.28 g
Protein
5.81 g
Vitamins
Quantity %DV†
Vitamin A equiv. 33%
260 μg
Thiamine (B 1)
9%
0.098 mg
Riboflavin (B 2)
37%
0.446 mg
Niacin (B 3)
10%
1.470 mg
Folate (B 9)
37%
146 μg
Vitamin B 12
0%
0.0 μg
Vitamin C
47%
39.0 mg
Vitamin D
0%
0 μg
Vitamin E
7%
1.00 mg
Vitamin K
4%
4.0 μg
Minerals
Quantity %DV†
Calcium
7%
70 mg
Iron
14%
1.80 mg
Magnesium
1%
2 mg
Phosphorus
8%
58 mg
Potassium
8%
356 mg
Sodium
3%
48 mg
Zinc
11%
1.05 mg
Other constituents
Quantity
Water
85.03 g
Full Link to USDA Database entry
Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
† Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA FoodData Central
Raw seaweed is 85% water, 6% protein, 5% carbohydrates, and has negligible fat (table). In a 100 gram reference amount, seaweed is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin A, vitamin C, riboflavin, and folate (table). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nori |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_631480488#10_708960963 | Title: Nori - Wikipedia
Headings: Nori
Nori
Contents
History
Production
Culinary uses
Nutrition
Health risks
See also
References
External links
Content: Nutrition
Seaweed, laver, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy
146 kJ (35 kcal)
Carbohydrates
5.11 g
Dietary fiber
0.3 g
Fat
0.28 g
Protein
5.81 g
Vitamins
Quantity %DV†
Vitamin A equiv. 33%
260 μg
Thiamine (B 1)
9%
0.098 mg
Riboflavin (B 2)
37%
0.446 mg
Niacin (B 3)
10%
1.470 mg
Folate (B 9)
37%
146 μg
Vitamin B 12
0%
0.0 μg
Vitamin C
47%
39.0 mg
Vitamin D
0%
0 μg
Vitamin E
7%
1.00 mg
Vitamin K
4%
4.0 μg
Minerals
Quantity %DV†
Calcium
7%
70 mg
Iron
14%
1.80 mg
Magnesium
1%
2 mg
Phosphorus
8%
58 mg
Potassium
8%
356 mg
Sodium
3%
48 mg
Zinc
11%
1.05 mg
Other constituents
Quantity
Water
85.03 g
Full Link to USDA Database entry
Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
† Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA FoodData Central
Raw seaweed is 85% water, 6% protein, 5% carbohydrates, and has negligible fat (table). In a 100 gram reference amount, seaweed is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin A, vitamin C, riboflavin, and folate (table). Seaweed is a moderate source (less than 20% DV) of niacin, iron, and zinc. Seaweed has a high content of iodine, providing a substantial amount in just one gram. A 2014 study reported that dried purple laver ("nori") contains vitamin B12 in sufficient quantities to meet the RDA requirement (Vitamin B12 content: 77.6 μg /100 g dry weight). By contrast, a 2017 review concluded that vitamin B12 may be destroyed during metabolism or is converted into inactive B12 analogs during drying and storage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nori |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_631480488#11_708962991 | Title: Nori - Wikipedia
Headings: Nori
Nori
Contents
History
Production
Culinary uses
Nutrition
Health risks
See also
References
External links
Content: Seaweed is a moderate source (less than 20% DV) of niacin, iron, and zinc. Seaweed has a high content of iodine, providing a substantial amount in just one gram. A 2014 study reported that dried purple laver ("nori") contains vitamin B12 in sufficient quantities to meet the RDA requirement (Vitamin B12 content: 77.6 μg /100 g dry weight). By contrast, a 2017 review concluded that vitamin B12 may be destroyed during metabolism or is converted into inactive B12 analogs during drying and storage. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics stated in 2016 that nori is not an adequate source of vitamin B12 for humans. Health risks
Nori contains toxic metals ( arsenic and cadmium ), whose levels are highly variable among nori products. It also contains amphipod allergens that can cause serious allergic reactions, especially in highly sensitized crustacean-allergic people. Therefore, daily consumption of high amounts of dried nori is discouraged. See also
Laverbread – A food made from edible seaweed
Mamenori – Thin wrappers of soybean paper used as a substitute for nori
Mekong weed – A genus of filamentous green algae, – river algae often eaten in sheets in Laos
Spam musubi
References
^ Niwa, Kyosuke (November 2020). " | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nori |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_631480488#12_708964572 | Title: Nori - Wikipedia
Headings: Nori
Nori
Contents
History
Production
Culinary uses
Nutrition
Health risks
See also
References
External links
Content: The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics stated in 2016 that nori is not an adequate source of vitamin B12 for humans. Health risks
Nori contains toxic metals ( arsenic and cadmium ), whose levels are highly variable among nori products. It also contains amphipod allergens that can cause serious allergic reactions, especially in highly sensitized crustacean-allergic people. Therefore, daily consumption of high amounts of dried nori is discouraged. See also
Laverbread – A food made from edible seaweed
Mamenori – Thin wrappers of soybean paper used as a substitute for nori
Mekong weed – A genus of filamentous green algae, – river algae often eaten in sheets in Laos
Spam musubi
References
^ Niwa, Kyosuke (November 2020). " Molecular evidence of allodiploidy in F1 gametophytic blades from a cross between Neopyropia yezoensis and a cryptic species of the Neopyropia yezoensis complex (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) by the use of microsatellite markers". Aquaculture Reports. 18 – via ScienceDirect. ^ Kodansha encyclopedia of Japan. 6. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nori |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_657645711#0_736576761 | Title: Northwest Coast art - Wikipedia
Headings: Northwest Coast art
Northwest Coast art
Contents
Distinguishing characteristics
History
Cultural appropriateness
Notable artists
Notable art historians and thinkers
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Northwest Coast art - Wikipedia
Northwest Coast art
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Totem Poles, a type of Northwest Coast art
Northwest Coast art is the term commonly applied to a style of art created primarily by artists from Tlingit, Haida, Heiltsuk, Nuxalk, Tsimshian, Kwakwaka'wakw, Nuu-chah-nulth and other First Nations and Native American tribes of the Northwest Coast of North America, from pre-European-contact times up to the present. Contents
1 Distinguishing characteristics
2 History
3 Cultural appropriateness
4 Notable artists
5 Notable art historians and thinkers
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Distinguishing characteristics
Namgis, Thunderbird Transformation Mask, 19th century. The Thunderbird is believed to be an Ancestral Sky Being of the Namgis clan of the Kwakwaka'wakw, who say that when this bird ruffles its feathers, it causes thunder and when it blinks its eyes, lightning flashes. Brooklyn Museum
Two-dimensional Northwest Coast art is distinguished by the use of formlines, and the use of characteristic shapes referred to as ovoids, U forms and S forms. Before European contact, the most common media were wood (often Western red cedar ), stone, and copper; since European contact, paper, canvas, glass, and precious metals have also been used. If paint is used, the most common colours are red and black, but yellow is also often used, particularly among Kwakwaka'wakw artists. Chilkat weaving applies formline designs to textiles. Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian have traditionally produced Chilkat woven regalia, from wool and yellow cedar bark, that is important for civic and ceremonial events, including potlatches. The patterns depicted include natural forms such as bears, ravens, eagles, orcas, and humans; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Coast_art |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_657645711#1_736579062 | Title: Northwest Coast art - Wikipedia
Headings: Northwest Coast art
Northwest Coast art
Contents
Distinguishing characteristics
History
Cultural appropriateness
Notable artists
Notable art historians and thinkers
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Content: since European contact, paper, canvas, glass, and precious metals have also been used. If paint is used, the most common colours are red and black, but yellow is also often used, particularly among Kwakwaka'wakw artists. Chilkat weaving applies formline designs to textiles. Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian have traditionally produced Chilkat woven regalia, from wool and yellow cedar bark, that is important for civic and ceremonial events, including potlatches. The patterns depicted include natural forms such as bears, ravens, eagles, orcas, and humans; legendary creatures such as thunderbirds and sisiutls; and abstract forms made up of the characteristic Northwest Coast shapes. Totem poles are the most well-known artifacts produced using this style. Northwest Coast artists are also notable for producing characteristic "bent-corner" or "bentwood" boxes, masks, and canoes. Northwest Coast designs were also used to decorate traditional First Nations household items such as spoons, ladles, baskets, hats, and paddles; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Coast_art |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_657645711#2_736580554 | Title: Northwest Coast art - Wikipedia
Headings: Northwest Coast art
Northwest Coast art
Contents
Distinguishing characteristics
History
Cultural appropriateness
Notable artists
Notable art historians and thinkers
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Content: legendary creatures such as thunderbirds and sisiutls; and abstract forms made up of the characteristic Northwest Coast shapes. Totem poles are the most well-known artifacts produced using this style. Northwest Coast artists are also notable for producing characteristic "bent-corner" or "bentwood" boxes, masks, and canoes. Northwest Coast designs were also used to decorate traditional First Nations household items such as spoons, ladles, baskets, hats, and paddles; since European contact, the Northwest Coast art style has increasingly been used in gallery-oriented forms such as paintings, prints and sculptures. Mary Ebbets Hunt - Chilkat blanket
Although highly conventionalized decorative design occurs all along the coast, to the south and north of this center the representational motive becomes progressively stronger. Krickeberg (1925: 144) characterizes this as a fresh naturalism to the south among the Kwakiutl, Nootka, and Salish and a certain relationship to Eskimo engraving and painting among the Tlingit to the north. The shift in emphasis is gradual - Bella Bella art, for example, has a close affinity to its Coast Tsimshian counterpart. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Coast_art |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_657645711#3_736582182 | Title: Northwest Coast art - Wikipedia
Headings: Northwest Coast art
Northwest Coast art
Contents
Distinguishing characteristics
History
Cultural appropriateness
Notable artists
Notable art historians and thinkers
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Content: since European contact, the Northwest Coast art style has increasingly been used in gallery-oriented forms such as paintings, prints and sculptures. Mary Ebbets Hunt - Chilkat blanket
Although highly conventionalized decorative design occurs all along the coast, to the south and north of this center the representational motive becomes progressively stronger. Krickeberg (1925: 144) characterizes this as a fresh naturalism to the south among the Kwakiutl, Nootka, and Salish and a certain relationship to Eskimo engraving and painting among the Tlingit to the north. The shift in emphasis is gradual - Bella Bella art, for example, has a close affinity to its Coast Tsimshian counterpart. Two-dimensional art of all these groups, however, is much more closely related than is their sculpture, especially among the northern tribes of Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, and Bella Bella. Textile arts from the Northwest Coast include Chilkat weaving, Raven's Tail Weavings, Button Blankets, and elaborate ceremonial regalia using a range of materials. Three dimension art was created from many materials, notably wood. History
Tlingit twined basket tray, late 19th c., spruce root, American dunegrass, pigment, Cleveland Museum of Art
Prior to contact with Europeans, First Nations on the Northwest coast evolved complex social and ceremonial institutions, including the potlatch system, hereditary systems of rank and descent, ceremonial societies, and permanent villages. Social organization involved groups of kin, reckoned variously matrilineally, patrilineally or bi-lineally. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Coast_art |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_665338274#0_746047692 | Title: Notice and take down - Wikipedia
Headings: Notice and take down
Notice and take down
Contents
United States
European Union
India
Criticism
Notice and stay down
See also
References
Content: Notice and take down - Wikipedia
Notice and take down
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the notice-and-take-down policy of the Wikimedia Foundation, the owner of Wikipedia, see wmf: DMCA Policy. Notice and take down is a process operated by online hosts in response to court orders or allegations that content is illegal. Content is removed by the host following notice. Notice and take down is widely operated in relation to copyright infringement, as well as for libel and other illegal content. In United States and European Union law, notice and takedown is mandated as part of limited liability, or safe harbour, provisions for online hosts (see the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1998 and the Electronic Commerce Directive 2000). As a condition for limited liability online hosts must expeditiously remove or disable access to content they host when they are notified of the alleged illegality. Contents
1 United States
2 European Union
3 India
4 Criticism
5 Notice and stay down
6 See also
7 References
United States
The Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act, passed into law in 1998 as part of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act provides safe harbour protection to "online service providers" for "online storage" in section 512 (c). Section 512 (c) applies to online service providers that store copyright infringing material. In addition to the two general requirements that online service providers comply with standard technical measures and remove repeat infringers, section 512 (c) also requires that the online service providers: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notice_and_take_down |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680844592#0_760860097 | Title: Nudge (book) - Wikipedia
Headings: Nudge
(book)
Nudge (book)
Contents
Summary
Human behavior
Two systems of thinking
Fallacies and biases
Libertarian paternalism
Policy recommendations
Retirement saving
Health care
Reception
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: Nudge (book) - Wikipedia
Nudge (book)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
2008 book by Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. ( May 2020) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness
Author
Richard H. Thaler
Cass R. Sunstein
Language
English
Genre
Non-fiction
Publisher
Yale University Press
Publication date
April 8, 2008
Pages
312
ISBN
978-0-14-311526-7
OCLC
791403664
Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness is a book written by University of Chicago economist Richard H. Thaler and Harvard Law School Professor Cass R. Sunstein, first published in 2008. The book draws on research in psychology and behavioral economics to defend libertarian paternalism and active engineering of choice architecture. The book received largely positive reviews. The Guardian described it as "never intimidating, always amusing and elucidating: a jolly economic romp but with serious lessons within." It was named one of the best books of 2008 by The Economist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_%28book%29 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680844592#1_760861794 | Title: Nudge (book) - Wikipedia
Headings: Nudge
(book)
Nudge (book)
Contents
Summary
Human behavior
Two systems of thinking
Fallacies and biases
Libertarian paternalism
Policy recommendations
Retirement saving
Health care
Reception
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: The book draws on research in psychology and behavioral economics to defend libertarian paternalism and active engineering of choice architecture. The book received largely positive reviews. The Guardian described it as "never intimidating, always amusing and elucidating: a jolly economic romp but with serious lessons within." It was named one of the best books of 2008 by The Economist. Contents
1 Summary
1.1 Human behavior
1.1.1 Two systems of thinking
1.1.2 Fallacies and biases
1.2 Libertarian paternalism
1.3 Policy recommendations
1.3.1 Retirement saving
1.3.2 Health care
2 Reception
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Summary
Human behavior
One of the main justifications for Thaler's and Sunstein's endorsement of libertarian paternalism in Nudge draws on facts of human nature and psychology. The book is critical of the homo economicus view of human beings "that each of us thinks and chooses unfailingly well, and thus fits within the textbook picture of human beings offered by economists." They cite many examples of research which raise "serious questions about the rationality of many judgments and decisions that people make". They state that, unlike members of homo economicus, members of the species homo sapiens make predictable mistakes because of their use of heuristics, fallacies, and because of the way they are influenced by their social interactions. Two systems of thinking
The book describes two systems that characterize human thinking, which Sunstein and Thaler refer to as the "Reflective System" and the "Automatic System". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_%28book%29 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680844592#2_760863861 | Title: Nudge (book) - Wikipedia
Headings: Nudge
(book)
Nudge (book)
Contents
Summary
Human behavior
Two systems of thinking
Fallacies and biases
Libertarian paternalism
Policy recommendations
Retirement saving
Health care
Reception
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: Contents
1 Summary
1.1 Human behavior
1.1.1 Two systems of thinking
1.1.2 Fallacies and biases
1.2 Libertarian paternalism
1.3 Policy recommendations
1.3.1 Retirement saving
1.3.2 Health care
2 Reception
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Summary
Human behavior
One of the main justifications for Thaler's and Sunstein's endorsement of libertarian paternalism in Nudge draws on facts of human nature and psychology. The book is critical of the homo economicus view of human beings "that each of us thinks and chooses unfailingly well, and thus fits within the textbook picture of human beings offered by economists." They cite many examples of research which raise "serious questions about the rationality of many judgments and decisions that people make". They state that, unlike members of homo economicus, members of the species homo sapiens make predictable mistakes because of their use of heuristics, fallacies, and because of the way they are influenced by their social interactions. Two systems of thinking
The book describes two systems that characterize human thinking, which Sunstein and Thaler refer to as the "Reflective System" and the "Automatic System". These two systems are more thoroughly defined in Daniel Kahneman 's book Thinking, Fast and Slow . The Automatic System is "rapid and is or feels instinctive, and it does not involve what we usually associate with the word thinking ". Instances of the Automatic System at work include smiling upon seeing a puppy, getting nervous while experiencing air turbulence, and ducking when a ball is thrown at you. The Reflective System is deliberate and self-conscious. It is the one at work when people decide which college to attend, where to go on trips, and (under most circumstances) whether or not to get married. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_%28book%29 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680844592#7_760873714 | Title: Nudge (book) - Wikipedia
Headings: Nudge
(book)
Nudge (book)
Contents
Summary
Human behavior
Two systems of thinking
Fallacies and biases
Libertarian paternalism
Policy recommendations
Retirement saving
Health care
Reception
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: Status quo bias
This is when people are very likely to continue a course of action since it has been traditionally the one pursued, even though this course of action may clearly not be in their best interest. An example of the status-quo bias at work would be when magazine companies offer trials of their magazines for free, but then, after the trial has ended, continue to send magazines and charge the customer until he or she actively end the subscription. This leads to many people receiving and paying for magazines they do not read. Herd mentality
People are heavily influenced by the actions of others. Sunstein and Thaler cite a famous study by Solomon Asch where people, due to peer pressure, answer certain questions in a way that was clearly false (such as saying that two lines are the same length when they clearly are not). Libertarian paternalism
Libertarian paternalism (also called soft paternalism) is the union of two political notions commonly viewed as being at odds: libertarianism and paternalism . Sunstein and Thaler state that "the libertarian aspect of our strategies lies in the straightforward insistence that, in general, people should be free to do what they like-and to opt out of undesirable arrangements if they want to do so". The paternalistic portion of the term "lies in the claim that it is legitimate for choice architects to try to influence people's behavior in order to make their lives longer, healthier, and better". Choice architecture describes the way in which decisions are influenced by how the choices are presented. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_%28book%29 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680844592#8_760875757 | Title: Nudge (book) - Wikipedia
Headings: Nudge
(book)
Nudge (book)
Contents
Summary
Human behavior
Two systems of thinking
Fallacies and biases
Libertarian paternalism
Policy recommendations
Retirement saving
Health care
Reception
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: Libertarian paternalism
Libertarian paternalism (also called soft paternalism) is the union of two political notions commonly viewed as being at odds: libertarianism and paternalism . Sunstein and Thaler state that "the libertarian aspect of our strategies lies in the straightforward insistence that, in general, people should be free to do what they like-and to opt out of undesirable arrangements if they want to do so". The paternalistic portion of the term "lies in the claim that it is legitimate for choice architects to try to influence people's behavior in order to make their lives longer, healthier, and better". Choice architecture describes the way in which decisions are influenced by how the choices are presented. People can be "nudged" by arranging the choice architecture in a certain way without taking away the individual's freedom of choice. A simple example of a nudge would be placing healthy foods in a school cafeteria at eye level while putting less-healthy junk food in harder-to-reach places. Individuals are not actually prevented from eating whatever they want, but arranging the food choices that way causes people to eat less junk food and more healthy food. Policy recommendations
Sunstein and Thaler apply the idea of nudges in the context of choice architecture to propose policy recommendations in the spirit of libertarian paternalism. They have recommendations in the areas of finance, health, the environment, schools, and marriage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_%28book%29 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680844592#9_760877704 | Title: Nudge (book) - Wikipedia
Headings: Nudge
(book)
Nudge (book)
Contents
Summary
Human behavior
Two systems of thinking
Fallacies and biases
Libertarian paternalism
Policy recommendations
Retirement saving
Health care
Reception
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: People can be "nudged" by arranging the choice architecture in a certain way without taking away the individual's freedom of choice. A simple example of a nudge would be placing healthy foods in a school cafeteria at eye level while putting less-healthy junk food in harder-to-reach places. Individuals are not actually prevented from eating whatever they want, but arranging the food choices that way causes people to eat less junk food and more healthy food. Policy recommendations
Sunstein and Thaler apply the idea of nudges in the context of choice architecture to propose policy recommendations in the spirit of libertarian paternalism. They have recommendations in the areas of finance, health, the environment, schools, and marriage. They believe these problems can at least be partially addressed by improving the choice architecture. Retirement saving
Thaler and Sunstein point out that many Americans are not saving enough for retirement. They state that "in 2005 the personal savings rate for Americans was negative for the first time since 1932 and 1933 – the Great Depression years". One change they offer is creating better default plans for employees. Employees would be able to adopt any plan they like, but, if no action is taken, they would automatically be enrolled in an expertly designed program [such as social security]. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_%28book%29 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680868325#0_760903096 | Title: Nudge theory - Wikipedia
Headings: Nudge theory
Nudge theory
Contents
Definition of a nudge
Overview
Types of nudges
Application of theory
Government
Business
Healthcare
Public Health and Safety
Fundraising
Critique
See also
References
Further reading
Content: Nudge theory - Wikipedia
Nudge theory
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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concept in behavioral economics, political theory, and behavioral sciences
Part of a series on
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Nudge is a concept in behavioral economics, political theory, and behavioral sciences which proposes positive reinforcement and indirect suggestions as ways to influence the behavior and decision making of groups or individuals. Nudging contrasts with other ways to achieve compliance, such as education, legislation or enforcement . The nudge concept was popularized in the 2008 book Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness, by two American scholars at the University of Chicago: behavioral economist Richard Thaler and legal scholar Cass Sunstein. It has influenced British and American politicians. Several nudge units exist around the world at the national level (UK, Germany, Japan and others) as well as at the international level (e.g. World Bank, UN, and the European Commission ). It is disputed whether "nudge theory" is a recent novel development in behavioral economics or merely a new term for one of many methods for influencing behavior, investigated in the science of behavior analysis. Contents
1 Definition of a nudge
2 Overview
3 Types of nudges
4 Application of theory
4.1 Government
4.2 Business
4.3 Healthcare
4.4 Public Health and Safety
4.5 Fundraising
5 Critique
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
Definition of a nudge
Example of a nudge: a housefly painted onto the ceramic of a urinal in a men's public toilet
The first formulation of the term and associated principles was developed in cybernetics by James Wilk before 1995 and described by Brunel University academic D. J. Stewart as "the art of the nudge" (sometimes referred to as micronudges). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_theory |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680868325#1_760905932 | Title: Nudge theory - Wikipedia
Headings: Nudge theory
Nudge theory
Contents
Definition of a nudge
Overview
Types of nudges
Application of theory
Government
Business
Healthcare
Public Health and Safety
Fundraising
Critique
See also
References
Further reading
Content: It has influenced British and American politicians. Several nudge units exist around the world at the national level (UK, Germany, Japan and others) as well as at the international level (e.g. World Bank, UN, and the European Commission ). It is disputed whether "nudge theory" is a recent novel development in behavioral economics or merely a new term for one of many methods for influencing behavior, investigated in the science of behavior analysis. Contents
1 Definition of a nudge
2 Overview
3 Types of nudges
4 Application of theory
4.1 Government
4.2 Business
4.3 Healthcare
4.4 Public Health and Safety
4.5 Fundraising
5 Critique
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
Definition of a nudge
Example of a nudge: a housefly painted onto the ceramic of a urinal in a men's public toilet
The first formulation of the term and associated principles was developed in cybernetics by James Wilk before 1995 and described by Brunel University academic D. J. Stewart as "the art of the nudge" (sometimes referred to as micronudges). It also drew on methodological influences from clinical psychotherapy tracing back to Gregory Bateson, including contributions from Milton Erickson, Watzlawick, Weakland and Fisch, and Bill O'Hanlon. In this variant, the nudge is a microtargeted design geared towards a specific group of people, irrespective of the scale of intended intervention. In 2008, Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein 's book Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness brought nudge theory to prominence. It also gained a following among US and UK politicians, in the private sector and in public health. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_theory |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680868325#2_760908029 | Title: Nudge theory - Wikipedia
Headings: Nudge theory
Nudge theory
Contents
Definition of a nudge
Overview
Types of nudges
Application of theory
Government
Business
Healthcare
Public Health and Safety
Fundraising
Critique
See also
References
Further reading
Content: It also drew on methodological influences from clinical psychotherapy tracing back to Gregory Bateson, including contributions from Milton Erickson, Watzlawick, Weakland and Fisch, and Bill O'Hanlon. In this variant, the nudge is a microtargeted design geared towards a specific group of people, irrespective of the scale of intended intervention. In 2008, Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein 's book Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness brought nudge theory to prominence. It also gained a following among US and UK politicians, in the private sector and in public health. The authors refer to influencing behaviour without coercion as libertarian paternalism and the influencers as choice architects. Thaler and Sunstein defined their concept as: A nudge, as we will use the term, is any aspect of the choice architecture that alters people's behavior in a predictable way without forbidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives. To count as a mere nudge, the intervention must be easy and cheap to avoid. Nudges are not mandates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_theory |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680868325#3_760909558 | Title: Nudge theory - Wikipedia
Headings: Nudge theory
Nudge theory
Contents
Definition of a nudge
Overview
Types of nudges
Application of theory
Government
Business
Healthcare
Public Health and Safety
Fundraising
Critique
See also
References
Further reading
Content: The authors refer to influencing behaviour without coercion as libertarian paternalism and the influencers as choice architects. Thaler and Sunstein defined their concept as: A nudge, as we will use the term, is any aspect of the choice architecture that alters people's behavior in a predictable way without forbidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives. To count as a mere nudge, the intervention must be easy and cheap to avoid. Nudges are not mandates. Putting fruit at eye level counts as a nudge. Banning junk food does not. In this form, drawing on behavioral economics, the nudge is more generally applied to influence behaviour. One of the most frequently cited examples of a nudge is the etching of the image of a housefly into the men's room urinals at Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport, which is intended to "improve the aim". Overview
A nudge makes it more likely that an individual will make a particular choice, or behave in a particular way, by altering the environment so that automatic cognitive processes are triggered to favour the desired outcome. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_theory |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680868325#4_760911100 | Title: Nudge theory - Wikipedia
Headings: Nudge theory
Nudge theory
Contents
Definition of a nudge
Overview
Types of nudges
Application of theory
Government
Business
Healthcare
Public Health and Safety
Fundraising
Critique
See also
References
Further reading
Content: Putting fruit at eye level counts as a nudge. Banning junk food does not. In this form, drawing on behavioral economics, the nudge is more generally applied to influence behaviour. One of the most frequently cited examples of a nudge is the etching of the image of a housefly into the men's room urinals at Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport, which is intended to "improve the aim". Overview
A nudge makes it more likely that an individual will make a particular choice, or behave in a particular way, by altering the environment so that automatic cognitive processes are triggered to favour the desired outcome. An individual's behaviour is not always in alignment with their intentions (termed a value-action gap ). It is common knowledge that humans are not fully rational beings; that is, people will often do something that is not in their own self-interest, even when they are aware that their actions are not in their best interest. As an example, when hungry, people who diet often underestimate their ability to lose weight, and their intentions to eat healthy can be temporarily weakened until they are satiated. Nobel Laureate Daniel Kahneman describes two distinct systems for processing information as to why people sometimes act against their own self-interest: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_theory |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680868325#5_760912819 | Title: Nudge theory - Wikipedia
Headings: Nudge theory
Nudge theory
Contents
Definition of a nudge
Overview
Types of nudges
Application of theory
Government
Business
Healthcare
Public Health and Safety
Fundraising
Critique
See also
References
Further reading
Content: An individual's behaviour is not always in alignment with their intentions (termed a value-action gap ). It is common knowledge that humans are not fully rational beings; that is, people will often do something that is not in their own self-interest, even when they are aware that their actions are not in their best interest. As an example, when hungry, people who diet often underestimate their ability to lose weight, and their intentions to eat healthy can be temporarily weakened until they are satiated. Nobel Laureate Daniel Kahneman describes two distinct systems for processing information as to why people sometimes act against their own self-interest: System 1 is fast, automatic, and highly susceptible to environmental influences; System 2 processing is slow, reflective, and takes into account explicit goals and intentions. When situations are overly complex or overwhelming for an individual's cognitive capacity, or when an individual is faced with time-constraints or other pressures, System 1 processing takes over decision-making. System 1 processing relies on various judgmental heuristics to make decisions, resulting in faster decisions. Unfortunately, this can also lead to sub-optimal decisions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_theory |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680868325#6_760914486 | Title: Nudge theory - Wikipedia
Headings: Nudge theory
Nudge theory
Contents
Definition of a nudge
Overview
Types of nudges
Application of theory
Government
Business
Healthcare
Public Health and Safety
Fundraising
Critique
See also
References
Further reading
Content: System 1 is fast, automatic, and highly susceptible to environmental influences; System 2 processing is slow, reflective, and takes into account explicit goals and intentions. When situations are overly complex or overwhelming for an individual's cognitive capacity, or when an individual is faced with time-constraints or other pressures, System 1 processing takes over decision-making. System 1 processing relies on various judgmental heuristics to make decisions, resulting in faster decisions. Unfortunately, this can also lead to sub-optimal decisions. In fact, Thaler and Sunstein trace maladaptive behaviour to situations in which System 1 processing over-rides an individual's explicit values and goals. It is well documented that habitual behaviour is resistant to change without a disruption to the environmental cues that trigger that behaviour. Nudging techniques aim to use judgmental heuristics to the advantage of the party creating the set of choices. In other words, a nudge alters the environment so that when heuristic, or System 1, decision-making is used, the resulting choice will be the most positive or desired outcome. An example of such a nudge is switching the placement of junk food in a store, so that fruit and other healthy options are located next to the cash register, while junk food is relocated to another part of the store. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_theory |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680868325#7_760916293 | Title: Nudge theory - Wikipedia
Headings: Nudge theory
Nudge theory
Contents
Definition of a nudge
Overview
Types of nudges
Application of theory
Government
Business
Healthcare
Public Health and Safety
Fundraising
Critique
See also
References
Further reading
Content: In fact, Thaler and Sunstein trace maladaptive behaviour to situations in which System 1 processing over-rides an individual's explicit values and goals. It is well documented that habitual behaviour is resistant to change without a disruption to the environmental cues that trigger that behaviour. Nudging techniques aim to use judgmental heuristics to the advantage of the party creating the set of choices. In other words, a nudge alters the environment so that when heuristic, or System 1, decision-making is used, the resulting choice will be the most positive or desired outcome. An example of such a nudge is switching the placement of junk food in a store, so that fruit and other healthy options are located next to the cash register, while junk food is relocated to another part of the store. Types of nudges
Nudges are small changes in the environment that are easy and inexpensive to implement. Several different techniques exist for nudging, including defaults, social proof heuristics, and increasing the salience of the desired option. Nudging to incite pupils to use toilet buildings at May Sa'iri school in Ethiopia
A default option is the option an individual automatically receives if he or she does nothing. People are more likely to choose a particular option if it is the default option. For example, Pichert & Katsikopoulos found that a greater number of consumers chose the renewable energy option for electricity when it was offered as the default option. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_theory |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680868325#8_760918222 | Title: Nudge theory - Wikipedia
Headings: Nudge theory
Nudge theory
Contents
Definition of a nudge
Overview
Types of nudges
Application of theory
Government
Business
Healthcare
Public Health and Safety
Fundraising
Critique
See also
References
Further reading
Content: Types of nudges
Nudges are small changes in the environment that are easy and inexpensive to implement. Several different techniques exist for nudging, including defaults, social proof heuristics, and increasing the salience of the desired option. Nudging to incite pupils to use toilet buildings at May Sa'iri school in Ethiopia
A default option is the option an individual automatically receives if he or she does nothing. People are more likely to choose a particular option if it is the default option. For example, Pichert & Katsikopoulos found that a greater number of consumers chose the renewable energy option for electricity when it was offered as the default option. A social proof heuristic refers to the tendency for individuals to look at the behavior of other people to help guide their own behavior. Studies have found some success in using social proof heuristics to nudge individuals to make healthier food choices. When an individual's attention is drawn towards a particular option, that option will become more salient to the individual and they will be more likely to choose that option. As an example, in snack shops at train stations in the Netherlands, consumers purchased more fruit and healthy snack options when they were relocated next to the cash register. Since then, other similar studies have been made regarding the placement of healthier food options close to the checkout counter and the effect on the consuming behavior of the customers and this is now considered an effective and well-accepted nudge. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_theory |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_680868325#9_760920209 | Title: Nudge theory - Wikipedia
Headings: Nudge theory
Nudge theory
Contents
Definition of a nudge
Overview
Types of nudges
Application of theory
Government
Business
Healthcare
Public Health and Safety
Fundraising
Critique
See also
References
Further reading
Content: A social proof heuristic refers to the tendency for individuals to look at the behavior of other people to help guide their own behavior. Studies have found some success in using social proof heuristics to nudge individuals to make healthier food choices. When an individual's attention is drawn towards a particular option, that option will become more salient to the individual and they will be more likely to choose that option. As an example, in snack shops at train stations in the Netherlands, consumers purchased more fruit and healthy snack options when they were relocated next to the cash register. Since then, other similar studies have been made regarding the placement of healthier food options close to the checkout counter and the effect on the consuming behavior of the customers and this is now considered an effective and well-accepted nudge. Application of theory
Behavioral insights and nudges are currently used in many countries around the world. Government
In 2008, the United States appointed Sunstein, who helped develop the theory, as administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs. Notable applications of nudge theory include the formation of the British Behavioural Insights Team in 2010. It is often called the "Nudge Unit", at the British Cabinet Office, headed by David Halpern. Both Prime Minister David Cameron and President Barack Obama sought to employ nudge theory to advance domestic policy goals during their terms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_theory |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_686023384#6_766977594 | Title: Stereotypes of nurses - Wikipedia
Headings: Stereotypes of nurses
Stereotypes of nurses
Contents
History
Nurses as selfless and angelic
Harmful effects
Misrepresentations in the media
See also
References
Further reading
Content: The image of a drunk nurse was exemplified by Dickens' Sarah Gamp. The nurse in this image is depicted as a moral, noble and religious being who was devout like a nun —chaste and abstemious - as opposed to the resemblance that of a witch. Her skills would be practical and her demeanor would be stoic and obedient. Florence Nightingale also known as The Lady with the Lamp, promoted this image due to the fact that during the Crimean War, she was known to make rounds at night, treating wounds and giving care to soldiers. The angelic image that comes to mind when a woman with a lamp approaches an injured soldier is not far fetched. This is where much or the selfless angelic image of nurses come from. The idea of female nurses attending the British Army fighting in the war was controversial, due to it being thought immoral as well as revolutionary. Harmful effects
The media has a strong influence on public views, shaping the way the public values and treats professions in healthcare. In the book Saving Lives: Why the Media's Portrayal Nurses Puts Us All At Risk, Sandy Summers and Harry Jacobs discuss the many ill effects of the common stereotypes and how those are presented in today's media. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse_stereotypes |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_686308505#9_767433585 | Title: Nursing documentation - Wikipedia
Headings: Nursing documentation
Nursing documentation
Contents
Purposes
Documentation of the nursing process
Content
Admission
Assessment
Nursing care plan
Progress notes
Recording format
Paper-based nursing documentation
Electronic nursing documentation
Comparison of the quality of paper-based and electronic documentation
Quality of nursing documentation
Standardized nursing terminology
Structured documentation
References
Content: Electronic nursing documentation
Electronic nursing documentation is an electronic format of nursing documentation an increasingly used by nurses. Electronic nursing documentation systems have been implemented in health care organizations to bring in the benefits of increasing access to more complete, accurate and up-to-date data and reducing redundancy, improving communication and care service delivery. Comparison of the quality of paper-based and electronic documentation
Electronic nursing documentation systems are able to produce somewhat better quality data in comparison with paper-based systems, in certain respects depending on the characteristics of the systems and the practice of the various study settings. The common benefits of electronic documentation systems include the improvement of comprehensiveness in documenting the nursing process, the use of standardized language and the recording of specific items about particular client issues and relevance of the message. In addition, electronic systems can improve legibility, dating and signing in nursing records. For the documentation of nursing assessment, the electronic systems significantly increased the quantity and comprehensiveness of documented assessment forms in each record. In regard to the NCP, the electronic standardized NCPs were graded with a higher total quality score than its paper-based counterpart. In addition, in comparison with the paper-based documentation systems, the electronic systems, due to their automatic functions, were able to improve the format, structure and process features of documentation quality such as legibility, signing, dating, crossing out error and space with a single line and resident identification on every page. Paper-based documentation has been found to be inferior in comparison with electronic documentation. This is caused by the inherent nature of paper being difficult to update, time-consuming in a recording. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_documentation |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_686687368#0_767841378 | Title: Nursing theory - Wikipedia
Headings: Nursing theory
Nursing theory
Contents
Nursing theory
Importance
Borrowed and shared theories
Types
Grand nursing theories
Mid-range nursing theories
Nursing practice theories
Nursing models
Components of nursing modeling
Common concepts of nursing modeling: a metaparadigm
Notable nursing theorists and theories
See also
References
External links
Content: Nursing theory - Wikipedia
Nursing theory
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Nursing theory is defined as "a creative and rigorous structuring of ideas that project a tentative, purposeful, and systematic view of phenomena". Through systematic inquiry, whether in nursing research or practice, nurses are able to develop knowledge relevant to improving the care of patients. Theory refers to "a coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation". Contents
1 Nursing theory
1.1 Importance
1.2 Borrowed and shared theories
2 Types
2.1 Grand nursing theories
2.2 Mid-range nursing theories
2.3 Nursing practice theories
3 Nursing models
3.1 Components of nursing modeling
3.2 Common concepts of nursing modeling: a metaparadigm
4 Notable nursing theorists and theories
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Nursing theory
Importance
In the early part of nursing's history, there was little formal nursing knowledge. As nursing education developed, the need to categorize knowledge led to development of nursing theory to help nurses evaluate increasingly complex client care situations. Nursing theories give a plan for reflection in which to examine a certain direction in where the plan needs to head. As new situations are encountered, this framework provides an arrangement for management, investigation and decision-making. Nursing theories also administer a structure for communicating with other nurses and with other representatives and members of the health care team. Nursing theories assist the development of nursing in formulating beliefs, values and goals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_theory |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_686687368#1_767843613 | Title: Nursing theory - Wikipedia
Headings: Nursing theory
Nursing theory
Contents
Nursing theory
Importance
Borrowed and shared theories
Types
Grand nursing theories
Mid-range nursing theories
Nursing practice theories
Nursing models
Components of nursing modeling
Common concepts of nursing modeling: a metaparadigm
Notable nursing theorists and theories
See also
References
External links
Content: As nursing education developed, the need to categorize knowledge led to development of nursing theory to help nurses evaluate increasingly complex client care situations. Nursing theories give a plan for reflection in which to examine a certain direction in where the plan needs to head. As new situations are encountered, this framework provides an arrangement for management, investigation and decision-making. Nursing theories also administer a structure for communicating with other nurses and with other representatives and members of the health care team. Nursing theories assist the development of nursing in formulating beliefs, values and goals. They help to define the different particular contribution of nursing with the care of clients. Nursing theory guides research and practice. Borrowed and shared theories
Not all theories in nursing are unique nursing theories; many are borrowed or shared with other disciplines. Theories developed by Neuman, Watson, Parse, Orlando and Peplau are considered unique nursing theories. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_theory |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_686687368#2_767845232 | Title: Nursing theory - Wikipedia
Headings: Nursing theory
Nursing theory
Contents
Nursing theory
Importance
Borrowed and shared theories
Types
Grand nursing theories
Mid-range nursing theories
Nursing practice theories
Nursing models
Components of nursing modeling
Common concepts of nursing modeling: a metaparadigm
Notable nursing theorists and theories
See also
References
External links
Content: They help to define the different particular contribution of nursing with the care of clients. Nursing theory guides research and practice. Borrowed and shared theories
Not all theories in nursing are unique nursing theories; many are borrowed or shared with other disciplines. Theories developed by Neuman, Watson, Parse, Orlando and Peplau are considered unique nursing theories. Theories and concepts that originated in related sciences have been borrowed by nurses to explain and explore phenomena specific to nursing. Types
Grand nursing theories
Grand nursing theories have the broadest scope and present general concepts and propositions. Theories at this level may both reflect and provide insights useful for practice but are not designed for empirical testing. This limits the use of grand nursing theories for directing, explaining, and predicting nursing in particular situations. However, these theories may contain concepts that can lend themselves to empirical testing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_theory |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_686687368#6_767852356 | Title: Nursing theory - Wikipedia
Headings: Nursing theory
Nursing theory
Contents
Nursing theory
Importance
Borrowed and shared theories
Types
Grand nursing theories
Mid-range nursing theories
Nursing practice theories
Nursing models
Components of nursing modeling
Common concepts of nursing modeling: a metaparadigm
Notable nursing theorists and theories
See also
References
External links
Content: Nursing practice theories are usually defined to an exact community or discipline. Nursing models
Nursing models are usually described as a representation of reality or a more simple way of organising a complex phenomenon. The nursing model is a consolidation of both concepts and the assumption that combine them into a meaningful arrangement. A model is a way of presenting a situation in such a way that it shows the logical terms in order to showcase the structure of the original idea. The term nursing model cannot be used interchangeably with nursing theory. Components of nursing modeling
There are three main key components to a nursing model: Statement of goal that the nurse is trying to achieve
Set of beliefs and values
Awareness, skills and knowledge the nurse needs to practice. The first important step in development of ideas about nursing is to establish the body approach essential to nursing, then to analyse the beliefs and values around those. Common concepts of nursing modeling: a metaparadigm
A metaparadigm contains philosophical worldviews and concepts that are unique to a discipline and defines boundaries that separate it from other disciplines. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_theory |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_700048804#1_785079591 | Title: Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign - Wikipedia
Headings: Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign
Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign
Contents
End of the primaries
Running mate
Major events
Middle Eastern and European tour
Presidential debates
Saddleback Civil Forum
Victory speech
Fundraising
Chronology
Branding
Logo
Slogan
Hope poster
Typefaces
Campaign songs
Technology
Social Media
MyBo
NationalField
Voter Data
Media campaign
Online advertising
Television advertisements
Infomercial
Other Initiatives
Fight the Smears
Israel for Obama
Political positions
Opinion polling
Election day
Certification of the electoral votes
See also
References
External links
Content: After winning a majority of delegates in the Democratic primaries of 2008, on August 23, leading up to the convention, the campaign announced that Senator Joe Biden of Delaware would be the vice presidential nominee. At the 2008 Democratic National Convention on August 27, Barack Obama was formally selected as the Democratic Party nominee for President of the United States in 2008. He was the first African American in history to be nominated on a major party ticket. On November 4, 2008, Obama defeated the Republican nominee, Senator John McCain of Arizona, making him the President-elect and the first African American elected President. He was the third sitting U.S. Senator, after Warren G. Harding and John F. Kennedy, to be elected president. Upon the vote of the Electoral College on December 15, 2008, and the subsequent certification thereof by a Joint Session of the United States Congress on January 8, 2009, Barack Obama was elected President of the United States and Joe Biden Vice President of the United States, with 365 of 538 electors. Contents
1 End of the primaries
2 Running mate
3 Major events
3.1 Middle Eastern and European tour
3.2 Presidential debates
3.3 Saddleback Civil Forum
3.4 Victory speech
4 Fundraising
4.1 Chronology
5 Branding
5.1 Logo
5.2 Slogan
5.3 Hope poster
5.4 Typefaces
5.5 Campaign songs
6 Technology
6.1 Social Media
6.2 MyBo
6.3 NationalField
6.4 Voter Data
7 Media campaign
7.1 Online advertising
7.2 Television advertisements
7.3 Infomercial
7.4 Other Initiatives
7.4.1 Fight the Smears
7.4.2 Israel for Obama
8 Political positions
9 Opinion polling
10 Election day
11 Certification of the electoral votes
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
End of the primaries
Further information: Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign
On June 3, 2008, after the Montana and South Dakota primaries, he secured enough delegates to clinch the nomination of the Democratic Party for President of the United States. His opponent in the general election, Republican John McCain, passed the delegate threshold to become the apparent nominee of his party on March 4. On June 7, Hillary Clinton, Obama's remaining opponent in the quest for the Democratic nomination, conceded defeat and urged her supporters to back Obama. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_2008 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_701099639#0_786502247 | Title: Obesity in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia
Headings: Obesity in the United Kingdom
Obesity in the United Kingdom
Contents
Causes
Patterns of food consumption outside the home
Effects
Operational issues
Tackling obesity
School meals
Recommendations by medical professionals
Government initiatives
Geographical distribution of obesity in the United Kingdom
Regional overweight and obesity statistics for England
Comparison within Europe
See also
References
Content: Obesity in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia
Obesity in the United Kingdom
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( February 2020)
Overview of obesity in the United Kingdom
Obesity in the United Kingdom is a significant contemporary health concern, with authorities stating that it is one of the leading preventable causes of death. In February 2016, former Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt described rising rates of childhood obesity as a "national emergency". Data from the Health Survey for England (HSE) conducted in 2018 indicated that 31% of adults in the England were recognised as clinically obese with a Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than 30. 63% of adults were classified as overweight or obese (a body mass index of 25 or above), compared to 53% in 1993. More than two-thirds of men and 6 in 10 women were overweight or obese. 15% of children aged between 2 and 15 years (inclusive) were obese and an additional 13% of children were overweight. Rising levels of obesity are a major challenge to public health. There are expected to be 11 million more obese adults in the UK by 2030, accruing up to 668,000 additional cases of diabetes mellitus, 461,000 cases of heart disease and stroke, 130,000 cases of cancer, with associated medical costs set to increase by £1.9–2.0B per year by 2030. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_Kingdom |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_701099639#5_786513879 | Title: Obesity in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia
Headings: Obesity in the United Kingdom
Obesity in the United Kingdom
Contents
Causes
Patterns of food consumption outside the home
Effects
Operational issues
Tackling obesity
School meals
Recommendations by medical professionals
Government initiatives
Geographical distribution of obesity in the United Kingdom
Regional overweight and obesity statistics for England
Comparison within Europe
See also
References
Content: Professor Jimmy Bell, an obesity specialist at Imperial College London, has stated that contrary to popular belief, the people of the United Kingdom have not become greedier or less active in recent years. One thing that has changed is the food that they eat, and, more specifically, the sheer amount of sugar they ingest. " We're being bombarded every day by the food industry to consume more and more food. It's a war between our bodies and the demands our body makes, and the accessibility that modern society gives us with food." Effects
Main article: Obesity § Effects on health
Being overweight or obese increases the risk of illnesses, such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, as well as some forms of cancer. In the United Kingdom, obesity and a BMI of 30 to 35 has been found to reduce life expectancy by an average of three years, while a BMI of over 40 reduced longevity by eight to 10 years. According to a report published by the Commons Health Select Committee in November 2015, treating obesity related medical conditions costs the National Health Service (NHS) £5 billion a year and has a wider cost to the economy of £27 billion. A study published by two McKinsey researchers in the same year estimated costs to the United Kingdom economy of £6 billion ($9.6 billion) annually in direct medical costs of conditions related to being overweight or obese and a further £10 billion in costs on diabetes treatment. The cost of obesity and diabetes treatment in the NHS is equivalent to the United Kingdom's combined budget for the police and fire services, law courts, and prisons; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_Kingdom |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_702327825#0_787973354 | Title: Objections to evolution - Wikipedia
Headings: Objections to evolution
Objections to evolution
Contents
History
Defining evolution
Scientific acceptance
Status as a theory
Degree of acceptance
Scientific status
Religious nature
Unfalsifiability
Tautological nature
Evidence
Lack of observation
Unreliable evidence
Unreliable chronology
Plausibility
Improbability
Unexplained aspects of the natural world
Impossibility
Creation of complex structures
Cambrian explosion complexity argument
Creation of information
Violation of the second law of thermodynamics
Moral implications
Humans as animals
Social effects
Atheism
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Content: Objections to evolution - Wikipedia
Objections to evolution
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Arguments that have been made against evolution
Part of a series on
Evolutionary biology
Darwin's finches by John Gould
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Objections to evolution have been raised since evolutionary ideas came to prominence in the 19th century. When Charles Darwin published his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, his theory of evolution (the idea that species arose through descent with modification from a single common ancestor in a process driven by natural selection) initially met opposition from scientists with different theories, but eventually came to receive overwhelming acceptance in the scientific community. The observation of evolutionary processes occurring (as well as the modern evolutionary synthesis explaining that evidence) has been uncontroversial among mainstream biologists since the 1940s. Since then, most criticisms and denials of evolution have come from religious groups, rather than from the scientific community. Although many religious groups have found reconciliation of their beliefs with evolution, such as through theistic evolution, other religious groups continue to reject evolutionary explanations in favor of creationism, the belief that the universe and life were created by supernatural forces. The U.S. -centered creation–evolution controversy has become a focal point of perceived conflict between religion and science . Several branches of creationism, including creation science, neo-creationism, and intelligent design, argue that the idea of life being directly designed by a god or intelligence is at least as scientific as evolutionary theory, and should therefore be taught in public education. Such arguments against evolution have become widespread and include objections to evolution's evidence, methodology, plausibility, morality, and scientific acceptance. The scientific community does not recognize such objections as valid, pointing to detractors' misinterpretations of such things as the scientific method, evidence, and basic physical laws . Contents
1 History
2 Defining evolution
3 Scientific acceptance
3.1 Status as a theory
3.2 Degree of acceptance
4 Scientific status
4.1 Religious nature
4.2 Unfalsifiability
4.3 Tautological nature
5 Evidence
5.1 Lack of observation
5.2 Unreliable evidence
5.3 Unreliable chronology
6 Plausibility
6.1 Improbability
6.2 Unexplained aspects of the natural world
7 Impossibility
7.1 Creation of complex structures
7.1.1 Cambrian explosion complexity argument
7.2 Creation of information
7.3 Violation of the second law of thermodynamics
8 Moral implications
8.1 Humans as animals
8.2 Social effects
8.3 Atheism
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 Bibliography
13 Further reading
14 External links
History
Further information: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objections_to_evolution |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_702327825#1_787978733 | Title: Objections to evolution - Wikipedia
Headings: Objections to evolution
Objections to evolution
Contents
History
Defining evolution
Scientific acceptance
Status as a theory
Degree of acceptance
Scientific status
Religious nature
Unfalsifiability
Tautological nature
Evidence
Lack of observation
Unreliable evidence
Unreliable chronology
Plausibility
Improbability
Unexplained aspects of the natural world
Impossibility
Creation of complex structures
Cambrian explosion complexity argument
Creation of information
Violation of the second law of thermodynamics
Moral implications
Humans as animals
Social effects
Atheism
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Content: The U.S. -centered creation–evolution controversy has become a focal point of perceived conflict between religion and science . Several branches of creationism, including creation science, neo-creationism, and intelligent design, argue that the idea of life being directly designed by a god or intelligence is at least as scientific as evolutionary theory, and should therefore be taught in public education. Such arguments against evolution have become widespread and include objections to evolution's evidence, methodology, plausibility, morality, and scientific acceptance. The scientific community does not recognize such objections as valid, pointing to detractors' misinterpretations of such things as the scientific method, evidence, and basic physical laws . Contents
1 History
2 Defining evolution
3 Scientific acceptance
3.1 Status as a theory
3.2 Degree of acceptance
4 Scientific status
4.1 Religious nature
4.2 Unfalsifiability
4.3 Tautological nature
5 Evidence
5.1 Lack of observation
5.2 Unreliable evidence
5.3 Unreliable chronology
6 Plausibility
6.1 Improbability
6.2 Unexplained aspects of the natural world
7 Impossibility
7.1 Creation of complex structures
7.1.1 Cambrian explosion complexity argument
7.2 Creation of information
7.3 Violation of the second law of thermodynamics
8 Moral implications
8.1 Humans as animals
8.2 Social effects
8.3 Atheism
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 Bibliography
13 Further reading
14 External links
History
Further information: History of evolutionary thought, History of creationism, and Creation–evolution controversy
Charles Darwin 's theory of evolution gained widespread acceptance as a description of the origin of species, but there was continued resistance to his views on the significance of natural selection as the mechanism of evolution. Evolutionary ideas came to prominence in the early 19th century with the theory (developed between 1800 and 1822) of the transmutation of species put forward by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829). At first the scientific community - and notably Georges Cuvier (1769 - 1832) - opposed the idea of evolution. The idea that laws control nature and society gained vast popular audiences with George Combe 's The Constitution of Man of 1828 and with the anonymous Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation of 1844. When Charles Darwin published his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, he convinced most of the scientific community that new species arise through descent through modification in a branching pattern of divergence from common ancestors, but while most scientists accepted natural selection as a valid and empirically testable hypothesis, Darwin's view of it as the primary mechanism of evolution was rejected by some. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objections_to_evolution |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_703540892#1_789418738 | Title: Observation - Wikipedia
Headings: Observation
Observation
Contents
Science
Formulate a hypothesis that tentatively answers the question
Paradoxes
Biases
Confirmation bias
Processing bias
Philosophy
See also
References
Content: Observations can be qualitative, that is, only the absence or presence of a property is noted, or quantitative if a numerical value is attached to the observed phenomenon by counting or measuring . Contents
1 Science
2 Formulate a hypothesis that tentatively answers the question
3 Paradoxes
4 Biases
4.1 Confirmation bias
4.2 Processing bias
5 Philosophy
6 See also
7 References
Science
The scientific method requires observations of natural phenomena to formulate and test hypotheses. It consists of the following steps: Ask a question about a natural phenomenon
Make observations of the phenomenon
Formulate a hypothesis that tentatively answers the question
Predict logical, observable consequences of the hypothesis that have not yet been investigated
Test the hypothesis' predictions by an experiment , observational study , field study , or simulation
Draw a conclusion from data gathered in the experiment, or revise the hypothesis or form a new one and repeat the process
Write a descriptive method of observation and the results or conclusions reached
Have peers with experience researching the same phenomenon evaluate the results
Observations play a role in the second and fifth steps of the scientific method. However, the need for reproducibility requires that observations by different observers can be comparable. Human sense impressions are subjective and qualitative, making them difficult to record or compare. The use of measurement developed to allow recording and comparison of observations made at different times and places, by different people. Measurement consists of using observation to compare the phenomenon being observed to a standard unit. The standard unit can be an artifact, process, or definition which can be duplicated or shared by all observers. In measurement the number of standard units which is equal to the observation is counted. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_704084217#0_790071056 | Title: Observer (quantum physics) - Wikipedia
Headings: Observer (quantum physics)
Observer (quantum physics)
See also
References
Content: Observer (quantum physics) - Wikipedia
Observer (quantum physics)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Some interpretations of quantum mechanics posit a central role for an observer of a quantum phenomenon. The quantum mechanical observer is tied to the issue of observer effect, where a measurement necessarily requires interacting with the physical object being measured, affecting its properties through the interaction. The term "observable" has gained a technical meaning, denoting a Hermitian operator that represents a measurement. The prominence of seemingly subjective or anthropocentric ideas like "observer" in the early development of the theory has been a continuing source of disquiet and philosophical dispute. A number of new-age religious or philosophical views give the observer a more special role, or place constraints on who or what can be an observer. There is no credible peer-reviewed research that backs such claims. As an example of such claims, Fritjof Capra declared, "The crucial feature of atomic physics is that the human observer is not only necessary to observe the properties of an object, but is necessary even to define these properties." The Copenhagen interpretation, which is the most widely accepted interpretation of quantum mechanics among physicists, posits that an "observer" or a "measurement" is merely a physical process. One of the founders of the Copenhagen interpretation, Werner Heisenberg, wrote: Of course the introduction of the observer must not be misunderstood to imply that some kind of subjective features are to be brought into the description of nature. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_(quantum_physics) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_704084217#1_790073036 | Title: Observer (quantum physics) - Wikipedia
Headings: Observer (quantum physics)
Observer (quantum physics)
See also
References
Content: There is no credible peer-reviewed research that backs such claims. As an example of such claims, Fritjof Capra declared, "The crucial feature of atomic physics is that the human observer is not only necessary to observe the properties of an object, but is necessary even to define these properties." The Copenhagen interpretation, which is the most widely accepted interpretation of quantum mechanics among physicists, posits that an "observer" or a "measurement" is merely a physical process. One of the founders of the Copenhagen interpretation, Werner Heisenberg, wrote: Of course the introduction of the observer must not be misunderstood to imply that some kind of subjective features are to be brought into the description of nature. The observer has, rather, only the function of registering decisions, i.e., processes in space and time, and it does not matter whether the observer is an apparatus or a human being; but the registration, i.e., the transition from the "possible" to the "actual," is absolutely necessary here and cannot be omitted from the interpretation of quantum theory. Niels Bohr, also a founder of the Copenhagen interpretation, wrote: all unambiguous information concerning atomic objects is derived from the permanent marks such as a spot on a photographic plate, caused by the impact of an electron left on the bodies which define the experimental conditions. Far from involving any special intricacy, the irreversible amplification effects on which the recording of the presence of atomic objects rests rather remind us of the essential irreversibility inherent in the very concept of observation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_(quantum_physics) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_704084217#2_790074996 | Title: Observer (quantum physics) - Wikipedia
Headings: Observer (quantum physics)
Observer (quantum physics)
See also
References
Content: The observer has, rather, only the function of registering decisions, i.e., processes in space and time, and it does not matter whether the observer is an apparatus or a human being; but the registration, i.e., the transition from the "possible" to the "actual," is absolutely necessary here and cannot be omitted from the interpretation of quantum theory. Niels Bohr, also a founder of the Copenhagen interpretation, wrote: all unambiguous information concerning atomic objects is derived from the permanent marks such as a spot on a photographic plate, caused by the impact of an electron left on the bodies which define the experimental conditions. Far from involving any special intricacy, the irreversible amplification effects on which the recording of the presence of atomic objects rests rather remind us of the essential irreversibility inherent in the very concept of observation. The description of atomic phenomena has in these respects a perfectly objective character, in the sense that no explicit reference is made to any individual observer and that therefore, with proper regard to relativistic exigencies, no ambiguity is involved in the communication of information. Likewise, Asher Peres stated that "observers" in quantum physics are
similar to the ubiquitous "observers" who send and receive light signals in special relativity. Obviously, this terminology does not imply the actual presence of human beings. These fictitious physicists may as well be inanimate automata that can perform all the required tasks, if suitably programmed. Critics of the special role of the observer also point out that observers can themselves be observed, leading to paradoxes such as that of Wigner's friend; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_(quantum_physics) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_704084217#3_790077038 | Title: Observer (quantum physics) - Wikipedia
Headings: Observer (quantum physics)
Observer (quantum physics)
See also
References
Content: The description of atomic phenomena has in these respects a perfectly objective character, in the sense that no explicit reference is made to any individual observer and that therefore, with proper regard to relativistic exigencies, no ambiguity is involved in the communication of information. Likewise, Asher Peres stated that "observers" in quantum physics are
similar to the ubiquitous "observers" who send and receive light signals in special relativity. Obviously, this terminology does not imply the actual presence of human beings. These fictitious physicists may as well be inanimate automata that can perform all the required tasks, if suitably programmed. Critics of the special role of the observer also point out that observers can themselves be observed, leading to paradoxes such as that of Wigner's friend; and that it is not clear how much consciousness is required. As John Bell inquired, "Was the wave function waiting to jump for thousands of millions of years until a single-celled living creature appeared? Or did it have to wait a little longer for some highly qualified measurer—with a PhD?" See also
Observer (physics)
Quantum foundations
References
^ a bSchlosshauer, Maximilian; Kofler, Johannes; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_(quantum_physics) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_704097814#0_790102038 | Title: Observer effect (physics) - Wikipedia
Headings: Observer effect (physics)
Observer effect (physics)
Contents
Particle physics
Electronics
Thermodynamics
Quantum mechanics
References
Content: Observer effect (physics) - Wikipedia
Observer effect (physics)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Observer effect. Part of a series on
Quantum mechanics
i ℏ ∂ ∂ t | ψ ( t ) ⟩ = H ^ | ψ ( t ) ⟩ {\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {\partial } {\partial t}}|\psi (t)\rangle = {\hat {H}}|\psi (t)\rangle }
Schrödinger equation
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In physics, the observer effect is the disturbance of an observed system by the act of observation. This is often the result of instruments that, by necessity, alter the state of what they measure in some manner. A common example is checking the pressure in an automobile tire; this is difficult to do without letting out some of the air, thus changing the pressure. Similarly, it is not possible to see any object without light hitting the object, and causing it to reflect that light. While the effects of observation are often negligible, the object still experiences a change. This effect can be found in many domains of physics, but can usually be reduced to insignificance by using different instruments or observation techniques. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect_(physics) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_704097814#1_790106270 | Title: Observer effect (physics) - Wikipedia
Headings: Observer effect (physics)
Observer effect (physics)
Contents
Particle physics
Electronics
Thermodynamics
Quantum mechanics
References
Content: A common example is checking the pressure in an automobile tire; this is difficult to do without letting out some of the air, thus changing the pressure. Similarly, it is not possible to see any object without light hitting the object, and causing it to reflect that light. While the effects of observation are often negligible, the object still experiences a change. This effect can be found in many domains of physics, but can usually be reduced to insignificance by using different instruments or observation techniques. An especially unusual version of the observer effect occurs in quantum mechanics, as best demonstrated by the double-slit experiment. Physicists have found that even passive observation of quantum phenomena (by changing the test apparatus and passively "ruling out" all but one possibility) can actually change the measured result. Despite the "observer" in this experiment being an electronic detector—possibly due to the assumption that the word "observer" implies a person—its results have led to the popular belief that a conscious mind can directly affect reality. The need for the "observer" to be conscious is not supported by scientific research, and has been pointed out as a misconception rooted in a poor understanding of the quantum wave function ψ and the quantum measurement process, apparently being the generation of information at its most basic level that produces the effect. Contents
1 Particle physics
2 Electronics
3 Thermodynamics
4 Quantum mechanics
5 References
Particle physics
An electron is detected upon interaction with a photon; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect_(physics) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_704097814#2_790108265 | Title: Observer effect (physics) - Wikipedia
Headings: Observer effect (physics)
Observer effect (physics)
Contents
Particle physics
Electronics
Thermodynamics
Quantum mechanics
References
Content: An especially unusual version of the observer effect occurs in quantum mechanics, as best demonstrated by the double-slit experiment. Physicists have found that even passive observation of quantum phenomena (by changing the test apparatus and passively "ruling out" all but one possibility) can actually change the measured result. Despite the "observer" in this experiment being an electronic detector—possibly due to the assumption that the word "observer" implies a person—its results have led to the popular belief that a conscious mind can directly affect reality. The need for the "observer" to be conscious is not supported by scientific research, and has been pointed out as a misconception rooted in a poor understanding of the quantum wave function ψ and the quantum measurement process, apparently being the generation of information at its most basic level that produces the effect. Contents
1 Particle physics
2 Electronics
3 Thermodynamics
4 Quantum mechanics
5 References
Particle physics
An electron is detected upon interaction with a photon; this interaction will inevitably alter the velocity and momentum of that electron. It is possible for other, less direct means of measurement to affect the electron. It is also necessary to distinguish clearly between the measured value of a quantity and the value resulting from the measurement process. In particular, a measurement of momentum is non-repeatable in short intervals of time. A formula (one-dimensional for simplicity) relating involved quantities, due to Niels Bohr (1928) is given by
| v x ′ − v x | Δ p x ≈ ℏ / Δ t , {\displaystyle |v'_ {x}-v_ {x}|\Delta p_ {x}\approx \hbar /\Delta t,}
where
Δ px is uncertainty in measured value of momentum,
Δ t is duration of measurement,
vx is velocity of particle before measurement,
v '
x is velocity of particle after measurement,
ħ is the reduced Planck constant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect_(physics) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_704097814#5_790115048 | Title: Observer effect (physics) - Wikipedia
Headings: Observer effect (physics)
Observer effect (physics)
Contents
Particle physics
Electronics
Thermodynamics
Quantum mechanics
References
Content: Quantum mechanics
Main article: Observer (quantum mechanics)
The theoretical foundation of the concept of measurement in quantum mechanics is a contentious issue deeply connected to the many interpretations of quantum mechanics. A key focus point is that of wave function collapse, for which several popular interpretations assert that measurement causes a discontinuous change into an eigenstate of the operator associated with the quantity that was measured, a change which is not time-reversible. More explicitly, the superposition principle ( ψ = Σnanψn) of quantum physics dictates that for a wave function ψ, a measurement will result in a state of the quantum system of one of the m possible eigenvalues fn , n = 1, 2, ..., m, of the operator ∧ F which in the space of the eigenfunctions ψn , n = 1, 2, ..., m . Once one has measured the system, one knows its current state; and this prevents it from being in one of its other states — it has apparently decohered from them without prospects of future strong quantum interference. This means that the type of measurement one performs on the system affects the end-state of the system. An experimentally studied situation related to this is the quantum Zeno effect, in which a quantum state would decay if left alone, but does not decay because of its continuous observation. The dynamics of a quantum system under continuous observation are described by a quantum stochastic master equation known as the Belavkin equation. Further studies have shown that even observing the results after the photon is produced leads to collapsing the wave function and loading a back-history as shown by delayed choice quantum eraser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect_(physics) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_704097814#6_790117158 | Title: Observer effect (physics) - Wikipedia
Headings: Observer effect (physics)
Observer effect (physics)
Contents
Particle physics
Electronics
Thermodynamics
Quantum mechanics
References
Content: and this prevents it from being in one of its other states — it has apparently decohered from them without prospects of future strong quantum interference. This means that the type of measurement one performs on the system affects the end-state of the system. An experimentally studied situation related to this is the quantum Zeno effect, in which a quantum state would decay if left alone, but does not decay because of its continuous observation. The dynamics of a quantum system under continuous observation are described by a quantum stochastic master equation known as the Belavkin equation. Further studies have shown that even observing the results after the photon is produced leads to collapsing the wave function and loading a back-history as shown by delayed choice quantum eraser. When discussing the wave function ψ which describes the state of a system in quantum mechanics, one should be cautious of a common misconception that assumes that the wave function ψ amounts to the same thing as the physical object it describes. This flawed concept must then require existence of an external mechanism, such as a measuring instrument, that lies outside the principles governing the time evolution of the wave function ψ, in order to account for the so-called "collapse of the wave function" after a measurement has been performed. But the wave function ψ is not a physical object like, for example, an atom, which has an observable mass, charge and spin, as well as internal degrees of freedom. Instead, ψ is an abstract mathematical function that contains all the statistical information that an observer can obtain from measurements of a given system. In this case, there is no real mystery in that this mathematical form of the wave function ψ must change abruptly after a measurement has been performed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect_(physics) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_704097814#7_790119411 | Title: Observer effect (physics) - Wikipedia
Headings: Observer effect (physics)
Observer effect (physics)
Contents
Particle physics
Electronics
Thermodynamics
Quantum mechanics
References
Content: When discussing the wave function ψ which describes the state of a system in quantum mechanics, one should be cautious of a common misconception that assumes that the wave function ψ amounts to the same thing as the physical object it describes. This flawed concept must then require existence of an external mechanism, such as a measuring instrument, that lies outside the principles governing the time evolution of the wave function ψ, in order to account for the so-called "collapse of the wave function" after a measurement has been performed. But the wave function ψ is not a physical object like, for example, an atom, which has an observable mass, charge and spin, as well as internal degrees of freedom. Instead, ψ is an abstract mathematical function that contains all the statistical information that an observer can obtain from measurements of a given system. In this case, there is no real mystery in that this mathematical form of the wave function ψ must change abruptly after a measurement has been performed. A consequence of Bell's theorem is that measurement on one of two entangled particles can appear to have a nonlocal effect on the other particle. Additional problems related to decoherence arise when the observer is modeled as a quantum system, as well. See also: Quantum decoherence and Delayed choice quantum eraser
The uncertainty principle has been frequently confused with the observer effect, evidently even by its originator, Werner Heisenberg. The uncertainty principle in its standard form describes how precisely we may measure the position and momentum of a particle at the same time – if we increase the precision in measuring one quantity, we are forced to lose precision in measuring the other. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect_(physics) |
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