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msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_904297646#3_1019750010	Title: Pan-Africanism - Wikipedia Headings: Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism Contents Overview History Concept Pan-African colours Maafa studies Political parties and organizations In Africa Formal political bodies Political groups In the Caribbean In the United Kingdom In the United States Pan-African concepts and philosophies Afrocentric Pan-Africanism Kawaida Hip hop Pan-African art and media African internal conflicts See also General: References Further reading External links Content: Advocates of Pan-Africanism—i.e. " Pan-Africans" or "Pan-Africanists"—often champion socialist principles and tend to be opposed to external political and economic involvement on the continent. Critics accuse the ideology of homogenizing the experience of people of African descent. They also point to the difficulties of reconciling current divisions within countries on the continent and within communities in the diaspora. History Invitation to Pan-African Conference at Westminster Town Hall, London, July 1900 Jamaican Marcus Garvey in a military uniform as the "Provisional President of Africa" during a parade on the opening day of the annual Convention of the Negro Peoples of the World on Lenox Avenue in Harlem, New York City, 1922 As a philosophy, Pan-Africanism represents the aggregation of the historical, cultural, spiritual, artistic, scientific, and philosophical legacies of Africans from past times to the present. Pan-Africanism as an ethical system traces its origins from ancient times, and promotes values that are the product of the African civilisations and the struggles against slavery, racism, colonialism, and neo-colonialism. Coinciding with numerous New World slave insurrections; highlighted by the Haitian Revolution, the end of the 19th century birthed an intercontinental pro-African political movement which sought to unify disparate campaigns in the goal to end oppression. Another important political form of a religious Pan-Africanist worldview appeared in the form of Ethiopianism. In London, the Sons of Africa was a political group addressed by Quobna Ottobah Cugoano in the 1791 edition of his book Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil of Slavery.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_904297646#5_1019754513	Title: Pan-Africanism - Wikipedia Headings: Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism Contents Overview History Concept Pan-African colours Maafa studies Political parties and organizations In Africa Formal political bodies Political groups In the Caribbean In the United Kingdom In the United States Pan-African concepts and philosophies Afrocentric Pan-Africanism Kawaida Hip hop Pan-African art and media African internal conflicts See also General: References Further reading External links Content: The group addressed meetings and organised letter-writing campaigns, published campaigning material and visited parliament. They wrote to figures such as Granville Sharp, William Pitt and other members of the white abolition movement, as well as King George III and the Prince of Wales, the future George IV . Modern Pan-Africanism began around the start of the 20th century. The African Association, later renamed the Pan-African Association, was established around 1897 by Henry Sylvester Williams, who organized the First Pan-African Conference in London in 1900. The Pan-African Congress series of meetings followed the first Pan-African Conference in 1900 in London. A meeting of the Congress in 1919 in Paris (1st Pan-African Congress), 1921 in London (2nd Pan-African Congress), 1923 in London (3rd Pan-African Congress), 1927 in New York City (4th Pan-African Congress), and 1945 in Manchester (5th Pan-African Congress) advanced the issue of decolonisation in Africa. With the independence of Ghana in March 1957, Kwame Nkrumah was elected as the first Prime Minister and President of the State. Nkrumah emerged as a major advocate for the unity of Independent Africa. The Ghanaian President embodied a political activist approach to Pan-Africanism as he championed the "quest for regional integration of the whole of the African continent". This period represented a "golden age of high pan-African ambitions";	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_904297646#6_1019756621	Title: Pan-Africanism - Wikipedia Headings: Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism Contents Overview History Concept Pan-African colours Maafa studies Political parties and organizations In Africa Formal political bodies Political groups In the Caribbean In the United Kingdom In the United States Pan-African concepts and philosophies Afrocentric Pan-Africanism Kawaida Hip hop Pan-African art and media African internal conflicts See also General: References Further reading External links Content: A meeting of the Congress in 1919 in Paris (1st Pan-African Congress), 1921 in London (2nd Pan-African Congress), 1923 in London (3rd Pan-African Congress), 1927 in New York City (4th Pan-African Congress), and 1945 in Manchester (5th Pan-African Congress) advanced the issue of decolonisation in Africa. With the independence of Ghana in March 1957, Kwame Nkrumah was elected as the first Prime Minister and President of the State. Nkrumah emerged as a major advocate for the unity of Independent Africa. The Ghanaian President embodied a political activist approach to Pan-Africanism as he championed the "quest for regional integration of the whole of the African continent". This period represented a "golden age of high pan-African ambitions"; the continent had experienced revolution and decolonization from Western powers and the narrative of rebirth and solidarity had gained momentum within the Pan-African movement. Nkrumah’s Pan-African principles intended for a union between the Independent African states upon a recognition of their commonality (i.e. suppression under imperialism). Pan-Africanism under Nkrumah evolved past the assumptions of a racially exclusive movement associated with black Africa, and adopted a political discourse of regional unity In April 1958, Nkrumah hosted the first All-African Peoples' Conference (AAPC) in Accra, Ghana. This Conference invited delegates of political movements and major political leaders. With the exception of South Africa, all Independent States of the Continent attended:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_904297646#7_1019758852	Title: Pan-Africanism - Wikipedia Headings: Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism Contents Overview History Concept Pan-African colours Maafa studies Political parties and organizations In Africa Formal political bodies Political groups In the Caribbean In the United Kingdom In the United States Pan-African concepts and philosophies Afrocentric Pan-Africanism Kawaida Hip hop Pan-African art and media African internal conflicts See also General: References Further reading External links Content: the continent had experienced revolution and decolonization from Western powers and the narrative of rebirth and solidarity had gained momentum within the Pan-African movement. Nkrumah’s Pan-African principles intended for a union between the Independent African states upon a recognition of their commonality (i.e. suppression under imperialism). Pan-Africanism under Nkrumah evolved past the assumptions of a racially exclusive movement associated with black Africa, and adopted a political discourse of regional unity In April 1958, Nkrumah hosted the first All-African Peoples' Conference (AAPC) in Accra, Ghana. This Conference invited delegates of political movements and major political leaders. With the exception of South Africa, all Independent States of the Continent attended: Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Liberia, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia and Sudan. This Conference signified a monumental event in the Pan-African movement, as it revealed	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_910920674#8_1027029125	Title: Panic of 1819 - Wikipedia Headings: Panic of 1819 Panic of 1819 Contents Post-war European readjustments and the American economy: 1815–1818 Unregulated banking and the imperatives of Republican enterprise Resurrection of the Bank of the United States The "American System" Astor, Girard, Parish Neofederalist expectations for the central bank Prelude to panic: 1816–1818 Setbacks and compromises for the SBUS SBUS branch office lending and the frontier land boom Panic "precipitated" BUS reaction to the Panic Culpability of the BUS in the Panic Responses to the crisis Long-term impacts Economic interpretations Notes See also References Cited in footnotes Further reading External links Content: A three-part program dubbed the American System, incorporating some of the Hamiltonian projects championed by the Federalists, proposed "to create a stable economy through a centralized banking system, stimulated by an ever widening web of transportation and communication, through which domestic manufactures could eventually reach all parts of the Union". Advocates of the American System called for a protective tariff to encourage manufacturing, a federally funded program for internal improvements and a revival of the First Bank of the United States to regulate finance. Astor, Girard, Parish In the crucible of the War of 1812, the Treasury of the United States had been compelled to offer $16 million in government war bonds in order to stave off bankruptcy due to military costs and wartime loss of revenue. Financier Stephen Girard, business magnate John Jacob Astor and merchant David Parish bought up these government securities and rescued the nation's credit. Through their influence, and in alliance with Republican Congressmen John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay, they sought to augment their investment by proposing that the securities be exchangeable for stock in a new central bank, the Second Bank of the United States (SBUS). Secretary of State James Monroe supported the new bank initiative, wishing to bind these highly regarded and pro-Republican business figures to government financial operations. Republicans in the South and West joined with monied interests in the mid-Atlantic states. Pro-SBUS Congressman John C. Calhoun argued forcefully that the federal government had a constitutional obligation to regulate bank credit as part of the national money supply. In January 1816, he introduced a bill of incorporation in the House of Representatives for a government bank (which would become the Second Bank of the United States). The measure was passed by Congress and signed by President James Madison in April 1816.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1819
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_914898728#0_1031901162	Title: Papal conclave - Wikipedia Headings: Papal conclave Papal conclave Contents Historical development Electorate Choice of electors and of candidates Secular influence Conclaves Modern practice Death of the pope Resignation of a pope Before the sealing of the Sistine Chapel Expelling the outsiders Voting Pre-scrutiny Scrutiny Post-scrutiny The fumata (smoke) Acceptance and proclamation Papal documents regarding the conclave See also Notes Direct citations References Content: Papal conclave - Wikipedia Papal conclave From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Election of the pope "Conclave" redirects here. For other uses, see Conclave (disambiguation). "Papal election" redirects here. For the election of the Coptic pope, see Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria § Patriarchal elections. "New pope" redirects here. For the 2020 TV show, see The New Pope. This article is part of a series on Vatican City History Duchy of Rome 533–751 Donation of Pepin 750s Papal States 754–1870 Annates Congregation for Borders Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church Capture of Rome 1870 " Prisoner in the Vatican " 1870–1929 Roman Question Law of Guarantees Lateran Treaty 1929 Vatican City 1929– present Governor of Vatican City 2010 Vatican sex scandal History of the Catholic Church since 1962 History of the Papacy Roman Historical Institutes Savoyard Era Vatileaks scandal Vatican Historical Museum Vatican City during World War II Law Acta Apostolicae Sedis Fundamental Law of Vatican City State Capital punishment in Vatican City Crime in Vatican City Lateran Treaty Legal status of the Holy See ( Alperin v. Vatican Bank) ( Doe v. Holy See) Temporal power of the Holy See Tribunal of Vatican City State Canon law 1983 Code of Canon Law Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Apostolic Constitution Pastor Bonus LGBT rights in Vatican City Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City Politics and government Archives Association of Vatican Lay Workers Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State President President: Giuseppe Bertello Pontifical Commission Secretariat for Communications Holy See Press Office L'Osservatore Romano (Vatican City newspaper) L'Osservatore della Domenica List of newspapers in Vatican City Vatican Radio lawsuit Vatican Information Service .va (Vatican City internet sites) Vatican Publishing House Vatican Radio Vatican Television Center Secretariat of State Secretary: Pietro Parolin Fabric of Saint Peter Foreign relations of the Holy See List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See Holy See–Israel relations Holy See–Italy relations Holy See–Palestine relations Papal apocrisiarius Governorate of Vatican City Governor of Vatican City Military of Vatican City Noble Guard College of Cardinals Camerlengo (Chamberlain) Dean Vical General Court of Cassation President: Dominique Mamberti Court of Appeals President:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_914898728#1_1031904476	Title: Papal conclave - Wikipedia Headings: Papal conclave Papal conclave Contents Historical development Electorate Choice of electors and of candidates Secular influence Conclaves Modern practice Death of the pope Resignation of a pope Before the sealing of the Sistine Chapel Expelling the outsiders Voting Pre-scrutiny Scrutiny Post-scrutiny The fumata (smoke) Acceptance and proclamation Papal documents regarding the conclave See also Notes Direct citations References Content: For the 2020 TV show, see The New Pope. This article is part of a series on Vatican City History Duchy of Rome 533–751 Donation of Pepin 750s Papal States 754–1870 Annates Congregation for Borders Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church Capture of Rome 1870 " Prisoner in the Vatican " 1870–1929 Roman Question Law of Guarantees Lateran Treaty 1929 Vatican City 1929– present Governor of Vatican City 2010 Vatican sex scandal History of the Catholic Church since 1962 History of the Papacy Roman Historical Institutes Savoyard Era Vatileaks scandal Vatican Historical Museum Vatican City during World War II Law Acta Apostolicae Sedis Fundamental Law of Vatican City State Capital punishment in Vatican City Crime in Vatican City Lateran Treaty Legal status of the Holy See ( Alperin v. Vatican Bank) ( Doe v. Holy See) Temporal power of the Holy See Tribunal of Vatican City State Canon law 1983 Code of Canon Law Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Apostolic Constitution Pastor Bonus LGBT rights in Vatican City Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City Politics and government Archives Association of Vatican Lay Workers Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State President President: Giuseppe Bertello Pontifical Commission Secretariat for Communications Holy See Press Office L'Osservatore Romano (Vatican City newspaper) L'Osservatore della Domenica List of newspapers in Vatican City Vatican Radio lawsuit Vatican Information Service .va (Vatican City internet sites) Vatican Publishing House Vatican Radio Vatican Television Center Secretariat of State Secretary: Pietro Parolin Fabric of Saint Peter Foreign relations of the Holy See List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See Holy See–Israel relations Holy See–Italy relations Holy See–Palestine relations Papal apocrisiarius Governorate of Vatican City Governor of Vatican City Military of Vatican City Noble Guard College of Cardinals Camerlengo (Chamberlain) Dean Vical General Court of Cassation President: Dominique Mamberti Court of Appeals President: Pio Vito Pinto Tribunale President: G. di Sanguinetto Papacy Pope Popemobile Catholic Church Latin Church Holy See Diocese of Rome Roman Curia Universi Dominici Gregis Papal conclave (Papal elections) Universi Dominici gregis Recent conclaves 1978 (Oct) 2005 2013 Papal household Papal Gentleman Prefecture of the Pontifical Household Foreign relations Section for Relations with States Concordats Multilateral foreign policy Status in international law Lateran Treaty Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia) Secretary for Relations with States: Paul Gallagher Undersecretaries for Relations with States: Antoine Camilleri List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See Nuncios Vatican and Holy See passports Visa requirements Visa policy The Holy See and the United Nations Economy Institute for the Works of Religion Telephone numbers in Vatican City Tourism in Vatican City Transport in Vatican City Rail transport in Vatican City Secretariat for the Economy Financial Information Authority Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See Vatican euro coins Vatican lira Properties of the Holy See Symbols Flag List of Papal Flags Anthem Coats of arms of the Holy See and Vatican City 00120 (Vatican postcode) Papal tiara Papal coronation Culture Vatican museums Vatican Library Music of Vatican City Sistine Chapel Choir Languages of Vatican City Women in Vatican City Vatican Christmas Tree Vatican City football team Vatican Cricket Team Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City Public holidays in Vatican City Pontifical Academy of Sciences Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences The Story of the Vatican, 1941 documentary Buildings/geography Apostolic Nunciature Apostolic Palace Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore Borgia Apartments Bramante Staircase Domus Sanctae Marthae Fountains of St. Peter's Square Gardens of Vatican City Geography of Vatican City Gregorian Tower Mater Ecclesiae (monastery) Monument to the Royal Stuarts Palace of the Holy Office Palazzi Pontifici Papal Apartments Saint Peter's Basilica Saint Peter's Square Saint Peter's tomb Lateran Basilica Lateran Palace Leonine City Niccoline Chapel Old St. Peter's Basilica Papal tombs Papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica Paul VI Audience Hall Tomb of the Julii Torre San Giovanni Scala Regia Via della Conciliazione Vatican Climate Forest Vatican Heliport Vatican Hill Vatican Necropolis Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City Public holidays in Vatican City Vatican Secret Archives St. Peter's Baldachin Sala Regia San Pellegrino in Vaticano Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope Vatican Observatory Vatican Pharmacy Bibliotheca Palatina Cappella Giulia Cappella Paolina Cardinal Secretary of State Casina Pio IV Circus of Nero Redemptoris Mater Chapel Saints Martin and Sebastian of the Swiss Santo Stefano degli Abissini Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi Teutonic Cemetery Cortile del Belvedere Passetto di Borgo Porta San Pellegrino Vatican Museums Vatican Museums Gallery of Maps Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling Collection of Modern Religious Art Raphael Rooms Redemptoris Mater Chapel Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes Sistine Chapel Sistine Chapel ceiling The Last Judgment by Michelangelo Outline Index Vatican City portal Catholicism portal v t e The 1492 conclave was the first to be held in the Sistine Chapel, the site of all conclaves since 1878. A papal conclave is a gathering of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a bishop of Rome, also known as the pope.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_914898728#2_1031911252	Title: Papal conclave - Wikipedia Headings: Papal conclave Papal conclave Contents Historical development Electorate Choice of electors and of candidates Secular influence Conclaves Modern practice Death of the pope Resignation of a pope Before the sealing of the Sistine Chapel Expelling the outsiders Voting Pre-scrutiny Scrutiny Post-scrutiny The fumata (smoke) Acceptance and proclamation Papal documents regarding the conclave See also Notes Direct citations References Content: Pio Vito Pinto Tribunale President: G. di Sanguinetto Papacy Pope Popemobile Catholic Church Latin Church Holy See Diocese of Rome Roman Curia Universi Dominici Gregis Papal conclave (Papal elections) Universi Dominici gregis Recent conclaves 1978 (Oct) 2005 2013 Papal household Papal Gentleman Prefecture of the Pontifical Household Foreign relations Section for Relations with States Concordats Multilateral foreign policy Status in international law Lateran Treaty Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia) Secretary for Relations with States: Paul Gallagher Undersecretaries for Relations with States: Antoine Camilleri List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See Nuncios Vatican and Holy See passports Visa requirements Visa policy The Holy See and the United Nations Economy Institute for the Works of Religion Telephone numbers in Vatican City Tourism in Vatican City Transport in Vatican City Rail transport in Vatican City Secretariat for the Economy Financial Information Authority Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See Vatican euro coins Vatican lira Properties of the Holy See Symbols Flag List of Papal Flags Anthem Coats of arms of the Holy See and Vatican City 00120 (Vatican postcode) Papal tiara Papal coronation Culture Vatican museums Vatican Library Music of Vatican City Sistine Chapel Choir Languages of Vatican City Women in Vatican City Vatican Christmas Tree Vatican City football team Vatican Cricket Team Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City Public holidays in Vatican City Pontifical Academy of Sciences Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences The Story of the Vatican, 1941 documentary Buildings/geography Apostolic Nunciature Apostolic Palace Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore Borgia Apartments Bramante Staircase Domus Sanctae Marthae Fountains of St. Peter's Square Gardens of Vatican City Geography of Vatican City Gregorian Tower Mater Ecclesiae (monastery) Monument to the Royal Stuarts Palace of the Holy Office Palazzi Pontifici Papal Apartments Saint Peter's Basilica Saint Peter's Square Saint Peter's tomb Lateran Basilica Lateran Palace Leonine City Niccoline Chapel Old St. Peter's Basilica Papal tombs Papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica Paul VI Audience Hall Tomb of the Julii Torre San Giovanni Scala Regia Via della Conciliazione Vatican Climate Forest Vatican Heliport Vatican Hill Vatican Necropolis Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City Public holidays in Vatican City Vatican Secret Archives St. Peter's Baldachin Sala Regia San Pellegrino in Vaticano Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope Vatican Observatory Vatican Pharmacy Bibliotheca Palatina Cappella Giulia Cappella Paolina Cardinal Secretary of State Casina Pio IV Circus of Nero Redemptoris Mater Chapel Saints Martin and Sebastian of the Swiss Santo Stefano degli Abissini Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi Teutonic Cemetery Cortile del Belvedere Passetto di Borgo Porta San Pellegrino Vatican Museums Vatican Museums Gallery of Maps Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling Collection of Modern Religious Art Raphael Rooms Redemptoris Mater Chapel Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes Sistine Chapel Sistine Chapel ceiling The Last Judgment by Michelangelo Outline Index Vatican City portal Catholicism portal v t e The 1492 conclave was the first to be held in the Sistine Chapel, the site of all conclaves since 1878. A papal conclave is a gathering of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a bishop of Rome, also known as the pope. The pope is considered by Catholics to be the apostolic successor of Saint Peter and earthly head of the Catholic Church. Concerns around political interference led to reforms after the interregnum of 1268–1271 and Pope Gregory X 's decree during the Second Council of Lyons in 1274 that the cardinal electors should be locked in seclusion cum clave ( Latin for 'with a key') and not permitted to leave until a new pope had been elected. Conclaves are now held in the Sistine Chapel of the Apostolic Palace in Vatican City. Since the Apostolic Age, the bishop of Rome, like other bishops, was chosen by the consensus of the clergy and laity of the diocese. The body of electors was more precisely defined when, in 1059, the College of Cardinals was designated the sole body of electors.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_915047157#5_1032028795	Title: 2005 papal conclave - Wikipedia Headings: 2005 papal conclave 2005 papal conclave Contents Procedures The cardinal electors Pre-conclave activities Conclave day one First ballot Conclave day two Election results See also Notes References Sources External links Content: Jaime Sin of the Philippines and Adolfo Antonio Suárez Rivera of Mexico. All the electors were appointed by Pope John Paul II except for three: Jaime Sin, who was not attending, William Wakefield Baum and Joseph Ratzinger, making Baum and Ratzinger the only participants with previous conclave experience from the two conclaves of 1978. With 115 cardinals electors participating, this conclave saw the largest number of cardinals ever to elect a pope, a number later matched by the 2013 conclave. Both conclaves in 1978 had 111 electors. The required two-thirds majority needed to elect a pope in 2005 was 77 votes. Pre-conclave activities This article is part of a series on Vatican City History Duchy of Rome 533–751 Donation of Pepin 750s Papal States 754–1870 Annates Congregation for Borders Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church Capture of Rome 1870 " Prisoner in the Vatican " 1870–1929 Roman Question Law of Guarantees Lateran Treaty 1929 Vatican City 1929– present Governor of Vatican City 2010 Vatican sex scandal History of the Catholic Church since 1962 History of the Papacy Roman Historical Institutes Savoyard Era Vatileaks scandal Vatican Historical Museum Vatican City during World War II Law Acta Apostolicae Sedis Fundamental Law of Vatican City State Capital punishment in Vatican City Crime in Vatican City Lateran Treaty Legal status of the Holy See ( Alperin v. Vatican Bank) ( Doe v. Holy See) Temporal power of the Holy See Tribunal of Vatican City State Canon law 1983 Code of Canon Law Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Apostolic Constitution Pastor Bonus LGBT rights in Vatican City Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City Politics and government Archives Association of Vatican Lay Workers Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State President President: Giuseppe Bertello Pontifical Commission Secretariat for Communications Holy See Press Office L'Osservatore Romano (Vatican City newspaper) L'Osservatore della Domenica List of newspapers in Vatican City Vatican Radio lawsuit Vatican Information Service .va (Vatican City internet sites) Vatican Publishing House Vatican Radio Vatican Television Center Secretariat of State Secretary: Pietro Parolin Fabric of Saint Peter Foreign relations of the Holy See List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See Holy See–Israel relations Holy See–Italy relations Holy See–Palestine relations Papal apocrisiarius Governorate of Vatican City Governor of Vatican City Military of Vatican City Noble Guard College of Cardinals Camerlengo (Chamberlain) Dean Vical General Court of Cassation President: Dominique Mamberti Court of Appeals President:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave,_2005
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_915047157#6_1032032110	Title: 2005 papal conclave - Wikipedia Headings: 2005 papal conclave 2005 papal conclave Contents Procedures The cardinal electors Pre-conclave activities Conclave day one First ballot Conclave day two Election results See also Notes References Sources External links Content: The required two-thirds majority needed to elect a pope in 2005 was 77 votes. Pre-conclave activities This article is part of a series on Vatican City History Duchy of Rome 533–751 Donation of Pepin 750s Papal States 754–1870 Annates Congregation for Borders Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church Capture of Rome 1870 " Prisoner in the Vatican " 1870–1929 Roman Question Law of Guarantees Lateran Treaty 1929 Vatican City 1929– present Governor of Vatican City 2010 Vatican sex scandal History of the Catholic Church since 1962 History of the Papacy Roman Historical Institutes Savoyard Era Vatileaks scandal Vatican Historical Museum Vatican City during World War II Law Acta Apostolicae Sedis Fundamental Law of Vatican City State Capital punishment in Vatican City Crime in Vatican City Lateran Treaty Legal status of the Holy See ( Alperin v. Vatican Bank) ( Doe v. Holy See) Temporal power of the Holy See Tribunal of Vatican City State Canon law 1983 Code of Canon Law Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Apostolic Constitution Pastor Bonus LGBT rights in Vatican City Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City Politics and government Archives Association of Vatican Lay Workers Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State President President: Giuseppe Bertello Pontifical Commission Secretariat for Communications Holy See Press Office L'Osservatore Romano (Vatican City newspaper) L'Osservatore della Domenica List of newspapers in Vatican City Vatican Radio lawsuit Vatican Information Service .va (Vatican City internet sites) Vatican Publishing House Vatican Radio Vatican Television Center Secretariat of State Secretary: Pietro Parolin Fabric of Saint Peter Foreign relations of the Holy See List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See Holy See–Israel relations Holy See–Italy relations Holy See–Palestine relations Papal apocrisiarius Governorate of Vatican City Governor of Vatican City Military of Vatican City Noble Guard College of Cardinals Camerlengo (Chamberlain) Dean Vical General Court of Cassation President: Dominique Mamberti Court of Appeals President: Pio Vito Pinto Tribunale President: G. di Sanguinetto Papacy Pope Popemobile Catholic Church Latin Church Holy See Diocese of Rome Roman Curia Universi Dominici Gregis Papal conclave (Papal elections) Universi Dominici gregis Recent conclaves 1978 (Oct) 2005 2013 Papal household Papal Gentleman Prefecture of the Pontifical Household Foreign relations Section for Relations with States Concordats Multilateral foreign policy Status in international law Lateran Treaty Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia) Secretary for Relations with States: Paul Gallagher Undersecretaries for Relations with States: Antoine Camilleri List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See Nuncios Vatican and Holy See passports Visa requirements Visa policy The Holy See and the United Nations Economy Institute for the Works of Religion Telephone numbers in Vatican City Tourism in Vatican City Transport in Vatican City Rail transport in Vatican City Secretariat for the Economy Financial Information Authority Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See Vatican euro coins Vatican lira Properties of the Holy See Symbols Flag List of Papal Flags Anthem Coats of arms of the Holy See and Vatican City 00120 (Vatican postcode) Papal tiara Papal coronation Culture Vatican museums Vatican Library Music of Vatican City Sistine Chapel Choir Languages of Vatican City Women in Vatican City Vatican Christmas Tree Vatican City football team Vatican Cricket Team Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City Public holidays in Vatican City Pontifical Academy of Sciences Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences The Story of the Vatican, 1941 documentary Buildings/geography Apostolic Nunciature Apostolic Palace Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore Borgia Apartments Bramante Staircase Domus Sanctae Marthae Fountains of St. Peter's Square Gardens of Vatican City Geography of Vatican City Gregorian Tower Mater Ecclesiae (monastery) Monument to the Royal Stuarts Palace of the Holy Office Palazzi Pontifici Papal Apartments Saint Peter's Basilica Saint Peter's Square Saint Peter's tomb Lateran Basilica Lateran Palace Leonine City Niccoline Chapel Old St. Peter's Basilica Papal tombs Papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica Paul VI Audience Hall Tomb of the Julii Torre San Giovanni Scala Regia Via della Conciliazione Vatican Climate Forest Vatican Heliport Vatican Hill Vatican Necropolis Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City Public holidays in Vatican City Vatican Secret Archives St. Peter's Baldachin Sala Regia San Pellegrino in Vaticano Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope Vatican Observatory Vatican Pharmacy Bibliotheca Palatina Cappella Giulia Cappella Paolina Cardinal Secretary of State Casina Pio IV Circus of Nero Redempt	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave,_2005
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_936855133#0_1056166810	Title: Parliament of Ireland - Wikipedia Headings: Parliament of Ireland Parliament of Ireland Contents History Middle Ages Kingdom of Ireland 1660 to 1800 Powers Organisation The Act of Union and abolition See also Notes References Citations Sources External links Content: Parliament of Ireland - Wikipedia Parliament of Ireland From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is about the legislature abolished in 1801. For the legislature of the Republic of Ireland, see Oireachtas. For other uses, see Irish parliament (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " Parliament of Ireland" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Former parliament of Ireland Parliament of Ireland Parlaimint na hÉireann Arms of Ireland Type Type Bicameral Houses House of Lords House of Commons History Established 1297 Disbanded 31 December 1800 Succeeded by UK Parliament Leadership Speaker of the House of Lords The Earl of Clare (last) Speaker of the House of Commons John Foster (last) Elections House of Lords voting system Ennoblement by the monarch or inheritance of a peerage House of Commons voting system First past the post with limited suffrage Meeting place Parliament House, Dublin Footnotes ---- See also: Parliament of Great Britain The Parliament of Ireland ( Irish: Parlaimint na hÉireann) was the legislature of the Lordship of Ireland, and later the Kingdom of Ireland, from 1297 until 1800.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_941968765#10_1061677771	Title: Participative decision-making in organizations - Wikipedia Headings: Participative decision-making in organizations Participative decision-making in organizations Contents Introduction Advantages Outcomes Disadvantages Ten dilemmas: Types Democratic Autocratic Consensus Delegated by expertise Concepts and methods Dimensions Foresight Diamond model Vigilant interaction theory Role of information Role of technology Applications Environment Finance Medicine Non-profit organizations External links See also References Content: Disadvantages One of the primary risks in any participative decision-making or power-sharing process is that the desire on the part of the management for more inclusive participation is not genuine. In the words of Arnstein (1969. p. 216), "There is a critical difference between going through the empty ritual of participation and having the real power needed to affect the outcome of the process. This difference is brilliantly capsulized in a poster [available for viewing in her article]... [which] highlights the fundamental point that participation without redistribution of power is an empty and frustrating process for the powerless. It allows the powerholders to claim that all sides were considered, but makes it possible for only some of those sides to benefit." When PDM takes place in a team setting, it can cause many disadvantages. These can be anything from social pressures to conform to group domination, where one person takes control of the group and urges everyone to follow their standpoints. With ideas coming from many people, time can be an issue. The meeting might end and good ideas go unheard. Possible negative outcomes of PDM are high costs, inefficiency, indecisiveness and incompetence (Debruin, 2007).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participative_decision-making
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_942137322#10_1061814804	Title: Participatory culture - Wikipedia Headings: Participatory culture Participatory culture Contents Overview History Forms Technology Social media Social media and politics Web 2.0 Participatory media Relationship to the smartphone Producers, consumers, and "produsage" Explicit and implicit participation Gendered experiences Promise and potential In mass media and civic engagement In civics In education Challenges In online platforms YouTube and Participatory Culture For consumers In education Participation gap Transparency problem Ethics challenge Issues for educators and educational policy-makers A new form of literacy Meta-design: a design methodology supporting participatory cultures See also References External links - Content: With the aid of these platforms, the ability to reach a global audience has never been easier. Social media and politics This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( May 2019) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Social media have become a huge factor in politics and civics in not just elections, but gaining funds, spreading information, getting legislation and petition support, and other political activities. Social media make it easier for the public to make an impact and participate in politics. A study that showed the connection between Facebook messages among friends and how these messages have influenced political expression, voting, and information seeking in the 2012 United States presidential election. Social media mobilizes people easily and effectively, and does the same for the circulation of information. These can accomplish political goals such as gaining support for legislation, but social media can also greatly influence elections. The impact social media can have on elections was shown in the 2016 United States presidential election, wherein 115 pro-Trump fake news stories were shared on Facebook 30 million times compared to 41 pro-Clinton fake news stories shared 7.6 million times.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_culture
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_952122895#11_1073043458	Title: Pasteurella multocida - Wikipedia Headings: Pasteurella multocida Pasteurella multocida From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents History Disease Virulence, culturing, and metabolism Diagnosis and treatment Current research References External links Content: Current research P. multocida mutants are being researched for their ability to cause diseases. In vitro experiments show the bacteria respond to low iron. Vaccination against progressive atrophic rhinitis was developed by using a recombinant derivative of P. multocida toxin. The vaccination was tested on pregnant gilts (female swine without previous litters). The piglets born to treated gilts were inoculated, while the piglets born to unvaccinated mothers developed atrophic rhinitis. Other research is being done on the effects of protein, pH, temperature, sodium chloride (NaCl), and sucrose on P. multocida development and survival in water. The research seems to show the bacteria survive better in 18 °C (64 °F) water compared to 2 °C (36 °F) water. The addition of 0.5% NaCl also aided bacterial survival, while the sucrose and pH levels had minor effects, as well. Research has also been done on the response of P. multocida to the host environment. These tests use DNA microarrays and proteomics techniques.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurella_multocida
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_956303716#2_1078241790	Title: Paternalism - Wikipedia Headings: Paternalism Paternalism Contents Etymology Types Soft and hard Pure and impure Moral and welfare Criteria for effective paternalism Opponents In society See also References External links Content: We are not speaking of children, or of young persons below the age which the law may fix as that of manhood or womanhood." Paternalism towards adults is sometimes thought of as treating them as if they were children. Contents 1 Etymology 2 Types 2.1 Soft and hard 2.2 Pure and impure 2.3 Moral and welfare 3 Criteria for effective paternalism 4 Opponents 5 In society 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Etymology The word paternalism derives from the adjective paternal, which entered the English language in the 15th century from Old French paternel (cf. Old Occitan paternal, as in Catalan, Spanish and Portuguese ), itself from Medieval Latin paternalis. The classical Latin equivalent was paternus "fatherly", from pater "father". Types Part of a series on Nudge theory Social scientists Richard Thaler Shlomo Benartzi Cass Sunstein Maya Shankar Government programs Race to the Top Affordable Care Act tax provisions Social Credit System Vision Zero Government agencies Behavioural Insights Team (UK) Social and Behavioral Sciences Team (US) Related concepts Behavioral economics Social proof Default effect Paternalism Libertarian paternalism Choice architecture Social engineering IT-backed authoritarianism Design for behaviour change Nudge theory in business Loyalty program Safety culture v t e Soft and hard Soft paternalism is the view that paternalism is justified only if an action to be committed is involuntary. John Stuart Mill gives the example of a person about to walk across a damaged bridge. One cannot tell the person the bridge is damaged as he does not speak our language. According to soft paternalism, one would be justified in forcing him to not cross the bridge so one could find out whether he knows about the damage. If he knows and wants to jump off the bridge and commit suicide then one should allow him to.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_956303716#3_1078244102	Title: Paternalism - Wikipedia Headings: Paternalism Paternalism Contents Etymology Types Soft and hard Pure and impure Moral and welfare Criteria for effective paternalism Opponents In society See also References External links Content: Types Part of a series on Nudge theory Social scientists Richard Thaler Shlomo Benartzi Cass Sunstein Maya Shankar Government programs Race to the Top Affordable Care Act tax provisions Social Credit System Vision Zero Government agencies Behavioural Insights Team (UK) Social and Behavioral Sciences Team (US) Related concepts Behavioral economics Social proof Default effect Paternalism Libertarian paternalism Choice architecture Social engineering IT-backed authoritarianism Design for behaviour change Nudge theory in business Loyalty program Safety culture v t e Soft and hard Soft paternalism is the view that paternalism is justified only if an action to be committed is involuntary. John Stuart Mill gives the example of a person about to walk across a damaged bridge. One cannot tell the person the bridge is damaged as he does not speak our language. According to soft paternalism, one would be justified in forcing him to not cross the bridge so one could find out whether he knows about the damage. If he knows and wants to jump off the bridge and commit suicide then one should allow him to. Hard paternalists say that at least sometimes one is entitled to prevent him from crossing the bridge and committing suicide. Pure and impure Pure paternalism is paternalism where the person (s) having their liberty or autonomy taken away are those being protected. Impure paternalism occurs when the class of people whose liberty or autonomy is violated by some measure is wider than the group of persons thereby protected. Moral and welfare Moral paternalism is where paternalism is justified to promote the moral well-being of a person (s) even if their welfare would not improve. For example, it could be argued that someone should be prevented from prostitution even if they make a decent living off it and their health is protected.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_962270664#0_1085102251	Title: Patrick Morrisey - Wikipedia Headings: Patrick Morrisey Patrick Morrisey Contents Early life and education Career in law and lobbying Attorney General Federal lawsuits DEA opioid lawsuit Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Environmental Protection Agency Clean Power Plan litigation Second Amendment Supreme Court 2020 Presidential election intervention Political positions Abortion Opioid addiction Sanctuary cities Guns Immigration Drug companies Sex trafficking 2018 U.S. Senate election Personal life Electoral history References External links Content: Patrick Morrisey - Wikipedia Patrick Morrisey From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search American politician For other people with similar names, see Patrick Morrissey. Patrick Morrisey 34th Attorney General of West Virginia Incumbent Assumed office January 14, 2013 Governor Earl Ray Tomblin Jim Justice Preceded by Darrell McGraw Personal details Born Patrick James Morrisey ( 1967-12-21) December 21, 1967 (age 53) New York City, New York, U.S. Political party Republican Education Rutgers University, New Brunswick ( BA) Rutgers University, Newark ( JD) Patrick James Morrisey (born December 21, 1967) is an American politician and lawyer serving as the 34th Attorney General of West Virginia since 2013. He is a member of the Republican Party . Morrisey was elected Attorney General of West Virginia in 2012, becoming the first Republican to serve in the role since 1933. Running for the United States Senate in 2018, Morrisey won the Republican Party nomination, but was defeated by incumbent Democratic Senator Joe Manchin in the November general election. Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career in law and lobbying 3 Attorney General 3.1 Federal lawsuits 3.1.1 DEA opioid lawsuit 3.1.2 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 3.1.3 Environmental Protection Agency 3.1.3.1 Clean Power Plan litigation 3.1.4 Second Amendment 3.2 Supreme Court 3.3 2020 Presidential election intervention 3.4 Political positions 3.4.1 Abortion 3.4.2 Opioid addiction 3.4.3 Sanctuary cities 3.4.4 Guns 3.4.5 Immigration 3.4.6 Drug companies 3.4.7 Sex trafficking 4 2018 U.S. Senate election 5 Personal life 6 Electoral history 7 References 8 External links Early life and education Born in Brooklyn, New York, Morrisey grew up in Edison, New Jersey. His father was an account manager at U.S. Steel, while his mother worked as a registered nurse. Morrisey ran cross-country and played on his high school's tennis team, before he graduated from St. Thomas Aquinas High School / Bishop George Ahr High School in 1985. Morrisey graduated with honors from Rutgers College with a Bachelor of Arts in history and political science in 1989. He also attended Rutgers School of Law–Newark, receiving his juris doctor in 1992.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Morrisey
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_962270664#2_1085108232	Title: Patrick Morrisey - Wikipedia Headings: Patrick Morrisey Patrick Morrisey Contents Early life and education Career in law and lobbying Attorney General Federal lawsuits DEA opioid lawsuit Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Environmental Protection Agency Clean Power Plan litigation Second Amendment Supreme Court 2020 Presidential election intervention Political positions Abortion Opioid addiction Sanctuary cities Guns Immigration Drug companies Sex trafficking 2018 U.S. Senate election Personal life Electoral history References External links Content: Career in law and lobbying After graduating from Rutgers, Morrisey lived in Westfield, New Jersey and opened a private law firm in 1992. He practiced health care, election, regulatory and communications law at the lobbying group Arent Fox from 1995 to 1999. Morrisey served as deputy staff director and chief health counsel for the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce from 1999 to 2004, where he worked on the passage of the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act and the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (establishing Medicare Part D ). He ran unsuccessfully for the United States House of Representatives in New Jersey's 7th congressional district in 2000, receiving 9% of the vote in the Republican primary. From 2004 to 2012, Morrisey worked as a lobbyist in Washington D.C. He worked for the corporate law firm Sidley Austin before he joined King & Spalding in 2010, becoming a partner. As a lobbyist, he was viewed as an expert on health and drug-related regulations and legislation. He was paid $250,000 to lobby on behalf of a pharmaceutical trade group. The group was funded by some of the same opioid distributors that West Virginia sued for flooding the state with opioids. Attorney General In 2012, Morrisey ran for Attorney General of West Virginia against Darrell McGraw, a five-term incumbent. He defeated McGraw and was sworn in on January 14, 2013, making him the first Republican state Attorney General to serve in West Virginia since 1933.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Morrisey
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_962270664#3_1085110533	Title: Patrick Morrisey - Wikipedia Headings: Patrick Morrisey Patrick Morrisey Contents Early life and education Career in law and lobbying Attorney General Federal lawsuits DEA opioid lawsuit Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Environmental Protection Agency Clean Power Plan litigation Second Amendment Supreme Court 2020 Presidential election intervention Political positions Abortion Opioid addiction Sanctuary cities Guns Immigration Drug companies Sex trafficking 2018 U.S. Senate election Personal life Electoral history References External links Content: As a lobbyist, he was viewed as an expert on health and drug-related regulations and legislation. He was paid $250,000 to lobby on behalf of a pharmaceutical trade group. The group was funded by some of the same opioid distributors that West Virginia sued for flooding the state with opioids. Attorney General In 2012, Morrisey ran for Attorney General of West Virginia against Darrell McGraw, a five-term incumbent. He defeated McGraw and was sworn in on January 14, 2013, making him the first Republican state Attorney General to serve in West Virginia since 1933. Federal lawsuits DEA opioid lawsuit Morrisey sued the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) to release its data on opioid sales, and about the sales quota system that it uses to regulate opioid manufacturers, the first ever such lawsuit in West Virginia history. He placed a hold on the lawsuit after successfully negotiating with the Trump administration to have the DEA reconsider whether or not to amend the aggregate quota system. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act In 2014, Morrisey filed suit against the Federal government of the United States, challenging regulatory changes described by the Obama Administration as an administrative fix to the implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). Morrisey's lawsuit, State of West Virginia v. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, was dismissed by the United States District Court for the District of Columbia in 2015. Morrisey appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, which in 2016 again rejected the suit, finding that West Virginia has suffered no injury-in-fact and thus lacked standing.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Morrisey
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_963633925#2_1086551343	Title: Patriot Act - Wikipedia Headings: Patriot Act Patriot Act Contents History Titles Title I: Enhancing domestic security against terrorism Title II: Enhanced surveillance procedures Title III: Anti-money-laundering to prevent terrorism Title IV: Border security Title V: Removing obstacles to investigating terrorism Title VI: Victims and families of victims of terrorism Title VII: Increased information sharing for critical infrastructure protection Title VIII: Terrorism criminal law Title IX: Improved intelligence Title X: Miscellaneous Section expirations Controversy Sami Al-Arian Reauthorizations See also References Further reading Law review articles Books External links Supportive views Critical views Other Content: Committee on Energy and Commerce (Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet); Committee on Education and the Workforce; Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure; Committee on Armed Services Passed the House on October 24, 2001 ( Yeas: 357; Nays: 66) Passed the Senate on October 25, 2001 ( Yeas: 98; Nays: 1) Signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 26, 2001 Major amendments USA Freedom Act The USA PATRIOT Act (commonly known as the Patriot Act) was an Act of the United States Congress, signed into law by President George W. Bush .	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Act
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_963633925#3_1086552839	Title: Patriot Act - Wikipedia Headings: Patriot Act Patriot Act Contents History Titles Title I: Enhancing domestic security against terrorism Title II: Enhanced surveillance procedures Title III: Anti-money-laundering to prevent terrorism Title IV: Border security Title V: Removing obstacles to investigating terrorism Title VI: Victims and families of victims of terrorism Title VII: Increased information sharing for critical infrastructure protection Title VIII: Terrorism criminal law Title IX: Improved intelligence Title X: Miscellaneous Section expirations Controversy Sami Al-Arian Reauthorizations See also References Further reading Law review articles Books External links Supportive views Critical views Other Content: Nays: 66) Passed the Senate on October 25, 2001 ( Yeas: 98; Nays: 1) Signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 26, 2001 Major amendments USA Freedom Act The USA PATRIOT Act (commonly known as the Patriot Act) was an Act of the United States Congress, signed into law by President George W. Bush . USA PATRIOT is a backronym for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism. The Patriot Act was enacted following the September 11 attacks with the stated goal of dramatically tightening U.S. national security, particularly as it related to foreign terrorism. In general, the act included three main provisions: expanded abilities of law enforcement to surveil, including by tapping domestic and international phones; eased interagency communication to allow federal agencies to more effectively use all available resources in counterterrorism efforts;	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Act
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_963633925#4_1086554697	Title: Patriot Act - Wikipedia Headings: Patriot Act Patriot Act Contents History Titles Title I: Enhancing domestic security against terrorism Title II: Enhanced surveillance procedures Title III: Anti-money-laundering to prevent terrorism Title IV: Border security Title V: Removing obstacles to investigating terrorism Title VI: Victims and families of victims of terrorism Title VII: Increased information sharing for critical infrastructure protection Title VIII: Terrorism criminal law Title IX: Improved intelligence Title X: Miscellaneous Section expirations Controversy Sami Al-Arian Reauthorizations See also References Further reading Law review articles Books External links Supportive views Critical views Other Content: USA PATRIOT is a backronym for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism. The Patriot Act was enacted following the September 11 attacks with the stated goal of dramatically tightening U.S. national security, particularly as it related to foreign terrorism. In general, the act included three main provisions: expanded abilities of law enforcement to surveil, including by tapping domestic and international phones; eased interagency communication to allow federal agencies to more effectively use all available resources in counterterrorism efforts; and increased penalties for terrorism crimes and an expanded list of activities which would qualify someone to be charged with terrorism. Contents 1 History 2 Titles 2.1 Title I: Enhancing domestic security against terrorism 2.2 Title II: Enhanced surveillance procedures 2.3 Title III: Anti-money-laundering to prevent terrorism 2.4 Title IV:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Act
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_963633925#6_1086558142	Title: Patriot Act - Wikipedia Headings: Patriot Act Patriot Act Contents History Titles Title I: Enhancing domestic security against terrorism Title II: Enhanced surveillance procedures Title III: Anti-money-laundering to prevent terrorism Title IV: Border security Title V: Removing obstacles to investigating terrorism Title VI: Victims and families of victims of terrorism Title VII: Increased information sharing for critical infrastructure protection Title VIII: Terrorism criminal law Title IX: Improved intelligence Title X: Miscellaneous Section expirations Controversy Sami Al-Arian Reauthorizations See also References Further reading Law review articles Books External links Supportive views Critical views Other Content: Border security 2.5 Title V: Removing obstacles to investigating terrorism 2.6 Title VI: Victims and families of victims of terrorism 2.7 Title VII: Increased information sharing for critical infrastructure protection 2.8 Title VIII: Terrorism criminal law 2.9 Title IX: Improved intelligence 2.10 Title X: Miscellaneous 3 Section expirations 4 Controversy 4.1 Sami Al-Arian 5 Reauthorizations 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Law review articles 8.2 Books 9 External links 9.1 Supportive views 9.2 Critical views 9.3 Other History The Patriot Act was enacted in direct response to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, as well as the 2001 anthrax attacks, with the stated goal of dramatically strengthening national security. On October 23, 2001, U.S. Representative Jim Sensenbrenner (R-WI) introduced House bill H.R. 3162, which incorporated provisions from a previously-sponsored House bill, and a Senate bill introduced earlier in the month. The next day, October 24, the Act passed the House by a vote of 357–66, with Democrats comprising the overwhelming majority of "no"-votes. The three Republicans voting "no" were Robert Ney of Ohio, Butch Otter of Idaho, and Ron Paul of Texas.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Act
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_963633925#7_1086560370	Title: Patriot Act - Wikipedia Headings: Patriot Act Patriot Act Contents History Titles Title I: Enhancing domestic security against terrorism Title II: Enhanced surveillance procedures Title III: Anti-money-laundering to prevent terrorism Title IV: Border security Title V: Removing obstacles to investigating terrorism Title VI: Victims and families of victims of terrorism Title VII: Increased information sharing for critical infrastructure protection Title VIII: Terrorism criminal law Title IX: Improved intelligence Title X: Miscellaneous Section expirations Controversy Sami Al-Arian Reauthorizations See also References Further reading Law review articles Books External links Supportive views Critical views Other Content: Improved intelligence 2.10 Title X: Miscellaneous 3 Section expirations 4 Controversy 4.1 Sami Al-Arian 5 Reauthorizations 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Law review articles 8.2 Books 9 External links 9.1 Supportive views 9.2 Critical views 9.3 Other History The Patriot Act was enacted in direct response to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, as well as the 2001 anthrax attacks, with the stated goal of dramatically strengthening national security. On October 23, 2001, U.S. Representative Jim Sensenbrenner (R-WI) introduced House bill H.R. 3162, which incorporated provisions from a previously-sponsored House bill, and a Senate bill introduced earlier in the month. The next day, October 24, the Act passed the House by a vote of 357–66, with Democrats comprising the overwhelming majority of "no"-votes. The three Republicans voting "no" were Robert Ney of Ohio, Butch Otter of Idaho, and Ron Paul of Texas. On October 25, the Act passed the Senate with a vote of 98–1. Russ Feingold (D-WI) voted "no". Opponents of the law have criticized its provision for indefinite detention of immigrants; permission to law enforcement to search a home or business without the owner's or the occupant's consent or knowledge under certain circumstances; the expanded use of National Security Letters, which allows the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to search telephone, email, and financial records without a court order;	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Act
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_963633925#8_1086562837	Title: Patriot Act - Wikipedia Headings: Patriot Act Patriot Act Contents History Titles Title I: Enhancing domestic security against terrorism Title II: Enhanced surveillance procedures Title III: Anti-money-laundering to prevent terrorism Title IV: Border security Title V: Removing obstacles to investigating terrorism Title VI: Victims and families of victims of terrorism Title VII: Increased information sharing for critical infrastructure protection Title VIII: Terrorism criminal law Title IX: Improved intelligence Title X: Miscellaneous Section expirations Controversy Sami Al-Arian Reauthorizations See also References Further reading Law review articles Books External links Supportive views Critical views Other Content: On October 25, the Act passed the Senate with a vote of 98–1. Russ Feingold (D-WI) voted "no". Opponents of the law have criticized its provision for indefinite detention of immigrants; permission to law enforcement to search a home or business without the owner's or the occupant's consent or knowledge under certain circumstances; the expanded use of National Security Letters, which allows the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to search telephone, email, and financial records without a court order; and the expanded access of law enforcement agencies to business records, including library and financial records. Since its passage, several court challenges have been brought against the act, and federal courts have ruled that a number of provisions are unconstitutional. Many of the act's provisions were set to expire at sunset on December 31, 2005, approximately four years after its enactment. In the months preceding the sunset date, supporters of the act pushed to make those provisions permanent, while critics sought to revise various sections to enhance civil liberties protections. In July 2005, the U.S. Senate passed a reauthorization bill with substantial changes to several of the act's sections, while the House reauthorization bill kept most of the act's original language.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Act
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_963633925#9_1086565067	Title: Patriot Act - Wikipedia Headings: Patriot Act Patriot Act Contents History Titles Title I: Enhancing domestic security against terrorism Title II: Enhanced surveillance procedures Title III: Anti-money-laundering to prevent terrorism Title IV: Border security Title V: Removing obstacles to investigating terrorism Title VI: Victims and families of victims of terrorism Title VII: Increased information sharing for critical infrastructure protection Title VIII: Terrorism criminal law Title IX: Improved intelligence Title X: Miscellaneous Section expirations Controversy Sami Al-Arian Reauthorizations See also References Further reading Law review articles Books External links Supportive views Critical views Other Content: and the expanded access of law enforcement agencies to business records, including library and financial records. Since its passage, several court challenges have been brought against the act, and federal courts have ruled that a number of provisions are unconstitutional. Many of the act's provisions were set to expire at sunset on December 31, 2005, approximately four years after its enactment. In the months preceding the sunset date, supporters of the act pushed to make those provisions permanent, while critics sought to revise various sections to enhance civil liberties protections. In July 2005, the U.S. Senate passed a reauthorization bill with substantial changes to several of the act's sections, while the House reauthorization bill kept most of the act's original language. The two bills were then reconciled in a conference committee criticized by Senators from both the Republican and Democratic parties for ignoring civil liberty concerns. The bill, which removed most of the changes from the Senate version, passed Congress on March 2, 2006, and was signed by President Bush on March 9 and 10 of that year. On May 11, 2012, President Barack Obama signed the PATRIOT Sunsets Extension Act of 2011, a four-year extension of three key provisions in the Act: roving wiretaps, searches of business records, and conducting surveillance of "lone wolves" (individuals suspected of terrorist-related activities not linked to terrorist groups). After reauthorization bills failed to pass Congress, parts of the Patriot Act expired on June 1, 2015.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Act
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_963633925#10_1086567552	Title: Patriot Act - Wikipedia Headings: Patriot Act Patriot Act Contents History Titles Title I: Enhancing domestic security against terrorism Title II: Enhanced surveillance procedures Title III: Anti-money-laundering to prevent terrorism Title IV: Border security Title V: Removing obstacles to investigating terrorism Title VI: Victims and families of victims of terrorism Title VII: Increased information sharing for critical infrastructure protection Title VIII: Terrorism criminal law Title IX: Improved intelligence Title X: Miscellaneous Section expirations Controversy Sami Al-Arian Reauthorizations See also References Further reading Law review articles Books External links Supportive views Critical views Other Content: The two bills were then reconciled in a conference committee criticized by Senators from both the Republican and Democratic parties for ignoring civil liberty concerns. The bill, which removed most of the changes from the Senate version, passed Congress on March 2, 2006, and was signed by President Bush on March 9 and 10 of that year. On May 11, 2012, President Barack Obama signed the PATRIOT Sunsets Extension Act of 2011, a four-year extension of three key provisions in the Act: roving wiretaps, searches of business records, and conducting surveillance of "lone wolves" (individuals suspected of terrorist-related activities not linked to terrorist groups). After reauthorization bills failed to pass Congress, parts of the Patriot Act expired on June 1, 2015. The USA Freedom Act, which became law on June 2, 2015, reenacted these expired sections through 2019. However, Section 215 of the law was amended to disallow the National Security Agency (NSA) to continue its mass phone data collection program. Instead, phone companies will retain the data and the NSA can obtain information about targeted individuals with a federal search warrant. In November 2019, the renewal of the Patriot Act was included in the stop-gap legislation The expired provisions required renewal by March 15, 2020. The Senate passed a 77-day extension in March 2020, but the House of Representatives did not pass the legislation before departing for recess on March 27, 2020.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Act
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_963633925#11_1086569941	Title: Patriot Act - Wikipedia Headings: Patriot Act Patriot Act Contents History Titles Title I: Enhancing domestic security against terrorism Title II: Enhanced surveillance procedures Title III: Anti-money-laundering to prevent terrorism Title IV: Border security Title V: Removing obstacles to investigating terrorism Title VI: Victims and families of victims of terrorism Title VII: Increased information sharing for critical infrastructure protection Title VIII: Terrorism criminal law Title IX: Improved intelligence Title X: Miscellaneous Section expirations Controversy Sami Al-Arian Reauthorizations See also References Further reading Law review articles Books External links Supportive views Critical views Other Content: The USA Freedom Act, which became law on June 2, 2015, reenacted these expired sections through 2019. However, Section 215 of the law was amended to disallow the National Security Agency (NSA) to continue its mass phone data collection program. Instead, phone companies will retain the data and the NSA can obtain information about targeted individuals with a federal search warrant. In November 2019, the renewal of the Patriot Act was included in the stop-gap legislation The expired provisions required renewal by March 15, 2020. The Senate passed a 77-day extension in March 2020, but the House of Representatives did not pass the legislation before departing for recess on March 27, 2020. Titles Play media President George W. Bush in October 2001, elucidating on the government's rationale behind the USA PATRIOT Act before signing into law. Title I: Enhancing domestic security against terrorism Main article: Patriot Act, Title I Title I of the Patriot Act authorizes measures to enhance the ability of domestic security services to prevent terrorism. The title established a fund for counter-terrorist activities and increased funding for the Terrorist Screening Center which is administered by the FBI.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Act
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_992275186#6_1118855684	Title: Peelian principles - Wikipedia Headings: Peelian principles Peelian principles Contents Historical background Sir Robert Peel's principles The nine principles of policing Policing by consent See also References Further reading External links Content: To prevent crime and disorder, as an alternative to their repression by military force and severity of legal punishment. To recognise always that the power of the police to fulfill their functions and duties is dependent on public approval of their existence, actions and behaviour, and on their ability to secure and maintain public respect. To recognise always that to secure and maintain the respect and approval of the public means also the securing of the willing co-operation of the public in the task of securing observance of laws. To recognise always that the extent to which the co-operation of the public can be secured diminishes proportionately the necessity of the use of physical force and compulsion for achieving police objectives. To seek and preserve public favour, not by pandering to public opinion, but by constantly demonstrating absolutely impartial service to law, in complete independence of policy, and without regard to the justice or injustice of the substance of individual laws, by ready offering of individual service and friendship to all members of the public without regard to their wealth or social standing, by ready exercise of courtesy and friendly good humour, and by ready offering of individual sacrifice in protecting and preserving life. To use physical force only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient to obtain public co-operation to an extent necessary to secure observance of law or to restore order, and to use only the minimum degree of physical force which is necessary on any particular occasion for achieving a police objective. To maintain at all times a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and that the public are the police, the police being only members of the public who are paid to give full-time attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence. To recognise always the need for strict adherence to police-executive functions, and to refrain from even seeming to usurp the powers of the judiciary of avenging individuals or the State, and of authoritatively judging guilt and punishing the guilty. To recognise always that the test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, and not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with them. Policing by consent The historian Charles Reith explained in his New Study of Police History (1956) that these principles constituted an approach to policing "unique in history and throughout the world, because it derived, not from fear, but almost exclusively from public co-operation with the police, induced by them designedly by behaviour which secures and maintains for them the approval, respect and affection of the public".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peelian_Principles
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_994274767#3_1121405230	Title: Peggy Sue Got Married (song) - Wikipedia Headings: Peggy Sue Got Married (song) Peggy Sue Got Married (song) Contents Buddy Holly version The Crickets version Other cover versions References Sources Content: The specific problem is: versions may not meet WP: SONGCOVER. Please help improve this section if you can. ( June 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Rikki Henderson released his recording of "Peggy Sue Got Married" in 1959 as an Embassy Records 45 single. South African Roger Smith recorded the song in 1962 in a version released on the Twistin' Wild album. Fleetwood Mac recorded a version of the song in 1968 featuring Peter Green for BBC Radio One. The Beatles performed the song at the 1969 Get Back/Let It Be sessions in 1969 in a medley with " Maybe Baby " with John Lennon on lead vocals. The Hollies recorded a version using Buddy Holly's vocals from the December 5, 1958 demo take joined by returning member Graham Nash as part of the Not Fade Away tribute. John Doe recorded a version of the song that was included on the 2011 compilation album Rave On Buddy Holly.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Sue_Got_Married_(song)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_994547304#9_1121814836	Title: Peisistratos - Wikipedia Headings: Peisistratos Peisistratos Contents Rise Periods of power Construction and contribution in Athens Popular tyrant Three attempts at tyranny Policies Legacy See also Notes References Content: Peisistratus was a Greek tyrant having overthrown the democracy by force. He achieved this by using his strong mercenary force to dissuade and kill all the other aristocrats. To ensure his rule, he maintained this strong mercenary force to act as his private bodyguards. In addition, to deter other political families, he took hostages from the major families to ensure cooperation. Unlike many tyrants, Peisistratus maintained the government's structure as opposed to removing it entirely, choosing to rather improve and evolve the current system. By doing so he was able to keep many of the aristocrats in seats of power by allowing only those who cooperated to take places as Archons, while the others were sentenced to exile. With the government being run by a trusted group, he had comfortable control over all rulings and personal protection from the law. Construction and contribution in Athens During his rule in Athens, Peisistratos headed the construction of many great projects. Peisistratos was one of the first tyrants to heavily focus on the infrastructure of Athens: his building of wells specifically was greatly appreciated by the masses.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peisistratos
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_994547304#10_1121816400	Title: Peisistratos - Wikipedia Headings: Peisistratos Peisistratos Contents Rise Periods of power Construction and contribution in Athens Popular tyrant Three attempts at tyranny Policies Legacy See also Notes References Content: By doing so he was able to keep many of the aristocrats in seats of power by allowing only those who cooperated to take places as Archons, while the others were sentenced to exile. With the government being run by a trusted group, he had comfortable control over all rulings and personal protection from the law. Construction and contribution in Athens During his rule in Athens, Peisistratos headed the construction of many great projects. Peisistratos was one of the first tyrants to heavily focus on the infrastructure of Athens: his building of wells specifically was greatly appreciated by the masses. Additionally he constructed great monuments like the one believed to be his home at the temple of Apollo. This idea of using the states collective money to fund such projects was one which would be used by nearly all future leaders due to the effectiveness and impact it made on the citizens of Athens. During the period of 561–527 BC, " Athens itself was becoming more of a city, rather than an agglomeration of villages" Athens had always struggled with its water supply. This was greatly improved during the rule of Peisistratos through the construction of an aqueduct. The market in Athens prior to Peisistratos was disorderly and inefficient.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peisistratos
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_996818523#0_1124804064	Title: Pelvic tilt - Wikipedia Headings: Pelvic tilt Pelvic tilt Forms See also References Content: Pelvic tilt - Wikipedia Pelvic tilt From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( August 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) A visual comparison between a neutral and anterior pelvic tilt and how it can affect height. Pelvic tilt is the orientation of the pelvis in respect to the thighbones and the rest of the body. The pelvis can tilt towards the front, back, or either side of the body. Anterior pelvic tilt and posterior pelvic tilt are very common abnormalities in regard to the orientation of the pelvis. Forms Anterior pelvic tilt is when the front of the pelvis drops in relationship to the back of the pelvis. For example, this happens when the hip flexors shorten and the hip extensors lengthen. Posterior pelvic tilt is the opposite, when the front of the pelvis rises and the back of the pelvis drops. For example, this happens when the hip flexors lengthen and the hip extensors shorten, particularly the gluteus maximus which is the primary extensor of the hip.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_tilt
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1000867904#0_1129672001	Title: Penis removal - Wikipedia Headings: Penis removal Penis removal Contents Penis removal in medicine and psychology History of involuntary penis removal China Japan Arab slave trade Treatment and effects of penis removal Phalloplasty See also References Content: Penis removal - Wikipedia Penis removal From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Removal of the penis Not to be confused with Castration, Penectomy, or Emasculation. Part of a series on Violence against men Issues Domestic violence outline against men management Forced genital mutilation Forced circumcision Involuntary castration Malicious castration Involuntary penis removal Shame-stroke Human trafficking Groom kidnapping Killing Androcide Patricide Mariticide Fratricide Avunculicide Sexual assault and rape Rape Prison rape Statutory Male rape Sexual violence Related topics Reverse sexism Prosecution of gender-targeted crimes Men's rights movement Masculist views on violence Sentencing disparity v t e In ancient civilizations, the removal of the human penis was sometimes used to demonstrate superiority or dominance over an enemy. Armies were sometimes known to sever the penises of their enemies to count the dead, as well as for trophies. The practice of castration (removal of the testicles) sometimes involved the removal of all or part of the penis, generally with a tube inserted to keep the urethra open for urination. Castration has been used to create a class of servants or slaves called eunuchs in many different places and eras. In Russia, men of a devout group of Spiritual Christians known as the Skoptsy were castrated, either undergoing "greater castration", which entailed removal of the penis, or "lesser castration", in which the penis remained in place, while Skoptsy women underwent mastectomy. These procedures were performed in an effort to eliminate lust and to restore the Christian to a pristine state that existed prior to original sin. In the modern era, removing the human penis for any such activity is very rare (with some exceptions listed below), and references to removal of the penis are almost always symbolic. Castration is less rare, and is performed as a last resort in the treatment of androgen -sensitive prostate cancer. Contents 1 Penis removal in medicine and psychology 2 History of involuntary penis removal 2.1 China 2.2 Japan 2.3 Arab slave trade 3 Treatment and effects of penis removal 3.1 Phalloplasty 4 See also 5 References Penis removal in medicine and psychology Main article:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penis_removal
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1000867904#1_1129674774	Title: Penis removal - Wikipedia Headings: Penis removal Penis removal Contents Penis removal in medicine and psychology History of involuntary penis removal China Japan Arab slave trade Treatment and effects of penis removal Phalloplasty See also References Content: In Russia, men of a devout group of Spiritual Christians known as the Skoptsy were castrated, either undergoing "greater castration", which entailed removal of the penis, or "lesser castration", in which the penis remained in place, while Skoptsy women underwent mastectomy. These procedures were performed in an effort to eliminate lust and to restore the Christian to a pristine state that existed prior to original sin. In the modern era, removing the human penis for any such activity is very rare (with some exceptions listed below), and references to removal of the penis are almost always symbolic. Castration is less rare, and is performed as a last resort in the treatment of androgen -sensitive prostate cancer. Contents 1 Penis removal in medicine and psychology 2 History of involuntary penis removal 2.1 China 2.2 Japan 2.3 Arab slave trade 3 Treatment and effects of penis removal 3.1 Phalloplasty 4 See also 5 References Penis removal in medicine and psychology Main article: Penectomy Some men have penile amputations, known as penectomies, for medical reasons. Cancer, for example, sometimes necessitates removal of all or part of the penis. In some instances, botched childhood circumcisions have also resulted in full or partial penectomies. A man who has his penis removed may have one or more problems with his personality, urination, sex life, and vulnerable testicles; he may also experience a phantom penis (see phantom limb ).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penis_removal
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1000867904#2_1129676687	Title: Penis removal - Wikipedia Headings: Penis removal Penis removal Contents Penis removal in medicine and psychology History of involuntary penis removal China Japan Arab slave trade Treatment and effects of penis removal Phalloplasty See also References Content: Penectomy Some men have penile amputations, known as penectomies, for medical reasons. Cancer, for example, sometimes necessitates removal of all or part of the penis. In some instances, botched childhood circumcisions have also resulted in full or partial penectomies. A man who has his penis removed may have one or more problems with his personality, urination, sex life, and vulnerable testicles; he may also experience a phantom penis (see phantom limb ). Genital surgical procedures for trans women ( transgender or transsexual women) undergoing sex reassignment surgery, do not usually involve the complete removal of the penis; part or all of the glans is usually kept and reshaped as a clitoris, and the skin of the penile shaft may also be inverted to form the vagina. When procedures such as this are not possible, other procedures such as colovaginoplasty are used which do involve the removal of the penis. Issues related to the removal of the penis appear in psychology, for example in the condition known as castration anxiety . Some men have undergone penectomies as a voluntary body modification, thus including it as part of a body dysmorphic disorder .	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penis_removal
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1003040730#16_1132155881	Title: Pennsboro, West Virginia - Wikipedia Headings: Pennsboro, West Virginia Pennsboro, West Virginia Contents Geography Demographics 2010 census 2000 census References Content: ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2012-01-25. Retrieved 2013-01-24. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. v t e Municipalities and communities of Ritchie County, West Virginia, United States County seat: Harrisville City Pennsboro Towns Auburn Cairo Ellenboro Harrisville Pullman Unincorporated communities Beatrice Beech Grove Berea Brohard Burnt House Cantwell Chevaux De Frise Cisco Cokeleys Cornwallis Dutchman Eva Five Forks Fonzo Girta Goffs Holbrook Hazelgreen Highland Lamberton Lawford Macfarlan Mahone Mountain Petroleum Pew Hill Pike Prunty Racket ‡ Racy Riddle Riverside Rusk Rutherford Six Hill Slab Smithville Stanley Toll Gate Thursday Trilby Washburn White Oak Ghost towns Admiral Iris Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties United States portal v t e Municipalities of West Virginia Cities Beckley Benwood Bluefield Bridgeport Buckhannon Cameron Ceredo Charles Town Charleston Chester Clarksburg Dunbar Elkins Fairmont Follansbee Gary Glen Dale Grafton Hinton Huntington Hurricane Kenova Keyser Kingwood Lewisburg Logan Madison Mannington Marmet Martinsburg McMechen Montgomery Morgantown Moundsville Mount Hope Mullens New Cumberland New Martinsville Nitro Oak Hill Paden City Parkersburg Parsons Pennsboro Petersburg Philippi Pleasant Valley Point Pleasant Princeton Ranson Ravenswood Richwood Ripley Romney Ronceverte Salem Shinnston Sistersville Smithers South Charleston Spencer St. Albans St. Marys Stonewood Thomas Vienna War Weirton Welch Wellsburg Weston Westover Wheeling White Sulphur Springs Williamson Williamstown Towns Addison (Webster Springs) Albright Alderson Anawalt Anmoore Ansted Athens Auburn Bancroft Barrackville Belmont Bath (Berkeley Springs) Bayard Belington Belle Bethany Beverly Blacksville Bolivar Bradshaw Bramwell Brandonville Bruceton Mills Buffalo Burnsville Cairo Camden-on-Gauley Capon Bridge Carpendale Cedar Grove Chapmanville Chesapeake Clay Clendenin Cowen Danville Davis Davy Delbarton Durbin East Bank Eleanor Elizabeth Elk Garden Ellenboro Fairview Falling Spring Farmington Fayetteville Flatwoods Flemington Fort Gay Franklin Friendly Gassaway Gauley Bridge Gilbert Glasgow Glenville Grant Town Grantsville Granville Hambleton Hamlin Handley Harman Harpers Ferry Harrisville Hartford City Hedgesville Henderson Hendricks Hillsboro Hundred Huttonsville Iaeger Jane Lew Junior Kermit Kimball Leon Lester Lost Creek Lumberport Mabscott Man Marlinton Mason Masontown Matewan Matoaka Meadow Bridge Middlebourne Mill Creek Milton Mitchell Heights Monongah Montrose Moorefield New Haven Newburg North Hills Northfork Nutter Fort Oakvale Oceana Paw Paw Pax Peterstown Piedmont Pine Grove Pineville Poca Pratt Pullman Quinwood Rainelle Reedsville Reedy Ridgeley Rivesville Rowlesburg Rupert Sand Fork Shepherdstown Smithfield Sophia Star City Summersville Sutton Sylvester Terra Alta Thurmond Triadelphia Tunnelton Union Wardensville Wayne West Hamlin West Liberty West Logan West Milford West Union White Hall Whitesville Winfield Womelsdorf (Coalton) Worthington Villages Barboursville Beech Bottom Bethlehem Clearview Valley Grove Windsor Heights Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsboro,_West_Virginia&oldid=1021983816 " Categories: Cities in West Virginia Cities in Ritchie County, West Virginia Northwestern Turnpike Hidden categories:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsboro,_West_Virginia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1003040730#17_1132160027	Title: Pennsboro, West Virginia - Wikipedia Headings: Pennsboro, West Virginia Pennsboro, West Virginia Contents Geography Demographics 2010 census 2000 census References Content: Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. v t e Municipalities and communities of Ritchie County, West Virginia, United States County seat: Harrisville City Pennsboro Towns Auburn Cairo Ellenboro Harrisville Pullman Unincorporated communities Beatrice Beech Grove Berea Brohard Burnt House Cantwell Chevaux De Frise Cisco Cokeleys Cornwallis Dutchman Eva Five Forks Fonzo Girta Goffs Holbrook Hazelgreen Highland Lamberton Lawford Macfarlan Mahone Mountain Petroleum Pew Hill Pike Prunty Racket ‡ Racy Riddle Riverside Rusk Rutherford Six Hill Slab Smithville Stanley Toll Gate Thursday Trilby Washburn White Oak Ghost towns Admiral Iris Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties United States portal v t e Municipalities of West Virginia Cities Beckley Benwood Bluefield Bridgeport Buckhannon Cameron Ceredo Charles Town Charleston Chester Clarksburg Dunbar Elkins Fairmont Follansbee Gary Glen Dale Grafton Hinton Huntington Hurricane Kenova Keyser Kingwood Lewisburg Logan Madison Mannington Marmet Martinsburg McMechen Montgomery Morgantown Moundsville Mount Hope Mullens New Cumberland New Martinsville Nitro Oak Hill Paden City Parkersburg Parsons Pennsboro Petersburg Philippi Pleasant Valley Point Pleasant Princeton Ranson Ravenswood Richwood Ripley Romney Ronceverte Salem Shinnston Sistersville Smithers South Charleston Spencer St. Albans St. Marys Stonewood Thomas Vienna War Weirton Welch Wellsburg Weston Westover Wheeling White Sulphur Springs Williamson Williamstown Towns Addison (Webster Springs) Albright Alderson Anawalt Anmoore Ansted Athens Auburn Bancroft Barrackville Belmont Bath (Berkeley Springs) Bayard Belington Belle Bethany Beverly Blacksville Bolivar Bradshaw Bramwell Brandonville Bruceton Mills Buffalo Burnsville Cairo Camden-on-Gauley Capon Bridge Carpendale Cedar Grove Chapmanville Chesapeake Clay Clendenin Cowen Danville Davis Davy Delbarton Durbin East Bank Eleanor Elizabeth Elk Garden Ellenboro Fairview Falling Spring Farmington Fayetteville Flatwoods Flemington Fort Gay Franklin Friendly Gassaway Gauley Bridge Gilbert Glasgow Glenville Grant Town Grantsville Granville Hambleton Hamlin Handley Harman Harpers Ferry Harrisville Hartford City Hedgesville Henderson Hendricks Hillsboro Hundred Huttonsville Iaeger Jane Lew Junior Kermit Kimball Leon Lester Lost Creek Lumberport Mabscott Man Marlinton Mason Masontown Matewan Matoaka Meadow Bridge Middlebourne Mill Creek Milton Mitchell Heights Monongah Montrose Moorefield New Haven Newburg North Hills Northfork Nutter Fort Oakvale Oceana Paw Paw Pax Peterstown Piedmont Pine Grove Pineville Poca Pratt Pullman Quinwood Rainelle Reedsville Reedy Ridgeley Rivesville Rowlesburg Rupert Sand Fork Shepherdstown Smithfield Sophia Star City Summersville Sutton Sylvester Terra Alta Thurmond Triadelphia Tunnelton Union Wardensville Wayne West Hamlin West Liberty West Logan West Milford West Union White Hall Whitesville Winfield Womelsdorf (Coalton) Worthington Villages Barboursville Beech Bottom Bethlehem Clearview Valley Grove Windsor Heights Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsboro,_West_Virginia&oldid=1021983816 " Categories: Cities in West Virginia Cities in Ritchie County, West Virginia Northwestern Turnpike Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata AC with 0 elements	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsboro,_West_Virginia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1007404814#0_1137647215	Title: Pensions in the Republic of Ireland - Wikipedia Headings: Pensions in the Republic of Ireland Pensions in the Republic of Ireland Contents Description State Pension System Contributory State Pension Non-Contributory State Pension Recent Changes to the State Pension System See also References Content: Pensions in the Republic of Ireland - Wikipedia Pensions in the Republic of Ireland From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject. Please help improve the article by providing more context for the reader. ( December 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Overview of pensions in the Republic of Ireland Compared to other liberal democracies, Ireland's pension policies have average coverage, which includes 78 percent of the workforce, and it offers different types of pensions for employees to choose from. The Irish pension system is designed as a pay-as-you-go program and is based on both public and private pension programs. The Pensions Authority regulates occupational pension schemes, trust RACs, Personal Retirement Savings Accounts (PRSAs), employers and Registered Administrators (RAs). It is a statutory body set up under the Pensions Act, 1990. Contents 1 Description 2 State Pension System 2.1 Contributory State Pension 2.2 Non-Contributory State Pension 3 Recent Changes to the State Pension System 4 See also 5 References Description The OECD 's Reviews of Pension Systems: Ireland, explains the structures of both the public and private pension systems. " The public pension system has two sets of flat-rate benefits: 1) a basic flat-rate benefit to all retirees that meet the contribution conditions, the State pension (contributory) or SPC and the State pension (transition) or SPT;	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensions_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1021391026#0_1153121776	Title: Headings: Content: Quizás, Quizás, Quizás - Wikipedia Quizás, Quizás, Quizás From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Perhaps, Perhaps, Perhaps) Jump to navigationJump to search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this articleby adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Quizás, Quizás, Quizás" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(January 2011)(Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1947 song by Osvaldo Farrés "Quizás, Quizás, Quizás" Songby Osvaldo Farrés Language Spanish English title Perhaps, Perhaps, Perhaps Written 1947 (1947) Genre Popular Songwriter(s) Osvaldo Farrés "Quizás, quizás, quizás", sometimes known simply as "Quizás" (American Spanish: [kiˈsas]; " perhaps"), is a popularsong by Cuban songwriter Osvaldo Farrés. [ 1][2]Farrés wrote the music and original Spanish lyrics for the song which became a hit for Bobby Capóin 1947. Contents 1English version 2French version 3Notable cover versions 4References English version[edit] The English lyrics for "Perhaps, Perhaps, Perhaps" were translated by Joe Davis[3]from the original Spanish version. The English version was first recorded by Desi Arnazin 1948 (RCA). [	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perhaps,_Perhaps,_Perhaps
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1021391026#1_1153123454	Title: Headings: Content: [kiˈsas]; " perhaps"), is a popularsong by Cuban songwriter Osvaldo Farrés. [ 1][2]Farrés wrote the music and original Spanish lyrics for the song which became a hit for Bobby Capóin 1947. Contents 1English version 2French version 3Notable cover versions 4References English version[edit] The English lyrics for "Perhaps, Perhaps, Perhaps" were translated by Joe Davis[3]from the original Spanish version. The English version was first recorded by Desi Arnazin 1948 (RCA). [ 4] French version[edit] The French lyrics, Qui sait, qui sait, are by Jacques Larue [fr], with a slightly different meaning. The story is about a man wondering if the flirting of his girlfriend while dancing with an unknown man will have impact on their relationship: " Who knows?". It has been first recorded by Luis Marianoin 1948, on a single for His Master's Voice. [ 5] Notable cover versions[edit] This section needs additional citations for verification.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perhaps,_Perhaps,_Perhaps
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1021391026#8_1153129626	Title: Headings: Content: British singer Samantha Foxrecorded a cover of "Perhaps, Perhaps, Perhaps" for her 21st Century Foxalbum, but she titled the song simply "Perhaps". It was then released as a single. 2000: British recording artist Geri Halliwellreleased "Perhaps, Perhaps, Perhaps" as a B-side to her number one single "Bag It Up". This version also appeared on the soundtrack of the film America's Sweethearts. 2000: English singer Mari Wilson's cover of the song was later featured as the theme song to Coupling; in the American version of Coupling, it was sung by Lindsay Price. 2000: Rubén Gonzálezincluded an instrumental version on his album Chanchullo.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perhaps,_Perhaps,_Perhaps
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1021391026#9_1153130492	Title: Headings: Content: 2000: English singer Mari Wilson's cover of the song was later featured as the theme song to Coupling; in the American version of Coupling, it was sung by Lindsay Price. 2000: Rubén Gonzálezincluded an instrumental version on his album Chanchullo. 2006: British recording artist Emma Buntonincluded "Perhaps, Perhaps, Perhaps" as a B-side to her single "Downtown", and on the special edition of her CD Life in Mono. 2008: The Pussycat Dollsincluded "Perhaps, Perhaps, Perhaps" as a bonus track on the CD 2 of the Deluxe edition of their second studio album Doll Domination. 2008:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perhaps,_Perhaps,_Perhaps
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1025349676#10_1158435938	Title: Permanent normal trade relations - Wikipedia Headings: Permanent normal trade relations Permanent normal trade relations Contents Applicability History U.S. and China See also References Content: To monitor the workers’ rights Congress established the Congressional–Executive Commission on the People’s Republic of China. The commission was to monitor acts of China which reflect compliance or violation, compile lists of persons believed to be imprisoned, detained, or tortured due to pursuit of their human rights, monitor the development of the rule of law in China, and encourage the development of programs and activities of the U.S. government and private organizations with a goal of increasing the interchange of people and ideas. The committee formed, along with the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR), and the International Trade Commission (ITC) was to give an annual report to the President. Congress believed that they needed to pass a bill that would help the economy stay stimulated if not have a higher growth than at the time. The most productive and trouble-free way to keep the economy growing strong was to outsource and trade more with China. China was to help provide America with superior markets in industry, agriculture, and technology. Congress as whole thought that without these things America would fall behind economically and technologically to some enemies of America. If China did not get support from America they could go to another country that would not be so strict on their treatment of people, and they could use that country to gain access to the WTO. The down side to this was that no markets could provide and receive China’s goods like the United States markets could. The International Trade Commission’s report was the determination of China’s impacts on United States market, and how those certain disruptions can be remedied or expanded.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_normal_trade_relations
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1025349676#11_1158438075	Title: Permanent normal trade relations - Wikipedia Headings: Permanent normal trade relations Permanent normal trade relations Contents Applicability History U.S. and China See also References Content: China was to help provide America with superior markets in industry, agriculture, and technology. Congress as whole thought that without these things America would fall behind economically and technologically to some enemies of America. If China did not get support from America they could go to another country that would not be so strict on their treatment of people, and they could use that country to gain access to the WTO. The down side to this was that no markets could provide and receive China’s goods like the United States markets could. The International Trade Commission’s report was the determination of China’s impacts on United States market, and how those certain disruptions can be remedied or expanded. The ITC was to find what domestic industries were being hurt by the trade and to present how the repair could be made. This was the most important part of the bill for most of the country. The bill breaks down to depending on how the different markets in the U.S. economy are doing it can use China’s markets as a catalyst to help stabilize when need be. The bill created a stir among Congress and the American people when presented because people did not believe that America could actually do anything to help regulate China’s treatment of workers. Aside from people’s rights activists many business men believed in the bill to help flourish the different areas of industry.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_normal_trade_relations
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1028758061#0_1162266481	Title: Anti-clericalism in Mexico - Wikipedia Headings: Anti-clericalism in Mexico Anti-clericalism in Mexico Contents Beginning of anticlericalism and persecution Calles presidency and Cristero War Mid-twentieth century Removal of many anticlerical provisions from the constitution Martyrs See also External links References Content: Anti-clericalism in Mexico - Wikipedia Anti-clericalism in Mexico From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. ( September 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Part of a series on Persecutions of the Catholic Church Overview Historical persecution of Christians Vatican and Eastern Europe 1846–1958 Catholic Church persecutions 1939–1958 Eradication of the Church under Stalinism Eastern Catholic persecutions Persecution of Christians in the modern era Roman Empire Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire Diocletianic Persecution Neo-Persian Empire Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem Byzantine Empire East–West Schism Massacre of the Latins Muslim world Muslim conquests Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques Armenian genocide Assyrian genocide Greek genocide Kosheh massacres Saudi Arabia Christianity in Saudi Arabia Sudan Christianity in Sudan Egypt Maspero demonstrations Islamic terrorism Persecution of Christians by ISIL Japan Martyrs of Japan European wars of religion Thirty Years' War France Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution War in the Vendée Mexico Cristero War Iniquis afflictisque Acerba animi Saints José Sánchez del Río Persecution of Christians in Mexico Miguel Pro Spain Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War Red Terror · Dilectissima Nobis Martyrs of Turon Martyrs of Daimiel Bartolomé Blanco Innocencio of Mary Immaculate José María of Manila 233 Spanish Martyrs 498 Spanish Martyrs 522 Spanish Martyrs Netherlands Titus Brandsma Germany Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany Mit brennender Sorge Alfred Delp Alois Grimm Rupert Mayer Bernhard Lichtenberg Max Josef Metzger Karl Leisner Erich Klausener China Martyr Saints of China Auguste Chapdelaine Persecution of Christians in China Ad Sinarum gentem Cupimus Imprimis Ad Apostolorum principis Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei Beda Chang Dominic Tang Vietnam Vietnamese Martyrs Nguyễn Văn Thuận Ngô Đình Diệm ( Buddhist crisis, Huế Phật Đản shootings, Huế chemical attacks, Double Seven Day scuffle, Xá Lợi Pagoda raids, 1963 South Vietnamese coup, arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm) Poland Maksymilian Kolbe Polish anti-religious campaign 1945–1990 Stefan Wyszyński 108 Blessed Polish Martyrs Policies In Poloniae annalibus Gloriosam Reginam Invicti athletae Jerzy Popiełuszko Eastern Europe József Mindszenty Eugene Bossilkov Severian Baranyk Josef Beran Drina Martyrs Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia Zynoviy Kovalyk Aloysius Stepinac Meminisse iuvat Anni sacri Sára Salkaházi Walter Ciszek Pietro Leoni Theodore Romzha India Violence against Christians in India 2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka El Salvador Four U.S. missionaries Ignacio Ellacuría Rutilio Grande Ignacio Martín-Baró Segundo Montes Óscar Romero 1989 murders of Jesuits Nigeria Religious violence in Nigeria Guatemala Stanley Rother United Kingdom Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Irish Catholic Martyrs Dissolution of the Monasteries Penal Laws Cromwellian conquest of Ireland Philippines Lorenzo Ruiz Pedro Calungsod Gomburza North Korea Catholic Church in North Korea Norway Anti-Catholicism in Norway Catholicism portal v t e The modern history of anticlericalism has often been characterized by deep conflicts between the government and the Catholic Church, sometimes including outright persecution of Catholics in Mexico. Contents 1 Beginning of anticlericalism and persecution 2 Calles presidency and Cristero War 3 Mid-twentieth century 4 Removal of many anticlerical provisions from the constitution 5 Martyrs 6 See also 7 External links 8 References Beginning of anticlericalism and persecution In one form or another, anticlericalism has been a factor in Mexican politics since the Mexican War of Independence from the Spanish Empire (1810-1821), which is attributable to the frequent change in government and those governments' eagerness to access wealth in the form of the property of the Church. Mexico was born after its independence as a confessional state, with its first constitution (1824) stating that the religion of the nation was and would perpetually be Roman Catholic, and prohibiting any other religion. After the Revolution of Ayutla (1854-1855), nearly all of the top figures in the government were Freemasons and fierce anticlericalists. In 1857 a Constitution was adopted under which Benito Juárez attacked the property rights and possessions of the Church. The supporters of tradition backed the ill-fated Second Mexican Empire (1863-1867) supported by the Second French Empire. When Maximilian I of Mexico was deposed and killed, the country saw a series of anti-clerical governments.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Mexico
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1028758061#1_1162272330	Title: Anti-clericalism in Mexico - Wikipedia Headings: Anti-clericalism in Mexico Anti-clericalism in Mexico Contents Beginning of anticlericalism and persecution Calles presidency and Cristero War Mid-twentieth century Removal of many anticlerical provisions from the constitution Martyrs See also External links References Content: Mexico was born after its independence as a confessional state, with its first constitution (1824) stating that the religion of the nation was and would perpetually be Roman Catholic, and prohibiting any other religion. After the Revolution of Ayutla (1854-1855), nearly all of the top figures in the government were Freemasons and fierce anticlericalists. In 1857 a Constitution was adopted under which Benito Juárez attacked the property rights and possessions of the Church. The supporters of tradition backed the ill-fated Second Mexican Empire (1863-1867) supported by the Second French Empire. When Maximilian I of Mexico was deposed and killed, the country saw a series of anti-clerical governments. Then after the moderate Porfirio Díaz there was a strong resurgence of anticlericalism. In 1917, a new Constitution was enacted, hostile to the Church and religion, which promulgated an anti-clericalism similar to that seen in France during the Revolution. The new Mexican Constitution was hostile to the Church as a consequence of the support given by Catholic church authorities to the dictatorship of Victoriano Huerta. The 1917 Constitution outlawed teaching by the Church, gave control over Church matters to the state, put all Church property at the disposal of the state, outlawed religious orders and foreign-born priests, gave states the power to limit or eliminate priests in their territory, deprived priests of the right to vote or hold office, prohibited Catholic organizations which advocated public policy and religious publications from commenting on policy, prohibited clergy from religious celebrations and from wearing clerical garb outside of a church, and deprived citizens of the right to a trial for violations of these provisions. One political scientist stated that the gist of the 1917 constitution was to "effectively outlaw the Roman Catholic Church and other religious denominations";	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Mexico
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1028758061#2_1162274796	Title: Anti-clericalism in Mexico - Wikipedia Headings: Anti-clericalism in Mexico Anti-clericalism in Mexico Contents Beginning of anticlericalism and persecution Calles presidency and Cristero War Mid-twentieth century Removal of many anticlerical provisions from the constitution Martyrs See also External links References Content: Then after the moderate Porfirio Díaz there was a strong resurgence of anticlericalism. In 1917, a new Constitution was enacted, hostile to the Church and religion, which promulgated an anti-clericalism similar to that seen in France during the Revolution. The new Mexican Constitution was hostile to the Church as a consequence of the support given by Catholic church authorities to the dictatorship of Victoriano Huerta. The 1917 Constitution outlawed teaching by the Church, gave control over Church matters to the state, put all Church property at the disposal of the state, outlawed religious orders and foreign-born priests, gave states the power to limit or eliminate priests in their territory, deprived priests of the right to vote or hold office, prohibited Catholic organizations which advocated public policy and religious publications from commenting on policy, prohibited clergy from religious celebrations and from wearing clerical garb outside of a church, and deprived citizens of the right to a trial for violations of these provisions. One political scientist stated that the gist of the 1917 constitution was to "effectively outlaw the Roman Catholic Church and other religious denominations"; it also emboldened Communist labor unions, paving the way for anti-religious governments. Recent President Vicente Fox stated: " After 1917, Mexico was led by anti-Catholic Freemasons who tried to evoke the anticlerical spirit of popular, indigenous President Benito Juarez of the 1880s. But the military dictators of the 1920s were a lot more savage than Juarez." Fox goes on to recount how priests were killed for trying to perform the sacraments, altars were desecrated by soldiers, and freedom of religion outlawed by generals.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Mexico
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1028758061#3_1162277084	Title: Anti-clericalism in Mexico - Wikipedia Headings: Anti-clericalism in Mexico Anti-clericalism in Mexico Contents Beginning of anticlericalism and persecution Calles presidency and Cristero War Mid-twentieth century Removal of many anticlerical provisions from the constitution Martyrs See also External links References Content: it also emboldened Communist labor unions, paving the way for anti-religious governments. Recent President Vicente Fox stated: " After 1917, Mexico was led by anti-Catholic Freemasons who tried to evoke the anticlerical spirit of popular, indigenous President Benito Juarez of the 1880s. But the military dictators of the 1920s were a lot more savage than Juarez." Fox goes on to recount how priests were killed for trying to perform the sacraments, altars were desecrated by soldiers, and freedom of religion outlawed by generals. Calles presidency and Cristero War Main article: Cristero War As a reaction against the strict enforcement of the above anti-clerical articles in the constitution of 1917 in Mexico, specifically Article 130, armed conflict broke out in the Cristero War (also known as the Cristiada) of 1926 to 1929. This was a civil war between Catholic rebels called Cristeros and the anti-clerical Mexican government of the time that was mainly localized in central Western states in Mexico. Though conflict between church and state marked the presidency of Álvaro Obregón (1920–1924), who "accused the clergy of being insincere and of producing conflict" but "spoke of Jesus Christ as 'the greatest socialist who has been known to Humanity'", it was with the election of President Plutarco Elías Calles in 1924 that anti-clerical laws were stringently applied throughout the country. Calles added a requirement that prohibited priests from ministering unless licensed by the state.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Mexico
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1028758061#4_1162279146	Title: Anti-clericalism in Mexico - Wikipedia Headings: Anti-clericalism in Mexico Anti-clericalism in Mexico Contents Beginning of anticlericalism and persecution Calles presidency and Cristero War Mid-twentieth century Removal of many anticlerical provisions from the constitution Martyrs See also External links References Content: Calles presidency and Cristero War Main article: Cristero War As a reaction against the strict enforcement of the above anti-clerical articles in the constitution of 1917 in Mexico, specifically Article 130, armed conflict broke out in the Cristero War (also known as the Cristiada) of 1926 to 1929. This was a civil war between Catholic rebels called Cristeros and the anti-clerical Mexican government of the time that was mainly localized in central Western states in Mexico. Though conflict between church and state marked the presidency of Álvaro Obregón (1920–1924), who "accused the clergy of being insincere and of producing conflict" but "spoke of Jesus Christ as 'the greatest socialist who has been known to Humanity'", it was with the election of President Plutarco Elías Calles in 1924 that anti-clerical laws were stringently applied throughout the country. Calles added a requirement that prohibited priests from ministering unless licensed by the state. State officials began to limit the number of priests so that vast areas of the population were left with no priest at all. Churches were expropriated for use as garages, museums and the like, and the Mexican bishops, deported or underground, as a last resort of protest suspended all remaining ministry and urged the people to protest the persecution of their faith. One contemporary is quoted as saying that "while President Calles is sane on all other matters, he completely loses control of himself when the matter of religion comes up, becomes livid in the face and pounds the table to express his hatred." Wearing clerical garb outside of churches was outlawed during his rule and priests exercising their right of political speech could be imprisoned for five years. On November 18, 1926, Pope Pius XI promulgated the encyclical Iniquis afflictisque decrying the severe persecution of the faithful in Mexico and the deprivation of the rights of the faithful and the Church.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Mexico
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1032458672#6_1165358286	Title: Person of color - Wikipedia Headings: Person of color Person of color Contents History BIPOC Political significance Criticism See also References External links Content: the Black Caucus of the American Library Association, the American Indian Library Association, the Asian Pacific American Librarians Association, the Chinese American Librarians Association, and REFORMA: The National Association to Promote Library & Information Services to Latinos and the Spanish Speaking. BIPOC The acronym BIPOC, referring to "black, indigenous, (and) people of color", first appeared around 2013. By June 2020, it had become more prevalent on the internet, as racial justice awareness grew in the U.S. in the wake of the death of George Floyd. The term aims to emphasize the historic oppression of black and indigenous people, which is argued to be superlative and distinctive in U.S. history at the collective level. The BIPOC Project promotes the term in order "to highlight the unique relationship to whiteness that Indigenous and Black (African Americans) people have, which shapes the experiences of and relationship to white supremacy for all people of color within a U.S. context." Political significance According to Stephen Satris of Clemson University, in the United States there are two main racial divides. The first is the "black–white" delineation; the second racial delineation is the one "between whites and everyone else" with whites being "narrowly construed" and everyone else being called "people of color". Because the term "people of color" includes vastly different people with only the common distinction of not being white, it draws attention to the perceived fundamental role of racialization in the United States.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_of_color
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1035727170#0_1168916599	Title: Personality psychology - Wikipedia Headings: Personality psychology Personality psychology Contents Philosophical assumptions Personality theories Type theories Psychoanalytical theories Behaviorist theories Social cognitive theories Humanistic theories Biopsychological theories Genetic basis of personality Evolutionary theory Drive theories Personality tests Personality theory assessment criteria Methods measuring inner experience See also References Further reading External links Content: Personality psychology - Wikipedia Personality psychology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Personality genetics) Jump to navigation Jump to search Branch of psychology focused on personality This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " Personality psychology" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Part of a series on Psychology Outline History Subfields Basic types Abnormal Behavioral genetics Biological Cognitive / Cognitivism Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Differential Developmental Evolutionary Experimental Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Quantitative Social Applied psychology Applied behavior analysis Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Environmental Ergonomics Forensic Health Humanistic Industrial and organizational Legal Medical Military Music Occupational health Political Religion School Sport Traffic Lists Disciplines Organizations Psychologists Psychotherapies Publications Research methods Theories Timeline Topics Psychology portal v t e Personality psychology is a branch of psychology that studies personality and its variation among individuals. It is a scientific study which aims to show how people are individually different due to psychological forces. Its areas of focus include: construction of a coherent picture of the individual and their major psychological processes investigation of individual psychological differences investigation of human nature and psychological similarities between individuals "Personality" is a dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences their environment, cognition, emotions, motivations, and behaviors in various situations. The word personality originates from the Latin persona, which means " mask ". Personality also refers to the pattern of thoughts, feelings, social adjustments, and behaviors consistently exhibited over time that strongly influences one's expectations, self-perceptions, values, and attitudes.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_genetics
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1035727170#1_1168919626	Title: Personality psychology - Wikipedia Headings: Personality psychology Personality psychology Contents Philosophical assumptions Personality theories Type theories Psychoanalytical theories Behaviorist theories Social cognitive theories Humanistic theories Biopsychological theories Genetic basis of personality Evolutionary theory Drive theories Personality tests Personality theory assessment criteria Methods measuring inner experience See also References Further reading External links Content: It is a scientific study which aims to show how people are individually different due to psychological forces. Its areas of focus include: construction of a coherent picture of the individual and their major psychological processes investigation of individual psychological differences investigation of human nature and psychological similarities between individuals "Personality" is a dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences their environment, cognition, emotions, motivations, and behaviors in various situations. The word personality originates from the Latin persona, which means " mask ". Personality also refers to the pattern of thoughts, feelings, social adjustments, and behaviors consistently exhibited over time that strongly influences one's expectations, self-perceptions, values, and attitudes. Personality also predicts human reactions to other people, problems, and stress. Gordon Allport (1937) described two major ways to study personality: the nomothetic and the idiographic. Nomothetic psychology seeks general laws that can be applied to many different people, such as the principle of self-actualization or the trait of extraversion. Idiographic psychology is an attempt to understand the unique aspects of a particular individual.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_genetics
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1035727170#2_1168921635	Title: Personality psychology - Wikipedia Headings: Personality psychology Personality psychology Contents Philosophical assumptions Personality theories Type theories Psychoanalytical theories Behaviorist theories Social cognitive theories Humanistic theories Biopsychological theories Genetic basis of personality Evolutionary theory Drive theories Personality tests Personality theory assessment criteria Methods measuring inner experience See also References Further reading External links Content: Personality also predicts human reactions to other people, problems, and stress. Gordon Allport (1937) described two major ways to study personality: the nomothetic and the idiographic. Nomothetic psychology seeks general laws that can be applied to many different people, such as the principle of self-actualization or the trait of extraversion. Idiographic psychology is an attempt to understand the unique aspects of a particular individual. The study of personality has a broad and varied history in psychology with an abundance of theoretical traditions. The major theories include dispositional (trait) perspective, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, behaviorist, evolutionary, and social learning perspective. However, many researchers and psychologists do not explicitly identify themselves with a certain perspective and instead take an eclectic approach. Research in this area is empirically driven — such as dimensional models, based on multivariate statistics such as factor analysis — or emphasizes theory development, such as that of the psychodynamic theory. There is also a substantial emphasis on the applied field of personality testing.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_genetics
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1035813211#11_1168989807	Title: Personality judgment - Wikipedia Headings: Personality judgment Personality judgment Contents Accuracy Perspectives on accuracy Contributors to accurate personality judgment Judge characteristics Target characteristics Effects on behavior Cultural influences References Content: For example, people from Western cultures are typically better able to identify the traits of extroversion and aggression than individuals from Eastern cultures. References ^ Funder, David C. (1995). " On the accuracy of personality judgment: A realistic approach". Psychological Review. 102 (4): 652–670. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.321.2328. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.102.4.652.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_judgment
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1039232122#1_1172487883	Title: Pesticide resistance - Wikipedia Headings: Pesticide resistance Pesticide resistance Contents Causes Examples Consequences Multiple and cross-resistance Adaptation Management Integrated pest management Status Glyphosate B. thuringiensis See also References External links Content: Pest species evolve pesticide resistance via natural selection: the most resistant specimens survive and pass on their acquired heritable changes traits to their offspring. Cases of resistance have been reported in all classes of pests ( i.e. crop diseases, weeds, rodents, etc. ), with 'crises' in insect control occurring early-on after the introduction of pesticide use in the 20th century. The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) definition of insecticide resistance is 'a heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control when used according to the label recommendation for that pest species'. Pesticide resistance is increasing. Farmers in the US lost 7% of their crops to pests in the 1940s; over the 1980s and 1990s, the loss was 13%, even though more pesticides were being used. Over 500 species of pests have evolved a resistance to a pesticide. Other sources estimate the number to be around 1,000 species since 1945.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_resistance
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1039232122#2_1172489401	Title: Pesticide resistance - Wikipedia Headings: Pesticide resistance Pesticide resistance Contents Causes Examples Consequences Multiple and cross-resistance Adaptation Management Integrated pest management Status Glyphosate B. thuringiensis See also References External links Content: Pesticide resistance is increasing. Farmers in the US lost 7% of their crops to pests in the 1940s; over the 1980s and 1990s, the loss was 13%, even though more pesticides were being used. Over 500 species of pests have evolved a resistance to a pesticide. Other sources estimate the number to be around 1,000 species since 1945. Although the evolution of pesticide resistance is usually discussed as a result of pesticide use, it is important to keep in mind that pest populations can also adapt to non-chemical methods of control. For example, the northern corn rootworm ( Diabrotica barberi) became adapted to a corn-soybean crop rotation by spending the year when the field is planted with soybeans in a diapause. As of 2014 [update] , few new weed killers are near commercialization, and none with a novel, resistance-free mode of action. Similarly, as of January 2019 [update] discovery of new insecticides is more expensive and difficult than ever. Contents 1 Causes 2 Examples 3 Consequences 4 Multiple and cross-resistance 5 Adaptation 6 Management 6.1 Integrated pest management 7 Status 7.1 Glyphosate 7.2 B. thuringiensis 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Causes Pesticide resistance probably stems from multiple factors:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_resistance
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1039232122#3_1172491138	Title: Pesticide resistance - Wikipedia Headings: Pesticide resistance Pesticide resistance Contents Causes Examples Consequences Multiple and cross-resistance Adaptation Management Integrated pest management Status Glyphosate B. thuringiensis See also References External links Content: Although the evolution of pesticide resistance is usually discussed as a result of pesticide use, it is important to keep in mind that pest populations can also adapt to non-chemical methods of control. For example, the northern corn rootworm ( Diabrotica barberi) became adapted to a corn-soybean crop rotation by spending the year when the field is planted with soybeans in a diapause. As of 2014 [update] , few new weed killers are near commercialization, and none with a novel, resistance-free mode of action. Similarly, as of January 2019 [update] discovery of new insecticides is more expensive and difficult than ever. Contents 1 Causes 2 Examples 3 Consequences 4 Multiple and cross-resistance 5 Adaptation 6 Management 6.1 Integrated pest management 7 Status 7.1 Glyphosate 7.2 B. thuringiensis 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Causes Pesticide resistance probably stems from multiple factors: Many pest species produce large numbers of offspring, for example insect pests produce large broods. This increases the probability of mutations and ensures the rapid expansion of resistant populations. Pest species had been exposed to natural toxins long before agriculture began. For example, many plants produce phytotoxins to protect them from herbivores. As a result, coevolution of herbivores and their host plants required development of the physiological capability to detoxify or tolerate poisons.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_resistance
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1051116401#14_1185145920	Title: Peterstown, West Virginia - Wikipedia Headings: Peterstown, West Virginia Peterstown, West Virginia Contents Geography Demographics 2020 population 2010 census 2000 census References Content: 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2012-01-25. Retrieved 2013-01-24. v t e Municipalities and communities of Monroe County, West Virginia, United States County seat: Union Towns Alderson ‡ Peterstown Union Unincorporated communities Assurance Ballard Ballengee ‡ Bozoo Cashmere Centennial Cloverdale Creamery Crimson Springs Dorr Elmhurst Gap Mills Gates Glace Greenville Hillsdale Hollywood Johnson Crossroads Keenan Knobs Laurel Branch Lillydale Lindside McGlone Monitor Nickells Mill Patton ‡ Pedro Pickaway Raines Corner Red Sulphur Springs Rock Camp Roxalia Salt Sulphur Springs Sarton Secondcreek Sinks Grove Sweet Springs Waiteville Wayside Wikel Willow Bend Wolfcreek Zenith Ghost town Indian Creek Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties United States portal v t e Municipalities of West Virginia Cities Beckley Benwood Bluefield Bridgeport Buckhannon Cameron Ceredo Charles Town Charleston Chester Clarksburg Dunbar Elkins Fairmont Follansbee Gary Glen Dale Grafton Hinton Huntington Hurricane Kenova Keyser Kingwood Lewisburg Logan Madison Mannington Marmet Martinsburg McMechen Montgomery Morgantown Moundsville Mount Hope Mullens New Cumberland New Martinsville Nitro Oak Hill Paden City Parkersburg Parsons Pennsboro Petersburg Philippi Pleasant Valley Point Pleasant Princeton Ranson Ravenswood Richwood Ripley Romney Ronceverte Salem Shinnston Sistersville Smithers South Charleston Spencer St. Albans St. Marys Stonewood Thomas Vienna War Weirton Welch Wellsburg Weston Westover Wheeling White Sulphur Springs Williamson Williamstown Towns Addison (Webster Springs) Albright Alderson Anawalt Anmoore Ansted Athens Auburn Bancroft Barrackville Belmont Bath (Berkeley Springs) Bayard Belington Belle Bethany Beverly Blacksville Bolivar Bradshaw Bramwell Brandonville Bruceton Mills Buffalo Burnsville Cairo Camden-on-Gauley Capon Bridge Carpendale Cedar Grove Chapmanville Chesapeake Clay Clendenin Cowen Danville Davis Davy Delbarton Durbin East Bank Eleanor Elizabeth Elk Garden Ellenboro Fairview Falling Spring Farmington Fayetteville Flatwoods Flemington Fort Gay Franklin Friendly Gassaway Gauley Bridge Gilbert Glasgow Glenville Grant Town Grantsville Granville Hambleton Hamlin Handley Harman Harpers Ferry Harrisville Hartford City Hedgesville Henderson Hendricks Hillsboro Hundred Huttonsville Iaeger Jane Lew Junior Kermit Kimball Leon Lester Lost Creek Lumberport Mabscott Man Marlinton Mason Masontown Matewan Matoaka Meadow Bridge Middlebourne Mill Creek Milton Mitchell Heights Monongah Montrose Moorefield New Haven Newburg North Hills Northfork Nutter Fort Oakvale Oceana Paw Paw Pax Peterstown Piedmont Pine Grove Pineville Poca Pratt Pullman Quinwood Rainelle Reedsville Reedy Ridgeley Rivesville Rowlesburg Rupert Sand Fork Shepherdstown Smithfield Sophia Star City Summersville Sutton Sylvester Terra Alta Thurmond Triadelphia Tunnelton Union Wardensville Wayne West Hamlin West Liberty West Logan West Milford West Union White Hall Whitesville Winfield Womelsdorf (Coalton) Worthington Villages Barboursville Beech Bottom Bethlehem Clearview Valley Grove Windsor Heights Authority control BNE: XX5588041 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peterstown,_West_Virginia&oldid=1015915519 " Categories: Towns in West Virginia Towns in Monroe County, West Virginia Hidden categories:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterstown,_West_Virginia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1051116401#15_1185150103	Title: Peterstown, West Virginia - Wikipedia Headings: Peterstown, West Virginia Peterstown, West Virginia Contents Geography Demographics 2020 population 2010 census 2000 census References Content: Retrieved 2013-01-24. v t e Municipalities and communities of Monroe County, West Virginia, United States County seat: Union Towns Alderson ‡ Peterstown Union Unincorporated communities Assurance Ballard Ballengee ‡ Bozoo Cashmere Centennial Cloverdale Creamery Crimson Springs Dorr Elmhurst Gap Mills Gates Glace Greenville Hillsdale Hollywood Johnson Crossroads Keenan Knobs Laurel Branch Lillydale Lindside McGlone Monitor Nickells Mill Patton ‡ Pedro Pickaway Raines Corner Red Sulphur Springs Rock Camp Roxalia Salt Sulphur Springs Sarton Secondcreek Sinks Grove Sweet Springs Waiteville Wayside Wikel Willow Bend Wolfcreek Zenith Ghost town Indian Creek Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties United States portal v t e Municipalities of West Virginia Cities Beckley Benwood Bluefield Bridgeport Buckhannon Cameron Ceredo Charles Town Charleston Chester Clarksburg Dunbar Elkins Fairmont Follansbee Gary Glen Dale Grafton Hinton Huntington Hurricane Kenova Keyser Kingwood Lewisburg Logan Madison Mannington Marmet Martinsburg McMechen Montgomery Morgantown Moundsville Mount Hope Mullens New Cumberland New Martinsville Nitro Oak Hill Paden City Parkersburg Parsons Pennsboro Petersburg Philippi Pleasant Valley Point Pleasant Princeton Ranson Ravenswood Richwood Ripley Romney Ronceverte Salem Shinnston Sistersville Smithers South Charleston Spencer St. Albans St. Marys Stonewood Thomas Vienna War Weirton Welch Wellsburg Weston Westover Wheeling White Sulphur Springs Williamson Williamstown Towns Addison (Webster Springs) Albright Alderson Anawalt Anmoore Ansted Athens Auburn Bancroft Barrackville Belmont Bath (Berkeley Springs) Bayard Belington Belle Bethany Beverly Blacksville Bolivar Bradshaw Bramwell Brandonville Bruceton Mills Buffalo Burnsville Cairo Camden-on-Gauley Capon Bridge Carpendale Cedar Grove Chapmanville Chesapeake Clay Clendenin Cowen Danville Davis Davy Delbarton Durbin East Bank Eleanor Elizabeth Elk Garden Ellenboro Fairview Falling Spring Farmington Fayetteville Flatwoods Flemington Fort Gay Franklin Friendly Gassaway Gauley Bridge Gilbert Glasgow Glenville Grant Town Grantsville Granville Hambleton Hamlin Handley Harman Harpers Ferry Harrisville Hartford City Hedgesville Henderson Hendricks Hillsboro Hundred Huttonsville Iaeger Jane Lew Junior Kermit Kimball Leon Lester Lost Creek Lumberport Mabscott Man Marlinton Mason Masontown Matewan Matoaka Meadow Bridge Middlebourne Mill Creek Milton Mitchell Heights Monongah Montrose Moorefield New Haven Newburg North Hills Northfork Nutter Fort Oakvale Oceana Paw Paw Pax Peterstown Piedmont Pine Grove Pineville Poca Pratt Pullman Quinwood Rainelle Reedsville Reedy Ridgeley Rivesville Rowlesburg Rupert Sand Fork Shepherdstown Smithfield Sophia Star City Summersville Sutton Sylvester Terra Alta Thurmond Triadelphia Tunnelton Union Wardensville Wayne West Hamlin West Liberty West Logan West Milford West Union White Hall Whitesville Winfield Womelsdorf (Coalton) Worthington Villages Barboursville Beech Bottom Bethlehem Clearview Valley Grove Windsor Heights Authority control BNE: XX5588041 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peterstown,_West_Virginia&oldid=1015915519 " Categories: Towns in West Virginia Towns in Monroe County, West Virginia Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterstown,_West_Virginia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1054704300#0_1189352446	Title: Pew Research Center - Wikipedia Headings: Pew Research Center Pew Research Center Contents History Funding Research areas Reports References External links Content: Pew Research Center - Wikipedia Pew Research Center From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 13 April 2021. Jump to navigation Jump to search Nonpartisan American think tank based in Washington, D.C. Pew Research Center Established 2004; 17 years ago ( 2004) Chairman Michael X. Delli Carpini President Michael Dimock Staff 160+ Budget Revenue: $44,409,611 Expenses: $35,069,976 ( FYE June 2016) Address 1615 L Street, NW Suite 800 Washington, D.C. Location Washington, D.C., U.S. Website www .pewresearch .org The Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan American think tank (referring to itself as a "fact tank") based in Washington, D.C. It provides information on social issues, public opinion, and demographic trends shaping the United States and the world. It also conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, calls people randomly through their cell phone and landline numbers, media content analysis, and other empirical social science research. The Pew Research Center does not take policy positions, and is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. Contents 1 History 2 Funding 3 Research areas 4 Reports 5 References 6 External links History In 1990, the Times Mirror Company founded the Times Mirror Center for the People & the Press as a research project, tasked with conducting polls on politics and policy. Andrew Kohut became its director in 1993, and The Pew Charitable Trusts became its primary sponsor in 1996, when it was renamed the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press. In 2004, the trust established the Pew Research Center in Washington, D.C. In 2013, Kohut stepped down as president and became founding director, and Alan Murray became the second president of the center.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1054704300#1_1189354595	Title: Pew Research Center - Wikipedia Headings: Pew Research Center Pew Research Center Contents History Funding Research areas Reports References External links Content: It also conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, calls people randomly through their cell phone and landline numbers, media content analysis, and other empirical social science research. The Pew Research Center does not take policy positions, and is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. Contents 1 History 2 Funding 3 Research areas 4 Reports 5 References 6 External links History In 1990, the Times Mirror Company founded the Times Mirror Center for the People & the Press as a research project, tasked with conducting polls on politics and policy. Andrew Kohut became its director in 1993, and The Pew Charitable Trusts became its primary sponsor in 1996, when it was renamed the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press. In 2004, the trust established the Pew Research Center in Washington, D.C. In 2013, Kohut stepped down as president and became founding director, and Alan Murray became the second president of the center. In October 2014, Michael Dimock, a 14-year veteran of the Pew Research Center, was named president. Funding The Pew Research Center is a nonprofit, tax-exempt 501 (c) (3) organization and a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts, its primary funder. For its studies focusing on demographics of religions in the world, the Pew Research Center has been jointly funded by the Templeton Foundation. Research areas The center's research is divided into nine areas: U.S. Politics & Policy Journalism & Media Internet & Technology Science & Society Religion & Public Life Hispanic Trends Global Attitudes & Trends Social & Demographic Trends Research Methodology Reports Researchers at the Pew Research Center annually comb through publicly available sources of information and publications.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1054704300#2_1189356707	Title: Pew Research Center - Wikipedia Headings: Pew Research Center Pew Research Center Contents History Funding Research areas Reports References External links Content: In October 2014, Michael Dimock, a 14-year veteran of the Pew Research Center, was named president. Funding The Pew Research Center is a nonprofit, tax-exempt 501 (c) (3) organization and a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts, its primary funder. For its studies focusing on demographics of religions in the world, the Pew Research Center has been jointly funded by the Templeton Foundation. Research areas The center's research is divided into nine areas: U.S. Politics & Policy Journalism & Media Internet & Technology Science & Society Religion & Public Life Hispanic Trends Global Attitudes & Trends Social & Demographic Trends Research Methodology Reports Researchers at the Pew Research Center annually comb through publicly available sources of information and publications. The Pew Research Center released its 10th annual report on Global Restrictions on Religion as part of the Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures project, funded by The Pew Charitable Trusts and the John Templeton Foundation. The annual report looked at events that took place about 18 months to two years before its publication. While the previous reports focused on year-over-year change, this report provides a broader look at the trend in particular regions and in 198 countries and territories. The report documents how government restrictions on religion and social hostilities involving religion have changed and increased, from 2007 to 2017. It said 52 governments impose high levels of restrictions on religion, up from 40 in 2007, while 56 countries experienced the highest levels of social hostilities involving religion, up from 38 in 2007.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1054704300#5_1189361301	Title: Pew Research Center - Wikipedia Headings: Pew Research Center Pew Research Center Contents History Funding Research areas Reports References External links Content: ^ "Pew Research Center" (PDF). Foundation Center. Retrieved June 18, 2018. ^ "Our survey methodology in detail". Pew Research Center Methods. Retrieved March 26, 2021. ^ Lesley, Alison (May 18, 2015). " Pew Research Finds Jews & Hindus are More Educated & Richer". World Religion News. Retrieved December 28, 2015.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1054704300#6_1189361974	Title: Pew Research Center - Wikipedia Headings: Pew Research Center Pew Research Center Contents History Funding Research areas Reports References External links Content: Retrieved March 26, 2021. ^ Lesley, Alison (May 18, 2015). " Pew Research Finds Jews & Hindus are More Educated & Richer". World Religion News. Retrieved December 28, 2015. ^ a b "Company Overview of The Pew Charitable Trusts". Bloomberg L.P. December 29, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015. ^ "Our History". Pew Research Center.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1054704300#7_1189362661	Title: Pew Research Center - Wikipedia Headings: Pew Research Center Pew Research Center Contents History Funding Research areas Reports References External links Content: ^ a b "Company Overview of The Pew Charitable Trusts". Bloomberg L.P. December 29, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015. ^ "Our History". Pew Research Center. Retrieved February 21, 2016. ^ Memmott, Mark (November 2, 2012). " Alan Murray Of 'The Wall Street Journal' Named Pew Research Center's President". National Public Radio. Retrieved December 28, 2015.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1054704300#8_1189363375	Title: Pew Research Center - Wikipedia Headings: Pew Research Center Pew Research Center Contents History Funding Research areas Reports References External links Content: Retrieved February 21, 2016. ^ Memmott, Mark (November 2, 2012). " Alan Murray Of 'The Wall Street Journal' Named Pew Research Center's President". National Public Radio. Retrieved December 28, 2015. ^ Massella, Nick (October 14, 2014). " Michael Dimock Named President of Pew Research Center". FishbowlDC. Retrieved December 28, 2015. ^ "Company Overview of The Pew Charitable Trusts".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1054704300#9_1189364120	Title: Pew Research Center - Wikipedia Headings: Pew Research Center Pew Research Center Contents History Funding Research areas Reports References External links Content: ^ Massella, Nick (October 14, 2014). " Michael Dimock Named President of Pew Research Center". FishbowlDC. Retrieved December 28, 2015. ^ "Company Overview of The Pew Charitable Trusts". 501c3Lookup.org. Retrieved December 29, 2015. ^ "The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010" (PDF). Pew Research Center.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1054704300#14_1189367975	Title: Pew Research Center - Wikipedia Headings: Pew Research Center Pew Research Center Contents History Funding Research areas Reports References External links Content: The Columbian. July 20, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2019. ^ "How Religious Restrictions Have Risen Around the World". Pew Research Center. July 15, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2019. External links Official website The Pew Charitable Trusts v t e Social survey research Data collection Collection methods Questionnaire Interview Structured Semi-structured Unstructured Couple Methodology Census Sampling frame Statistical sample Sampling for surveys Random sampling Simple random sampling Quota sampling Stratified sampling Nonprobability sampling Sample size determination Research design Panel study Cohort study Cross-sectional study Cross-sequential study Survey errors Sampling error Standard error Sampling bias Systematic errors Non-sampling error Specification error Frame error Measurement error Response errors Non-response bias Coverage error Pseudo-opinion Processing errors Data analysis Categorical data Contingency table Level of measurement Descriptive statistics Exploratory data analysis Multivariate statistics Psychometrics Statistical inference Statistical models Graphical Log-linear Structural Applications Audience measurement Demography Market research Opinion poll Public opinion Major surveys List of comparative social surveys Afrobarometer American National Election Studies Asian Barometer Survey Comparative Study of Electoral Systems Eurobarometer European Social Survey Gallup Poll General Social Survey Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey International Social Survey Latinobarómetro List of household surveys in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study World Values Survey Associations American Association for Public Opinion Research European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research International Statistical Institute Pew Research Center World Association for Public Opinion Research Category Projects Business Politics Psychology Sociology Statistics Authority control GND: 16328031-9 ISNI: 0000 0000 9827 1941 LCCN:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1054704300#15_1189370469	Title: Pew Research Center - Wikipedia Headings: Pew Research Center Pew Research Center Contents History Funding Research areas Reports References External links Content: July 15, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2019. External links Official website The Pew Charitable Trusts v t e Social survey research Data collection Collection methods Questionnaire Interview Structured Semi-structured Unstructured Couple Methodology Census Sampling frame Statistical sample Sampling for surveys Random sampling Simple random sampling Quota sampling Stratified sampling Nonprobability sampling Sample size determination Research design Panel study Cohort study Cross-sectional study Cross-sequential study Survey errors Sampling error Standard error Sampling bias Systematic errors Non-sampling error Specification error Frame error Measurement error Response errors Non-response bias Coverage error Pseudo-opinion Processing errors Data analysis Categorical data Contingency table Level of measurement Descriptive statistics Exploratory data analysis Multivariate statistics Psychometrics Statistical inference Statistical models Graphical Log-linear Structural Applications Audience measurement Demography Market research Opinion poll Public opinion Major surveys List of comparative social surveys Afrobarometer American National Election Studies Asian Barometer Survey Comparative Study of Electoral Systems Eurobarometer European Social Survey Gallup Poll General Social Survey Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey International Social Survey Latinobarómetro List of household surveys in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study World Values Survey Associations American Association for Public Opinion Research European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research International Statistical Institute Pew Research Center World Association for Public Opinion Research Category Projects Business Politics Psychology Sociology Statistics Authority control GND: 16328031-9 ISNI: 0000 0000 9827 1941 LCCN: n2005006887 MA: 1305651353 VIAF: 145626577 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n2005006887 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pew_Research_Center&oldid=1017486122 " Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from December 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1078788041#1_1213389399	Title: Philosophy of physics - Wikipedia Headings: Philosophy of physics Philosophy of physics Contents Philosophy of space and time Time Time travel Space Philosophy of quantum mechanics The Everett interpretation Uncertainty principle History of the philosophy of physics Aristotelian physics Newtonian physics Leibniz Quotes from Einstein's work on the importance of the philosophy of physics See also References Further reading External links Content: interpretations of quantum mechanics: mainly concerning issues with how to formulate an adequate response to the measurement problem and understand what the theory says about reality the nature of space and time: Are space and time substances, or purely relational? Is simultaneity conventional or only relative? Is temporal asymmetry purely reducible to thermodynamic asymmetry? inter-theoretic relations: the relationship between various physical theories, such as thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. This overlaps with the issue of scientific reduction. Contents 1 Philosophy of space and time 1.1 Time 1.2 Time travel 1.3 Space 2 Philosophy of quantum mechanics 2.1 The Everett interpretation 2.2 Uncertainty principle 3 History of the philosophy of physics 3.1 Aristotelian physics 3.2 Newtonian physics 3.3 Leibniz 3.4 Quotes from Einstein's work on the importance of the philosophy of physics 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Philosophy of space and time Main article: Philosophy of space and time The existence and nature of space and time (or space-time) are central topics in the philosophy of physics.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1091398782#12_1228345274	Title: Theory of multiple intelligences - Wikipedia Headings: Theory of multiple intelligences Theory of multiple intelligences Contents Separation criteria The intelligence modalities Musical-rhythmic and harmonic Visual-spatial Verbal-linguistic Logical-mathematical Bodily-kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalistic Existential Additional intelligences Physical intelligence Characteristics Theory Impact on education Critical reception Definition of intelligence Neo-Piagetian criticism Human adaptation to multiple environments IQ tests Lack of empirical evidence Use in education See also References Notes Citations Bibliography Further reading External links Content: Gardner referred to the idea of natural skill and innate physical intelligence within his discussion of the autobiographical story of Babe Ruth – a legendary baseball player who, at 15, felt that he has been ‘born’ on the pitcher's mound. Individuals with a high body-kinesthetic, or physical intelligence, are likely to be successful in physical careers, including athletes, dancers, musicians, police officers, and soldiers. Theory A professor of Education at Harvard University, developmental psychologist Howard Gardner, outlined nine types of intelligence, including spatial intelligence and linguistic intelligence among others. His seminal work, Frame of Mind, was published in 1983 and was influenced by the works of Alfred Binet and the German psychologist William Stern, who originally coined the term 'Intelligence quotient' (IQ). Within his paradigm of intelligence, Gardner defines it as being "the ability to learn" or "to solve problems," referring to intelligence as a "bio-psychological potential to process information". Gardner suggested that each individual may possess all of the various forms of intelligence to some extent, but that there is always a dominant, or primary, form. Gardner granted each of the different forms of intelligence equal importance, and he proposed that they have the potential to be nurtured and so strengthened, or ignored and weakened. There have been various critiques of Gardner's work, however, predominantly due to the lack of empirical evidence used to support his thinking. Furthermore, some have sugg	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Intelligence
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1111190650#14_1254130185	Title: Pine Grove, West Virginia - Wikipedia Headings: Pine Grove, West Virginia Pine Grove, West Virginia Contents Geography Demographics 2010 census 2000 census References Content: Retrieved 2013-01-24. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31. v t e Municipalities and communities of Wetzel County, West Virginia, United States County seat: New Martinsville Cities New Martinsville Paden City ‡ Towns Hundred Pine Grove Smithfield CDPs Jacksonburg Littleton Reader Unincorporated communities Allister Anthem Archer Bane Barker Bebee Big Run Brink ‡ Brooklyn Burchfield Burton Carbide Childs Coburn Earnshaw Fairview Fanlight Far Folsom Four Mile Galmish Green Hill Hastings Hazel Hoyt King Knob Fork Kodol Mand Marion Maud Minnie Mobley Porters Falls Proctor Rockport Round Bottom Sincerity Van Camp Veto Vincen ‡ West Wheat Wileyville Ghost towns Andy Five Points Onie Shenango Suter Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties United States portal v t e Municipalities of West Virginia Cities Beckley Benwood Bluefield Bridgeport Buckhannon Cameron Ceredo Charles Town Charleston Chester Clarksburg Dunbar Elkins Fairmont Follansbee Gary Glen Dale Grafton Hinton Huntington Hurricane Kenova Keyser Kingwood Lewisburg Logan Madison Mannington Marmet Martinsburg McMechen Montgomery Morgantown Moundsville Mount Hope Mullens New Cumberland New Martinsville Nitro Oak Hill Paden City Parkersburg Parsons Pennsboro Petersburg Philippi Pleasant Valley Point Pleasant Princeton Ranson Ravenswood Richwood Ripley Romney Ronceverte Salem Shinnston Sistersville Smithers South Charleston Spencer St. Albans St. Marys Stonewood Thomas Vienna War Weirton Welch Wellsburg Weston Westover Wheeling White Sulphur Springs Williamson Williamstown Towns Addison (Webster Springs) Albright Alderson Anawalt Anmoore Ansted Athens Auburn Bancroft Barrackville Belmont Bath (Berkeley Springs) Bayard Belington Belle Bethany Beverly Blacksville Bolivar Bradshaw Bramwell Brandonville Bruceton Mills Buffalo Burnsville Cairo Camden-on-Gauley Capon Bridge Carpendale Cedar Grove Chapmanville Chesapeake Clay Clendenin Cowen Danville Davis Davy Delbarton Durbin East Bank Eleanor Elizabeth Elk Garden Ellenboro Fairview Falling Spring Farmington Fayetteville Flatwoods Flemington Fort Gay Franklin Friendly Gassaway Gauley Bridge Gilbert Glasgow Glenville Grant Town Grantsville Granville Hambleton Hamlin Handley Harman Harpers Ferry Harrisville Hartford City Hedgesville Henderson Hendricks Hillsboro Hundred Huttonsville Iaeger Jane Lew Junior Kermit Kimball Leon Lester Lost Creek Lumberport Mabscott Man Marlinton Mason Masontown Matewan Matoaka Meadow Bridge Middlebourne Mill Creek Milton Mitchell Heights Monongah Montrose Moorefield New Haven Newburg North Hills Northfork Nutter Fort Oakvale Oceana Paw Paw Pax Peterstown Piedmont Pine Grove Pineville Poca Pratt Pullman Quinwood Rainelle Reedsville Reedy Ridgeley Rivesville Rowlesburg Rupert Sand Fork Shepherdstown Smithfield Sophia Star City Summersville Sutton Sylvester Terra Alta Thurmond Triadelphia Tunnelton Union Wardensville Wayne West Hamlin West Liberty West Logan West Milford West Union White Hall Whitesville Winfield Womelsdorf (Coalton) Worthington Villages Barboursville Beech Bottom Bethlehem Clearview Valley Grove Windsor Heights Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pine_Grove,_West_Virginia&oldid=1020094583 " Categories: Towns in West Virginia Towns in Wetzel County, West Virginia Hidden categories:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Grove,_West_Virginia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1111190650#15_1254134348	Title: Pine Grove, West Virginia - Wikipedia Headings: Pine Grove, West Virginia Pine Grove, West Virginia Contents Geography Demographics 2010 census 2000 census References Content: United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31. v t e Municipalities and communities of Wetzel County, West Virginia, United States County seat: New Martinsville Cities New Martinsville Paden City ‡ Towns Hundred Pine Grove Smithfield CDPs Jacksonburg Littleton Reader Unincorporated communities Allister Anthem Archer Bane Barker Bebee Big Run Brink ‡ Brooklyn Burchfield Burton Carbide Childs Coburn Earnshaw Fairview Fanlight Far Folsom Four Mile Galmish Green Hill Hastings Hazel Hoyt King Knob Fork Kodol Mand Marion Maud Minnie Mobley Porters Falls Proctor Rockport Round Bottom Sincerity Van Camp Veto Vincen ‡ West Wheat Wileyville Ghost towns Andy Five Points Onie Shenango Suter Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties United States portal v t e Municipalities of West Virginia Cities Beckley Benwood Bluefield Bridgeport Buckhannon Cameron Ceredo Charles Town Charleston Chester Clarksburg Dunbar Elkins Fairmont Follansbee Gary Glen Dale Grafton Hinton Huntington Hurricane Kenova Keyser Kingwood Lewisburg Logan Madison Mannington Marmet Martinsburg McMechen Montgomery Morgantown Moundsville Mount Hope Mullens New Cumberland New Martinsville Nitro Oak Hill Paden City Parkersburg Parsons Pennsboro Petersburg Philippi Pleasant Valley Point Pleasant Princeton Ranson Ravenswood Richwood Ripley Romney Ronceverte Salem Shinnston Sistersville Smithers South Charleston Spencer St. Albans St. Marys Stonewood Thomas Vienna War Weirton Welch Wellsburg Weston Westover Wheeling White Sulphur Springs Williamson Williamstown Towns Addison (Webster Springs) Albright Alderson Anawalt Anmoore Ansted Athens Auburn Bancroft Barrackville Belmont Bath (Berkeley Springs) Bayard Belington Belle Bethany Beverly Blacksville Bolivar Bradshaw Bramwell Brandonville Bruceton Mills Buffalo Burnsville Cairo Camden-on-Gauley Capon Bridge Carpendale Cedar Grove Chapmanville Chesapeake Clay Clendenin Cowen Danville Davis Davy Delbarton Durbin East Bank Eleanor Elizabeth Elk Garden Ellenboro Fairview Falling Spring Farmington Fayetteville Flatwoods Flemington Fort Gay Franklin Friendly Gassaway Gauley Bridge Gilbert Glasgow Glenville Grant Town Grantsville Granville Hambleton Hamlin Handley Harman Harpers Ferry Harrisville Hartford City Hedgesville Henderson Hendricks Hillsboro Hundred Huttonsville Iaeger Jane Lew Junior Kermit Kimball Leon Lester Lost Creek Lumberport Mabscott Man Marlinton Mason Masontown Matewan Matoaka Meadow Bridge Middlebourne Mill Creek Milton Mitchell Heights Monongah Montrose Moorefield New Haven Newburg North Hills Northfork Nutter Fort Oakvale Oceana Paw Paw Pax Peterstown Piedmont Pine Grove Pineville Poca Pratt Pullman Quinwood Rainelle Reedsville Reedy Ridgeley Rivesville Rowlesburg Rupert Sand Fork Shepherdstown Smithfield Sophia Star City Summersville Sutton Sylvester Terra Alta Thurmond Triadelphia Tunnelton Union Wardensville Wayne West Hamlin West Liberty West Logan West Milford West Union White Hall Whitesville Winfield Womelsdorf (Coalton) Worthington Villages Barboursville Beech Bottom Bethlehem Clearview Valley Grove Windsor Heights Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pine_Grove,_West_Virginia&oldid=1020094583 " Categories: Towns in West Virginia Towns in Wetzel County, West Virginia Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata AC with 0 elements	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Grove,_West_Virginia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1113217094#8_1256836670	Title: Pink-collar worker - Wikipedia Headings: Pink-collar worker Pink-collar worker Contents Etymology Occupations Architecture Education Healthcare Administration Entertainment Fashion Media Personal care and service Sport Background (United States) Invention of the typewriter World War I and II The 20th Century Female Working World (United States) Pay Education Pink ghetto Pink or Velvet Ghetto in the field of Public Relations Male integration Men in Pink-Collar Jobs See also References Bibliography External links Content: Their financial security was often dependent upon a male patriarch. Widowed or divorced women struggled to support themselves and their children. Western women began to develop more opportunities when they moved into the paid workplace, formerly of the male domain. In the mid 19th and early 20th century women aimed to be treated as equals to their male counterparts, notably in the Seneca Falls Convention. In 1920 American women legally gained the right to vote, marking a turning point for the American women's suffrage movement; yet race and class remained as impediments to voting for some women. At the turn of the 19th century into the 20th, large numbers of single women in the United States traveled to large cities such as New York where they found work in factories and sweatshops, working for low pay operating sewing machines, sorting feathers, rolling tobacco, and other similar menial tasks. In these factories, workers frequently breathed dangerous fumes and worked with flammable materials. In order for factories to save money, women were required to clean and adjust the machines while they were running, which resulted in accidents where women lost their fingers or hands. Many women who worked in the factories earned meager wages for working long hours in unsafe conditions and as a result lived in poverty.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink-collar_worker
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1113217094#9_1256838732	Title: Pink-collar worker - Wikipedia Headings: Pink-collar worker Pink-collar worker Contents Etymology Occupations Architecture Education Healthcare Administration Entertainment Fashion Media Personal care and service Sport Background (United States) Invention of the typewriter World War I and II The 20th Century Female Working World (United States) Pay Education Pink ghetto Pink or Velvet Ghetto in the field of Public Relations Male integration Men in Pink-Collar Jobs See also References Bibliography External links Content: yet race and class remained as impediments to voting for some women. At the turn of the 19th century into the 20th, large numbers of single women in the United States traveled to large cities such as New York where they found work in factories and sweatshops, working for low pay operating sewing machines, sorting feathers, rolling tobacco, and other similar menial tasks. In these factories, workers frequently breathed dangerous fumes and worked with flammable materials. In order for factories to save money, women were required to clean and adjust the machines while they were running, which resulted in accidents where women lost their fingers or hands. Many women who worked in the factories earned meager wages for working long hours in unsafe conditions and as a result lived in poverty. Throughout the 20th century, women such as Emily Balch, Jane Addams, and Lillian Wald were advocates for evolving the roles of women in America. These women created settlement houses and launched missions in overcrowded squalid immigrant neighborhoods to offer social services to women and children. In addition, women gradually became more involved with church activities and came to take on more leadership roles in various religious societies. The women who joined these societies worked with their members, some of whom were full-time teachers, nurses, missionaries, and social workers to accomplish their leadership tasks. The Association for the Sociology of Religion was the first to elect a woman president in 1938.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink-collar_worker
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1113217094#10_1256840984	Title: Pink-collar worker - Wikipedia Headings: Pink-collar worker Pink-collar worker Contents Etymology Occupations Architecture Education Healthcare Administration Entertainment Fashion Media Personal care and service Sport Background (United States) Invention of the typewriter World War I and II The 20th Century Female Working World (United States) Pay Education Pink ghetto Pink or Velvet Ghetto in the field of Public Relations Male integration Men in Pink-Collar Jobs See also References Bibliography External links Content: Throughout the 20th century, women such as Emily Balch, Jane Addams, and Lillian Wald were advocates for evolving the roles of women in America. These women created settlement houses and launched missions in overcrowded squalid immigrant neighborhoods to offer social services to women and children. In addition, women gradually became more involved with church activities and came to take on more leadership roles in various religious societies. The women who joined these societies worked with their members, some of whom were full-time teachers, nurses, missionaries, and social workers to accomplish their leadership tasks. The Association for the Sociology of Religion was the first to elect a woman president in 1938. Invention of the typewriter Typically, clerk positions were filled by young men who used the position as an apprenticeship and opportunity to learn basic office functions before moving on to management positions. In the 1860s and 1870s, widespread use of the typewriter made women appear better suited for clerk positions. With their smaller fingers, women were perceived to be better able to operate the new machines. By 1885, new methods of note-taking and the expanding scope of businesses led office-clerk positions to be in high demand. Having a secretary became	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink-collar_worker
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1114280991#1_1258051306	Title: Pink tide - Wikipedia Headings: Pink tide Pink tide Contents Background History Rise of the left: 1990s and 2000s Commodities boom and growth End of commodity boom and decline: 2010s Economy and social development Political outcome Resurgence Term Reception Head of the states and governments Presidents Timeline See also References Content: marea rosa, Portuguese: onda rosa, French: marée rose ), or turn to the left ( Spanish: giro a la izquierda, Portuguese: guinada à esquerda, French: tournant à gauche ), was a political wave and perception of a turn towards left-wing governments in Latin American democracies straying away from the neoliberal economic model at the start of the 21st century. As a term, both phrases are used in contemporary 21st-century political analysis in the media and elsewhere to refer to a move toward more progressive economic or social policies in Latin America. The Latin American countries viewed as part of this ideological trend have been referred to as pink tide nations, with the term post-neoliberalism being used to describe the movement as well. Some pink tide governments such as those of Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela have been varyingly characterized as being anti-American, anti-imperialist, and populist. The pink tide was followed by the conservative wave, a political phenomenon that emerged in the mid-2010s in South America as a direct reaction to the pink tide.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_tide
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1114280991#2_1258052924	Title: Pink tide - Wikipedia Headings: Pink tide Pink tide Contents Background History Rise of the left: 1990s and 2000s Commodities boom and growth End of commodity boom and decline: 2010s Economy and social development Political outcome Resurgence Term Reception Head of the states and governments Presidents Timeline See also References Content: tournant à gauche ), was a political wave and perception of a turn towards left-wing governments in Latin American democracies straying away from the neoliberal economic model at the start of the 21st century. As a term, both phrases are used in contemporary 21st-century political analysis in the media and elsewhere to refer to a move toward more progressive economic or social policies in Latin America. The Latin American countries viewed as part of this ideological trend have been referred to as pink tide nations, with the term post-neoliberalism being used to describe the movement as well. Some pink tide governments such as those of Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela have been varyingly characterized as being anti-American, anti-imperialist, and populist. The pink tide was followed by the conservative wave, a political phenomenon that emerged in the mid-2010s in South America as a direct reaction to the pink tide. Contents 1 Background 2 History 2.1 Rise of the left: 1990s and 2000s 2.1.1 Commodities boom and growth 2.2 End of commodity boom and decline: 2010s 2.2.1 Economy and social development 3 Political outcome 4 Resurgence 5 Term 6 Reception 7 Head of the states and governments 7.1 Presidents 7.2 Timeline 8 See also 9 References Background See also: Operation Condor and United States involvement in regime change in Latin America Raúl Castro of Cuba and Hugo Chávez of Venezuela, the man who was the key figure for the Pink Tide During the Cold War, a series of left-leaning governments were elected in Latin America. These governments faced coups sponsored by the United States government as part of its geostrategic interest in the region.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_tide
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1114280991#3_1258055153	Title: Pink tide - Wikipedia Headings: Pink tide Pink tide Contents Background History Rise of the left: 1990s and 2000s Commodities boom and growth End of commodity boom and decline: 2010s Economy and social development Political outcome Resurgence Term Reception Head of the states and governments Presidents Timeline See also References Content: Contents 1 Background 2 History 2.1 Rise of the left: 1990s and 2000s 2.1.1 Commodities boom and growth 2.2 End of commodity boom and decline: 2010s 2.2.1 Economy and social development 3 Political outcome 4 Resurgence 5 Term 6 Reception 7 Head of the states and governments 7.1 Presidents 7.2 Timeline 8 See also 9 References Background See also: Operation Condor and United States involvement in regime change in Latin America Raúl Castro of Cuba and Hugo Chávez of Venezuela, the man who was the key figure for the Pink Tide During the Cold War, a series of left-leaning governments were elected in Latin America. These governments faced coups sponsored by the United States government as part of its geostrategic interest in the region. Among these were the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état, 1964 Brazilian coup d'état, 1973 Chilean coup d'état and 1976 Argentine coup d'état. All of these coups were followed by United States-backed and sponsored right-wing military dictatorships as part of the United States government's Operation Condor. These authoritarian regimes committed several human rights violations including illegal detentions of political opponents, suspects of be one and/or their families, tortures, disappearances and child trafficking. As these regimes started to decline due to international pressure, internal outcry in the United States from the population due to the involvement in the atrocities forced Washington to relinquish its support for them. New democratic processes began during the late 1970s and up to the early 1990s.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_tide
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1114280991#4_1258057283	Title: Pink tide - Wikipedia Headings: Pink tide Pink tide Contents Background History Rise of the left: 1990s and 2000s Commodities boom and growth End of commodity boom and decline: 2010s Economy and social development Political outcome Resurgence Term Reception Head of the states and governments Presidents Timeline See also References Content: Among these were the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état, 1964 Brazilian coup d'état, 1973 Chilean coup d'état and 1976 Argentine coup d'état. All of these coups were followed by United States-backed and sponsored right-wing military dictatorships as part of the United States government's Operation Condor. These authoritarian regimes committed several human rights violations including illegal detentions of political opponents, suspects of be one and/or their families, tortures, disappearances and child trafficking. As these regimes started to decline due to international pressure, internal outcry in the United States from the population due to the involvement in the atrocities forced Washington to relinquish its support for them. New democratic processes began during the late 1970s and up to the early 1990s. With the exception of Costa Rica virtually all Latin American countries had at least one experience with a United States-supported dictator: Fulgencio Batista in Cuba, Rafael Trujillo in the Dominican Republic, the Somoza family in Nicaragua, Tiburcio Carias Andino in Honduras, Carlos Castillo Armas in Guatemala, Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez in El Salvador, Manuel Noriega in Panama, Rojas Pinilla in Colombia , Hugo Banzer in Bolivia, Juan María Bordaberry in Uruguay, Jorge Rafael Videla in Argentina, Augusto Pinochet in Chile, Alfredo Stroessner in Paraguay, François Duvalier in Haiti, Artur da Costa e Silva and his successor Emílio Garrastazu Médici in Brazil Manuel Odria and Alberto Fujimori in Peru and Marcos Pérez Jiménez in Venezuela plus the dominant party system in Mexico , which caused a strong anti-American sentiment in wide sectors of the population. History Rise of the left: 1990s and 2000s Following the third wave of democratization in the 1980s, the institutionalization of electoral competition in Latin America opened up the possibility for the left to ascend to power. For much of the region's history, formal electoral contestation excluded leftist movements, first through limited suffrage and later through military intervention and repression during the second half of the 20th century.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_tide
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1114280991#5_1258059994	Title: Pink tide - Wikipedia Headings: Pink tide Pink tide Contents Background History Rise of the left: 1990s and 2000s Commodities boom and growth End of commodity boom and decline: 2010s Economy and social development Political outcome Resurgence Term Reception Head of the states and governments Presidents Timeline See also References Content: With the exception of Costa Rica virtually all Latin American countries had at least one experience with a United States-supported dictator: Fulgencio Batista in Cuba, Rafael Trujillo in the Dominican Republic, the Somoza family in Nicaragua, Tiburcio Carias Andino in Honduras, Carlos Castillo Armas in Guatemala, Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez in El Salvador, Manuel Noriega in Panama, Rojas Pinilla in Colombia , Hugo Banzer in Bolivia, Juan María Bordaberry in Uruguay, Jorge Rafael Videla in Argentina, Augusto Pinochet in Chile, Alfredo Stroessner in Paraguay, François Duvalier in Haiti, Artur da Costa e Silva and his successor Emílio Garrastazu Médici in Brazil Manuel Odria and Alberto Fujimori in Peru and Marcos Pérez Jiménez in Venezuela plus the dominant party system in Mexico , which caused a strong anti-American sentiment in wide sectors of the population. History Rise of the left: 1990s and 2000s Following the third wave of democratization in the 1980s, the institutionalization of electoral competition in Latin America opened up the possibility for the left to ascend to power. For much of the region's history, formal electoral contestation excluded leftist movements, first through limited suffrage and later through military intervention and repression during the second half of the 20th century. The collapse of the Soviet Union changed the geopolitical environment as many revolutionary movements vanished and the left embraced the core tenets of capitalism. As a result, the United States no longer perceived leftist governments as a security threat, creating a political opening for the left. In the 1990s, the left exploited this opportunity to solidify their base, run for local offices and gain experience governing on the local level. At the end of the 1990s and early 2000s, the region's initial unsuccessful attempts with the neoliberal policies of privatization, cuts in social spending and foreign investment left countries with high levels of unemployment, inflation and rising inequality. This period saw increasing numbers of people working in the informal economy and suffering material insecurity, and ties between the working classes and the traditional political parties weakening, resulting in a growth of mass protest against the negative social effects of these policies, such as the piqueteros in Argentina, and in Bolivia indigenous and peasant movements rooted among small coca farmers, or cocaleros, whose activism culminated in the Bolivian gas conflict of the early-to-mid 2000s.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_tide
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1114280991#6_1258063084	Title: Pink tide - Wikipedia Headings: Pink tide Pink tide Contents Background History Rise of the left: 1990s and 2000s Commodities boom and growth End of commodity boom and decline: 2010s Economy and social development Political outcome Resurgence Term Reception Head of the states and governments Presidents Timeline See also References Content: The collapse of the Soviet Union changed the geopolitical environment as many revolutionary movements vanished and the left embraced the core tenets of capitalism. As a result, the United States no longer perceived leftist governments as a security threat, creating a political opening for the left. In the 1990s, the left exploited this opportunity to solidify their base, run for local offices and gain experience governing on the local level. At the end of the 1990s and early 2000s, the region's initial unsuccessful attempts with the neoliberal policies of privatization, cuts in social spending and foreign investment left countries with high levels of unemployment, inflation and rising inequality. This period saw increasing numbers of people working in the informal economy and suffering material insecurity, and ties between the working classes and the traditional political parties weakening, resulting in a growth of mass protest against the negative social effects of these policies, such as the piqueteros in Argentina, and in Bolivia indigenous and peasant movements rooted among small coca farmers, or cocaleros, whose activism culminated in the Bolivian gas conflict of the early-to-mid 2000s. The left's social platforms, which were centered on economic change and redistributive policies, offered an attractive alternative that mobilized large sectors of the population across the region who voted leftist leaders into office. ALBA was founded by left-wing populist leaders such as Nicaraguan revolutionary Daniel Ortega, Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez and Bolivian president Evo Morales. The pink tide was led by Hugo Chávez of Venezuela, who was elected into the presidency in 1998. According to Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, a pink tide president herself, Chávez of Venezuela (inaugurated 1999), Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil (inaugurated 2003) and Evo Morales of Bolivia (inaugurated 2006) were "the three musketeers" of the left in South America. National policies among the left in Latin America are divided between the styles of Chávez and Lula as the latter not only focused on those affected by inequality, but also catered to private enterprises and global capital.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_tide
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1114280991#7_1258065849	Title: Pink tide - Wikipedia Headings: Pink tide Pink tide Contents Background History Rise of the left: 1990s and 2000s Commodities boom and growth End of commodity boom and decline: 2010s Economy and social development Political outcome Resurgence Term Reception Head of the states and governments Presidents Timeline See also References Content: The left's social platforms, which were centered on economic change and redistributive policies, offered an attractive alternative that mobilized large sectors of the population across the region who voted leftist leaders into office. ALBA was founded by left-wing populist leaders such as Nicaraguan revolutionary Daniel Ortega, Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez and Bolivian president Evo Morales. The pink tide was led by Hugo Chávez of Venezuela, who was elected into the presidency in 1998. According to Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, a pink tide president herself, Chávez of Venezuela (inaugurated 1999), Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil (inaugurated 2003) and Evo Morales of Bolivia (inaugurated 2006) were "the three musketeers" of the left in South America. National policies among the left in Latin America are divided between the styles of Chávez and Lula as the latter not only focused on those affected by inequality, but also catered to private enterprises and global capital. Commodities boom and growth Further information: 2000s commodities boom With the difficulties facing emerging markets across the world at the time, Latin Americans turned away from liberal economics and elected leftist leaders who had recently turned toward more democratic processes. The popularity of such leftist governments relied upon by their ability to use the 2000s commodities boom to initiate populist policies, such as those used by the Bolivarian government in Venezuela. According to Daniel Lansberg, this resulted in "high public expectations in regard to continuing economic growth, subsidies, and social services". With China becoming a more industrialized nation at the same time and requiring resources for its growing economy, it took advantage of the strained relations with the United States and partnered with the leftist governments in Latin America.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_tide
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1114280991#8_1258068281	Title: Pink tide - Wikipedia Headings: Pink tide Pink tide Contents Background History Rise of the left: 1990s and 2000s Commodities boom and growth End of commodity boom and decline: 2010s Economy and social development Political outcome Resurgence Term Reception Head of the states and governments Presidents Timeline See also References Content: Commodities boom and growth Further information: 2000s commodities boom With the difficulties facing emerging markets across the world at the time, Latin Americans turned away from liberal economics and elected leftist leaders who had recently turned toward more democratic processes. The popularity of such leftist governments relied upon by their ability to use the 2000s commodities boom to initiate populist policies, such as those used by the Bolivarian government in Venezuela. According to Daniel Lansberg, this resulted in "high public expectations in regard to continuing economic growth, subsidies, and social services". With China becoming a more industrialized nation at the same time and requiring resources for its growing economy, it took advantage of the strained relations with the United States and partnered with the leftist governments in Latin America. South America in particular initially saw a drop in inequality and a growth in its economy as a result of Chinese commodity trade. As the prices of commodities lowered into the 2010s, coupled with overspending with little savings by pink tide governments, policies became unsustainable and supporters became disenchanted, eventually leading to the rejection of leftist governments. Analysts state that such unsustainable policies were more apparent in Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador and Venezuela, who received Chinese funds without any oversight. As a result, some scholars have stated that the pink tide's rise and fall was "a byproduct of the commodity cycle's acceleration and decadence". Some pink tide governments, such as Bolivia, Ecuador, and Venezuela, allegedly ignored international sanctions against Iran, allowing the Iranian government access to funds bypassing sanctions as well as resources such as uranium for the Iranian nuclear program.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_tide
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1114280991#9_1258070641	Title: Pink tide - Wikipedia Headings: Pink tide Pink tide Contents Background History Rise of the left: 1990s and 2000s Commodities boom and growth End of commodity boom and decline: 2010s Economy and social development Political outcome Resurgence Term Reception Head of the states and governments Presidents Timeline See also References Content: South America in particular initially saw a drop in inequality and a growth in its economy as a result of Chinese commodity trade. As the prices of commodities lowered into the 2010s, coupled with overspending with little savings by pink tide governments, policies became unsustainable and supporters became disenchanted, eventually leading to the rejection of leftist governments. Analysts state that such unsustainable policies were more apparent in Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador and Venezuela, who received Chinese funds without any oversight. As a result, some scholars have stated that the pink tide's rise and fall was "a byproduct of the commodity cycle's acceleration and decadence". Some pink tide governments, such as Bolivia, Ecuador, and Venezuela, allegedly ignored international sanctions against Iran, allowing the Iranian government access to funds bypassing sanctions as well as resources such as uranium for the Iranian nuclear program. End of commodity boom and decline: 2010s The impeachment of Dilma Rousseff gave rise to the Conservative wave in late 2010s Chávez, who was seen as having "dreams of continental domination", was determined to be a threat to his own people according to Michael Reid in American magazine, Foreign Affairs, with his influence reaching a peak in 2007. The interest in Chávez waned after his dependence on oil revenue led Venezuela into an economic crisis and as he grew increasingly authoritarian. The death of Chávez in 2013 left the most radical wing without a clear leader as Nicolás Maduro did not have the international influence of his predecessor. By the mid-2010s, Chinese investment in Latin America had also begun to decline, especially following the 2015–2016 Chinese stock market crash .	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_tide
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1114280991#10_1258072948	Title: Pink tide - Wikipedia Headings: Pink tide Pink tide Contents Background History Rise of the left: 1990s and 2000s Commodities boom and growth End of commodity boom and decline: 2010s Economy and social development Political outcome Resurgence Term Reception Head of the states and governments Presidents Timeline See also References Content: End of commodity boom and decline: 2010s The impeachment of Dilma Rousseff gave rise to the Conservative wave in late 2010s Chávez, who was seen as having "dreams of continental domination", was determined to be a threat to his own people according to Michael Reid in American magazine, Foreign Affairs, with his influence reaching a peak in 2007. The interest in Chávez waned after his dependence on oil revenue led Venezuela into an economic crisis and as he grew increasingly authoritarian. The death of Chávez in 2013 left the most radical wing without a clear leader as Nicolás Maduro did not have the international influence of his predecessor. By the mid-2010s, Chinese investment in Latin America had also begun to decline, especially following the 2015–2016 Chinese stock market crash . In 2015, the shift away from the left became more pronounced in Latin America, with The Economist saying the pink tide had ebbed and Vice News stating that 2015 was "The Year the 'Pink Tide' Turned". In that year's Argentine general election, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner's favoured candidate for the presidency Daniel Scioli was comfortably defeated by his centre-right opponent Mauricio Macri, against a background of rising inflation, reductions in GDP, and declining prices for soybeans - a key export for the country, leading to falls in public revenues and social spending. Shortly afterwards the impeachment of Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff began, culminating in her removal from office. In Ecuador, retiring president Rafael Correa 's successor was his vice-president, Len	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_tide
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1134446837#0_1281714081	Title: Planetary habitability - Wikipedia Headings: Planetary habitability Planetary habitability Contents Earth habitability comparison Suitable star systems Spectral class A stable habitable zone Low stellar variation High metallicity Planetary characteristics Mass Radius Orbit and rotation Geology Geochemistry Microenvironments and extremophiles Ecological factors Alternative star systems Binary systems Red dwarf systems Size Other factors limiting habitability Longevity and ubiquity Massive stars Four classes of habitable planets based on water The galactic neighborhood Other considerations Alternative biochemistries "Good Jupiters" Life's impact on habitability The role of chance See also Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links Content: Planetary habitability - Wikipedia Planetary habitability From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search "Habitable planet" redirects here. For a list of potentially habitable planets found to date, see List of potentially habitable exoplanets. Extent to which a planet is suitable for life as we know it Understanding planetary habitability is partly an extrapolation of the conditions on Earth, as this is the only planet known to support life. Planetary habitability is the measure of a planet 's or a natural satellite 's potential to develop and maintain environments hospitable to life. Life may be generated directly on a planet or satellite endogenously or be transferred to it from another body, through a hypothetical process known as panspermia. Environments do not need to contain life to be considered habitable nor are accepted habitable zones the only areas in which life might arise. As the existence of life beyond Earth is unknown, planetary habitability is largely an extrapolation of conditions on Earth and the characteristics of the Sun and Solar System which appear favorable to life's flourishing. Of particular interest are those factors that have sustained complex, multicellular organisms on Earth and not just simpler, unicellular creatures. Research and theory in this regard is a component of a number of natural sciences, such as astronomy, planetary science and the emerging discipline of astrobiology . An absolute requirement for life is an energy source, and the notion of planetary habitability implies that many other geophysical, geochemical, and astrophysical criteria must be met before an astronomical body can support life.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_habitability
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1134446837#1_1281716762	Title: Planetary habitability - Wikipedia Headings: Planetary habitability Planetary habitability Contents Earth habitability comparison Suitable star systems Spectral class A stable habitable zone Low stellar variation High metallicity Planetary characteristics Mass Radius Orbit and rotation Geology Geochemistry Microenvironments and extremophiles Ecological factors Alternative star systems Binary systems Red dwarf systems Size Other factors limiting habitability Longevity and ubiquity Massive stars Four classes of habitable planets based on water The galactic neighborhood Other considerations Alternative biochemistries "Good Jupiters" Life's impact on habitability The role of chance See also Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links Content: Environments do not need to contain life to be considered habitable nor are accepted habitable zones the only areas in which life might arise. As the existence of life beyond Earth is unknown, planetary habitability is largely an extrapolation of conditions on Earth and the characteristics of the Sun and Solar System which appear favorable to life's flourishing. Of particular interest are those factors that have sustained complex, multicellular organisms on Earth and not just simpler, unicellular creatures. Research and theory in this regard is a component of a number of natural sciences, such as astronomy, planetary science and the emerging discipline of astrobiology . An absolute requirement for life is an energy source, and the notion of planetary habitability implies that many other geophysical, geochemical, and astrophysical criteria must be met before an astronomical body can support life. In its astrobiology roadmap, NASA has defined the principal habitability criteria as "extended regions of liquid water, conditions favorable for the assembly of complex organic molecules, and energy sources to sustain metabolism ". In August 2018, researchers reported that water worlds could support life. Habitability indicators and biosignatures must be interpreted within a planetary and environmental context. In determining the habitability potential of a body, studies focus on its bulk composition, orbital properties, atmosphere, and potential chemical interactions. Stellar characteristics of importance include mass and luminosity, stable variability, and high metallicity.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_habitability
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1135788313#3_1282890976	Title: Planning and zoning commission - Wikipedia Headings: Planning and zoning commission Planning and zoning commission Content: v t e Urban planning General Urban area City Metropolitan area Suburb Land use Planning Planning and zoning commission Growth management World Urbanism Day Major branches Urban planning Land-use planning Comprehensive planning (US) History of urban planning Spatial planning (Eur) Redevelopment Urban design Urbanism Rural Conservation development Preservation development Rural housing Village design statement (UK) Regional planning Regional Planning Association of America Environmental planning Environmental design Environmental impact assessment Recreation resource planning Sustainable development Transportation planning Transportation forecasting Trip distribution Rational planning model Transit-oriented development Professional transportation planner Urban freight distribution Economic development Community economic development Concepts/ theories Movements Athens Charter Car-free movement City Beautiful movement Dark-sky movement Garden city movement Indigenous planning New Urbanism Settlement movement Smart growth Structuralism Transition towns Theories Collaborative planning Context theory Ekistics Intelligent urbanism Livable streets Market urbanism Radical planning Urban acupuncture Urban renewal Cities by type Company town / Monotown Commuter town Ghost town Global city Model village Planned community (New town) Concepts Affordable housing Cityscape Cluster development Complete Communities Creative city Eminent domain (US) Gentrification / Brusselization Infill Healthy cities / Healthy community design LEED-ND Mixed-use development Model cities Placemaking Planning gain Planning Permission (U.K.) Rural–urban fringe Temporary use Third place Tract housing Transferable development rights Urban decay Urban growth boundary Urban sprawl / Peri-urbanisation Urbanization Verticalization / High-rise urbanism Zoning People Theorists/ practitioners Andrés Duany Clarence Perry Clarence Stein Colin Buchanan Daniel Burnham Donald Appleyard Ebenezer Howard Edmund Bacon Guy Benveniste Ian McHarg James Rouse Konstantinos Doxiadis Kevin A. Lynch Le Corbusier Peter Calthorpe Patrick Geddes Raymond Unwin Thomas Adams List of urban theorists List of urban planners Critics Elizabeth Farrelly Jane Jacobs James Howard Kunstler Lewis Mumford Randal O'Toole Related disciplines Architecture Civil engineering Development economics Urban ecology Urban economics Geography Land development Landscape architecture Marine spatial planning Public health Public policy Real estate development Social sciences Category Index of urban planning articles List of planned cities List of planning journals Commons This United States government –related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e This article about an organization in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e This law -related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planning_and_zoning_commission&oldid=1020895929 " Categories: United States government stubs United States organization stubs Law stubs Real estate in the United States Zoning Politics Hidden categories: All stub articles	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning_and_zoning_commission
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1152538205#4_1303669873	Title: Plutonium - Wikipedia Headings: Plutonium Plutonium Contents Characteristics Physical properties Allotropes Nuclear fission Isotopes and nucleosynthesis Decay heat and fission properties Decay heat of plutonium isotopes Compounds and chemistry Electronic structure Alloys Occurrence History Discovery Early research Production during the Manhattan Project Trinity and Fat Man atomic bombs Cold War use and waste Medical experimentation Applications Explosives Mixed oxide fuel Power and heat source Precautions Toxicity Marine toxicity Criticality potential Flammability Transportation Land and sea Air Notes Footnotes Citations References External links Content: Trace quantities arise in natural uranium-238 deposits when uranium-238 captures neutrons emitted by decay of other uranium-238 atoms. Plutonium is much more common on Earth since 1945 as a product of neutron capture and beta decay, where some of the neutrons released by the fission process convert uranium-238 nuclei into plutonium-239. The quantity of isotopes in the decay chains at a certain time are calculated with the Bateman equation . Both plutonium-239 and plutonium-241 are fissile, meaning that they can sustain a nuclear chain reaction, leading to applications in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors. Plutonium-240 exhibits a high rate of spontaneous fission, raising the neutron flux of any sample containing it. The presence of plutonium-240 limits a plutonium sample's usability for weapons or its quality as reactor fuel, and the percentage of plutonium-240 determines its grade ( weapons-grade, fuel-grade, or reactor-grade). Plutonium-238 has a half-life of 87.7 years and emits alpha particles. It is a heat source in radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which are used to power some spacecraft. Plutonium isotopes are expensive and inconvenient to separate, so particular isotopes are usually manufactured in specialized reactors. Producing plutonium in useful quantities for the first time was a major part of the Manhattan Project during World War II that developed the first atomic bombs.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1152538205#5_1303672161	Title: Plutonium - Wikipedia Headings: Plutonium Plutonium Contents Characteristics Physical properties Allotropes Nuclear fission Isotopes and nucleosynthesis Decay heat and fission properties Decay heat of plutonium isotopes Compounds and chemistry Electronic structure Alloys Occurrence History Discovery Early research Production during the Manhattan Project Trinity and Fat Man atomic bombs Cold War use and waste Medical experimentation Applications Explosives Mixed oxide fuel Power and heat source Precautions Toxicity Marine toxicity Criticality potential Flammability Transportation Land and sea Air Notes Footnotes Citations References External links Content: The presence of plutonium-240 limits a plutonium sample's usability for weapons or its quality as reactor fuel, and the percentage of plutonium-240 determines its grade ( weapons-grade, fuel-grade, or reactor-grade). Plutonium-238 has a half-life of 87.7 years and emits alpha particles. It is a heat source in radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which are used to power some spacecraft. Plutonium isotopes are expensive and inconvenient to separate, so particular isotopes are usually manufactured in specialized reactors. Producing plutonium in useful quantities for the first time was a major part of the Manhattan Project during World War II that developed the first atomic bombs. The Fat Man bombs used in the Trinity nuclear test in July 1945, and in the bombing of Nagasaki in August 1945, had plutonium cores. Human radiation experiments studying plutonium were conducted without informed consent, and several criticality accidents, some lethal, occurred after the war. Disposal of plutonium waste from nuclear power plants and dismantled nuclear weapons built during the Cold War is a nuclear-proliferation and environmental concern. Other sources of plutonium in the environment are fallout from numerous above-ground nuclear tests, now banned . Contents 1 Characteristics 1.1 Physical properties 1.2 Allotropes 1.3 Nuclear fission 1.4 Isotopes and nucleosynthesis 1.5 Decay heat and fission properties 1.6 Compounds and chemistry 1.6.1 Electronic structure 1.7 Alloys 1.8 Occurrence 2 History 2.1 Discovery 2.2 Early research 2.3 Production during the Manhattan Project 2.4 Trinity and Fat Man atomic bombs 2.5 Cold War use and waste 2.6 Medical experimentation 3 Applications 3.1 Explosives 3.2 Mixed oxide fuel 3.3 Power and heat source 4 Precautions 4.1 Toxicity 4.2 Marine toxicity 4.3 Criticality potential 4.4 Flammability 5 Transportation 5.1 Land and sea 5.2 Air 6 Notes 6.1 Footnotes 6.2 Citations 7 References 8 External links Characteristics Physical properties Plutonium, like most metals, has a bright silvery appearance at first, much like nickel, but it oxidizes very quickly to a dull gray, although yellow and olive green are also reported.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1152538205#6_1303675241	Title: Plutonium - Wikipedia Headings: Plutonium Plutonium Contents Characteristics Physical properties Allotropes Nuclear fission Isotopes and nucleosynthesis Decay heat and fission properties Decay heat of plutonium isotopes Compounds and chemistry Electronic structure Alloys Occurrence History Discovery Early research Production during the Manhattan Project Trinity and Fat Man atomic bombs Cold War use and waste Medical experimentation Applications Explosives Mixed oxide fuel Power and heat source Precautions Toxicity Marine toxicity Criticality potential Flammability Transportation Land and sea Air Notes Footnotes Citations References External links Content: The Fat Man bombs used in the Trinity nuclear test in July 1945, and in the bombing of Nagasaki in August 1945, had plutonium cores. Human radiation experiments studying plutonium were conducted without informed consent, and several criticality accidents, some lethal, occurred after the war. Disposal of plutonium waste from nuclear power plants and dismantled nuclear weapons built during the Cold War is a nuclear-proliferation and environmental concern. Other sources of plutonium in the environment are fallout from numerous above-ground nuclear tests, now banned . Contents 1 Characteristics 1.1 Physical properties 1.2 Allotropes 1.3 Nuclear fission 1.4 Isotopes and nucleosynthesis 1.5 Decay heat and fission properties 1.6 Compounds and chemistry 1.6.1 Electronic structure 1.7 Alloys 1.8 Occurrence 2 History 2.1 Discovery 2.2 Early research 2.3 Production during the Manhattan Project 2.4 Trinity and Fat Man atomic bombs 2.5 Cold War use and waste 2.6 Medical experimentation 3 Applications 3.1 Explosives 3.2 Mixed oxide fuel 3.3 Power and heat source 4 Precautions 4.1 Toxicity 4.2 Marine toxicity 4.3 Criticality potential 4.4 Flammability 5 Transportation 5.1 Land and sea 5.2 Air 6 Notes 6.1 Footnotes 6.2 Citations 7 References 8 External links Characteristics Physical properties Plutonium, like most metals, has a bright silvery appearance at first, much like nickel, but it oxidizes very quickly to a dull gray, although yellow and olive green are also reported. At room temperature plutonium is in its α ( alpha) form. This, the most common structural form of the element ( allotrope ), is about as hard and brittle as gray cast iron unless it is alloyed with other metals to make it soft and ductile. Unlike most metals, it is not a good conductor of heat or electricity. It has a low melting point (640 °C) and an unusually high boiling point (3,228 °C). Alpha decay, the release of a high-energy helium nucleus, is the most common form of radioactive decay for plutonium.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1152658657#10_1303730545	Title: Plutonium-238 - Wikipedia Headings: Plutonium-238 Plutonium-238 Contents History Initial production Human radiation experiments Weapons Use in radioisotope thermoelectric generators Nuclear powered pacemakers Production U.S. production ceases and resumes Applications See also References External links Content: Meanwhile, the first sample of plutonium-238 came to Mound in 1959. The weapons project was planned for about 1 kg/year of 238 Pu over a 3-year period. However, the 238 Pu component could not be produced to the specifications despite a 2-year effort beginning at Mound in mid-1961. A maximum effort was undertaken with 3 shifts a day, 6 days a week, and ramp-up of Savannah River's 238 Pu production over a 3-year period to about 20 kg/year. A loosening of the specifications resulted in productivity of about 3%, and production finally began in 1964. Use in radioisotope thermoelectric generators Beginning on January 1, 1957, Mound Laboratories RTG inventors Jordan & Birden were working on an Army Signal Corps contract (R-65-8- 998 11-SC-03-91) to conduct research on radioactive materials and thermocouples suitable for the direct conversion of heat to electrical energy using polonium-210 as the heat source. In 1961, Capt. R. T. Carpenter had chosen 238 Pu as the fuel for the first RTG (radioisotope thermoelectric generator) to be launched into space as auxiliary power for the Transit IV Navy navigational satellite. By January 21, 1963, the decision had yet to be made as to what isotope would be used to fuel the large RTGs for NASA programs. Early in 1964, Mound Laboratories scientists developed a different method of fabricating the weapon component that resulted in a production efficiency of around 98%.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-238
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1152658657#11_1303732467	Title: Plutonium-238 - Wikipedia Headings: Plutonium-238 Plutonium-238 Contents History Initial production Human radiation experiments Weapons Use in radioisotope thermoelectric generators Nuclear powered pacemakers Production U.S. production ceases and resumes Applications See also References External links Content: Use in radioisotope thermoelectric generators Beginning on January 1, 1957, Mound Laboratories RTG inventors Jordan & Birden were working on an Army Signal Corps contract (R-65-8- 998 11-SC-03-91) to conduct research on radioactive materials and thermocouples suitable for the direct conversion of heat to electrical energy using polonium-210 as the heat source. In 1961, Capt. R. T. Carpenter had chosen 238 Pu as the fuel for the first RTG (radioisotope thermoelectric generator) to be launched into space as auxiliary power for the Transit IV Navy navigational satellite. By January 21, 1963, the decision had yet to be made as to what isotope would be used to fuel the large RTGs for NASA programs. Early in 1964, Mound Laboratories scientists developed a different method of fabricating the weapon component that resulted in a production efficiency of around 98%. This made available the excess Savannah River 238 Pu production for Space Electric Power use just in time to meet the needs of the SNAP-27 RTG on the Moon, the Pioneer spacecraft, the Viking Mars landers, more Transit Navy navigation satellites (precursor to today's GPS) and two Voyager spacecraft, for which all of the 238 Pu heat sources were fabricated at Mound Laboratories. The radioisotope heater units were used in space exploration beginning with the Apollo Radioisotope Heaters (ALRH) warming the Seismic Experiment placed on the Moon by the Apollo 11 mission and on several Moon and Mars rovers, to the 129 LWRHUs warming the experiments on the Galileo spacecraft. An addition to the Special Metallurgical building weapon component production facilit	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-238
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1152744046#10_1303888347	Title: Plutonium in the environment - Wikipedia Headings: Plutonium in the environment Plutonium in the environment Contents Sources of plutonium Plutonium production Bomb detonations Bomb safety trials Space Nuclear fuel cycle Chernobyl Fukushima Nuclear crime Environmental chemistry Overview Binding to soil Microbiological chemistry Biology References Content: Many atomic batteries have been of the radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) type. The Plutonium-238 used in RTGs has a half-life of 88 years, as opposed to the plutonium-239 used in nuclear weapons and reactors, which has a half-life of 24,100 years. In April 1964 a SNAP-9A failed to achieve orbit and disintegrated, dispersing roughly 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of plutonium-238 over all continents. Most plutonium fell in the southern hemisphere. Estimated 6300 GBq or 2100 man-Sv of radiation was released and led to NASA's development of solar photovoltaic energy technology. Image of (mostly) thermally isolated, RTG pellet glowing red hot because of incandescence. Chain reactions do not occur inside RTGs, so a nuclear meltdown is impossible. In fact, some RTGs are designed so that fission does not occur at all; rather, forms of radioactive decay which cannot trigger other radioactive decays are used instead. As a result, the fuel in an RTG is consumed much more slowly and much less power is produced.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1156775500#3_1309520738	Title: Poetry of Maya Angelou - Wikipedia Headings: Poetry of Maya Angelou Poetry of Maya Angelou Contents Background Poetry Collections Single publications Themes General themes Racism/liberation Struggle Critical reception and response References Explanatory notes Citations Works cited Content: Many of her poems are about love, relationships, or overcoming hardships. The metaphors in her poetry serve as "coding", or litotes, for meanings understood by other Blacks, but her themes and topics apply universally to all races. Angelou uses everyday language, the Black vernacular, Black music and forms, and rhetorical techniques such as shocking language, the occasional use of profanity, and traditionally unacceptable subjects. As she does throughout her autobiographies, Angelou speaks not only for herself, but for her entire gender and race. Her poems continue the themes of mild protest and survival also found in her autobiographies, and inject hope through humor. Tied with Angelou's theme of racism is her treatment of the struggle and hardships experienced by her race. Many critics consider Angelou's autobiographies more important than her poetry. Although her books have been best-sellers, her poetry has been studied less. Angelou's lack of critical acclaim has been attributed to her popular success and to critics' preferences for poetry as a written form rather than a spoken, performed one. Contents 1 Background 2 Poetry 2.1 Collections 2.2 Single publications 3 Themes 3.1 General themes 3.2 Racism/liberation 3.3 Struggle 4 Critical reception and response 5 References 5.1 Explanatory notes 5.2 Citations 5.3 Works cited Background Maya Angelou studied and began writing poetry at a young age, having "fallen in love with poetry in Stamps, Arkansas ", where she grew up and the setting of her first autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_of_Maya_Angelou
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1156775500#4_1309522826	Title: Poetry of Maya Angelou - Wikipedia Headings: Poetry of Maya Angelou Poetry of Maya Angelou Contents Background Poetry Collections Single publications Themes General themes Racism/liberation Struggle Critical reception and response References Explanatory notes Citations Works cited Content: Tied with Angelou's theme of racism is her treatment of the struggle and hardships experienced by her race. Many critics consider Angelou's autobiographies more important than her poetry. Although her books have been best-sellers, her poetry has been studied less. Angelou's lack of critical acclaim has been attributed to her popular success and to critics' preferences for poetry as a written form rather than a spoken, performed one. Contents 1 Background 2 Poetry 2.1 Collections 2.2 Single publications 3 Themes 3.1 General themes 3.2 Racism/liberation 3.3 Struggle 4 Critical reception and response 5 References 5.1 Explanatory notes 5.2 Citations 5.3 Works cited Background Maya Angelou studied and began writing poetry at a young age, having "fallen in love with poetry in Stamps, Arkansas ", where she grew up and the setting of her first autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969). At the age of eight, she was raped, as recounted in Caged Bird. She dealt with her trauma by memorizing and reciting great works of literature, including poetry, which helped bring her out of her self-imposed muteness. According to scholar Yasmin Y. DeGout, literature also affects Angelou's sensibilities as the poet and writer she becomes, especially the "liberating discourse that would evolve in her own poetic canon". As a young adult, Angelou, who preferred to be called Maya because her brother had called her that when she was a child, had a series of jobs and occupations, achieving modest success as a singer, dancer, and performer. She was a cast member of a European tour of Porgy and Bess in 1954 and 1955 and was a cabaret singer in nightclubs in the San Francisco and Los Angeles areas throughout the 1950s.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_of_Maya_Angelou
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1157668723#2_1310583982	Title: Point, Texas - Wikipedia Headings: Point, Texas Point, Texas Contents Geography Climate History Demographics Education References Content: Climate The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Point has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. History Settled circa 1880 as a flag station on a section of the Missouri–Kansas–Texas (MKT) Railroad being built from Mineola to Greenville, the name submitted for a post office was initially Rice's Point, in honor of early area settler William Rice. When that was rejected, the name Point was accepted. By 1890, the community had an estimated population of fifty, a public school, and four churches. Ten men, led by newspaperman Isaac Newton Gresham, met in Point on August 28, 1902, and signed a charter to establish the Farmers' Educational and Cooperative Union of America. The organization went national in 1905 and had a million members by 1908. In 1913, Point established the first independent school district in Rains County. The number of residents had risen to around 600 in 1914. The Great Depression severely impacted the community, leading to a rapid decline in population and the number of businesses in Point.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point,_Texas
msmarco_v2.1_doc_18_1158402186#11_1311873095	Title: Point Pelee National Park - Wikipedia Headings: Point Pelee National Park Point Pelee National Park Contents History Geography Flora and fauna Climate Human impact Development Bird-watching Occurrences March 2017 marsh fire Commemoration Images See also References External links Content: Many Carolinian floral species that are rare in Canada occur within the park boundaries. The park contains more than 750 native plant species, of these 8 species are considered to be rare, endangered or threatened in Canada. Nearby Middle Island is designated provincially as an Area of Natural and Scientific Interest (ANSI) due to its unique and rare assemblages of plants and animals. Middle Island is home to plants and animals that are characteristic of the Carolinian ecozone of which nine species are at risk. The diversity of vegetation in the marsh is the highest along the edge of the marsh ponds and in the transitional zones between the terrestrial environments and the marsh. Four different vegetation communities dominate in the marsh. Climate Point Pelee has a humid continental climate ( Dfa under the Köppen climate classification) with warm, humid summers, and cold winters that is modified by the surrounding waters of Lake Erie. It lies in a zone that is characterized by variable weather due to conflict between polar and tropical air masses. Its position in Lake Erie modifies its climate, resulting in warmer winter and fall temperatures compared to inland regions, as the lake cools more slowly than the surrounding land though during the spring, temperatures remain cooler than inland areas due to the land warming faster than the lake. Winters are cold with a January average temperature of −3.9 °C (25.0 °F).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Pelee_National_Park

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