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msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_138292006#5_156663312
Title: Headings: Content: The referendum debate and campaign was an unusual time in British politics and was the third national vote to be held in seventeen months. During the campaign, the Labour Cabinetwas split and its members campaigned on each side of the question, an unprecedented breach of Cabinet collective responsibility. Most votes in the House of Commons in preparation for the referendum were only carried after opposition support, and the Government faced several defeats on technical issues such as the handling and format of the referendum counts. The referendum did temporarily achieve Harold Wilson's ambition to bring the divided Labour Party together on the European issue; however, eight years later, Labour's 1983 general electionmanifesto pledged withdrawal from the Communities.[5] It significantly strengthened the position of pro-marketeer (later pro-Europe) politicians within Parliament for the next thirty years; however, despite the overwhelming majority in favour of continued membership when the vote took place, it would ultimately fail to achieve the wider objective of permanently settling among the British people the issue of Britain's relationship with the European Communities. Part of a seriesof articles on UK membership of the European Union(1973–2020) Accession Treaty of Accession 1972 1972 EC Act 1973 enlargement of the EC 1975 referendum Referendum Act(results) Treatyamendments Single European Act, 1986 (UK ratification) Maastricht Treaty, 1992 (UK ratification) Treaty of Amsterdam, 1997 (UK ratification) Treaty of Nice, 2001 (UK ratification) Treaty of Lisbon, 2007 (UK ratification) Related: 2011 UK Act on new EU Treaty amendments EU-related British Acts Proposed European Constitution referendum European Union Bill 2004–2005 MEPsfor UK constituencies Members 1973–1979 (elected by parliament) Members 1979–1984 (1979 election) Members 1984–1989 (1984 election) Members 1989–1994 (1989 election) Members 1994–1999 (1994 election) Members 1999–2004 (1999 election) Members 2004–2009 (2004 election) Members 2009–2014 (2009 election) Members 2014–2019 (2014 election) Members 2019–2020 (2019 election) Women Officials and bodies House of Lords EU Committee House of Commons EU Committee Permanent EU Representatives for UK Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels EU Representative in London UK European Commissioners Department for Exiting the European Union Issues and events Economy The Euro Black Wednesday UK budget rebate Nationality law Euroscepticism in the UK United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation Maastricht Rebels Withdrawal 2015–2016 membership renegotiation 2016 EU membership referendum Vote Leave Britain Stronger in Europe Notification of withdrawal Brexit negotiations Impact of Brexit Future relationship Withdrawal agreement No-deal Brexit Impact on Irish border Northern Ireland Protocol Parliamentary votes Proposed second referendum  EU portal ·  UK portal v t e Constitutional documentsand events relevant to the status of the United Kingdomand its countries           List per year Treaty of Union 1706 Acts of Union 1707 Succession to the Crown Act 1707 1707 Septennial Act 1716 Wales and Berwick Act 1746 Constitution of Ireland (1782) 1782 Acts of Union 1800 1800 HC (Disqualifications) Act 1801 1801 Reform Act 1832 1832 Scottish Reform Act 1832 1832 Irish Reform Act 1832 1832 Judicial Committee Act 1833 1833 Judicial Committee Act 1843 1843 Judicial Committee Act 1844 1844 Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 British North America Act 1867 1867 Representation of the People Act 1867 1867 Reform Act (Scotland) 1868 1868 Reform Act (Ireland) 1868 1868 Irish Church Act 1869 Royal Titles Act 1876 1876 Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 Reform Act 1884 1884 Interpretation Act 1889 1889 Cth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 Parliament Act 1911 Aliens Restriction Act 1914 Status of Aliens Act 1914 1914 Government of Ireland Act 1914 1914 Welsh Church Act 1914 Royal Proclamation of 1917 1917 Representation of the People Act 1918 1918 Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919 Government of Ireland Act 1920 Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921 Church of Scotland Act 1921 1921 Irish Free State (Agreement) Act 1922 Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922 Ireland (Confirm. of Agreement) Act 1925 1925 Balfour Declaration of 1926 1926 Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 Representation of the People Act 1928 1928 Eire (Confirmation of Agreement) Act 1929 1929 Statute of Westminster 1931 HM Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 1936 Regency Act 1937 1937 Regency Act 1943 1943 Indian Independence Act 1947 Burma Independence Act 1947 British Nationality Act 1948 1948 Representation of the People Act 1948 1948 Ireland Act 1949 1949 Statute of the Council of Europe 1949 Parliament Act 1949 1949 Regency Act 1953 1953 Royal Titles Act 1953 1953 European Convention on Human Rights 1953 Interpretation Act (NI) 1954 HC Disqualification Act 1957 1957 Life Peerages Act 1958 Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 1962 Peerage Act 1963 West Indies Act 1967 1967 Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968 1968 Immigration Act 1971 EC Treaty of Accession 1972 NI (Temporary Provisions) Act 1972 European Communities Act 1972 Local Government Act 1972 UK joins the European Communities 1973 Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 NI border poll 1973 NI Constitution Act 1973 House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 Referendum Act 1975 EC membership referendum 1975 Interpretation Act 1978 Scotland Act 1978 1978 Wales Act 1978 1978 Scottish devolution referendum 1979 Welsh devolution referendum 1979 British Nationality Act 1981 1981 Representation of the People Act 1983 1983 Representation of the People Act 1985 1985 Maastricht Treaty 1993 Local Government (
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum,_1975
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_138821121#9_157074005
Title: 1918 United Kingdom general election - Wikipedia Headings: 1918 United Kingdom general election 1918 United Kingdom general election Contents Background Coalition victory Ireland Women candidates Results Seats by party Votes summary Seats summary Maps Transfers of seats See also Notes References Further reading External links Manifestos Content: Asquith himself lost his own seat. Nine of these MPs subsequently joined the Coalition Liberal group. The remainder became bitter enemies of Lloyd George. The Labour Party greatly increased its vote share and surpassed the total votes of either Liberal party. Labour became the Official Opposition for the first time, but they lacked an official leader and so the Leader of the Opposition for the next fourteen months was the stand-in Liberal leader Donald Maclean (Asquith, having lost his seat at this election, was not returned until a by-election in February 1920). Labour could only slightly increase their number of seats, however, from 42 to 57 and some of their earlier leaders including Ramsay MacDonald and Arthur Henderson lost their seats. Labour won the most seats in Wales (which had previously been dominated by the Liberals) for the first time, a feat it has continued to the present day. The Conservative MPs included record numbers of corporate directors, bankers and businessmen, while Labour MPs were mostly from the working class. Bonar Law himself symbolised the change in the type of a Conservative MP as Bonar Law was a Presbyterian Canadian-born Scottish businessman who became in the words of his biographer, Robert Blake, the leader of "the Party of Old England, the Party of the Anglican Church and the country squire, the party of broad acres and hereditary titles". Bonar Law's ascent as leader of the Conservatives marked a shift in Conservative leaders from the aristocrats who generally led the party in the 19th century to a more middle class leadership who usually led the party in the 20th century.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_general_election,_1918
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_138960681#5_157190242
Title: 1997 United Kingdom general election - Wikipedia Headings: 1997 United Kingdom general election 1997 United Kingdom general election From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Overview Loss of parliamentary majority Timing Campaign Conservative campaign Labour campaign Liberal Democrat campaign Endorsements Opinion polling Notional 1992 results Results Results by constituent country Defeated MPs MPs who lost their seats Post-election events Internet coverage See also Footnotes References Further reading Manifestos External links Content: Contents 1 Overview 2 Loss of parliamentary majority 3 Timing 4 Campaign 4.1 Conservative campaign 4.2 Labour campaign 4.3 Liberal Democrat campaign 5 Endorsements 6 Opinion polling 7 Notional 1992 results 8 Results 8.1 Results by constituent country 9 Defeated MPs 9.1 MPs who lost their seats 10 Post-election events 11 Internet coverage 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 References 15 Further reading 15.1 Manifestos 16 External links Overview The British economy had been in recession at the time of the 1992 election, which the Conservatives had won, and although the recession had ended within a year, events such as Black Wednesday had tarnished the Conservative government's reputation for economic management. Labour had elected John Smith as its party leader in 1992, but his death from a heart attack in 1994 led the way for Tony Blair to become Labour leader. Blair brought the party closer to the political centre and abolished the party's Clause IV in their constitution, which had committed them to mass nationalisation of industry. Labour also reversed its policy on unilateral nuclear disarmament and the events of Black Wednesday allowed Labour to promise greater economic management under the Chancellorship of Gordon Brown. A manifesto, entitled New Labour, New Life For Britain was released in 1996 and outlined five key pledges: Class sizes to be cut to 30 or under for 5-, 6- and 7-year-olds by using money from the assisted places scheme. Fast track punishment for persistent young offenders, by halving the time from arrest to sentencing. Cut NHS waiting lists by treating an extra 100,000 patients as a first step by releasing £100 million saved from NHS red tape. Get 250,000 under-25-year-olds off benefit and into work by using money from a windfall levy on the privatised utilities. No rise in income tax rates, cut VAT on heating to 5%, and keeping inflation and interest rates as low as possible.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_general_election,_1997
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_147974913#0_165737547
Title: United States Attorney - Wikipedia Headings: United States Attorney United States Attorney United States attorney Contents History and statutory authority Appointment United States Attorneys controversy History of interim U.S. Attorney appointments Role of U.S. Attorneys Executive Office for United States Attorneys List of current U.S. Attorneys' offices Defunct U.S. Attorneys' offices See also Notes References External links Content: United States Attorney - Wikipedia United States Attorney From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Chief prosecutor representing the United States federal government United States attorney Occupation Occupation type Profession Activity sectors Law practice, law enforcement, politics Description Competencies Advocacy skills, analytical mind, sense of justice, political fit Education required Law degree, bar exam Fields of employment Government legal service Related jobs Prosecutor, district attorney, state's attorney, commonwealth's attorney Flag of a United States attorney. United States attorneys represent the United States federal government in United States district courts and United States courts of appeals . The prosecution is the legal party responsible for presenting the case against an individual suspected of breaking the law, initiating and directing further criminal investigations, guiding and recommending the sentencing of offenders, and are the only attorneys allowed to participate in grand jury proceedings. There are 93 U.S. Attorney offices located throughout the United States, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. One U.S. Attorney is assigned to each of the judicial districts, with the exception of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands where a single U.S. Attorney serves both districts. Each U.S. Attorney is the chief federal law enforcement officer within his or her particular jurisdiction, acting under the guidance of the United States Attorneys' Manual. They supervise district offices with as many as 350 Assistant U.S. Attorneys (AUSAs) and as many as 350 support personnel. An Assistant United States Attorney (AUSA), or federal prosecutor, is a public official who represents the federal government on behalf of the U.S. Attorney (USA) in criminal prosecutions, and in certain civil cases as either the plaintiff or the defendant. In carrying out their duties as prosecutors, AUSAs have the authority to investigate persons, issue subpoenas, file formal criminal charges, plea bargain with defendants, and grant immunity to witnesses and accused criminals. U.S. Attorneys and their offices are part of the Department of Justice.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_147974913#1_165740448
Title: United States Attorney - Wikipedia Headings: United States Attorney United States Attorney United States attorney Contents History and statutory authority Appointment United States Attorneys controversy History of interim U.S. Attorney appointments Role of U.S. Attorneys Executive Office for United States Attorneys List of current U.S. Attorneys' offices Defunct U.S. Attorneys' offices See also Notes References External links Content: Each U.S. Attorney is the chief federal law enforcement officer within his or her particular jurisdiction, acting under the guidance of the United States Attorneys' Manual. They supervise district offices with as many as 350 Assistant U.S. Attorneys (AUSAs) and as many as 350 support personnel. An Assistant United States Attorney (AUSA), or federal prosecutor, is a public official who represents the federal government on behalf of the U.S. Attorney (USA) in criminal prosecutions, and in certain civil cases as either the plaintiff or the defendant. In carrying out their duties as prosecutors, AUSAs have the authority to investigate persons, issue subpoenas, file formal criminal charges, plea bargain with defendants, and grant immunity to witnesses and accused criminals. U.S. Attorneys and their offices are part of the Department of Justice. U.S. Attorneys receive oversight, supervision, and administrative support services through the Justice Department's Executive Office for United States Attorneys. Selected U.S. Attorneys participate in the Attorney General's Advisory Committee of United States Attorneys . Contents 1 History and statutory authority 2 Appointment 2.1 United States Attorneys controversy 2.2 History of interim U.S. Attorney appointments 3 Role of U.S. Attorneys 4 Executive Office for United States Attorneys 5 List of current U.S. Attorneys' offices 6 Defunct U.S. Attorneys' offices 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History and statutory authority The Office of the United States Attorney was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789, along with the office of Attorney General and the United States Marshals Service. The same act also specified the structure of the Supreme Court of the United States and established inferior courts making up the United States Federal Judiciary, including a district court system. Thus, the office of U.S. Attorney is older than the Department of Justice.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_147974913#9_165759404
Title: United States Attorney - Wikipedia Headings: United States Attorney United States Attorney United States attorney Contents History and statutory authority Appointment United States Attorneys controversy History of interim U.S. Attorney appointments Role of U.S. Attorneys Executive Office for United States Attorneys List of current U.S. Attorneys' offices Defunct U.S. Attorneys' offices See also Notes References External links Content: This time, the Executive's power was expanded even further, giving the Attorney General the authority to appoint an interim replacement indefinitely and without Senate confirmation. Role of U.S. Attorneys The U.S. Attorney is both the primary representative and the administrative head of the Office of the U.S. Attorney for the district. The U.S. Attorney's Office (USAO) is the chief prosecutor for the United States in criminal law cases, and represents the United States in civil law cases as either the defendant or plaintiff, as appropriate. However, they are not the only ones that may represent the United States in Court. In certain circumstances, using an action called a qui tam, any U.S. citizen, provided they are represented by an attorney, can represent the interests of the United States, and share in penalties assessed against guilty parties. As chief federal law enforcement officers, U.S. Attorneys have authority over all federal law enforcement personnel within their districts and may direct them to engage, cease or assist in investigations. In practice, this has involved command of Federal Bureau of Investigation assets but also includes other agencies under the Department of Justice, such as the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms and Drug Enforcement Administration. Additionally, U.S. Attorneys cooperate with other non-DOJ law enforcement agencies – such as the United States Secret Service and Immigration and Customs Enforcement – to prosecute cases relevant to their jurisdictional areas. The U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia has the additional responsibility of prosecuting local criminal cases in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, the equivalent of a m
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_147998562#0_165761769
Title: United States Attorney for the District of Columbia - Wikipedia Headings: United States Attorney for the District of Columbia United States Attorney for the District of Columbia List of U.S. Attorneys for the District of Columbia References Sources Content: United States Attorney for the District of Columbia - Wikipedia United States Attorney for the District of Columbia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Not to be confused with Attorney General for the District of Columbia. United States Attorney for the District of Columbia Incumbent Channing D. Phillips ( Acting) since March 3, 2021 United States Department of Justice Reports to The Attorney General Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Politics of District of Columbia The District of Columbia is a unique federal district of the U.S. Governance Government Home rule Mayor Secretary United States Attorney for the District of Columbia Attorney General for the District of Columbia District of Columbia Court of Appeals (high court) Superior Court of the District of Columbia (trial court) Council (legislative body) Advisory Neighborhood Commission Representation Voting rights Initiatives and referendums Congressional representation Shadow representation Elections Elections Political party strength Politics of the United States Politics portal v t e The United States Attorney for the District of Columbia (USADC) is the United States Attorney responsible for representing the federal government in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. The U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia has two divisions, the Civil Division and the Criminal Division. The Civil Division is responsible for representing federal agencies in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia and in appeals before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Unlike the states, District of Columbia is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress. By statute, the U.S. Attorney is responsible for prosecuting both federal crimes and all serious crimes committed by adults in the District of Columbia. Therefore, the U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia serves as both the federal prosecutor (as in the other 92 U.S. Attorneys' offices) and as the local district attorney. The Attorney General of the District of Columbia, who is elected by the people of the District, handles local civil litigation and minor infractions, comparable with a City Attorney . In January 2020, Attorney General William Barr named Timothy Shea, one of his counselors at the Department of Justice, as the interim U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia. Shea replaced U.S. Attorney Jessie Liu, who was nominated in January 2020 to become the Treasury Department's undersecretary for terrorism and financial crimes;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Columbia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_147998562#1_165764887
Title: United States Attorney for the District of Columbia - Wikipedia Headings: United States Attorney for the District of Columbia United States Attorney for the District of Columbia List of U.S. Attorneys for the District of Columbia References Sources Content: By statute, the U.S. Attorney is responsible for prosecuting both federal crimes and all serious crimes committed by adults in the District of Columbia. Therefore, the U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia serves as both the federal prosecutor (as in the other 92 U.S. Attorneys' offices) and as the local district attorney. The Attorney General of the District of Columbia, who is elected by the people of the District, handles local civil litigation and minor infractions, comparable with a City Attorney . In January 2020, Attorney General William Barr named Timothy Shea, one of his counselors at the Department of Justice, as the interim U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia. Shea replaced U.S. Attorney Jessie Liu, who was nominated in January 2020 to become the Treasury Department's undersecretary for terrorism and financial crimes; her nomination was withdrawn in February 2020 and she resigned from the Trump administration. Liu had been nominated for by Donald Trump and confirmed by the Senate as U.S. Attorney in September 2017, replacing acting U.S. Attorney Channing D. Phillips. After Attorney General Barr appointed acting USADC Shea to be acting administrator of the Drug Enforcement Agency, Barr appointed Michael R. Sherwin to replace Shea as acting USADC. On May 18 2020, the White House announced the President's intention to nominate U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Ohio Justin Herdman to be U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia on a permanent basis. List of U.S. Attorneys for the District of Columbia John T. Mason:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Columbia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_148025111#0_165806461
Title: United States Attorney for the District of South Dakota - Wikipedia Headings: United States Attorney for the District of South Dakota United States Attorney for the District of South Dakota List of U.S. Attorneys for the District of South Dakota See also References Content: United States Attorney for the District of South Dakota - Wikipedia United States Attorney for the District of South Dakota From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Department of Justice U.S. Attorney for the District of South Dakota Seal of the United States Department of Justice Department overview Department executive Dennis R. Holmes (acting), United States Attorney Website www .justice .gov /usao-sd The United States Attorney for the District of South Dakota is the United States Attorney responsible for representing the federal government in the United States District Court for the District of South Dakota . By statute, the U.S. Attorney is responsible for prosecuting both federal crimes and all serious crimes committed by adults in the District of South Dakota. Therefore, the U.S. Attorney for the South Dakota serves as both the federal prosecutor (as in the other 92 U.S. Attorneys' offices) and as the local district attorney. As of February 26, 2021 [update] the Acting United States Attorney is Dennis R. Holmes. List of U.S. Attorneys for the District of South Dakota No. U.S. Attorney Term of Office Political Party Law school President 23 S. Wesley Clark 1921–1926 Republican Read law under Thomas Sterling Warren G. Harding 24 Olaf Eiden 1926–1934 Republican University of Nebraska College of Law Calvin Coolidge 25 George Philip 1934–1947 Democrat University of Michigan Law School Franklin D. Roosevelt 26 Leo P. Flynn 1947–1953 Democrat University of South Dakota School of Law Harry S. Truman 27 Clinton G. Richards 1953–1961 Republican University of South Dakota School of Law Dwight Eisenhower 28 Harold C. Doyle 1961–1969 Democrat University of South Dakota School of Law John F. Kennedy 29 William F. Clayton 1969–1977 Republican University of South Dakota School of Law Richard Nixon 30 David V. Vrooman 1977–1978 Democrat University of South Dakota School of Law Jimmy Carter 31 Robert D. Hiaring 1978–1979 Democratic University of South Dakota School of Law Jimmy Carter 32 Terry L. Pechota 1979–1981 Democratic University of Iowa College of Law Jimmy Carter 33 Jeffrey L. Viken 1981 Democrat University of South Dakota School of Law Jimmy Carter 34 Philip N. Hogen 1981–1991 Republican University of South Dakota School of Law Ronald Reagan 35* Kevin Schieffer (Not confirmed by Senate) 1991–1993 Republican Georgetown Law Center George H.W. Bush 35 Ted McBride 1993 Democrat University of South Dakota School of Law Bill Clinton 36 Karen Schreier 1993–1999 Democrat St. Louis University School of Law Bill Clinton 37 Ted McBride 1999–2001 Democrat University of South Dakota School of Law Bill Clinton 38 James E. McMahon 2002–2005 Republican University of South Dakota School of Law George W. Bush 39 Marty Jackley 2006–2009 Republican University of South Dakota School of Law George W. Bush 40 Brendan Johnson 2009–2015 Democrat University of Virginia School of Law Barack Obama 41 Randy Seiler 2015–2017 Democrat University of South Dakota School of Law Barack Obama 42 Ron A. Parsons Jr. 2018–2021 Republican University of South Dakota School of Law Donald Trump See also University of South Dakota School of Law Attorney General of South Dakota South Dakota Supreme Court References ^ Hayworth, Bret. " Top federal attorney in S. Dakota draws Siouxland roots". siouxcityjournal.com. Sioux City Journal. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_South_Dakota&oldid=1009178040 " Hidden categories:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_South_Dakota
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_150780905#0_169412022
Title: United States District Court for the District of South Carolina - Wikipedia Headings: United States District Court for the District of South Carolina United States District Court for the District of South Carolina Contents History Current judges Former judges Chief judges Succession of seats See also References External links Content: United States District Court for the District of South Carolina - Wikipedia United States District Court for the District of South Carolina From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search United States federal district court of South Carolina United States District Court for the District of South Carolina (D.S.C.) Location Charleston More locations Columbia C.F. Haynsworth Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse ( Greenville) Spartanburg Charles E. Simons Jr. Federal Court House ( Aiken) Anderson Florence Orangeburg Rock Hill Greenwood Beaufort Appeals to Fourth Circuit Established October 7, 1965 Judges 10 Chief Judge Robert Bryan Harwell Officers of the court U.S. Attorney M. Rhett DeHart (acting) U.S. Marshal Thomas M. Griffin Jr. www .scd .uscourts .gov The United States District Court for the District of South Carolina (in case citations, D.S.C.) is the federal district court whose jurisdiction is the state of South Carolina. Court is held in the cities of Aiken, Anderson, Beaufort, Charleston, Columbia, Florence, Greenville, and Spartanburg . Appeals from the District of South Carolina are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit ). The United States Attorney for the District of South Carolina represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court. As of March 1, 2021 [update] the Acting United States Attorney is M. Rhett DeHart. Contents 1 History 2 Current judges 3 Former judges 4 Chief judges 5 Succession of seats 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History The District of South Carolina was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789. It was subdivided into the United States District Court for the Eastern District of South Carolina and the United States District Court for the Western District of South Carolina Districts on February 21, 1823, by 3 Stat. 726. The Eastern District was headquartered at Florence, and the Western District was headquartered in Greenville.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_South_Carolina
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_150780905#3_169417890
Title: United States District Court for the District of South Carolina - Wikipedia Headings: United States District Court for the District of South Carolina United States District Court for the District of South Carolina Contents History Current judges Former judges Chief judges Succession of seats See also References External links Content: South Carolina was again split into Eastern and the Western Districts, with one judgeship authorized to serve both districts, effective January 1, 1912. Congress finally authorized an additional judgeship for the Western District, and assigned the sitting judge exclusively to the Eastern District, on March 3, 1915, by 38 Stat. 961. However, on October 7, 1965, by 79 Stat. 951, South Carolina was reorganized as a single judicial district with four judgeships authorized for the district court. It has since remained a single District. Current judges As of December 22, 2020 [update] : # Title Judge Duty station Born Term of service Appointed by Active Chief Senior 35 Chief Judge Robert Bryan Harwell Florence 1959 2004–present 2019–present — G.W. Bush 26 District Judge David C. Norton Charleston 1946 1990–present 2007–2012 — G.H.W. Bush 36 District Judge Richard Mark Gergel Charleston 1954 2010–present — — Obama 37 District Judge J. Michelle Childs Columbia 1966 2010–present — — Obama 38 District Judge Timothy M. Cain Anderson 1961 2011–present — — Obama 39 District Judge Mary Geiger Lewis Columbia 1958 2012–present — — Obama 40 District Judge Bruce Howe Hendricks Charleston 1957 2014–present — — Obama 41 District Judge Donald C. Coggins Jr. Spartanburg 1959 2017–present — — Trump 43 District Judge Sherri Lydon Florence 1962 2019–present — — Trump 44 District Judge Joseph Dawson III Greenville 1970 2020–present — — Trump 25 Senior Judge Joseph Fletcher Anderson Jr. Columbia 1949 1986–2014 2000–2007 2014–present Reagan 28 Senior Judge Henry Michael Herlong Jr. Greenville 1944 1991–2009 — 2009–present G.H.W. Bush 30 Senior Judge Cameron McGowan Currie Columbia 1948 1994–2013 — 2013–present Clinton 32 Senior Judge Margaret B. Seymour Columbia 1947 1998–2013 2012–2013 2013–present Clinton 33 Senior Judge Terry L. Wooten Columbia 1954 2001–2019 2013–2019 2019–present G.W. Bush Former judges # Judge State Born–died Active service Chief Judge Senior status Appointed by Reason for termination 1 William Drayton Sr. SC 1732–1790 1789 –1790 — — Washington death 2 Thomas Bee SC 1739–1812 1790–1812 — — Washington death 3 John Drayton SC 1766–1822 1812–1822 — — Madison death 4 Thomas Lee SC 1769–1839 1823–1839 — — Monroe death 5 Robert Budd Gilchrist SC 1796–1856 1839 –1856 — — Van Buren death 6 Andrew Gordon Magrath SC 1813–1893 1856–1860 — — Pierce resignation 7 George Seabrook Bryan SC 1809–1905 1866–1886 — — A. Johnson retirement 8 Charles Henry Simonton SC 1829–1904 1886 –1893 — — Cleveland elevation to 4th Cir. 9 William H. Brawley SC 1841–1916 1894–1911 — — Cleveland retirement 10 Henry Augustus Middleton Smith SC 1853–1924 1911–1912 — — Taft reassignment to E.D.S.C. and W.D.S.C. 11 Charles Cecil Wyche SC 1885–1966 1965 –1966 — — F. Roosevelt death 12 James Robert Martin Jr. SC 1909–1984 1965 –1979 1965–1979 1979–1984 Kennedy death 13 Robert W. Hemphill SC 1915–1983 1965 –1980 1979–1980 1980–1983 L. Johnson death 14 Charles Earl Simons Jr. SC 1916–1999 1965 –1986 1980–1986 1986–1999 L. Johnson death 15 Donald S. Russell SC 1906–1998 1966–1971 — — L. Johnson elevation to 4th Cir.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_South_Carolina
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_150780905#4_169422403
Title: United States District Court for the District of South Carolina - Wikipedia Headings: United States District Court for the District of South Carolina United States District Court for the District of South Carolina Contents History Current judges Former judges Chief judges Succession of seats See also References External links Content: It has since remained a single District. Current judges As of December 22, 2020 [update] : # Title Judge Duty station Born Term of service Appointed by Active Chief Senior 35 Chief Judge Robert Bryan Harwell Florence 1959 2004–present 2019–present — G.W. Bush 26 District Judge David C. Norton Charleston 1946 1990–present 2007–2012 — G.H.W. Bush 36 District Judge Richard Mark Gergel Charleston 1954 2010–present — — Obama 37 District Judge J. Michelle Childs Columbia 1966 2010–present — — Obama 38 District Judge Timothy M. Cain Anderson 1961 2011–present — — Obama 39 District Judge Mary Geiger Lewis Columbia 1958 2012–present — — Obama 40 District Judge Bruce Howe Hendricks Charleston 1957 2014–present — — Obama 41 District Judge Donald C. Coggins Jr. Spartanburg 1959 2017–present — — Trump 43 District Judge Sherri Lydon Florence 1962 2019–present — — Trump 44 District Judge Joseph Dawson III Greenville 1970 2020–present — — Trump 25 Senior Judge Joseph Fletcher Anderson Jr. Columbia 1949 1986–2014 2000–2007 2014–present Reagan 28 Senior Judge Henry Michael Herlong Jr. Greenville 1944 1991–2009 — 2009–present G.H.W. Bush 30 Senior Judge Cameron McGowan Currie Columbia 1948 1994–2013 — 2013–present Clinton 32 Senior Judge Margaret B. Seymour Columbia 1947 1998–2013 2012–2013 2013–present Clinton 33 Senior Judge Terry L. Wooten Columbia 1954 2001–2019 2013–2019 2019–present G.W. Bush Former judges # Judge State Born–died Active service Chief Judge Senior status Appointed by Reason for termination 1 William Drayton Sr. SC 1732–1790 1789 –1790 — — Washington death 2 Thomas Bee SC 1739–1812 1790–1812 — — Washington death 3 John Drayton SC 1766–1822 1812–1822 — — Madison death 4 Thomas Lee SC 1769–1839 1823–1839 — — Monroe death 5 Robert Budd Gilchrist SC 1796–1856 1839 –1856 — — Van Buren death 6 Andrew Gordon Magrath SC 1813–1893 1856–1860 — — Pierce resignation 7 George Seabrook Bryan SC 1809–1905 1866–1886 — — A. Johnson retirement 8 Charles Henry Simonton SC 1829–1904 1886 –1893 — — Cleveland elevation to 4th Cir. 9 William H. Brawley SC 1841–1916 1894–1911 — — Cleveland retirement 10 Henry Augustus Middleton Smith SC 1853–1924 1911–1912 — — Taft reassignment to E.D.S.C. and W.D.S.C. 11 Charles Cecil Wyche SC 1885–1966 1965 –1966 — — F. Roosevelt death 12 James Robert Martin Jr. SC 1909–1984 1965 –1979 1965–1979 1979–1984 Kennedy death 13 Robert W. Hemphill SC 1915–1983 1965 –1980 1979–1980 1980–1983 L. Johnson death 14 Charles Earl Simons Jr. SC 1916–1999 1965 –1986 1980–1986 1986–1999 L. Johnson death 15 Donald S. Russell SC 1906–1998 1966–1971 — — L. Johnson elevation to 4th Cir. 16 Robert F. Chapman SC 1926–2018 1971–1981 — — Nixon elevation to 4th Cir. 17 Solomon Blatt Jr. SC 1921–2016 1971–1990 1986–1990 1990–2016 Nixon death 18 Matthew James Perry Jr. SC 1921–2011 1979–1995 — 1995–2011 Carter death 19 Falcon Black Hawkins Jr. SC 1927–2005 1979–1993 1990–1993 1993–2005 Carter death 20 Charles Weston Houck SC 1933–2017 1979–2003 1993–2000 2003–2017 Carter death 21 George Ross Anderson Jr. SC 1929–2020 1980–2009 — 2009–2016 Carter retirement 22 William Walter Wilkins SC 1942–present 1981–1986 — — Reagan elevation to 4th Cir. 23 Clyde H. Hamilton SC 1934–2020 1981–1991 — — Reagan elevation to 4th Cir. 24 Karen L. Henderson SC 1944–present 1986–1990 — — Reagan elevation to D.C. Cir. 27 Dennis Shedd SC 1953–present 1990–2002 — — G.H.W. Bush elevation to 4th Cir.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_South_Carolina
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_151489494#0_170536516
Title: United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia - Wikipedia Headings: United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Organization of the court Current judges Former judges Chief judges Succession of seats See also References External links Content: United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia - Wikipedia United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search United States federal district court in West Virginia United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia (S.D. W. Va.) Location Charleston More locations United States Post Office and Court House ( Huntington) Beckley Bluefield Lewisburg Parkersburg Appeals to Fourth Circuit Established January 22, 1901 Judges 5 Chief Judge Thomas E. Johnston Officers of the court U.S. Attorney Lisa G. Johnston (acting) U.S. Marshal Michael Baylous www .wvsd .uscourts .gov The United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia (in case citations, S.D. W. Va.) is a federal court in the Fourth Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit ). The District was established on June 22, 1901. As of February 28, 2021 [update] the Acting United States Attorney for the District is Lisa G. Johnston. Contents 1 Organization of the court 2 Current judges 3 Former judges 4 Chief judges 5 Succession of seats 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Organization of the court The Southern District spans the counties colored blue on this map. The United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia is one of two federal judicial districts in West Virginia. Court for the Southern District is held at Beckley, Bluefield, Charleston, and Huntington . Beckley Division comprises the following counties: Greenbrier, Raleigh, Summers, and Wyoming . Bluefield Division comprises the following counties: Mercer, McDowell, and Monroe .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_West_Virginia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_151489494#2_170540225
Title: United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia - Wikipedia Headings: United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Organization of the court Current judges Former judges Chief judges Succession of seats See also References External links Content: Charleston Division comprises the following counties: Boone, Clay, Fayette, Jackson, Kanawha, Lincoln, Logan, Mingo, Nicholas, Roane, Wirt, and Wood . Huntington Division comprises the following counties: Cabell, Mason, Putnam, and Wayne . Current judges As of October 17, 2019 [update] : # Title Judge Duty station Born Term of service Appointed by Active Chief Senior 17 Chief Judge Thomas E. Johnston Charleston 1967 2006–present 2017–present — G.W. Bush 15 District Judge Joseph Robert Goodwin Charleston 1942 1995–present 2007–2012 — Clinton 16 District Judge Robert Charles Chambers Huntington 1952 1997–present 2012–2017 — Clinton 18 District Judge Irene C. Berger Charleston 1954 2009–present — — Obama 19 District Judge Frank W. Volk Beckley 1965 2019–present — — Trump 10 Senior Judge John Thomas Copenhaver Jr. Charleston 1925 1976–2018 — 2018–present Ford 14 Senior Judge David A. Faber Bluefield 1942 1991–2008 2002–2007 2008–present G.H.W. Bush Former judges # Judge State Born–died Active service Chief Judge Senior status Appointed by Reason for termination 1 Benjamin Franklin Keller WV 1857–1921 1901–1921 — — McKinley death 2 George Warwick McClintic WV 1866–1942 1921–1941 — 1941–1942 Harding death 3 Harry Evans Watkins WV 1898–1963 1937–1963 — — F. Roosevelt death 4 Ben Moore WV 1891–1958 1941–1958 1948–1958 — F. Roosevelt death 5 John A. Field Jr. WV 1910–1995 1959–1971 1959–1971 — Eisenhower elevation to 4th Cir. 6 Sidney Lee Christie WV 1903–1974 1964–1974 1971–1973 — L. Johnson death 7 Dennis Raymond Knapp WV 1912–1998 1970–1983 1973–1982 1983–1998 Nixon death 8 Kenneth Keller Hall WV 1918–1999 1971–1976 — — Nixon elevation to 4th Cir. 9 Charles Harold Haden II WV 1937–2004 1975–2004 1982–2002 — Ford death 11 Robert Jackson Staker WV 1925–2008 1979–1994 — 1994–2005 Carter retirement 12 William Matthew Kidd WV 1918–1998 1979–1983 — — Carter seat abolished 13 Elizabeth Virginia Hallanan WV 1925–2004 1983–1996 — 1996–2004 Reagan death Chief judges Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their district court. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the district court judges. To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_West_Virginia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_151489494#3_170543810
Title: United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia - Wikipedia Headings: United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Organization of the court Current judges Former judges Chief judges Succession of seats See also References External links Content: # Title Judge Duty station Born Term of service Appointed by Active Chief Senior 17 Chief Judge Thomas E. Johnston Charleston 1967 2006–present 2017–present — G.W. Bush 15 District Judge Joseph Robert Goodwin Charleston 1942 1995–present 2007–2012 — Clinton 16 District Judge Robert Charles Chambers Huntington 1952 1997–present 2012–2017 — Clinton 18 District Judge Irene C. Berger Charleston 1954 2009–present — — Obama 19 District Judge Frank W. Volk Beckley 1965 2019–present — — Trump 10 Senior Judge John Thomas Copenhaver Jr. Charleston 1925 1976–2018 — 2018–present Ford 14 Senior Judge David A. Faber Bluefield 1942 1991–2008 2002–2007 2008–present G.H.W. Bush Former judges # Judge State Born–died Active service Chief Judge Senior status Appointed by Reason for termination 1 Benjamin Franklin Keller WV 1857–1921 1901–1921 — — McKinley death 2 George Warwick McClintic WV 1866–1942 1921–1941 — 1941–1942 Harding death 3 Harry Evans Watkins WV 1898–1963 1937–1963 — — F. Roosevelt death 4 Ben Moore WV 1891–1958 1941–1958 1948–1958 — F. Roosevelt death 5 John A. Field Jr. WV 1910–1995 1959–1971 1959–1971 — Eisenhower elevation to 4th Cir. 6 Sidney Lee Christie WV 1903–1974 1964–1974 1971–1973 — L. Johnson death 7 Dennis Raymond Knapp WV 1912–1998 1970–1983 1973–1982 1983–1998 Nixon death 8 Kenneth Keller Hall WV 1918–1999 1971–1976 — — Nixon elevation to 4th Cir. 9 Charles Harold Haden II WV 1937–2004 1975–2004 1982–2002 — Ford death 11 Robert Jackson Staker WV 1925–2008 1979–1994 — 1994–2005 Carter retirement 12 William Matthew Kidd WV 1918–1998 1979–1983 — — Carter seat abolished 13 Elizabeth Virginia Hallanan WV 1925–2004 1983–1996 — 1996–2004 Reagan death Chief judges Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their district court. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the district court judges. To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge. A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years or until age 70, whichever occurs first. The age restrictions are waived if no members of the court would otherwise be qualified for the position. When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire on what has since 1958 been known as senior status or declined to serve as chief judge. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_West_Virginia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_152291327#10_171584884
Title: United States House Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense - Wikipedia Headings: United States House Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense United States House Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense Contents Appropriations process Appropriations bills Members, 117th Congress Historical membership rosters 115th Congress 116th Congress External links References Content: pp. 10–11. Retrieved 24 January 2014. ^ Tollestrup, Jessica (23 February 2012). " The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. p. 13. Retrieved 24 January 2014. ^ Subcommittee page ^ Subcommittee page (116th Congress) v t e Current United States House Appropriations subcommittees Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Defense Energy and Water Development Financial Services and General Government Homeland Security Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Legislative Branch Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies v t e Current United States congressional committees Senate ( list) Aging Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Appropriations Armed Services Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Budget Commerce, Science, and Transportation Energy and Natural Resources Environment and Public Works Ethics Finance Foreign Relations Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Indian Affairs Intelligence International Narcotics Control Judiciary Rules and Administration Small Business and Entrepreneurship Veterans' Affairs House ( list) Agriculture Appropriations Armed Services Budget Climate Crisis Economic Disparity and Fairness in Growth Education and Labor Energy and Commerce Ethics Financial Services Foreign Affairs Homeland Security House Administration Intelligence Judiciary Modernization of Congress Natural Resources Oversight and Reform Rules Science, Space and Technology Small Business Transportation and Infrastructure Veterans' Affairs Ways and Means (Whole) Joint ( list) China (Congressional-Executive Commission) Economic Inaugural Ceremonies Library Printing Taxation (Conference) Related United States congressional subcommittees Standing committees · Defunct committees Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_House_Appropriations_Subcommittee_on_Defense&oldid=1014080593 " Categories:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Appropriations_Subcommittee_on_Defense
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_152291327#11_171587815
Title: United States House Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense - Wikipedia Headings: United States House Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense United States House Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense Contents Appropriations process Appropriations bills Members, 117th Congress Historical membership rosters 115th Congress 116th Congress External links References Content: An Introduction" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. p. 13. Retrieved 24 January 2014. ^ Subcommittee page ^ Subcommittee page (116th Congress) v t e Current United States House Appropriations subcommittees Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Defense Energy and Water Development Financial Services and General Government Homeland Security Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Legislative Branch Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies v t e Current United States congressional committees Senate ( list) Aging Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Appropriations Armed Services Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Budget Commerce, Science, and Transportation Energy and Natural Resources Environment and Public Works Ethics Finance Foreign Relations Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Indian Affairs Intelligence International Narcotics Control Judiciary Rules and Administration Small Business and Entrepreneurship Veterans' Affairs House ( list) Agriculture Appropriations Armed Services Budget Climate Crisis Economic Disparity and Fairness in Growth Education and Labor Energy and Commerce Ethics Financial Services Foreign Affairs Homeland Security House Administration Intelligence Judiciary Modernization of Congress Natural Resources Oversight and Reform Rules Science, Space and Technology Small Business Transportation and Infrastructure Veterans' Affairs Ways and Means (Whole) Joint ( list) China (Congressional-Executive Commission) Economic Inaugural Ceremonies Library Printing Taxation (Conference) Related United States congressional subcommittees Standing committees · Defunct committees Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_House_Appropriations_Subcommittee_on_Defense&oldid=1014080593 " Categories: Subcommittees of the United States House of Representatives
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Appropriations_Subcommittee_on_Defense
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_152342005#5_171638500
Title: United States House Committee on Education and Labor - Wikipedia Headings: United States House Committee on Education and Labor United States House Committee on Education and Labor Contents History of the Committee Jurisdiction Members, 117th Congress Subcommittees Historical membership rosters 115th Congress 116th Congress Chairs See also References External links Content: Educational research and improvement; Adult education; and Anti-poverty programs, including the Community Services Block Grant Act and the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP). Labor. The Committee on Labor also holds jurisdiction over workforce initiatives aimed at strengthening health care, job training, and retirement security for workers. Workforce issues in the jurisdiction of the Education and the Labor Committee include: Pension and retirement security for U.S. workers; Access to quality health care for working families and other employee benefits; Job training, adult education, and workforce development initiatives, including those under the Workforce Investment Act (WIA), to help local communities train and retrain workers; Continuing the successful welfare reforms of 1996;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Education_and_Labor
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_152361298#1_171656612
Title: United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce - Wikipedia Headings: United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce House Energy and Commerce Committee Contents Role of the committee Jurisdiction Members, 117th Congress Subcommittees Historical membership rosters 116th Congress 115th Congress 114th Congress History Previous Chairs Committee on Commerce and Manufactures Committee on Commerce Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee on Energy and Commerce See also References External links Content: The Committee has served as the principal guide for the House in matters relating to the promotion of commerce and to the public’s health and marketplace interests, with the relatively recent addition of energy considerations among them. Contents 1 Role of the committee 2 Jurisdiction 3 Members, 117th Congress 4 Subcommittees 5 Historical membership rosters 5.1 116th Congress 5.2 115th Congress 5.3 114th Congress 6 History 7 Previous Chairs 7.1 Committee on Commerce and Manufactures 7.2 Committee on Commerce 7.3 Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce 7.4 Committee on Energy and Commerce 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Role of the committee The House Committee on Energy and Commerce has developed what is arguably the broadest (non-tax-oriented) jurisdiction of any congressional committee. The Committee maintains principal responsibility for legislative oversight relating to telecommunications, consumer protection, food and drug safety, public health, air quality and environmental health, the supply and delivery of energy, and interstate and foreign commerce. This jurisdiction extends over five Cabinet-level departments and seven independent agencies—from the Department of Energy, Health and Human Services, the Transportation Department to the Federal Trade Commission, Food and Drug Administration, and Federal Communications Commission—and sundry quasi-governmental organizations. Jurisdiction The Energy and Commerce Committee has the broadest jurisdiction of any authorizing committee in Congress. It legislates on a wide variety of issues, including: health care, including mental health and substance abuse health insurance, including Medicare and Medicaid biomedical research and development food, drug, device and cosmetic safety environmental protection clean air and climate change safe drinking water toxic chemicals and hazardous waste national energy policy renewable energy and conservation nuclear facilities electronic communications and the internet broadcast and cable television privacy, cybersecurity and data security consumer protection and product safety motor vehicle safety travel, tourism and sports interstate and foreign commerce Members, 117th Congress Majority Minority Frank Pallone, New Jersey, Chair Bobby Rush, Illinois Anna Eshoo, California Diana DeGette, Colorado Mike Doyle, Pennsylvania Jan Schakowsky, Illinois G. K. Butterfield, North Carolina Doris Matsui, California Kathy Castor, Florida John Sarbanes, Maryland Jerry McNerney, California Peter Welch, Vermont Paul Tonko, New York Yvette Clarke, New York Kurt Schrader, Oregon Tony Cárdenas, California Raul Ruiz, California Scott Peters, California Debbie Dingell, Michigan Marc Veasey, Texas Ann McLane Kuster, New Hampshire Robin Kelly, Illinois, Vice Chair Nanette Barragán, California Donald McEachin, Virginia Lisa Blunt Rochester, Delaware Darren Soto, Florida Tom O'Halleran, Arizona Kathleen Rice, New York Angie Craig, Minnesota Kim Schrier, Washington Lori Trahan, Massachusetts Lizzie Fletcher, Texas Cathy McMorris Rodgers, Washington, Ranking Member Fred Upton, Michigan Michael C. Burgess, Texas Steve Scalise, Louisiana Bob Latta, Ohio Brett Guthrie, Kentucky David McKinley, West Virginia Adam Kinzinger, Illinois Morgan Griffith, Virginia Gus Bilirakis, Florida Bill Johnson, Ohio Billy Long, Missouri Larry Bucshon, Indiana Markwayne Mullin, Oklahoma Richard Hudson, North Carolina Tim Walberg, Michigan Buddy Carter, Georgia Jeff Duncan, South Carolina Gary Palmer, Alabama Neal Dunn, Florida John Curtis, Utah Debbie Lesko, Arizona Greg Pence, Indiana Dan Crenshaw, Texas John Joyce, Pennsylvania Kelly Armstrong, North Dakota Resolutions electing members: H.Res. 9 (Chair), H.Res. 10 (Ranking Member), H.Res.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Energy_and_Commerce
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_152361298#2_171661306
Title: United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce - Wikipedia Headings: United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce House Energy and Commerce Committee Contents Role of the committee Jurisdiction Members, 117th Congress Subcommittees Historical membership rosters 116th Congress 115th Congress 114th Congress History Previous Chairs Committee on Commerce and Manufactures Committee on Commerce Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee on Energy and Commerce See also References External links Content: It legislates on a wide variety of issues, including: health care, including mental health and substance abuse health insurance, including Medicare and Medicaid biomedical research and development food, drug, device and cosmetic safety environmental protection clean air and climate change safe drinking water toxic chemicals and hazardous waste national energy policy renewable energy and conservation nuclear facilities electronic communications and the internet broadcast and cable television privacy, cybersecurity and data security consumer protection and product safety motor vehicle safety travel, tourism and sports interstate and foreign commerce Members, 117th Congress Majority Minority Frank Pallone, New Jersey, Chair Bobby Rush, Illinois Anna Eshoo, California Diana DeGette, Colorado Mike Doyle, Pennsylvania Jan Schakowsky, Illinois G. K. Butterfield, North Carolina Doris Matsui, California Kathy Castor, Florida John Sarbanes, Maryland Jerry McNerney, California Peter Welch, Vermont Paul Tonko, New York Yvette Clarke, New York Kurt Schrader, Oregon Tony Cárdenas, California Raul Ruiz, California Scott Peters, California Debbie Dingell, Michigan Marc Veasey, Texas Ann McLane Kuster, New Hampshire Robin Kelly, Illinois, Vice Chair Nanette Barragán, California Donald McEachin, Virginia Lisa Blunt Rochester, Delaware Darren Soto, Florida Tom O'Halleran, Arizona Kathleen Rice, New York Angie Craig, Minnesota Kim Schrier, Washington Lori Trahan, Massachusetts Lizzie Fletcher, Texas Cathy McMorris Rodgers, Washington, Ranking Member Fred Upton, Michigan Michael C. Burgess, Texas Steve Scalise, Louisiana Bob Latta, Ohio Brett Guthrie, Kentucky David McKinley, West Virginia Adam Kinzinger, Illinois Morgan Griffith, Virginia Gus Bilirakis, Florida Bill Johnson, Ohio Billy Long, Missouri Larry Bucshon, Indiana Markwayne Mullin, Oklahoma Richard Hudson, North Carolina Tim Walberg, Michigan Buddy Carter, Georgia Jeff Duncan, South Carolina Gary Palmer, Alabama Neal Dunn, Florida John Curtis, Utah Debbie Lesko, Arizona Greg Pence, Indiana Dan Crenshaw, Texas John Joyce, Pennsylvania Kelly Armstrong, North Dakota Resolutions electing members: H.Res. 9 (Chair), H.Res. 10 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 62 (D), H.Res. 63 (R) Subcommittees To manage the wide variety of issues it encounters, the Committee relies on the front-line work of six subcommittees, one more than during the 111th Congress. During the 111th Congress, Chairman Henry Waxman combined the traditionally separate energy and environment subcommittees into a single subcommittee. New Chairman Fred Upton restored them as separate subcommittees at the start of the 112th Congress. Subcommittee Chair Ranking Member Communications and Technology Mike Doyle (D-PA) Bob Latta (R-OH) Consumer Protection and Commerce Jan Schakowsky (D-IL) Gus Bilirakis (R-FL) Energy Bobby Rush (D-IL) Fred Upton (R-MI) Environment and Climate Change Paul Tonko (D-NY) David McKinley (R-WV) Health Anna G. Eshoo (D-CA) Brett Guthrie (R-KY) Oversight and Investigations Diana DeGette (D-CO) Morgan Griffith (R-VA) Historical membership rosters 116th Congress Majority Minority Frank Pallone, New Jersey, Chair Bobby Rush, Illinois Anna Eshoo, California Eliot Engel, New York Diana DeGette, Colorado Mike Doyle, Pennsylvania Jan Schakowsky, Illinois G. K. Butterfield, North Carolina Doris Matsui, California Kathy Castor, Florida John Sarbanes, Maryland Jerry McNerney, California Peter Welch, Vermont Ben Ray Luján, New Mexico Paul Tonko, New York Yvette Clarke, New York, Vice Chair Dave Loebsack, Iowa Kurt Schrader, Oregon Joe Kennedy III, Massachusetts Tony Cárdenas, California Raul Ruiz, California Scott Peters, California Debbie Dingell, Michigan Marc Veasey, Texas Ann McLane Kuster, New Hampshire Robin Kelly, Illinois Nanette Barragán, California Donald McEachin, Virginia Lisa Blunt Rochester, Delaware Darren Soto, Florida Tom O'Halleran, Arizona Greg Walden, Oregon, Ranking Member Fred Upton, Michigan John Shimkus, Illinois Michael C. Burgess, Texas Steve Scalise, Louisiana Bob Latta, Ohio Cathy McMorris Rodgers, Washington Brett Guthrie, Kentucky Pete Olson, Texas David McKinley, West Virginia Adam Kinzinger, Illinois Morgan Griffith, Virginia Gus Bilirakis, Florida Bill Johnson, Ohio Billy Long, Missouri Larry Bucshon, Indiana Bill Flores, Texas Susan Brooks, Indiana Markwayne Mullin, Oklahoma Richard Hudson, North Carolina Tim Walberg, Michigan Buddy Carter, Georgia Jeff Duncan, South Carolina Greg Gianforte, Montana Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Energy_and_Commerce
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_152361298#3_171666825
Title: United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce - Wikipedia Headings: United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce House Energy and Commerce Committee Contents Role of the committee Jurisdiction Members, 117th Congress Subcommittees Historical membership rosters 116th Congress 115th Congress 114th Congress History Previous Chairs Committee on Commerce and Manufactures Committee on Commerce Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee on Energy and Commerce See also References External links Content: 62 (D), H.Res. 63 (R) Subcommittees To manage the wide variety of issues it encounters, the Committee relies on the front-line work of six subcommittees, one more than during the 111th Congress. During the 111th Congress, Chairman Henry Waxman combined the traditionally separate energy and environment subcommittees into a single subcommittee. New Chairman Fred Upton restored them as separate subcommittees at the start of the 112th Congress. Subcommittee Chair Ranking Member Communications and Technology Mike Doyle (D-PA) Bob Latta (R-OH) Consumer Protection and Commerce Jan Schakowsky (D-IL) Gus Bilirakis (R-FL) Energy Bobby Rush (D-IL) Fred Upton (R-MI) Environment and Climate Change Paul Tonko (D-NY) David McKinley (R-WV) Health Anna G. Eshoo (D-CA) Brett Guthrie (R-KY) Oversight and Investigations Diana DeGette (D-CO) Morgan Griffith (R-VA) Historical membership rosters 116th Congress Majority Minority Frank Pallone, New Jersey, Chair Bobby Rush, Illinois Anna Eshoo, California Eliot Engel, New York Diana DeGette, Colorado Mike Doyle, Pennsylvania Jan Schakowsky, Illinois G. K. Butterfield, North Carolina Doris Matsui, California Kathy Castor, Florida John Sarbanes, Maryland Jerry McNerney, California Peter Welch, Vermont Ben Ray Luján, New Mexico Paul Tonko, New York Yvette Clarke, New York, Vice Chair Dave Loebsack, Iowa Kurt Schrader, Oregon Joe Kennedy III, Massachusetts Tony Cárdenas, California Raul Ruiz, California Scott Peters, California Debbie Dingell, Michigan Marc Veasey, Texas Ann McLane Kuster, New Hampshire Robin Kelly, Illinois Nanette Barragán, California Donald McEachin, Virginia Lisa Blunt Rochester, Delaware Darren Soto, Florida Tom O'Halleran, Arizona Greg Walden, Oregon, Ranking Member Fred Upton, Michigan John Shimkus, Illinois Michael C. Burgess, Texas Steve Scalise, Louisiana Bob Latta, Ohio Cathy McMorris Rodgers, Washington Brett Guthrie, Kentucky Pete Olson, Texas David McKinley, West Virginia Adam Kinzinger, Illinois Morgan Griffith, Virginia Gus Bilirakis, Florida Bill Johnson, Ohio Billy Long, Missouri Larry Bucshon, Indiana Bill Flores, Texas Susan Brooks, Indiana Markwayne Mullin, Oklahoma Richard Hudson, North Carolina Tim Walberg, Michigan Buddy Carter, Georgia Jeff Duncan, South Carolina Greg Gianforte, Montana Sources: H.Res. 7 (Chair), H.Res. 8 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 42 (D), H.Res. 68 (R) Subcommittees Subcommittee Chair Ranking Member Communications and Technology Mike Doyle (D-PA) Bob Latta (R-OH) Consumer Protection and Commerce Jan Schakowsky (D-IL) Gus Bilirakis (R-FL) Energy Bobby Rush (D-IL) Fred Upton (R-MI) Environment and Climate Change Paul Tonko (D-NY) David McKinley (R-WV) Health Anna Eshoo (D-CA) Brett Guthrie (R-KY) Oversight and Investigations Diana DeGette (D-CO) Morgan Griffith (R-VA) 115th Congress Majority Minority Greg Walden, Oregon, Chair Joe Barton, Texas, Vice Chair Fred Upton, Michigan John Shimkus, Illinois Michael C. Burgess, Texas Marsha Blackburn, Tennessee Steve Scalise, Louisiana Bob Latta, Ohio Cathy McMorris Rodgers, Washington Gregg Harper, Mississippi Leonard Lance, New Jersey Brett Guthrie, Kentucky Pete Olson, Texas David McKinley, West Virginia Adam Kinzinger, Illinois Morgan Griffith, Virginia Gus Bilirakis, Florida Bill Johnson, Ohio Billy Long, Missouri Larry Bucshon, Indiana Bill Flores, Texas Susan Brooks, Indiana Markwayne Mullin, Oklahoma Richard Hudson, North Carolina Kevin Cramer, North Dakota Tim Walberg, Michigan Mimi Walters, California Ryan Costello, Pennsylvania Buddy Carter, Georgia Chris Collins, New York (removed August 8, 2018) Frank Pallone, New Jersey, Ranking Member Bobby Rush, Illinois Anna Eshoo, California Eliot Engel, New York Gene Green, Texas Diana DeGette, Colorado Mike Doyle, Pennsylvania Jan Schakowsky, Illinois G. K. Butterfield, North Carolina Doris Matsui, California Kathy Castor, Florida, Vice Ranking Member John Sarbanes, Maryland Jerry McNerney, California Peter Welch, Vermont Ben Ray Luján, New Mexico Paul Tonko, New York Yvette Clarke, New York Dave Loebsack, Iowa Kurt Schrader, Oregon Joe Kennedy III, Massachusetts Tony Cárdenas, California Raul Ruiz, Californ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Energy_and_Commerce
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_152611545#0_171961462
Title: United States House Energy Subcommittee on Health - Wikipedia Headings: United States House Energy Subcommittee on Health United States House Energy Subcommittee on Health Contents Jurisdiction Members, 117th Congress Historical membership rosters 115th Congress 116th Congress References External links Content: United States House Energy Subcommittee on Health - Wikipedia United States House Energy Subcommittee on Health From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search The U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Health is a subcommittee within the Committee on Energy and Commerce . Contents 1 Jurisdiction 2 Members, 117th Congress[2][3] 3 Historical membership rosters 3.1 115th Congress 3.2 116th Congress 4 References 5 External links Jurisdiction The House Subcommittee on Health has general jurisdiction over bills and resolutions relating to public health and quarantine; hospital construction; mental health; biomedical research and development; health information technology, privacy, and cybersecurity; public health insurance (Medicare, Medicaid) and private health insurance; medical malpractice and medical malpractice insurance; the regulation of food, drugs, and cosmetics; drug abuse;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Energy_Subcommittee_on_Health
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_152611545#1_171962937
Title: United States House Energy Subcommittee on Health - Wikipedia Headings: United States House Energy Subcommittee on Health United States House Energy Subcommittee on Health Contents Jurisdiction Members, 117th Congress Historical membership rosters 115th Congress 116th Congress References External links Content: health information technology, privacy, and cybersecurity; public health insurance (Medicare, Medicaid) and private health insurance; medical malpractice and medical malpractice insurance; the regulation of food, drugs, and cosmetics; drug abuse; the Department of Health and Human Services; the National Institutes of Health; the Centers for Disease Control; Indian Health Service; and all aspects of the above-referenced jurisdiction related to the Department of Homeland Security.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Energy_Subcommittee_on_Health
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_152611545#3_171968046
Title: United States House Energy Subcommittee on Health - Wikipedia Headings: United States House Energy Subcommittee on Health United States House Energy Subcommittee on Health Contents Jurisdiction Members, 117th Congress Historical membership rosters 115th Congress 116th Congress References External links Content: As a Standing Subcommittee of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, it holds regular meetings and performs any functions assigned to it by that committee's rules in addition to those assigned to it by the House Rules. Members, 117th Congress Majority Minority Anna Eshoo, California, Chair G. K. Butterfield, North Carolina Doris Matsui, California Kathy Castor, Florida John Sarbanes, Maryland, Vice Chair Peter Welch, Vermont Kurt Schrader, Oregon Tony Cárdenas, California Raul Ruiz, California Debbie Dingell, Michigan Ann McLane Kuster, New Hampshire Robin Kelly, Illinois Nanette Barragán, California Lisa Blunt Rochester, Delaware Angie Craig, Minnesota Kim Schrier, Washington Lori Trahan, Massachusetts Lizzie Fletcher, Texas Brett Guthrie, Kentucky, Ranking Member Fred Upton, Michigan Michael C. Burgess, Texas Morgan Griffith, Virginia Gus Bilirakis, Florida Billy Long, Missouri Larry Bucshon, Indiana Markwayne Mullin, Oklahoma Richard Hudson, North Carolina Buddy Carter, Georgia Neal Dunn, Florida John Curtis, Utah Dan Crenshaw, Texas John Joyce, Pennsylvania Ex officio Frank Pallone, New Jersey Cathy McMorris Rodgers, Washington Historical membership rosters 115th Congress Majority Minority Michael C. Burgess, Texas, Chairman Brett Guthrie, Kentucky, Vice Chair Joe Barton, Texas Fred Upton, Michigan John Shimkus, Illinois Timothy F. Murphy, Pennsylvania Marsha Blackburn, Tennessee Cathy McMorris Rodgers, Washington Leonard Lance, New Jersey Morgan Griffith, Virginia Gus Bilirakis, Florida Billy Long, Missouri Larry Bucshon, Indiana Susan Brooks, Indiana Markwayne Mullin, Oklahoma Richard Hudson, North Carolina Chris Collins, New York Buddy Carter, Georgia Gene Green, Texas, Ranking Member Eliot Engel, New York Jan Schakowsky, Illinois G. K. Butterfield, North Carolina Doris Matsui, California Kathy Castor, Florida John Sarbanes, Maryland Ben Ray Luján, New Mexico Kurt Schrader, Oregon Joe Kennedy III, Massachusetts Tony Cárdenas, California Anna Eshoo, California Diana DeGette, Colorado Ex officio Greg Walden, Oregon Frank Pallone, New Jersey 116th Congress Majority Minority Anna Eshoo, California, Chair Eliot Engel, New York G. K. Butterfield, North Carolina Doris Matsui, California Kathy Castor, Florida John Sarbanes, Maryland Ben Ray Luján, New Mexico Kurt Schrader, Oregon Joe Kennedy III, Massachusetts Tony Cárdenas, California Peter Welch, Vermont Raul Ruiz, California Debbie Dingell, Michigan Ann McLane Kuster, New Hampshire Robin Kelly, Illinois Nanette Barragán, California Lisa Blunt Rochester, Delaware Bobby Rush, Illinois Michael C. Burgess, Texas, Ranking Member Fred Upton, Michigan John Shimkus, Illinois Brett Guthrie, Kentucky Morgan Griffith, Virginia Gus Bilirakis, Florida Billy Long, Missouri Larry Bucshon, Indiana Susan Brooks, Indiana Markwayne Mullin, Oklahoma Richard Hudson, North Carolina Buddy Carter, Georgia Greg Gianforte, Montana Ex officio Frank Pallone, New Jersey Greg Walden, Oregon References ^ Subcommittees energycommerce.house.gov ^ "Pallone Announces Energy & Commerce Subcommittee Chairs and Democratic Roster". Democrats, Energy and Commerce Committee. 2021-01-15. Retrieved 2021-04-21. ^ "Pallone Announces E&C Subcommittee Vice Chairs". Democrats, Energy and Commerce Committee. 2021-03-09. Retrieved 2021-04-21. External links Official Homepage v t e Current United States House Energy subcommittees Communications and Technology Consumer Protection and Commerce Energy Environment and Climate Change Health Oversight and Investigations This United States Congress –related article is a stub.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Energy_Subcommittee_on_Health
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_152611545#4_171972337
Title: United States House Energy Subcommittee on Health - Wikipedia Headings: United States House Energy Subcommittee on Health United States House Energy Subcommittee on Health Contents Jurisdiction Members, 117th Congress Historical membership rosters 115th Congress 116th Congress References External links Content: ^ "Pallone Announces E&C Subcommittee Vice Chairs". Democrats, Energy and Commerce Committee. 2021-03-09. Retrieved 2021-04-21. External links Official Homepage v t e Current United States House Energy subcommittees Communications and Technology Consumer Protection and Commerce Energy Environment and Climate Change Health Oversight and Investigations This United States Congress –related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_House_Energy_Subcommittee_on_Health&oldid=1019144546 " Categories: Subcommittees of the United States House of Representatives United States Congress stubs Parliamentary committees on Healthcare Hidden categories: All stub articles
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Energy_Subcommittee_on_Health
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_156357284#0_174468494
Title: United States National Grid - Wikipedia Headings: United States National Grid United States National Grid Contents Overview Description: How the USNG works History Advantages over latitude/longitude Limitations and tradeoffs Adoption and current applications Standards Gridded maps Software applications Search and rescue (SAR) Emergency Location Marker (ELM) First responders Emergency Management Asset Identification and Mapping Recreation and other uses Future direction and initiatives See also References Further reading External links Content: United States National Grid - Wikipedia United States National Grid From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Multi-purpose grid reference system used in the United States Geodesy Fundamentals Geodesy Geodynamics Geomatics History Concepts Geographical distance Geoid Figure of the Earth ( Earth radius and Earth's circumference) Geodetic datum Geodesic Geographic coordinate system Horizontal position representation Latitude / Longitude Map projection Reference ellipsoid Satellite geodesy Spatial reference system Spatial relations Technologies Global Nav. Sat. Systems (GNSSs) Global Pos. System (GPS) GLONASS (Russia) BeiDou (BDS) (China) Galileo (Europe) NAVIC (India) Quasi-Zenith Sat. Sys. ( QZSS) (Japan) Discrete Global Grid and Geocoding Standards (history) NGVD 29 Sea Level Datum 1929 OSGB36 Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936 SK-42 Systema Koordinat 1942 goda ED50 European Datum 1950 SAD69 South American Datum 1969 GRS 80 Geodetic Reference System 1980 ISO 6709 Geographic point coord. 1983 NAD 83 North American Datum 1983 WGS 84 World Geodetic System 1984 NAVD 88 N. American Vertical Datum 1988 ETRS89 European Terrestrial Ref. Sys. 1989 GCJ-02 Chinese obfuscated datum 2002 Geo URI Internet link to a point 2010 International Terrestrial Reference System Spatial Reference System Identifier (SRID) Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) v t e The United States National Grid (USNG) is a multi-purpose location system of grid references used in the United States. It provides a nationally consistent "language of location", optimized for local applications, in a compact, user friendly format.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Grid
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_156357284#1_174470959
Title: United States National Grid - Wikipedia Headings: United States National Grid United States National Grid Contents Overview Description: How the USNG works History Advantages over latitude/longitude Limitations and tradeoffs Adoption and current applications Standards Gridded maps Software applications Search and rescue (SAR) Emergency Location Marker (ELM) First responders Emergency Management Asset Identification and Mapping Recreation and other uses Future direction and initiatives See also References Further reading External links Content: QZSS) (Japan) Discrete Global Grid and Geocoding Standards (history) NGVD 29 Sea Level Datum 1929 OSGB36 Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936 SK-42 Systema Koordinat 1942 goda ED50 European Datum 1950 SAD69 South American Datum 1969 GRS 80 Geodetic Reference System 1980 ISO 6709 Geographic point coord. 1983 NAD 83 North American Datum 1983 WGS 84 World Geodetic System 1984 NAVD 88 N. American Vertical Datum 1988 ETRS89 European Terrestrial Ref. Sys. 1989 GCJ-02 Chinese obfuscated datum 2002 Geo URI Internet link to a point 2010 International Terrestrial Reference System Spatial Reference System Identifier (SRID) Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) v t e The United States National Grid (USNG) is a multi-purpose location system of grid references used in the United States. It provides a nationally consistent "language of location", optimized for local applications, in a compact, user friendly format. It is similar in design to the national grid reference systems used in other countries. The USNG was adopted as a national standard by the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) of the US Government in 2001. Contents 1 Overview 2 Description: How the USNG works 3 History 4 Advantages over latitude/longitude 5 Limitations and tradeoffs 6 Adoption and current applications 6.1 Standards 6.2 Gridded maps 6.3 Software applications 6.4 Search and rescue (SAR) 6.5 Emergency Location Marker (ELM) 6.6 First responders 6.7 Emergency Management 6.8 Asset Identification and Mapping 6.9 Recreation and other uses 7 Future direction and initiatives 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Overview While latitude and longitude are well suited to describing locations over large areas of the Earth's surface, most practical land navigation situations occur within much smaller, local areas. As such, they are often better served by a local Cartesian coordinate system, in which the coordinates represent actual distance units on the ground, using the same units of measurement from two perpendicular coordinate axes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Grid
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_156357284#11_174491851
Title: United States National Grid - Wikipedia Headings: United States National Grid United States National Grid Contents Overview Description: How the USNG works History Advantages over latitude/longitude Limitations and tradeoffs Adoption and current applications Standards Gridded maps Software applications Search and rescue (SAR) Emergency Location Marker (ELM) First responders Emergency Management Asset Identification and Mapping Recreation and other uses Future direction and initiatives See also References Further reading External links Content: here to 10 meter precision) Without 100 km Square Identification: 233 065 (when local area is understood; here to 100 meter precision) Thus in practical usage, USNG references are typically very succinct and compact, making them convenient (and less error prone) for communication. History Rectangular, distance-based ( Cartesian) coordinate systems have long been recognized for their practical utility for land measurement and geolocation over local areas. In the United States, the Public Land Survey System (PLSS), created in 1785 in order to survey land newly ceded to the nation, introduced a rectangular coordinate system to improve on the earlier metes-and-bounds survey basis used earlier in the original colonies. In the first half of the 20th Century, State Plane Coordinate Systems (SPCS) brought the simplicity and convenience of Cartesian coordinates to state-level areas, providing high accuracy (low distortion) survey-grade coordinates for use primarily by state and local governments. ( Both of these planar systems remain in use today for specialized purposes.) Internationally, during the period between World Wars I and II, several European nations mapped their territory with national-scale grid systems optimized for the geography of each country, such as the Ordnance Survey National Grid (British National Grid). Near the end of World War II, the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system extended this grid concept around the globe, dividing it into 60 zones of 6 degrees longitude each. Circa 1949, the US further refined UTM for ease of use (and combined it with the Universal Polar Stereographic system covering polar areas) to create the Military Grid Reference System (MGRS), which remains the geocoordinate standard used across the militaries of NATO counties.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Grid
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_156357284#12_174494417
Title: United States National Grid - Wikipedia Headings: United States National Grid United States National Grid Contents Overview Description: How the USNG works History Advantages over latitude/longitude Limitations and tradeoffs Adoption and current applications Standards Gridded maps Software applications Search and rescue (SAR) Emergency Location Marker (ELM) First responders Emergency Management Asset Identification and Mapping Recreation and other uses Future direction and initiatives See also References Further reading External links Content: In the first half of the 20th Century, State Plane Coordinate Systems (SPCS) brought the simplicity and convenience of Cartesian coordinates to state-level areas, providing high accuracy (low distortion) survey-grade coordinates for use primarily by state and local governments. ( Both of these planar systems remain in use today for specialized purposes.) Internationally, during the period between World Wars I and II, several European nations mapped their territory with national-scale grid systems optimized for the geography of each country, such as the Ordnance Survey National Grid (British National Grid). Near the end of World War II, the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system extended this grid concept around the globe, dividing it into 60 zones of 6 degrees longitude each. Circa 1949, the US further refined UTM for ease of use (and combined it with the Universal Polar Stereographic system covering polar areas) to create the Military Grid Reference System (MGRS), which remains the geocoordinate standard used across the militaries of NATO counties. In the 1990s, a US grass-roots citizen effort led to the Public X-Y Mapping Project, a not-for-profit organization created specifically to promote the acceptance of a national grid for the United States. The Public XY Mapping Project developed the idea, conducting informal tests and surveys to determine which coordinate reference system best met the requirements of national consistency and ease of human use. Based on its findings, a standard based on the MGRS was adopted and brought to the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) in 1998. After an iterative review process and public comment period, the USNG was adopted by the FGDC as standard FGDC-STD-011-2001 in December 2001. Since then, the USNG has seen gradual but steadily increasing adoption both in formal standards and in practical use and applications, in public safety and in oth
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Grid
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_159106000#11_177870749
Title: United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development - Wikipedia Headings: United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development Contents Appropriations process Appropriations bills Jurisdiction Members, 117th Congress Historical membership 116th Congress See also External links References Content: ^ Tollestrup, Jessica (23 February 2012). " The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. p. 13. Retrieved 24 January 2014. ^ Who We Are - US Army Corps of Engineers ^ a b The Chair and/or Ranking Member of the full Appropriations Committee are entitled to sit as ex officio members of any subcommittee, but are already designated members of this subcommittee. v t e Current United States Senate Appropriations subcommittees Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Defense Energy and Water Development Financial Services and General Government Homeland Security Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Legislative Branch Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies v t e Current United States congressional committees Senate ( list) Aging Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Appropriations Armed Services Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Budget Commerce, Science, and Transportation Energy and Natural Resources Environment and Public Works Ethics Finance Foreign Relations Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Indian Affairs Intelligence International Narcotics Control Judiciary Rules and Administration Small Business and Entrepreneurship Veterans' Affairs House ( list) Agriculture Appropriations Armed Services Budget Climate Crisis Economic Disparity and Fairness in Growth Education and Labor Energy and Commerce Ethics Financial Services Foreign Affairs Homeland Security House Administration Intelligence Judiciary Modernization of Congress Natural Resources Oversight and Reform Rules Science, Space and Technology Small Business Transportation and Infrastructure Veterans' Affairs Ways and Means (Whole) Joint ( list) China (Congressional-Executive Commission) Economic Inaugural Ceremonies Library Printing Taxation (Conference) Related United States congressional subcommittees Standing committees · Defunct committees Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_Appropriations_Subcommittee_on_Energy_and_Water_Development&oldid=1015520834 " Categories: Subcommittees of the United States Senate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Appropriations_Subcommittee_on_Energy_and_Water_Development
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_159259369#0_178016804
Title: United States Senate Committee on Finance - Wikipedia Headings: United States Senate Committee on Finance United States Senate Committee on Finance Senate Finance Committee Contents History Role Jurisdiction Members, 117th Congress Subcommittees Chairs Historical committee rosters 116th Congress 115th Congress References External links Content: United States Senate Committee on Finance - Wikipedia United States Senate Committee on Finance From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Senate Finance Committee Standing committee Active United States Senate 117th Congress History Formed December 10, 1816 Leadership Chair Ron Wyden ( D) Since February 3, 2021 Ranking member Mike Crapo ( R) Since February 3, 2021 Structure Seats 28 members Political parties Majority (14) Democratic (14) Minority (14) Republican (14) Jurisdiction Policy areas Children's Health Insurance Program, Customs, Deposit of public moneys, Duties, Federal trust funds, Healthcare finance, International trade, Mandatory spending, Medicare, Medicaid, National debt, Ports of entry, Public pensions, Revenue measures for territorial possessions, Revenue sharing, Social Security, Taxation, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, Trade agreements, Unemployment insurance Oversight authority Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, Bureau of the Fiscal Service, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Department of the Treasury, Federal Employees Retirement System, Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board, Internal Revenue Service, Joint Committee on Taxation, Office of the United States Trade Representative, Social Security Administration, Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration, United States Customs and Border Protection House counterpart House Committee on Ways and Means Meeting place 304 Dirksen Senate Office Building Washington, D.C. Website www .finance .senate .gov Rules Rules of the Committee on Finance ^ Democrats are in the majority due to the tiebreaking power of Democratic Vice President Kamala Harris, who serves ex officio as the president of the Senate. The United States Senate Committee on Finance (or, less formally, Senate Finance Committee) is a standing committee of the United States Senate. The Committee concerns itself with matters relating to taxation and other revenue measures generally, and those relating to the insular possessions; bonded debt of the United States; customs, collection districts, and ports of entry and delivery; deposit of public moneys; general revenue sharing; health programs under the Social Security Act (notably Medicare and Medicaid) and health programs financed by a specific tax or trust fund; national social security; reciprocal trade agreements;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_159259369#1_178019796
Title: United States Senate Committee on Finance - Wikipedia Headings: United States Senate Committee on Finance United States Senate Committee on Finance Senate Finance Committee Contents History Role Jurisdiction Members, 117th Congress Subcommittees Chairs Historical committee rosters 116th Congress 115th Congress References External links Content: deposit of public moneys; general revenue sharing; health programs under the Social Security Act (notably Medicare and Medicaid) and health programs financed by a specific tax or trust fund; national social security; reciprocal trade agreements; tariff and import quotas, and related matters thereto; and the transportation of dutiable goods. It is considered to be one of the most powerful committees in Congress. Contents 1 History 2 Role 3 Jurisdiction 4 Members, 117th Congress 5 Subcommittees 6 Chairs 7 Historical committee rosters 7.1 116th Congress 7.2 115th Congress 8 References 9 External links History The Committee on Finance is one of the original committees established in the Senate. First created on December 11, 1815, as a select committee and known as the Committee on Finance and an [sic] Uniform National Currency, it was formed to alleviate economic issues arising from the War of 1812.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_159259369#11_178037910
Title: United States Senate Committee on Finance - Wikipedia Headings: United States Senate Committee on Finance United States Senate Committee on Finance Senate Finance Committee Contents History Role Jurisdiction Members, 117th Congress Subcommittees Chairs Historical committee rosters 116th Congress 115th Congress References External links Content: Once again the committee received jurisdiction owing to the payroll taxes that would be enacted to pay for the new program. The act was the first effort by the federal government to provide benefits to the elderly and the unemployed. The act greatly enhanced the economic welfare of many elderly Americans. In 1981, a Senate Resolution required the printing of the History of the Committee on Finance. Role The role of the Committee on Finance is very similar to that of the House Committee on Ways and Means. The one exception in area of jurisdiction is that the Committee on Finance has jurisdiction over both Medicare and Medicaid, while the House Ways and Means Committee only has jurisdiction over Medicare. ( The House Energy and Commerce Committee has jurisdiction over Medicaid.) The other difference in terms of power is that all revenue raising measures must originate in the House giving the Ways and Means Committee a slight edge in setting tax policy. In addition to having jurisdiction over legislation the Committee has extensive oversight powers. It has authority to investigate, review and evaluate existing laws, and the agencies that implement them.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_159259369#12_178039641
Title: United States Senate Committee on Finance - Wikipedia Headings: United States Senate Committee on Finance United States Senate Committee on Finance Senate Finance Committee Contents History Role Jurisdiction Members, 117th Congress Subcommittees Chairs Historical committee rosters 116th Congress 115th Congress References External links Content: The one exception in area of jurisdiction is that the Committee on Finance has jurisdiction over both Medicare and Medicaid, while the House Ways and Means Committee only has jurisdiction over Medicare. ( The House Energy and Commerce Committee has jurisdiction over Medicaid.) The other difference in terms of power is that all revenue raising measures must originate in the House giving the Ways and Means Committee a slight edge in setting tax policy. In addition to having jurisdiction over legislation the Committee has extensive oversight powers. It has authority to investigate, review and evaluate existing laws, and the agencies that implement them. Jurisdiction In accordance of Rule XXV of the United States Senate, all proposed legislation, messages, petitions, memorials, and other matters relating to the following subjects is referred to the Senate Committee on Finance: Bonded debt of the United States, except as provided in the Congressional Budget Act of 1974; Customs, collection districts, and ports of entry and delivery; Deposit of public moneys; General revenue sharing;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_159312234#0_178069924
Title: United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions - Wikipedia Headings: United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee Contents Jurisdictional areas Members, 117th Congress Subcommittees Historical members 110th Congress 111th Congress 112th Congress 113th Congress 114th Congress 115th Congress 116th Congress Defunct subcommittees Chairmen Education 1869–1870 Education and Labor, 1870 – 1947 Labor and Public Welfare, 1947–1977 Human Resources, 1977–1979 Labor and Human Resources, 1979–1999 Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, 1999–present See also References External links Content: United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions - Wikipedia United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions) Jump to navigation Jump to search Standing committee of the United States Senate Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee Standing committee Active United States Senate 117th Congress History Formed January 28, 1869 Leadership Chair Patty Murray ( D) Since February 3, 2021 Ranking member Richard Burr ( R) Since February 3, 2021 Structure Political parties Majority (11) Democratic (11) Minority (11) Republican (11) Jurisdiction Oversight authority Department of Education, Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Labor House counterpart House Committee on Education and Labor Meeting place 428 Senate Dirksen Office Building, Washington, D.C. Website help .senate .gov Rules Rule XXV.1. ( m), Standing Rules of the Senate Rules of Procedure U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary The United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions ( HELP) generally considers matters relating to these issues. Its jurisdiction extends beyond these issues to include several more specific areas, as defined by Senate rules. While currently known as the HELP Committee, the first iteration of this committee was founded on January 28, 1869 as the Committee on Education. The committee name was changed to the Committee on Education and Labor on February 14, 1870, when petitions relating to labor were added to their jurisdiction from the Committee on Naval Affairs . The committee’s jurisdiction at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries focused on issues relating to federal employees’ working conditions and federal education aid. Prominent issues considered by the committee in the 1910s and 1920s included the creation of a minimum wage, the establishments of a Department of Labor, a Department of Education, and a Children’s Bureau. During the 1930s, the committee took action on the National Labor Relations Act, the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936 and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. In 1944, the jurisdiction of the Public Health Service was transferred from the Commerce Committee over to the Committee on Education and Labor, resulting in the committee taking over issues relating to public health matters. The name of the committee changed during the 80th Congress to the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, which was part of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 (Public Law 79-601).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor,_and_Pensions
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_159312234#1_178073717
Title: United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions - Wikipedia Headings: United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee Contents Jurisdictional areas Members, 117th Congress Subcommittees Historical members 110th Congress 111th Congress 112th Congress 113th Congress 114th Congress 115th Congress 116th Congress Defunct subcommittees Chairmen Education 1869–1870 Education and Labor, 1870 – 1947 Labor and Public Welfare, 1947–1977 Human Resources, 1977–1979 Labor and Human Resources, 1979–1999 Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, 1999–present See also References External links Content: The committee’s jurisdiction at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries focused on issues relating to federal employees’ working conditions and federal education aid. Prominent issues considered by the committee in the 1910s and 1920s included the creation of a minimum wage, the establishments of a Department of Labor, a Department of Education, and a Children’s Bureau. During the 1930s, the committee took action on the National Labor Relations Act, the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936 and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. In 1944, the jurisdiction of the Public Health Service was transferred from the Commerce Committee over to the Committee on Education and Labor, resulting in the committee taking over issues relating to public health matters. The name of the committee changed during the 80th Congress to the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, which was part of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 (Public Law 79-601). As part of this bill, the jurisdiction of the committee was expanded to include the issues of rehabilitation, health, and education of veterans. Mine safety legislation was also added to the committee’s jurisdiction in 1949. During the Johnson Administration, the committee established itself as the principal committee for the legislation pertaining to the War on Poverty, as part of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964. Through the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 (Public Law 91-510), certain issues pertaining to veterans were transferred to the newly created Committee on Veterans Affairs. In the 95th Congress, the Senate passed S. Res.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor,_and_Pensions
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_159312234#3_178078616
Title: United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions - Wikipedia Headings: United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee Contents Jurisdictional areas Members, 117th Congress Subcommittees Historical members 110th Congress 111th Congress 112th Congress 113th Congress 114th Congress 115th Congress 116th Congress Defunct subcommittees Chairmen Education 1869–1870 Education and Labor, 1870 – 1947 Labor and Public Welfare, 1947–1977 Human Resources, 1977–1979 Labor and Human Resources, 1979–1999 Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, 1999–present See also References External links Content: 4 which renamed the committee to be the Committee on Human Resources. However, the name was again changed in the 96th Congress in S. Res. 30 to become the Committee on Labor and Human Resources. On March 18, 1992, the committee’s jurisdiction was updated to include all of the areas listed below. The current name of the Committee, the Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, was created on January 19, 1999 in S. Res. 20. Contents 1 Jurisdictional areas 2 Members, 117th Congress 3 Subcommittees 4 Historical members 4.1 110th Congress 4.2 111th Congress 4.3 112th Congress 4.4 113th Congress 4.5 114th Congress 4.6 115th Congress 4.7 116th Congress 5 Defunct subcommittees 6 Chairmen 6.1 Education 1869–1870 6.2 Education and Labor, 1870 – 1947 6.3 Labor and Public Welfare, 1947–1977 6.4 Human Resources, 1977–1979 6.5 Labor and Human Resources, 1979–1999 6.6 Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, 1999–present 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Jurisdictional areas Under the Rule 25 of the Standing Rules of the Senate, the following subject matters fall under the jurisdiction of the Committee. Measures relating to education, labor, health, and public welfare Aging Agricultural colleges Arts and humanities Biomedical research and development Child labor Convict labor and the entry of goods made by convicts into interstate commerce Domestic activities of the American Red Cross Equal employment opportunity Gallaudet University, Howard University, and St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C. Individuals with disabilities Labor standards and labor statistics Mediation and arbitration of labor disputes Occupational Safety and Health Administration, including the welfare of miners. Mine Safety and Health Administration Private pension plans Public health Railway labor and retirement Regulation of foreign laborers Student loans Wages and hours of labor, including the federal minimum wage Members, 117th Congress Main article: 117th United States Congress Majority Minority Patty Murray, Washington, Chair Bernie Sanders, Vermont Bob Casey, Jr., Pennsylvania Tammy Baldwin, Wisconsin Chris Murphy, Connecticut Tim Kaine, Virginia Maggie Hassan, New Hampshire Tina Smith, Minnesota Jacky Rosen, Nevada Ben Ray Luján, New Mexico John Hickenlooper, Colorado Richard Burr, North Carolina, Ranking Member Rand Paul, Kentucky Susan Collins, Maine Bill Cassidy, Louisiana Lisa Murkowski, Alaska Tim Scott, South Carolina Mitt Romney, Utah Mike Braun, Indiana Roger Marshall, Kansas Tommy Tuberville, Alabama Jerry Moran, Kansas Subcommittees Subcommittee Chair Ranking Member Children and Families Bob Casey Jr. (D-PA) Bill Cassidy (R-LA) Employment and Workplace Safety John Hickenlooper (D-CO) Mike Braun (R-IN) Primary Health and Retirement Security Bernie Sanders (I-VT) Susan Collins (R-ME) Historical members 110th Congress Majority Minority Ted Kennedy, Massachusetts, Chair Chris Dodd, Connecticut, Vice Chair Tom Harkin, Iowa Barbara Mikulski, Maryland Jeff Bingaman, New Mexico Patty Murray, Washington Jack Reed, Rhode Island Hillary Clinton, New York Bernie Sanders, Vermont Sherrod Brown, Ohio Barack Obama, Illinois, until November 2008 Mike Enzi, Wyoming, Ranking Member Judd Gregg, New Hampshire Lamar Alexander, Tennessee Richard Burr, North Carolina Johnny Isakson, Georgia Lisa Murkowski, Alaska Orrin Hatch, Utah Lisa Murkowski, Alaska Pat Roberts, Kansas Wayne Allard, Colorado Tom Coburn, Oklahoma Subcommittee Chair Ranking Member Subcommittee on Children and Families Chris Dodd (D-CT) Lamar Alexander (R-TN) Subcommittee on Employment and Workplace Safety Patty Murray (D-WA) Johnny Isakson (R-GA) Subcommittee on Retirement and Aging Barbara Mikulski (D-MD) Richard Burr (R-NC) 111th Congress The Committee was chaired by Democrat Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts until his death on August 25, 2009.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor,_and_Pensions
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_159312234#4_178083718
Title: United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions - Wikipedia Headings: United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee Contents Jurisdictional areas Members, 117th Congress Subcommittees Historical members 110th Congress 111th Congress 112th Congress 113th Congress 114th Congress 115th Congress 116th Congress Defunct subcommittees Chairmen Education 1869–1870 Education and Labor, 1870 – 1947 Labor and Public Welfare, 1947–1977 Human Resources, 1977–1979 Labor and Human Resources, 1979–1999 Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, 1999–present See also References External links Content: 20. Contents 1 Jurisdictional areas 2 Members, 117th Congress 3 Subcommittees 4 Historical members 4.1 110th Congress 4.2 111th Congress 4.3 112th Congress 4.4 113th Congress 4.5 114th Congress 4.6 115th Congress 4.7 116th Congress 5 Defunct subcommittees 6 Chairmen 6.1 Education 1869–1870 6.2 Education and Labor, 1870 – 1947 6.3 Labor and Public Welfare, 1947–1977 6.4 Human Resources, 1977–1979 6.5 Labor and Human Resources, 1979–1999 6.6 Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, 1999–present 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Jurisdictional areas Under the Rule 25 of the Standing Rules of the Senate, the following subject matters fall under the jurisdiction of the Committee. Measures relating to education, labor, health, and public welfare Aging Agricultural colleges Arts and humanities Biomedical research and development Child labor Convict labor and the entry of goods made by convicts into interstate commerce Domestic activities of the American Red Cross Equal employment opportunity Gallaudet University, Howard University, and St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C. Individuals with disabilities Labor standards and labor statistics Mediation and arbitration of labor disputes Occupational Safety and Health Administration, including the welfare of miners. Mine Safety and Health Administration Private pension plans Public health Railway labor and retirement Regulation of foreign laborers Student loans Wages and hours of labor, including the federal minimum wage Members, 117th Congress Main article: 117th United States Congress Majority Minority Patty Murray, Washington, Chair Bernie Sanders, Vermont Bob Casey, Jr., Pennsylvania Tammy Baldwin, Wisconsin Chris Murphy, Connecticut Tim Kaine, Virginia Maggie Hassan, New Hampshire Tina Smith, Minnesota Jacky Rosen, Nevada Ben Ray Luján, New Mexico John Hickenlooper, Colorado Richard Burr, North Carolina, Ranking Member Rand Paul, Kentucky Susan Collins, Maine Bill Cassidy, Louisiana Lisa Murkowski, Alaska Tim Scott, South Carolina Mitt Romney, Utah Mike Braun, Indiana Roger Marshall, Kansas Tommy Tuberville, Alabama Jerry Moran, Kansas Subcommittees Subcommittee Chair Ranking Member Children and Families Bob Casey Jr. (D-PA) Bill Cassidy (R-LA) Employment and Workplace Safety John Hickenlooper (D-CO) Mike Braun (R-IN) Primary Health and Retirement Security Bernie Sanders (I-VT) Susan Collins (R-ME) Historical members 110th Congress Majority Minority Ted Kennedy, Massachusetts, Chair Chris Dodd, Connecticut, Vice Chair Tom Harkin, Iowa Barbara Mikulski, Maryland Jeff Bingaman, New Mexico Patty Murray, Washington Jack Reed, Rhode Island Hillary Clinton, New York Bernie Sanders, Vermont Sherrod Brown, Ohio Barack Obama, Illinois, until November 2008 Mike Enzi, Wyoming, Ranking Member Judd Gregg, New Hampshire Lamar Alexander, Tennessee Richard Burr, North Carolina Johnny Isakson, Georgia Lisa Murkowski, Alaska Orrin Hatch, Utah Lisa Murkowski, Alaska Pat Roberts, Kansas Wayne Allard, Colorado Tom Coburn, Oklahoma Subcommittee Chair Ranking Member Subcommittee on Children and Families Chris Dodd (D-CT) Lamar Alexander (R-TN) Subcommittee on Employment and Workplace Safety Patty Murray (D-WA) Johnny Isakson (R-GA) Subcommittee on Retirement and Aging Barbara Mikulski (D-MD) Richard Burr (R-NC) 111th Congress The Committee was chaired by Democrat Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts until his death on August 25, 2009. Under seniority rules, Acting Chairman Christopher Dodd was next in line, but chose instead to remain chairman of the Senate Banking Committee. Tom Harkin, next in line for seniority, assumed the chairmanship on September 9, 2009, vacating his post as chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee. Majority Minority Ted Kennedy, Massachusetts, Chair, until August 25, 2009 Tom Harkin, Iowa, Chairman, from September 9, 2009 Chris Dodd, Connecticut, Acting chair, August 25, 2009 – September 9, 2009 Barbara Mikulski, Maryland Jeff Bingaman, New Mexico Patty Murray, Washington Jack Reed, Rhode Island Bernie Sanders, Vermont Bob Casey, Pennsylvania Kay Hagan, North Carolina Jeff Merkley, Oregon Al Franken, Minnesota Michael Bennet, Colorado Carte Goodwin, West Virginia, July 2010 – November 2010 Joe Manchin, West Virginia, from November 2010 Mike Enzi, Wyoming, Ranking Member Judd Gregg, New Hampshire Lamar Alexander, Tennessee Richard Burr, North Carolina Johnny Isakson, Georgia John McCain, Arizona Orrin Hatch, Utah Lisa Murkowski, Alaska Tom Coburn, Oklahoma Pat Roberts, Kansas Source: 2010 Congressional Record, Vol. 156, Page S6226 , Subcommittee Chair Ranking Member Subcommittee on Children and Families Chris Dodd (D-CT) Lamar Alexander (R-TN) Subcommittee on Employment and Workplace Safety Patty Murray (D-WA) Johnny Isakson (R-GA) Subcommittee on Retirement and Aging Barbara Mikulski (D-MD) Richard Burr (R-NC) 112th Congress The chairman of the committee is Democrat Tom Harkin of Iowa, and the Ranking Member is Republican Mike Enzi of Wyoming .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor,_and_Pensions
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_164009241#10_180963998
Title: United States abortion-rights movement - Wikipedia Headings: United States abortion-rights movement United States abortion-rights movement Contents Overview History Roe vs. Wade Organizations and individuals Planned Parenthood NARAL Pro-Choice America The National Abortion Federation Religious organizations in support of the abortion rights movement Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice (RCRC) Catholics for Choice See also References Further reading Books Articles and journals External links Content: In the US childbirth carries a risk of death about 14 times higher than abortion. The Democratic Party 's platform endorses the abortion-rights position, stating that abortion should be "safe and legal". Not all Democrats agree with the platform, however, and there is a small anti-abortion faction within the party, expressed in such groups as Democrats for Life of America. Similarly, there is a small abortion-rights faction within the Republican Party. The Libertarian Party platform holds "that government should be kept out of the matter" of abortion. Roe vs. Wade Roe vs. Wade was an essential court case in the U.S abortion rights movement. The case was first tried in June of 1970 by a Texas district court. The court ruled that Texas’ law for abortions was unconstitutional and was appealed to the United States Supreme Court. This particular law made it a crime to have an abortion unless the mother’s life would be in danger if she had the child. This issue was brought to the U.S Supreme Court when a woman in Texas by the name of Norma McCorvey wanted to get an abortion.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_abortion-rights_movement
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_166494523#16_183043985
Title: 2008 United States elections - Wikipedia Headings: 2008 United States elections 2008 United States elections From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2008 United States elections Contents Federal races President United States Senate United States House of Representatives State races Governors State legislatures Initiatives and referenda References Further reading External links Content: online Bligh, Michelle C., and Jeffrey C. Kohles. " The enduring allure of charisma: How Barack Obama won the historic 2008 presidential election." The Leadership Quarterly (2009) 20#3 pp: 483-492. online Campbell, James E. "An exceptional election: Performance, values, and crisis in the 2008 presidential election." The Forum (2009) Vol. 6. No.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_elections,_2008
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_166494523#17_183044928
Title: 2008 United States elections - Wikipedia Headings: 2008 United States elections 2008 United States elections From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2008 United States elections Contents Federal races President United States Senate United States House of Representatives State races Governors State legislatures Initiatives and referenda References Further reading External links Content: online Campbell, James E. "An exceptional election: Performance, values, and crisis in the 2008 presidential election." The Forum (2009) Vol. 6. No. 4. online Crotty, William J. Winning the presidency 2008 (Routledge, 2015). Jacobson, Gary C. "The 2008 Presidential and Congressional Elections: Anti‐Bush Referendum and Prospects for the Democratic Majority." Political Science Quarterly (2009) 124#1 pp:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_elections,_2008
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_168370146#27_184272174
Title: United States involvement in regime change - Wikipedia Headings: United States involvement in regime change United States involvement in regime change From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Pre-1887 interventions 1800s 1805: Tripolitania 1846–1848 Annexation of Texas and invasion of California 1860s 1865–1867: Mexico 1887–1912: U.S. Empire, Expansionism, and the Roosevelt Administration 1880s 1887–1889: Samoa 1890s 1893: Kingdom of Hawaii 1900s 1903: Panama 1903–1925: Honduras 1906–1909: Cuba 1909–1910: Nicaragua 1912–1941: The Wilson administration, World War I, and the interwar period 1910s 1912–1933: Nicaragua 1913–1919: Mexico 1915–1934: Haiti 1916–1924: Dominican Republic 1917–1919: Germany 1917–1920: Austria-Hungary 1918–1920: Russia 1941–1945: World War II and the aftermath 1940s 1941: Panama 1941–1952: Japan 1941–1949: Germany 1941–1946: Italy 1944–1946: France 1944–1945: Belgium 1944–1945: Netherlands 1944–1945: Philippines 1945–1955: Austria 1945–1991: The Cold War 1940s 1945–1948: South Korea 1945–1949: China 1947–1949: Greece 1947–1970s: Italy 1948: Costa Rica 1949–1953: Albania 1949: Syria 1950s 1950–1953: Burma and China 1950–1953: Korea 1952: Egypt 1952–1953: Iran 1953–1958: Cuba 1954: Guatemala 1954: Paraguay 1956–1957: Syria 1957–1959: Indonesia 1958: Lebanon 1959–1963: South Vietnam 1959: Iraq 1959–2000: Cuba 1960s 1960–1965: Congo-Leopoldville 1960: Laos 1961: Dominican Republic 1961–1975: Laos 1961–1964: Brazil 1963: Iraq 1965–1966: Dominican Republic 1965–1967: Indonesia 1967–1975: Cambodia 1970s 1970–1973: Chile 1971: Bolivia 1973: Uruguay 1974–1991: Ethiopia 1975–1991: Angola 1977: Zaire 1978: Zaire 1979–1993: Cambodia 1979–1989: Afghanistan 1980s 1980–1989: Poland 1980–1992: El Salvador 1981–1982: Chad 1981–1990: Nicaragua 1983: Grenada 1989–1994: Panama 1991–present: Post-Cold War 1990s 1991: Iraq 1991: Haiti 1992–1996: Iraq 1994–1995: Haiti 1996–1997: Zaire 1997–1998: Indonesia 2000s 2000: Yugoslavia 2003–2011: Iraq 2004: Haiti 2006–2007: Palestinian territories 2005–2017: Syria 2007: Iran 2009: Honduras 2010s 2011: Libya 2015–present: Yemen 2019: Venezuela Impact See also Notes Bibliography Content: Samoan Civil War, Samoan crisis, and Second Samoan Civil War In the 1880s, Samoa was a monarchy with two rival claimants to the throne, Malietoa Laupepa or Mata'afa Iosefo. The Samoan crisis was a confrontation between the United States, Germany and Great Britain from 1887 to 1889, with the powers backing rival claimants to the throne of the Samoan Islands which became the First Samoan Civil War. The powers eventually agreed that Laupepa would become king. After the powers withdrew, the civil war went on until 1894, when Laupepa secured his power. 1890s 1893: Kingdom of Hawaii Main articles: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom and Republic of Hawaii Anti-monarchs, mostly Americans, in Hawaii, engineered the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. On January 17, 1893, the native monarch, Queen Lili'uokalani, was overthrown. Hawaii was initially reconstituted as an independent republic, but the ultimate goal of the action was the annexation of the islands to the Unite
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_168610370#0_184275955
Title: United States involvement in regime change in Latin America - Wikipedia Headings: United States involvement in regime change in Latin America United States involvement in regime change in Latin America From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents History Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela See also References Content: United States involvement in regime change in Latin America - Wikipedia United States involvement in regime change in Latin America From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search United States involvement in regime change in Latin America History of US expansion and influence American imperialism American exceptionalism v t e Participation of the United States in regime change in Latin America involved US-backed coups d'état aimed at replacing left-wing leaders with right-wing leaders, military juntas, or other authoritarian regimes. Lesser intervention of economic and military variety was prevalent during the Cold War in line with the Truman Doctrine of containment, but regime change involvement would increase after the drafting of NSC 68 [Full Document] which advocated for more aggressive combating of potential Soviet allies. Several instances of intervention and regime change occurred during the early-20th-century "Banana Republic" era of Latin American history to promote American business interests in the region. United States influenced regime change in this period of Latin American history started after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in the wake of the Spanish-American War. Cuba gained its independence, while Puerto Rico and the Philippines were occupied by the United States. Expansive and imperialist U.S. foreign policy combined with new economic prospects led to increased U.S. intervention in Latin America from 1898 to the early 1930s. Contents 1 History 1.1 Argentina 1.2 Bolivia 1.3 Brazil 1.4 Chile 1.5 Costa Rica 1.6 Cuba 1.7 Dominican Republic 1.8 El Salvador 1.9 Guatemala 1.10 Nicaragua 1.11 Panama 1.12 Paraguay 1.13 Peru 1.14 Uruguay 1.15 Venezuela 2 See also 3 References History Argentina See also: National Reorganization Process, Dirty War, 1976 Argentine coup d'état, and Argentine economic crisis Jorge Rafael Videla meeting Jimmy Carter in 1977 In Argentina, military forces overthrew the democratically elected President Isabel Perón in the 1976 Argentine coup d'état, starting the military dictatorship of General Jorge Rafael Videla, known as the National Reorganization Process, resulting in around 30,000 forced disappearances. Both the coup and the following authoritarian regime was eagerly endorsed and supported by the United States government with US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger paying several official visits to Argentina during the dictatorship. Among the many human rights violations committed during the period were extrajudicial arrests, mass executions, torture, rape, disappearances of political prisoners and dissenters, and illegal relocations of children born from pregnant women (both pregnant before their imprisonment or made pregnant by the continuous rape).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change_in_Latin_America
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_173879694#4_187802977
Title: 2008 United States presidential election in Iowa - Wikipedia Headings: 2008 United States presidential election in Iowa 2008 United States presidential election in Iowa From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Caucuses Democratic caucuses History Process Delegate allocation Polls Results Caucus results District convention results Analysis Republican caucuses 2008 Iowa Republican caucuses Process The Ames Straw Poll Pre-caucus polls Results General election Predictions Polling Fundraising Advertising and visits Analysis Results By county By congressional district Electors See also References External links Content: The caucus marked the traditional and formal start of the delegate selection process for the 2008 United States presidential election, and the process in which members of the Democratic Party gathered to make policy decisions. Iowa state law mandates that its caucus must be held at least eight days before any other meeting, caucus, or primary for the presidential nominating process. Therefore, the Iowa Caucuses have always been traditionally the leading state in the nominating process. Not only did controversy brew between the candidates, but the caucuses themselves drew a large amount of media attention. The decisions of the Iowans often affect the rest of the campaign season. Barack Obama's victory in Iowa helped establish him as one of the Democratic frontrunners of 2008 and was a first step toward his eventual nomination. Process The caucuses followed the regular procedures of the Democratic Party process. Any voter who was a registered Democrat and a resident of Iowa was eligible to participate in the event. Individuals could have chosen to register or change their party affiliation at the door. It was estimated that 60 percent of the caucusgoers would have attended the caucuses for the first time.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Iowa,_2008
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_173879694#5_187805068
Title: 2008 United States presidential election in Iowa - Wikipedia Headings: 2008 United States presidential election in Iowa 2008 United States presidential election in Iowa From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Caucuses Democratic caucuses History Process Delegate allocation Polls Results Caucus results District convention results Analysis Republican caucuses 2008 Iowa Republican caucuses Process The Ames Straw Poll Pre-caucus polls Results General election Predictions Polling Fundraising Advertising and visits Analysis Results By county By congressional district Electors See also References External links Content: Barack Obama's victory in Iowa helped establish him as one of the Democratic frontrunners of 2008 and was a first step toward his eventual nomination. Process The caucuses followed the regular procedures of the Democratic Party process. Any voter who was a registered Democrat and a resident of Iowa was eligible to participate in the event. Individuals could have chosen to register or change their party affiliation at the door. It was estimated that 60 percent of the caucusgoers would have attended the caucuses for the first time. All of the caucusgoers met in public buildings or schools in their respective precincts and divided themselves into groups; each group represented a candidate. The voting was done publicly ( viva voce ). To be viable, each preference group/candidate must have had at least 15 percent of the caucusgoers' votes. If a candidate received less than 15 percent of the caucusgoers' votes, then the supporters of that non-viable candidate had 30 minutes to join a viable candidate's group, join another non-viable candidate's group to make the candidate viable, join an uncommitted group, or choose not to be counted as a voter.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Iowa,_2008
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_174188704#1_188025805
Title: 1984 United States presidential election in Minnesota - Wikipedia Headings: 1984 United States presidential election in Minnesota 1984 United States presidential election in Minnesota Main article: 1984 United States presidential election Contents Results Results by county See also References Content: Although Mondale won only twenty of the state's 87 counties – making Reagan the only presidential nominee to win a majority of counties in every state – his large majorities in the heavily unionized Iron Range of the northeast overbalanced Reagan's majorities in the more Republican west of the state. Since the Republican Reagan won all 49 other states in 1984, this established Minnesota's status as the state with the longest streak of voting Democratic. As of the 2020 presidential election [update] , it still has not voted for a Republican presidential candidate since Richard Nixon carried it when he was re-elected in 1972. However, the District of Columbia has voted Democratic in all presidential elections since 1964, when it was first granted the right to vote for president. As of 2020, only five of the 20 counties Mondale won in 1984 were won by either Hillary Clinton in 2016 or Joe Biden in 2020. Some examples of counties that have been lost to the Republican Party include those after 1996 ( Anoka County ), after 2008 ( Aitkin County ), or after 2012 ( Itasca County ). Minnesota regenerated as a left-leaning force in the 1990s, late 2000s and early 2010s, but has been more competitive for the Republicans in the 21st century, ironically with many former Mondale counties. Mondale and former President Jimmy Carter celebrate at 1976 Democratic National Convention in New York City. When Reagan was asked in December 1984 what he wanted for Christmas, he joked, "Well, Minnesota would have been nice". Contents 1 Results 1.1 Results by county 2 See also 3 References Results 1984 United States presidential election in Minnesota Party Candidate Votes Percentage Electoral votes Democratic Walter Mondale 1,036,364 49.72% 10 Republican Ronald Reagan ( incumbent ) 1,032,603 49.54% 0 Independent Democrat Lyndon LaRouche 3,865 0.19% 0 Socialist Workers Melvin Mason 3,180 0.15% 0 Libertarian David Bergland 2,996 0.14% 0 America First Bob Richards 2,377 0.11% 0 Citizens Sonia Johnson 1,219 0.06% 0 Write-ins Write-ins 723 0.03% 0 Communist Gus Hall 630 0.03% 0 Workers League Edward Winn 260 0.01% 0 New Alliance Dennis Serrette 232 0.01% 0 Invalid or blank votes — Totals 2,084,449 100.00% 10 Voter turnout 68% — Results by county County Walter Frederick Mondale Democratic Ronald Wilson Reagan Republican Various candidates Other parties Margin Total votes cast # % # % # % # % Aitkin 3,943 53.17% 3,422 46.14% 51 0.69% 521 7.03% 7,416 Anoka 50,305 51.63% 46,578 47.80% 557 0.57% 3,727 3.82% 97,440 Becker 5,456 41.65% 7,553 57.65% 92 0.70% -2,097 -16.01% 13,101 Beltrami 7,481 49.88% 7,414 49.43% 103 0.69% 67 0.45% 14,998 Benton 4,922 41.42% 6,830 57.48% 131 1.10% -1,908 -16.06% 11,883 Big Stone 1,994 51.83% 1,821 47.34% 32 0.83% 173 4.50% 3,847 Blue Earth 11,877 45.08% 14,298 54.27% 172 0.65% -2,421 -9.19% 26,347 Brown 4,469 34.44% 8,399 64.72% 109 0.84% -3,930 -30.28% 12,977 Carlton 9,189 64.70% 4,877 34.34% 137 0.96% 4,312 30.36% 14,203 Carver 6,725 35.75% 11,963 63.60% 121 0.64% -5,238 -27.85% 18,809 Cass 4,773 41.61% 6,619 57.71% 78 0.68% -1,846 -16.09% 11,470 Chippewa 3,047 43.01% 3,964 55.95% 74 1.04% -917 -12.94% 7,085 Chisago 6,683 51.21% 6,279 48.12% 87 0.67% 404 3.10% 13,049 Clay 10,294 46.84% 11,565 52.62% 119 0.54% -1,271 -5.78% 21,978 Clearwater 1,917 47.63% 2,066 51.33% 42 1.04% -149 -3.70% 4,025 Cook 1,129 47.82% 1,219 51.63% 13 0.55% -90 -3.81% 2,361 Cottonwood 3,073 41.61% 4,275 57.89% 37 0.50% -1,202 -16.28% 7,385 Crow Wing 8,719 43.10% 11,362 56.16% 151 0.75% -2,643 -13.06% 20,232 Dakota 49,125 46.83% 55,119 52.54% 667 0.64% -5,994 -5.71% 104,911 Dodge 2,786 38.36% 4,428 60.97% 48 0.66% -1,642 -22.61% 7,262 Douglas 5,444 37.43% 9,005 61.92% 94 0.65% -3,561 -24.49% 14,543 Faribault 3,993 41.01% 5,690 58.44% 53 0.54% -1,697 -17.43% 9,736 Fillmore 4,351 40.44% 6,342 58.94% 67 0.62% -1,991 -18.50% 10,760 Freeborn 9,338 52.26% 8,413 47.09% 116 0.65% 925 5.18% 17,867 Goodhue 8,679 43.44% 11,171 55.92% 128 0.64% -2,492 -12.47% 19,978 Grant 1,867 46.73% 2,111 52.84% 17 0.43% -244 -6.11% 3,995 Hennepin 272,401 51.47% 253,921 47.98% 2,912 0.55% 18,480 3.49% 529,234 Houston 3,512 37.99% 5,645 61.06% 88 0.95% -2,133 -23.07% 9,245 Hubbard 2,806 37.50% 4,621 61.76% 55 0.74% -1,815 -24.26% 7,482 Isanti 5,378 48.38% 5,660 50.91% 79 0.71% -282 -2.54% 11,117 Itasca 11,455 54.68% 9,306 44.42% 187 0.89% 2,149 10.26% 20,948 Jackson 3,437 51.89% 3,131 47.27% 55 0.83% 306 4.62% 6,623 Kanabec 2,660 46.47% 3,027 52.88% 37 0.65% -367 -6.41% 5,724 Kandiyohi 8,402 46.41% 9,539 52.69% 163 0.90% -1,137 -6.28% 18,104 Kittson 1,610 48.07% 1,716 51.24% 23 0.69% -106 -3.17% 3,349 Koochiching 4,238 54.74% 3,466 44.77% 38 0.49% 772 9.97% 7,742 Lac qui Parle 2,685 48.84% 2,731 49.68% 81 1.47% -46 -0.84% 5,497 Lake 4,468 68.43% 2,003 30.68% 58 0.89% 2,465 37.75% 6,529 Lake of the Woods 824 42.47% 1,094 56.39% 22 1.13% -270 -13.92% 1,940 Le Sueur 5,070 45.47% 6,033 54.10% 48 0.43% -963 -8.64% 11,151 Lincoln 1,827 48.04% 1,905 50.09% 71 1.87% -78 -2.05% 3,803 Lyon 5,389 42.57% 7,170 56.64% 100 0.79% -1,781 -14.07% 12,659 Mahnomen 1,241 47.79% 1,328 51.14% 28 1.08% -87 -3.35% 2,597 Marshall 2,705 43.58% 3,433 55.31% 69 1.11% -728 -11.73% 6,207 Martin 4,673 38.80% 7,308 60.67% 64 0.53% -2,635 -21.88% 12,045 McLeod 4,864 35.43% 8,728 63.58% 135 0.98% -3,864 -28.15% 13,727 Meeker 4,156 42.76% 5,511 56.70% 53 0.55% -1,355 -13.94% 9,720 Mille Lacs 4,011 47.92% 4,307 51.45% 53 0.63% -296 -3.54% 8,371 Morrison 6,225 44.85% 7,556 54.44% 99 0.71% -1,331 -9.59% 13,880 Mower 12,498 60.53% 8,054 39.01% 95 0.46% 4,444 21.52% 20,647 Murray 2,741 49.17% 2,780 49.87% 54 0.97% -39 -0.70% 5,575 Nicollet 5,789 43.37% 7,472 55.97% 88 0.66% -1,683 -12.61% 13,349 Nobles 4,619 48.09% 4,876 50.77% 110 1.15% -257 -2.68% 9,605 Norman 2,202 50.31% 2,152 49.17% 23 0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota,_1984
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_177654264#11_191185902
Title: United States v. Lara - Wikipedia Headings: United States v. Lara United States v. Lara From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Background History Major Crimes Act Duro v. Reina Arrest Procedural history Trial courts Court of Appeals Supreme Court Arguments United States Lara Opinion of the Court Concurrences Justice Stevens Justice Kennedy Justice Thomas Dissent Subsequent developments Release of Lara Law reviews Books and media See also Notes References Further reading External links Content: Lara moved to dismiss the charge based on double jeopardy and other constitutional grounds. The Federal District Court, with Magistrate Judge Alice R. Senechal sitting by consent, denied the motions and Lara entered a conditional guilty plea, reserving the right to appeal. Senechal noted that two other trial courts in the circuit had already ruled that double jeopardy did not apply, that the ICRA only recognized the inherent sovereignty of the tribes and did not delegate prosecutorial power to the tribe. She further noted that another circuit court had ruled the same way. Lara also argued that the Petite doctrine, if applied, would preclude his prosecution, and that since it was never applied to federal prosecutions following convictions in tribal court, it discriminated against Indians. Senechal denied this motion, noting that Lara had shown no examples of other races not being prosecuted for like offenses. Court of Appeals Lara appealed the denial of his motion to dismiss to the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, arguing that the Tribal Court obtained its authority from the ICRA, an act of Congress, and that both the Tribal Court and the Federal Court derived their power from the same sovereign. A three-judge panel of the Circuit Court affirmed the decision of the District Court, holding that the tribe derived its power from its own retained sovereignty that was separate from the sovereignty of the United States. The Eighth Circuit's panel noted that in the Duro decision, the Supreme Court had observed that Congress could address the jurisdictional system, which Congress did. When Congress amended the ICRA, they were addressing a federal common law issue, not a constitutional issue, and were within their authority to recognize the sovereignty of the tribes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Lara
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_178572967#4_192107404
Title: United States v. Winans - Wikipedia Headings: United States v. Winans United States v. Winans Contents Background Legal analysis Dissent Influence Ensuing opposition Indian response Self-determination era See also References External links Content: In 1905, the Supreme Court reaffirmed the off-reservation fishing rights possessed by the Yakama tribe: " The right to resort to the fishing places in controversy was a part of larger rights possessed by the Indians, upon the exercise of which there was not a shadow of impediment, and which were not much less necessary to the existence of the Indians than the atmosphere they breathed." Internationally recognized scholar on Native American issues, including tribal sovereignty, N. Bruce Duthu conveys that, although the arrival of settlers on Indian land called for a modification of rights Indians once possessed exclusively, the elimination of said rights was unlawful. Where Congress has inhibited fishing rights reserved under the treaties, or land or mineral rights (also treaty-reserved rights) are limited by private or government actors, tribes are often awarded monetary relief by the courts. Where private projects have obstructed treaty fishing rights, courts within the Ninth Circuit, however, have refused to pay monetary compensation to the tribes. The Indians brought suit to enjoin the respondents from using the fish wheel. The United States Circuit Court for the District of Washington ruled for the respondents on the basis of their exclusive rights to private property. The Supreme Court reversed. Legal analysis The Court looked at the substance of the treaty and construed the disputed language as “that unlettered people understood it". In examining the negotiations with the Yakama nation, which was the largest of the Indian tribes, the District Court found that, "At the treaty council the United States negotiators promised, and the Indians understood, that the Yakamas would forever be able to continue the same off-reservation food gathering and fishing practices as to time, place, method, species and extent as they had or were exercising."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Winans
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_179499837#5_193022360
Title: National debt of the United States - Wikipedia Headings: National debt of the United States National debt of the United States Contents History Valuation and measurement Public and government accounts Accounting treatment Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac obligations excluded Guaranteed obligations excluded Unfunded obligations excluded Measuring debt burden Calculating the annual change in debt Reduction Negative real interest rates Raising reserve requirements and full reserve banking Debt ceiling Debt holdings Foreign holdings Forecasting CBO ten-year outlook 2018–2028 (pre-coronavirus) CBO ten-year outlook 2020-2030 (coronavirus) CBO long-term outlook Risks and debates CBO risk factors Concerns over Chinese holdings of U.S. debt Sustainability Risks to economic growth Interest and debt service costs Definition of public debt Intergenerational equity Credit default Impact of Coronavirus and CARES Act of 2020 Appendix National debt for selected years Interest paid Foreign holders of U.S. Treasury securities Statistics International debt comparisons Recent additions to the public debt of the United States Historical debt ceiling levels State and local government debt See also Notes References Further reading External links Content: History of the United States public debt The amount of U.S. public debt, measured as a percentage of GDP, held by the public since 1900. The United States federal government has continuously had a fluctuating public debt since its formation in 1789, except for about a year during 1835–1836, a period in which the nation, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson, completely paid the national debt. To allow comparisons over the years, public debt is often expressed as a ratio to GDP. The United States public debt as a percentage of GDP reached its highest level during Harry Truman 's first presidential term, during and after World War II. Public debt as a percentage of GDP fell rapidly in the post-World War II period and reached a low in 1974 under Richard Nixon. Debt as a share of GDP has consistently increased since then, except during the presidencies of Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton . Public debt rose sharply during the 1980s, as Ronald Reagan negotiated with Congress to cut tax rates and increase military spending. It fell during the 1990s because of decreased military spending, increased taxes and the 1990s boom. Public debt rose sharply during George W Bush's presidency and in the wake of the 2007–2008 financial crisis, with resulting significant tax revenue declines and spending increases, such as the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. In their September 2018 monthly report published on October 5 and based on data from the Treasury Department's "Daily Treasury Statements" (DTS), the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) wrote that the federal budget deficit was c.$782 billion for the fiscal year 2018—which runs from October 2017 through September 2018.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_states_debt
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_184654005#2_198703288
Title: University and college admission - Wikipedia Headings: University and college admission University and college admission Contents Armenia Australia New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Austria, Switzerland, and Belgium Brazil National Unified Admissions System Admission quotas Canada Post-Secondary Preparation Undergraduate entry Dual admission College vs. university Admissions requirements College Special cases Comparability of admissions Post-graduate entry See also Chile China Finland Germany Greece Hong Kong In the old system HKALE In the new system HKDSE Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel and Palestine Israel Palestine Japan Malta The Netherlands Nigeria Norway Pakistan Portugal Russia Saudi Arabia South Korea Sweden Thailand Turkey United Kingdom Undergraduate entry The application process Factors affecting admission Postgraduate entry United States See also References External links Content: The admission to the private universities defer dependent upon the policies of each private institution. Australia As Australia uses a Federal system of government, responsibility for education, and admission to Technical and Further Education colleges and undergraduate degrees at universities for domestic students, are in the domain of state and territory government (see Education in Australia ). All states except Tasmania have centralized processing units for admission to undergraduate degrees for citizens of Australia and New Zealand, and for Australian permanent residents; however applications for international and postgraduate students are usually accepted by individual universities. The Australian government operates the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (This has been replaced by the very similar HECS-HELP - Higher Education Loan Program) for undergraduate students, so admission is rarely limited by prospective students' ability to pay up-front. All states use a system that awards the recipient with an ATAR, and the award of an International Baccalaureate meets the minimum requirements for admission in every state. ATARs are awarded based on the level of attainment in each State's individual secondary schooling exams (such as the NSW HSC ). For individuals without an ATAR, or recent secondary schooling certificate, the Special Tertiary Admissions Test is used as the standard test to provide an ATAR. The maximum possible ATAR is 99.95, indicating that the student has achieved better than 99.95% of their peers. New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory The Universities Admissions Centre (UAC) processes applications for admission to most undergraduate courses at participating institutions, mainly in NSW and the ACT.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_and_college_admission
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_206160046#0_220070855
Title: Upper Mississippi River - Wikipedia Headings: Upper Mississippi River Upper Mississippi River Contents History Characteristics Ecology Navigation Expansion proposals for locks List of pools and locks See also References External links Content: Upper Mississippi River - Wikipedia Upper Mississippi River From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search For the wine region, see Upper Mississippi Valley AVA. Upper Mississippi River The Upper Mississippi River near Harpers Ferry, Iowa Location Country US, Canada Physical characteristics Source • location Lake Itasca, Minnesota • coordinates 47°15′11″N 95°12′43″W  /  47.253°N 95.212°W  / 47.253; -95.212 • elevation 450 m (1,480 ft) Mouth • location St. Louis, Missouri (flows into the Middle Mississippi) Length 1,300 miles (2092.147 km) Basin size 490,000 km 2 (190,000 sq mi) Discharge • average 5,796 m 3 /s (204,700 cu ft/s) Barge going under the Mississippi River Bridge (La Crosse, Wisconsin) The Upper Mississippi River is the portion of the Mississippi River upstream of St. Louis, Missouri, United States, at the confluence of its main tributary, the Missouri River. Contents 1 History 2 Characteristics 3 Ecology 4 Navigation 5 Expansion proposals for locks 6 List of pools and locks 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History In terms of geologic and hydrographic history, the Upper Mississippi east and south of Fort Snelling is a portion of the now-extinct Glacial River Warren which carved the valley of the Minnesota River, permitting the immense Glacial Lake Agassiz to join the world's oceans at the Gulf of Mexico. The collapse of ice dams holding back Glacial Lake Duluth and Glacial Lake Grantsburg carved out the Dalles of the St. Croix River at Interstate Park. The Upper Mississippi River valley likely originated as an ice-marginal stream during the Pre-Illinoian Stage. The Driftless Area is a portion of North America left unglaciated at that ice age's height, hence not smoothed out or covered over by previous geological processes. Inasmuch as the Wisconsin glaciation formed lobes that met (and blocked) where the Mississippi now flows, and given that huge amounts of glacial meltwater were flowing into the Driftless Area, and that there is no lakebed, it is assumed that there were instances of ice dams bursting. Characteristics The upper Mississippi River valley upstream from Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin The Upper Mississippi from below St. Anthony Falls ( Minneapolis, Minnesota) downstream to St. Paul, Minnesota is a gorge with high limestone bluffs carved by the waterfall. Upstream of the waterfall the land slopes gently to rivers edge.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Mississippi_River
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_209699797#11_224201639
Title: Urban growth boundary - Wikipedia Headings: Urban growth boundary Urban growth boundary Contents History Places with urban growth boundaries Albania Australia Canada China Hong Kong France New Zealand South Africa United Kingdom United States See also References External links Content: This was a response to a short-lived law in the late 1990s allowing almost any group of people in the state to form their own city). Every county in the state (except those with consolidated city-county governments) has to set a "planned growth area" for each of its municipalities, which defines how far out services such as water and sewer will go. In the Memphis area, annexation reserves have been created for all municipalities in the county. These are areas that have been set aside for a particular municipality to annex in the future. Cities cannot annex land outside of these reserves, so in effect the urban growth boundaries are along the borders of these annexation reserves. Additionally, new cities are only allowed to incorporate in areas determined to be planned for urban growth. California requires each county to have a Local Agency Formation Commission, which sets urban growth boundaries for each city and town in the county. States such as Texas use the delineation of extraterritorial jurisdictional boundaries to map out future city growth with the idea of minimizing competitive annexations rather than controlling growth. Notable U.S. cities which have adopted UGBs include Portland, Oregon; Boulder, Colorado;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Growth_Boundary
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_209699797#12_224203362
Title: Urban growth boundary - Wikipedia Headings: Urban growth boundary Urban growth boundary Contents History Places with urban growth boundaries Albania Australia Canada China Hong Kong France New Zealand South Africa United Kingdom United States See also References External links Content: Additionally, new cities are only allowed to incorporate in areas determined to be planned for urban growth. California requires each county to have a Local Agency Formation Commission, which sets urban growth boundaries for each city and town in the county. States such as Texas use the delineation of extraterritorial jurisdictional boundaries to map out future city growth with the idea of minimizing competitive annexations rather than controlling growth. Notable U.S. cities which have adopted UGBs include Portland, Oregon; Boulder, Colorado; Honolulu, Hawaii; Virginia Beach, Virginia; Lexington, Kentucky; Seattle, Washington; Knoxville, Tennessee;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Growth_Boundary
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_210673351#4_225305027
Title: Urban planner - Wikipedia Headings: Urban planner Urban planner Contents Responsibilities Land use planning Strategic urban planning Regional planning Heritage and conservation Urban Revitalization Master planning Transportation planning Economic development Environmental planning Urban design Infrastructure planning Education and training Urban planners by nation Canada Greece India Israel Mexico New Zealand Nigeria South Africa United Kingdom United States Palestine Urban planning in media See also Footnotes Further reading External links Content: An urban planner will be tasked with considering the proposal and determining whether it complies with the intent and the specific provisions of the applicable planning instruments and zoning plans. Depending on the jurisdiction, the urban planner may have authority to determine the proposal; otherwise the planner will present a recommendation to the decision-maker, often a panel of non-planners (for example, the elected council of a local government). While concerned with future development, an urban planner will occasionally be responsible for investigating development or land use which had been undertaken without authorization. In many jurisdictions urban planners can require that unauthorized land use cease and unauthorized development is returned to its predevelopment condition; or alternatively retrospectively approve the unauthorized development or land use. Strategic urban planning In order to plan effectively for long-term development and growth, an urban planner will be responsible for the preparation of a strategic plan (also known in different jurisdictions by names such as development plan, core strategy, comprehensive plan, planning strategy, structure plan, etc.). Strategic urban planning sets the high-level goals and growth principles for a jurisdiction, which will in turn inform the preparation and amendment of the legal planning instruments within that jurisdiction. Regional planning Main article: Regional planning Regional planning deals with the planning of land use, infrastructure and settlement growth over a geographical area which extends to a whole city or beyond.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planner
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_210673351#5_225307404
Title: Urban planner - Wikipedia Headings: Urban planner Urban planner Contents Responsibilities Land use planning Strategic urban planning Regional planning Heritage and conservation Urban Revitalization Master planning Transportation planning Economic development Environmental planning Urban design Infrastructure planning Education and training Urban planners by nation Canada Greece India Israel Mexico New Zealand Nigeria South Africa United Kingdom United States Palestine Urban planning in media See also Footnotes Further reading External links Content: or alternatively retrospectively approve the unauthorized development or land use. Strategic urban planning In order to plan effectively for long-term development and growth, an urban planner will be responsible for the preparation of a strategic plan (also known in different jurisdictions by names such as development plan, core strategy, comprehensive plan, planning strategy, structure plan, etc.). Strategic urban planning sets the high-level goals and growth principles for a jurisdiction, which will in turn inform the preparation and amendment of the legal planning instruments within that jurisdiction. Regional planning Main article: Regional planning Regional planning deals with the planning of land use, infrastructure and settlement growth over a geographical area which extends to a whole city or beyond. In this sense, the urban planner's role is to consider urban planning at a macro scale. Regional planning is not concerned with planning at the local (neighborhood) level. Heritage and conservation An urban planner may be responsible for identifying, protecting and conserving / restoring buildings and places which are identified by a community as having cultural heritage significance. This may include the task of compiling and maintaining a heritage register, finding and making available incentives for encouraging conservation works, and the consideration of proposals to redevelop or use a heritage-listed place. Urban Revitalization As urban areas decline, an urban planner may be tasked with preparing a plan for the redevelopment of an urban area.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planner
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_238117967#1_257037158
Title: Value-action gap - Wikipedia Headings: Value-action gap Value-action gap Contents Development of the term Summary Application Key issues Factors that affect behavior Information deficit Barriers to behavior See also References Content: Pro-environmental behavior is a term often used in the literature, which can be defined as behavior that consciously seeks to minimize the negative impact of one's actions on the natural and built world. Research on the factors that influence behavior, however, have received far less attention than institutional actors such as governments and industries. The research suggests that there are many internal and external factors that affect behavior and the reasons behind consumer choices. Therefore, it can be difficult to identify the exact reasons for why this gap exists. When purchasing a product for example, many attributes are assessed by the purchaser in order to make their decision such as; price, quality, convenience, and brand familiarity. These factors influence the reasons behind buying behavior and environmental considerations are often not taken into account, regardless of the attitudes people have regarding the environment. Overcoming this gap is of particular importance for environmental policies as finding ways to overcome it should increase the effectiveness of these strategies. This would lead to a fundamental shift in behavior towards the environment and individuals’ use of natural resources, ensuring sustainable development and conservation of the environment. When considering the importance of individual behavior, it has been stated that national policies and major energy transformations often take decades to change locked-in infrastructure and institutions, but behavioral shifts have the potential to be more rapid and widespread.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value-action_gap
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_238117967#2_257039158
Title: Value-action gap - Wikipedia Headings: Value-action gap Value-action gap Contents Development of the term Summary Application Key issues Factors that affect behavior Information deficit Barriers to behavior See also References Content: price, quality, convenience, and brand familiarity. These factors influence the reasons behind buying behavior and environmental considerations are often not taken into account, regardless of the attitudes people have regarding the environment. Overcoming this gap is of particular importance for environmental policies as finding ways to overcome it should increase the effectiveness of these strategies. This would lead to a fundamental shift in behavior towards the environment and individuals’ use of natural resources, ensuring sustainable development and conservation of the environment. When considering the importance of individual behavior, it has been stated that national policies and major energy transformations often take decades to change locked-in infrastructure and institutions, but behavioral shifts have the potential to be more rapid and widespread. Additionally, individual behavior ultimately drives societal change via adoption of lifestyle changes and technologies, and support for environmental policies. Contents 1 Development of the term 1.1 Summary 2 Application 3 Key issues 3.1 Factors that affect behavior 3.2 Information deficit 3.3 Barriers to behavior 4 See also 5 References Development of the term Summary Theories regarding reasoned action state how attitudes shape and influence behavioral intention, which in term shape actions. The theory of reasoned action states that behavioral intention is dependent on attitudes surrounding that behavior and social norms. This means that a person acts or behaves in a way that correlates to their attitudes towards that behavior. Therefore, a person's voluntary behavior can be predicted by his/her attitudes and values on that behavior.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value-action_gap
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_238483975#2_257273872
Title: Value (economics) - Wikipedia Headings: Value (economics) Value (economics) Contents Overview Explanations Connected concepts See also References Content: The difference between the value to the consumer and the market price is called " consumer surplus ". It is easy to see situations where the actual value is considerably larger than the market price: purchase of drinking water is one example. Contents 1 Overview 2 Explanations 3 Connected concepts 4 See also 5 References Overview The economic value of a good or service has puzzled economists since the beginning of the discipline. First, economists tried to estimate the value of a good to an individual alone, and extend that definition to goods that can be exchanged. From this analysis came the concepts value in use and value in exchange. Value is linked to price through the mechanism of exchange. When an economist observes an exchange, two important value functions are revealed: those of the buyer and seller. Just as the buyer reveals what he is willing to pay for a certain amount of a good, so too does the seller reveal what it costs him to give up the good.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_%28economics%29
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_238502973#1_257288318
Title: Value (marketing) - Wikipedia Headings: Value (marketing) Value (marketing) References Content: Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (July 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Marketing Marketing Marketing management Key concepts Distribution Pricing Retail Service Activation Brand licensing Brand management Co-creation Dominance Effectiveness Ethics Promotion Segmentation Strategy Account-based marketing Digital marketing Product marketing Social marketing Influencer marketing Attribution Annoyance factor Horizontal integration Vertical integration Promotional content Advertising Branding Corporate anniversary Direct marketing Loyalty marketing Mobile marketing On-hold messaging Personal selling Premiums Prizes Product placement Propaganda Publicity Sales promotion Sex in advertising Underwriting spot Promotional media Behavioral targeting Brand ambassador Display advertising Drip marketing In-game advertising Mobile advertising Native advertising New media Online advertising Out-of-home advertising Point of sale Product demonstration Promotional merchandise Visual merchandising Web banner Word-of-mouth Research Market research Marketing research Mystery shopping v t e Value in marketing, also known as customer-perceived value, is the difference between a prospective customer's evaluation of the benefits and costs of one product when compared with others. Value may also be expressed as a straightforward relationship between perceived benefits and perceived costs: Value = Benefits - Cost . The basic underlying concept of value in marketing is human needs. The basic human needs may include food, shelter, belonging, love, and self expression. Both culture and individual personality shape human needs in what is known as wants. When wants are backed by buying power, they become demands . With a consumers' wants and resources (financial ability), they demand products and services with benefits that add up to the most value and satisfaction. The four types of value include:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_%28marketing%29
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_243609761#0_263719039
Title: Vandalism - Wikipedia Headings: Vandalism Vandalism Contents Etymology As a crime Examples Political Motives Reaction of authorities Cybervandalism Defacement As art Graphic design See also References Other References Bibliography External links See also Content: Vandalism - Wikipedia Vandalism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Deliberate damage or defacement of an object or structure This article is about physical vandalism. For the vandalism-related policy on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia: Vandalism. For other uses, see Vandalism (disambiguation). This article includes a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( November 2020) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Vandalised facade and bicycle in Hamburg Vandalism is the action involving deliberate destruction of or damage to public or private property. The term includes property damage, such as graffiti and defacement directed towards any property without permission of the owner. The term finds its roots in an Enlightenment view that the Germanic Vandals were a uniquely destructive people. Vandalism on a street sign Contents 1 Etymology 2 As a crime 2.1 Examples 2.2 Political 2.3 Motives 2.4 Reaction of authorities 2.5 Cybervandalism 3 Defacement 4 As art 4.1 Graphic design 5 See also 6 References 7 Other References 8 Bibliography 9 External links 10 See also Etymology The Vandals sacking Rome The Vandals, an ancient Germanic people, are associated with senseless destruction as a result of their sack of Rome under King Genseric in 455.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_243609761#1_263720968
Title: Vandalism - Wikipedia Headings: Vandalism Vandalism Contents Etymology As a crime Examples Political Motives Reaction of authorities Cybervandalism Defacement As art Graphic design See also References Other References Bibliography External links See also Content: Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( November 2020) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Vandalised facade and bicycle in Hamburg Vandalism is the action involving deliberate destruction of or damage to public or private property. The term includes property damage, such as graffiti and defacement directed towards any property without permission of the owner. The term finds its roots in an Enlightenment view that the Germanic Vandals were a uniquely destructive people. Vandalism on a street sign Contents 1 Etymology 2 As a crime 2.1 Examples 2.2 Political 2.3 Motives 2.4 Reaction of authorities 2.5 Cybervandalism 3 Defacement 4 As art 4.1 Graphic design 5 See also 6 References 7 Other References 8 Bibliography 9 External links 10 See also Etymology The Vandals sacking Rome The Vandals, an ancient Germanic people, are associated with senseless destruction as a result of their sack of Rome under King Genseric in 455. During the Enlightenment, Rome was idealized, while the Goths and Vandals were blamed for its destruction. The Vandals may not have been any more destructive than other invaders of ancient times, but they did inspire British poet John Dryden to write, Till Goths, and Vandals, a rude Northern race, Did all the matchless Monuments deface (1694). However, the Vandals did intentionally damage statues, which may be why their name is associated with the vandalism of art. The term Vandalisme was coined in 1794 by Henri Grégoire, bishop of Blois, to describe the destruction of artwork following the French Revolution. The term was quickly adopted across Europe.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_243609761#3_263724996
Title: Vandalism - Wikipedia Headings: Vandalism Vandalism Contents Etymology As a crime Examples Political Motives Reaction of authorities Cybervandalism Defacement As art Graphic design See also References Other References Bibliography External links See also Content: This new use of the term was important in colouring the perception of the Vandals from later Late Antiquity, popularising the pre-existing idea that they were a barbaric group with a taste for destruction. Historically, vandalism has been justified by painter Gustave Courbet as destruction of monuments symbolizing "war and conquest". Therefore, it is often done as an expression of contempt, creativity, or both. Gustave Courbet 's attempt, during the 1871 Paris Commune, to dismantle the Vendôme column, a symbol of the past Napoleon III authoritarian Empire, was one of the most celebrated events of vandalism. Nietzsche himself would meditate after the Commune on the "fight against culture", taking as example the intentional burning of the Tuileries Palace on 23 May 1871. " The criminal fight against culture is only the reverse side of a criminal culture" wrote Klossowski after quoting Nietzsche. In a proposal to the International Conference for Unification of Criminal Law held in Madrid in 1933, Raphael Lemkin envisaged the creation of two new international crimes (delicta juris gentium ): the crime of barbarity, consisting in the extermination of racial, religious, or social collectivities, and the crime of vandalism, consisting in the destruction of cultural and artistic works of these groups. The proposal was not accepted. As a crime Vandalized shooting stand in Germany Vandalized seat inside a passenger coach on a train. Private citizens commit vandalism when they willfully damage or deface the property of others or the commons.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_243609761#5_263728697
Title: Vandalism - Wikipedia Headings: Vandalism Vandalism Contents Etymology As a crime Examples Political Motives Reaction of authorities Cybervandalism Defacement As art Graphic design See also References Other References Bibliography External links See also Content: Some vandalism may qualify as culture jamming or sniggling: it is thought by some to be artistic in nature even though carried out illegally or without the property owner's permission. Examples include at least some graffiti art, billboard "liberation", and possibly crop circles. Criminal vandalism takes many forms. Graffiti on public property is common in many inner cities as part of a gang culture, where they might be used as territorial markers. More serious forms of vandalism that may take place during public unrest such as rioting can involve the willful destruction of public and private property. Vandalism per se is sometimes considered one of the less serious common crimes, but it can become quite serious and distressing when committed extensively, violently, or as an expression of hatred and intimidation. In response, local governments have adopted various legal measures to prevent vandalism, but research has shown that the conventional strategies employed by the government in response to at least unapproved graffiti are not the most effective. Examples Examples of vandalism include salting lawns, cutting trees without permission, egg throwing, breaking windows, arson, spraying paint on others' properties, tagging, placing glue into locks, tire slashing, keying (scratching) paint, ransacking a property, flooding a house by clogging a sink and leaving the water running, and pulling up plants from the roots without permission. Political Armand Călinescu 's memorial with the bronze plaque stolen and the name of the assassin written over.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_243609761#6_263730724
Title: Vandalism - Wikipedia Headings: Vandalism Vandalism Contents Etymology As a crime Examples Political Motives Reaction of authorities Cybervandalism Defacement As art Graphic design See also References Other References Bibliography External links See also Content: More serious forms of vandalism that may take place during public unrest such as rioting can involve the willful destruction of public and private property. Vandalism per se is sometimes considered one of the less serious common crimes, but it can become quite serious and distressing when committed extensively, violently, or as an expression of hatred and intimidation. In response, local governments have adopted various legal measures to prevent vandalism, but research has shown that the conventional strategies employed by the government in response to at least unapproved graffiti are not the most effective. Examples Examples of vandalism include salting lawns, cutting trees without permission, egg throwing, breaking windows, arson, spraying paint on others' properties, tagging, placing glue into locks, tire slashing, keying (scratching) paint, ransacking a property, flooding a house by clogging a sink and leaving the water running, and pulling up plants from the roots without permission. Political Armand Călinescu 's memorial with the bronze plaque stolen and the name of the assassin written over. In elections, opposing candidates' supporters may engage in "political vandalism"⁠ ⁠— the act of defacing opponents' political posters, bumper stickers, billboards, and other street marketing material. Although the nature of this material is temporary, its effect can be long-lasting as it may reflect both negatively and positively on the candidate whose material is being vandalized as well as on the presumed candidate whose supporters are engaging in the vandalism. In addition, activists may use the tactic of property destruction as means of protest, e.g. by smashing the windows of banks, shops and government institutions and setting fire to cars. This often takes place during riots but can also happen as a stand-alone event, e.g. by animal rights activists destroying property owned by farmers, hunters, biotech companies, and research facilities and setting free animals (which is sometimes referred to as eco-terrorism by opponents). Vandalism is also a common tactic of black blocs.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_243609761#7_263733320
Title: Vandalism - Wikipedia Headings: Vandalism Vandalism Contents Etymology As a crime Examples Political Motives Reaction of authorities Cybervandalism Defacement As art Graphic design See also References Other References Bibliography External links See also Content: In elections, opposing candidates' supporters may engage in "political vandalism"⁠ ⁠— the act of defacing opponents' political posters, bumper stickers, billboards, and other street marketing material. Although the nature of this material is temporary, its effect can be long-lasting as it may reflect both negatively and positively on the candidate whose material is being vandalized as well as on the presumed candidate whose supporters are engaging in the vandalism. In addition, activists may use the tactic of property destruction as means of protest, e.g. by smashing the windows of banks, shops and government institutions and setting fire to cars. This often takes place during riots but can also happen as a stand-alone event, e.g. by animal rights activists destroying property owned by farmers, hunters, biotech companies, and research facilities and setting free animals (which is sometimes referred to as eco-terrorism by opponents). Vandalism is also a common tactic of black blocs. Shopping cart, thrown into a waterway, Netherlands Motives Actions of this kind can be ascribed to anger or envy, or to spontaneous, opportunistic behaviour, possibly for peer acceptance or bravado in gang cultures, or disgruntlement with the target (victim) person or society. Opportunistic vandalism of this nature may also be filmed, the mentality of which can be akin to happy slapping. The large-scale prevalence of gang graffiti in some inner cities has almost made it acceptable to the societies based there, so much so that it may go unnoticed, or not be removed, possibly because it may be a fruitless endeavour, to be graffitied on once again. Greed can motivate vandalism as can some political ideologies, wish to draw attention to problems, frustration, even playfulness. Youngsters, the most common vandals, frequently experience low status and boredom.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_243609761#8_263735662
Title: Vandalism - Wikipedia Headings: Vandalism Vandalism Contents Etymology As a crime Examples Political Motives Reaction of authorities Cybervandalism Defacement As art Graphic design See also References Other References Bibliography External links See also Content: Shopping cart, thrown into a waterway, Netherlands Motives Actions of this kind can be ascribed to anger or envy, or to spontaneous, opportunistic behaviour, possibly for peer acceptance or bravado in gang cultures, or disgruntlement with the target (victim) person or society. Opportunistic vandalism of this nature may also be filmed, the mentality of which can be akin to happy slapping. The large-scale prevalence of gang graffiti in some inner cities has almost made it acceptable to the societies based there, so much so that it may go unnoticed, or not be removed, possibly because it may be a fruitless endeavour, to be graffitied on once again. Greed can motivate vandalism as can some political ideologies, wish to draw attention to problems, frustration, even playfulness. Youngsters, the most common vandals, frequently experience low status and boredom. Vandalism enables powerless people to attack those above them, take control and frighten others. Unpunished vandalism can provide relief which reinforces the behaviour. Vandalism by one person can lead to imitation. Teenage boys and men in their 20s are most likely to vandalize, but older adults and females are also known to sometimes vandalize, with young children occasionally vandalizing, but in a much smaller form, such as making small crayon drawings on walls. Modern graffiti on the Achaemenid era rock relief of Rawansar tomb, Iran Criminological research into vandalism has found that it serves many purposes for those who engage in it and stems from a variety of motives.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_243634009#0_263744913
Title: Vandalism of art - Wikipedia Headings: Vandalism of art Vandalism of art Contents History of the term Methods Acid and paint Knife Smashing and shattering Lipstick Firearms Other tools Repeated vandalism Hans-Joachim Bohlmann Mona Lisa Night Watch The Little Mermaid As political protest See also References Bibliography External links Content: Vandalism of art - Wikipedia Vandalism of art From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is about intentional damage of art. For unintentional damage, see Accidental damage of art. Vandalized cast of Rodin's The Thinker, Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio, US Vandalism of art is intentional damage of an artwork. The object, usually exhibited in public, becomes damaged as a result of the act, and remains in place right after the act. This may distinguish it from art destruction and iconoclasm, where it may be wholly destroyed and removed, and art theft, or looting . Numerous acts of vandalism against art exhibits are known and some objects, such as Mona Lisa, Night Watch and The Little Mermaid, have been intentionally damaged several times. Many vandals were diagnosed with a mental disorder and some, such as Hans-Joachim Bohlmann, had a history of attacking artworks. A vast amount of damage consists of leaving a minor scratch, a stuck chewing gum, a pencil mark and so on, and usually escapes publicity. More visible acts of vandalism were premeditated, as the tool of destruction – a knife, paint, acid or hammer – was intentionally brought to the scene. In most cases, the artworks were restored.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism_of_art
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_243634009#1_263746724
Title: Vandalism of art - Wikipedia Headings: Vandalism of art Vandalism of art Contents History of the term Methods Acid and paint Knife Smashing and shattering Lipstick Firearms Other tools Repeated vandalism Hans-Joachim Bohlmann Mona Lisa Night Watch The Little Mermaid As political protest See also References Bibliography External links Content: Numerous acts of vandalism against art exhibits are known and some objects, such as Mona Lisa, Night Watch and The Little Mermaid, have been intentionally damaged several times. Many vandals were diagnosed with a mental disorder and some, such as Hans-Joachim Bohlmann, had a history of attacking artworks. A vast amount of damage consists of leaving a minor scratch, a stuck chewing gum, a pencil mark and so on, and usually escapes publicity. More visible acts of vandalism were premeditated, as the tool of destruction – a knife, paint, acid or hammer – was intentionally brought to the scene. In most cases, the artworks were restored. Restorations were costly and time-consuming and in many cases were followed by shielding the artwork from future attacks. Contents 1 History of the term 2 Methods 2.1 Acid and paint 2.2 Knife 2.3 Smashing and shattering 2.4 Lipstick 2.5 Firearms 2.6 Other tools 3 Repeated vandalism 3.1 Hans-Joachim Bohlmann 3.2 Mona Lisa 3.3 Night Watch 3.4 The Little Mermaid 4 As political protest 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links History of the term The term vandalisme was coined in 1794 by Henri Grégoire, bishop of Blois, to describe the destruction of artwork following the French Revolution. The term originated from the invasion of Rome in 455 by the East Germanic tribe of Vandals, which resulted in destruction of numerous artworks, and was quickly adopted across Europe. Methods Acid and paint See also: Hans-Joachim Bohlmann In 1880, exhibits of the Russian painter Vasily Vereshchagin in Vienna caused the opposition of the Catholic Church, which culminated in an attack on two paintings, Holy family ( Russian:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism_of_art
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_243634009#2_263748974
Title: Vandalism of art - Wikipedia Headings: Vandalism of art Vandalism of art Contents History of the term Methods Acid and paint Knife Smashing and shattering Lipstick Firearms Other tools Repeated vandalism Hans-Joachim Bohlmann Mona Lisa Night Watch The Little Mermaid As political protest See also References Bibliography External links Content: Restorations were costly and time-consuming and in many cases were followed by shielding the artwork from future attacks. Contents 1 History of the term 2 Methods 2.1 Acid and paint 2.2 Knife 2.3 Smashing and shattering 2.4 Lipstick 2.5 Firearms 2.6 Other tools 3 Repeated vandalism 3.1 Hans-Joachim Bohlmann 3.2 Mona Lisa 3.3 Night Watch 3.4 The Little Mermaid 4 As political protest 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links History of the term The term vandalisme was coined in 1794 by Henri Grégoire, bishop of Blois, to describe the destruction of artwork following the French Revolution. The term originated from the invasion of Rome in 455 by the East Germanic tribe of Vandals, which resulted in destruction of numerous artworks, and was quickly adopted across Europe. Methods Acid and paint See also: Hans-Joachim Bohlmann In 1880, exhibits of the Russian painter Vasily Vereshchagin in Vienna caused the opposition of the Catholic Church, which culminated in an attack on two paintings, Holy family ( Russian: Святое семейство) and Resurrection ( Russian: Воскресение Христово ). A monk splashed enough acid on the paintings to virtually destroy them. In 1974, Tony Shafrazi wrote "KILL LIES ALL" with red spray paint over the work Guernica by Pablo Picasso. Shafrazi was ostensibly protesting Richard Nixon 's pardon of William Calley for the latter's actions during the My Lai massacre.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism_of_art
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_243634009#3_263751126
Title: Vandalism of art - Wikipedia Headings: Vandalism of art Vandalism of art Contents History of the term Methods Acid and paint Knife Smashing and shattering Lipstick Firearms Other tools Repeated vandalism Hans-Joachim Bohlmann Mona Lisa Night Watch The Little Mermaid As political protest See also References Bibliography External links Content: Святое семейство) and Resurrection ( Russian: Воскресение Христово ). A monk splashed enough acid on the paintings to virtually destroy them. In 1974, Tony Shafrazi wrote "KILL LIES ALL" with red spray paint over the work Guernica by Pablo Picasso. Shafrazi was ostensibly protesting Richard Nixon 's pardon of William Calley for the latter's actions during the My Lai massacre. The paint was removed with relative ease from the varnished surface. On 15 June 1985, Rembrandt's 17th-century painting Danaë was attacked in the Hermitage Museum in Russia. A man, later judged insane, first threw sulfuric acid on the canvas and then cut it twice with a knife. The entire central part of the composition was virtually destroyed. The restoration took 12 years, between 1985 and 1997;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism_of_art
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_243634009#5_263753984
Title: Vandalism of art - Wikipedia Headings: Vandalism of art Vandalism of art Contents History of the term Methods Acid and paint Knife Smashing and shattering Lipstick Firearms Other tools Repeated vandalism Hans-Joachim Bohlmann Mona Lisa Night Watch The Little Mermaid As political protest See also References Bibliography External links Content: since then, the painting has been protected with an armored glass. In 1997, Alexander Brener painted a green dollar sign on Kazimir Malevich 's painting Suprematisme. The painting was restored and Brener was sentenced to 5 months in prison. During the court case, he said in his defense: The cross is a symbol of suffering, the dollar sign a symbol of trade and merchandise ... What I did was not against the painting. I view my act as a dialogue with Malewitz. On June 13, 2012, Uriel Landeros spray painted a bull and a matador and wrote "Conquista" with black spray paint over the work Woman in a Red Armchair by Pablo Picasso. He was charged with felony graffiti and criminal mischief and sentenced to two years in prison. In 2017, a terror suspect attacked guards of the Louvre museum with machetes and was found carrying "bombs of aerosol paint" intended to "disfigure the masterpieces of the museum." Knife The part of Ivan the Terrible and His Son Ivan damaged in 1913 The Holy Family by Lorenzo Costa at the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, with central cuts made by an unknown person in 1969 On 16 January 1913, a 29-year-old iconographer Abram Balashev attacked the painting Ivan the Terrible and His Son Ivan by Ilya Repin in the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism_of_art
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_243634009#6_263755798
Title: Vandalism of art - Wikipedia Headings: Vandalism of art Vandalism of art Contents History of the term Methods Acid and paint Knife Smashing and shattering Lipstick Firearms Other tools Repeated vandalism Hans-Joachim Bohlmann Mona Lisa Night Watch The Little Mermaid As political protest See also References Bibliography External links Content: I view my act as a dialogue with Malewitz. On June 13, 2012, Uriel Landeros spray painted a bull and a matador and wrote "Conquista" with black spray paint over the work Woman in a Red Armchair by Pablo Picasso. He was charged with felony graffiti and criminal mischief and sentenced to two years in prison. In 2017, a terror suspect attacked guards of the Louvre museum with machetes and was found carrying "bombs of aerosol paint" intended to "disfigure the masterpieces of the museum." Knife The part of Ivan the Terrible and His Son Ivan damaged in 1913 The Holy Family by Lorenzo Costa at the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, with central cuts made by an unknown person in 1969 On 16 January 1913, a 29-year-old iconographer Abram Balashev attacked the painting Ivan the Terrible and His Son Ivan by Ilya Repin in the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow. With three knife blows, he cut through the faces of both Ivans. Balashev was found mentally ill and restricted to a psychiatric hospital. The painting was restored by two leading Russian experts within a week; the work was greatly assisted by the availability of good-quality photographs of the painting. On 10 March 1914, militant suffragette Mary Richardson walked into the National Gallery of London and attacked Diego Velázquez 's painting Rokeby Venus with a meat cleaver.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism_of_art
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_243634009#7_263757676
Title: Vandalism of art - Wikipedia Headings: Vandalism of art Vandalism of art Contents History of the term Methods Acid and paint Knife Smashing and shattering Lipstick Firearms Other tools Repeated vandalism Hans-Joachim Bohlmann Mona Lisa Night Watch The Little Mermaid As political protest See also References Bibliography External links Content: With three knife blows, he cut through the faces of both Ivans. Balashev was found mentally ill and restricted to a psychiatric hospital. The painting was restored by two leading Russian experts within a week; the work was greatly assisted by the availability of good-quality photographs of the painting. On 10 March 1914, militant suffragette Mary Richardson walked into the National Gallery of London and attacked Diego Velázquez 's painting Rokeby Venus with a meat cleaver. Her action was ostensibly provoked by the arrest of fellow suffragette Emmeline Pankhurst the previous day, although there had been earlier warnings of a planned attack on the collection. Richardson left seven slashes on the painting, all of which have been successfully repaired. Richardson was sentenced to six months imprisonment, the maximum allowed for destruction of an artwork. In a statement to the Women's Social and Political Union shortly afterwards, Richardson explained, "I have tried to destroy the picture of the most beautiful woman in mythological history as a protest against the Government for destroying Mrs. Pankhurst, who is the most beautiful character in modern history". She added in a 1952 interview that she didn't like "the way men visitors gaped at it all day long".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism_of_art
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_243634009#8_263759498
Title: Vandalism of art - Wikipedia Headings: Vandalism of art Vandalism of art Contents History of the term Methods Acid and paint Knife Smashing and shattering Lipstick Firearms Other tools Repeated vandalism Hans-Joachim Bohlmann Mona Lisa Night Watch The Little Mermaid As political protest See also References Bibliography External links Content: Her action was ostensibly provoked by the arrest of fellow suffragette Emmeline Pankhurst the previous day, although there had been earlier warnings of a planned attack on the collection. Richardson left seven slashes on the painting, all of which have been successfully repaired. Richardson was sentenced to six months imprisonment, the maximum allowed for destruction of an artwork. In a statement to the Women's Social and Political Union shortly afterwards, Richardson explained, "I have tried to destroy the picture of the most beautiful woman in mythological history as a protest against the Government for destroying Mrs. Pankhurst, who is the most beautiful character in modern history". She added in a 1952 interview that she didn't like "the way men visitors gaped at it all day long". Cuts in the Rokeby Venus made by Mary Richardson in 1914 using the meat cleaver shown in the top right corner In September 1969, unidentified persons left long scratches in five paintings at the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, with most damage inflicted to the Holy Family by Lorenzo Costa. On 6 April 1978, a 31-year-old Dutch artist, disgruntled over the non-payment of his welfare by the Amsterdam authorities, made three 30–40 cm long cuts in the center of the painting La Berceuse by Vincent van Gogh at the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam. A few days earlier, a 27-year-old Italian man slashed the painting The Adoration of the Golden Calf by Nicolas Poussin at the National Gallery in London. In 1986, a man "wishing to take revenge on abstract art" cut with a knife the painting Who's Afraid of Red, Yellow and Blue III by Barnett Newman. The restoration took 5 years and cost $450,000.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism_of_art
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_243634009#9_263761731
Title: Vandalism of art - Wikipedia Headings: Vandalism of art Vandalism of art Contents History of the term Methods Acid and paint Knife Smashing and shattering Lipstick Firearms Other tools Repeated vandalism Hans-Joachim Bohlmann Mona Lisa Night Watch The Little Mermaid As political protest See also References Bibliography External links Content: Cuts in the Rokeby Venus made by Mary Richardson in 1914 using the meat cleaver shown in the top right corner In September 1969, unidentified persons left long scratches in five paintings at the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, with most damage inflicted to the Holy Family by Lorenzo Costa. On 6 April 1978, a 31-year-old Dutch artist, disgruntled over the non-payment of his welfare by the Amsterdam authorities, made three 30–40 cm long cuts in the center of the painting La Berceuse by Vincent van Gogh at the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam. A few days earlier, a 27-year-old Italian man slashed the painting The Adoration of the Golden Calf by Nicolas Poussin at the National Gallery in London. In 1986, a man "wishing to take revenge on abstract art" cut with a knife the painting Who's Afraid of Red, Yellow and Blue III by Barnett Newman. The restoration took 5 years and cost $450,000. After serving time in prison, the offender slashed another Newman painting. A rather unusual case, which likely does not qualify as vandalism, occurred in 1908. An exhibition was set up for May of that year with paintings by Claude Monet, which had already been praised by critics and were estimated at $100,000 (1908 prices). Despite this, Monet decided that he was not satisfied with his work and in a sudden move destroyed all the paintings with a knife and a paint brush. Smashing and shattering On 7 February 1845, the Portland Vase, a Roman cameo glass vase dated to between 5 and 25 BCE, was shattered by a drunken William Lloyd while on display in the British Museum.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism_of_art
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_243634009#12_263767302
Title: Vandalism of art - Wikipedia Headings: Vandalism of art Vandalism of art Contents History of the term Methods Acid and paint Knife Smashing and shattering Lipstick Firearms Other tools Repeated vandalism Hans-Joachim Bohlmann Mona Lisa Night Watch The Little Mermaid As political protest See also References Bibliography External links Content: La Pietà, another work by Michelangelo, is a 1499 example of Renaissance sculpture housed in St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City. On 21 May 1972, mentally disturbed geologist Laszlo Toth, aged 33, attacked the statue with a geologist hammer while yelling "I am Jesus Christ!", chipping the Virgin Mary's left eyelid, neck, head, veil and left forearm; the forearm fell on the floor, causing the fingers to break. Most broken pieces were collected by the service people but some were taken by tourists. The sculpture was repaired and is now protected by bulletproof glass. Toth was not charged with a crime, but was found socially dangerous and confined for two years to a psychiatric institution in Italy. On 17 February 2014, a local Floridian artist, Maximo Caminero, destroyed a coloured vase by the Chinese artist Ai Weiwei in protest at the Pérez Art Museum Miami 's lack of displays by local artists. The value of the vase was estimated at $1 million. Caminero was subsequently arrested and charged with criminal mischief.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism_of_art
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_243634009#13_263768884
Title: Vandalism of art - Wikipedia Headings: Vandalism of art Vandalism of art Contents History of the term Methods Acid and paint Knife Smashing and shattering Lipstick Firearms Other tools Repeated vandalism Hans-Joachim Bohlmann Mona Lisa Night Watch The Little Mermaid As political protest See also References Bibliography External links Content: The sculpture was repaired and is now protected by bulletproof glass. Toth was not charged with a crime, but was found socially dangerous and confined for two years to a psychiatric institution in Italy. On 17 February 2014, a local Floridian artist, Maximo Caminero, destroyed a coloured vase by the Chinese artist Ai Weiwei in protest at the Pérez Art Museum Miami 's lack of displays by local artists. The value of the vase was estimated at $1 million. Caminero was subsequently arrested and charged with criminal mischief. On 26 May 2018, Repin's painting Ivan the Terrible and His Son Ivan was vandalized again. A 37-year-old drunken man grabbed a metal stand and repeatedly hit the painting, shattering its protection glass, seriously damaging the original wooden frame, and tearing the central part of the canvas. Fortunately, the most important details of the work, that is, heads and hands of the tzar and his son, were unharmed. Lipstick In 1912, a young woman kissed the forehead, eyes, and nose of a portrait by François Boucher in the Louvre. She reportedly wanted to draw attention to herself.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism_of_art
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_251811490#1_273462329
Title: Vatican City - Wikipedia Headings: Vatican City Vatican City Contents Name History Early history Papal States Italian unification Lateran treaties World War II Post-war history Geography Climate Gardens Governance Political system Head of state and government Administration Defense and security Foreign relations Non-party, non-signatory policy Economy Demographics Languages Citizenship Statistical oddities Culture Sport Infrastructure Transport Communications Recycling Crime See also References Footnotes Citation notes Bibliography External links Official websites Other websites Content: 41°54′09″N 12°27′09″E  /  41.90250°N 12.45250°E  / 41.90250; 12.45250 Official languages Italian Religion Roman Catholicism ( Official religion) Government Unitary Christian absolute monarchy (under an ecclesiastical and elective theocracy) • Sovereign entity Holy See • Sovereign Francis • Secretary of State Pietro Parolin • President of the Governorate Giuseppe Bertello Legislature Pontifical Commission Independence from Italy • Lateran Treaty 11 February 1929; 92 years ago Area • Total 0.49 km 2 (0.19 sq mi) ( 194th) Population • 2019 estimate 825 ( 240th) • Density 924 /km 2 (2,393.1/sq mi) ( 12th) Currency Euro ( €) ( EUR) Time zone UTC +1 ( CET) • Summer ( DST) UTC +2 ( CEST) Driving side right Calling code +379 ISO 3166 code VA Internet TLD .va Website Official website UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural: i, ii, iv, vi Reference 286 Inscription 1984 (8th session) Vatican City ( / ˈvætɪkən / ( listen) ), officially the Vatican City State ( Italian: Stato della Città del Vaticano; Latin: Status Civitatis Vaticanae ), is the Holy See 's independent city state, an enclave within Rome, Italy. The Vatican City State, also known as The Vatican, became independent from Italy with the Lateran Treaty (1929), and it is a distinct territory under "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction" of the Holy See, itself a sovereign entity of international law, which maintains the city state's temporal, diplomatic, and spiritual independence. With an area of 49 hectares (121 acres) and a population of about 825, it is the smallest state in the world by both area and population. As governed by the Holy See, the Vatican City State is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal - monarchical state (a type of theocracy) ruled by the pope who is the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_251811490#2_273465172
Title: Vatican City - Wikipedia Headings: Vatican City Vatican City Contents Name History Early history Papal States Italian unification Lateran treaties World War II Post-war history Geography Climate Gardens Governance Political system Head of state and government Administration Defense and security Foreign relations Non-party, non-signatory policy Economy Demographics Languages Citizenship Statistical oddities Culture Sport Infrastructure Transport Communications Recycling Crime See also References Footnotes Citation notes Bibliography External links Official websites Other websites Content: Latin: Status Civitatis Vaticanae ), is the Holy See 's independent city state, an enclave within Rome, Italy. The Vatican City State, also known as The Vatican, became independent from Italy with the Lateran Treaty (1929), and it is a distinct territory under "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction" of the Holy See, itself a sovereign entity of international law, which maintains the city state's temporal, diplomatic, and spiritual independence. With an area of 49 hectares (121 acres) and a population of about 825, it is the smallest state in the world by both area and population. As governed by the Holy See, the Vatican City State is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal - monarchical state (a type of theocracy) ruled by the pope who is the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church. The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various national origins. After the Avignon Papacy (1309–1437), the popes have mainly resided at the Apostolic Palace within what is now Vatican City, although at times residing instead in the Quirinal Palace in Rome or elsewhere. The Holy See dates back to Early Christianity and is the principal episcopal see of the Catholic Church, which has approximately 1.329 billion baptised Catholic Christians in the world as of 2018 [update] in the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches. The independent state of Vatican City, on the other hand, came into existence on 11 February 1929 by the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and Italy, which spoke of it as a new creation, not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States (756–1870), which had previously encompassed much of central Italy. Within the Vatican City are religious and cultural sites such as St. Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel, and the Vatican Museums.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_251811490#3_273467810
Title: Vatican City - Wikipedia Headings: Vatican City Vatican City Contents Name History Early history Papal States Italian unification Lateran treaties World War II Post-war history Geography Climate Gardens Governance Political system Head of state and government Administration Defense and security Foreign relations Non-party, non-signatory policy Economy Demographics Languages Citizenship Statistical oddities Culture Sport Infrastructure Transport Communications Recycling Crime See also References Footnotes Citation notes Bibliography External links Official websites Other websites Content: The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various national origins. After the Avignon Papacy (1309–1437), the popes have mainly resided at the Apostolic Palace within what is now Vatican City, although at times residing instead in the Quirinal Palace in Rome or elsewhere. The Holy See dates back to Early Christianity and is the principal episcopal see of the Catholic Church, which has approximately 1.329 billion baptised Catholic Christians in the world as of 2018 [update] in the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches. The independent state of Vatican City, on the other hand, came into existence on 11 February 1929 by the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and Italy, which spoke of it as a new creation, not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States (756–1870), which had previously encompassed much of central Italy. Within the Vatican City are religious and cultural sites such as St. Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel, and the Vatican Museums. They feature some of the world's most famous paintings and sculptures. The unique economy of Vatican City is supported financially by donations from the faithful, by the sale of postage stamps and souvenirs, fees for admission to museums, and sales of publications. Contents 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Early history 2.2 Papal States 2.3 Italian unification 2.4 Lateran treaties 2.5 World War II 2.6 Post-war history 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Gardens 4 Governance 4.1 Political system 4.2 Head of state and government 4.3 Administration 4.4 Defense and security 4.5 Foreign relations 4.6 Non-party, non-signatory policy 5 Economy 6 Demographics 6.1 Languages 6.2 Citizenship 6.3 Statistical oddities 7 Culture 8 Sport 9 Infrastructure 9.1 Transport 9.2 Communications 9.3 Recycling 10 Crime 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Footnotes 12.2 Citation notes 12.3 Bibliography 13 External links 13.1 Official websites 13.2 Other websites Name The name Vatican City was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city-state named after Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. " Vatican" is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum located in the general area the Romans called Ager Vaticanus, "Vatican territory". The official Italian name of the city is Città del Vaticano or, more formally, Stato della Città del Vaticano, meaning "Vatican City State".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_279169402#3_306381782
Title: Victimisation - Wikipedia Headings: Victimisation Victimisation Contents Peer victimisation Secondary victimization Prevalence Vulnerability Reporting victimization Interactions with the criminal justice system Fragmented memory Revictimisation Offenders choosing pre-traumatized victims Self-victimisation Self-image of victimisation (victim mentality) Victimisation in Kazakhstan Rates of victimisation in United States In employment law See also References Further reading General Revictimisation External links Content: Campbell & Raja, 2005). In turn, up to 90% of victims report experiencing negative social reaction and attribute the incident as a “second rape” or “second assault”. Research suggests that victim of sexual violence or assault are the least likely to receive support or resources following reporting. This may be due to perceived lack of evidence, social stigma, and overall discomfort when dealing with sexual incidences. In a study of rape victims undergoing prosecution for their assault, those who felt their detectives responded empathetically and with understanding were likelier to pursue prosecution, felt their experiences were important, and their cases deserved to be heard. Empathetic and supportive responses from authorities could potentially improve mental and physical health in rape survivors and additionally, improve reporting rates and lessen judgmental attitudes from the criminal justice system. Because sexual violence is a sensitive subject for all parties, criminal justice personnel may avoid, ignore, or publicly misconstrue their opinions about the situation as an effort to separate themselves or cope with dangerous and uncomfortable situations. Studies suggest these misconceptions by the system may further damage individuals’ mental health and a safer world. This could be combatted with accepting, non-accusatory perspectives, aiding in accuracy the sexual violence reports. Several authors speculate authorities’ supportive approach benefits the victim and promotes a just world.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victimisation
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_289713975#9_317456800
Title: Vietnam national football team - Wikipedia Headings: Vietnam national football team Vietnam national football team Vietnam Contents History Early history (1896—1954) Two Vietnam national teams (1954—1976) Post Vietnam War and redevelopment era (1991—2006) The first golden generation, and renaissance of Vietnam football (2007–2011) Decline and rebuilding (2012—2016) The New Golden Generation (2017—present): a new hope Team image Kits Kit suppliers Sponsorship Logo Nicknames Supporters Facilities Rivalries Thailand Indonesia Singapore Malaysia Results and fixtures 2020 2021 Coaching staff Former managers Players Current squad Recent call-ups Captains Player records Most capped players Top goalscorers Competitive record FIFA World Cup AFC Asian Cup Asian Games AFF Championship Southeast Asian Games Vietnam Football Federation Cup All-time head-to-head record FIFA world rankings Honours Continental See also Notes References External links Content: Both teams ceased to exist when the North and South regions were combined together into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam following the end of the Vietnam War, but North Vietnam did not become a member of AFC and FIFA until 1976. Because South Vietnam was a member of FIFA, the later unified Vietnam team is classified as the successor of South Vietnam by FIFA. The development of football during this era for both Vietnams was marked with stagnation as the Vietnam War occurred at the same time. The Vietnam War, a war that occurred between two states, had a tremendous impact and delayed the development of football in the country. Because of the war, Vietnam, by then, a major football force in Asia, started losing its reputation as the war ruined the country. Thus, the conflict had greatly reduced Vietnamese football ability and weakened the country seriously. However, the following Cambodian–Vietnamese War and Sino-Vietnamese War, and global sanctions against the country, had depleted the nation's football team and turned Vietnam into one of the weakest teams in the world and Asia overall. For this reason, Vietnamese football can be still considered as new and unknown for the rest of the world, in spite of its long standing history as Vietnam only rejoined global football in 1991. Post Vietnam War and redevelopment era (1991—2006) Vietnam's professional football league, known as the All Vietnam Football Championship, was launched in 1980 to redevelop Vietnamese football after a long period of civil war. In 1989, following the Đổi Mới reforms, a new football federation was formed.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_national_football_team
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_291148608#6_318725645
Title: View from nowhere - Wikipedia Headings: View from nowhere View from nowhere Contents Common patterns of illogic characterize view-from-nowhere reports Innumeracy Self-censorship Special access to sources "He said, she said" pattern Anger from all sides is not an indicator of balance, fairness or truth A good reporter avoids view from nowhere, then suffers accusations of "bias" Mitigation Audience awareness Editorial awareness Transparency See also References Further reading External links Content: Every human must have a perspective. A good journalist will be aware of their own perspective and disclose it to the audience if it is relevant, and take steps to accommodate their own known blind spots. But an accusation of bias implies that the reporter has blindly or deliberately altered the story to change the conclusion an audience should draw from a report. Mitigation Admitting that all reporters must have some biases does not make neutrality for all stories into the objective, honest framing for all stories. Neutrality is only reasonable for situations where the facts support that middle-of-the-road position. A good journalist will address their own preconceived bias at the beginning of the story. Not every journalist's bias is so great or relevant to every story that it alters the reporting in a meaningful way that would lead the audience to wrong conceptions of the topic. Audience awareness Educating the public to be vigilant for this condition in news stories protects some of them from its negative effects. Editorial awareness News sources can protect their entire audience from this effect if all reporters stories are reviewed by editors who use a quality checklist for all stories which includes an assessment of the false neutrality bias of view-from-nowhere reporting. Transparency A good journalist takes steps to ensure their perspective doesn't become biased, altering the facts or analysis of the meaning of the story, and shares this information about their bias-fighting behavior on the story with the audience.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_from_Nowhere
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_291148608#7_318727897
Title: View from nowhere - Wikipedia Headings: View from nowhere View from nowhere Contents Common patterns of illogic characterize view-from-nowhere reports Innumeracy Self-censorship Special access to sources "He said, she said" pattern Anger from all sides is not an indicator of balance, fairness or truth A good reporter avoids view from nowhere, then suffers accusations of "bias" Mitigation Audience awareness Editorial awareness Transparency See also References Further reading External links Content: A good journalist will address their own preconceived bias at the beginning of the story. Not every journalist's bias is so great or relevant to every story that it alters the reporting in a meaningful way that would lead the audience to wrong conceptions of the topic. Audience awareness Educating the public to be vigilant for this condition in news stories protects some of them from its negative effects. Editorial awareness News sources can protect their entire audience from this effect if all reporters stories are reviewed by editors who use a quality checklist for all stories which includes an assessment of the false neutrality bias of view-from-nowhere reporting. Transparency A good journalist takes steps to ensure their perspective doesn't become biased, altering the facts or analysis of the meaning of the story, and shares this information about their bias-fighting behavior on the story with the audience. The audience can then decide for themselves if enough was done to mitigate bias, if it was relevant at all. See also Argument to moderation Argumentation Communicative rationality Degrees of truth False balance False dilemma Golden mean fallacy Journalistic interventionism Journalistic professionalism Objectivity (philosophy) Obscurantism Okrent's law Source criticism Strong objectivity Theory of justification References ^ a bMaras, Steven (2013). " The view from nowhere". Objectivity in journalism. Key concepts in journalism.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_from_Nowhere
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_293027655#3_320809610
Title: Viking (film) - Wikipedia Headings: Viking (film) Viking (film) Contents Plot Cast Production Development Casting Filming locations Versions Music Release Marketing Reception Box office See also References External links Content: The old warrior Sveneld ( Maksim Sukhanov) convinces Vladimir to assemble a force of Viking mercenaries led by a Swedish chieftain ( Joakim Nätterqvist ), hoping to reconquer Kiev from Yaropolk. Cast Danila Kozlovsky as Vladimir the Great Aleksandr Ustyugov as Yaropolk I of Kiev Kirill Pletnyov as Oleg of Drelinia Andrey Smolyakov as Rogvolod Aleksandra Bortich as Rogneda, princess of Polotsk, wife of Vladimir the Great Svetlana Khodchenkova as Irina, a greek, wife of Yaropolk I Sviatoslavich Maksim Sukhanov as Sveneld, voivode of the Grand Duke Sviatoslav Igorevich Rostislav Bershauer as Blud, voivode and boyar of Kiev Nikolay Kozak as Lyut, the prince of Yaropolk's retinue Igor Petrenko as Varyazhko, the prince of Yaropolk's retinue Vladimir Epifantsev as Theodore, the prince of Yaropolk's retinue Ivan Shmakov as John, Theodore's son (boy in Kiev) Pawel Delag as Anastas Aleksey Demidov as Samocha Aleksandr Lobanov as Putyata John DeSantis as Berserk Joakim Nätterqvist as Khevding Harald Rosenstrøm as Einar Aleksandr Armer as Ulvar Oleg Dobrovan as Valgard Ziedonis Lochmelis as Torvald Daniil Soldatov, Vilen Babichev and Oleg Sizov as viking chieftains Production Development The film was produced by Konstantin Ernst and Anatoly Maksimov, best known for the Russian urban fantasy / supernatural thrillers Night Watch and Day Watch. A few scenes were filmed in 2013 to secure funding, a common way to secure finances for large movie productions in Russia. Most of the production was done in March–July 2015. The budget was on par with the Russian WWII epic Stalingrad, 1,250 million rubles (approximately USD$20 million). The main historical consultants of the film were the historian and archaeologist Vladimir Petrukhin and the linguist Fyodor Uspenskiy. The costume designer traveled to several cities and countries, buying fabric and studying frescoes and museum in China, India, Helsinki, Riga, Novgorod, Stockholm, and Minsk. The Pecheneg language, an extinct Turkic language once spoken in Eastern Europe (in what today is most of Ukraine, parts of southern Russia, Moldova, and Hungary) in the 7th–12th centuries, was "re-invented" for the movie. Casting The cast is mostly Russian; however the film does features Swedish actor Joakim Nätterqvist, Canada's John DeSantis and Belarusian actress Aleksandra Bortich .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_(film)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_297777181#16_325500977
Title: Vincent, Alabama - Wikipedia Headings: Vincent, Alabama Vincent, Alabama Contents Geography Demographics Government Mayor City Council See also References Content: www.townofvincent.com. Retrieved 2019-03-07. Coordinates: 33°23′09″N 86°24′36″W  /  33.385719°N 86.409919°W  / 33.385719; -86.409919 v t e Municipalities and communities of St. Clair County, Alabama, United States County seats: Ashville and Pell City Cities Ashville Leeds ‡ Margaret Moody Pell City Springville Trussville ‡ Towns Argo ‡ Odenville Ragland Riverside Steele Vincent ‡ Unincorporated communities Acmar Cooks Springs Cropwell Hill Number 1 New London Pinedale Shores Prescott St. Clair Springs Wattsville Whitney Former towns Branchville Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties United States portal v t e Municipalities and communities of Shelby County, Alabama, United States County seat: Columbiana Cities Alabaster Birmingham ‡ Calera ‡ Chelsea Columbiana Helena ‡ Hoover ‡ Leeds ‡ Montevallo Pelham Vestavia Hills ‡ Vincent ‡ Towns Harpersville Indian Springs Village Westover Wilsonville Wilton CDPs Brantleyville Brook Highland Dunnavant Eagle Point Highland Lakes Meadowbrook Pea Ridge Shelby Shoal Creek Sterrett Vandiver Other unincorporated communities Abbot Springs Acton Aldrich Arkwright Calcis Cloverdale Fourmile Inverness Maylene Nelson Ryan Saginaw Siluria Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties United States portal v t e Municipalities and communities of Talladega County, Alabama, United States County seat: Talladega Cities Childersburg Lincoln Oxford ‡ Sylacauga Talladega Towns Bon Air Munford Oak Grove Talladega Springs Vincent ‡ Waldo CDPs Fayetteville Mignon Unincorporated communities Alpine Bemiston Chinnabee Curry Eastaboga ‡ Fishtrap Hopeful Kahatchie Kentuck Laniers Liberty Hill Mardisville Old Eastaboga Renfroe Sycamore Winterboro Ghost town Gantts Quarry Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties United States portal Authority control LCCN: n88160683 VIAF: 152552650 WorldCat Identities:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent,_Alabama
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_297777181#17_325503586
Title: Vincent, Alabama - Wikipedia Headings: Vincent, Alabama Vincent, Alabama Contents Geography Demographics Government Mayor City Council See also References Content: Ashville and Pell City Cities Ashville Leeds ‡ Margaret Moody Pell City Springville Trussville ‡ Towns Argo ‡ Odenville Ragland Riverside Steele Vincent ‡ Unincorporated communities Acmar Cooks Springs Cropwell Hill Number 1 New London Pinedale Shores Prescott St. Clair Springs Wattsville Whitney Former towns Branchville Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties United States portal v t e Municipalities and communities of Shelby County, Alabama, United States County seat: Columbiana Cities Alabaster Birmingham ‡ Calera ‡ Chelsea Columbiana Helena ‡ Hoover ‡ Leeds ‡ Montevallo Pelham Vestavia Hills ‡ Vincent ‡ Towns Harpersville Indian Springs Village Westover Wilsonville Wilton CDPs Brantleyville Brook Highland Dunnavant Eagle Point Highland Lakes Meadowbrook Pea Ridge Shelby Shoal Creek Sterrett Vandiver Other unincorporated communities Abbot Springs Acton Aldrich Arkwright Calcis Cloverdale Fourmile Inverness Maylene Nelson Ryan Saginaw Siluria Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties United States portal v t e Municipalities and communities of Talladega County, Alabama, United States County seat: Talladega Cities Childersburg Lincoln Oxford ‡ Sylacauga Talladega Towns Bon Air Munford Oak Grove Talladega Springs Vincent ‡ Waldo CDPs Fayetteville Mignon Unincorporated communities Alpine Bemiston Chinnabee Curry Eastaboga ‡ Fishtrap Hopeful Kahatchie Kentuck Laniers Liberty Hill Mardisville Old Eastaboga Renfroe Sycamore Winterboro Ghost town Gantts Quarry Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties United States portal Authority control LCCN: n88160683 VIAF: 152552650 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n88160683 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vincent,_Alabama&oldid=1011268586 " Categories: Cities in Shelby County, Alabama Cities in St. Clair County, Alabama Cities in Talladega County, Alabama Cities in Alabama Birmingham metropolitan area, Alabama Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Pages using infobox settlement with possible area code list Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent,_Alabama
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_323932812#8_349517204
Title: Visual flight rules - Wikipedia Headings: Visual flight rules Visual flight rules Contents Requirements Traffic advisories Pilot certifications VFR cruising altitude rules in the US and Canada Low flying rules in the US "Notwithstanding" rule 500 ft rule 1000 ft rule Low flying rules in the EU Controlled visual flight rules See also References External links Content: Pilot certifications In the United States and Canada, any certified pilot who meets specific recency of experience criteria may operate an airworthy aircraft under VFR. VFR cruising altitude rules in the US and Canada In the US, there are specific VFR cruising altitudes, based on the aircraft's course, to assist pilots in separating their aircraft while operating under visual flight above 3,000 ft above the surface (AGL) but below 18,000 ft Mean Sea Level (MSL). Unofficially, most pilots use these rules at all levels of cruise flight. FAR 91.159 states that any aircraft: On a magnetic course of 0-179 degrees shall fly at an odd thousand ft MSL altitude +500 feet (e.g., 3,500, 5,500, or 7,500 ft); or On a magnetic course of 180-359 degrees shall fly at an even thousand ft MSL altitude +500 feet (e.g., 4,500, 6,500, or 8,500 ft). Low flying rules in the US In the US, Part 91 (specifically 91.119) of the Federal Aviation Regulations controls the minimum safe altitudes by which aircraft can be operated in the National Airspace System . "Notwithstanding" rule Though specific altitudes are called as noted below - there is an overreaching general requirement to maintain sufficient altitude that if a power unit fails, an emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface can be made. This may be significantly higher than 500ft or 1,000ft 500 ft rule An aircraft must maintain an altitude of 500 feet above the surface, except over open water or sparsely populated areas. In those cases, the aircraft may not be operated closer than 500 feet to any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_flight_rules
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_323932812#9_349519404
Title: Visual flight rules - Wikipedia Headings: Visual flight rules Visual flight rules Contents Requirements Traffic advisories Pilot certifications VFR cruising altitude rules in the US and Canada Low flying rules in the US "Notwithstanding" rule 500 ft rule 1000 ft rule Low flying rules in the EU Controlled visual flight rules See also References External links Content: or On a magnetic course of 180-359 degrees shall fly at an even thousand ft MSL altitude +500 feet (e.g., 4,500, 6,500, or 8,500 ft). Low flying rules in the US In the US, Part 91 (specifically 91.119) of the Federal Aviation Regulations controls the minimum safe altitudes by which aircraft can be operated in the National Airspace System . "Notwithstanding" rule Though specific altitudes are called as noted below - there is an overreaching general requirement to maintain sufficient altitude that if a power unit fails, an emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface can be made. This may be significantly higher than 500ft or 1,000ft 500 ft rule An aircraft must maintain an altitude of 500 feet above the surface, except over open water or sparsely populated areas. In those cases, the aircraft may not be operated closer than 500 feet to any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure. 1000 ft rule An aircraft must maintain an altitude of 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2,000 feet of the aircraft over any congested area of a city, town, or settlement, or over any open air assembly of persons. Other aircraft, such as helicopters, powered parachutes, and weight-shift-control aircraft, are not required to meet the FAR 91 minimums, so long as their operation is conducted without hazard to persons or property on the surface. Low flying rules in the EU In all EU Member states, the Standardised European Rules of the Air apply: these set out a minimum altitude of 150 m (500 ft) above any obstacle within a radius of 150 m (500 ft), except with permission, or when taking off or landing. If an aircraft is flying over a congested area (town, settlement, etc.)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_flight_rules
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_327549701#10_353662049
Title: Vivian Alamain - Wikipedia Headings: Vivian Alamain Vivian Alamain Contents Casting Characterisation Storylines 1992–2000 2009–2011 2017–2020 References External links Content: she's rich. She's a good, strong character." Sorel said that Vivian is a "little more gothic" than Augusta, calling her "darker". The actress added that Vivian would become humorous in the future. Sorel later revealed that Vivian was never intended to be "funny" and that the characteristic was developed after the appointment of new head writer, James E. Reilly. Sorel later thought that the writers "went overboard" with Vivian's humor, making the character "ludicrous" and "like a caricature". Vivian was labeled a villainess by viewers, which Sorel said was "appalling". She told the Chicago Tribune "Vivian happens to be very devious and cunning, yet a woman who ultimately has not learned how to behave. She always wants to get her way." Sorel said she "fight [s] like hell" with the writers "to present [Vivian] on several levels".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_Alamain
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_329686905#6_355936664
Title: Voat - Wikipedia Headings: Voat Voat Contents Overview Company and funding Shutdown History Deplatforming and cyberattacks See also References External links Content: However, after forming a partnership with an investor, Voat stayed online. On December 22, 2020, Voat again announced that it would be shut down due to a lack of funding. Co-founder and CEO Chastain said that he had been funding the site himself after a key investor defaulted on their contract in March, but had run out of money by December. On December 25, 2020, Voat shut down. History Over Voat's six years of operation, accusations of censorship against Reddit and Reddit's moderation decisions, including the banning of various subreddits, caused several influxes of Reddit users to Voat. In early June 2015, after Reddit banned five subreddits for harassment—the largest of which, r/fatpeoplehate, had around 150,000 subscribers —many users of Reddit began to create accounts on Voat. The influx of new participants temporarily overloaded the site, causing downtime. In early July 2015, following the dismissal of a popular administrator on Reddit, another influx of Reddit members registered with Voat, leading to traffic levels which again caused Voat to experience downtime. In November 2016, more users relocated to Voat after Reddit banned the Pizzagate conspiracy theory subreddit, r/pizzagate, due to doxing and harassment concerns. In November 2017, some of Reddit's incel community moved to Voat after an incel community, r/incels, was banned on Reddit.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voat
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_330848815#0_357162607
Title: British Vogue - Wikipedia Headings: British Vogue British Vogue Vogue Contents History Criticism See also References External links Content: British Vogue - Wikipedia British Vogue From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Vogue (British magazine)) Jump to navigation Jump to search British edition of fashion magazine Vogue This article is about the UK magazine. For its parent publication, see Vogue (magazine). For other uses, see Vogue. Vogue Kate Moss on the May 2000 cover of Vogue Editor-in-Chief Edward Enninful Former editors Alexandra Shulman 1992–2017 Elizabeth Tilberis 1988–1992 Anna Wintour 1985–1987 Beatrix Miller 1964–1984 Alisa Garland 1960–1964 Audrey Withers 1940–1960 Elizabeth Penrose 1935–1939 Alison Settle 1926–1934 Dorothy Todd 1922–1926 Elspeth Champcommunal 1916–1922 Categories Fashion Frequency Monthly Circulation 220,000 Publisher Condé Nast Publications First issue 1916 Country United Kingdom Based in London Language English Website vogue.co.uk British Vogue is a British fashion magazine published based in London since autumn 1916. It is the British edition of the American magazine Vogue and is owned and distributed by Condé Nast. British Vogue 's editor in 2012 claimed that, " Vogue 's power is universally acknowledged. It's the place everybody wants to be if they want to be in the world of fashion" and 85% of the magazine's readers agree that " Vogue is the Fashion Bible". The magazine is considered to be one that links fashion to high society and class, teaching its readers how to 'assume a distinctively chic and modern appearance'. British Vogue is a magazine whose success is based upon its advertising rather than its sales revenue. In 2007, it ran 2,020 pages of advertising at an average of £16,000 a page.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_330848815#1_357164680
Title: British Vogue - Wikipedia Headings: British Vogue British Vogue Vogue Contents History Criticism See also References External links Content: British Vogue 's editor in 2012 claimed that, " Vogue 's power is universally acknowledged. It's the place everybody wants to be if they want to be in the world of fashion" and 85% of the magazine's readers agree that " Vogue is the Fashion Bible". The magazine is considered to be one that links fashion to high society and class, teaching its readers how to 'assume a distinctively chic and modern appearance'. British Vogue is a magazine whose success is based upon its advertising rather than its sales revenue. In 2007, it ran 2,020 pages of advertising at an average of £16,000 a page. It is deemed to be more commercial than other editions of Vogue. British Vogue is the most profitable British magazine as well as the most profitable edition of Vogue besides the US and China editions. Contents 1 History 2 Criticism 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History During the First World War, Condé Nast, Vogue ' s publisher, had to deal with restrictions on overseas shipping as well as paper shortages in America. The British edition of Vogue was the answer to this problem, providing Vogue fashion coverage in the British Isles when it was not practicable to receive it in the usual way. Under the London edition's second editor, Elspeth Champcommunal, the magazine was essentially the same as the American edition, except for its British English spellings.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_330848815#2_357166405
Title: British Vogue - Wikipedia Headings: British Vogue British Vogue Vogue Contents History Criticism See also References External links Content: It is deemed to be more commercial than other editions of Vogue. British Vogue is the most profitable British magazine as well as the most profitable edition of Vogue besides the US and China editions. Contents 1 History 2 Criticism 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History During the First World War, Condé Nast, Vogue ' s publisher, had to deal with restrictions on overseas shipping as well as paper shortages in America. The British edition of Vogue was the answer to this problem, providing Vogue fashion coverage in the British Isles when it was not practicable to receive it in the usual way. Under the London edition's second editor, Elspeth Champcommunal, the magazine was essentially the same as the American edition, except for its British English spellings. However, Champcommunal thought it important that Vogue be more than a fashion magazine. It featured articles on 'society and sporting news... Health and beauty advice... travelogues... and editorials', making it a 'skillfully mixed cocktail'. Champcommunal held her editorial position until 1922. Under its next editor, Dorothy Todd, a renowned Vogue editor due to her boldness, especially in her movement to blend the arts and fashion, the magazine shifted its focus from fashion to literature, featuring articles from Clive Bell about art exhibitions in Paris. There were also notable features from noted English writers such as Virginia Woolf and Aldous Huxley.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_330848815#4_357169844
Title: British Vogue - Wikipedia Headings: British Vogue British Vogue Vogue Contents History Criticism See also References External links Content: Due to Todd's changes, the magazine lost much of its audience, and she spent only four years as editor. British Vogue is not believed to have really taken off until after its third editor, Alison Settle, was appointed in 1926. Under Audrey Withers (editor from 1940 to 1960), the magazine again took a literary direction, and during the Second World War it even took part in reporting the war. In 1944, the American photographer Lee Miller persuaded Withers to send her to Normandy to produce an article on wartime nursing; Miller then followed the Allied advance through Europe, reporting the liberation of Paris and sending a story from Buchenwald. Dame Anna Wintour edited the British edition from 1985 to 1987, before taking over Vogue in New York City. Alexandra Shulman was Editor-in-Chief of the magazine from 1992 to 2017. When Shulman was editor, the magazine drew more than a million readers. Shulman was known for developing collector's issues of British Vogue, such as the 'Gold Millennium Issue' where celebrities and supermodels such as Kate Moss featured on the cover. Shulman was also praised for her use of up and coming photographers like Mario Testino.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_330848815#7_357174442
Title: British Vogue - Wikipedia Headings: British Vogue British Vogue Vogue Contents History Criticism See also References External links Content: Dame Judi Dench on the June 2020 cover Edward Enninful was confirmed as the new editor-in-chief of British Vogue on 10 April 2017. Condé Nast International Chairman and CEO Jonathan Newhouse announced him as the successor to Alexandra Shulman, calling Enninful "an influential figure in the communities of fashion, Hollywood and music which shape the cultural zeitgeist", adding that "by virtue of his talent and experience, Edward is supremely prepared to assume the responsibility of British Vogue ". Enninful's first issue as editor-in-chief was 2017's December issue, featuring British model and activist Adwoa Aboah on the cover. In September 2019, Enninful collaborated with Meghan, Duchess of Sussex on the September issue. The issue highlights "Forces for Change", and features on the cover 15 activists including actress Salma Hayek and interviews with former US First Lady Michelle Obama. The magazine's September 2020 triple gatefold cover featured pictures of 20 activists often associated with the Black Lives Matter movement, including Marcus Rashford and Adwoa Aboah. The Activism Now edition was photographed by Misan Harriman and was the first British Vogue cover taken by a black man in the magazine's 104-year history (Nadine Ijewere was the first black female to take a cover photograph). Criticism There has been an ongoing debate about whether or not the fashion industry is racist, and with the arrest of British designer John Galliano, who was found guilty of making racist and anti-Semitic comments in a public setting, as well as the news the hairdresser James Brown, who has worked closely with Kate Moss, went on a rant where he used the 'N' word, more attention has been brought to the issue. British Vogue also faces some criticisms for fashion blunders. In 2011, the magazine was criticised for a spread in the December 2011 issue which featured a rosy-cheeked model sitting atop a yak, sporting a pair of £5,820 trousers said to make the model look like the animal.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_330848815#8_357176792
Title: British Vogue - Wikipedia Headings: British Vogue British Vogue Vogue Contents History Criticism See also References External links Content: The magazine's September 2020 triple gatefold cover featured pictures of 20 activists often associated with the Black Lives Matter movement, including Marcus Rashford and Adwoa Aboah. The Activism Now edition was photographed by Misan Harriman and was the first British Vogue cover taken by a black man in the magazine's 104-year history (Nadine Ijewere was the first black female to take a cover photograph). Criticism There has been an ongoing debate about whether or not the fashion industry is racist, and with the arrest of British designer John Galliano, who was found guilty of making racist and anti-Semitic comments in a public setting, as well as the news the hairdresser James Brown, who has worked closely with Kate Moss, went on a rant where he used the 'N' word, more attention has been brought to the issue. British Vogue also faces some criticisms for fashion blunders. In 2011, the magazine was criticised for a spread in the December 2011 issue which featured a rosy-cheeked model sitting atop a yak, sporting a pair of £5,820 trousers said to make the model look like the animal. See also List of British Vogue cover models List of Vogue cover models List of women's magazines List of men's magazines References ^ Lynn Barber (11 February 2008). " The world according to garb". The Observer. London. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_338540011#0_366698132
Title: Voluntary euthanasia - Wikipedia Headings: Voluntary euthanasia Voluntary euthanasia Contents Definition Assisted suicide History Modern Post-war By country India Australia New Zealand Colombia Europe United States China and Hong Kong Arguments for and against For Against Medical ethics Legality Religion Protocols In popular culture and the arts See also References Bibliography External links Content: Voluntary euthanasia - Wikipedia Voluntary euthanasia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is about voluntary euthanasia. For mercy killing, see Involuntary euthanasia. Part of a series on Euthanasia Types Animal Child Voluntary Non-voluntary Involuntary Views Religious Buddhist Catholic Culture of life Euthanasia and the slippery slope Right to die Right to life Groups Compassion & Choices Death with Dignity National Center Dignitas Exit International Final Exit Network Hemlock Society Not Dead Yet Care Not Killing People Jack Kevorkian Philip Nitschke Barbara Coombs Lee Books Final Exit The Peaceful Pill Handbook The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia Jurisdictions Australia Canada India Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Switzerland United Kingdom United States Uruguay Laws Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995 (Australia) Baby Doe Law Alternatives Assisted suicide Palliative care Principle of double effect Palliative sedation Other issues Suicide tourism Groningen Protocol Euthanasia device Filial responsibility v t e Voluntary euthanasia is where a person's life is ended at their request in order to relieve them of suffering. Voluntary euthanasia ( VE) and physician-assisted suicide (PAS) have been the focus of intense debate in recent years. Some forms of voluntary euthanasia are legal in the Australian state of Victoria, Belgium, Colombia, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and some provinces in Canada. It will soon be legal in Western Australia as well. Contents 1 Definition 1.1 Assisted suicide 2 History 2.1 Modern 2.1.1 Post-war 3 By country 3.1 India 3.2 Australia 3.3 New Zealand 3.4 Colombia 3.5 Europe 3.6 United States 3.7 China and Hong Kong 4 Arguments for and against 4.1 For 4.2 Against 5 Medical ethics 6 Legality 7 Religion 8 Protocols 9 In popular culture and the arts 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Definition This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( February 2013) Voluntary refusal of food and fluids (VRFF) (also called voluntarily stopping eating and drinking, or VSED) or Patient Refusal of Nutrition and Hydration (PRNH) is bordering on euthanasia. Some authors classify it as a form of passive euthanasia, while others treat it separately because it is treated differently from legal point of view and often perceived as a more ethical option.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_euthanasia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_341299779#1_370094277
Title: Vote early and vote often - Wikipedia Headings: Vote early and vote often Vote early and vote often Contents Meaning Vote early Vote often History See also Notes References Content: Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2020) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (April 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Vote early This portion of the phrase suggests a person should arrive to vote early in the day. Most democratic electoral processes involve polling booths, which are open for a mandated period of time. Voting early would suggest a particular enthusiasm for voting not necessarily shared by other electors.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_early_and_vote_often
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_341299779#2_370095655
Title: Vote early and vote often - Wikipedia Headings: Vote early and vote often Vote early and vote often Contents Meaning Vote early Vote often History See also Notes References Content: Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (April 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Vote early This portion of the phrase suggests a person should arrive to vote early in the day. Most democratic electoral processes involve polling booths, which are open for a mandated period of time. Voting early would suggest a particular enthusiasm for voting not necessarily shared by other electors. At the time the phrase was coined, this portion of the phrase is generally accepted to be a reference to voting early on polling day or early in the electoral process and not a reference to the formal process of early voting (which at the time of the phrase's coining did not exist). Before the introduction of the secret ballot in the latter half of the 19th century, open voting was the prevalent voting process. Under this system, returning officers frequently tallied votes as they were cast. Typically, it was neither illegal nor frowned on to report these results while the vote was in progress, and in any event few returning officers had either the ability or the inclination to suppress such reports. In such an environment, a candidate could provide a significant disincentive to vote against him by recording a seemingly insurmountable lead as early in the poll as possible, since at least some supporters of his opponents would presumably have not wanted to attract the ire of a powerful politician in support of a lost cause.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_early_and_vote_often