id
stringlengths 33
45
| content
stringlengths 95
98.7k
| url
stringlengths 18
263
|
|---|---|---|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_341517654#7_370279562 | Title: Voter apathy - Wikipedia
Headings: Voter apathy
Voter apathy
Contents
Background
Civic technology
Regional voter apathy
Voter apathy in the United States
Voter apathy in the European Union
Voter apathy in Canada
Causes
Possible Solutions
See also
References
Content: This percentage is a slight increase from the 2012 election, but lower than the 2008 election, which had record numbers. Voter turnout numbers in the United States are quite low compared to other developed nations. The United States was ranked 31 out of the 35 countries in this study. The Census Bureau recorded that there were roughly 245.5 million Americans who were eligible to vote, but only 157.6 million of eligible voters were registered to vote. The United States Election Project had similar findings, estimating apathy slightly higher: 46.9 percent of eligible voters did not vote in 2016. Many Americans do not take the effort to learn the voting process, as some see it as a burden. There is an overemphasis on the number of Americans who have claimed they voted. The Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives only recorded 136.8 million people, compared to the 137.5 million who claimed to have voted. This number also includes 170,000 ballots which were blank, spoiled, or null. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_apathy |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_341560790#0_370328560 | Title: Voter impersonation (United States) - Wikipedia
Headings: Voter impersonation (United States)
Voter impersonation (United States)
Contents
Voter ID laws
Estimates of frequency
Outdated voter registration
Reporting and investigation
Pew report (2012)
Old Dominion University study (2014)
University of California, San Diego, study (2017)
Fish v. Kobach (2018)
History
In-person voter fraud (1968-1982)
Voter fraud claims in the 2016 presidential election
Voter fraud commission (2017)
Voter fraud claims in the 2020 presidential election
References
Sources
Content: Voter impersonation (United States) - Wikipedia
Voter impersonation (United States)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Voter fraud in the United States)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Form of electoral fraud in the United States
Voter impersonation, also sometimes called in-person voter fraud, is a form of electoral fraud in which a person who is eligible to vote in an election votes more than once, or a person who is not eligible to vote does so by voting under the name of an eligible voter. In the United States, voter ID laws have been enacted in a number of states by Republican legislatures and governors since 2010 with the purported aim of preventing voter impersonation. Existing research and evidence shows that voter impersonation is extremely rare. Between 2000 and 2014, there were only 31 documented cases of voter impersonation. There is no evidence that it has changed the result of any election. In April 2020, a voter fraud study covering 20 years by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology found the level of fraud "exceedingly rare" since it occurs only in "0.00006 percent" of instances nationally, and, in one state, "0.000004 percent — about five times less likely than getting hit by lightning in the United States." Contents
1 Voter ID laws
2 Estimates of frequency
3 Outdated voter registration
4 Reporting and investigation
4.1 Pew report (2012)
4.2 Old Dominion University study (2014)
4.3 University of California, San Diego, study (2017)
4.4 Fish v. Kobach (2018)
5 History
5.1 In-person voter fraud (1968-1982)
5.2 Voter fraud claims in the 2016 presidential election
5.2.1 Voter fraud commission (2017)
5.3 Voter fraud claims in the 2020 presidential election
6 References
7 Sources
Voter ID laws
Main article: Voter identification laws in the United States
Voter ID laws target "in-person" voting fraud to deter impersonation by requiring some form of official ID. In many states, voters have other options besides "in-person" voting, such as absentee voting, or requesting an absentee ballot (which includes online voting and voting by mail). Absentee voting fraud, for example, which is more common, is not "deterred by ID laws". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_fraud_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_341560790#1_370331564 | Title: Voter impersonation (United States) - Wikipedia
Headings: Voter impersonation (United States)
Voter impersonation (United States)
Contents
Voter ID laws
Estimates of frequency
Outdated voter registration
Reporting and investigation
Pew report (2012)
Old Dominion University study (2014)
University of California, San Diego, study (2017)
Fish v. Kobach (2018)
History
In-person voter fraud (1968-1982)
Voter fraud claims in the 2016 presidential election
Voter fraud commission (2017)
Voter fraud claims in the 2020 presidential election
References
Sources
Content: In April 2020, a voter fraud study covering 20 years by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology found the level of fraud "exceedingly rare" since it occurs only in "0.00006 percent" of instances nationally, and, in one state, "0.000004 percent — about five times less likely than getting hit by lightning in the United States." Contents
1 Voter ID laws
2 Estimates of frequency
3 Outdated voter registration
4 Reporting and investigation
4.1 Pew report (2012)
4.2 Old Dominion University study (2014)
4.3 University of California, San Diego, study (2017)
4.4 Fish v. Kobach (2018)
5 History
5.1 In-person voter fraud (1968-1982)
5.2 Voter fraud claims in the 2016 presidential election
5.2.1 Voter fraud commission (2017)
5.3 Voter fraud claims in the 2020 presidential election
6 References
7 Sources
Voter ID laws
Main article: Voter identification laws in the United States
Voter ID laws target "in-person" voting fraud to deter impersonation by requiring some form of official ID. In many states, voters have other options besides "in-person" voting, such as absentee voting, or requesting an absentee ballot (which includes online voting and voting by mail). Absentee voting fraud, for example, which is more common, is not "deterred by ID laws". A 2015 article by University of Virginia Law School 's Michael Gilbert in the Columbia Law Review described how voter ID laws are controversial in the United States in terms of both politics and public law. Gilbert contends that voter ID laws "increase the risk of vote fraud". Those who support voter ID claim to want to protect election integrity by preventing voter fraud. Opponents claim that voter ID laws, "like poll taxes and literacy tests before them, intentionally depress turnout by lawful voters." Critics of voter ID laws have argued that voter impersonation is illogical from the perspective of the perpetrator, as if they are caught, they will face harsh criminal penalties, including up to 5 years in prison and a fine of up to $10,000 for citizens and possible deportation for non-citizens. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_fraud_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_341560790#6_370343365 | Title: Voter impersonation (United States) - Wikipedia
Headings: Voter impersonation (United States)
Voter impersonation (United States)
Contents
Voter ID laws
Estimates of frequency
Outdated voter registration
Reporting and investigation
Pew report (2012)
Old Dominion University study (2014)
University of California, San Diego, study (2017)
Fish v. Kobach (2018)
History
In-person voter fraud (1968-1982)
Voter fraud claims in the 2016 presidential election
Voter fraud commission (2017)
Voter fraud claims in the 2020 presidential election
References
Sources
Content: This analysis has, in turn, been criticized by the executive director of the Republican National Lawyers Association, who has said that the study was "highly flawed in its very approach to the issue." Also a 2012 study found no evidence that voter impersonation (in the form of people voting under the auspices of a dead voter) occurred in the 2006 Georgia general elections. In April 2014, Federal District Court Judge Lynn Adelman ruled in Frank v. Walker that Wisconsin's voter ID law was unconstitutional because "virtually no voter impersonation occurs in Wisconsin ...". In August 2014, Justin Levitt, a professor at Loyola Law School, reported in the Washington Post's Wonkblog that he had identified only 31 credible cases of voter impersonation since 2000. Levitt has also claimed that of these 31 cases, three of them occurred in Texas, while Lorraine Minnite of Rutgers University–Camden estimates there were actually four during the 2000–2014 period. The most serious incident identified involved as many as 24 people trying to vote under assumed names in Brooklyn, but even this would not have made a significant difference in almost any American election. Also that year, a study in the Election Law Journal found that about the same percentage of the U.S. population (about 2.5%) admitted to having been abducted by aliens as admitted to committing voter impersonation. This study also concluded that "strict voter ID requirements address a problem that was certainly not common in the 2012 U.S. election." In 2016, News21 reviewed cases of possible voter impersonation in five states where politicians had expressed concerns about it. They found 38 successful fraud cases in these states from 2012 to 2016, none of which were for voter impersonation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_fraud_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_341560790#7_370345920 | Title: Voter impersonation (United States) - Wikipedia
Headings: Voter impersonation (United States)
Voter impersonation (United States)
Contents
Voter ID laws
Estimates of frequency
Outdated voter registration
Reporting and investigation
Pew report (2012)
Old Dominion University study (2014)
University of California, San Diego, study (2017)
Fish v. Kobach (2018)
History
In-person voter fraud (1968-1982)
Voter fraud claims in the 2016 presidential election
Voter fraud commission (2017)
Voter fraud claims in the 2020 presidential election
References
Sources
Content: The most serious incident identified involved as many as 24 people trying to vote under assumed names in Brooklyn, but even this would not have made a significant difference in almost any American election. Also that year, a study in the Election Law Journal found that about the same percentage of the U.S. population (about 2.5%) admitted to having been abducted by aliens as admitted to committing voter impersonation. This study also concluded that "strict voter ID requirements address a problem that was certainly not common in the 2012 U.S. election." In 2016, News21 reviewed cases of possible voter impersonation in five states where politicians had expressed concerns about it. They found 38 successful fraud cases in these states from 2012 to 2016, none of which were for voter impersonation. Outdated voter registration
Main article: Voter suppression in the United States
Based on 2008 data in the 2012 Pew report,
We found millions of out of date registration records due to people moving or dying, but found no evidence that voter fraud resulted. — November 2016 former PEW research director
In 2012 NPR published figures related to the Pew study claiming that over 1.8 million dead people were registered to vote nationwide and over 3 million voters were registered in multiple states. However, the PEW study to which the article referred had concluded that the "millions of out of date registration records due to people moving or dying" had "found no evidence that voter fraud resulted." Pew researchers found that military personnel were disproportionately affected by voter registration errors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_fraud_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_341560790#10_370352502 | Title: Voter impersonation (United States) - Wikipedia
Headings: Voter impersonation (United States)
Voter impersonation (United States)
Contents
Voter ID laws
Estimates of frequency
Outdated voter registration
Reporting and investigation
Pew report (2012)
Old Dominion University study (2014)
University of California, San Diego, study (2017)
Fish v. Kobach (2018)
History
In-person voter fraud (1968-1982)
Voter fraud claims in the 2016 presidential election
Voter fraud commission (2017)
Voter fraud claims in the 2020 presidential election
References
Sources
Content: By 2016, most states had addressed concerns raised by the Pew 2012 report. Reporting and investigation
The New York Times reported that 18 of the 36 people arrested were charged with absentee ballot fraud - which is not voter impersonation - in the 1997 Miami mayoral election. According to a Newsday report in 2013, since 2000, there had been 270 cases of 6,000 dead people previously registered to vote in Nassau County, NY, who supposedly cast ballots at some point after their deaths. However, the paper explained: " The votes attributed to the dead are too few, and spread over 20 elections since 2000, to consider them a coordinated fraud attempt. More likely is what investigators in other states have found when examining dead voter records: Clerical errors are to blame, such as a person's vote being assigned to a dead person with a similar name." In October 2020, Republican election lawyer Benjamin Ginsberg wrote: I spent four decades in the Republican trenches, representing GOP presidential and congressional campaigns, working on Election Day operations, recounts, redistricting and other issues, including trying to lift the consent decree .... Nearly every Election Day since 1984 I've worked with Republican poll watchers, observers and lawyers to record and litigate any fraud or election irregularities discovered. The truth is that over all those years Republicans found only isolated incidents of fraud. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_fraud_in_the_United_States |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_341598747#0_370356676 | Title: Voter impersonation (United States) - Wikipedia
Headings: Voter impersonation (United States)
Voter impersonation (United States)
Contents
Voter ID laws
Estimates of frequency
Outdated voter registration
Reporting and investigation
Pew report (2012)
Old Dominion University study (2014)
University of California, San Diego, study (2017)
Fish v. Kobach (2018)
History
In-person voter fraud (1968-1982)
Voter fraud claims in the 2016 presidential election
Voter fraud commission (2017)
Voter fraud claims in the 2020 presidential election
References
Sources
Content: Voter impersonation (United States) - Wikipedia
Voter impersonation (United States)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Form of electoral fraud in the United States
Voter impersonation, also sometimes called in-person voter fraud, is a form of electoral fraud in which a person who is eligible to vote in an election votes more than once, or a person who is not eligible to vote does so by voting under the name of an eligible voter. In the United States, voter ID laws have been enacted in a number of states by Republican legislatures and governors since 2010 with the purported aim of preventing voter impersonation. Existing research and evidence shows that voter impersonation is extremely rare. Between 2000 and 2014, there were only 31 documented cases of voter impersonation. There is no evidence that it has changed the result of any election. In April 2020, a voter fraud study covering 20 years by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology found the level of fraud "exceedingly rare" since it occurs only in "0.00006 percent" of instances nationally, and, in one state, "0.000004 percent — about five times less likely than getting hit by lightning in the United States." Contents
1 Voter ID laws
2 Estimates of frequency
3 Outdated voter registration
4 Reporting and investigation
4.1 Pew report (2012)
4.2 Old Dominion University study (2014)
4.3 University of California, San Diego, study (2017)
4.4 Fish v. Kobach (2018)
5 History
5.1 In-person voter fraud (1968-1982)
5.2 Voter fraud claims in the 2016 presidential election
5.2.1 Voter fraud commission (2017)
5.3 Voter fraud claims in the 2020 presidential election
6 References
7 Sources
Voter ID laws
Main article: Voter identification laws in the United States
Voter ID laws target "in-person" voting fraud to deter impersonation by requiring some form of official ID. In many states, voters have other options besides "in-person" voting, such as absentee voting, or requesting an absentee ballot (which includes online voting and voting by mail). Absentee voting fraud, for example, which is more common, is not "deterred by ID laws". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_impersonation_(United_States) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_341598747#1_370359631 | Title: Voter impersonation (United States) - Wikipedia
Headings: Voter impersonation (United States)
Voter impersonation (United States)
Contents
Voter ID laws
Estimates of frequency
Outdated voter registration
Reporting and investigation
Pew report (2012)
Old Dominion University study (2014)
University of California, San Diego, study (2017)
Fish v. Kobach (2018)
History
In-person voter fraud (1968-1982)
Voter fraud claims in the 2016 presidential election
Voter fraud commission (2017)
Voter fraud claims in the 2020 presidential election
References
Sources
Content: In April 2020, a voter fraud study covering 20 years by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology found the level of fraud "exceedingly rare" since it occurs only in "0.00006 percent" of instances nationally, and, in one state, "0.000004 percent — about five times less likely than getting hit by lightning in the United States." Contents
1 Voter ID laws
2 Estimates of frequency
3 Outdated voter registration
4 Reporting and investigation
4.1 Pew report (2012)
4.2 Old Dominion University study (2014)
4.3 University of California, San Diego, study (2017)
4.4 Fish v. Kobach (2018)
5 History
5.1 In-person voter fraud (1968-1982)
5.2 Voter fraud claims in the 2016 presidential election
5.2.1 Voter fraud commission (2017)
5.3 Voter fraud claims in the 2020 presidential election
6 References
7 Sources
Voter ID laws
Main article: Voter identification laws in the United States
Voter ID laws target "in-person" voting fraud to deter impersonation by requiring some form of official ID. In many states, voters have other options besides "in-person" voting, such as absentee voting, or requesting an absentee ballot (which includes online voting and voting by mail). Absentee voting fraud, for example, which is more common, is not "deterred by ID laws". A 2015 article by University of Virginia Law School 's Michael Gilbert in the Columbia Law Review described how voter ID laws are controversial in the United States in terms of both politics and public law. Gilbert contends that voter ID laws "increase the risk of vote fraud". Those who support voter ID claim to want to protect election integrity by preventing voter fraud. Opponents claim that voter ID laws, "like poll taxes and literacy tests before them, intentionally depress turnout by lawful voters." Critics of voter ID laws have argued that voter impersonation is illogical from the perspective of the perpetrator, as if they are caught, they will face harsh criminal penalties, including up to 5 years in prison and a fine of up to $10,000 for citizens and possible deportation for non-citizens. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_impersonation_(United_States) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_341598747#7_370374005 | Title: Voter impersonation (United States) - Wikipedia
Headings: Voter impersonation (United States)
Voter impersonation (United States)
Contents
Voter ID laws
Estimates of frequency
Outdated voter registration
Reporting and investigation
Pew report (2012)
Old Dominion University study (2014)
University of California, San Diego, study (2017)
Fish v. Kobach (2018)
History
In-person voter fraud (1968-1982)
Voter fraud claims in the 2016 presidential election
Voter fraud commission (2017)
Voter fraud claims in the 2020 presidential election
References
Sources
Content: The most serious incident identified involved as many as 24 people trying to vote under assumed names in Brooklyn, but even this would not have made a significant difference in almost any American election. Also that year, a study in the Election Law Journal found that about the same percentage of the U.S. population (about 2.5%) admitted to having been abducted by aliens as admitted to committing voter impersonation. This study also concluded that "strict voter ID requirements address a problem that was certainly not common in the 2012 U.S. election." In 2016, News21 reviewed cases of possible voter impersonation in five states where politicians had expressed concerns about it. They found 38 successful fraud cases in these states from 2012 to 2016, none of which were for voter impersonation. Outdated voter registration
Main article: Voter suppression in the United States
Based on 2008 data in the 2012 Pew report,
We found millions of out of date registration records due to people moving or dying, but found no evidence that voter fraud resulted. — November 2016 former PEW research director
In 2012 NPR published figures related to the Pew study claiming that over 1.8 million dead people were registered to vote nationwide and over 3 million voters were registered in multiple states. However, the PEW study to which the article referred had concluded that the "millions of out of date registration records due to people moving or dying" had "found no evidence that voter fraud resulted." Pew researchers found that military personnel were disproportionately affected by voter registration errors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_impersonation_(United_States) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_341598747#10_370380596 | Title: Voter impersonation (United States) - Wikipedia
Headings: Voter impersonation (United States)
Voter impersonation (United States)
Contents
Voter ID laws
Estimates of frequency
Outdated voter registration
Reporting and investigation
Pew report (2012)
Old Dominion University study (2014)
University of California, San Diego, study (2017)
Fish v. Kobach (2018)
History
In-person voter fraud (1968-1982)
Voter fraud claims in the 2016 presidential election
Voter fraud commission (2017)
Voter fraud claims in the 2020 presidential election
References
Sources
Content: By 2016, most states had addressed concerns raised by the Pew 2012 report. Reporting and investigation
The New York Times reported that 18 of the 36 people arrested were charged with absentee ballot fraud - which is not voter impersonation - in the 1997 Miami mayoral election. According to a Newsday report in 2013, since 2000, there had been 270 cases of 6,000 dead people previously registered to vote in Nassau County, NY, who supposedly cast ballots at some point after their deaths. However, the paper explained: " The votes attributed to the dead are too few, and spread over 20 elections since 2000, to consider them a coordinated fraud attempt. More likely is what investigators in other states have found when examining dead voter records: Clerical errors are to blame, such as a person's vote being assigned to a dead person with a similar name." In October 2020, Republican election lawyer Benjamin Ginsberg wrote: I spent four decades in the Republican trenches, representing GOP presidential and congressional campaigns, working on Election Day operations, recounts, redistricting and other issues, including trying to lift the consent decree .... Nearly every Election Day since 1984 I've worked with Republican poll watchers, observers and lawyers to record and litigate any fraud or election irregularities discovered. The truth is that over all those years Republicans found only isolated incidents of fraud. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_impersonation_(United_States) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_341598747#11_370382802 | Title: Voter impersonation (United States) - Wikipedia
Headings: Voter impersonation (United States)
Voter impersonation (United States)
Contents
Voter ID laws
Estimates of frequency
Outdated voter registration
Reporting and investigation
Pew report (2012)
Old Dominion University study (2014)
University of California, San Diego, study (2017)
Fish v. Kobach (2018)
History
In-person voter fraud (1968-1982)
Voter fraud claims in the 2016 presidential election
Voter fraud commission (2017)
Voter fraud claims in the 2020 presidential election
References
Sources
Content: More likely is what investigators in other states have found when examining dead voter records: Clerical errors are to blame, such as a person's vote being assigned to a dead person with a similar name." In October 2020, Republican election lawyer Benjamin Ginsberg wrote: I spent four decades in the Republican trenches, representing GOP presidential and congressional campaigns, working on Election Day operations, recounts, redistricting and other issues, including trying to lift the consent decree .... Nearly every Election Day since 1984 I've worked with Republican poll watchers, observers and lawyers to record and litigate any fraud or election irregularities discovered. The truth is that over all those years Republicans found only isolated incidents of fraud. Proof of systematic fraud has become the Loch Ness Monster of the Republican Party. People have spent a lot of time looking for it, but it doesn't exist. Pew report (2012)
Some alleging voter fraud have cited a 2012 report by the Pew Center on the States entitled "Inaccurate, Costly, and Inefficient: Evidence That America's Voter Registration System Needs an Upgrade," which was based on data collected in 2008. However, the study was misinterpreted. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_impersonation_(United_States) |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_341914092#0_370516328 | Title: Voter turnout - Wikipedia
Headings: Voter turnout
Voter turnout
Contents
Reasons for voting
Reasons for not voting
Significance
Determinants and demographics of turnout
Habit
Childhood influences
Demographics
Differences between elections
Competitiveness of races
Incarceration
Costs of participation
Knowledge
Weather
Hereditary factors
Household socialization
Ballot secrecy
International differences
Cultural factors
Institutional factors
Voter registration
Compulsory voting
Salience
Proportionality
Ease of voting
Voter fatigue
Voter pledges
Trends of decreasing turnout since the 1980s
Reasons for decline
United States
Ineligibility
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
Content: Voter turnout - Wikipedia
Voter turnout
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Percentage of a country's eligible voters who actually vote within elections
Voters lining up outside a Baghdad polling station during the 2005 Iraqi election. Voter turnout was considered high despite widespread concerns of violence. Part of the Politics series
Voting
Balloting
Ballots
Absentee ballot
Provisional ballot
Sample ballot
Candidates and Ballot measures
Write-in candidate
Electorate
Slate
Ticket
Collection
Ballot box
Compulsory voting
Early voting
Electronic voting
Open ballot
Polling place
Postal voting
Precinct
Vote center
Voting booth
Counting
Popular vote
Tally
Voting machine
Electoral systems
Plurality and majoritarian systems
First-past-the-post voting
Two-round system
Instant-runoff voting
Plurality-at-large voting
General ticket
Usual judgment
Proportional and semi-proportional systems
Single non-transferable vote
Cumulative voting
Binomial system
Party-list
Single transferable voting
Mixed systems
Majority bonus system
Mixed-member systems
Parallel voting
Voting strategies
Issue voting
Fusion voting
Split-ticket voting
Straight-ticket voting
Tactical voting
Vote pairing
Protest votes
Abstention
Donkey vote
Election boycott
None of the above
Refused ballot
Spoilt vote
Voting patterns and effects
Coattail effect
Likely voter
Paradox of voting
Passive electioneering
Vote splitting
Voter apathy
Voter fatigue
Voter turnout
Protest votes
Electoral fraud
Ballot harvesting
Ballot stuffing
Felony disenfranchisement
Voter suppression
Voter caging
Prevention
Election ink
Secret ballot
Voter registration
Politics portal
v
t
e
In political science, voter turnout is the percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election. Eligibility varies by country, and the voting-eligible population should not be confused with the total adult population. Age and citizenship status are often among the criteria used to determine eligibility, but some countries further restrict eligibility based on sex, race, or religion. After increasing for many decades, there has been a trend of decreasing voter turnout in most established democracies since the 1980s. In general, low turnout is attributed to disillusionment, indifference, or a sense of futility (the perception that one's vote won't make any difference). According to Stanford University political scientists Adam Bonica and Michael McFaul, there is a consensus among political scientists that "democracies perform better when more people vote." Low turnout is usually considered to be undesirable. As a result, there have been many efforts to increase voter turnout and encourage participation in the political process. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_turnout |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_392316002#2_424505321 | Title: War on drugs - Wikipedia
Headings: War on drugs
War on drugs
Contents
History
19th century
20th century
21st century
Domestic policy
Arrests and incarceration
Sentencing disparities
Commonly used illegal drugs
Foreign interventions
War in Vietnam
Operation Intercept
Operation Just Cause
Plan Colombia
Mérida Initiative
Aerial herbicide application
Operations in Honduras
Public support and opposition
United States
Mexico
Latin America
Canada
Socioeconomic effects
Permanent underclass creation
Costs to taxpayers
Impact on growers
Allegations of official involvement in drug trafficking
CIA and Contra cocaine trafficking
Heroin trafficking operations involving the CIA, U.S. Navy and Sicilian Mafia
Efficacy
Legality
Alternatives
See also
Covert activities and foreign policy
References
Further reading
Government and NGO reports
External links
Video
Content: In June 2011, the Global Commission on Drug Policy released a critical report on the War on Drugs, declaring: " The global war on drugs has failed, with devastating consequences for individuals and societies around the world. Fifty years after the initiation of the UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, and years after President Nixon launched the US government's war on drugs, fundamental reforms in national and global drug control policies are urgently needed." The report was criticized by organizations that oppose a general legalization of drugs. Contents
1 History
1.1 19th century
1.2 20th century
1.3 21st century
2 Domestic policy
2.1 Arrests and incarceration
2.1.1 Sentencing disparities
2.2 Commonly used illegal drugs
3 Foreign interventions
3.1 War in Vietnam
3.2 Operation Intercept
3.3 Operation Just Cause
3.4 Plan Colombia
3.5 Mérida Initiative
3.6 Aerial herbicide application
3.7 Operations in Honduras
4 Public support and opposition
4.1 United States
4.2 Mexico
4.3 Latin America
4.4 Canada
5 Socioeconomic effects
5.1 Permanent underclass creation
5.2 Costs to taxpayers
5.3 Impact on growers
6 Allegations of official involvement in drug trafficking
6.1 CIA and Contra cocaine trafficking
6.2 Heroin trafficking operations involving the CIA, U.S. Navy and Sicilian Mafia
7 Efficacy
8 Legality
9 Alternatives
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
12.1 Government and NGO reports
13 External links
13.1 Video
History
Main article: History of United States drug prohibition
See also: Legal history of cannabis in the United States
19th century
Morphine was first isolated from opium between 1803 and 1805, and hypodermic syringes were first constructed in 1851. This was particularly significant during the American Civil War, when wounded soldiers were treated with morphine. This led to widespread morphine addiction among veterans of the war. Until 1912, products such as heroin were sold over-the-counter in a form of cough syrup. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Drugs |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_407791372#8_441311424 | Title: Washington State Route 167 - Wikipedia
Headings: Washington State Route 167
Washington State Route 167
Contents
Route description
History
Future
Exit list
References
External links
Content: The highway between Renton and Seattle was removed from the state highway system in 1991, although the law did not take effect until April 1, 1992. The Puyallup River bridge on Meridian Avenue was built in 1925 and twinned with the addition of a two-lane bridge for southbound traffic that opened in 1971. The northbound truss bridge was replaced in 2015, with the original structure moved to a nearby plot of vacant land while awaiting a sale. The northern half of the Renton interchange with I-405 was altered in 2003 to separate weaving traffic through the use of a flyover ramp that leads into the southbound-to-southbound loop ramp. The overloaded interchange with I-405 resulted in routine backups on I-405 as far as Tukwila to the west and the Kennydale Hill to the north. A larger overhaul was proposed as part of Referendum 51, which was rejected by voters in 2002. A direct connection between the freeway's HOT lanes and the I-405 HOV lanes was constructed from 2016 to 2019, costing $197 million. Future
WSDOT has planned to convert the entire route in Pierce County to a freeway since the mid-20th century. WSDOT is performing advance design and engineering work. The proposed highway would bypass the snarled traffic at Meridian Way in Puyallup and continue across Interstate 5 to SR 509 in the city of Fife. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Route_167 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_408054174#0_441608487 | Title: Washington State Route 509 - Wikipedia
Headings: Washington State Route 509
Washington State Route 509
Contents
Route description
History
Major intersections
References
External links
Content: Washington State Route 509 - Wikipedia
Washington State Route 509
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
State Route 509
SR 509 highlighted in red
Route information
Auxiliary route of I-5
Defined by RCW 47.17.680
Maintained by WSDOT
Length
35.17 mi (56.60 km)
Existed
1964 –present
Major junctions
South end
I-705 in Tacoma
SR 99 in Federal Way
SR 516 in Des Moines
SR 518 in Burien
North end
SR 99 in Seattle
Location
Counties
Pierce, King
Highway system
State highways in Washington
Interstate
US
State
Scenic
Former PSH
1964 renumbering
Former
← SR 508
→ SR 510
State Route 509 ( SR 509) is a 35.17-mile-long (56.60 km) state highway in the U.S. state of Washington, connecting Tacoma in Pierce County to Seattle in King County. The highway travels north from Interstate 705 (I-705) in Tacoma to SR 99 south of downtown Seattle. It serves cities along the Puget Sound and west of Seattle–Tacoma International Airport in south King County, including Federal Way, Des Moines, and Burien. SR 509 is part of the National Highway System and is a limited-access highway near the Port of Tacoma and from Burien to its northern terminus in Seattle. Prior to the 1964 highway renumbering, the highway was part of Secondary State Highway 1V (SSH 1V) from Tacoma to Des Moines and SSH 1K from Des Moines to Seattle. SR 509 was re-aligned onto the Burien Freeway in 1968 and the Port of Tacoma bypass in 1997, coinciding with the opening of its interchange with I-705 and the cable-stayed 21st Street Bridge. Various proposals since 1988 have recommended building a freeway extension of SR 509 within the city of SeaTac, connecting the Burien Freeway to I-5, that remains unbuilt but is currently funded and will be extended to I-5 by 2028. Contents
1 Route description
2 History
3 Major intersections
4 References
5 External links
Route description
SR 509 traveling across the Thea Foss Waterway on the cable-stayed 21st Street Bridge within Tacoma, connecting downtown to the Port of Tacoma. SR 509 begins as South 21st Street at a single-point urban interchange with I-705 in downtown Tacoma in Pierce County, providing access to the Tacoma campus of the University of Washington and the Tacoma Link light rail line on Pacific Avenue. The highway travels east over the Thea Foss Waterway on the cable-stayed 21st Street Bridge into the Port of Tacoma as a four-lane limited-access highway, intersecting Portland Avenue in a half- diamond interchange before crossing the Puyallup River. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Route_509 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_408087194#0_441660033 | Title: Washington State Route 520 - Wikipedia
Headings: Washington State Route 520
Washington State Route 520
Contents
Route description
History
Ferries and proposed floating bridge
Opening of floating bridge and freeway
Extension to Redmond
Freeway widening and new interchanges
Bridge replacement and corridor improvement program
Mass transit
Exit list
References
External links
Content: Washington State Route 520 - Wikipedia
Washington State Route 520
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Freeway in Washington state
State Route 520
Map of Seattle and the Eastside, with SR 520 highlighted in red
Route information
Auxiliary route of I-5
Defined by RCW 47.17.720
Maintained by WSDOT
Length
12.82 mi (20.63 km)
Existed
1964 –present
Major junctions
West end
I-5 in Seattle
I-405 in Bellevue
East end
SR 202 in Redmond
Location
Counties
King
Highway system
State highways in Washington
Interstate
US
State
Scenic
Former PSH
1964 renumbering
Former
← SR 519
→ SR 522
State Route 520 ( SR 520) is a state highway and freeway in the Seattle metropolitan area, part of the U.S. state of Washington. It runs 13 miles (21 km) from Seattle in the west to Redmond in the east. The freeway connects Seattle to the Eastside region of King County via the Evergreen Point Floating Bridge on Lake Washington. SR 520 intersects several state highways, including Interstate 5 (I-5) in Seattle, I-405 in Bellevue, and SR 202 in Redmond. The original floating bridge was opened in 1963 as a replacement for the cross-lake ferry system that had operated since the late 19th century. In 1964, SR 520 was designated as a freeway connecting I-5 to I-405. An extension to Redmond was proposed later in the decade. In the 1970s and 1980s, sections of the freeway between Bellevue and Redmond were opened to traffic, replacing the temporary designation of SR 920. Since the 1990s, SR 520 has been expanded with high-occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV lanes) and new interchanges to serve the Overlake area. In 2016, the original Evergreen Point Floating Bridge was replaced by a wider bridge, as part of a multibillion-dollar expansion program that is scheduled to be completed in the 2020s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Route_520 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_408087194#1_441662475 | Title: Washington State Route 520 - Wikipedia
Headings: Washington State Route 520
Washington State Route 520
Contents
Route description
History
Ferries and proposed floating bridge
Opening of floating bridge and freeway
Extension to Redmond
Freeway widening and new interchanges
Bridge replacement and corridor improvement program
Mass transit
Exit list
References
External links
Content: In 1964, SR 520 was designated as a freeway connecting I-5 to I-405. An extension to Redmond was proposed later in the decade. In the 1970s and 1980s, sections of the freeway between Bellevue and Redmond were opened to traffic, replacing the temporary designation of SR 920. Since the 1990s, SR 520 has been expanded with high-occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV lanes) and new interchanges to serve the Overlake area. In 2016, the original Evergreen Point Floating Bridge was replaced by a wider bridge, as part of a multibillion-dollar expansion program that is scheduled to be completed in the 2020s. The program also includes the construction of new bus infrastructure at Montlake and on the Eastside, as well as a bicycle and pedestrian path along most of the highway's length. Contents
1 Route description
2 History
2.1 Ferries and proposed floating bridge
2.2 Opening of floating bridge and freeway
2.3 Extension to Redmond
2.4 Freeway widening and new interchanges
2.5 Bridge replacement and corridor improvement program
3 Mass transit
4 Exit list
5 References
6 External links
Route description
SR 520 eastbound approaching SR 202 in Downtown Redmond
SR 520 begins at an interchange with I-5 in northern Seattle near Roanoke Park. The interchange provides access to both directions of I-5 as well as a westbound off-ramp to Harvard Avenue and Roanoke Street. SR 520 travels east across the south end of Portage Bay and its wetlands on the Portage Bay Viaduct, entering the Montlake neighborhood. In Montlake, the highway intersects Montlake Boulevard ( SR 513) and Lake Washington Boulevard just south of the University of Washington campus and Husky Stadium. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Route_520 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_408087194#6_441672919 | Title: Washington State Route 520 - Wikipedia
Headings: Washington State Route 520
Washington State Route 520
Contents
Route description
History
Ferries and proposed floating bridge
Opening of floating bridge and freeway
Extension to Redmond
Freeway widening and new interchanges
Bridge replacement and corridor improvement program
Mass transit
Exit list
References
External links
Content: Portions of the corridor from Montlake to Downtown Redmond are also paralleled by a shared-use trail for bicycles and pedestrians. SR 520's entire route is designated as part of the National Highway System, classifying it as important to the national economy, defense, and mobility. The State of Washington also designates the SR 520 corridor as a Highway of Statewide Significance, a category of highways that connect major communities throughout the state. SR 520 is maintained by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), which conducts an annual survey on the state's highways to measure traffic volume in terms of average annual daily traffic. In 2016, WSDOT calculated that 80,000 vehicles traveled on SR 520 near its interchange with SR 202 in Redmond and 47,000 vehicles used it at SR 513 in Seattle, the highest and lowest traffic counts along the highway, respectively. The highway is noted for its lack of a " reverse commute ", with roughly equal amounts of traffic in both directions during peak periods. History
Ferries and proposed floating bridge
New towns along the eastern shore of Lake Washington were established in the late 19th century and initially served by steamship ferries, bringing passengers and goods to and from Seattle. By 1913, the steam ferry Leschi was transporting automobiles and pedestrians between Seattle and the docks in Bellevue, Kirkland, and Medina. In 1940, the Lake Washington Floating Bridge was opened between Seattle and Mercer Island, carrying the Sunset Highway (later I-90) from Seattle towards Bellevue and the Eastside. The new bridge allowed the Eastside to develop rapidly into bedroom communities in the 1940s and 1950s; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Route_520 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_408130665#1_441688231 | Title: Washington State Route 522 - Wikipedia
Headings: Washington State Route 522
Washington State Route 522
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Route description
History
Red Brick Road
Federal and state highways
Freeway expansion and safety improvements
Mass transit
Major intersections
References
External links
Content: SR 522 connects several of the metropolitan area's major highways, including Interstate 5 (I-5), I-405, SR 9, and U.S. Route 2 (US 2). The present-day route of SR 522 was built in stages between 1907 and 1965, beginning with the Red Brick Road from Seattle to Bothell, then part of the Pacific Highway and later US 99. The road later became a branch of Primary State Highway 2 (PSH 2) in 1937, and was extended east to Redmond and North Bend. A branch of the Stevens Pass Highway was built to connect PSH 2 in Bothell and Monroe in 1965, and was incorporated into SR 202 after it was designated in 1964. The Bothell–Monroe highway was re-designated as part of SR 522 in 1970, leaving SR 202 on the Bothell–North Bend highway. Since the late 1990s, the SR 522 corridor between Woodinville and Monroe has been partially converted to a freeway to address safety concerns and a growing population. Portions of the highway near Woodinville and Monroe were widened between 2001 and 2014, while other sections near Maltby remain two lanes wide and undivided, with improvement projects left unfunded. Contents
1 Route description
2 History
2.1 Red Brick Road
2.2 Federal and state highways
2.3 Freeway expansion and safety improvements
2.4 Mass transit
3 Major intersections
4 References
5 External links
Route description
Lake City Way (SR 522) northbound in the commercial district of Lake City in Seattle
SR 522, named Lake City Way within Seattle city limits, begins at an interchange with I-5 in the Roosevelt neighborhood of northern Seattle, east of Green Lake. The interchange only allows movements south towards Downtown Seattle on I-5, and includes a connection to the freeway's reversible express lane system. The highway travels northeast from the interchange, tunneling under the intersection of Roosevelt Way NE and NE 75th Street; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Route_522 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_408130665#7_441700784 | Title: Washington State Route 522 - Wikipedia
Headings: Washington State Route 522
Washington State Route 522
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Route description
History
Red Brick Road
Federal and state highways
Freeway expansion and safety improvements
Mass transit
Major intersections
References
External links
Content: The entire route of SR 522 is designated as part of the National Highway System, classifying it as important to the national economy, defense, and mobility. The State of Washington also designates the SR 522 corridor as a Highway of Statewide Significance, which includes highways that connect major communities throughout the state. The highway is the primary route for Seattle-area residents to access Stevens Pass and other parts of the Cascade Mountains. SR 522 is maintained by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), which conducts an annual survey on the state's highways to measure traffic volume in terms of average annual daily traffic. In 2016, WSDOT calculated that 96,000 vehicles used SR 522 at its interchange with I-405 and 12,000 vehicles used it at its eastern terminus in Monroe, the highest and lowest counts along the highway, respectively. History
Red Brick Road
A preserved segment of the Red Brick Road in Bothell, originally opened in 1914
Logging settlements were established on the northern shore of Lake Washington in the 1860s and 1870s, relying primarily on the water for intercity transportation. The Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway was built along the lakefront in 1888, connecting Seattle to the new towns of Bothell and Kenmore. By the 1890s, unpaved logging trails had been completed along Lake Washington and the railroad, reaching as far northeast as Maltby. Bothell businessman and good roads advocate Gerhard Ericksen successfully lobbied the Washington State Legislature to fund the construction of a road from Seattle to Bothell as a State Aid Road and Permanent Highway in 1903. The first section of the highway, traveling 7 miles (11.3 km) from Ravenna Park in Seattle to Lake Forest Park, was completed in 1907 and was pronounced by The Seattle Times as one of the "finest pieces of road to be found anywhere in the United States". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Route_522 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_430575353#1_467763046 | Title: We Should All Be Feminists - Wikipedia
Headings: We Should All Be Feminists
We Should All Be Feminists
Contents
Content
Adaptations
Reception
References
External links
Content: While feminism advocates for equity and equality between men and women in all aspects of life, the fiercest opposers of women's liberation believe that feminism is a social movement that focuses on reversing gender roles and making men inferior. Adichie's "We Should All Be Feminists," succinctly unearths the need to transform social beliefs and gender constructs that promote the disparity between men and women. In essence, we should all be feminists not only as a commitment to women's liberation but also as a way of encouraging men to hold conversations with women on sexuality, appearance, roles, and success. Being a feminist entails championing for the rights of women and trying to make the world a better place for women. Feminism does not entirely challenge the biological roles of each gender as it only intends to revolutionize sexism by creating equal chances and opportunities for women and men. Feminism views people as human beings and aims to tackle the social injustices that silence people's will and power to exceed social expectations. Therefore, becoming a feminist normalizes women's success and allows men to strive to achieve even more in life. Participating in the contemporary feminism paves the way for a prosperous and all-inclusive future society. Empowering women is not equivalent to taking away opportunities from men. Teaching the community to accord equal respect to women creates a conducive environment for success. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Should_All_Be_Feminists |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_431790287#1_469436841 | Title: Weapon systems officer - Wikipedia
Headings: Weapon systems officer
Weapon systems officer
Contents
Gallery
United Kingdom
United States
Overview
U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps
U.S. Air Force
Training
Primary
Intermediate
Advanced
Graduate training
See also
References
Content: Find sources: " Weapon systems officer" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR
(September 2014)
( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (September 2014)
( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
F-15E cockpit view from tanker; pilot and WSO visible
Comparative military ranks
Armies
Air forces
Space forces
Navies
Air forces
( Commonwealth system)
Commissioned officers
Field marshal or
General of the army or
General of the air force
Admiral of
the fleet
Marshal of
the air force
General
Admiral
Air chief marshal
Lieutenant general
Vice admiral
Air marshal
Major general
Rear admiral
Air vice-marshal
Brigadier or
brigadier general
Commodore
Air commodore
Colonel
Captain
Group captain
Lieutenant colonel
Commander
Wing commander
Major or
commandant
Lieutenant
commander
Squadron leader
Captain
Lieutenant
Flight lieutenant
Lieutenant or
first lieutenant
Lieutenant
junior grade or
sub-lieutenant
Flying officer
Second lieutenant
Ensign or
midshipman
Pilot officer
Officer cadet
Officer cadet
Flight cadet
Enlisted ranks
Warrant officer or
sergeant major
Warrant officer or
chief petty officer
Warrant officer
Sergeant
Petty officer
Sergeant
Corporal or
bombardier
Leading seaman
Corporal or Leading aircraftman
Private or
gunner or
trooper or
specialist
Seaman
Aircraftman or
airman or
aviator
v
t
e
A Weapon Systems Officer ( WSO; " wizzo " as a common nickname) is an air flight officer directly involved in all air operations and weapon systems of a military aircraft. Historically, aircrew duties in military aircraft were highly specialised and rigid, because the relevant controls, instruments/displays, and/or weapons were concentrated in front of particular seats, panels or positions. That included two-seat variants of fighter or attack/strike aircraft (including late 20th century types such as the F-4 Phantom II, A-6 Intruder, F-111, Panavia Tornado, Su-24 Fencer and Su-30MK Flanker-C, Dassault Mirage 2000N/2000D ). From the 1970s onward an aircraft with two-member crews, such as the F-15E Strike Eagle, F/A-18F Super Hornet or Su-34 Fullback and Dassault Rafale B have often featured programmable multi-function displays. These programs allow roles to be more flexible than previous generation aircraft. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_Systems_Officer |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_431790287#2_469439979 | Title: Weapon systems officer - Wikipedia
Headings: Weapon systems officer
Weapon systems officer
Contents
Gallery
United Kingdom
United States
Overview
U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps
U.S. Air Force
Training
Primary
Intermediate
Advanced
Graduate training
See also
References
Content: wizzo " as a common nickname) is an air flight officer directly involved in all air operations and weapon systems of a military aircraft. Historically, aircrew duties in military aircraft were highly specialised and rigid, because the relevant controls, instruments/displays, and/or weapons were concentrated in front of particular seats, panels or positions. That included two-seat variants of fighter or attack/strike aircraft (including late 20th century types such as the F-4 Phantom II, A-6 Intruder, F-111, Panavia Tornado, Su-24 Fencer and Su-30MK Flanker-C, Dassault Mirage 2000N/2000D ). From the 1970s onward an aircraft with two-member crews, such as the F-15E Strike Eagle, F/A-18F Super Hornet or Su-34 Fullback and Dassault Rafale B have often featured programmable multi-function displays. These programs allow roles to be more flexible than previous generation aircraft. Multiple crew members can be responsible for detecting, targeting and engaging air-to-air or ground targets, communications, datalinks and/or defensive systems. Roles can be customized based on experience, expertise, workload, tactics, and weapons being employed. Pilots usually retain the responsibility for flying the aircraft in tactical situations. However, the crews of dedicated bomber aircraft usually retain distinct, rigidly-defined and conventional roles. Contents
1 Gallery
2 United Kingdom
3 United States
3.1 Overview
3.1.1 U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps
3.1.2 U.S. Air Force
3.2 Training
3.2.1 Primary
3.2.2 Intermediate
3.2.3 Advanced
3.2.4 Graduate training
4 See also
5 References
Gallery
(F-15E Pilot & WSO)
(B-1B Lancer WSO)
(F-18 Pilot & WSO)
(F-4 with tandem pilot & WSO canopies open)
(SU-34 pilot & WSO positions in simulator)
United Kingdom
In the Royal Air Force, a WSO is a commissioned officer that operates aircraft mission systems formerly on the Tornado GR4, however now on the Reaper, Sentinel R1, Rivet Joint, E3 Sentry and the P-8 Poseidon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_Systems_Officer |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_431790287#3_469442437 | Title: Weapon systems officer - Wikipedia
Headings: Weapon systems officer
Weapon systems officer
Contents
Gallery
United Kingdom
United States
Overview
U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps
U.S. Air Force
Training
Primary
Intermediate
Advanced
Graduate training
See also
References
Content: Multiple crew members can be responsible for detecting, targeting and engaging air-to-air or ground targets, communications, datalinks and/or defensive systems. Roles can be customized based on experience, expertise, workload, tactics, and weapons being employed. Pilots usually retain the responsibility for flying the aircraft in tactical situations. However, the crews of dedicated bomber aircraft usually retain distinct, rigidly-defined and conventional roles. Contents
1 Gallery
2 United Kingdom
3 United States
3.1 Overview
3.1.1 U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps
3.1.2 U.S. Air Force
3.2 Training
3.2.1 Primary
3.2.2 Intermediate
3.2.3 Advanced
3.2.4 Graduate training
4 See also
5 References
Gallery
(F-15E Pilot & WSO)
(B-1B Lancer WSO)
(F-18 Pilot & WSO)
(F-4 with tandem pilot & WSO canopies open)
(SU-34 pilot & WSO positions in simulator)
United Kingdom
In the Royal Air Force, a WSO is a commissioned officer that operates aircraft mission systems formerly on the Tornado GR4, however now on the Reaper, Sentinel R1, Rivet Joint, E3 Sentry and the P-8 Poseidon. Non-commissioned Aircrew can serve as a WSOp (Weapon Systems Operator), an umbrella term for the various specialist aircrew responsible for assisting the pilot in operating the mission systems of the aircraft (e.g. linguists, loadmasters, crewman). United States
Overview
U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps
In the United States Navy, WSOs are naval flight officers responsible for manning the weapon systems of the F/A-18F Super Hornet strike fighter from that jet's aft seat. Prior to the introduction of the F/A-18F, they were known as Radar Intercept Officers (RIO) in the aft seats of the F-4 Phantom II and F-14 Tomcat; as Bombardier/Navigators (B/N) in the right seat of the A-6 Intruder and the A-3 Skywarrior and in the aft seat in the A-5 Vigilante; and Reconnaissance Attack Navigators (RAN) in the aft seat of the RA-5C Vigilante . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_Systems_Officer |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_431790287#4_469444850 | Title: Weapon systems officer - Wikipedia
Headings: Weapon systems officer
Weapon systems officer
Contents
Gallery
United Kingdom
United States
Overview
U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps
U.S. Air Force
Training
Primary
Intermediate
Advanced
Graduate training
See also
References
Content: Non-commissioned Aircrew can serve as a WSOp (Weapon Systems Operator), an umbrella term for the various specialist aircrew responsible for assisting the pilot in operating the mission systems of the aircraft (e.g. linguists, loadmasters, crewman). United States
Overview
U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps
In the United States Navy, WSOs are naval flight officers responsible for manning the weapon systems of the F/A-18F Super Hornet strike fighter from that jet's aft seat. Prior to the introduction of the F/A-18F, they were known as Radar Intercept Officers (RIO) in the aft seats of the F-4 Phantom II and F-14 Tomcat; as Bombardier/Navigators (B/N) in the right seat of the A-6 Intruder and the A-3 Skywarrior and in the aft seat in the A-5 Vigilante; and Reconnaissance Attack Navigators (RAN) in the aft seat of the RA-5C Vigilante . In the United States Marine Corps, "WSO" refers to naval flight officers serving as the aft crew member of the F/A-18D Hornet. Prior to the introduction of the F/A-18D, they also served as Radar Intercept Officers (RIO) in the aft seat of the F-4 Phantom II, Reconnaissance Systems Officers (RSO) in the aft seat of reconnaissance aircraft such as the RF-4B Phantom II and as Bombardier/Navigators (B/N) in the right seat of the A-6 Intruder. Until mid-2019, the Marines also employed Naval Flight Officers in the EA-6B Prowler, where they were known as Electronic Countermeasures Officers (ECMO, pronounced “EK-mo”). In U.S. Naval Aviation ( USN & USMC ), when designated as the mission commander (MC), the WSO is responsible for all phases of the assigned mission, especially if there are multiple aircraft involved. For example, the aircraft pilot could be the junior member of a flight crew such as a USN lieutenant, junior grade/USMC 1st lieutenant or USN lieutenant/USMC captain, and the weapon systems officer could be a senior officer such as a USN lieutenant commander, commander or captain, or a USMC major, lieutenant colonel, or colonel; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_Systems_Officer |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_431790287#5_469447329 | Title: Weapon systems officer - Wikipedia
Headings: Weapon systems officer
Weapon systems officer
Contents
Gallery
United Kingdom
United States
Overview
U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps
U.S. Air Force
Training
Primary
Intermediate
Advanced
Graduate training
See also
References
Content: In the United States Marine Corps, "WSO" refers to naval flight officers serving as the aft crew member of the F/A-18D Hornet. Prior to the introduction of the F/A-18D, they also served as Radar Intercept Officers (RIO) in the aft seat of the F-4 Phantom II, Reconnaissance Systems Officers (RSO) in the aft seat of reconnaissance aircraft such as the RF-4B Phantom II and as Bombardier/Navigators (B/N) in the right seat of the A-6 Intruder. Until mid-2019, the Marines also employed Naval Flight Officers in the EA-6B Prowler, where they were known as Electronic Countermeasures Officers (ECMO, pronounced “EK-mo”). In U.S. Naval Aviation ( USN & USMC ), when designated as the mission commander (MC), the WSO is responsible for all phases of the assigned mission, especially if there are multiple aircraft involved. For example, the aircraft pilot could be the junior member of a flight crew such as a USN lieutenant, junior grade/USMC 1st lieutenant or USN lieutenant/USMC captain, and the weapon systems officer could be a senior officer such as a USN lieutenant commander, commander or captain, or a USMC major, lieutenant colonel, or colonel; this would likely make the WSO the mission commander. U.S. Air Force
In the U.S. Air Force, "WSO" also refers to a USAF combat systems officer (CSO, formerly USAF navigator) who is the aft crew member in the F-15E Strike Eagle. In the B-52, the CSO crew members on the lower deck of the aircraft who were previously designated as navigator and radar navigator (bombardier) are now known as weapon systems officers while the CSO on the upper deck is an electronic warfare officer. In the B-1B Lancer bomber, there are 2 weapon systems officers manning crew positions aft of the pilot and co-pilot. They are known as the Offensive Systems Officer (OSO), and the Defensive Systems Officer (DSO). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_Systems_Officer |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_431790287#6_469449661 | Title: Weapon systems officer - Wikipedia
Headings: Weapon systems officer
Weapon systems officer
Contents
Gallery
United Kingdom
United States
Overview
U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps
U.S. Air Force
Training
Primary
Intermediate
Advanced
Graduate training
See also
References
Content: this would likely make the WSO the mission commander. U.S. Air Force
In the U.S. Air Force, "WSO" also refers to a USAF combat systems officer (CSO, formerly USAF navigator) who is the aft crew member in the F-15E Strike Eagle. In the B-52, the CSO crew members on the lower deck of the aircraft who were previously designated as navigator and radar navigator (bombardier) are now known as weapon systems officers while the CSO on the upper deck is an electronic warfare officer. In the B-1B Lancer bomber, there are 2 weapon systems officers manning crew positions aft of the pilot and co-pilot. They are known as the Offensive Systems Officer (OSO), and the Defensive Systems Officer (DSO). WSOs also flew in the now-retired F-111 Aardvark strike bomber, flown by the US Air Force and Royal Australian Air Force, and the now retired USAF EF-111A Raven airborne jammer. In the F-111, the WSO (EWO in the EF-111) was seated directly to the right of the pilot/aircraft commander. The WSO integrates with the pilot to collectively achieve and maintain crew efficiency, situational awareness and mission effectiveness. In the U.S. Air Force fighter aircraft such as the F-15E Strike Eagle, the WSO can pilot the aircraft when required, although this is typically during non-tactical portions of the mission (e.g., en route to mission area or returning to base). When designated as the mission commander (MC), the WSO is also responsible for all phases of the assigned mission, especially if there are multiple aircraft involved. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_Systems_Officer |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_431790287#7_469451664 | Title: Weapon systems officer - Wikipedia
Headings: Weapon systems officer
Weapon systems officer
Contents
Gallery
United Kingdom
United States
Overview
U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps
U.S. Air Force
Training
Primary
Intermediate
Advanced
Graduate training
See also
References
Content: WSOs also flew in the now-retired F-111 Aardvark strike bomber, flown by the US Air Force and Royal Australian Air Force, and the now retired USAF EF-111A Raven airborne jammer. In the F-111, the WSO (EWO in the EF-111) was seated directly to the right of the pilot/aircraft commander. The WSO integrates with the pilot to collectively achieve and maintain crew efficiency, situational awareness and mission effectiveness. In the U.S. Air Force fighter aircraft such as the F-15E Strike Eagle, the WSO can pilot the aircraft when required, although this is typically during non-tactical portions of the mission (e.g., en route to mission area or returning to base). When designated as the mission commander (MC), the WSO is also responsible for all phases of the assigned mission, especially if there are multiple aircraft involved. For example, the aircraft pilot could be the junior member of a flight crew such as a first lieutenant or captain, and the weapon systems officer could be a senior officer such as a major, lieutenant colonel, or colonel; regardless of rank, the WSO would be the mission commander if he/she is qualified. Training
Currently, all USN WSOs begin their training as student naval flight officers (SNFO) at NAS Pensacola, Florida. Training begins with Introductory Flight Screening, where the WSO flies a Cessna 172 or Piper PA-28 variant to show he/she is competent enough in aviation to continue the rigorous training ahead. Then the SNFO starts the U.S. Navy indoctrination course called Aviation Preflight Indoctrination (API) with his/her student naval aviator (pilot) counterparts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_Systems_Officer |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439061342#0_479104625 | Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
Contents
History
Geography
Demographics
Weeki Wachee Springs
Tourist attraction
Deepest naturally formed spring in the United States
In popular media
References
External links
Content: Weeki Wachee, Florida - Wikipedia
Weeki Wachee, Florida
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Unincorporated community in Florida, United States
Unincorporated communtiy in Florida, United States
Weeki Wachee, Florida
Unincorporated communtiy
US 19, SR 50 and CR 550 intersect at Weeki Wachee Springs and Buccaneer Bay. Location in Hernando County and the state of Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 28°30′56″N 82°34′43″W
/ 28.51556°N 82.57861°W / 28.51556; -82.57861
Coordinates: 28°30′56″N 82°34′43″W
/ 28.51556°N 82.57861°W / 28.51556; -82.57861
Country
United States
State
Florida
County
Hernando
Founded
1966
Dissolved
June 2020
Area
• Total
1.05 sq mi (2.73 km 2)
• Land
1.00 sq mi (2.60 km 2)
• Water
0.05 sq mi (0.13 km 2)
Elevation
33 ft (10 m)
Population
( 2010)
• Total
210
• Estimate
(2019)
13
• Density
12.94/sq mi (5.00/km 2)
Time zone
UTC−05:00 ( Eastern (EST))
• Summer ( DST)
UTC−04:00 (EDT)
Area code (s)
352
FIPS code
12-75625
GNIS feature ID
0295700
Website
www .weekiwachee .com
Weeki Wachee was a city located in Hernando County, Florida, United States. As of the 2010 census, the former city had a total population of 12. The 12,000-acre (49 km 2) Weeki Wachee Preserve and the Weeki Wachee Springs park are located in the area. The park includes water rides, animal shows, mermaid costume shows, and manatee watching. The communities of Weeki Wachee Gardens and Spring Hill are nearby. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee,_Florida |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439061342#1_479106789 | Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
Contents
History
Geography
Demographics
Weeki Wachee Springs
Tourist attraction
Deepest naturally formed spring in the United States
In popular media
References
External links
Content: -82.57861
Country
United States
State
Florida
County
Hernando
Founded
1966
Dissolved
June 2020
Area
• Total
1.05 sq mi (2.73 km 2)
• Land
1.00 sq mi (2.60 km 2)
• Water
0.05 sq mi (0.13 km 2)
Elevation
33 ft (10 m)
Population
( 2010)
• Total
210
• Estimate
(2019)
13
• Density
12.94/sq mi (5.00/km 2)
Time zone
UTC−05:00 ( Eastern (EST))
• Summer ( DST)
UTC−04:00 (EDT)
Area code (s)
352
FIPS code
12-75625
GNIS feature ID
0295700
Website
www .weekiwachee .com
Weeki Wachee was a city located in Hernando County, Florida, United States. As of the 2010 census, the former city had a total population of 12. The 12,000-acre (49 km 2) Weeki Wachee Preserve and the Weeki Wachee Springs park are located in the area. The park includes water rides, animal shows, mermaid costume shows, and manatee watching. The communities of Weeki Wachee Gardens and Spring Hill are nearby. Contents
1 History
2 Geography
3 Demographics
4 Weeki Wachee Springs
4.1 Tourist attraction
4.2 Deepest naturally formed spring in the United States
5 In popular media
6 References
7 External links
History
The city of Weeki Wachee was founded in 1966 to promote the local mermaid attraction. With fewer than 15 residents, and increased concerns over the city's finances, services, and state park operations, state representative Blaise Ingoglia sponsored a bill to dissolve the city, and Governor Ron DeSantis signed it into law in June 2020. Hernando County, Florida, is to resolve the financial issues, and park operations are not expected to be affected. Geography
The city of Weeki Wachee was located in western Hernando County at 28°30'56" North, 82°34'43" West (28.515445, −82.578565). Via U.S. Route 19, it was 19 miles (31 km) north of Port Richey and 20 miles (32 km) south of Homosassa Springs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee,_Florida |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439061342#2_479109142 | Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
Contents
History
Geography
Demographics
Weeki Wachee Springs
Tourist attraction
Deepest naturally formed spring in the United States
In popular media
References
External links
Content: Contents
1 History
2 Geography
3 Demographics
4 Weeki Wachee Springs
4.1 Tourist attraction
4.2 Deepest naturally formed spring in the United States
5 In popular media
6 References
7 External links
History
The city of Weeki Wachee was founded in 1966 to promote the local mermaid attraction. With fewer than 15 residents, and increased concerns over the city's finances, services, and state park operations, state representative Blaise Ingoglia sponsored a bill to dissolve the city, and Governor Ron DeSantis signed it into law in June 2020. Hernando County, Florida, is to resolve the financial issues, and park operations are not expected to be affected. Geography
The city of Weeki Wachee was located in western Hernando County at 28°30'56" North, 82°34'43" West (28.515445, −82.578565). Via U.S. Route 19, it was 19 miles (31 km) north of Port Richey and 20 miles (32 km) south of Homosassa Springs. Via Florida State Road 50, Weeki Wachee was 12 miles (19 km) west of Brooksville, the Hernando County seat. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 1.1 square miles (2.8 km 2 ), of which 0.050 square miles (0.13 km 2 ), or 4.68%, was water. Demographics
Historical population
Census
Pop. %±
1970
76
—
1980
8
−89.5%
1990
53
562.5%
2000
12
−77.4%
2010
12
0.0%
2019 (est.) 13
8.3%
U.S. Decennial Census
As of the 2000 US Census of 2000, there were 12 people, five households, and five families residing in the city. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee,_Florida |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439061342#3_479111141 | Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
Contents
History
Geography
Demographics
Weeki Wachee Springs
Tourist attraction
Deepest naturally formed spring in the United States
In popular media
References
External links
Content: Via Florida State Road 50, Weeki Wachee was 12 miles (19 km) west of Brooksville, the Hernando County seat. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 1.1 square miles (2.8 km 2 ), of which 0.050 square miles (0.13 km 2 ), or 4.68%, was water. Demographics
Historical population
Census
Pop. %±
1970
76
—
1980
8
−89.5%
1990
53
562.5%
2000
12
−77.4%
2010
12
0.0%
2019 (est.) 13
8.3%
U.S. Decennial Census
As of the 2000 US Census of 2000, there were 12 people, five households, and five families residing in the city. The population density was 11.8 people per square mile (4.5/km 2 ). There were five housing units at an average density of 4.9 per square mile (1.9/km 2 ). As identified by the census, no one in Weeki Wachee was Hispanic or Latino. All residents were White except for one Native American member of the Little River Band of Ottawa Indians Tribe . There were five households, out of which two had children under the age of 18 living with them, two were married couples living together, three had a female householder with no husband present, and none was a non-family. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee,_Florida |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439061342#5_479114260 | Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
Contents
History
Geography
Demographics
Weeki Wachee Springs
Tourist attraction
Deepest naturally formed spring in the United States
In popular media
References
External links
Content: No households in Weeki Wachee were made up of individuals, and none consisted of someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.40. In 2000, five city residents were under the age of 18, none were between 18 and 24, two were between 25 and 44, two were between 45 and 64, and three were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every female there was one male. For every five females age 18 and over, there were two males. The median income for a household in the city was $50,625. Males had a median income of $50,625 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,022. Seven of the population and one third of families were below the poverty line. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee,_Florida |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439061342#6_479115488 | Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
Contents
History
Geography
Demographics
Weeki Wachee Springs
Tourist attraction
Deepest naturally formed spring in the United States
In popular media
References
External links
Content: For every five females age 18 and over, there were two males. The median income for a household in the city was $50,625. Males had a median income of $50,625 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,022. Seven of the population and one third of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, all of those under the age of 18 and none of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Weeki Wachee Springs
Tourist attraction
Weeki Wachee Springs, the spring of the Weeki Wachee River, is a Florida tourist attraction where underwater performances by mermaids – women dressed in fancy outfits with fins about their legs – can be viewed in an aquarium-like setting. There are currently 15 female mermaid performers and four male performers. The attraction includes a Buccaneer Bay water park, animal shows, and boat rides. General Manager Robyn Anderson is also the town's mayor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee,_Florida |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439061342#7_479116893 | Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
Contents
History
Geography
Demographics
Weeki Wachee Springs
Tourist attraction
Deepest naturally formed spring in the United States
In popular media
References
External links
Content: Out of the total population, all of those under the age of 18 and none of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Weeki Wachee Springs
Tourist attraction
Weeki Wachee Springs, the spring of the Weeki Wachee River, is a Florida tourist attraction where underwater performances by mermaids – women dressed in fancy outfits with fins about their legs – can be viewed in an aquarium-like setting. There are currently 15 female mermaid performers and four male performers. The attraction includes a Buccaneer Bay water park, animal shows, and boat rides. General Manager Robyn Anderson is also the town's mayor. The park is now a Florida State Park and is owned and managed by the State Parks department. Deepest naturally formed spring in the United States
From May 22 until August 30, 2007, the discharge level at Weeki Wachee spring dropped to a level that allowed for cave divers to gain effective entry into the cave system at the spring. The Karst Underwater Research team successfully executed exploration dives and the necessary in-water decompression to explore approximately 6,700 feet (2,000 m) in multiple passages at an average depth of 265 feet (81 m) Fresh Water (ffw) with a maximum depth of 407 ffw. In popular media
Entrance to Weeki Wachee Springs State Park
In 2005, English rock band Supergrass filmed the video for their song "Low C" at the Springs. They filmed a short documentary about the spring, their playing at a local bar, and swimming with the mermaids. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee,_Florida |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439061342#8_479118867 | Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
Contents
History
Geography
Demographics
Weeki Wachee Springs
Tourist attraction
Deepest naturally formed spring in the United States
In popular media
References
External links
Content: The park is now a Florida State Park and is owned and managed by the State Parks department. Deepest naturally formed spring in the United States
From May 22 until August 30, 2007, the discharge level at Weeki Wachee spring dropped to a level that allowed for cave divers to gain effective entry into the cave system at the spring. The Karst Underwater Research team successfully executed exploration dives and the necessary in-water decompression to explore approximately 6,700 feet (2,000 m) in multiple passages at an average depth of 265 feet (81 m) Fresh Water (ffw) with a maximum depth of 407 ffw. In popular media
Entrance to Weeki Wachee Springs State Park
In 2005, English rock band Supergrass filmed the video for their song "Low C" at the Springs. They filmed a short documentary about the spring, their playing at a local bar, and swimming with the mermaids. Canadian rock band The Elwins mention the city in their single "Stuck in the Middle" from their album And I Thank You. Weeki Wachee Springs is featured in Betsy Carter's book Swim to Me, a story about a youth wanting to become a mermaid. References
^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 2, 2020. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee,_Florida |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439061342#9_479120545 | Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
Contents
History
Geography
Demographics
Weeki Wachee Springs
Tourist attraction
Deepest naturally formed spring in the United States
In popular media
References
External links
Content: Canadian rock band The Elwins mention the city in their single "Stuck in the Middle" from their album And I Thank You. Weeki Wachee Springs is featured in Betsy Carter's book Swim to Me, a story about a youth wanting to become a mermaid. References
^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 2, 2020. ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee,_Florida |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439061342#11_479122236 | Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
Contents
History
Geography
Demographics
Weeki Wachee Springs
Tourist attraction
Deepest naturally formed spring in the United States
In popular media
References
External links
Content: United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31. ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Weeki Wachee city, Florida". American Factfinder. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee,_Florida |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439061342#12_479122975 | Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
Contents
History
Geography
Demographics
Weeki Wachee Springs
Tourist attraction
Deepest naturally formed spring in the United States
In popular media
References
External links
Content: Retrieved 2008-01-31. ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Weeki Wachee city, Florida". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved April 26, 2017. ^ Behrendt, Barbara (June 9, 2020). " Weeki Wachee, the city of live mermaids, is no more". Tampa Bay Times. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee,_Florida |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439061342#13_479123739 | Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
Contents
History
Geography
Demographics
Weeki Wachee Springs
Tourist attraction
Deepest naturally formed spring in the United States
In popular media
References
External links
Content: U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved April 26, 2017. ^ Behrendt, Barbara (June 9, 2020). " Weeki Wachee, the city of live mermaids, is no more". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved June 9, 2020. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee,_Florida |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439061342#14_479124473 | Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
Contents
History
Geography
Demographics
Weeki Wachee Springs
Tourist attraction
Deepest naturally formed spring in the United States
In popular media
References
External links
Content: Retrieved June 9, 2020. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "Florida Springs Guide: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee,_Florida |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439061342#15_479125175 | Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
Contents
History
Geography
Demographics
Weeki Wachee Springs
Tourist attraction
Deepest naturally formed spring in the United States
In popular media
References
External links
Content: Retrieved 2011-04-23. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "Florida Springs Guide: Weeki Wachee Springs State Park". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved April 22, 2012. ^ "Weeki Wachee Spring". karstunderwaterresearch.org. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee,_Florida |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439061342#16_479125899 | Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
Contents
History
Geography
Demographics
Weeki Wachee Springs
Tourist attraction
Deepest naturally formed spring in the United States
In popular media
References
External links
Content: Weeki Wachee Springs State Park". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved April 22, 2012. ^ "Weeki Wachee Spring". karstunderwaterresearch.org. Karst Underwater Research. Retrieved 2008-08-18. ^ Neill, Logan; Anderson, Joel (2009-04-20). " Cave divers explore deepest parts of Weeki Wachee Springs". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee,_Florida |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439061342#17_479126656 | Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
Contents
History
Geography
Demographics
Weeki Wachee Springs
Tourist attraction
Deepest naturally formed spring in the United States
In popular media
References
External links
Content: Karst Underwater Research. Retrieved 2008-08-18. ^ Neill, Logan; Anderson, Joel (2009-04-20). " Cave divers explore deepest parts of Weeki Wachee Springs". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 2009-06-01. ^ Carter, Betsy (2008). Swim to Me. Bantam Discovery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee,_Florida |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439061342#18_479127376 | Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
Contents
History
Geography
Demographics
Weeki Wachee Springs
Tourist attraction
Deepest naturally formed spring in the United States
In popular media
References
External links
Content: St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 2009-06-01. ^ Carter, Betsy (2008). Swim to Me. Bantam Discovery. ISBN 978-03853-3977-3. External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Weeki Wachee, Florida. Weeki Wachee Springs, official site
Weeki Wachee Cave System
National Geographic: " Mermaids" Fight to Save Florida Roadside Attraction
v
t
e
Municipalities and communities of Hernando County, Florida, United States
County seat: Brooksville
Cities
Brooksville
CDPs
Aripeka
Bayport
Brookridge
Garden Grove
Hernando Beach
High Point
Hill 'n Dale
Istachatta
Lake Lindsey
Masaryktown
Nobleton
North Brooksville
North Weeki Wachee
Pine Island
Ridge Manor
South Brooksville
Spring Hill
Spring Lake
Timber Pines
Weeki Wachee Gardens
Wiscon
Unincorporated
communities
Croom
Weeki Wachee
Florida portal
United States portal
Authority control
LCCN: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee,_Florida |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439061342#19_479128723 | Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
Contents
History
Geography
Demographics
Weeki Wachee Springs
Tourist attraction
Deepest naturally formed spring in the United States
In popular media
References
External links
Content: ISBN 978-03853-3977-3. External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Weeki Wachee, Florida. Weeki Wachee Springs, official site
Weeki Wachee Cave System
National Geographic: " Mermaids" Fight to Save Florida Roadside Attraction
v
t
e
Municipalities and communities of Hernando County, Florida, United States
County seat: Brooksville
Cities
Brooksville
CDPs
Aripeka
Bayport
Brookridge
Garden Grove
Hernando Beach
High Point
Hill 'n Dale
Istachatta
Lake Lindsey
Masaryktown
Nobleton
North Brooksville
North Weeki Wachee
Pine Island
Ridge Manor
South Brooksville
Spring Hill
Spring Lake
Timber Pines
Weeki Wachee Gardens
Wiscon
Unincorporated
communities
Croom
Weeki Wachee
Florida portal
United States portal
Authority control
LCCN: n81116433
MBAREA: 93fc207e-aced-4213-8bf4-9b7a84a756e0
VIAF: 96146153027605250098
WorldCat Identities: lccn-n81116433
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weeki_Wachee,_Florida&oldid=1022531657 "
Categories: Cities in Hernando County, Florida
Cities in the Tampa Bay Area
Cities in Florida
Hidden categories: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee,_Florida |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439061342#20_479130314 | Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
Contents
History
Geography
Demographics
Weeki Wachee Springs
Tourist attraction
Deepest naturally formed spring in the United States
In popular media
References
External links
Content: n81116433
MBAREA: 93fc207e-aced-4213-8bf4-9b7a84a756e0
VIAF: 96146153027605250098
WorldCat Identities: lccn-n81116433
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weeki_Wachee,_Florida&oldid=1022531657 "
Categories: Cities in Hernando County, Florida
Cities in the Tampa Bay Area
Cities in Florida
Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from April 2020
Articles with short description
Short description is different from Wikidata
Coordinates on Wikidata
Commons category link from Wikidata
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee,_Florida |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439070954#0_479131536 | Title: Weeki Wachee River - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee River
Weeki Wachee River
References
Content: Weeki Wachee River - Wikipedia
Weeki Wachee River
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
River in the United States of America
The Weeki Wachee River in the Weeki Wachee Springs State Park. The Weeki Wachee River is a river in Hernando County, Florida, United States. It flows 12 miles (19 km) westwards from Weeki Wachee to the Gulf of Mexico at the Weeki Wachee estuary. The name is derived from the Seminole: uekiwv /oykéywa, wi:-/ "spring" and -uce /-oci/ "small", signifying either a small spring or an offshoot of a town named Spring. The river is best known for its spring, and the Weeki Wachee Springs attraction built on the premises. The spring is the surfacing point of an underground river, which is the deepest naturally occurring spring in the United States. It measures about 150 feet (46 m) wide and 250 feet (76 m) long, and daily water averages 150 million gallons (644 million liters). The water temperature is a steady 72–74 °F (22–23 °C) year-round. References
^ U.S. Geological Survey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee_River |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439070954#2_479133971 | Title: Weeki Wachee River - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee River
Weeki Wachee River
References
Content: National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed April 18, 2011
Jack B. Martin, Margaret McKane Mauldin: A Dictionary of Creek/Muskogee: With Notes on the Florida and Oklahoma Seminole Dialects of Creek, University of Nebraska Press (2000). ISBN 0-8032-3207-1
The Miami Herald: " For the mermaids, it's where the show springs eternal", by Jodi Mailander Farrell, 6 August 2006. ( via Activa)
Coordinates: 28°31′53″N 82°37′18″W /
28.5313103°N 82.6216736°W
/ 28.5313103; -82.6216736
v
t
e
Significant waterways of Florida
Larger rivers
Alapaha
Apalachicola
Aucilla
Blackwater
Caloosahatchee
Chattahoochee
Chipola
Choctawhatchee
Econlockhatchee
Escambia
Hillsborough
Indian River
Kissimmee
Myakka
Ochlockonee
Ocklawaha
Pea
Peace
Perdido
Santa Fe
St. Johns
St. Marys
Suwannee
Withlacoochee (North)
Withlacoochee (South)
Yellow
Lakes
Apopka
Crescent
Blue Cypress
East Tohopekaliga
George
Harney
Harris
Iamonia
Istokpoga
Jackson
Jesup
Kissimmee
Manatee
Miccosukee
Monroe
Okeechobee
Poinsett
Rodman
Rousseau
Seminole
Talquin
Tohopekaliga
Tsala Apopka
Ward
Washington
Weir
Smaller rivers
Alafia
Alapahoochee
Anclote
Banana River
Braden
Carrabelle
Chassahowitzka
Crooked
Crystal
Dead
East
East Bay
Eau Gallie
Econfina
Estero
Homosassa
Hontoon Dead
Ichetucknee
Imperial
Little (Biscayne Bay)
Little (Ochlockonee)
Little Econlockhatchee
Little Manatee
Little Wekiva
Loxahatchee
Manatee
Matanzas
Miami
Mosquito Lagoon
New (Broward)
New (Carabelle)
New (Santa Fe)
Oleta
Orange
Pithlachascotee
Rainbow
Ribault
Shark
Silver
Sopchoppy
St. Lucie
St. Marks
St. Sebastian
Steinhatchee
Tomoka
Trout
Waccasassa
Wacissa
Wakulla
Weeki Wachee
Wekiva
Creeks and
streams
Billy's
Black
Blackwater (Hillsborough)
Blackwater (Lake)
Crane
Cross
Econfina
Fisheating
Myakkahatchee
Orange
Pottsburg
Shingle
Snapper
Turkey
Canals
Canaveral Barge Canal
Cross Florida Barge Canal
Haulover Canal
Hillsboro Canal
Miami Canal
Mud Lake Canal
St. Johns-Indian River Barge Canal
Tamiami Canal
Tampa Bypass Canal
See also
Coastal waters of Florida
Everglades
Intracoastal Waterway
Indian River Lagoon
List of Florida rivers
List of major springs in Florida
Okeechobee Waterway
Okefenokee Swamp
Outstanding Florida Waters
Paynes Prairie
Authority control
LCCN: sh2003011428
VIAF: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee_River |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439070954#3_479136740 | Title: Weeki Wachee River - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee River
Weeki Wachee River
References
Content: For the mermaids, it's where the show springs eternal", by Jodi Mailander Farrell, 6 August 2006. ( via Activa)
Coordinates: 28°31′53″N 82°37′18″W /
28.5313103°N 82.6216736°W
/ 28.5313103; -82.6216736
v
t
e
Significant waterways of Florida
Larger rivers
Alapaha
Apalachicola
Aucilla
Blackwater
Caloosahatchee
Chattahoochee
Chipola
Choctawhatchee
Econlockhatchee
Escambia
Hillsborough
Indian River
Kissimmee
Myakka
Ochlockonee
Ocklawaha
Pea
Peace
Perdido
Santa Fe
St. Johns
St. Marys
Suwannee
Withlacoochee (North)
Withlacoochee (South)
Yellow
Lakes
Apopka
Crescent
Blue Cypress
East Tohopekaliga
George
Harney
Harris
Iamonia
Istokpoga
Jackson
Jesup
Kissimmee
Manatee
Miccosukee
Monroe
Okeechobee
Poinsett
Rodman
Rousseau
Seminole
Talquin
Tohopekaliga
Tsala Apopka
Ward
Washington
Weir
Smaller rivers
Alafia
Alapahoochee
Anclote
Banana River
Braden
Carrabelle
Chassahowitzka
Crooked
Crystal
Dead
East
East Bay
Eau Gallie
Econfina
Estero
Homosassa
Hontoon Dead
Ichetucknee
Imperial
Little (Biscayne Bay)
Little (Ochlockonee)
Little Econlockhatchee
Little Manatee
Little Wekiva
Loxahatchee
Manatee
Matanzas
Miami
Mosquito Lagoon
New (Broward)
New (Carabelle)
New (Santa Fe)
Oleta
Orange
Pithlachascotee
Rainbow
Ribault
Shark
Silver
Sopchoppy
St. Lucie
St. Marks
St. Sebastian
Steinhatchee
Tomoka
Trout
Waccasassa
Wacissa
Wakulla
Weeki Wachee
Wekiva
Creeks and
streams
Billy's
Black
Blackwater (Hillsborough)
Blackwater (Lake)
Crane
Cross
Econfina
Fisheating
Myakkahatchee
Orange
Pottsburg
Shingle
Snapper
Turkey
Canals
Canaveral Barge Canal
Cross Florida Barge Canal
Haulover Canal
Hillsboro Canal
Miami Canal
Mud Lake Canal
St. Johns-Indian River Barge Canal
Tamiami Canal
Tampa Bypass Canal
See also
Coastal waters of Florida
Everglades
Intracoastal Waterway
Indian River Lagoon
List of Florida rivers
List of major springs in Florida
Okeechobee Waterway
Okefenokee Swamp
Outstanding Florida Waters
Paynes Prairie
Authority control
LCCN: sh2003011428
VIAF: 315529387
WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 315529387
This article about a location in Hernando County, Florida is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v
t
e
This article related to a river in Florida is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee_River |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439075549#0_479140529 | Title: Weeki Wachee Springs - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee Springs
Weeki Wachee Springs
Contents
History
Recent events
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Weeki Wachee Springs - Wikipedia
Weeki Wachee Springs
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Natural tourist attraction located in Florida
United States historic place
Weeki Wachee Springs
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Entrance to Weeki Wachee Springs State Park
Location in Florida
Location in United States
Show map of Florida Show map of the United States Show all
Location
6131 Commercial Way, Spring Hill, Florida
Coordinates
28°31′03″N 82°34′21″W
/ 28.51750°N 82.57250°W / 28.51750; -82.57250
Coordinates: 28°31′03″N 82°34′21″W
/ 28.51750°N 82.57250°W / 28.51750; -82.57250
NRHP reference No. 09000843
Added to NRHP
January 22, 2020
Weeki Wachee Springs is a natural tourist attraction located in Weeki Wachee, Florida, where underwater performances by " mermaids ," women wearing fish tails as well as other fanciful outfits, can be viewed in an aquarium-like setting in the spring of the Weeki Wachee River. A waterpark, Buccaneer Bay, river boat rides, kayak and paddleboard rental are some of the other activities offered at Weeki Wachee Springs. Mermaid statue at Weeki Wachee Springs, Florida
Contents
1 History
2 Recent events
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
History
A fashion photograph taken at Weeki Wachee spring, by Toni Frissell, first published in Harper's Bazaar, December 1947. ) Slide photo of Weeki Wachee Springs sometime in the 1950s
The spring was named "Weeki Wachee" by Seminole Indians, which means "Little Spring" or "Winding River" in their language. The attraction was created in 1947 by stunt swimmer and attraction promoter Newt Perry, who based the show on underwater air hose breathing techniques. First an 18-seat theater, then later a newer theater with a capacity of 50, were embedded in the lime rock of the spring with viewing windows below the surface of the water, to allow visitors to watch the mermaids perform in the spring. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee_Springs |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439075549#9_479153418 | Title: Weeki Wachee Springs - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee Springs
Weeki Wachee Springs
Contents
History
Recent events
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: ^ "Weeki Wachee Springs State Park". Florida State Parks Information Center. Retrieved 24 November 2013. ^ Spicuzza, Mary (November 7, 2005). " Mermaids make TV magic in Caribbean". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved August 30, 2020. ^ "Little Merman". The Tom Kelly Show. Retrieved 2018-03-27. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee_Springs |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_439075549#12_479155591 | Title: Weeki Wachee Springs - Wikipedia
Headings: Weeki Wachee Springs
Weeki Wachee Springs
Contents
History
Recent events
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Images of America. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-4247-8. External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Weeki Wachee Springs State Park. Weeki Wachee Springs State Park at Florida State Parks
Official website
Weeki Wachee Cave System
National Geographic: " Mermaids" Fight to Save Florida Roadside Attraction
The Mermaids of Weeki Wachee Springs
v
t
e
Protected areas of Florida
Federal
National Parks
Biscayne
Dry Tortugas
Everglades
National Memorials
De Soto
Fort Caroline
National Monuments
Castillo de San Marcos
Fort Matanzas
National Seashores
Canaveral
Gulf Islands
National Forests
Apalachicola
Choctawhatchee
Ocala
Osceola
National
Wildlife Refuges
Archie Carr
Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee
Caloosahatchee
Cedar Keys
Chassahowitzka
Crocodile Lake
Crystal River
Egmont Key
Florida Panther
Great White Heron
Hobe Sound
Island Bay
J.N. 'Ding' Darling
Key West
Lake Wales Ridge
Lake Woodruff
Lower Suwannee
Matlacha Pass
Merritt Island
National Key Deer
Okefenokee
Passage Key
Pelican Island
Pine Island
Pinellas
St. Johns
St. Marks
St. Vincent
Ten Thousand Islands
Other National
Protected Areas
Big Cypress National Preserve
Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve
National Estuarine Research Reserves
and National Marine Sanctuaries
Apalachicola NERR
Florida Keys NMS
Guana Tolomato Matanzas NERR
Rookery Bay NERR
National Wild and Scenic Rivers
Loxahatchee River
Wekiva River
State
Parks
Amelia Island
Anastasia
Avalon
Bahia Honda
Bald Point
Big Lagoon
Big Shoals
Big Talbot Island
Bill Baggs Cape Florida
Bulow Creek
Caladesi Island
Camp Helen
Cayo Costa
Collier-Seminole
Colt Creek
Curry Hammock
Delnor-Wiggins Pass
Devil's Millhopper
Don Pedro Island
Dr. Von D. Mizell-Eula Johnson
Eden Gardens
Egmont Key
Falling Waters
Faver-Dykes
Florida Caverns
Fort Clinch
Fort Cooper
Fort George Island
Fort Pierce Inlet
Fred Gannon Rocky Bayou
Gasparilla Island
George Crady Bridge Fishing Pier
Grayton Beach
Henderson Beach
Highlands Hammock
Honeymoon Island
Hontoon Island
Hugh Taylor Birch
John D. MacArthur Beach
John Pennekamp Coral Reef
Jonathan Dickinson
Little Talbot Island
Long Key
Lovers Key
Mike Roess Gold Head Branch
North Peninsula
O'Leno
Oscar Scherer
Perdido Key
Sebastian Inlet
Skyway Fishing Pier
St. Andrews
St. George Island
St. Joseph Peninsula
Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center
Stump Pass Beach
Tomoka
Torreya
Windley Key Fossil Reef
Botanical Garden Parks
Alfred B. Maclay Gardens
Dagny Johnson Key Largo Hammock
Lignumvitae Key
Ravine Gardens
Washington Oaks
Lakes, Rivers
and Springs Parks
Deer Lake
Lake Griffin
Lake June in Winter Scrub
Lake Kissimmee
Lake Louisa
Lake Manatee
Lake Talquin
Alafia River
Blackwater River
Dunns Creek
Econfina River
Hillsborough River
Little Manatee River
Myakka River
Ochlockonee River
Oleta River
Suwannee River
Blue Spring
De Leon Springs
Edward Ball Wakulla Springs
Fanning Springs
Homosassa Springs Wildlife
Ichetucknee Springs
Lafayette Blue Springs
Madison Blue Spring
Manatee Springs
Ponce de Leon Springs
Rainbow Springs
Silver Springs
Three Rivers
Troy Spring
Weeki Wachee Springs
Wekiwa Springs
Werner-Boyce Salt Springs
Wes Skiles Peacock Springs
Recreation Areas
Dead Lakes
Gamble Rogers Memorial
Museums, Historic sites,
and Archaeological sites
Cedar Key Museum
Constitution Convention Museum
Forest Capital Museum
John Gorrie Museum
Ybor City Museum
The Barnacle
Bulow Plantation Ruins
Dade Battlefield
DeSoto Site
Dudley Farm
Fort Foster
Fort Mose
Fort Zachary Taylor
Gamble Plantation
Indian Key
Koreshan
Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Homestead
Natural Bridge Battlefield
Olustee Battlefield
Orman House
Paynes Creek
San Marcos de Apalache
Yellow Bluff Fort
Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins
Crystal River
Lake Jackson Mounds
Letchworth-Love Mounds
Madira Bickel Mound
Mound Key
San Pedro Underwater
Preserves and Reserves
Allen David Broussard Catfish Creek
Anclote Key
Cedar Key Scrub
Charlotte Harbor
Crystal River
Disney Wilderness
Estero Bay
Green Cay Wetlands
Fakahatchee Strand
Hal Scott
Kissimmee Prairie
Lower Wekiva River
Paynes Prairie
Pumpkin Hill Creek
River Rise
Rock Springs Run
San Felasco Hammock
Savannas
Seabranch
St. Lucie Inlet
St. Sebastian River
Tarkiln Bayou
Topsail Hill
Tosohatchee
Waccasassa Bay
Yellow River Marsh
State Trails
Blackwater Heritage
Florida Keys Overseas Heritage
Gainesville-Hawthorne
General James A. Van Fleet
Marjorie Harris Carr Cross Florida Greenway
Jacksonville-Baldwin
Nature Coast
P | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee_Springs |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_451872062#0_494848314 | Title: West Coast Main Line - Wikipedia
Headings: West Coast Main Line
West Coast Main Line
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Geography
History
Early history
LMS era
British Rail era
Modernisation by British Rail
Modernisation by Network Rail
Infrastructure
Track
Electrification
Rolling stock
Commuter/regional trains
High-speed trains
Sleeper trains
Future trains
Operators
Avanti West Coast
West Midlands Trains
TransPennine Express
Southern
London North Eastern Railway
CrossCountry
Abellio ScotRail
Caledonian Sleeper
Recent developments
Felixstowe and Nuneaton freight capacity scheme
Stafford Area Improvements Programme
Weaver Junction to Liverpool signalling
Proposed development
Increased line speed
Crossrail extension
Accidents
Route
London to Glasgow and Edinburgh
Branches and loops
Tunnels, viaducts and major bridges
WCML branches and junctions
See also
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
Content: West Coast Main Line - Wikipedia
West Coast Main Line
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Railway route in Britain
For similarly named lines, see West Coast Line (disambiguation). West Coast Main Line
The WCML running alongside the M1 at Watford Gap
Overview
Status
Operational
Owner
Network Rail
Locale
Greater London
South East England
West Midlands
North West England
Scotland
Termini
London Euston
Glasgow Central
Stations
46
Service
Type
Commuter rail
Inter-city rail
High-speed rail
Heavy rail
System
National Rail
Operator (s)
Passenger: Avanti West Coast
Caledonian Sleeper
CrossCountry
Northern Trains
ScotRail
Southern
TransPennine Express
Transport for Wales Rail Limited
West Midlands Trains
Freight: DB Cargo UK
Direct Rail Services
Freightliner
GB Railfreight
Rolling stock
Class 37
Class 43 HST
Class 66
Class 67
Class 68
Class 86
Class 87
Class 90
Class 91
Class 92
Class 150 Sprinter
Class 153 Super Sprinter
Class 156 Super Sprinter
Class 175 Coradia
Class 185 Pennine
Class 220 Voyager
Class 221 Super Voyager
Class 318
Class 319
Class 320
Class 323
Class 331 Civity
Class 350 Desiro
Class 377 Electrostar
Class 380 Desiro
Class 390 Pendolino
History
Opened
1837–1869
Technical
Line length
399 mi (642 km)
Number of tracks
Double track
Quadruple track
Sextuple track
Track gauge
1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8
+
1⁄2 in)
Loading gauge
W10
Electrification
25 kV 50 Hz AC OHLE
Operating speed
125 mph (201 km/h) for tilting trains
110 mph (177 km/h) for standard trains
Route map
( Click to expand – Interactive map)
West Coast Main Line
All WCML services & branches
v
t
e
Legend
Edinburgh Waverley ( St Andrew Sq.) Haymarket
Glasgow Central ( St Enoch)
Motherwell
Carstairs
Carstairs South Junction
Lockerbie
Scotland
England
Carlisle
Penrith
Oxenholme Lake District
for Windermere
Lancaster
Preston
for Blackpool North
Euxton Junction
Bolton
Wigan North Western
Warrington Bank Quay
Liverpool Lime Street
Liverpool South Parkway
Runcorn
Weaver Junction
Manchester Piccadilly
Stockport
Holyhead
for Dublin Ferry Port
Wales
England
Chester
Cheadle Hulme Junction
Crewe North Junction
North Wales Coast Line
Crewe
Macclesfield
Stoke-on-Trent
Stone Junction
Norton Bridge Junction
Stafford
Stafford South Junction
Colwich Junction
Wolverhampton
Lichfield Trent Valley
Cross-City Line
Birmingham New Street
Tamworth
Cross Country Route
Birmingham International
Nuneaton
Coventry
Rugby Trent Valley Junction
Rugby
Hillmorton Junction
Northampton
Hanslope Junction
Milton Keynes Central
Watford Junction
London Euston
All WCML routes shown. A detailed diagram of the core route can be
found at West Coast Main Line diagram. The West Coast Main Line ( WCML) is one of the most important railway corridors in the United Kingdom, connecting the major cities of London and Glasgow with branches to Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester and Edinburgh. It is one of the busiest mixed-traffic railway routes in Europe, carrying a mixture of intercity rail, regional rail, commuter rail and rail freight traffic. The core route of the WCML runs from London to Glasgow for 399 miles (642 km) and was opened from 1837 to 1869. With additional lines deviating to Northampton, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool and Edinburgh, this totals a route mileage of 700 miles (1,127 km). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_453670642#6_496817500 | Title: West Liberty, Kentucky - Wikipedia
Headings: West Liberty, Kentucky
West Liberty, Kentucky
Contents
History
2012 tornado
Restoration after tornado
Geography
Demographics
Economy
Education
Arts and culture
References
External links
Content: -83.26139
(37.916320, -83.261386). It is within the state's eastern region foothills, about 20 miles from Cave Run Lake and Daniel Boone National Forest and 15 miles from Paintsville Lake. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.4 square miles (11 km 2 ), all land. Demographics
Historical population
Census
Pop. %±
1870
142
—
1880
225
58.5%
1890
234
4.0%
1900
205
−12.4%
1910
442
115.6%
1920
461
4.3%
1930
569
23.4%
1940
573
0.7%
1950
931
62.5%
1960
1,165
25.1%
1970
1,387
19.1%
1980
1,381
−0.4%
1990
1,887
36.6%
2000
3,277
73.7%
2010
3,435
4.8%
2019 (est.) 3,520
2.5%
U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,277 people, 696 households, and 446 families residing in the city. The population density was 739.3 people per square mile (285.6/km 2 ). There were 758 housing units at an average density of 171.0 per square mile (66.1/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 79.43% White, 18.19% African American, 0.40% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.21% from other races, and 1.50% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.25% of the population. ( | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Liberty,_Kentucky |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_453670642#7_496819187 | Title: West Liberty, Kentucky - Wikipedia
Headings: West Liberty, Kentucky
West Liberty, Kentucky
Contents
History
2012 tornado
Restoration after tornado
Geography
Demographics
Economy
Education
Arts and culture
References
External links
Content: 3,520
2.5%
U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,277 people, 696 households, and 446 families residing in the city. The population density was 739.3 people per square mile (285.6/km 2 ). There were 758 housing units at an average density of 171.0 per square mile (66.1/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 79.43% White, 18.19% African American, 0.40% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.21% from other races, and 1.50% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.25% of the population. ( Both the large increase in population after 1990 and the current demographic diversity are the result of the opening of the Eastern Kentucky Correctional Complex). There were 696 households, out of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.7% were married couples living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.8% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.71. In the city, the population was spread out, with 10.1% under the age of 18, 14.8% from 18 to 24, 44.2% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% who were 65 years of age or older. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Liberty,_Kentucky |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_459579862#4_503264101 | Title: Western European marriage pattern - Wikipedia
Headings: Western European marriage pattern
Western European marriage pattern
Contents
Overview
Effects
Compared to other cultures
Variation within Western Europe
Background
Antiquity
Middle Ages
Christianity and manorialism
The beginnings of consensual marriage
Early Modern Europe
See also
References
Content: Variation within Western Europe
Where in the mid-1500s in England, approximately 8 percent of women remained unmarried the inference would be that that figure was either the same or lower in the previous several centuries; marriage in Medieval England appears to be a robust institution where over 90% of women married and roughly 70% of women aged 15 to 50 years were married at any given time while the other 30% were single or widows. In Yorkshire in the 14th and 15th centuries, the age range for most brides was between 18 and 22 years and the age of the grooms was similar; rural Yorkshire women tended to marry in their late teens to early twenties while their urban counterparts married in their early to middle twenties. In the 15th century, the average Italian bride was 18 and married a groom 10–12 years her senior. An unmarried Tuscan woman 21 years of age would be seen as past marriageable age, the benchmark for which was 19 years, and easily 97 percent of Florentine women were married by the age of 25 years while 21 years was the average age of a contemporary English bride. While the average age at first marriage had climbed to 25 years for women and 27 years for men in England and the Low Countries by the end of the 16th century, and the percentage of unmarried Englishwomen rose from less than 10% to nearly 20% by the mid-17th century and their average age at first marriage rose to 26 years at the same time, there was nonetheless great variation within Britain alone; while Lowland Scotland saw patterns similar to England, with women married in the middle twenties after a period of domestic service, the high birth rate of Highland Scotland and the Hebrides imply a lower age of marriage for the bride, possibly similar to Gaelic Ireland, where Brehon Law stated that women became legally marriageable at 15 years and men at 18 years. Similarly, between 1620 and 1690 the average age of first marriage for Swedish women was roughly 20 years, approximately 70% of Swedish women aged between 15 and 50 years were married at any one time, and the proportion of single women was less than 10%, but by the end of the 18th century it had risen to roughly 27 years and remained high with the celibacy rate as a result of falling infant mortality rates, declining famines, decreasing available land and resources for a growing population, and other factors. Similarly, Ireland's age of marriage in 1830 was 23.8 for women and 27.47 for men where they had once been 21 and 25, respectively, and only about 10% of adults remained unmarried; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_marriage_pattern |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_459579862#5_503267231 | Title: Western European marriage pattern - Wikipedia
Headings: Western European marriage pattern
Western European marriage pattern
Contents
Overview
Effects
Compared to other cultures
Variation within Western Europe
Background
Antiquity
Middle Ages
Christianity and manorialism
The beginnings of consensual marriage
Early Modern Europe
See also
References
Content: An unmarried Tuscan woman 21 years of age would be seen as past marriageable age, the benchmark for which was 19 years, and easily 97 percent of Florentine women were married by the age of 25 years while 21 years was the average age of a contemporary English bride. While the average age at first marriage had climbed to 25 years for women and 27 years for men in England and the Low Countries by the end of the 16th century, and the percentage of unmarried Englishwomen rose from less than 10% to nearly 20% by the mid-17th century and their average age at first marriage rose to 26 years at the same time, there was nonetheless great variation within Britain alone; while Lowland Scotland saw patterns similar to England, with women married in the middle twenties after a period of domestic service, the high birth rate of Highland Scotland and the Hebrides imply a lower age of marriage for the bride, possibly similar to Gaelic Ireland, where Brehon Law stated that women became legally marriageable at 15 years and men at 18 years. Similarly, between 1620 and 1690 the average age of first marriage for Swedish women was roughly 20 years, approximately 70% of Swedish women aged between 15 and 50 years were married at any one time, and the proportion of single women was less than 10%, but by the end of the 18th century it had risen to roughly 27 years and remained high with the celibacy rate as a result of falling infant mortality rates, declining famines, decreasing available land and resources for a growing population, and other factors. Similarly, Ireland's age of marriage in 1830 was 23.8 for women and 27.47 for men where they had once been 21 and 25, respectively, and only about 10% of adults remained unmarried; in 1840, they had respectively risen to 24.4 and 27.7; in the decades after the Great Famine, the age of marriage had risen to 28–29 for women and 33 for men and as much as a third of Irishmen and a fourth of Irishwomen never married due to chronic economic problems that discouraged early marriage. Background
Antiquity
The beginnings of this marriage pattern might be found as early as the time of the Roman Empire. Julius Caesar, writing in the first century B.C, wrote that while the Germanic tribes to the north of the empire were communal with their land, living under the Sippe kinship system, the homesteads were largely separate from each other, unlike the closer proximity in Roman towns. And Tacitus, writing a century and a half later, also observed these many private households among the Germanic tribes, although there was public ownership of pastures and controlled use of the forests. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_marriage_pattern |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_464447529#0_508046735 | Title: Westies - Wikipedia
Headings: Westies
Westies
Contents
History
Spillane years
Irish–Italian war of the 1970s
Spillane–Coonan wars
Trouble with the Genovese family
Coonan and Featherstone
The Yugo era
See also
References
Further reading
Content: Westies - Wikipedia
Westies
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Irish-American organized crime gang
This article is about an Irish American gang. For other uses, see Westies (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " Westies" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Westies
Hell's Kitchen between 48th and 49th street on Ninth Avenue looking northeast toward Time Warner Center and Hearst Tower
Founded
1960s
Founder
James Coonan
Founding location
Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States
Years active
1960s–1988
Territory
Hell's Kitchen and other neighborhoods in New York City, and some parts of New Jersey
Ethnicity
Irish American
Membership (est.) 12–20
Activities
Racketeering, assault, burglary, kidnapping, illegal gambling, fraud, extortion, drug trafficking, counterfeiting, robbery, murder
Allies
Gambino crime family
Rivals
Mickey Spillane 's gang
Notable members
James Coonan
Edward Cummiskey
Mickey Featherstone
James McElroy
Boško Radonjić
The Westies were a New York City -based Irish American organized crime gang, responsible for racketeering, drug trafficking, and contract killing. They were partnered with the Italian-American Mafia and operated out of the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan. According to crime author T.J. English, "Although never more than twelve to twenty members—depending on who was in or out of jail at any given time— the Westies became synonymous with the last generation of Irish in the birthplace of the Irish Mob ." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westies |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_464447529#1_508049036 | Title: Westies - Wikipedia
Headings: Westies
Westies
Contents
History
Spillane years
Irish–Italian war of the 1970s
Spillane–Coonan wars
Trouble with the Genovese family
Coonan and Featherstone
The Yugo era
See also
References
Further reading
Content: Find sources: " Westies" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Westies
Hell's Kitchen between 48th and 49th street on Ninth Avenue looking northeast toward Time Warner Center and Hearst Tower
Founded
1960s
Founder
James Coonan
Founding location
Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States
Years active
1960s–1988
Territory
Hell's Kitchen and other neighborhoods in New York City, and some parts of New Jersey
Ethnicity
Irish American
Membership (est.) 12–20
Activities
Racketeering, assault, burglary, kidnapping, illegal gambling, fraud, extortion, drug trafficking, counterfeiting, robbery, murder
Allies
Gambino crime family
Rivals
Mickey Spillane 's gang
Notable members
James Coonan
Edward Cummiskey
Mickey Featherstone
James McElroy
Boško Radonjić
The Westies were a New York City -based Irish American organized crime gang, responsible for racketeering, drug trafficking, and contract killing. They were partnered with the Italian-American Mafia and operated out of the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan. According to crime author T.J. English, "Although never more than twelve to twenty members—depending on who was in or out of jail at any given time— the Westies became synonymous with the last generation of Irish in the birthplace of the Irish Mob ." According to the NYPD Organized Crime Squad and the FBI, the Westies were responsible for 60–100 murders between 1968 and 1986. Contents
1 History
1.1 Spillane years
1.2 Irish–Italian war of the 1970s
1.3 Spillane–Coonan wars
1.4 Trouble with the Genovese family
1.5 Coonan and Featherstone
1.6 The Yugo era
2 See also
3 References
4 Further reading
History
Spillane years
In the early 1960s, Mickey Spillane stepped into a power vacuum that had existed in Hell's Kitchen since gang leaders fled the area in the early 1950s to avoid prosecution. A mobster from Queens, named Hughie Mulligan, had been running Hell's Kitchen; Spillane, a native, was his apprentice until assuming leadership. Spillane sent flowers to neighbors in the hospital and provided turkeys to needy families during Thanksgiving, in addition to running gambling enterprises such as bookmaking and policy, accompanied inevitably by loansharking. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westies |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_464447529#2_508051869 | Title: Westies - Wikipedia
Headings: Westies
Westies
Contents
History
Spillane years
Irish–Italian war of the 1970s
Spillane–Coonan wars
Trouble with the Genovese family
Coonan and Featherstone
The Yugo era
See also
References
Further reading
Content: According to the NYPD Organized Crime Squad and the FBI, the Westies were responsible for 60–100 murders between 1968 and 1986. Contents
1 History
1.1 Spillane years
1.2 Irish–Italian war of the 1970s
1.3 Spillane–Coonan wars
1.4 Trouble with the Genovese family
1.5 Coonan and Featherstone
1.6 The Yugo era
2 See also
3 References
4 Further reading
History
Spillane years
In the early 1960s, Mickey Spillane stepped into a power vacuum that had existed in Hell's Kitchen since gang leaders fled the area in the early 1950s to avoid prosecution. A mobster from Queens, named Hughie Mulligan, had been running Hell's Kitchen; Spillane, a native, was his apprentice until assuming leadership. Spillane sent flowers to neighbors in the hospital and provided turkeys to needy families during Thanksgiving, in addition to running gambling enterprises such as bookmaking and policy, accompanied inevitably by loansharking. Loansharking led to assault, and Spillane had burglary arrests as well. However, among all his criminal activities, the most audacious was his "snatch" racket (kidnapping and holding local businessmen and members of other crime organizations for ransom). He was able to add to his neighborhood prominence by marrying Maureen McManus, a daughter of the prestigious McManus family which had run the Midtown Democratic Club since 1905. The union of political power with criminal activity enhanced the gang's ability to control union jobs and labor racketeering, moving away from the declining waterfront and more strongly into construction jobs and service work at the New York Coliseum, Madison Square Garden, and later the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center. Irish–Italian war of the 1970s
In the 1970s, the Irish mob saw an increased threat from the Italian Mafia as the Genovese crime family sought control over the soon to be built Jacob K. Javits Convention Center. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westies |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_464447529#3_508054222 | Title: Westies - Wikipedia
Headings: Westies
Westies
Contents
History
Spillane years
Irish–Italian war of the 1970s
Spillane–Coonan wars
Trouble with the Genovese family
Coonan and Featherstone
The Yugo era
See also
References
Further reading
Content: Loansharking led to assault, and Spillane had burglary arrests as well. However, among all his criminal activities, the most audacious was his "snatch" racket (kidnapping and holding local businessmen and members of other crime organizations for ransom). He was able to add to his neighborhood prominence by marrying Maureen McManus, a daughter of the prestigious McManus family which had run the Midtown Democratic Club since 1905. The union of political power with criminal activity enhanced the gang's ability to control union jobs and labor racketeering, moving away from the declining waterfront and more strongly into construction jobs and service work at the New York Coliseum, Madison Square Garden, and later the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center. Irish–Italian war of the 1970s
In the 1970s, the Irish mob saw an increased threat from the Italian Mafia as the Genovese crime family sought control over the soon to be built Jacob K. Javits Convention Center. Since the convention center was located in Spillane's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, Spillane refused to allow any involvement by the Italians. Although the Italian gangsters greatly outnumbered the Irish mob, Spillane was successful in keeping control of the convention center and Hell's Kitchen. The Italians, frustrated and embarrassed, responded by hiring a rogue Irish-American hitman named Joseph "Mad Dog" Sullivan to assassinate Tom Devaney, Eddie "the Butcher" Cummiskey, and Tom "the Greek" Kapatos, three of Spillane's top lieutenants. In 1977, Spillane was assassinated by Roy DeMeo in a hit set up by Jimmy Coonan, who wanted to take over from Spillane. Coonan recruited the infamous DeMeo after a deal was struck between the two. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westies |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_464447529#4_508056378 | Title: Westies - Wikipedia
Headings: Westies
Westies
Contents
History
Spillane years
Irish–Italian war of the 1970s
Spillane–Coonan wars
Trouble with the Genovese family
Coonan and Featherstone
The Yugo era
See also
References
Further reading
Content: Since the convention center was located in Spillane's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, Spillane refused to allow any involvement by the Italians. Although the Italian gangsters greatly outnumbered the Irish mob, Spillane was successful in keeping control of the convention center and Hell's Kitchen. The Italians, frustrated and embarrassed, responded by hiring a rogue Irish-American hitman named Joseph "Mad Dog" Sullivan to assassinate Tom Devaney, Eddie "the Butcher" Cummiskey, and Tom "the Greek" Kapatos, three of Spillane's top lieutenants. In 1977, Spillane was assassinated by Roy DeMeo in a hit set up by Jimmy Coonan, who wanted to take over from Spillane. Coonan recruited the infamous DeMeo after a deal was struck between the two. By rubbing out Spillane, DeMeo's crew would then do business with his successor. DeMeo initially came into contact with Coonan after the latter had murdered and dismembered loan shark Ruby Stein. Spillane–Coonan wars
The war began when an 18-year old Coonan swore revenge against Spillane, following the Spillane-initiated kidnapping and pistol whipping of Coonan's father. In 1966, Coonan fired a machine gun at Spillane and his associates from atop a Hell's Kitchen tenement building. Although Coonan wounded no one, Spillane understood that the younger hoodlum was not to be taken lightly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westies |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_464447529#5_508058157 | Title: Westies - Wikipedia
Headings: Westies
Westies
Contents
History
Spillane years
Irish–Italian war of the 1970s
Spillane–Coonan wars
Trouble with the Genovese family
Coonan and Featherstone
The Yugo era
See also
References
Further reading
Content: By rubbing out Spillane, DeMeo's crew would then do business with his successor. DeMeo initially came into contact with Coonan after the latter had murdered and dismembered loan shark Ruby Stein. Spillane–Coonan wars
The war began when an 18-year old Coonan swore revenge against Spillane, following the Spillane-initiated kidnapping and pistol whipping of Coonan's father. In 1966, Coonan fired a machine gun at Spillane and his associates from atop a Hell's Kitchen tenement building. Although Coonan wounded no one, Spillane understood that the younger hoodlum was not to be taken lightly. Spillane went to Coonan's father, slapped him around and told him to get his son under control. Coonan was imprisoned for a short period for murder and kidnapping charges that were pleaded down to Class C Manslaughter. He was released in late 1971 and continued his war with the Westside Gang. Trouble with the Genovese family
Hell's Kitchen was no longer safe for Spillane and his family, and he moved to the then-Irish working-class neighborhood of Woodside, Queens. With Spillane gone, his control of the rackets in Hell's Kitchen began to deteriorate; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westies |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_464447529#6_508059745 | Title: Westies - Wikipedia
Headings: Westies
Westies
Contents
History
Spillane years
Irish–Italian war of the 1970s
Spillane–Coonan wars
Trouble with the Genovese family
Coonan and Featherstone
The Yugo era
See also
References
Further reading
Content: Spillane went to Coonan's father, slapped him around and told him to get his son under control. Coonan was imprisoned for a short period for murder and kidnapping charges that were pleaded down to Class C Manslaughter. He was released in late 1971 and continued his war with the Westside Gang. Trouble with the Genovese family
Hell's Kitchen was no longer safe for Spillane and his family, and he moved to the then-Irish working-class neighborhood of Woodside, Queens. With Spillane gone, his control of the rackets in Hell's Kitchen began to deteriorate; Coonan became the neighborhood's boss, although some still viewed Spillane as boss. On the New York Commission, Spillane was still viewed as the Irish Mob boss on the Westside, putting the Javits Convention Center construction site under his control. Anthony Salerno, a high-ranking member of the Genovese crime family, wanted the center for himself and reached an agreement with Jimmy Coonan. If Coonan became boss, Salerno would run the construction site and give Coonan a taste of the proceeds. Salerno then reached out to Buffalo Crime Family associate and freelance hitman, Joseph Sullivan, to eliminate the three main Spillane supporters in Hell's Kitchen, Tom Devaney, Tom Kapatos, and Edward Cummiskey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westies |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_464447529#7_508061445 | Title: Westies - Wikipedia
Headings: Westies
Westies
Contents
History
Spillane years
Irish–Italian war of the 1970s
Spillane–Coonan wars
Trouble with the Genovese family
Coonan and Featherstone
The Yugo era
See also
References
Further reading
Content: Coonan became the neighborhood's boss, although some still viewed Spillane as boss. On the New York Commission, Spillane was still viewed as the Irish Mob boss on the Westside, putting the Javits Convention Center construction site under his control. Anthony Salerno, a high-ranking member of the Genovese crime family, wanted the center for himself and reached an agreement with Jimmy Coonan. If Coonan became boss, Salerno would run the construction site and give Coonan a taste of the proceeds. Salerno then reached out to Buffalo Crime Family associate and freelance hitman, Joseph Sullivan, to eliminate the three main Spillane supporters in Hell's Kitchen, Tom Devaney, Tom Kapatos, and Edward Cummiskey. Cummiskey had apparently switched sides to the Coonan camp after they both killed and dismembered Patrick "Paddy" Dugan for killing Cummiskey's best friend, but Salerno and Sullivan were not aware of the switch. Devaney and Cummiskey were killed in late 1976, and Kapatos was killed in January 1977. Spillane was out of the picture, and Coonan was the undisputed boss of Hell's Kitchen. It was felt that Spillane still had to die. Roy DeMeo, a Gambino crime family soldier, murdered Spillane as a favor to Coonan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westies |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_464447529#8_508063104 | Title: Westies - Wikipedia
Headings: Westies
Westies
Contents
History
Spillane years
Irish–Italian war of the 1970s
Spillane–Coonan wars
Trouble with the Genovese family
Coonan and Featherstone
The Yugo era
See also
References
Further reading
Content: Cummiskey had apparently switched sides to the Coonan camp after they both killed and dismembered Patrick "Paddy" Dugan for killing Cummiskey's best friend, but Salerno and Sullivan were not aware of the switch. Devaney and Cummiskey were killed in late 1976, and Kapatos was killed in January 1977. Spillane was out of the picture, and Coonan was the undisputed boss of Hell's Kitchen. It was felt that Spillane still had to die. Roy DeMeo, a Gambino crime family soldier, murdered Spillane as a favor to Coonan. Mickey Featherstone stood trial for the murder and was found not guilty. Coonan and Featherstone
During the late 1970s, Coonan tightened the alliance between the Westies and the Gambinos, then run by Paul Castellano. Coonan's main contact was Roy DeMeo. In 1979 both Coonan and Featherstone were acquitted of the murder of a bartender, Harold Whitehead. Another Westie (and top enforcer), James McElroy, was acquitted of the murder of a Teamster in 1980. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westies |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_464447529#9_508064508 | Title: Westies - Wikipedia
Headings: Westies
Westies
Contents
History
Spillane years
Irish–Italian war of the 1970s
Spillane–Coonan wars
Trouble with the Genovese family
Coonan and Featherstone
The Yugo era
See also
References
Further reading
Content: Mickey Featherstone stood trial for the murder and was found not guilty. Coonan and Featherstone
During the late 1970s, Coonan tightened the alliance between the Westies and the Gambinos, then run by Paul Castellano. Coonan's main contact was Roy DeMeo. In 1979 both Coonan and Featherstone were acquitted of the murder of a bartender, Harold Whitehead. Another Westie (and top enforcer), James McElroy, was acquitted of the murder of a Teamster in 1980. Although both Westies leaders were imprisoned in 1980 — Coonan on gun possession charges, Featherstone on a federal counterfeiting rap — the gambling, loansharking, and union shakedowns continued on the West Side. After DeMeo himself was murdered, Coonan's Gambino connection became Daniel Marino, a capo from Brooklyn. Coonan eventually interacted directly with John Gotti, who took over the Gambinos after Castellano's murder in December 1985. Gotti appointed Joe Watts as the liaison to the Westies. From time to time, the Westies worked for the Gambinos as a contract killer squad. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westies |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_464447529#10_508065992 | Title: Westies - Wikipedia
Headings: Westies
Westies
Contents
History
Spillane years
Irish–Italian war of the 1970s
Spillane–Coonan wars
Trouble with the Genovese family
Coonan and Featherstone
The Yugo era
See also
References
Further reading
Content: Although both Westies leaders were imprisoned in 1980 — Coonan on gun possession charges, Featherstone on a federal counterfeiting rap — the gambling, loansharking, and union shakedowns continued on the West Side. After DeMeo himself was murdered, Coonan's Gambino connection became Daniel Marino, a capo from Brooklyn. Coonan eventually interacted directly with John Gotti, who took over the Gambinos after Castellano's murder in December 1985. Gotti appointed Joe Watts as the liaison to the Westies. From time to time, the Westies worked for the Gambinos as a contract killer squad. Featherstone was convicted of murder in early 1986 and began cooperating with the government in hopes of getting the conviction overturned, and because he believed the rest of the Westies had framed him for the murder. The information he and his wife Sissy provided, and the recordings they helped make, achieved this aim. In September 1986 the prosecutor who oversaw Featherstone's conviction told the presiding judge that post-conviction investigation had revealed that Featherstone was innocent. The judge overturned the verdict. At that point the information provided by the Featherstones resulted in the arrest of Coonan and several other Westies on state charges of murder and other crimes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westies |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_464447529#11_508067718 | Title: Westies - Wikipedia
Headings: Westies
Westies
Contents
History
Spillane years
Irish–Italian war of the 1970s
Spillane–Coonan wars
Trouble with the Genovese family
Coonan and Featherstone
The Yugo era
See also
References
Further reading
Content: Featherstone was convicted of murder in early 1986 and began cooperating with the government in hopes of getting the conviction overturned, and because he believed the rest of the Westies had framed him for the murder. The information he and his wife Sissy provided, and the recordings they helped make, achieved this aim. In September 1986 the prosecutor who oversaw Featherstone's conviction told the presiding judge that post-conviction investigation had revealed that Featherstone was innocent. The judge overturned the verdict. At that point the information provided by the Featherstones resulted in the arrest of Coonan and several other Westies on state charges of murder and other crimes. Shortly afterward, federal prosecutor Rudolph Giuliani announced a devastating RICO indictment against Coonan and others for criminal activities going back twenty years. Featherstone testified in open court for four weeks in the trial that began in September 1987 and concluded with major convictions in 1988. Coonan was sentenced to sixty years in prison on assorted charges. Other leading gang members were also sentenced to long prison terms, including McElroy, who was sentenced to 60 years, and Richard "Mugsy" Ritter, a career criminal sentenced to 40 years on loan-sharking and drug related charges. The Yugo era
By the early 1990s, the old demographic of the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood was disappearing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westies |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_464447529#12_508069564 | Title: Westies - Wikipedia
Headings: Westies
Westies
Contents
History
Spillane years
Irish–Italian war of the 1970s
Spillane–Coonan wars
Trouble with the Genovese family
Coonan and Featherstone
The Yugo era
See also
References
Further reading
Content: Shortly afterward, federal prosecutor Rudolph Giuliani announced a devastating RICO indictment against Coonan and others for criminal activities going back twenty years. Featherstone testified in open court for four weeks in the trial that began in September 1987 and concluded with major convictions in 1988. Coonan was sentenced to sixty years in prison on assorted charges. Other leading gang members were also sentenced to long prison terms, including McElroy, who was sentenced to 60 years, and Richard "Mugsy" Ritter, a career criminal sentenced to 40 years on loan-sharking and drug related charges. The Yugo era
By the early 1990s, the old demographic of the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood was disappearing. The blue-collar Irish-American community was being displaced by a more affluent and ethnically diverse group of residents. With this change came a decrease in street crime and a change in leadership. Bosko Radonjich, an American-Serbian nationalist and onetime anti-communist started his Westies affiliation as a low-level associate of Jimmy Coonan in 1983. He became the boss of the Westies when Kelly went on the lam and was instrumental in the "fixing" of John Gotti's 1986 racketeering trial. Around 1992, Radonjich fled the country to avoid jury tampering charges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westies |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_464447529#13_508071285 | Title: Westies - Wikipedia
Headings: Westies
Westies
Contents
History
Spillane years
Irish–Italian war of the 1970s
Spillane–Coonan wars
Trouble with the Genovese family
Coonan and Featherstone
The Yugo era
See also
References
Further reading
Content: The blue-collar Irish-American community was being displaced by a more affluent and ethnically diverse group of residents. With this change came a decrease in street crime and a change in leadership. Bosko Radonjich, an American-Serbian nationalist and onetime anti-communist started his Westies affiliation as a low-level associate of Jimmy Coonan in 1983. He became the boss of the Westies when Kelly went on the lam and was instrumental in the "fixing" of John Gotti's 1986 racketeering trial. Around 1992, Radonjich fled the country to avoid jury tampering charges. He was eventually arrested by U.S. Customs officials during a stopover in Miami, Florida, in 1999. However, Radonjich was released when the main witness in the case, Sammy Gravano, was deemed unreli | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westies |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_543429336#0_605217554 | Title: William Wordsworth - Wikipedia
Headings: William Wordsworth
William Wordsworth
Contents
Early life
Relationship with Annette Vallon
First publication and Lyrical Ballads
The Borderers
Germany and move to the Lake District
Marriage and children
Autobiographical work and Poems, in Two Volumes
The Prospectus
Religious beliefs
Laureateship and other honours
Death
In popular culture
Major works
References
Further reading
External links
Content: William Wordsworth - Wikipedia
William Wordsworth
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 29 April 2021. Jump to navigation Jump to search
English Romantic poet
"Wordsworth" redirects here. For other uses, see Wordsworth (disambiguation). For the English composer, see William Wordsworth (composer). William Wordsworth
Wordsworth on Helvellyn by Benjamin Haydon ( National Portrait Gallery ). Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom
In office
6 April 1843 – 23 April 1850
Monarch
Victoria
Preceded by
Robert Southey
Succeeded by
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Personal details
Born
( 1770-04-07)
7 April 1770
Cockermouth, Cumberland, England
Died
23 April 1850
(1850-04-23)
(aged 80)
Rydal, Westmorland, England
Spouse (s)
Mary Hutchinson (1802–1850; his death)
Relatives
Christopher Wordsworth (sibling)
Dorothy Wordsworth (sibling)
Dora Wordsworth (child)
Alma mater
St John's College, Cambridge
Occupation
Poet
William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was an English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication Lyrical Ballads (1798). Wordsworth's magnum opus is generally considered to be The Prelude, a semi-autobiographical poem of his early years that he revised and expanded a number of times. It was posthumously titled and published by his wife in the year of his death, before which it was generally known as "the poem to Coleridge". Wordsworth was Poet Laureate from 1843 until his death from pleurisy on 23 April 1850. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wordsworth |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_543429336#1_605219811 | Title: William Wordsworth - Wikipedia
Headings: William Wordsworth
William Wordsworth
Contents
Early life
Relationship with Annette Vallon
First publication and Lyrical Ballads
The Borderers
Germany and move to the Lake District
Marriage and children
Autobiographical work and Poems, in Two Volumes
The Prospectus
Religious beliefs
Laureateship and other honours
Death
In popular culture
Major works
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom
In office
6 April 1843 – 23 April 1850
Monarch
Victoria
Preceded by
Robert Southey
Succeeded by
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Personal details
Born
( 1770-04-07)
7 April 1770
Cockermouth, Cumberland, England
Died
23 April 1850
(1850-04-23)
(aged 80)
Rydal, Westmorland, England
Spouse (s)
Mary Hutchinson (1802–1850; his death)
Relatives
Christopher Wordsworth (sibling)
Dorothy Wordsworth (sibling)
Dora Wordsworth (child)
Alma mater
St John's College, Cambridge
Occupation
Poet
William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was an English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication Lyrical Ballads (1798). Wordsworth's magnum opus is generally considered to be The Prelude, a semi-autobiographical poem of his early years that he revised and expanded a number of times. It was posthumously titled and published by his wife in the year of his death, before which it was generally known as "the poem to Coleridge". Wordsworth was Poet Laureate from 1843 until his death from pleurisy on 23 April 1850. Contents
1 Early life
2 Relationship with Annette Vallon
3 First publication and Lyrical Ballads
4 The Borderers
5 Germany and move to the Lake District
6 Marriage and children
7 Autobiographical work and Poems, in Two Volumes
8 The Prospectus
9 Religious beliefs
10 Laureateship and other honours
11 Death
12 In popular culture
13 Major works
14 References
15 Further reading
16 External links
Early life
Main article: Early life of William Wordsworth
The second of five children born to John Wordsworth and Ann Cookson, William Wordsworth was born on 7 April 1770 in what is now named Wordsworth House in Cockermouth, Cumberland, now known as Cumbria, part of the scenic region in northwestern England known as the Lake District. William's sister, the poet and diarist Dorothy Wordsworth, to whom he was close all his life, was born the following year, and the two were baptised together. They had three other siblings: Richard, the eldest, who became a lawyer; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wordsworth |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_553805049#0_617457085 | Title: Wind quintet - Wikipedia
Headings: Wind quintet
Wind quintet
Contents
Wind quintet composers
Eighteenth century
Nineteenth century
Twentieth century
Twenty-first century
Notable wind-quintet repertoire
Notable wind quintets
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Wind quintet - Wikipedia
Wind quintet
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The Prague Wind Quintet, c. 1931
A wind quintet, also known as a woodwind quintet, is a group of five wind players (most commonly flute, oboe, clarinet, French horn and bassoon ). Some quintets alternatively use an English horn instead of a French horn. The term also applies to a composition for such a group. Unlike the string quartet (of 4 string instruments) with its homogeneous blend of sound color, the instruments in a wind quintet differ from each other considerably in technique, idiom, and timbre. The modern wind quintet sprang from the octet ensemble favored in the court of Joseph II in late 18th century Vienna: two oboes, two clarinets, two (natural) horns, and two bassoons. The influence of Haydn 's chamber writing suggested similar possibilities for winds, and advances in the building of these instruments in that period made them more useful in small ensemble settings, leading composers to attempt smaller combinations. It was Anton Reicha 's twenty-four quintets, begun in 1811, and the nine quintets of Franz Danzi that established the genre, and their pieces are still standards of the repertoire. Though the form fell out of favor in the latter half of the 19th century, there has been renewed interest in the form by leading composers in the 20th century, and today the wind quintet is a standard chamber ensemble, valued for its versatility and variety of tone color. Contents
1 Wind quintet composers
1.1 Eighteenth century
1.2 Nineteenth century
1.3 Twentieth century
1.4 Twenty-first century
2 Notable wind-quintet repertoire
3 Notable wind quintets
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Wind quintet composers
Trois quintetti concertans (Three Wind Quintets), c.1802, by Giuseppe Cambini; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_quintet |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_558506726#5_623047431 | Title: Windrush scandal - Wikipedia
Headings: Windrush scandal
Windrush scandal
Contents
Background
Hostile environment policy
Initial warnings
Home Affairs Select Committee report
Press reports
Parliament
Targets
Change of Home Secretary
Parliamentary committees
Human Rights committee report
Home Affairs Select Committee report
Home Office replies
National Audit Office report
Resumption of deportations
Redress for victims
Hardship scheme
Landing cards
Broader immigration
Leak inquiry
Caribbean reactions
Windrush Lessons Learned Review
Sitting in Limbo
See also
References
External links
Content: In 2012, Home Secretary Theresa May stated: " The aim is to create, here in Britain, a really hostile environment for illegal immigrants". The policy was widely seen as being part of a strategy of reducing UK immigration figures to the levels promised in the 2010 Conservative Party Election Manifesto. Measures introduced by the policy include a legal requirement for landlords, employers, the NHS, charities, community interest companies and banks to carry out ID checks and to refuse services if the individual is unable to prove legal residence in the UK. Landlords, employers and others are liable to fines of up to £10,000 if they fail to comply with these measures. The policy led to a more complicated application process to get 'leave to remain' and encouraged voluntary deportation. The policy coincided with sharp increases in Home Office fees for processing "leave to remain", naturalisation and registration of citizenship applications. The BBC reported that the Home Office had made a profit of more than £800m from nationality services between 2011 and 2017. The term 'hostile environment' had first been used under the Brown Government. On 25 April 2018, in answer to questions in Parliament during the Windrush scandal, then Prime Minister Theresa May said the hostile-environment policy would remain government policy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windrush_scandal |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_566125975#0_632427164 | Title: Winter storm naming in the United Kingdom and Ireland - Wikipedia
Headings: Winter storm naming in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Winter storm naming in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Contents
Reasoning
Designation
Instances
Records
See also
References
External links
Content: Winter storm naming in the United Kingdom and Ireland - Wikipedia
Winter storm naming in the United Kingdom and Ireland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Abigail 11:55 UTC, 12 November 2015
The United Kingdom's Met Office, in collaboration with its Irish counterpart Met Éireann and, since 2019, its Dutch counterpart the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, decided to introduce a storm naming system following the St Jude's day storm on 27–28 October 2013 which caused 17 deaths in Europe and the 2013–14 Atlantic winter storms in Europe to give a single, authoritative naming system to prevent confusion with the media and public using different names for the same storms. The first windstorm to be named was Abigail on 10 November 2015. In 2019 the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute decided to adopt the same naming system and since then submits a list of suggested names. The definitive list is combined from suggestions from the three countries. Contents
1 Reasoning
2 Designation
3 Instances
4 Records
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Reasoning
The objectives behind the decision were to: Raise awareness of the dangers of storms
Ensure greater public safety
Avoid confusion if the name of the remnant of a tropical storm is used, for instance “the ex-hurricane Joaquin that reached Europe earlier this month.” Involve the public
Operate with a common cross border system
The names will be used on predicted large-scale, cyclonic windstorms with potential for significant land-based wind impacts. This may result in names being allocated to events that are below the traditional Beaufort scale definition of a storm. Designation
A storm will be named when it is deemed able to have a "substantial" impact on the UK or Ireland. Met Éireann names any storm which triggers a status Orange or Red weather warning focusing on wind, though consideration was also given to rain and snow events in 2016–17. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_storm_naming_in_the_United_Kingdom_and_Ireland |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_569461587#0_637360791 | Title: Wisconsin River - Wikipedia
Headings: Wisconsin River
Wisconsin River
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Geology
History
Navigable river of the United States
Lower Wisconsin River State Riverway
Cities and villages along the river
See also
Notes
External links
Content: Wisconsin River - Wikipedia
Wisconsin River
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Major river in Wisconsin, United States
Wisconsin River
Wisconsin and the Wisconsin River
Location
Country
United States
Physical characteristics
Source
• location
Lac Vieux Desert
• elevation
1,683 ft (513 m)
Mouth
• location
Mississippi River near Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin
Length
420 mi (680 km)
Basin size
12,280 sq mi (31,800 km 2)
Discharge
• average
12,000 cu ft/s (340 m 3 /s) at mouth
Ramsar Wetland
Official name
Lower Wisconsin Riverway
Designated
14 February 2020
Reference no. 2417
Dells of the Wisconsin River, May 2002. A dam in Stevens Point
Highway 82 bridge over the Wisconsin River
Boating on the Wisconsin River
Delta at the Mississippi River, seen from Wyalusing State Park
The Wisconsin River is a tributary of the Mississippi River in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. At approximately 430 miles (692 km) long, it is the state's longest river. The river's name, first recorded in 1673 by Jacques Marquette as "Meskousing", is rooted in the Algonquian languages used by the area's American Indian tribes, but its original meaning is obscure. French explorers who followed in the wake of Marquette later modified the name to "Ouisconsin", and so it appears on Guillaume de L'Isle 's map (Paris, 1718). This was simplified to "Wisconsin" in the early 19th century before being applied to Wisconsin Territory and finally the state of Wisconsin. The Wisconsin River originates in the forests of the North Woods Lake District of northern Wisconsin, in Lac Vieux Desert near the border of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. It flows south across the glacial plain of central Wisconsin, passing through Wausau, Stevens Point, and Wisconsin Rapids. In southern Wisconsin it encounters the terminal moraine formed during the last ice age, where it forms the Dells of the Wisconsin River. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_River |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_569461587#1_637363248 | Title: Wisconsin River - Wikipedia
Headings: Wisconsin River
Wisconsin River
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Geology
History
Navigable river of the United States
Lower Wisconsin River State Riverway
Cities and villages along the river
See also
Notes
External links
Content: French explorers who followed in the wake of Marquette later modified the name to "Ouisconsin", and so it appears on Guillaume de L'Isle 's map (Paris, 1718). This was simplified to "Wisconsin" in the early 19th century before being applied to Wisconsin Territory and finally the state of Wisconsin. The Wisconsin River originates in the forests of the North Woods Lake District of northern Wisconsin, in Lac Vieux Desert near the border of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. It flows south across the glacial plain of central Wisconsin, passing through Wausau, Stevens Point, and Wisconsin Rapids. In southern Wisconsin it encounters the terminal moraine formed during the last ice age, where it forms the Dells of the Wisconsin River. North of Madison at Portage, the river turns to the west, flowing through Wisconsin's hilly Western Upland and joining the Mississippi approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Prairie du Chien . The highest waterfall on the river is Grandfather Falls in Lincoln County . Contents
1 Geology
2 History
3 Navigable river of the United States
4 Lower Wisconsin River State Riverway
5 Cities and villages along the river
6 See also
7 Notes
8 External links
Geology
The modern Wisconsin River was formed in several stages. The lower, westward-flowing portion of the river is located in the unglaciated Driftless Area, and this section of the river's course likely predates the rest by several million years. The lower reach of the river is narrower than its upstream valley, leading to the suggestion the upper portions of the ancestor of the river flowed east previous to the Pleistocene. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_River |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_582473846#0_652809669 | Title: Women's empowerment - Wikipedia
Headings: Women's empowerment
Women's empowerment
Contents
Definitions and methods
Economic empowerment
Political empowerment
Digital skills enhance political empowerment
Feminist Approach to Women Empowerment
Raising Consciousness
Building Relationships
Measurements and assessment
Barriers
Role of education
Internet use
Ongoing projects
U.S. involvement
See also
Sources
References
Further reading
Content: Women's empowerment - Wikipedia
Women's empowerment
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Giving rights, freedom, and strengthening women to stand on their own feet
Part of a series on
Feminism
History
Social
Feminist history
History of feminism
Women-only space
Women's history
American
British
Canadian
German
Timelines
Women's suffrage
Muslim countries
US
Other women's rights
Suffrage by country
Austria
Australia
Canada
Japan
Kuwait
Liechtenstein
New Zealand
Spain (Civil War)
Spain (Francoist)
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Cayman Islands
Wales
United States
In states
Utah
Waves
First
Second
Third
Fourth
General variants
Analytical
Anarchist
Anti-abortion
Atheist
Conservative
Cultural
Cyber
Difference
Ecofeminism
Vegetarian
Embedded
Equality
Eugenic
Fat
French
French post-structuralist
Global
Hip-hop / Activism
Individualist
Labor
Lesbian
Radical lesbianism
Liberal
Equity
Lipstick
Materialist
Maternal
Multicultural
Black
Chicana
Indigenous
Kurdish (Jineology)
Native American
White
Neofeminism
Networked
New
Postcolonial
Postfeminism
Postmodern
Post-structural
Radical
Separatist
Sex-positive
Socialist
Marxist
Social
Standpoint
State
Transfeminism
Transnational
Victim
Womanism
Africana
Religious variants
Buddhist
Christian
Mormon
Neopagan
Dianic Wicca
Reclaiming
Hindu
Islamic
Jewish
Orthodox
Sikh
Concepts
Literature
Children's literature
Effects on society
Equality
Female education
Female genital mutilation
Femicide
Feminism in culture
Feminist movement
African-American women's suffrage movement
Art movement
In hip hop
Feminist stripper
Gender equality
Girl power
Honor killing
International Girl's Day and Women's Day
Language reform
Matriarchal religion
Media
Men in feminism
Misogyny
Oedipus complex
Opposition to feminism
Political lesbianism
Lesbian separatism
Pro-feminism
Protofeminism
Purplewashing
Reproductive justice
Sex workers' rights
Sexual harassment
Sexual objectification
Triple oppression
Violence against women
War on women
Women's health
Women's rights
Women in the workforce
Toxic masculinity
Outlooks
Bicycling and feminism
Criticism of marriage
Views on BDSM
Views on pornography
Views on prostitution
Views on sexual orientation
Views on sexuality
Views on transgender topics
Theory
Feminist method
Gender studies
Gender mainstreaming
Gynocentrism
Kyriarchy
Male gaze
Matriarchy
Women's studies
Men's studies
Patriarchy
Écriture féminine
Areas of study
anthropology
archaeology
architecture
art
art criticism
literary criticism
film theory
biology
composition studies
criminology
pathways perspective
economics
fpda
geography
international relations
constructivism
legal theory
pedagogy
philosophy
aesthetics
empiricism
epistemology
ethics
justice ethics
existentialism
metaphysics
science
political ecology
political theory
pornography
psychology
revisionist mythology
science fiction
sex wars
sexology
sociology
technoscience
theology
womanist theology
By country
Albania
Australia
Bangladesh
Canada
China
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Denmark
Egypt
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Republic of Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Latin America
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Haiti
Honduras
Mexico
Paraguay
Trinidad and Tobago
Lebanon
Malaysia
Mali
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nigeria
Northern Cyprus
Norway
Pakistan
Philippines
Poland
Russia
Syria
Saudi Arabia
South Africa
South Korea
Sweden
Taiwan
Thailand
Turkey
Vietnam
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
History of women
Lists and categories
Lists
Articles
Feminists
by nationality
Literature
American feminist literature
Feminist comic books
Conservative feminisms
Ecofeminist authors
Feminist art critics
Feminist economists
Feminist philosophers
Feminist poets
Feminist rhetoricians
Jewish feminists
Muslim feminists
Feminist parties
Suffragists and suffragettes
Women's rights activists
Women's studies journals
Women's suffrage organizations
Categories
Women's rights by country
Feminists by nationality
Feminism portal
v
t
e
Former First Lady Michelle Obama greets students during a Room to Read event with First Lady Bun Rany of Cambodia in support of the Let Girls Learn initiative, at Hun Sunni Prasat Bakong High School in Siem Reap, Cambodia, March 21, 2015. Women's empowerment (or female empowerment) is the process of empowering women. It may be defined in several ways, including accepting women's viewpoints or making an effort to seek them, raising the status of women through education, awareness, literacy, and training. Women's empowerment equips and allows women to make life-determining decisions through the different problems in society. They may have the opportunity to redefine gender roles or other such roles, which in turn may allow them more freedom to pursue desired goals. Women's empowerment has become a significant topic of discussion in development and economics . Economic empowerment allows women to control and benefit from resources, assets, and income. It also aids the ability to manage risk and improve women's well-being. It can result in approaches to support trivialized genders in a particular political or social context. While often interchangeably used, the more comprehensive concept of gender empowerment concerns people of any gender, stressing the distinction between biological and gender as a role. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_589542112#0_657011817 | Title: Women in Vatican City - Wikipedia
Headings: Women in Vatican City
Women in Vatican City
Contents
Female residents
Vatican City citizens
Value of women
Clothing
Voting rights
Divorce
Abortion
Donne in Vaticano
See also
References
Content: Women in Vatican City - Wikipedia
Women in Vatican City
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Part of a series on
Women in society
Society
Women's history ( legal rights)
Woman
Animal advocacy
Business
Female entrepreneur
Gender representation on corporate boards of directors
Economic development
Explorers and travelers
Education
Feminism
Womyn
Government
Conservatives in the US
heads of government
heads of state
Queen regnant
List
Health
Journalism and the media
Law
Law enforcement
Military
Mother
Nobel Prize laureates
Piracy
Positions of power
Reproductive rights
Venture capital
Violence and abuse
Voting rights
Workforce
Exchange of women
Science
Technology
Computing
Engineering
Geology
Medicine
dentistry
in the United States
Organizations
Science
Science, technology, engineering and mathematics
Space
Telegraphy
Arts
Humanities
Architecture
Arts
Art history field
Dance
Film industry
"Chick flicks"
Films about women
Film directors, cinematographers and screenwriters
Fine arts
Literature
Science fiction
Philosophy
Feminist philosophy
Photography
Music
Jazz
Punk rock
In Shakespeare's works
Religion
Baháʼí Faith
Bible
Buddhism
Christianity
Catholicism
Mormonism
Opus Dei
Daoism
Hinduism
Islam
Judaism
Sikhism
Popular culture
Comics
Portrayal in American comics
Film industry
Music
Fictional pirates
Speculative fiction
Video games
Gender representation in video games
Sports
Auto racing
Baseball
Basketball
Boxing
Cricket
Curling
Cycling
Fastpitch softball
Football / soccer
Golf
Gymnastics
Ice hockey
Lacrosse
Mixed martial arts
Netball
Paralympic Games
Rodeo
Roller derby
Rowing
Surfing
Swimming
Tennis
Track and field
Volleyball
Winter sport
See also: List of sports
By country
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Belgium
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia
Brazil
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burma
Cambodia
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus ( North)
Denmark
DR Congo
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
East Timor
Ethiopia
FS Micronesia
Fiji
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Iceland
Italy
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Ivory Coast
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Libya
Madagascar
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Mongolia
Morocco
Nepal
New Zealand
Niger
Nigeria
North Korea
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Spain
Somalia
South Africa
South Korea
South Sudan
Sudan
Suriname
Sri Lanka
Sweden
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Thailand
Tonga
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
Trinidad and Tobago
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen
v
t
e
Women account for approximately 5.5% of the citizenry of Vatican City. According to the Herald Sun in March 2011, there were only 32 females out of 572 citizens issued with Vatican passports. One of them was a nun. In 2013, Worldcrunch reported that there were around 30 women who were citizens of Vatican City, including two South American women, two Poles, and three from Switzerland. The majority of Vatican women at the time were from Italy. Contents
1 Female residents
2 Vatican City citizens
3 Value of women
4 Clothing
5 Voting rights
6 Divorce
7 Abortion
8 Donne in Vaticano
9 See also
10 References
Female residents
Among the women who lived in Vatican City was one of the daughters of an electrician, who later got married and "lost her right to live" in the city. Another woman who lives in Vatican City was Magdalena Wolińska-Riedi, who is a Polish translator and wife of one of the Swiss Guards. Vatican City citizens
Among the women who have citizenship in Vatican City, there is one officer in the military, two teachers (one teaches in high school, the other teaches in kindergarten), and one academic. Women obtain Vatican City citizenship by marriage (as a baptized Catholic) to their husbands; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_589542112#1_657016618 | Title: Women in Vatican City - Wikipedia
Headings: Women in Vatican City
Women in Vatican City
Contents
Female residents
Vatican City citizens
Value of women
Clothing
Voting rights
Divorce
Abortion
Donne in Vaticano
See also
References
Content: The majority of Vatican women at the time were from Italy. Contents
1 Female residents
2 Vatican City citizens
3 Value of women
4 Clothing
5 Voting rights
6 Divorce
7 Abortion
8 Donne in Vaticano
9 See also
10 References
Female residents
Among the women who lived in Vatican City was one of the daughters of an electrician, who later got married and "lost her right to live" in the city. Another woman who lives in Vatican City was Magdalena Wolińska-Riedi, who is a Polish translator and wife of one of the Swiss Guards. Vatican City citizens
Among the women who have citizenship in Vatican City, there is one officer in the military, two teachers (one teaches in high school, the other teaches in kindergarten), and one academic. Women obtain Vatican City citizenship by marriage (as a baptized Catholic) to their husbands; however such citizenship "lasts only for the duration of their stay" in Vatican City. Value of women
In the past, women were not allowed to open a bank account in Vatican City, but, during the leadership of Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI, the value of women in the city was highlighted. One of Pope Benedict XVI's assistant editors and confidential adviser was a woman, Ingrid Stampa. On April 21, 2013, The Telegraph reported that Pope Francis will be appointing "more women to key Vatican" positions. In May 2019, Francis appointed three women as consultors to the General Secretariat for the Synod of Bishops on Young People, Faith, and Vocational Discernment, marking a historic first for the Church. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_589542112#2_657018612 | Title: Women in Vatican City - Wikipedia
Headings: Women in Vatican City
Women in Vatican City
Contents
Female residents
Vatican City citizens
Value of women
Clothing
Voting rights
Divorce
Abortion
Donne in Vaticano
See also
References
Content: however such citizenship "lasts only for the duration of their stay" in Vatican City. Value of women
In the past, women were not allowed to open a bank account in Vatican City, but, during the leadership of Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI, the value of women in the city was highlighted. One of Pope Benedict XVI's assistant editors and confidential adviser was a woman, Ingrid Stampa. On April 21, 2013, The Telegraph reported that Pope Francis will be appointing "more women to key Vatican" positions. In May 2019, Francis appointed three women as consultors to the General Secretariat for the Synod of Bishops on Young People, Faith, and Vocational Discernment, marking a historic first for the Church. In addition to this, L'Osservatore Romano - the daily newspaper in Vatican City - is now publishing supplementary pages that address women's issues. Women are not allowed to be ordained to the presbyterate or episcopate, though a commission is currently studying the question of whether women can serve as un-ordained deacons . Clothing
President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama meet with Pope Benedict XVI at the Vatican on July 10, 2009. Women (and men) visiting St. Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel or the Vatican Museums in Vatican City are expected to wear appropriate attire. Low cut or sleeveless clothing, shorts, miniskirts and hats (for men, indoors) are not allowed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_589542112#3_657020454 | Title: Women in Vatican City - Wikipedia
Headings: Women in Vatican City
Women in Vatican City
Contents
Female residents
Vatican City citizens
Value of women
Clothing
Voting rights
Divorce
Abortion
Donne in Vaticano
See also
References
Content: In addition to this, L'Osservatore Romano - the daily newspaper in Vatican City - is now publishing supplementary pages that address women's issues. Women are not allowed to be ordained to the presbyterate or episcopate, though a commission is currently studying the question of whether women can serve as un-ordained deacons . Clothing
President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama meet with Pope Benedict XVI at the Vatican on July 10, 2009. Women (and men) visiting St. Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel or the Vatican Museums in Vatican City are expected to wear appropriate attire. Low cut or sleeveless clothing, shorts, miniskirts and hats (for men, indoors) are not allowed. Women may or may not wear the traditional "black hat or veil". Dress code for Papal audiences is somewhat more formal. Women cannot wear clothing that does not cover the shoulders and the knees. Voting rights
Vatican City is the only country in the world with no voting or electoral rights, including no voting rights for women. That is because no elections are held in Vatican City, and consequently, neither male nor female citizens or residents have voting rights. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_589542112#4_657022048 | Title: Women in Vatican City - Wikipedia
Headings: Women in Vatican City
Women in Vatican City
Contents
Female residents
Vatican City citizens
Value of women
Clothing
Voting rights
Divorce
Abortion
Donne in Vaticano
See also
References
Content: Women may or may not wear the traditional "black hat or veil". Dress code for Papal audiences is somewhat more formal. Women cannot wear clothing that does not cover the shoulders and the knees. Voting rights
Vatican City is the only country in the world with no voting or electoral rights, including no voting rights for women. That is because no elections are held in Vatican City, and consequently, neither male nor female citizens or residents have voting rights. Members of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, which forms the legislature of Vatican City, are appointed by the Pope. The Pope, who serves as the head of state, is elected by the College of Cardinals of the Catholic Church. The College is part of the Holy See, which forms a separate sovereign entity from Vatican City. Cardinals in the Catholic Church are required to be male, with voting Cardinals generally always Bishops, and only men are eligible to be elected Pope. With that being said, however, the cardinalate is a privilege and office bestowed by the Pope; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_589542112#5_657023530 | Title: Women in Vatican City - Wikipedia
Headings: Women in Vatican City
Women in Vatican City
Contents
Female residents
Vatican City citizens
Value of women
Clothing
Voting rights
Divorce
Abortion
Donne in Vaticano
See also
References
Content: Members of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, which forms the legislature of Vatican City, are appointed by the Pope. The Pope, who serves as the head of state, is elected by the College of Cardinals of the Catholic Church. The College is part of the Holy See, which forms a separate sovereign entity from Vatican City. Cardinals in the Catholic Church are required to be male, with voting Cardinals generally always Bishops, and only men are eligible to be elected Pope. With that being said, however, the cardinalate is a privilege and office bestowed by the Pope; it is not a separate, fourth degree of Holy Orders, along with deacon, priest, and Bishop, though it ranks above them, so theoretically, the laws could be amended to allow for women to be Cardinals, though that is currently very unlikely. Divorce
Vatican City is one of two sovereign states that do not allow divorce, the other being the Republic of the Philippines. Abortion
See also: Abortion and the Catholic Church
Vatican City is one of five countries worldwide where abortion is illegal (the others being Malta, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, and Nicaragua ), as the state adheres to the Canon Law of the Roman Catholic Church. Cannon 1398 states that abortion procedures whose direct purpose is to destroy an embryo, blastocyst, zygote or foetus is morally unacceptable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_589542112#6_657025324 | Title: Women in Vatican City - Wikipedia
Headings: Women in Vatican City
Women in Vatican City
Contents
Female residents
Vatican City citizens
Value of women
Clothing
Voting rights
Divorce
Abortion
Donne in Vaticano
See also
References
Content: it is not a separate, fourth degree of Holy Orders, along with deacon, priest, and Bishop, though it ranks above them, so theoretically, the laws could be amended to allow for women to be Cardinals, though that is currently very unlikely. Divorce
Vatican City is one of two sovereign states that do not allow divorce, the other being the Republic of the Philippines. Abortion
See also: Abortion and the Catholic Church
Vatican City is one of five countries worldwide where abortion is illegal (the others being Malta, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, and Nicaragua ), as the state adheres to the Canon Law of the Roman Catholic Church. Cannon 1398 states that abortion procedures whose direct purpose is to destroy an embryo, blastocyst, zygote or foetus is morally unacceptable. However, in accordance with the principle of double effect, in the rare cases of indirect abortion, such as when, in an ectopic pregnancy, the fallopian tube is removed, or in cases of ovarian cancer. In these cases the procedure is aimed only at preserving the woman's life, and the death of the foetus, although foreseen, is not willed either as an end or as a means for obtaining the intended effect. Donne in Vaticano
In September 2016, Vatican authorities approved the creation of Donne in Vaticano, the first women-only association of the Vatican. The members of the association are journalists, theologians, and economists. It is led by founding president Tracey McClure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_589542112#7_657027216 | Title: Women in Vatican City - Wikipedia
Headings: Women in Vatican City
Women in Vatican City
Contents
Female residents
Vatican City citizens
Value of women
Clothing
Voting rights
Divorce
Abortion
Donne in Vaticano
See also
References
Content: However, in accordance with the principle of double effect, in the rare cases of indirect abortion, such as when, in an ectopic pregnancy, the fallopian tube is removed, or in cases of ovarian cancer. In these cases the procedure is aimed only at preserving the woman's life, and the death of the foetus, although foreseen, is not willed either as an end or as a means for obtaining the intended effect. Donne in Vaticano
In September 2016, Vatican authorities approved the creation of Donne in Vaticano, the first women-only association of the Vatican. The members of the association are journalists, theologians, and economists. It is led by founding president Tracey McClure. See also
Index of Vatican City-related articles
Privilège du blanc
References
^ Only 32 women in Vatican City, Herald Sun, March 02, 2011. ^ a b c d e Mrowińska, Alina. Behind The Walls: What it's Like to Live Inside The Vatican, For a Woman, Gazeta Wyborcza/Worldcrunch, February 26, 2013. ^ White, Christopher (October 30, 2019). " | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_589542112#8_657028674 | Title: Women in Vatican City - Wikipedia
Headings: Women in Vatican City
Women in Vatican City
Contents
Female residents
Vatican City citizens
Value of women
Clothing
Voting rights
Divorce
Abortion
Donne in Vaticano
See also
References
Content: See also
Index of Vatican City-related articles
Privilège du blanc
References
^ Only 32 women in Vatican City, Herald Sun, March 02, 2011. ^ a b c d e Mrowińska, Alina. Behind The Walls: What it's Like to Live Inside The Vatican, For a Woman, Gazeta Wyborcza/Worldcrunch, February 26, 2013. ^ White, Christopher (October 30, 2019). " Pope Francis using synods to 'build consensus' in Church, participant says". cruxnow.com. Retrieved 2019-11-19. ^ Pope Francis 'to appoint more women to key Vatican posts', The Telegraph, April 21, 2013
^ Vatican Museums - useful information for visitors, Vatican museums and churches visitor information, museivaticani.va
^ "Vatican City Dress Code". Buzzle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_589542112#9_657029817 | Title: Women in Vatican City - Wikipedia
Headings: Women in Vatican City
Women in Vatican City
Contents
Female residents
Vatican City citizens
Value of women
Clothing
Voting rights
Divorce
Abortion
Donne in Vaticano
See also
References
Content: Pope Francis using synods to 'build consensus' in Church, participant says". cruxnow.com. Retrieved 2019-11-19. ^ Pope Francis 'to appoint more women to key Vatican posts', The Telegraph, April 21, 2013
^ Vatican Museums - useful information for visitors, Vatican museums and churches visitor information, museivaticani.va
^ "Vatican City Dress Code". Buzzle. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. ^ Maloney, Alli (26 August 2015). " As Saudi Arabian women celebrate the vote, the (brief) history of global suffrage must be examined". New York Times. Retrieved 9 January 2017. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_589542112#10_657030839 | Title: Women in Vatican City - Wikipedia
Headings: Women in Vatican City
Women in Vatican City
Contents
Female residents
Vatican City citizens
Value of women
Clothing
Voting rights
Divorce
Abortion
Donne in Vaticano
See also
References
Content: Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. ^ Maloney, Alli (26 August 2015). " As Saudi Arabian women celebrate the vote, the (brief) history of global suffrage must be examined". New York Times. Retrieved 9 January 2017. ^ Zarya, Valentina (11 December 2015). " There Is Now Only One Country Left in the World Where Women Can't Vote". Fortune. Retrieved 9 January 2017. ^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_589542112#11_657031700 | Title: Women in Vatican City - Wikipedia
Headings: Women in Vatican City
Women in Vatican City
Contents
Female residents
Vatican City citizens
Value of women
Clothing
Voting rights
Divorce
Abortion
Donne in Vaticano
See also
References
Content: ^ Zarya, Valentina (11 December 2015). " There Is Now Only One Country Left in the World Where Women Can't Vote". Fortune. Retrieved 9 January 2017. ^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2020-11-26. ^ "E' nata la prima Associazione di donne in Vaticano" (in Italian). Radio Vaticana. 7 December 2016. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_589542112#12_657032475 | Title: Women in Vatican City - Wikipedia
Headings: Women in Vatican City
Women in Vatican City
Contents
Female residents
Vatican City citizens
Value of women
Clothing
Voting rights
Divorce
Abortion
Donne in Vaticano
See also
References
Content: www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2020-11-26. ^ "E' nata la prima Associazione di donne in Vaticano" (in Italian). Radio Vaticana. 7 December 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2019. ^ "Donne in Vaticano, la 1ère association féminine au Vatican" (in French). Buzz Europa. 14 May 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2019. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_589542112#13_657033207 | Title: Women in Vatican City - Wikipedia
Headings: Women in Vatican City
Women in Vatican City
Contents
Female residents
Vatican City citizens
Value of women
Clothing
Voting rights
Divorce
Abortion
Donne in Vaticano
See also
References
Content: Retrieved 9 July 2019. ^ "Donne in Vaticano, la 1ère association féminine au Vatican" (in French). Buzz Europa. 14 May 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2019. ^ San Martín, Inés (2016-12-08). " Women working in the Vatican create their own association". Crux. Retrieved 2021-04-21. Wikimedia Commons has media related to People of the Vatican City. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_589542112#14_657033999 | Title: Women in Vatican City - Wikipedia
Headings: Women in Vatican City
Women in Vatican City
Contents
Female residents
Vatican City citizens
Value of women
Clothing
Voting rights
Divorce
Abortion
Donne in Vaticano
See also
References
Content: ^ San Martín, Inés (2016-12-08). " Women working in the Vatican create their own association". Crux. Retrieved 2021-04-21. Wikimedia Commons has media related to People of the Vatican City. v
t
e
Vatican City articles
Index
Outline
Holy See
Properties
Pope: Francis
List of sovereigns
Vicar General for Vatican City
History
History of the papacy
" Prisoner in the Vatican "
Circus of Nero
Old St. Peter's Basilica
Papal tombs
Leonine City
Cortile del Belvedere
Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi
Lateran Treaty
Borgo Nuovo
Borgo Vecchio
Piazza Scossacavalli
Geography
Major basilica
St. Peter's Basili | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_590813854#5_657753801 | Title: Women in labor unions - Wikipedia
Headings: Women in labor unions
Women in labor unions
Contents
Early union activity
1860s
1890s
The Women's Trade Union League
Formation
Outreach
Industrial Workers of the World
Garment work in 1909-1913
International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union
New York shirtwaist strike of 1909
The United Auto Workers
World War II 1939–1945
Activism
Intersectionality
Postwar work 1945–1947
References
Content: 27,000 women joined the ILGWU by 1904, as estimated by The Women's Trade Union League of America. Early women's unions were often in the garment trade, as the industry employed many working women. Women in the garment industry often had to purchase their own thread and needles in order to work, and often were fined for errors in their sewing. New York shirtwaist strike of 1909
Clara Lemlich
In New York City working women employed by three major shirtwaist companies (the Leiserson Company, the Rosen Company, and the Triangle Shirtwaist Company) went to the Women's Trade Union League of America (WTUL) in 1909 to gain support in their strikes. Mary Dreier and hundreds of other women, were arrested while picketing. On November 23, 1909, Clara Lemlich 's speech inspired the largest women's strike up to that point, which took place among primarily Jewish waist makers on the following day. The strike led more than 20,000 workers to walk out 500 shops in New York City. 10,000 women went back to work by November 27th,1909, after the smaller manufacturers agreed to the wages proposed by the unions. Larger manufacturers did not comply, forcing the strike to lead into December, and eventually spread to Philadelphia. During these months violence increased on picket lines; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_labor_unions |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_593192854#2_659535998 | Title: Women in the workforce - Wikipedia
Headings: Women in the workforce
Women in the workforce
Contents
Areas of study
Women and economic development
Paid employment globally
Workforce participation by sector
Sectoral distribution of employed persons, by sector and sex (2004 through 2007)
Occupational dissimilarity index
Laws protecting women's rights as workers
Women in workforce leadership
Barriers to equal participation
Access to education and training
Access to capital
Discrimination within occupations
Actions and inactions of women themselves
Sex segregation
Gender inequality by social class
Effects on the middle and upper classes
Effects on the working class
Impact issues of female participation in the workforce
Fertility
History
19th century
20th century
The Quiet Revolution
Occupational safety and health
See also
Women's participation in different occupations
References
Bibliography
Professional areas
External links
Content: Percent of women in the workforce among all women aged 20–64 years in the European Union in 2011
Proportion of women in senior and middle management positions (2017)
Since the industrial revolution, participation of women in the workforce outside of the home has increased in industrialized nations, with particularly large growth seen in the 20th century. Largely seen as a boon for industrial society, women in the workforce contribute to a higher national economic output as measure in GDP as well as decreasing labor costs by increasing the labor supply in a society. Women's lack of access to higher education had effectively excluded them from the practice of well-paid and high status occupations. Entry of women into the higher professions, like law and medicine, was delayed in most countries due to women being denied entry to universities and qualification for degrees. For example, Cambridge University only fully validated degrees for women late in 1947, and even then only after much opposition and acrimonious debate. Women were largely limited to low-paid and poor status occupations for most of the 19th and 20th centuries, or earned less pay than men for doing the same work. However, through the 20th century, the labor market shifted. Office work that does not require heavy labor expanded, and women increasingly acquired the higher education that led to better-compensated, longer-term careers rather than lower-skilled, shorter-term jobs. The increasing rates of women contributing in the work force has led to a more equal disbursement of hours worked across the regions of the world. However, in western European countries the nature of women's employment participation remains markedly different from that of men. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_593395962#4_659640156 | Title: Women of Colonial Virginia - Wikipedia
Headings: Women of Colonial Virginia
Women of Colonial Virginia
Contents
Overview
Women's Roles Before and After European Colonization
Why Women Came to Virginia Colonies
Women's Rights
Indentured Servant
Women of the Virginia Colonies
Pocahontas (Matoaka)
Mistress Forrest
Anne Burras
Temperance Flowerdew
Cecily Jordan Farrar
Jane Pierce
Jane Dickenson
Hannah Bennett Turner Tompkins Arnold
Mary Aggie
Christina Campbell
References
Content: Once European women arrived in the New World the views on what women's roles were conflicted. European women were always expected to do the household tasks, while caring for and teaching their children. In the eyes of European, women were never supposed to step into men's roles. Some European women were also sent into some of the Native American tribes to teach them the way of the English, primarily by teaching the women to weave clothes. as well as their religion, and culture. European wives, whose families were wealthy to own a slave did not have to complete household tasks. However, those who were not wealthy enough to own a slave did not receive any help with the house hold chores. Why Women Came to Virginia Colonies
Women were known to provide a sense of stability. They came to the Jamestown Colony to marry men in the colony or to serve as indentured servants. Some women were also known to come to the colony at a young age with their families, such as Cecily Jordan Farrar. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_of_Colonial_Virginia |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_593395962#7_659645730 | Title: Women of Colonial Virginia - Wikipedia
Headings: Women of Colonial Virginia
Women of Colonial Virginia
Contents
Overview
Women's Roles Before and After European Colonization
Why Women Came to Virginia Colonies
Women's Rights
Indentured Servant
Women of the Virginia Colonies
Pocahontas (Matoaka)
Mistress Forrest
Anne Burras
Temperance Flowerdew
Cecily Jordan Farrar
Jane Pierce
Jane Dickenson
Hannah Bennett Turner Tompkins Arnold
Mary Aggie
Christina Campbell
References
Content: Until 1654 and the Anthony Johnson v. John Casor case If a woman was of African descent, then she was a part of the indentured servant population, after that case there was a change in legal status and they were slaves. African American women were first brought to Virginia in 1619 three women and 20 men. They were sold into bondage to wealthy Planters like Governor George Yeardley .As time passed African American women forced to work in the fields and do jobs that were known as part of the men's role in American and European society, as well as perform domestic duties.. Black women were also seen as a way to produce native born slaves. There was class, race and gender structure in Colonial America. The female indentured servants, did not encounter any conditions different than what they experienced at home in England, from household chores to farming. The role of women was clearly defined. If of the Planter (upper) class, she was expected to supervise the slaves attending to the household, and play a supporting role to the man. The wives of farmers, found life harder, toiling dawn to dusk and beyond, in the house and in the field, but this harder life led to more dependence on and respect for the woman's role. Women's Rights
In the Early stages of the Virginia colonies, women did not have as many rights as they did in England. Women were not able to take part in many things, such as voting, owning land, or even holding a spot in political office. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_of_Colonial_Virginia |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_19_594041869#12_660224590 | Title: Won't Back Down (film) - Wikipedia
Headings: Won't Back Down
(film)
Won't Back Down (film)
Contents
Premise
Cast
Production
Background
Release
Promotional campaign
Reception
Box office
Critical response
Controversy
Accolades
See also
Home media
References
External links
Content: discouraged parameter ( link)
^ "Desert Trails Elementary Parents Seek Control Of Failing Adelanto, California School In High-Stakes U.S. Education Reform". The Huffington Post. Reuters. 19 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-21. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link)
^ a b Rotherham, Andrew (8 March 2012). " Can Parents Take Over Schools?". TIME. Time Inc. Retrieved 2012-05-21. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Won%27t_Back_Down_(film) |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.