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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2000231886#7_2155790668
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Title: Interracial marriage in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Interracial marriage in the United States
Interracial marriage in the United States
Contents
Historical background
Academic researches
Cultural aspects
Socio-economic aspects
Marital stability
Census Bureau statistics
2008 Pew Research Center Report
2010 Pew Research Center Report
Interracial marriage by pairing
Asian and White
Black and White
Native American and Asian
Asian and Black
Native American and White
Native American and Black
Public opinion
Relevant fields
Marriage squeeze
Religion and interracial marriage
Immigrants and interracial marriage
Interracial marriage versus cohabitation
See also
References
Content: Research led by Barnett, Burma, and Monahan in 1963 and 1971 showed people who marry outside of their race are usually older and are more likely to live in an urban setting. Social enterprise research conducted on behalf of the Columbia Business School (2005–2007) showed that regional differences within the United States in how interracial relationships are perceived have persisted: Daters of both sexes from south of the Mason–Dixon line were found to have much stronger same-race preferences than northern daters did. The study also observed a clear gender divide in racial preference with regards to marriage: Women of all the races which were studied revealed a strong preference for men of their own race for marriage, with the caveat that East Asian women only discriminated against Black and Hispanic men, and not against White men. A woman's race was found to have no effect on the men's choices. Socio-economic aspects
Several studies have found that a factor which significantly affects an individual's choices with regards to marriage is socio-economic status ("SES")—the measure of a person's income, education, social class, profession, etc. For example, a study by the Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Newcastle University confirmed that women show a tendency to marry up in socio-economic status; this reduces the probability of marriage of low SES men. Research at the universities of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) and Texas A&M addressing the topic of socio-economic status, among other factors, showed that none of the socio-economic status variables appeared to be positively related to outmarriage within the Asian American community, and found lower-socioeconomically stable Asians sometimes utilized outmarriage to whites as a means to advance social status.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial_marriage_in_the_United_States
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2000231886#8_2155793389
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Title: Interracial marriage in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Interracial marriage in the United States
Interracial marriage in the United States
Contents
Historical background
Academic researches
Cultural aspects
Socio-economic aspects
Marital stability
Census Bureau statistics
2008 Pew Research Center Report
2010 Pew Research Center Report
Interracial marriage by pairing
Asian and White
Black and White
Native American and Asian
Asian and Black
Native American and White
Native American and Black
Public opinion
Relevant fields
Marriage squeeze
Religion and interracial marriage
Immigrants and interracial marriage
Interracial marriage versus cohabitation
See also
References
Content: A woman's race was found to have no effect on the men's choices. Socio-economic aspects
Several studies have found that a factor which significantly affects an individual's choices with regards to marriage is socio-economic status ("SES")—the measure of a person's income, education, social class, profession, etc. For example, a study by the Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Newcastle University confirmed that women show a tendency to marry up in socio-economic status; this reduces the probability of marriage of low SES men. Research at the universities of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) and Texas A&M addressing the topic of socio-economic status, among other factors, showed that none of the socio-economic status variables appeared to be positively related to outmarriage within the Asian American community, and found lower-socioeconomically stable Asians sometimes utilized outmarriage to whites as a means to advance social status. Marital stability
A 2008 study by Jenifer L. Bratter and Rosalind B. King conducted on behalf of the Education Resources Information Center examined whether crossing racial boundaries increased the risk of divorce. Using the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (Cycle VI), the likelihood of divorce for interracial couples to that of same-race couples was compared. Comparisons across marriage cohorts revealed that, overall, interracial couples have higher rates of divorce, particularly for those that married during the late 1980s. The authors found that gender plays a significant role in interracial divorce dynamics: According to the adjusted models predicting divorce as of the 10th year of marriage, interracial marriages that are the most vulnerable involve White females and non-White males relative to White/White couples.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial_marriage_in_the_United_States
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2000231886#9_2155796094
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Title: Interracial marriage in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Interracial marriage in the United States
Interracial marriage in the United States
Contents
Historical background
Academic researches
Cultural aspects
Socio-economic aspects
Marital stability
Census Bureau statistics
2008 Pew Research Center Report
2010 Pew Research Center Report
Interracial marriage by pairing
Asian and White
Black and White
Native American and Asian
Asian and Black
Native American and White
Native American and Black
Public opinion
Relevant fields
Marriage squeeze
Religion and interracial marriage
Immigrants and interracial marriage
Interracial marriage versus cohabitation
See also
References
Content: Marital stability
A 2008 study by Jenifer L. Bratter and Rosalind B. King conducted on behalf of the Education Resources Information Center examined whether crossing racial boundaries increased the risk of divorce. Using the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (Cycle VI), the likelihood of divorce for interracial couples to that of same-race couples was compared. Comparisons across marriage cohorts revealed that, overall, interracial couples have higher rates of divorce, particularly for those that married during the late 1980s. The authors found that gender plays a significant role in interracial divorce dynamics: According to the adjusted models predicting divorce as of the 10th year of marriage, interracial marriages that are the most vulnerable involve White females and non-White males relative to White/White couples. White wife/Black husband marriages are twice as likely to divorce by the 10th year of marriage compared to White/White couples, while White wife/Asian husband marriages are 59% more likely to end in divorce compared to White/White unions. Conversely, White men/non-White women couples show either very little or no differences in divorce rates. Asian wife/White husband marriages show only 4% greater likelihood of divorce by the 10th year of marriage than White/White couples. In the case of Black wife/White husband marriages, divorce by the 10th year of marriage is 44% less likely than among White/White unions. Intermarriages that did not cross a racial barrier, which was the case for White/Hispanic White couples, showed statistically similar likelihoods of divorcing as White/White marriages.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial_marriage_in_the_United_States
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2001110326#5_2156799271
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Title: Interstate 105 (California) - Wikipedia
Headings: Interstate 105 (California)
Interstate 105 (California)
Contents
Route description
History
Early planning
Design and local opposition
Keith v. Volpe
Century Freeway Housing Program
Notable demolished homes and buildings
Post-construction
Interstate 105 (1964–68)
Exit list
In popular culture
See also
References
External links
Content: Design and local opposition
The route was designed between 1968 and 1972 by Caltrans District 7, under the direction of Design Chief Sid Elicks. However, opposition from some of the communities through which the right-of-way would pass slowed the process and led to some reroutings. Many factors contributed to the delay. The growth of the environmental movement in the 1960s created resistance to new freeway construction. Fiscal difficulties brought about by the 1971 Sylmar earthquake and the California tax revolt of the late 1970s further hampered Caltrans' construction efforts. However, the major source of resistance to the freeway's construction was community opposition and the side effects of these demands. By the early 1970s, most of the areas in the freeway's path (and thus slated to be demolished) were predominantly African-American. Resentment over previous freeway projects' effects on other black communities resulted in significant modifications to the original route. Most cities along the way, weary of the noise and visual blight created by elevated freeways, demanded that the route be built far below grade in a "trench." Also, another source for resistance to the freeway's construction was that much of the I-105 path was going to be built in low income, high crime neighborhoods, which also delayed the freeway's construction until the crime in the areas went down.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_105_%28California%29
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2003211346#0_2158960577
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Title: Interstate 405 (Washington) - Wikipedia
Headings: Interstate 405 (Washington)
Interstate 405 (Washington)
Contents
Route description
Tukwila to Bellevue
Bellevue to Lynnwood
History
Corridor program
Transit service
Exit list
References
External links
Content: Interstate 405 (Washington) - Wikipedia
Interstate 405 (Washington)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the highway in Washington. For the highway in California, see Interstate 405 (California). For other uses, see Interstate 405. Interstate highway bypassing Seattle, Washington
Interstate 405
I-405 highlighted in red
Route information
Auxiliary route of I-5
Defined by RCW 47.17.595
Maintained by WSDOT
Length
30.30 mi (48.76 km)
Existed
1957–present
Major junctions
South end
I-5 / SR 518 in Tukwila
SR 167 in Renton
I-90 in Bellevue
SR 520 in Bellevue
SR 522 in Bothell
North end
I-5 / SR 525 in Lynnwood
Location
Counties
King, Snohomish
Highway system
Interstate Highway System
Main
Auxiliary
Suffixed
Business
Future
State highways in Washington
Interstate
US
State
Scenic
Former PSH
1964 renumbering
Former
← SR 401
→ SR 409
Interstate 405 ( I-405) is a north–south auxiliary Interstate Highway serving the Seattle region of Washington, United States. It bypasses Seattle east of Lake Washington, traveling through the Eastside area of King and Snohomish counties, providing an alternate route to I-5. The 30-mile (48 km) freeway serves the cities of Renton, Bellevue, Kirkland, and Bothell. I-405 terminates at I-5 in Tukwila and Lynnwood, and also intersects several major highways, including SR 167, I-90, SR 520, and SR 522 . The Eastside highway was originally built in the early 20th century to connect cities along the lake and was formally added to the state highway system in 1937 as Secondary State Highway 2A (SSH 2A). A freeway replacement for SSH 2A was proposed in the 1940s by the state government and designated as I-405 as part of the federal Interstate Highway program, with the first section beginning construction in 1956 and completed in 1965. It was initially signed as SR 405 until the freeway was fully completed in 1971;
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_405_(Washington)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2003211346#1_2158963015
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Title: Interstate 405 (Washington) - Wikipedia
Headings: Interstate 405 (Washington)
Interstate 405 (Washington)
Contents
Route description
Tukwila to Bellevue
Bellevue to Lynnwood
History
Corridor program
Transit service
Exit list
References
External links
Content: The 30-mile (48 km) freeway serves the cities of Renton, Bellevue, Kirkland, and Bothell. I-405 terminates at I-5 in Tukwila and Lynnwood, and also intersects several major highways, including SR 167, I-90, SR 520, and SR 522 . The Eastside highway was originally built in the early 20th century to connect cities along the lake and was formally added to the state highway system in 1937 as Secondary State Highway 2A (SSH 2A). A freeway replacement for SSH 2A was proposed in the 1940s by the state government and designated as I-405 as part of the federal Interstate Highway program, with the first section beginning construction in 1956 and completed in 1965. It was initially signed as SR 405 until the freeway was fully completed in 1971; since then, the highway has been expanded to add lanes for high-occupancy vehicles and toll users. I-405 is one of the most congested highways in the Seattle area and is known for its meandering "S-curves" through Renton, which were straightened in the 1990s. Contents
1 Route description
1.1 Tukwila to Bellevue
1.2 Bellevue to Lynnwood
2 History
2.1 Corridor program
3 Transit service
4 Exit list
5 References
6 External links
Route description
I-405 is a 30-mile (48 km) north–south freeway that serves as a bypass of I-5 through Seattle while serving the Eastside region. It is listed as part of the National Highway System, identifying routes that are important to the national economy, defense, and mobility, and the state's Highway of Statewide Significance program, recognizing its connection to major communities. The highway is maintained by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), who conduct an annual survey of traffic volume that is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic (AADT), a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_405_(Washington)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2003211346#2_2158965321
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Title: Interstate 405 (Washington) - Wikipedia
Headings: Interstate 405 (Washington)
Interstate 405 (Washington)
Contents
Route description
Tukwila to Bellevue
Bellevue to Lynnwood
History
Corridor program
Transit service
Exit list
References
External links
Content: since then, the highway has been expanded to add lanes for high-occupancy vehicles and toll users. I-405 is one of the most congested highways in the Seattle area and is known for its meandering "S-curves" through Renton, which were straightened in the 1990s. Contents
1 Route description
1.1 Tukwila to Bellevue
1.2 Bellevue to Lynnwood
2 History
2.1 Corridor program
3 Transit service
4 Exit list
5 References
6 External links
Route description
I-405 is a 30-mile (48 km) north–south freeway that serves as a bypass of I-5 through Seattle while serving the Eastside region. It is listed as part of the National Highway System, identifying routes that are important to the national economy, defense, and mobility, and the state's Highway of Statewide Significance program, recognizing its connection to major communities. The highway is maintained by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), who conduct an annual survey of traffic volume that is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic (AADT), a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year. Average daily traffic volumes on I-405 in 2016 ranged from a minimum of 76,000 at its southern terminus in Tukwila to 209,000 in Downtown Bellevue. Approximately 86 percent of peak-direction lane miles on I-405 are rated as "routinely congested" by WSDOT and the highway accounted for over 30 percent of delays on the Seattle area's urban freeways from 2013 to 2017. The freeway has a system of high-occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV lanes) from Tukwila to Downtown Bellevue that become high-occupancy toll lanes (HOT lanes) from Bellevue to Lynnwood. The HOT lanes are controlled through a series of designated access points and direct ramps located along I-405. Tolls are collected electronically through Good to Go transponders by overhead sensors or via license plate cameras for mail billing with a surcharge.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_405_(Washington)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2003211346#3_2158967695
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Title: Interstate 405 (Washington) - Wikipedia
Headings: Interstate 405 (Washington)
Interstate 405 (Washington)
Contents
Route description
Tukwila to Bellevue
Bellevue to Lynnwood
History
Corridor program
Transit service
Exit list
References
External links
Content: Average daily traffic volumes on I-405 in 2016 ranged from a minimum of 76,000 at its southern terminus in Tukwila to 209,000 in Downtown Bellevue. Approximately 86 percent of peak-direction lane miles on I-405 are rated as "routinely congested" by WSDOT and the highway accounted for over 30 percent of delays on the Seattle area's urban freeways from 2013 to 2017. The freeway has a system of high-occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV lanes) from Tukwila to Downtown Bellevue that become high-occupancy toll lanes (HOT lanes) from Bellevue to Lynnwood. The HOT lanes are controlled through a series of designated access points and direct ramps located along I-405. Tolls are collected electronically through Good to Go transponders by overhead sensors or via license plate cameras for mail billing with a surcharge. The variable weekday toll rates are set according to traffic congestion, ranging from $0.75 to a maximum of $10, while weekends and federal holidays are toll-free. HOT lane tolls are waived for high-occupancy vehicles with three or more passengers during peak periods and two or more passengers during the mid-day when using the "FlexPass" that can toggle between tolled and HOV modes. Tukwila to Bellevue
I-405 begins as a continuation of State Route 518 (SR 518) at a multi-level junction with I-5 in Tukwila, northeast of Seattle–Tacoma International Airport. The eight-lane freeway gains a set of HOV lanes, directly connected to I-5, and travels around the north side of the Southcenter Mall, at the center of Tukwila's retail district. The mall is served by a set of auxiliary ramps around the periphery of the I-5/SR 518 interchange.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_405_(Washington)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2003211346#4_2158969814
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Title: Interstate 405 (Washington) - Wikipedia
Headings: Interstate 405 (Washington)
Interstate 405 (Washington)
Contents
Route description
Tukwila to Bellevue
Bellevue to Lynnwood
History
Corridor program
Transit service
Exit list
References
External links
Content: The variable weekday toll rates are set according to traffic congestion, ranging from $0.75 to a maximum of $10, while weekends and federal holidays are toll-free. HOT lane tolls are waived for high-occupancy vehicles with three or more passengers during peak periods and two or more passengers during the mid-day when using the "FlexPass" that can toggle between tolled and HOV modes. Tukwila to Bellevue
I-405 begins as a continuation of State Route 518 (SR 518) at a multi-level junction with I-5 in Tukwila, northeast of Seattle–Tacoma International Airport. The eight-lane freeway gains a set of HOV lanes, directly connected to I-5, and travels around the north side of the Southcenter Mall, at the center of Tukwila's retail district. The mall is served by a set of auxiliary ramps around the periphery of the I-5/SR 518 interchange. I-405 travels east across the Green River and intersects Interurban Avenue at the north end of SR 181, located near the Tukwila train station and Starfire Sports soccer complex at Fort Dent Park. After crossing a set of railroad tracks (part of the BNSF Railway 's Seattle Subdivision and the Union Pacific Railroad ), the freeway enters the city of Renton and passes between a regional wastewater treatment plant and the former Longacres racetrack (now a Boeing office park ). I-405 continues across the Black River and through an industrial and commercial area on the southern outskirts of Renton to a cloverleaf interchange with SR 167 (the Valley Freeway) and Rainier Avenue. The interchange, located near several car dealerships at the northwest corner of Talbot Hill, includes a direct HOV flyover ramp from I-405 southbound to SR 167 and SR 167 northbound to I-405. The freeway turns northeast and runs below several hills with residential neighborhoods overlooking downtown Renton.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_405_(Washington)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2003211346#5_2158972111
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Title: Interstate 405 (Washington) - Wikipedia
Headings: Interstate 405 (Washington)
Interstate 405 (Washington)
Contents
Route description
Tukwila to Bellevue
Bellevue to Lynnwood
History
Corridor program
Transit service
Exit list
References
External links
Content: I-405 travels east across the Green River and intersects Interurban Avenue at the north end of SR 181, located near the Tukwila train station and Starfire Sports soccer complex at Fort Dent Park. After crossing a set of railroad tracks (part of the BNSF Railway 's Seattle Subdivision and the Union Pacific Railroad ), the freeway enters the city of Renton and passes between a regional wastewater treatment plant and the former Longacres racetrack (now a Boeing office park ). I-405 continues across the Black River and through an industrial and commercial area on the southern outskirts of Renton to a cloverleaf interchange with SR 167 (the Valley Freeway) and Rainier Avenue. The interchange, located near several car dealerships at the northwest corner of Talbot Hill, includes a direct HOV flyover ramp from I-405 southbound to SR 167 and SR 167 northbound to I-405. The freeway turns northeast and runs below several hills with residential neighborhoods overlooking downtown Renton. I-405 intersects SR 515 in a half-diamond interchange and then enters a series of "s-curves" as it travels around the east side of downtown Renton. After crossing the Cedar River upstream from the Renton Public Library, the freeway passes through a public park and intersects SR 169 and SR 900 at two separate interchanges. The southern junction, with SR 169, is a partial cloverleaf interchange at Bronson Way, while the northern junction with SR 900 is a half-diamond that also marks the beginning of a short concurrency with the latter. The concurrent I-405 and SR 900 then pass the Kenworth truck plant and the Renton Landing shopping center near the Boeing Renton Factory before reaching a junction with Sunset Boulevard, which carries SR 900 east towards Issaquah. From downtown Renton, I-405 narrows to six lanes and climbs over Kennydale Hill and descends down May Creek.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_405_(Washington)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2003211346#7_2158976757
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Title: Interstate 405 (Washington) - Wikipedia
Headings: Interstate 405 (Washington)
Interstate 405 (Washington)
Contents
Route description
Tukwila to Bellevue
Bellevue to Lynnwood
History
Corridor program
Transit service
Exit list
References
External links
Content: The freeway, now closely following the shore of Lake Washington and the Eastside Rail Corridor trail, passes the Virginia Mason Athletic Center, the headquarters of the Seattle Seahawks football team. I-405 leaves Renton and briefly enters the city of Newcastle before continuing into the residential Newport neighborhood in southern Bellevue. The freeway travels along the lake and near several residential areas, passing through two intermediate interchanges at Newport Hills and Coal Creek near Newport High School. I-405 then passes the Marketplace at Factoria shopping center and the headquarters of T-Mobile US before it reaches a full stack interchange with I-90, which provides access to Seattle, Mercer Island, Eastgate, and Issaquah. Bellevue to Lynnwood
I-405 heading into downtown Bellevue
The freeway continues north from the interchange towards Downtown Bellevue, passing the Mercer Slough estuary and the historic Wilburton Trestle as it widens to ten lanes. I-405 travels through several interchanges and forms the eastern border of Downtown Bellevue, a major office district, separating it from the retail areas of Wilburton. It intersects Northeast 4th Street in a diamond interchange, Northeast 6th Street in an HOV-only Texas T interchange serving the Bellevue Transit Center and under the future East Link light rail guideway, and Northeast 8th Street in a cloverleaf interchange near the Overlake Medical Center. A set of four HOT lanes begin at the Northeast 6th Street ramp, traveling north with limited entry and exit points. I-405 continues north from Downtown Bellevue into the city's northern residential and commercial neighborhoods, where it intersects SR 520 —a major east–west freeway with connections to Seattle, the Microsoft campus in Overlake, and Redmond. The partial cloverleaf interchange includes a braided ramp from the northbound exit allowing traffic from Northeast 8th Street to enter I-405 and traffic from Northeast 10th Street to access SR 520.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_405_(Washington)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2003211346#8_2158979219
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Title: Interstate 405 (Washington) - Wikipedia
Headings: Interstate 405 (Washington)
Interstate 405 (Washington)
Contents
Route description
Tukwila to Bellevue
Bellevue to Lynnwood
History
Corridor program
Transit service
Exit list
References
External links
Content: I-405 travels through several interchanges and forms the eastern border of Downtown Bellevue, a major office district, separating it from the retail areas of Wilburton. It intersects Northeast 4th Street in a diamond interchange, Northeast 6th Street in an HOV-only Texas T interchange serving the Bellevue Transit Center and under the future East Link light rail guideway, and Northeast 8th Street in a cloverleaf interchange near the Overlake Medical Center. A set of four HOT lanes begin at the Northeast 6th Street ramp, traveling north with limited entry and exit points. I-405 continues north from Downtown Bellevue into the city's northern residential and commercial neighborhoods, where it intersects SR 520 —a major east–west freeway with connections to Seattle, the Microsoft campus in Overlake, and Redmond. The partial cloverleaf interchange includes a braided ramp from the northbound exit allowing traffic from Northeast 8th Street to enter I-405 and traffic from Northeast 10th Street to access SR 520. The freeway leaves Bellevue for Kirkland, traveling along the west side of Bridle Trails State Park and passing the campus of Northwest University in the predominantly residential Houghton neighborhood. I-405 then travels along the west side of Rose Hill, an area uphill from and about one mile (1.6 km) east of downtown Kirkland, intersecting Northeast 85th Street (formerly SR 908) near Lake Washington High School. The freeway continues north along the Cross Kirkland Corridor (part of the Eastside Rail Corridor trail) to the Totem Lake area, where it has three junctions. The southernmost is a half single-point urban interchange with Northeast 116th Street near the Lake Washington Institute of Technology campus, followed by a partial cloverleaf interchange with Northeast 124th Street serving The Village at Totem Lake shopping center, and a median interchange with Northeast 128th Street in the I-405 HOT lanes near EvergreenHealth 's main medical center. The freeway continues north through Kirkland's residential Kingsgate neighborhood and enters the city of Bothell near an interchange with Northeast 160th Street.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_405_(Washington)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2004052045#0_2159680216
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Title: Interstate 5 - Wikipedia
Headings: Interstate 5
Interstate 5
History
Junction list
Auxiliary routes
References
External links
Content: Interstate 5 - Wikipedia
Interstate 5
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"I-5" redirects here. For other uses, see I5 (disambiguation). For the Wedding Present song, see Interstate 5 (song). Interstate along the West Coast of the US
Interstate along the West Coast of the US
Interstate 5
I-5 highlighted in red
Route information
Length
1,381.29 mi (2,222.97 km)
History
Designated in 1956
Completed in 1979
Major junctions
South end
Fed. 1 at the Mexican border at San Ysidro, CA
SR 15 to I-15 in San Diego, CA
I-8 in San Diego, CA
I-10 / US 101 in Los Angeles, CA
US 50 in Sacramento, CA
I-80 in Sacramento, CA
US 20 in Albany, OR
I-84 / US 30 in Portland, OR
US 101 in Olympia, WA
I-90 in Seattle, WA
US 2 in Everett, WA
North end
Hwy 99 at the Canadian border at Blaine, WA
Location
States
California, Oregon, Washington
Highway system
Interstate Highway System
Main
Auxiliary
Suffixed
Business
Future
Interstate 5 ( I-5) is the main north–south Interstate Highway on the West Coast of the United States, running largely parallel to the Pacific coast of the contiguous U.S. from Mexico to Canada. It travels through the states of California, Oregon, and Washington, serving several large cities on the U.S. West Coast, including San Diego, Los Angeles, Sacramento, Portland, and Seattle. It is the only continuous Interstate highway to touch both the Mexican and the Canadian borders. Upon crossing the Mexican border at its southern terminus, I-5 continues to Tijuana, Baja California, as Mexico Federal Highway 1 (Fed. 1). Upon crossing the Canadian border at its northern terminus, it continues to Vancouver as British Columbia Highway 99 (BC 99).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2004052045#10_2159698260
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Title: Interstate 5 - Wikipedia
Headings: Interstate 5
Interstate 5
History
Junction list
Auxiliary routes
References
External links
Content: It reads "45th Parallel half way between the Equator and the North Pole". The highway then tracks a little to the northeast, and I-205 splits off south of the Portland metro area. From here I-5 passes through Tualatin and Tigard along former U.S. Route 99W (US 99W) before hitting the southern terminus of I-405 and the Marquam Bridge. Also planned was a spur in Portland off I-405, called I-505, but it was never built and has been removed from city plans. A stub of I-505 exists as a long exit ramp to US 30 . After crossing the Willamette River on the Marquam Bridge, I-5 has junctions at the western end of I-84 and the northern end of I-405. It then continues through the northern parts of the city of Portland, and crosses into Washington via the Interstate Bridge . Washington
Main article: Interstate 5 in Washington
I-5 passing through downtown Seattle
The highway continues over the Columbia River and drops down into the city of Vancouver. About seven miles (11 km) into the state, it reaches the northern terminus of I-205, which is on the eastern edge of the Portland–Vancouver metropolitan area.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2004052045#11_2159699694
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Title: Interstate 5 - Wikipedia
Headings: Interstate 5
Interstate 5
History
Junction list
Auxiliary routes
References
External links
Content: After crossing the Willamette River on the Marquam Bridge, I-5 has junctions at the western end of I-84 and the northern end of I-405. It then continues through the northern parts of the city of Portland, and crosses into Washington via the Interstate Bridge . Washington
Main article: Interstate 5 in Washington
I-5 passing through downtown Seattle
The highway continues over the Columbia River and drops down into the city of Vancouver. About seven miles (11 km) into the state, it reaches the northern terminus of I-205, which is on the eastern edge of the Portland–Vancouver metropolitan area. It then tracks north by northwest through Woodland to Kelso and Longview, at which point it ceases to parallel a large bend of the Columbia River. Continuing north between the Willapa Hills and the Cascade foothills, the freeway eventually reaches Olympia, where it bends sharply east. The highway passes through the northern end of Joint Base Lewis-McChord (formerly Fort Lewis and McChord Air Force Base) and Tacoma, where it bends sharply north again to reach Seattle. The Ship Canal Bridge carries it over Portage Bay in Seattle. The freeway continues north out of the Seattle–Tacoma– Everett metro area, crosses the floodplains of three rivers, through the Skagit Valley and the Mount Vernon–Burlington Metropolitan Area to the northern city of Bellingham, to arrive at the Peace Arch Canada–US border crossing between Blaine, Washington, and Surrey, British Columbia.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2004052045#12_2159701508
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Title: Interstate 5 - Wikipedia
Headings: Interstate 5
Interstate 5
History
Junction list
Auxiliary routes
References
External links
Content: It then tracks north by northwest through Woodland to Kelso and Longview, at which point it ceases to parallel a large bend of the Columbia River. Continuing north between the Willapa Hills and the Cascade foothills, the freeway eventually reaches Olympia, where it bends sharply east. The highway passes through the northern end of Joint Base Lewis-McChord (formerly Fort Lewis and McChord Air Force Base) and Tacoma, where it bends sharply north again to reach Seattle. The Ship Canal Bridge carries it over Portage Bay in Seattle. The freeway continues north out of the Seattle–Tacoma– Everett metro area, crosses the floodplains of three rivers, through the Skagit Valley and the Mount Vernon–Burlington Metropolitan Area to the northern city of Bellingham, to arrive at the Peace Arch Canada–US border crossing between Blaine, Washington, and Surrey, British Columbia. Highway 99 continues northwest from the border into Vancouver, BC. I-5 covers 277 miles (446 km) in Washington. History
The shield for US 99
A section of the 1915 Ridge Route in Lebec, California, abandoned when US 99 (later upgraded to I-5) was constructed over the Tejon Pass in order to make the travel
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2004263721#0_2159947002
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Title: Interstate 5 in Washington - Wikipedia
Headings: Interstate 5 in Washington
Interstate 5 in Washington
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Route description
Southwestern Washington
South Sound region
Seattle and Shoreline
Snohomish County
Skagit and Whatcom counties
Seattle express lanes
Express lane exit list
History
Early state and national highways
State upgrades and Interstate planning
Suburban and rural construction
Seattle planning and construction
Major projects and expansions
Incidents and closures
Future projects and proposals
Exit list
References
External links
Content: Interstate 5 in Washington - Wikipedia
Interstate 5 in Washington
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Interstate 5 (Washington))
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Interstate highway in Washington
"WA 5" redirects here. WA 5 may also refer to Washington's 5th congressional district. This article is about the section of Interstate 5 in Washington. For the entire route, see Interstate 5. Interstate 5
Purple Heart Trail
A map of Western Washington with I-5 highlighted in red
Route information
Defined by RCW 47.17.020
Maintained by WSDOT
Length
276.62 mi (445.18 km)
Existed
August 14, 1957 –present
History
Completed in 1969
Tourist
routes
Cascade Loop Scenic Byway
Lewis and Clark Trail Scenic Byway
Skagit Valley Agricultural Scenic Corridor
Major junctions
South end
I-5 at Oregon state line in Vancouver
I-205 in Salmon Creek
US 12 near Centralia
US 101 in Tumwater
SR 16 in Tacoma
I-405 / SR 518 in Tukwila
I-90 in Seattle
SR 520 in Seattle
I-405 / SR 525 in Lynnwood
US 2 in Everett
SR 20 in Burlington
North end
Hwy 99 at Canadian border in Blaine
Location
Counties
Clark, Cowlitz, Lewis, Thurston, Pierce, King, Snohomish, Skagit, Whatcom
Highway system
Interstate Highway System
Main
Auxiliary
Suffixed
Business
Future
State highways in Washington
Interstate
US
State
Scenic
Former PSH
1964 renumbering
Former
← SR 4
→ SR 6
Interstate 5 ( I-5) is an Interstate Highway on the West Coast of the United States, serving as the region's primary north–south route. It travels 277 miles (446 km) across the state of Washington, running from the Oregon state border at Vancouver, through the Puget Sound region, and to the Canadian border at Blaine. Within the Seattle metropolitan area, the freeway connects the cities of Tacoma, Seattle, and Everett . I-5 is the only interstate to traverse the whole state from north to south and is Washington's busiest highway, with an average of 274,000 vehicles traveling on it through Downtown Seattle on a typical day. The segment in Downtown Seattle is also among the widest freeways in the United States, at 13 lanes, and includes a set of express lanes that reverse direction depending on time of the day. Most of the freeway is four lanes in rural areas and six to eight lanes in suburban areas, utilizing a set of high-occupancy vehicle lanes in the latter.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2004263721#1_2159950218
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Title: Interstate 5 in Washington - Wikipedia
Headings: Interstate 5 in Washington
Interstate 5 in Washington
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Route description
Southwestern Washington
South Sound region
Seattle and Shoreline
Snohomish County
Skagit and Whatcom counties
Seattle express lanes
Express lane exit list
History
Early state and national highways
State upgrades and Interstate planning
Suburban and rural construction
Seattle planning and construction
Major projects and expansions
Incidents and closures
Future projects and proposals
Exit list
References
External links
Content: It travels 277 miles (446 km) across the state of Washington, running from the Oregon state border at Vancouver, through the Puget Sound region, and to the Canadian border at Blaine. Within the Seattle metropolitan area, the freeway connects the cities of Tacoma, Seattle, and Everett . I-5 is the only interstate to traverse the whole state from north to south and is Washington's busiest highway, with an average of 274,000 vehicles traveling on it through Downtown Seattle on a typical day. The segment in Downtown Seattle is also among the widest freeways in the United States, at 13 lanes, and includes a set of express lanes that reverse direction depending on time of the day. Most of the freeway is four lanes in rural areas and six to eight lanes in suburban areas, utilizing a set of high-occupancy vehicle lanes in the latter. I-5 also has three related auxiliary Interstates in the state, I-205, I-405, and I-705, as well as several designated business routes and state routes. The freeway follows several historic railroads and wagon trails developed during American settlement of western Washington in the mid-to-late 19th century. The state legislature incorporated local roads into the Pacific Highway in 1913, connecting the state's southern and northern borders between Vancouver and Blaine. The Pacific Highway was built and paved over the next decade, and became the northernmost segment of the national U.S. Route 99 (US 99) in 1926. The federal government endorsed the creation of a national expressway system in the 1940s, including several bypasses on US 99 that were built by the state in the early 1950s.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2004263721#2_2159952654
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Title: Interstate 5 in Washington - Wikipedia
Headings: Interstate 5 in Washington
Interstate 5 in Washington
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Route description
Southwestern Washington
South Sound region
Seattle and Shoreline
Snohomish County
Skagit and Whatcom counties
Seattle express lanes
Express lane exit list
History
Early state and national highways
State upgrades and Interstate planning
Suburban and rural construction
Seattle planning and construction
Major projects and expansions
Incidents and closures
Future projects and proposals
Exit list
References
External links
Content: I-5 also has three related auxiliary Interstates in the state, I-205, I-405, and I-705, as well as several designated business routes and state routes. The freeway follows several historic railroads and wagon trails developed during American settlement of western Washington in the mid-to-late 19th century. The state legislature incorporated local roads into the Pacific Highway in 1913, connecting the state's southern and northern borders between Vancouver and Blaine. The Pacific Highway was built and paved over the next decade, and became the northernmost segment of the national U.S. Route 99 (US 99) in 1926. The federal government endorsed the creation of a national expressway system in the 1940s, including several bypasses on US 99 that were built by the state in the early 1950s. The state's planned toll superhighway in the Seattle area was shelved in favor of a federally-funded freeway under the new Interstate Highway System, under which I-5 was created in 1957. Construction of I-5 was completed in 1969, and several segments of the highway have been widened or improved in the decades since. Contents
1 Route description
1.1 Southwestern Washington
1.2 South Sound region
1.3 Seattle and Shoreline
1.4 Snohomish County
1.5 Skagit and Whatcom counties
2 Seattle express lanes
2.1 Express lane exit list
3 History
3.1 Early state and national highways
3.2 State upgrades and Interstate planning
3.3 Suburban and rural construction
3.4 Seattle planning and construction
3.5 Major projects and expansions
3.6 Incidents and closures
3.7 Future projects and proposals
4 Exit list
5 References
6 External links
Route description
Interstate 5 is the only Interstate to traverse Washington from north to south, serving as the primary highway for the western portion of the state. It is listed as part of the National Highway System and the state's Highways of Statewide Significance program, recognizing its connection to major communities. I-5 has three auxiliary Interstate Highways within Washington:
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2004263721#3_2159955494
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Title: Interstate 5 in Washington - Wikipedia
Headings: Interstate 5 in Washington
Interstate 5 in Washington
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Route description
Southwestern Washington
South Sound region
Seattle and Shoreline
Snohomish County
Skagit and Whatcom counties
Seattle express lanes
Express lane exit list
History
Early state and national highways
State upgrades and Interstate planning
Suburban and rural construction
Seattle planning and construction
Major projects and expansions
Incidents and closures
Future projects and proposals
Exit list
References
External links
Content: The state's planned toll superhighway in the Seattle area was shelved in favor of a federally-funded freeway under the new Interstate Highway System, under which I-5 was created in 1957. Construction of I-5 was completed in 1969, and several segments of the highway have been widened or improved in the decades since. Contents
1 Route description
1.1 Southwestern Washington
1.2 South Sound region
1.3 Seattle and Shoreline
1.4 Snohomish County
1.5 Skagit and Whatcom counties
2 Seattle express lanes
2.1 Express lane exit list
3 History
3.1 Early state and national highways
3.2 State upgrades and Interstate planning
3.3 Suburban and rural construction
3.4 Seattle planning and construction
3.5 Major projects and expansions
3.6 Incidents and closures
3.7 Future projects and proposals
4 Exit list
5 References
6 External links
Route description
Interstate 5 is the only Interstate to traverse Washington from north to south, serving as the primary highway for the western portion of the state. It is listed as part of the National Highway System and the state's Highways of Statewide Significance program, recognizing its connection to major communities. I-5 has three auxiliary Interstate Highways within Washington: I-205, an easterly bypass of Portland, Oregon, and Vancouver; I-405, bypassing Seattle via the Eastside; and I-705, a short spur into Tacoma. It was designated as the Purple Heart Trail in 2013 by the Washington State Transportation Commission to honor wounded military veterans. The freeway runs through the most densely populated region of Washington state, with 4.6 million people living in the nine counties on the corridor, approximately 70 percent of the state's population.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2004263721#4_2159958022
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Title: Interstate 5 in Washington - Wikipedia
Headings: Interstate 5 in Washington
Interstate 5 in Washington
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Route description
Southwestern Washington
South Sound region
Seattle and Shoreline
Snohomish County
Skagit and Whatcom counties
Seattle express lanes
Express lane exit list
History
Early state and national highways
State upgrades and Interstate planning
Suburban and rural construction
Seattle planning and construction
Major projects and expansions
Incidents and closures
Future projects and proposals
Exit list
References
External links
Content: I-205, an easterly bypass of Portland, Oregon, and Vancouver; I-405, bypassing Seattle via the Eastside; and I-705, a short spur into Tacoma. It was designated as the Purple Heart Trail in 2013 by the Washington State Transportation Commission to honor wounded military veterans. The freeway runs through the most densely populated region of Washington state, with 4.6 million people living in the nine counties on the corridor, approximately 70 percent of the state's population. Several of the largest cities along the I-5 corridor are also connected by the parallel Cascades, a regional train service between Eugene, Oregon, and Vancouver, British Columbia, operated by Amtrak and funded by the state governments of Oregon and Washington. I-5 is maintained by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), who conduct an annual survey of traffic volume that is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic (AADT), a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year. The stretch of I-5 through Downtown Seattle is the busiest highway in Washington state, with a daily average of over 274,000 vehicles in the mainline and express lanes. The least-traveled segment of I-5 is located at SR 548 in Blaine, with a daily average of 6,600 vehicles. I-5 through the Seattle metropolitan area is among the worst congested highways in the United States, with 78 percent of peak direction miles classified as "routinely congested" for seven to eight hours a day and an average annual delay of 55 hours for Seattle– Everett commutes.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2004263721#5_2159960386
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Title: Interstate 5 in Washington - Wikipedia
Headings: Interstate 5 in Washington
Interstate 5 in Washington
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Route description
Southwestern Washington
South Sound region
Seattle and Shoreline
Snohomish County
Skagit and Whatcom counties
Seattle express lanes
Express lane exit list
History
Early state and national highways
State upgrades and Interstate planning
Suburban and rural construction
Seattle planning and construction
Major projects and expansions
Incidents and closures
Future projects and proposals
Exit list
References
External links
Content: Several of the largest cities along the I-5 corridor are also connected by the parallel Cascades, a regional train service between Eugene, Oregon, and Vancouver, British Columbia, operated by Amtrak and funded by the state governments of Oregon and Washington. I-5 is maintained by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), who conduct an annual survey of traffic volume that is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic (AADT), a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year. The stretch of I-5 through Downtown Seattle is the busiest highway in Washington state, with a daily average of over 274,000 vehicles in the mainline and express lanes. The least-traveled segment of I-5 is located at SR 548 in Blaine, with a daily average of 6,600 vehicles. I-5 through the Seattle metropolitan area is among the worst congested highways in the United States, with 78 percent of peak direction miles classified as "routinely congested" for seven to eight hours a day and an average annual delay of 55 hours for Seattle– Everett commutes. The freeway has a maximum speed limit of 70 miles per hour (110 km/h) in rural areas and 60 mph (97 km/h) in urban and suburban areas, which includes a 100-mile (160 km) section between Tumwater and Marysville. Southwestern Washington
An Amtrak Cascades train running in the median of I-5 near Kalama. The route of the Cascades generally runs parallel to I-5 within Washington state. I-5 enters Washington on the Interstate Bridge, a pair of vertical-lift bridges that span the Columbia River between Portland, Oregon, and Vancouver, Washington. The bridge is the only point on I-5 where vehicles have to stop for cross traffic, due to the lifts.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2004263721#6_2159962917
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Title: Interstate 5 in Washington - Wikipedia
Headings: Interstate 5 in Washington
Interstate 5 in Washington
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Route description
Southwestern Washington
South Sound region
Seattle and Shoreline
Snohomish County
Skagit and Whatcom counties
Seattle express lanes
Express lane exit list
History
Early state and national highways
State upgrades and Interstate planning
Suburban and rural construction
Seattle planning and construction
Major projects and expansions
Incidents and closures
Future projects and proposals
Exit list
References
External links
Content: The freeway has a maximum speed limit of 70 miles per hour (110 km/h) in rural areas and 60 mph (97 km/h) in urban and suburban areas, which includes a 100-mile (160 km) section between Tumwater and Marysville. Southwestern Washington
An Amtrak Cascades train running in the median of I-5 near Kalama. The route of the Cascades generally runs parallel to I-5 within Washington state. I-5 enters Washington on the Interstate Bridge, a pair of vertical-lift bridges that span the Columbia River between Portland, Oregon, and Vancouver, Washington. The bridge is the only point on I-5 where vehicles have to stop for cross traffic, due to the lifts. On the north bank of the river, the freeway passes under a railroad viaduct carrying Amtrak's Empire Builder and intersects SR 14. The interchange with SR 14, located west of Pearson Field and the Fort Vancouver National Historic Site, also includes ramps serving downtown Vancouver. I-5 continues north through suburban Vancouver and into Hazel Dell, passing the Clark College campus and intersecting SR 501 at Fourth Plain Boulevard and SR 500 at Burnt Bridge Creek. I-5 intersects I-205, the eastern freeway bypass of the Portland metropolitan area, in Salmon Creek near the Vancouver campus of Washington State University. From Salmon Creek, I-5 continues northwesterly and intersects SR 502 at the Gee Creek rest area west of Battle Ground.
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Title: Interstate 5 in Washington - Wikipedia
Headings: Interstate 5 in Washington
Interstate 5 in Washington
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Route description
Southwestern Washington
South Sound region
Seattle and Shoreline
Snohomish County
Skagit and Whatcom counties
Seattle express lanes
Express lane exit list
History
Early state and national highways
State upgrades and Interstate planning
Suburban and rural construction
Seattle planning and construction
Major projects and expansions
Incidents and closures
Future projects and proposals
Exit list
References
External links
Content: On the north bank of the river, the freeway passes under a railroad viaduct carrying Amtrak's Empire Builder and intersects SR 14. The interchange with SR 14, located west of Pearson Field and the Fort Vancouver National Historic Site, also includes ramps serving downtown Vancouver. I-5 continues north through suburban Vancouver and into Hazel Dell, passing the Clark College campus and intersecting SR 501 at Fourth Plain Boulevard and SR 500 at Burnt Bridge Creek. I-5 intersects I-205, the eastern freeway bypass of the Portland metropolitan area, in Salmon Creek near the Vancouver campus of Washington State University. From Salmon Creek, I-5 continues northwesterly and intersects SR 502 at the Gee Creek rest area west of Battle Ground. Its next interchange, in eastern Ridgefield, forms the eastern terminus of SR 501. The freeway passes the Ilani Casino Resort on the Cowlitz reservation and crosses the Lewis River into Woodland, where it intersects SR 503. Northwest of Woodland, the median of I-5 is used by freight trains and Amtrak's Cascades and Coast Starlight passenger trains, which follow the freeway for its entire length. I-5 continues along the east bank of the Columbia River, passing through Kalama on the way towards Longview and Kelso. At the south end of Kelso, near the confluence of the Columbia and Cowlitz rivers, the freeway intersects SR 432, which connects to Longview and the Lewis and Clark Bridge via SR 433.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2004263721#10_2159972005
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Title: Interstate 5 in Washington - Wikipedia
Headings: Interstate 5 in Washington
Interstate 5 in Washington
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Route description
Southwestern Washington
South Sound region
Seattle and Shoreline
Snohomish County
Skagit and Whatcom counties
Seattle express lanes
Express lane exit list
History
Early state and national highways
State upgrades and Interstate planning
Suburban and rural construction
Seattle planning and construction
Major projects and expansions
Incidents and closures
Future projects and proposals
Exit list
References
External links
Content: After their installation in 2002, the sculptures caused backups on the freeway due to rubbernecking by passing drivers who slowed down near them. Near Napavine, I-5 becomes concurrent with US 12, which continues east across White Pass to Yakima. The two highways intersect SR 508 and cross over the Newaukum River near the Uncle Sam billboard, a politically conservative message board and roadside attraction. I-5 and US 12 turn northwest to follow the river and pass along the western edge of Chehalis, where they intersect SR 6. After passing the Chehalis-Centralia Airport, the freeway follows the Chehalis River to the western side of Centralia. I-5 and US 12 then intersect SR 507 and gain a set of collector–distributor lanes as the freeway crosses the Skookumchuck River and a set of railroad tracks on the northwest side of the city. US 12 leaves the concurrency at Grand Mound, heading west towards Aberdeen while I-5 continues north into Thurston County. South Sound region
A section of I-5 near downtown Tacoma, pictured in 2015 during an expansion project
North of Grand Mound, I-5 passes two interchanges with SR 121, which forms a loop between two of the ex
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2008995197#4_2164246174
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Title: Interstitial cell of Cajal - Wikipedia
Headings: Interstitial cell of Cajal
Interstitial cell of Cajal
Contents
Role in slow wave activity
Frequency of ICC pacemaker cells
Pathology
Eponym
See also
References
External links
Content: Carbachol increases ICC activity through ANO1 activation. ICC are also critical in the propagation of electrical slow waves. ICC form a network through which slow wave activity can propagate. If this network is broken, then 2 regions of muscle will function independently. Pathology
ICCs are thought to be the cells from which gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) arise. Also, abnormalities in the ICC network is one cause of chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Eponym
The interstitial cells of Cajal are named after Santiago Ramón y Cajal, a Spanish pathologist and Nobel laureate . See also
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
Telocyte, a similar, and potentially equivalent, cell
References
^ http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop/EM/EMDuodenum.html
^ Hennig GW, Spencer NJ, Jokela-Willis S, Bayguinov PO, Lee HT, Ritchie LA, Ward SM, Smith TK, Sanders KM (May 2010). " ICC-MY coordinate smooth muscle electrical and mechanical activity in the murine small intestine". Neurogastroenterol.
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Title:
Headings:
Content: Small intestine - Wikipedia
Small intestine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Intestine, small)
Jump to navigationJump to search
Organ in the gastrointestinal tract
Small intestine
Diagram showing the small intestine and surrounding structures
Details
Part of
Gastrointestinal tract
System
Digestive system
Artery
Superior mesenteric artery
Vein
Hepatic portal vein
Nerve
Celiac ganglia, vagus[1]
Lymph
Intestinal lymph trunk
Identifiers
Latin
Intestinum tenue
MeSH
D007421
TA98
A05.6.01.001
TA2
2933
FMA
7200
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Major parts of the
Gastrointestinal tract
Upper gastrointestinal tract
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Lower gastrointestinal tract
Small intestine
Jejunum
Ileum
Large intestine
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anus
See also
Gastrointestinal wall
Anatomical terminology
Outline of anatomy
v
t
e
The small intestineor small bowelis an organin the gastrointestinal tractwhere most of the end absorptionof nutrientsand mineralsfrom food takes place. It lies between the stomachand large intestine, and receives bileand pancreatic juicethrough the pancreatic ductto aid in digestion. The small intestine is about 20 feet (6 meters) long and folds many times to fit in the abdomen. Although it is longer than the large intestine, it is called the small intestine because it is smaller in width. The small intestine has three distinct regions – the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum, the shortest, is where preparation for absorption through small finger-like protrusions called villibegins.[2] The jejunum is specialized for the absorption through its lining by enterocytes: small nutrient particles which have been previously digested by enzymesin the duodenum. The main function of the ileum is to absorb vitamin B12, bile salts, and whatever products of digestion were not absorbed by the jejunum. Contents
1Structure
1.1Size
1.2Parts
1.3Blood supply
1.4Microanatomy
1.5Gene and protein expression
1.6Development
2Function
2.1Digestion
2.2Absorption
2.3Immunological
3Clinical significance
4Other animals
5Society and culture
6Additional images
7See also
8References
9Bibliography
10External links
Structure[edit]
Size[edit]
The length of the small intestine can vary greatly, from as short as 3.00 m (9.84 ft) to as long as 10.49 m (34.4 ft), also depending on the measuring technique used.[3] The typical length in a living person is 3m–5m. [ 4][5]The length depends both on how tall the person is and how the length is measured.[3] Taller people generally have a longer small intestine and measurements are generally longer after death and when the bowel is empty. [
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Title: Invention of the telephone - Wikipedia
Headings: Invention of the telephone
Invention of the telephone
Contents
Early development
Charles Grafton Page
Innocenzo Manzetti
Johann Philipp Reis
Antonio Meucci
Chronology of Meucci's invention
Cyrille Duquet
Electro-magnetic transmitters and receivers
Elisha Gray
Alexander Graham Bell
Bell's success
Public demonstrations
Early public demonstrations of Bell's telephone
Three great tests of the telephone
Later public demonstrations
Summary of Bell's achievements
Variable resistance transmitters
Water microphone – Elisha Gray
Carbon microphone – Thomas Edison, Edward Hughes, Emile Berliner
Improvements to the early telephone
Telephone exchanges
Controversies
Memorial to the invention
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Patents
Content: Allegedly, the transmitter was difficult to operate, since the relative position of the needle and the contact were critical to the device's operation. Thus, it can be called a "telephone", since it did transmit voice sounds electrically over distance, but was hardly a commercially practical telephone in the modern sense. Thomas Edison tested the Reis equipment and found that "single words, uttered as in reading, speaking and the like, were perceptible indistinctly, notwithstanding here also the inflections of the voice, the modulations of interrogation, wonder, command, etc., attained distinct expression." In 1874, the Reis device was tested by the British company Standard Telephones and Cables (STC). The results also confirmed it could transmit and receive speech with good quality (fidelity), but relatively low intensity. Antonio Meucci
An early voice communicating device was invented around 1854 by Antonio Meucci, who called it a teletrofono. In 1871 Meucci filed a caveat at the US Patent Office. His caveat describes his invention, but does not mention a diaphragm, electromagnet, conversion of sound into electrical waves, conversion of electrical waves into sound, or other essential features of an electromagnetic telephone. Antonio Meucci, c. 1880
The first American demonstration of Meucci's invention took place in Staten Island, New York in 1854.
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Title: Invention of the telephone - Wikipedia
Headings: Invention of the telephone
Invention of the telephone
Contents
Early development
Charles Grafton Page
Innocenzo Manzetti
Johann Philipp Reis
Antonio Meucci
Chronology of Meucci's invention
Cyrille Duquet
Electro-magnetic transmitters and receivers
Elisha Gray
Alexander Graham Bell
Bell's success
Public demonstrations
Early public demonstrations of Bell's telephone
Three great tests of the telephone
Later public demonstrations
Summary of Bell's achievements
Variable resistance transmitters
Water microphone – Elisha Gray
Carbon microphone – Thomas Edison, Edward Hughes, Emile Berliner
Improvements to the early telephone
Telephone exchanges
Controversies
Memorial to the invention
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Patents
Content: which means that there was an electrostatic effect. In order to continue the experiment without hurting his patient, Meucci covered the copper wire with a piece of paper. Through this device he heard inarticulated human voice. He called this device "telegrafo parlante" (litt. " talking telegraph"). On the basis of this prototype, Meucci worked on more than 30 kinds of sound transmitting devices inspired by the telegraph model as did other pioneers of the telephone, such as Charles Bourseul, Philipp Reis, Innocenzo Manzetti and others. Meucci later claimed that he did not
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Title: Iran and state-sponsored terrorism - Wikipedia
Headings: Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)
United States designates IRGC as foreign terrorist organization
Alleged activities in other countries
Albania
Bahrain
India
Israel and Palestinian Territories
Hamas
Hezbollah
Shi'ite Militias in Iraq
Kenya
Argentina
Thailand
France
Denmark
Alleged Al-Qaeda ties
1998 United States embassy bombings
USS Cole bombing
September 11
Riyadh compound bombings
Opposing view
Taliban insurgency
US court judgments
Other allegations
See also
References
Content: Iran and state-sponsored terrorism - Wikipedia
Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Terrorism
Definitions
History
Incidents
By ideology
Anarchist
Communist
Green/Ecological
Left-wing/Far-left
Narcotics-driven
Nationalist
Right-wing/Far-right
Religious
Buddhist
Christian ( Mormon)
Hindu
Islamic ( Wahhabism)
Jewish
Sikh
Special-interest / Single-issue
Suffragette
Anti-abortion
Environmental
Misogynist
Related topics
Violent extremism
Ethnic violence
Militia movement
Resistance movement
Structure
Financing
Fronting
Radicalization ( Online)
Training camp
Death squad
Clandestine cell system
Leaderless resistance
Lone wolf
Methods
Tactics
Agro-terrorism
Aircraft hijacking ( list)
Animal-borne bomb attacks
Beheading
Bioterrorism
Car bombing ( list)
Cyberterrorism
Dirty bomb
Dry run
Explosive
Hostage-taking
Improvised explosive device (IED)
Vehicle-ramming
Spree shooting
Individual terror
Insurgency
Kidnapping
Letter bomb
Lone wolf
Mass shooting
Nuclear
Paper terrorism
Piracy
Propaganda of the deed
Proxy bomb
School shooting
Stabbing
Suicide attack ( list)
Rockets and mortars
Terrorist groups
Designated terrorist groups
Charities accused of ties to terrorism
Adherents
Violent non-state actors
State terrorism
Kazakhstan
Soviet Union
Sri Lanka
United States
Uzbekistan
State-sponsored terrorism
Iran
Israel
Kuwait
Pakistan
Qatar
Russia ( Soviet Union)
Saudi Arabia
Syria
United States
Response to terrorism
Counter-terrorism
International conventions
Anti-terrorism legislation
Terrorism insurance
v
t
e
Since the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the government of Iran has been accused by several countries of training, financing, and providing weapons and safe havens for non-state militant actors, such as Hezbollah in Lebanon, Hamas in Gaza, and other Palestinian groups ( Islamic Jihad (PIJ) and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine -General Command (PFLP-GC)). These groups are designated terrorist groups by a number of countries and international bodies; however, Iran considers such groups to be "national liberation movements" with a right to self-defense in the face of Israeli military occupation. The United States State Department has also accused Iranian-backed Iraqi Shia militias of terrorism against US troops, and Iran of cyberterrorism, primarily through its Quds Force. Contents
1 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)
1.1 United States designates IRGC as foreign terrorist organization
2 Alleged activities in other countries
2.1 Albania
2.2 Bahrain
2.3 India
2.4 Israel and Palestinian Territories
2.4.1 Hamas
2.4.2 Hezbollah
2.5 Shi'ite Militias in Iraq
2.6 Kenya
2.7 Argentina
2.8 Thailand
2.9 France
2.10 Denmark
3 Alleged Al-Qaeda ties
3.1 1998 United States embassy bombings
3.2 USS Cole bombing
3.3 September 11
3.4 Riyadh compound bombings
3.5 Opposing view
4 Taliban insurgency
5 US court judgments
6 Other allegations
7 See also
8 References
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)
After the fall of the Shah in 1979, the Islamic Republic of Iran established the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) to domestically promote the government's social policy. IRGC is accused of spreading its ideology in neighboring regions by training and funding "terrorist organizations". By 1986, IRGC had 350,000 members and had acquired a small naval and air force. By 1996, its ground forces numbered 100,000 and the naval forces numbered 20,000. They are believed to use the Quds Force to train Islamic militants. In 1995, the Iranian Revolutionary Guard held a conference with worldwide organizations accused of engaging in terrorism including the Japanese Red Army, the Armenian Secret Army, the Kurdistan Workers' Party, the Iraqi Da'wah Party, the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain and Hezbollah in Beirut for the sole purpose of providing training to these organizations supposedly to help in the destabilization of Gulf States and aid assistance to militants in these countries to replace the existing governments with Iran-like regimes.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2031964275#0_2189017396
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Title: Ireland - Wikipedia
Headings: Ireland
Ireland
Ireland
Contents
Etymology
History
Prehistoric Ireland
Emergence of Celtic Ireland
Late antiquity and early medieval times
Norman and English invasions
The Kingdom of Ireland
Union with Great Britain
Partition
Independence
Northern Ireland
Politics
Republic of Ireland
Northern Ireland
All-island institutions
Geography
Geology
Climate
Flora and fauna
Impact of agriculture
Demographics
Divisions and settlements
Migration
Languages
Culture
Arts
Literature
Music
Art
Science
Sports
Field sports
Other sports
Recreation
Food and drink
Economy
Overview and GDP
Regional economics
Economic history
Major industries
Tourism
Energy
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Content: Ireland - Wikipedia
Ireland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the island in Europe. For the sovereign state of the same name, see Republic of Ireland. For the part of the United Kingdom, see Northern Ireland. For other uses, see Ireland (disambiguation). Island in north-west Europe divided into the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland
Ireland
Éire ( Irish)
Airlann ( Ulster Scots)
Satellite image, October 2010
Location of Ireland (dark green)
in Europe (dark grey)
Geography
Location
Northwestern Europe
Coordinates
53°25′N 8°0′W
/ 53.417°N 8.000°W / 53.417; -8.000
Coordinates: 53°25′N 8°0′W
/ 53.417°N 8.000°W / 53.417; -8.000
Adjacent bodies of water
Atlantic Ocean
Area
84,421 km 2 (32,595 sq mi)
Area rank
20th
Coastline
6,226 km (3868.7 mi)
Highest elevation
1,041 m (3415 ft)
Highest point
Carrauntoohil
Administration
Republic of Ireland
Largest city
Dublin (pop. 553,165)
United Kingdom
Country
Northern Ireland
Largest city
Belfast (pop. 333,000)
Demographics
Demonym
Irish
Population
6,572,728 (2016)
Population rank
19th
Pop.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2035586850#4_2192547340
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Title: Irish Mob - Wikipedia
Headings: Irish Mob
Irish Mob
Contents
United States
New York
Pre-prohibition
Prohibition
The Westies
Boston
Prohibition
The Winter Hill Gang
Irish Mob War
FBI corruption
Philadelphia
Pre-prohibition
Prohibition
Post-World War II and the K&A Gang
Chicago
Prohibition
Cleveland
Pre-Prohibition
Prohibition and the Cleveland Syndicate
Post World War II
Danny Greene
Detroit
Hot Springs
Minneapolis
New Orleans
Oklahoma City
Omaha
Rock Island
Southern Illinois
St. Louis
Toledo
Canada
Montreal
West End Gang
Ireland
Dublin
1860s - 1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
Limerick
Pre-Irish crime families
The first crime family
Limerick feud
Recent years
Spain
Kinahan cartel
Fiction
Films
Television
Video games
See also
References
Bibliography
Content: The most prominent members have included Eddie McGrath, James Coonan, Mickey Featherstone, James McElroy, and Edward Cummiskey . In the Irish/Italian Mob War of the 1970s, the Irish mob saw an increased threat from the Italian Mafia as the Genovese crime family sought control over the soon-to-be-built Jacob K. Javits Convention Center. Since the convention center was located in Spillane's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, Spillane refused to allow any involvement by the Italians. Although the Italian gangsters greatly outnumbered the members of the Irish mob, Spillane was successful in keeping control of the convention center and Hell's Kitchen. The Italians, frustrated and embarrassed by their defeat to Spillane, responded by hiring a rogue Irish-American hitman named Joseph "Mad Dog" Sullivan to assassinate Tom Devaney, Eddie "the Butcher" Cummiskey, and Tom "the Greek" Kapatos, three of Spillane's top lieutenants. Also around this time, a power struggle emerged between Mickey Spillane (mobster) and James Coonan, a younger upstart from Hell's Kitchen. In 1977 Spillane was murdered in a hail of bullets by assassins from the Genovese crime family. This prompted Coonan to form an alliance with Roy DeMeo of the Gambino crime family. The Genoveses decided that the Westies were too violent and well-led to go to war with and mediated a truce via the Gambinos. Coonan was imprisoned in 1986 under the RICO act.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2035586850#5_2192549765
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Title: Irish Mob - Wikipedia
Headings: Irish Mob
Irish Mob
Contents
United States
New York
Pre-prohibition
Prohibition
The Westies
Boston
Prohibition
The Winter Hill Gang
Irish Mob War
FBI corruption
Philadelphia
Pre-prohibition
Prohibition
Post-World War II and the K&A Gang
Chicago
Prohibition
Cleveland
Pre-Prohibition
Prohibition and the Cleveland Syndicate
Post World War II
Danny Greene
Detroit
Hot Springs
Minneapolis
New Orleans
Oklahoma City
Omaha
Rock Island
Southern Illinois
St. Louis
Toledo
Canada
Montreal
West End Gang
Ireland
Dublin
1860s - 1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
Limerick
Pre-Irish crime families
The first crime family
Limerick feud
Recent years
Spain
Kinahan cartel
Fiction
Films
Television
Video games
See also
References
Bibliography
Content: Also around this time, a power struggle emerged between Mickey Spillane (mobster) and James Coonan, a younger upstart from Hell's Kitchen. In 1977 Spillane was murdered in a hail of bullets by assassins from the Genovese crime family. This prompted Coonan to form an alliance with Roy DeMeo of the Gambino crime family. The Genoveses decided that the Westies were too violent and well-led to go to war with and mediated a truce via the Gambinos. Coonan was imprisoned in 1986 under the RICO act. Featherstone became an informant after his arrest in the early 1980s. Boston
Prohibition
Boston has a well-chronicled history of Irish mob activity, particularly in the heavily Irish-American neighbourhoods like Somerville, Charlestown, South Boston ("Southie"), Dorchester and Roxbury where the earliest Irish gangsters arose during Prohibition. Frank Wallace of the Gustin Gang dominated Boston's underworld until his death in 1931, when he was ambushed by Italian gangsters in the North End. Numerous gang wars between rival Irish gangs during the early and mid 20th century would contribute to their decline. The Winter Hill Gang
The Winter Hill Gang, a loose confederation of Boston-area organized crime figures, was one of the most successful organized crime groups in American history.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Mob
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2045475490#2_2202762945
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Title: Is Anyone Up? - Wikipedia
Headings: Is Anyone Up?
Is Anyone Up?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
History and background
Controversy
Incidents
FBI Investigation
Popular culture
See also
References
External links
Content: was subject to great controversy because of the prevalence of revenge porn submissions to the service, many of which were submitted by former romantic partners without consent and with malicious intent. Many of the submitted revenge porn images were obtained as a result of multiple email account hacks. The ongoing incidents resulted in numerous lawsuits and even death threats aimed at Hunter Moore, founder and owner of Is Anyone Up?. The website was shut down on April 19, 2012. Contents
1 History and background
2 Controversy
2.1 Incidents
2.2 FBI Investigation
3 Popular culture
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History and background
Is Anyone Up? was founded in late 2010. Founder Hunter Moore stated that the idea for the site came from a woman who he continually asked to send him suggestive pictures. He then created a blog hosting nude photographs from anyone and it eventually became isanyoneup.com. As of November 2011, the website was netting as much as $13,000 monthly. Moore said that he spent generally 12 hours, five days a week managing posts, and that the website had over 30 million page views a month.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_Anyone_Up%3F
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Title: Islamic Movement (Nigeria) - Wikipedia
Headings: Islamic Movement (Nigeria)
Islamic Movement (Nigeria)
Contents
Founder of the IMN Sheikh Zakzaky
Branches
Academic Forum
Resource Forum
Islamic Movement Production
Shuhada Foundation
Sisters Forum
IM Publication
Madrasa Branch: The Fudiyyah Islamic Center
The Poets
ISMA Medical Care Initiatives
The Guards
See also
References
External links
Content: see its history for attribution. You should also add the template { {Translated|ar|الحرکة الإسلامية في نيجريا}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia: Translation. Islamic Movement of Nigeria
Leader
Ibrahim El-Zakzaky
Founded
1970s
Banned
2019
Headquarters
Husainiyya Baqiyatullah
Zaria, Nigeria
Ideology
Shia Islamism
Khomeinism
Anti-Zionism
Website
Official website
Politics of Nigeria
Political parties
Elections
The Islamic Movement of Nigeria ( Arabic: الحركة الاسلامية في نيجيريا ), led by Sheikh Zakzaky, is a religious organization focused on the adaptation of an Islamic State in Nigeria. Zakzaky was inspired by the Iranian Revolution and rejects the authority of the Nigerian Government. The movement focuses on a nonviolent approach toward achieving an Islamic State, which has established some legitimacy as an alternative government. The IMN is headquartered at the spiritual center, Husainiyya Baqiyatullah, in Zaria with the group's numbers estimated to be anywhere from 5% to 17% of Nigerias Muslim population of 100 million. While the main focus of the group is Islamic studies and enlightenment, Zakzaky has also encouraged his followers to pursue Western education and engage in charity work.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Movement_(Nigeria)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2057412207#3_2213697472
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Title: Islamic Movement (Nigeria) - Wikipedia
Headings: Islamic Movement (Nigeria)
Islamic Movement (Nigeria)
Contents
Founder of the IMN Sheikh Zakzaky
Branches
Academic Forum
Resource Forum
Islamic Movement Production
Shuhada Foundation
Sisters Forum
IM Publication
Madrasa Branch: The Fudiyyah Islamic Center
The Poets
ISMA Medical Care Initiatives
The Guards
See also
References
External links
Content: الحركة الاسلامية في نيجيريا ), led by Sheikh Zakzaky, is a religious organization focused on the adaptation of an Islamic State in Nigeria. Zakzaky was inspired by the Iranian Revolution and rejects the authority of the Nigerian Government. The movement focuses on a nonviolent approach toward achieving an Islamic State, which has established some legitimacy as an alternative government. The IMN is headquartered at the spiritual center, Husainiyya Baqiyatullah, in Zaria with the group's numbers estimated to be anywhere from 5% to 17% of Nigerias Muslim population of 100 million. While the main focus of the group is Islamic studies and enlightenment, Zakzaky has also encouraged his followers to pursue Western education and engage in charity work. Currently, the leader of the movement, Zakzaky, is in jail, and the group has organized protests for his release that have resulted in conflict with the Government. On 26 July 2019, the Nigerian Government banned the IMN, claiming that the group's actions were both terrorist and illegal in nature. The ban was issued a week after a protest for Zakzaky's freedom in the capital Abuja where 11 protestors, a journalist, and a police officer died. However, the group has denied being behind any of the violence and accused the government of killing peaceful protestors. It appears that the IMN has been on the receiving end of violent attacks by the Nigerian Government, most notably the Zaria Massacre and the 2014 raid on the Husainiyah.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Movement_(Nigeria)
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Title: Isle de Jean Charles, Louisiana - Wikipedia
Headings: Isle de Jean Charles, Louisiana
Isle de Jean Charles, Louisiana
Contents
Background
Community resettlement efforts
Oil and gas production in Terrebonne Parish
Discovery of oil
Production levels
Environmental impact
In popular culture
References
External links
Content: Community resettlement efforts
Rising waters on the Isle de Jean Charles
Due to lack of government support for flood mitigation and land restoration, the Isle de Jean Charles Tribal Council decided they needed action and assistance for relocation of their whole community. Traditional Chief Albert Naquin and the Tribal Council have recently seen significant progress towards community resettlement after their 16-year battle of working within the community developing plans, building partnerships, and conducting outreach in order to relocate to higher, safer ground inland. While progress has been made, there have also been multiple setbacks which stalled their momentum. In 2002, the US Army Corps of Engineers worked with the leadership of the Tribe to identify a nearby site where the community could rebuild.. The USACE hired architects for the relocation proposal, with the idea of maintaining a cohesive community to be consistent with the tribe's federal recognition process.. But when it came time to vote, the majority of people from Isle de Jean Charles did not want to relocate due to their culture's close ties to the land. Some residents felt the government wanted residents to relocate so the oil industry could have free range over the area without political conflict. Conflicts over property and land with the tribe, multinational oil and gas corporations and land developers, had been an ongoing process. The land was a part of their culture and life style. The Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw people wanted to move as an entire community so as to keep their traditions and culture together and alive. The USACE stated that if the community could find an appropriate property to relocate to, they would grant them funding and reconsider including the community in the hurricane protection system. However, the Louisiana government did not consider the social, psychological, and financial costs associated with moving fishing families inland.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_de_Jean_Charles,_Louisiana
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2071967599#11_2227805607
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Title: Issue voting - Wikipedia
Headings: Issue voting
Issue voting
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Causes
History of issue voting
Rise in issue voting
Complications regarding issue voting
Models of issue voting
See also
Notes
References
Content: None of these answers are mutually exclusive, and they cannot be linearly plotted. The voter would instead have to choose the candidate whose opinion represented the closest mix of possible solutions to their own. A third problem that can complicate issue voting is if there are multiple issues that are equally salient to the voter. A candidate may have a similar position to a given voter on one issue, but may take a considerably different stance on another. An example of this occurred in the 2008 US presidential election. During this election, two issues dominating attention were the economy and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Many viewed these issues as equally salient, and had a hard time picking one issue to vote on. These three complexities in issue voting have provided problems in using this tactic to choosing candidates. A fourth problem is that voters may be unsophisticated and lack the knowledge necessary to vote based on issues. Political scientist Larry Bartels has argued that voters are generally uninformed and that their actual vote choices do not reflect the vote choices that a fully informed voter would make.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issue_voting
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2071967599#12_2227807189
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Title: Issue voting - Wikipedia
Headings: Issue voting
Issue voting
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Causes
History of issue voting
Rise in issue voting
Complications regarding issue voting
Models of issue voting
See also
Notes
References
Content: During this election, two issues dominating attention were the economy and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Many viewed these issues as equally salient, and had a hard time picking one issue to vote on. These three complexities in issue voting have provided problems in using this tactic to choosing candidates. A fourth problem is that voters may be unsophisticated and lack the knowledge necessary to vote based on issues. Political scientist Larry Bartels has argued that voters are generally uninformed and that their actual vote choices do not reflect the vote choices that a fully informed voter would make. He concludes that since voters lack full information, they cannot truly be issue voters. Models of issue voting
While scholars employ many mode
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issue_voting
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Title: It's All in the Game (Merle Haggard album) - Wikipedia
Headings: It's All in the Game
(Merle Haggard album)
It's All in the Game (Merle Haggard album)
Contents
Recording and composition
Reception
Track listing
Personnel
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
Content: It's All in the Game (Merle Haggard album) - Wikipedia
It's All in the Game (Merle Haggard album)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
1984 studio album by Merle Haggard
It's All in the Game
Studio album by
Merle Haggard
Released
1984
( 1984)
Recorded
October 1983/Early 1984
Genre
Country
Length
29:53
Label
Epic
Producer
Merle Haggard, Ray Baker
Merle Haggard chronology
The Epic Collection (Recorded Live)
(1983)
It's All in the Game
(1984)
Kern River
(1985)
It's All in the Game is the 39th studio album by American country music artist Merle Haggard backed by The Strangers, released in 1984 by Epic Records. The album peaked at number 1 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart. Contents
1 Recording and composition
2 Reception
3 Track listing
4 Personnel
5 Charts
5.1 Weekly charts
5.2 Year-end charts
6 References
Recording and composition
Haggard's only album from 1984 is dominated with songs co-written with Freddy Powers. The country singer's career was booming during this period like it hadn't since the early seventies, and It's All in the Game continued this roll, producing three #1 hits. The first of these, " Let's Chase Each Other Around the Room ," recalls the shuffling rhythm of his 1981 hit " Big City " and finds the narrator attempting to playfully reignite the passion of his marriage. The other two chart toppers, " A Place to Fall Apart " (co-written with Willie Nelson and featuring Janie Fricke on background vocals) and the love song " Natural High ," have a softer vocal approach more indicative of the album's overall sound. " Little Hotel Room" and "I Never Go Home Anymore" contain Haggard's oft-used themes of loss, loneliness and estrangement. The LP also includes his take on the recent Willie Nelson / Julio Iglesias smash " To All the Girls I've Loved Before " and "You Really Lose Your Mind," his tribute to Ernest Tubb, who died in September 1984. Reception
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic
AllMusic: " In another artist's hands, It's All In the Game might have been a mere crying-in-the-beer soundtrack.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_All_in_the_Game_(Merle_Haggard_album)
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Title: It Might Be You - Wikipedia
Headings: It Might Be You
It Might Be You
Contents
Chart performance
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Personnel
Notable cover versions
See also
References
External links
Content: It Might Be You - Wikipedia
It Might Be You
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the Philippine TV series, see It Might Be You (TV series). 1983 single by Stephen Bishop
"It Might Be You"
Single by Stephen Bishop
from the album Tootsie Soundtrack
B-side
"Metamorphosis Blues" (It Might Be You)
Released
January 1983 (North America)
May 30, 1983 (International)
Recorded
November 1982
Genre
Soft rock
adult contemporary
Length
4:17
Label
Warner Bros.
Songwriter (s)
Dave Grusin
Alan & Marilyn Bergman
Producer (s)
Dave Grusin
Stephen Bishop singles chronology
"Animal House"
(1978)
" It Might Be You "
(1983)
"Unfaithfully Yours (One Love)"
(1984)
Music video
Listen to "It Might Be You" (Official Music Video) on YouTube
" It Might Be You " is a song with music written by Dave Grusin, and lyrics written by Alan & Marilyn Bergman. It was performed by singer/songwriter Stephen Bishop in the 1982 film Tootsie starring Dustin Hoffman and Jessica Lange. The song was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1983. Bishop's recording peaked at No. 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on May 7, 1983, and spent eight weeks in the Top 40, becoming his final Top 40 song to date. It also spent two weeks at No. 1 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart in April the same year. Contents
1 Chart performance
1.1 Weekly charts
1.2 Year-end charts
2 Personnel
3 Notable cover versions
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Chart performance
Weekly charts
Chart (1983)
Peak
position
Canadian RPM Top Singles
16
Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary
1
Ireland
19
New Zealand
29
UK Singles Chart
99
U.S. Billboard Hot 100
25
U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary
1
U.S. Cashbox Top 100
19
Year-end charts
Chart (1983)
Rank
U.S. Billboard Hot 100
95
Personnel
Stephen Bishop - vocals
Dave Grusin – electric piano, acoustic piano
George Doering, Paul Jackson Jr., Mitch Holder - guitar
Abraham Laboriel - bass
Ian Underwood - synthesizer
Carlos Vega - drums
Steve Foreman - percussion
Becky Porter, Billy Phedford, Marva Holcolm, Paulette Brown - backing vocals
Notable cover versions
In 1995, R&B singer Roberta Flack recorded the song for use in the Forest Whitaker -directed film, Waiting to Exhale. The song appears in the film, but not on the film's soundtrack album.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Might_Be_You
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2076996763#1_2235194806
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Title: It Might Be You - Wikipedia
Headings: It Might Be You
It Might Be You
Contents
Chart performance
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Personnel
Notable cover versions
See also
References
External links
Content: 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on May 7, 1983, and spent eight weeks in the Top 40, becoming his final Top 40 song to date. It also spent two weeks at No. 1 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart in April the same year. Contents
1 Chart performance
1.1 Weekly charts
1.2 Year-end charts
2 Personnel
3 Notable cover versions
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Chart performance
Weekly charts
Chart (1983)
Peak
position
Canadian RPM Top Singles
16
Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary
1
Ireland
19
New Zealand
29
UK Singles Chart
99
U.S. Billboard Hot 100
25
U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary
1
U.S. Cashbox Top 100
19
Year-end charts
Chart (1983)
Rank
U.S. Billboard Hot 100
95
Personnel
Stephen Bishop - vocals
Dave Grusin – electric piano, acoustic piano
George Doering, Paul Jackson Jr., Mitch Holder - guitar
Abraham Laboriel - bass
Ian Underwood - synthesizer
Carlos Vega - drums
Steve Foreman - percussion
Becky Porter, Billy Phedford, Marva Holcolm, Paulette Brown - backing vocals
Notable cover versions
In 1995, R&B singer Roberta Flack recorded the song for use in the Forest Whitaker -directed film, Waiting to Exhale. The song appears in the film, but not on the film's soundtrack album. Filipino singer Erik Santos also revived and covered the song as a duet with Marinel Santos in 2003 and it was used as the theme song of the Philippine drama series, It Might Be You. In 2013, the song appeared over the closing credits of the film The Pretty One, covered by K A R Y Y N and Julian Wass. The Pretty One shares with Tootsie the theme of a person assuming a different identity. In October 2015, Filipino singer and actor Michael Pangilinan covered the song and it was used as the theme song of the movie Everyday I Love You. See also
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1983 (U.S.)
References
^ Whitburn, Joel (2002).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Might_Be_You
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2113313297#1_2275496793
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Title: Jacobin - Wikipedia
Headings: Jacobin
Jacobin
Jacobin Club
Contents
History
Foundation
Transfer to Paris
Growth
Character
Polarization between Robespierrists and Girondins
Opposition between Montagnards and Girondins in the National Convention
Girondins disbarred from the National Convention
Montagnard rule and civil war
Closure
Reunion of Jacobin adherents
Influence
Political influence
Left-wing politics
Cultural influence
List of presidents of the Jacobin Club
Electoral results
See also
References
Bibliography
Further reading
Primary sources
External links
Content: abolition of the Ancien Régime, creation of a parliament, introduction of a Constitution and separation of powers
1791–1795: establishment of a republic, fusion of powers into the National Convention and establishment of an authoritarian-democratic state
Headquarters
Dominican convent, Rue Saint-Honoré, Paris
Region
France
Methods
From democratic initiatives to public violence
Membership (1793)
Around 500,000
Official language
French
President
Antoine Barnave (first)
Maximilien Robespierre (last)
Key people
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The Society of the Friends of the Constitution ( French: Société des amis de la Constitution ), renamed the Society of the Jacobins, Friends of Freedom and Equality ( Société des Jacobins, amis de la liberté et de l'égalité) after 1792 and commonly known as the Jacobin Club ( Club des Jacobins) or simply the Jacobins ( / ˈdʒækəbɪn /; French: [ ʒakɔbɛ̃] ), was the most influential political club during the French Revolution of 1789. The period of its political ascendancy includes the Reign of Terror, during which time well over ten thousand people were put on trial and executed in France, many for political crimes. Initially founded in 1789 by anti-royalist deputies from Brittany, the club grew into a nationwide republican movement, with a membership estimated at a half million or more. The Jacobin Club was heterogeneous and included both prominent parliamentary factions of the early 1790s, The Mountain and the Girondins. In 1792–1793, the Girondins were more prominent in leading France when they declared war on Austria and on Prussia, overthrew King Louis XVI, and set up the French First Republic. In May 1793 the leaders of the Mountain faction led by Maximilien Robespierre succeeded in sidelining the Girondin faction and controlled the government until July 1794.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2119863051#0_2281915235
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Title: Jaime Escalante - Wikipedia
Headings: Jaime Escalante
Jaime Escalante
Contents
Early life
Education
Early career
National attention
Departure from Garfield
Later life
Death and legacy
Awards and honors
See also
References
External links
Content: Jaime Escalante - Wikipedia
Jaime Escalante
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Bolivian educator, teacher and mathematician
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In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Escalante and the second or maternal family name is Gutiérrez. Jaime Escalante
Jaime Escalante
Born
( 1930-12-31)
December 31, 1930
La Paz, Bolivia
Died
March 30, 2010
(2010-03-30)
(aged 79)
Roseville, California, U.S.
Spouse (s)
Fabiola Tapia
Children
2
Jaime Alfonso Escalante Gutiérrez (December 31, 1930 – March 30, 2010) was a Bolivian -American educator known for teaching students calculus from 1974 to 1991 at Garfield High School in East Los Angeles. Escalante was the subject of the 1988 film Stand and Deliver, in which he is portrayed by Edward James Olmos . In 1993, the asteroid 5095 Escalante was named after him. Contents
1 Early life
2 Education
3 Early career
4 National attention
5 Departure from Garfield
6 Later life
7 Death and legacy
8 Awards and honors
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Early life
Escalante was born in 1930 in La Paz, Bolivia. Both of his parents were teachers.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2119863051#1_2281917204
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Title: Jaime Escalante - Wikipedia
Headings: Jaime Escalante
Jaime Escalante
Contents
Early life
Education
Early career
National attention
Departure from Garfield
Later life
Death and legacy
Awards and honors
See also
References
External links
Content: Jaime Escalante
Jaime Escalante
Born
( 1930-12-31)
December 31, 1930
La Paz, Bolivia
Died
March 30, 2010
(2010-03-30)
(aged 79)
Roseville, California, U.S.
Spouse (s)
Fabiola Tapia
Children
2
Jaime Alfonso Escalante Gutiérrez (December 31, 1930 – March 30, 2010) was a Bolivian -American educator known for teaching students calculus from 1974 to 1991 at Garfield High School in East Los Angeles. Escalante was the subject of the 1988 film Stand and Deliver, in which he is portrayed by Edward James Olmos . In 1993, the asteroid 5095 Escalante was named after him. Contents
1 Early life
2 Education
3 Early career
4 National attention
5 Departure from Garfield
6 Later life
7 Death and legacy
8 Awards and honors
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Early life
Escalante was born in 1930 in La Paz, Bolivia. Both of his parents were teachers. Escalante was proud of his Aymara heritage. Education
Unspecified Year: Escuela Normal Simón Bolivar, School Teacher Degree
1955: University Mayor de San Andres, Licentiate in Mathematics
1969: Associate of Arts, Pasadena City College
1973:
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2119863051#2_2281918775
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Title: Jaime Escalante - Wikipedia
Headings: Jaime Escalante
Jaime Escalante
Contents
Early life
Education
Early career
National attention
Departure from Garfield
Later life
Death and legacy
Awards and honors
See also
References
External links
Content: Escalante was proud of his Aymara heritage. Education
Unspecified Year: Escuela Normal Simón Bolivar, School Teacher Degree
1955: University Mayor de San Andres, Licentiate in Mathematics
1969: Associate of Arts, Pasadena City College
1973: Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics, California State University, Los Angeles
1977: Standard teaching credential, California State University, Los Angeles
1982: Standard teaching credential, California State University, Los Angeles
1984: Standard teaching credential, Florida State University, Florida
Early career
Escalante taught mathematics and physics for 12 years in Bolivia before he immigrated to the United States. He worked various jobs while teaching himself English and earning another college degree before eventually returning to the classroom as an educator.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2119863051#3_2281920033
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Title: Jaime Escalante - Wikipedia
Headings: Jaime Escalante
Jaime Escalante
Contents
Early life
Education
Early career
National attention
Departure from Garfield
Later life
Death and legacy
Awards and honors
See also
References
External links
Content: Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics, California State University, Los Angeles
1977: Standard teaching credential, California State University, Los Angeles
1982: Standard teaching credential, California State University, Los Angeles
1984: Standard teaching credential, Florida State University, Florida
Early career
Escalante taught mathematics and physics for 12 years in Bolivia before he immigrated to the United States. He worked various jobs while teaching himself English and earning another college degree before eventually returning to the classroom as an educator. In 1974, he began to teach at Garfield High School. Escalante eventually changed his mind about returning to work when he found 12 students willing to take an algebra class. Shortly after Escalante came to Garfield High School, its accreditation became threatened. Instead of gearing classes to poorly performing students, Escalante offered AP Calculus. He had already earned the criticism of an administrator, who disapproved of his requiring the students to answer a homework question before being allowed into the classroom. "
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2119863051#4_2281921572
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Title: Jaime Escalante - Wikipedia
Headings: Jaime Escalante
Jaime Escalante
Contents
Early life
Education
Early career
National attention
Departure from Garfield
Later life
Death and legacy
Awards and honors
See also
References
External links
Content: In 1974, he began to teach at Garfield High School. Escalante eventually changed his mind about returning to work when he found 12 students willing to take an algebra class. Shortly after Escalante came to Garfield High School, its accreditation became threatened. Instead of gearing classes to poorly performing students, Escalante offered AP Calculus. He had already earned the criticism of an administrator, who disapproved of his requiring the students to answer a homework question before being allowed into the classroom. " He told me to just get them inside," Escalante reported, "but I said, there is no teaching, no learning going on." Determined to change the status quo, Escalante persuaded a few students that they could control their futures with the right education. He promised them that they could get jobs in engineering, electronics, and computers if they would learn math: " I'll teach you math and that's your language. With that, you're going to make it.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2119863051#5_2281922987
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Title: Jaime Escalante - Wikipedia
Headings: Jaime Escalante
Jaime Escalante
Contents
Early life
Education
Early career
National attention
Departure from Garfield
Later life
Death and legacy
Awards and honors
See also
References
External links
Content: He told me to just get them inside," Escalante reported, "but I said, there is no teaching, no learning going on." Determined to change the status quo, Escalante persuaded a few students that they could control their futures with the right education. He promised them that they could get jobs in engineering, electronics, and computers if they would learn math: " I'll teach you math and that's your language. With that, you're going to make it. You're going to college and sit in the first row, not the back because you're going to know more than anybody." The school administration opposed Escalante frequently during his first few years. He was threatened with dismissal by an assistant principal because he was coming in too early, leaving too late, and failing to get administrative permission to raise funds to pay for his students' Advanced Placement tests. The opposition changed with the arrival of a new principal, Henry Gradillas. Aside from allowing Escalante to stay, Gradillas overhauled the academic curriculum at Garfield, reducing the number of basic math classes and requiring those taking basic math to take algebra as well.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2119863051#6_2281924570
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Title: Jaime Escalante - Wikipedia
Headings: Jaime Escalante
Jaime Escalante
Contents
Early life
Education
Early career
National attention
Departure from Garfield
Later life
Death and legacy
Awards and honors
See also
References
External links
Content: You're going to college and sit in the first row, not the back because you're going to know more than anybody." The school administration opposed Escalante frequently during his first few years. He was threatened with dismissal by an assistant principal because he was coming in too early, leaving too late, and failing to get administrative permission to raise funds to pay for his students' Advanced Placement tests. The opposition changed with the arrival of a new principal, Henry Gradillas. Aside from allowing Escalante to stay, Gradillas overhauled the academic curriculum at Garfield, reducing the number of basic math classes and requiring those taking basic math to take algebra as well. He denied extracurricular activities to students who failed to maintain a C average and to new students who failed basic skills tests. One of Escalante's students remarked, "If he wants to teach us that bad, we can learn." Escalante continued to teach at Garfield and instructed his first calculus class in 1978. He recruited fellow teacher Ben Jiménez and taught calculus to five students, two of whom passed the AP calculus test. The following year, the class size increased to nine students, seven of whom passed the AP calculus test.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2119863051#7_2281926248
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Title: Jaime Escalante - Wikipedia
Headings: Jaime Escalante
Jaime Escalante
Contents
Early life
Education
Early career
National attention
Departure from Garfield
Later life
Death and legacy
Awards and honors
See also
References
External links
Content: He denied extracurricular activities to students who failed to maintain a C average and to new students who failed basic skills tests. One of Escalante's students remarked, "If he wants to teach us that bad, we can learn." Escalante continued to teach at Garfield and instructed his first calculus class in 1978. He recruited fellow teacher Ben Jiménez and taught calculus to five students, two of whom passed the AP calculus test. The following year, the class size increased to nine students, seven of whom passed the AP calculus test. By 1981, the class had increased to 15 students, 14 of whom passed. Escalante placed a high priority on pressuring his students to pass their math classes, particularly calculus. He rejected the common practice of ranking students from first to last but frequently told his students to press themselves as hard as possible in their assignments. National attention
In 1982, Escalante first gained media attention when 18 of his students passed the Advanced Placement Calculus exam. The Educational Testing Service found the scores to be suspicious because they all made exactly the same math error on the sixth problem, and they also used the same unusual variable names.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2119863051#8_2281927899
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Title: Jaime Escalante - Wikipedia
Headings: Jaime Escalante
Jaime Escalante
Contents
Early life
Education
Early career
National attention
Departure from Garfield
Later life
Death and legacy
Awards and honors
See also
References
External links
Content: By 1981, the class had increased to 15 students, 14 of whom passed. Escalante placed a high priority on pressuring his students to pass their math classes, particularly calculus. He rejected the common practice of ranking students from first to last but frequently told his students to press themselves as hard as possible in their assignments. National attention
In 1982, Escalante first gained media attention when 18 of his students passed the Advanced Placement Calculus exam. The Educational Testing Service found the scores to be suspicious because they all made exactly the same math error on the sixth problem, and they also used the same unusual variable names. Fourteen of those who passed were asked to take the exam again. Twelve of them agreed to retake the test, and all did well enough to have their scores reinstated. Westlake Theatre building, side wall mural of Jaime Escalante and Edward James Olmos. In 1983, the number of students enrolling and passing the calculus test more than doubled. That year, 33 students took the exam, and 30 passed.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2119863051#9_2281929398
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Title: Jaime Escalante - Wikipedia
Headings: Jaime Escalante
Jaime Escalante
Contents
Early life
Education
Early career
National attention
Departure from Garfield
Later life
Death and legacy
Awards and honors
See also
References
External links
Content: Fourteen of those who passed were asked to take the exam again. Twelve of them agreed to retake the test, and all did well enough to have their scores reinstated. Westlake Theatre building, side wall mural of Jaime Escalante and Edward James Olmos. In 1983, the number of students enrolling and passing the calculus test more than doubled. That year, 33 students took the exam, and 30 passed. That year, he also started to teach calculus at East Los Angeles College. By 1987, 73 students passed the AB version of the exam, and another 12 passed the BC version. That was the peak for the calculus program. The same year, Gradillas went on sabbatical to finish his doctorate with hopes that he could be reinstated as principal at Garfield or a similar school with a similar program upon his return. In 1988, a book, Escalante:
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2119863051#10_2281930657
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Title: Jaime Escalante - Wikipedia
Headings: Jaime Escalante
Jaime Escalante
Contents
Early life
Education
Early career
National attention
Departure from Garfield
Later life
Death and legacy
Awards and honors
See also
References
External links
Content: That year, he also started to teach calculus at East Los Angeles College. By 1987, 73 students passed the AB version of the exam, and another 12 passed the BC version. That was the peak for the calculus program. The same year, Gradillas went on sabbatical to finish his doctorate with hopes that he could be reinstated as principal at Garfield or a similar school with a similar program upon his return. In 1988, a book, Escalante: The Best Teacher in America by Jay Mathews, and a film, Stand and Deliver, were released based on the events of 1982. Teachers and other interested observers asked to sit in on his classes. He shared with them: " The key to my success with youngsters is a very simple and time-honored tradition: hard work for teacher and student alike."
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2119863051#11_2281931864
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Title: Jaime Escalante - Wikipedia
Headings: Jaime Escalante
Jaime Escalante
Contents
Early life
Education
Early career
National attention
Departure from Garfield
Later life
Death and legacy
Awards and honors
See also
References
External links
Content: The Best Teacher in America by Jay Mathews, and a film, Stand and Deliver, were released based on the events of 1982. Teachers and other interested observers asked to sit in on his classes. He shared with them: " The key to my success with youngsters is a very simple and time-honored tradition: hard work for teacher and student alike." Escalante received visits from political leaders and celebrities, including President Ronald Reagan and actor Arnold Schwarzenegger. In 1990, Escalante worked with the Foundation for Advancements in Science and Education to produce the video series Futures, which won a Peabody Award. Escalante has described the film as "90% truth, 10% drama." He stated that several points were left out of the film: It took him several years to achieve the kind of success shown in the film.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2119863051#12_2281933119
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Title: Jaime Escalante - Wikipedia
Headings: Jaime Escalante
Jaime Escalante
Contents
Early life
Education
Early career
National attention
Departure from Garfield
Later life
Death and legacy
Awards and honors
See also
References
External links
Content: Escalante received visits from political leaders and celebrities, including President Ronald Reagan and actor Arnold Schwarzenegger. In 1990, Escalante worked with the Foundation for Advancements in Science and Education to produce the video series Futures, which won a Peabody Award. Escalante has described the film as "90% truth, 10% drama." He stated that several points were left out of the film: It took him several years to achieve the kind of success shown in the film. No student who did not know multiplication tables or fractions was ever taught calculus in a single year. Escalante suffered inflammation of the gallbladder, not a heart attack. Over the next few years, Escalante's calculus program continued to grow. Departure from Garfield
In his final years at Garfield, Escalante received threats and hate mail. By 1990, he had lost the math department chairmanship.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2119863051#13_2281934439
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Title: Jaime Escalante - Wikipedia
Headings: Jaime Escalante
Jaime Escalante
Contents
Early life
Education
Early career
National attention
Departure from Garfield
Later life
Death and legacy
Awards and honors
See also
References
External links
Content: No student who did not know multiplication tables or fractions was ever taught calculus in a single year. Escalante suffered inflammation of the gallbladder, not a heart attack. Over the next few years, Escalante's calculus program continued to grow. Departure from Garfield
In his final years at Garfield, Escalante received threats and hate mail. By 1990, he had lost the math department chairmanship. Escalante's math enrichment program had grown to more than 400 students. His class sizes had increased to over 50 students in some cases. That was far beyond the 35 student limit set by the teachers' union, which increased its criticism of Escalante's work. In 1991, the number of Garfield students taking advanced placement examinations in math and other subjects jumped to 570. The same year, citing faculty politics and petty jealousies, Escalante and Jiménez left Garfield.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2119863051#14_2281935762
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Title: Jaime Escalante - Wikipedia
Headings: Jaime Escalante
Jaime Escalante
Contents
Early life
Education
Early career
National attention
Departure from Garfield
Later life
Death and legacy
Awards and honors
See also
References
External links
Content: Escalante's math enrichment program had grown to more than 400 students. His class sizes had increased to over 50 students in some cases. That was far beyond the 35 student limit set by the teachers' union, which increased its criticism of Escalante's work. In 1991, the number of Garfield students taking advanced placement examinations in math and other subjects jumped to 570. The same year, citing faculty politics and petty jealousies, Escalante and Jiménez left Garfield. Escalante found new employment at Hiram W. Johnson High School in Sacramento, California. At the height of Escalante's success, Garfield graduates were entering the University of Southern California in such great numbers that they outnumbered all the other high schools in the working-class East Los Angeles region combined. Even students who failed the AP exam often went on to study at California State University, Los Angeles. Angelo Villavicencio took over the program after Escalante's departure, teaching the remaining 107 AP students in two classes over the following year. Sixty-seven of Villavicencio's students went on to take the AP exam and forty-seven passed.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2119863051#15_2281937353
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Title: Jaime Escalante - Wikipedia
Headings: Jaime Escalante
Jaime Escalante
Contents
Early life
Education
Early career
National attention
Departure from Garfield
Later life
Death and legacy
Awards and honors
See also
References
External links
Content: Escalante found new employment at Hiram W. Johnson High School in Sacramento, California. At the height of Escalante's success, Garfield graduates were entering the University of Southern California in such great numbers that they outnumbered all the other high schools in the working-class East Los Angeles region combined. Even students who failed the AP exam often went on to study at California State University, Los Angeles. Angelo Villavicencio took over the program after Escalante's departure, teaching the remaining 107 AP students in two classes over the following year. Sixty-seven of Villavicencio's students went on to take the AP exam and forty-seven passed. The math program's decline at Garfield became apparent following the departure of Escalante and other teachers associated with its inception and development. In just a few years, the number of AP calculus students at Garfield who passed their exams dropped by more than 80%. In 1996, Villavicencio contacted Garfield's new principal, Tony Garcia, and offered to come back to help revive the dying calculus program. His offer was rejected. Later life
In the mid-1990s, Escalante became a strong supporter of English-only education efforts.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2119863051#16_2281939001
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Title: Jaime Escalante - Wikipedia
Headings: Jaime Escalante
Jaime Escalante
Contents
Early life
Education
Early career
National attention
Departure from Garfield
Later life
Death and legacy
Awards and honors
See also
References
External links
Content: The math program's decline at Garfield became apparent following the departure of Escalante and other teachers associated with its inception and development. In just a few years, the number of AP calculus students at Garfield who passed their exams dropped by more than 80%. In 1996, Villavicencio contacted Garfield's new principal, Tony Garcia, and offered to come back to help revive the dying calculus program. His offer was rejected. Later life
In the mid-1990s, Escalante became a strong supporter of English-only education efforts. In 1997, he joined Ron Unz's English for the Children initiative, which eventually ended most bilingual education in California schools. In 2001, after many years of preparing teenagers for the AP calculus exam, Escalante returned to his native Bolivia. He lived in his wife's hometown, Cochabamba, and taught at Universidad Privada del Valle [ es]. He returned to the United States frequently to visit his children. In early 2010
[update]
, Escalante faced financial difficulties from the cost of his cancer treatment.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2141394287#4_2305837182
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Title: James Truslow Adams - Wikipedia
Headings: James Truslow Adams
James Truslow Adams
Contents
Early life
Writer
American Dream
Two educations
Death
Honors
Bibliography
References
Sources
External links
Content: Adams was the editor, with Roy V. Coleman as managing editor, of The Atlas of American History (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1943), and The Album of American History, 4 vols. ( New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1944). American Dream
Adams coined the term " American Dream " in his 1931 book The Epic of America. His American Dream is "that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position." However, Adams felt the American Dream was in peril during the 1920s and 30s. He complained that "money making and material improvements . . .
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2141394287#5_2305838684
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Title: James Truslow Adams - Wikipedia
Headings: James Truslow Adams
James Truslow Adams
Contents
Early life
Writer
American Dream
Two educations
Death
Honors
Bibliography
References
Sources
External links
Content: His American Dream is "that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position." However, Adams felt the American Dream was in peril during the 1920s and 30s. He complained that "money making and material improvements . . . mere extensions of the material basis of existence", had gained ascendancy, becoming "goods in themselves . . . [ mimicking] the aspects of moral virtues." The original American Dream had always been about "quality and spiritual values": " The American dream that has lured tens of millions of all nations to our shores in the past century has not been a dream of merely material plenty, although that has doubtless counted heavily. It has been much more than that."
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2146751054#0_2312364913
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Title: Janaka - Wikipedia
Headings: Janaka
Janaka
Contents
Ancestry
Janaka in Vedic literature
In other literature
See also
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
Content: Janaka - Wikipedia
Janaka
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Janaka
Ramayana character
Janaka welcoming Rama and his father Dasharatha in Mithila
In-universe information
Spouse
Sunayana
Children
Sita, Urmila (Daughters)
Birth place
Videha Kingdom
Death place
Videha Kingdom
Janaka was an ancient Indian king of Videha which was located in Mithila region, approximately in the 8th or 7th century BCE,. The rulers of the Videha kingdom were called Janakas. He also appears in epic Ramayana as a father of Sita. His original name was Seeradhwaja and he had a brother named Kushadhwaja. His father's name was Hroshhoroma, a descendant of the king Nimi. Janaka is revered as being an ideal example of non-attachment to material possessions. He was intensely interested in spiritual discourse and considered himself free from worldly illusions. His interactions with sages and seekers such as Ashtavakra and Sulabha are recorded in ancient texts. His relationship with adopted daughter Sita led her to be called Janaki Mata. The city of Janakpur in Nepal is named for him and daughter Sita.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2146751054#2_2312367727
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Title: Janaka - Wikipedia
Headings: Janaka
Janaka
Contents
Ancestry
Janaka in Vedic literature
In other literature
See also
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
Content: The Videha (or Mithila) kingdom was located between east of Gandaki River, west of Mahananda River, north of Ganga river and south of Himalayas. Contents
1 Ancestry
2 Janaka in Vedic literature
3 In other literature
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
6.1 Citations
6.2 Sources
Ancestry
King Nimi was the first ruler of the Videha kingdom. Then king Mithi supposed the name Mithila came after him. His son king Janaka (1st), was the first Janaka. Then after three successors came king Devraat and after Devraat the 15th successor was Hroshhoroma, Janaka's father. Janaka in Vedic literature
Videha and other kingdoms of late Vedic India
Yajnavalkya teaches Brahma Vidya to King Janaka. Late Vedic literature such as Shatapatha Brahmana and Brihadaranyaka Upanishad mention a certain King Janaka (c. 8th or 7th century BCE) as a great philosopher-king of Videha, renowned for his patronage of Vedic culture and philosophy and whose court was an intellectual center for Brahmin sages such as Yajnavalkya, Uddalaka Aruni, and Gargi Vachaknavi. Under his reign, Videha became a dominant political and cultural center of the Indian subcontinent. In other literature
Janaka is the father of Sita, the wife of God Ram in the Hindu epic Ramayana. His conversation with Ashtavakra is recorded as Ashtavakra Gita, wherein he is depicted as one realised and this tested by the sage Ashtavakra.
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Title: Janaka - Wikipedia
Headings: Janaka
Janaka
Contents
Ancestry
Janaka in Vedic literature
In other literature
See also
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
Content: Janaka in Vedic literature
Videha and other kingdoms of late Vedic India
Yajnavalkya teaches Brahma Vidya to King Janaka. Late Vedic literature such as Shatapatha Brahmana and Brihadaranyaka Upanishad mention a certain King Janaka (c. 8th or 7th century BCE) as a great philosopher-king of Videha, renowned for his patronage of Vedic culture and philosophy and whose court was an intellectual center for Brahmin sages such as Yajnavalkya, Uddalaka Aruni, and Gargi Vachaknavi. Under his reign, Videha became a dominant political and cultural center of the Indian subcontinent. In other literature
Janaka is the father of Sita, the wife of God Ram in the Hindu epic Ramayana. His conversation with Ashtavakra is recorded as Ashtavakra Gita, wherein he is depicted as one realised and this tested by the sage Ashtavakra. Many spiritual teachers have referred to this writing often translating and deducing its meaning. See also
Kings of Mithila
Maithils
Trikaranasuddhi
Pravahana Jaivali
Notes
References
Citations
^ a b Raychaudhuri 2006, pp. 41–52. sfn error: no target:
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Content: In 2013, the Japanese public debtexceeded one quadrillion yen(US$10.46 trillion), which was about twice the country's annual gross domestic productat the time. [ 1][2]
By 2015, the figure rose to US$11.06 trillion. This figure started to dip as the country adopted key economic initiatives, and the debt stood at US$9.94 trillion by the end of December 2017. [ 3]
In August 2011, Moody'srating cut Japan's long-term sovereign debt rating by one notch to Aa3 from Aa2 in line with the size of the country's deficit and borrowing level. The large budget deficits and government debt since the 2008-09 global recession, followed by earthquake and tsunami in March 2011, contributed to the ratings downgrade. In 2012 the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD) Yearbook editorial stated that Japan's "debt rose above 200% of GDP partly as a consequence of the tragic earthquake and the related reconstruction efforts." [ 4]Former Prime Minister Naoto Kancalled the situation "urgent" due to the ballooning debt.[5] By 2014, Japan had the world's highest debt-to-GDP ratio. [ 6][7]
In 2019, Japan's debt reached 223% of GDP. [ 8]
Contents
1Addressing public debt
2History
3National bond issuing and economic policy
3.1Direct purchase of government bonds by Bank of Japan
3.1.1The Public Finance Act
4See also
5External links
6References
Addressing public debt[edit]
In order to address the Japanese budget gap and growing national debt, the Japanese National Diet, at the urging of Prime Minister Yoshihiko Nodaof the Democratic Party of Japan(DPJ), passed a bill in June 2012 to double the national consumption taxto 10%.[9] This increased the tax to 8% in April 2014.[10] The originally scheduled 10% tax increase to be implemented in October 2015 was delayed until at least October 2019.[11] The final increase to 10% was implemented on October 1, 2019.[12] The goal of this increase was to halt the growth of the public debt by 2015, although reducing the debt would require further measures.[13] The DPJ subsequently lost control of the Diet in late 2012, and Noda's successor Shinzo Abeof the Liberal Democratic Partyimplemented the "Abenomics" program, which involved an additional 10.3 trillion yen of economic stimulusspending to balance out the negative impact of the consumption tax increase on economic growth. [ 13]
Abenomics led to rapid appreciation in the Japanese stock market in early 2013 without significantly impacting Japanese government bond yields, although 10-year forward rates rose slightly.[14] Around 70% of Japanese government bonds are purchased by the Bank of Japan, and much of the remainder is purchased by Japanese banks and trust funds, which largely insulates the prices and yields of such bonds from the effects of the global bond marketand reduces their sensitivity to credit rating changes.[15] Betting against Japanese government bonds has become known as the "widowmaker trade" due to their price resilience even if fundamental analysisindicates the contrary should be true. [
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Content: In 2012 the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD) Yearbook editorial stated that Japan's "debt rose above 200% of GDP partly as a consequence of the tragic earthquake and the related reconstruction efforts." [ 4]Former Prime Minister Naoto Kancalled the situation "urgent" due to the ballooning debt.[5] By 2014, Japan had the world's highest debt-to-GDP ratio. [ 6][7]
In 2019, Japan's debt reached 223% of GDP. [ 8]
Contents
1Addressing public debt
2History
3National bond issuing and economic policy
3.1Direct purchase of government bonds by Bank of Japan
3.1.1The Public Finance Act
4See also
5External links
6References
Addressing public debt[edit]
In order to address the Japanese budget gap and growing national debt, the Japanese National Diet, at the urging of Prime Minister Yoshihiko Nodaof the Democratic Party of Japan(DPJ), passed a bill in June 2012 to double the national consumption taxto 10%.[9] This increased the tax to 8% in April 2014.[10] The originally scheduled 10% tax increase to be implemented in October 2015 was delayed until at least October 2019.[11] The final increase to 10% was implemented on October 1, 2019.[12] The goal of this increase was to halt the growth of the public debt by 2015, although reducing the debt would require further measures.[13] The DPJ subsequently lost control of the Diet in late 2012, and Noda's successor Shinzo Abeof the Liberal Democratic Partyimplemented the "Abenomics" program, which involved an additional 10.3 trillion yen of economic stimulusspending to balance out the negative impact of the consumption tax increase on economic growth. [ 13]
Abenomics led to rapid appreciation in the Japanese stock market in early 2013 without significantly impacting Japanese government bond yields, although 10-year forward rates rose slightly.[14] Around 70% of Japanese government bonds are purchased by the Bank of Japan, and much of the remainder is purchased by Japanese banks and trust funds, which largely insulates the prices and yields of such bonds from the effects of the global bond marketand reduces their sensitivity to credit rating changes.[15] Betting against Japanese government bonds has become known as the "widowmaker trade" due to their price resilience even if fundamental analysisindicates the contrary should be true. [ 14]
Notwithstanding the stability of the market for Japanese government debt, the cost of servicing Japan's public debt uses up half of the state's tax revenues, and the cost of importing energy in the wake of the 2011 Fukushima disasterhas also negatively impacted Japan's longstanding current accountsurplus. [ 13]
History[edit]
In 1944, during the Pacific War, the amount of governmental debt exceeded national income [jp]by 260%. [ 16]
In 1947, during postwar economic chaos, the amount of bonds the government issued exceeded tax revenue. Later, it was thought that this was the root cause of postwar inflation, and the Japanese government enacted the Public Finance Act of Japan in response. The act established a balanced fiscal policyby prohibiting:
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Content: 14]
Notwithstanding the stability of the market for Japanese government debt, the cost of servicing Japan's public debt uses up half of the state's tax revenues, and the cost of importing energy in the wake of the 2011 Fukushima disasterhas also negatively impacted Japan's longstanding current accountsurplus. [ 13]
History[edit]
In 1944, during the Pacific War, the amount of governmental debt exceeded national income [jp]by 260%. [ 16]
In 1947, during postwar economic chaos, the amount of bonds the government issued exceeded tax revenue. Later, it was thought that this was the root cause of postwar inflation, and the Japanese government enacted the Public Finance Act of Japan in response. The act established a balanced fiscal policyby prohibiting: 1) the issuance of government bondsto cover national debt, and, 2) the Bank of Japan from buying government bonds. Since the establishment of the 1955 System, the amount of held valuable securities in the bank – especially national bonds – had risen significantly. However, the 1965 budget issued 259 billion yen in deficit-covering bonds, and the next year's budget in 1966 allotted 730 billion yen in construction bonds.[17] By 1990, the government did not issue a national bond due to the Japanese asset price bubble. Bonds were issued again in 1994, and have been issued every year since. In 1995 (Heisei 9), Masayoshi Takemura, the former finance minister, declared the Declaration of Fiscal Crisisby issuing deficit-covering bond with higher frequency. [
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Content: 1) the issuance of government bondsto cover national debt, and, 2) the Bank of Japan from buying government bonds. Since the establishment of the 1955 System, the amount of held valuable securities in the bank – especially national bonds – had risen significantly. However, the 1965 budget issued 259 billion yen in deficit-covering bonds, and the next year's budget in 1966 allotted 730 billion yen in construction bonds.[17] By 1990, the government did not issue a national bond due to the Japanese asset price bubble. Bonds were issued again in 1994, and have been issued every year since. In 1995 (Heisei 9), Masayoshi Takemura, the former finance minister, declared the Declaration of Fiscal Crisisby issuing deficit-covering bond with higher frequency. [ 18]
National bond issuing and economic policy[edit]
During the Japanese asset price bubbleof the late 1980s, revenues were high due to prosperous conditions, Japanese stocks profited, and the amount of national bonds issued was modest. With the breakdown of the economic bubble came a decrease in annual revenue. As a result, the amount of national bonds issued increased quickly. Most of the national bonds had a fixed interest rate, so the debt to GDP ratio increased as a consequence of the decrease in nominal GDP growth due to deflation. The growth of annual revenue was slowed down by the prolonged depression.[19] Consequently, the governments started issuing additional national bonds to cover the interest payments.
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Content: 18]
National bond issuing and economic policy[edit]
During the Japanese asset price bubbleof the late 1980s, revenues were high due to prosperous conditions, Japanese stocks profited, and the amount of national bonds issued was modest. With the breakdown of the economic bubble came a decrease in annual revenue. As a result, the amount of national bonds issued increased quickly. Most of the national bonds had a fixed interest rate, so the debt to GDP ratio increased as a consequence of the decrease in nominal GDP growth due to deflation. The growth of annual revenue was slowed down by the prolonged depression.[19] Consequently, the governments started issuing additional national bonds to cover the interest payments. This national bond is called renewal national bond. As a result of issuing these bonds, the debt is not actually repaid, and the amount of bonds issued continued to grow. Japan has continued to issue bonds to cover the debt since the asset price bubble collapse. There was the phase that opportunity to act austerity policy rose when the fear for return (repayment) principal of interest was close-upped at any trouble happened. But, the policy was acted, that was the inadequate fiscal action by the government and bring finance under control by the Bank of Japan, when critical recession caused by austerity policy and others.
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Content: This national bond is called renewal national bond. As a result of issuing these bonds, the debt is not actually repaid, and the amount of bonds issued continued to grow. Japan has continued to issue bonds to cover the debt since the asset price bubble collapse. There was the phase that opportunity to act austerity policy rose when the fear for return (repayment) principal of interest was close-upped at any trouble happened. But, the policy was acted, that was the inadequate fiscal action by the government and bring finance under control by the Bank of Japan, when critical recession caused by austerity policy and others. There was the opinion that suggested a fear for general situation of the economic structure, that the Japanese economy experienced deflation caused by globalizationand the growing international competition. [ 20][21]These factors steered the direction of Japanese economic policy, hence, the perceived harmful impact to the economic strength of the country. With the above-mentioned view point from the mobilizing of finances by the government or the action to monetary squeeze by the BOJ, or, from the view point that it has been deflation recession caused by long termed low demand, there are criticisms that it also cause an effect hurt power of economy the tend to promote structural reform [jp]increase efficiency of supply side. On the other hand, there are following suggestions for that criticisms: Paul Krugmansuggested that the opportunity costof investmenthas been greater than the ROI,[22]and that the quantitative easingpolicy has not been effective.
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Title: Japanese-American life after World War II - Wikipedia
Headings: Japanese-American life after World War II
Japanese-American life after World War II
Contents
Japanese American Evacuation Claims Act
McCarran-Walter Act
1965 Immigration Act
Congress’ investigation of WWII Japanese-American imprisonment
Civil Liberties Act
Repudiation of Korematsu v. United States
Timeline of life after World War II
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: This harsh treatment encompassed exclusion from being hired by jobs in the LA county, and being shut out by the produce industry, which was the lifeblood of many Japanese Americans prior to WWII. Contents
1 Japanese American Evacuation Claims Act
2 McCarran-Walter Act
3 1965 Immigration Act
4 Congress’ investigation of WWII Japanese-American imprisonment
5 Civil Liberties Act
6 Repudiation of Korematsu v. United States
7 Timeline of life after World War II
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Japanese American Evacuation Claims Act
In 1948, President Truman signed the Japanese-American Claims Act. This act was a way to compensate Japanese Americans for their economic losses due to their forced evacuation. Although some $38 million was paid out through provisions of the act, it would be largely ineffective even on the limited scope in which it operated. McCarran-Walter Act
When the war ended, the American opinion of Japanese was altered. Japan was in the process of rebuilding with the help of the U.S. military. Japanese became known for their intelligence, amiable relations, and hardworking ethic. The new perspective of this country changed American minds about Japanese. In 1952, this new opinion of the Japanese resulted in first-generation Japanese Americans receiving the right to become naturalized U.S. citizens with the McCarran-Walter Act. 1965 Immigration Act
The Immigration and Nationality Act amendments of 1965 eliminated the national origins quota that was established by the United States in the Immigration Act of 1924.
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Title: Japanese-American service in World War II - Wikipedia
Headings: Japanese-American service in World War II
Japanese-American service in World War II
Contents
Servicemen in the U.S. Army
100th Infantry Battalion
442nd Regimental Combat Team
522nd Field Artillery Battalion
Military Intelligence Service
Servicemen in the Army Air Forces
Women's Army Corps
Recognition
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Japanese-American service in World War II - Wikipedia
Japanese-American service in World War II
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Boy Scouts at the Granada War Relocation Center raise the flag to half-mast during a Memorial Service for the first six Nisei soldiers from this Center who were killed in action in Italy. The service was attended by 1,500 Amache internees. -- August 5, 1944. Play media
US government-produced film attempting to defend the massive internment of Japanese Americans in detention camps during World War II. ( Media from the Prelinger Archives)
A U.S. soldier and his mother in Florin, Sacramento County, California
US Army promotional pamphlet
During the early years of World War II, Japanese Americans were forcibly relocated from their homes in the West Coast because military leaders and public opinion combined to fan unproven fears of sabotage. As the war progressed, many of the young Nisei, Japanese immigrants' children who were born with American citizenship, volunteered or were drafted to serve in the United States military. Japanese Americans served in all the branches of the United States Armed Forces, including the United States Merchant Marine. An estimated 33,000 Japanese Americans served in the U.S. military during World War II, of which 20,000 joined the Army. Approximately 800 were killed in action. The 100th/ 442nd Infantry Regiment became the most decorated unit in U.S. military history.
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Title: Japanese Americans - Wikipedia
Headings: Japanese Americans
Japanese Americans
Contents
History
Immigration
Internment and redress
Cultural profile
Generations
Languages
Education
Schools for Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals
Religion
Celebrations
Major celebrations in the United States
Politics
Genetics
Risk for inherited diseases
Japanese Americans by state
Alaska
California
Connecticut
Georgia
Hawaii
Illinois
Massachusetts
Michigan
New Jersey
New York
Oregon
Virginia
Washington
Neighborhoods and communities
West
Outside the West
Notable people
Politics
Science and technology
Art and literature
Art and architecture
Literature
Music
Sports
Entertainment and media
Works about Japanese Americans
See also
References
Further reading
In Hawaii
External links
Content: Japanese Americans - Wikipedia
Japanese Americans
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Japanese American)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the TV miniseries, see Japanese Americans (miniseries). Americans of Japanese birth or descent
Japanese Americans
日系アメリカ人（日系米国人）
Nikkei Amerikajin (Nikkei Beikokujin)
The Japanese American National Museum
Total population
1,469,637
0.44% of the total U.S. population (2019)
Regions with significant populations
Hawaii, the West Coast especially California and urban areas elsewhere. Languages
American English, Japanese and Hawaiian Pidgin
Religion
33% Protestantism
32% Unaffiliated
25% Buddhism
4% Catholicism
4% Shinto
Related ethnic groups
Japanese people, Ryukyuan Americans
Japanese Americans ( Japanese: 日系アメリカ人, Hepburn: Nikkei Amerikajin) are Americans of Japanese ancestry. Japanese Americans were among the three largest Asian American ethnic communities during the 20th century; but, according to the 2000 census, they have declined in number to constitute the sixth largest Asian American group at around 1,469,637, including those of partial ancestry. According to the 2010 census, the largest Japanese American communities were found in California with 272,528, Hawaii with 185,502, New York with 37,780, Washington with 35,008, Illinois with 17,542, and Ohio with 16,995. Southern California has the largest Japanese American population in North America and the city of Gardena holds the densest Japanese American population in the 48 contiguous states. Contents
1 History
1.1 Immigration
1.2 Internment and redress
2 Cultural profile
2.1 Generations
2.2 Languages
2.3 Education
2.3.1 Schools for Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals
3 Religion
3.1 Celebrations
4 Politics
5 Genetics
5.1 Risk for inherited diseases
6 Japanese Americans by state
6.1 Alaska
6.2 California
6.3 Connecticut
6.4 Georgia
6.5 Hawaii
6.6 Illinois
6.7 Massachusetts
6.8 Michigan
6.9 New Jersey
6.10 New York
6.11 Oregon
6.12 Virginia
6.13 Washington
7 Neighborhoods and communities
7.1 West
7.2 Outside the West
8 Notable people
8.1 Politics
8.2 Science and technology
8.3 Art and literature
8.3.1 Art and architecture
8.3.2 Literature
8.4 Music
8.5 Sports
8.6 Entertainment and media
9 Works about Japanese Americans
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
12.1 In Hawaii
13 External links
History
Main articles:
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Title: Japanese Americans - Wikipedia
Headings: Japanese Americans
Japanese Americans
Contents
History
Immigration
Internment and redress
Cultural profile
Generations
Languages
Education
Schools for Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals
Religion
Celebrations
Major celebrations in the United States
Politics
Genetics
Risk for inherited diseases
Japanese Americans by state
Alaska
California
Connecticut
Georgia
Hawaii
Illinois
Massachusetts
Michigan
New Jersey
New York
Oregon
Virginia
Washington
Neighborhoods and communities
West
Outside the West
Notable people
Politics
Science and technology
Art and literature
Art and architecture
Literature
Music
Sports
Entertainment and media
Works about Japanese Americans
See also
References
Further reading
In Hawaii
External links
Content: Japanese Americans were among the three largest Asian American ethnic communities during the 20th century; but, according to the 2000 census, they have declined in number to constitute the sixth largest Asian American group at around 1,469,637, including those of partial ancestry. According to the 2010 census, the largest Japanese American communities were found in California with 272,528, Hawaii with 185,502, New York with 37,780, Washington with 35,008, Illinois with 17,542, and Ohio with 16,995. Southern California has the largest Japanese American population in North America and the city of Gardena holds the densest Japanese American population in the 48 contiguous states. Contents
1 History
1.1 Immigration
1.2 Internment and redress
2 Cultural profile
2.1 Generations
2.2 Languages
2.3 Education
2.3.1 Schools for Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals
3 Religion
3.1 Celebrations
4 Politics
5 Genetics
5.1 Risk for inherited diseases
6 Japanese Americans by state
6.1 Alaska
6.2 California
6.3 Connecticut
6.4 Georgia
6.5 Hawaii
6.6 Illinois
6.7 Massachusetts
6.8 Michigan
6.9 New Jersey
6.10 New York
6.11 Oregon
6.12 Virginia
6.13 Washington
7 Neighborhoods and communities
7.1 West
7.2 Outside the West
8 Notable people
8.1 Politics
8.2 Science and technology
8.3 Art and literature
8.3.1 Art and architecture
8.3.2 Literature
8.4 Music
8.5 Sports
8.6 Entertainment and media
9 Works about Japanese Americans
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
12.1 In Hawaii
13 External links
History
Main articles: Japanese-American history, Japanese-American life before World War II, and Japanese-American life after World War II
Immigration
A street in Seattle's Nihonmachi in 1909
People from Japan began migrating to the US in significant numbers following the political, cultural, and social changes stemming from the Meiji Restoration in 1868. These early Issei immigrants came primarily from small towns and rural areas in the southern Japanese prefectures of Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Kumamoto, and Fukuoka and most of them settled in either Hawaii or along the West Coast. The Japanese population in the United States grew from 148 in 1880 (mostly students) to 2,039 in 1890 and 24,326 by 1900. In 1907, the Gentlemen's Agreement between the governments of Japan and the United States ended immigration of Japanese unskilled workers, but permitted the immigration of businessmen, students and spouses of Japanese immigrants already in the US. Prior to the Gentlemen's Agreement, about seven out of eight ethnic Japanese in the continental United States were men.
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Title: Japanese Americans - Wikipedia
Headings: Japanese Americans
Japanese Americans
Contents
History
Immigration
Internment and redress
Cultural profile
Generations
Languages
Education
Schools for Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals
Religion
Celebrations
Major celebrations in the United States
Politics
Genetics
Risk for inherited diseases
Japanese Americans by state
Alaska
California
Connecticut
Georgia
Hawaii
Illinois
Massachusetts
Michigan
New Jersey
New York
Oregon
Virginia
Washington
Neighborhoods and communities
West
Outside the West
Notable people
Politics
Science and technology
Art and literature
Art and architecture
Literature
Music
Sports
Entertainment and media
Works about Japanese Americans
See also
References
Further reading
In Hawaii
External links
Content: Japanese-American history, Japanese-American life before World War II, and Japanese-American life after World War II
Immigration
A street in Seattle's Nihonmachi in 1909
People from Japan began migrating to the US in significant numbers following the political, cultural, and social changes stemming from the Meiji Restoration in 1868. These early Issei immigrants came primarily from small towns and rural areas in the southern Japanese prefectures of Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Kumamoto, and Fukuoka and most of them settled in either Hawaii or along the West Coast. The Japanese population in the United States grew from 148 in 1880 (mostly students) to 2,039 in 1890 and 24,326 by 1900. In 1907, the Gentlemen's Agreement between the governments of Japan and the United States ended immigration of Japanese unskilled workers, but permitted the immigration of businessmen, students and spouses of Japanese immigrants already in the US. Prior to the Gentlemen's Agreement, about seven out of eight ethnic Japanese in the continental United States were men. By 1924, the ratio had changed to approximately four women to every six men. Japanese immigration to the U.S. effectively ended when Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1924 which banned all but a token few Japanese people. The earlier Naturalization Act of 1790 restricted naturalized United States citizenship to free white persons, which excluded the Issei from citizenship. As a result, the Issei were unable to vote and faced additional restrictions such as the inability to own land under many state laws. Due to these restrictions, Japanese immigration to the United States between 1931-1950 only totaled 3,503 which is strikingly low compared to the totals of 46,250 people in 1951–1960, 39,988 in 1961-70, 49,775 in 1971-80, 47,085 in 1981-90, and 67,942 in 1991-2000.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2156714411#4_2322569134
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Title: Japanese Americans - Wikipedia
Headings: Japanese Americans
Japanese Americans
Contents
History
Immigration
Internment and redress
Cultural profile
Generations
Languages
Education
Schools for Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals
Religion
Celebrations
Major celebrations in the United States
Politics
Genetics
Risk for inherited diseases
Japanese Americans by state
Alaska
California
Connecticut
Georgia
Hawaii
Illinois
Massachusetts
Michigan
New Jersey
New York
Oregon
Virginia
Washington
Neighborhoods and communities
West
Outside the West
Notable people
Politics
Science and technology
Art and literature
Art and architecture
Literature
Music
Sports
Entertainment and media
Works about Japanese Americans
See also
References
Further reading
In Hawaii
External links
Content: Because no new immigrants from Japan were permitted after 1924, almost all pre-World War II Japanese Americans born after this time were born in the United States. This generation, the Nisei, became a distinct cohort from the Issei generation in terms of age, citizenship, and English-language ability, in addition to the usual generational differences. Institutional and interpersonal racism led many of the Nisei to marry other Nisei, resulting in a third distinct generation of Japanese Americans, the Sansei. Significant Japanese immigration did not occur again until the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 ended 40 years of bans against immigration from Japan and other countries. In the last few decades, immigration from Japan has been more like that from Europe. The numbers involve on average 5 to 10 thousand per year, and is similar to the amount of immigration to the US from Germany. This is in stark contrast to the rest of Asia, where better opportunity of life is the primary impetus for immigration. Internment and redress
Main articles: Internment of Japanese Americans and Japanese American redress and court cases
Families of Japanese ancestry being removed from Los Angeles during World War II
During World War II, an estimated 120,000 Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals or citizens residing on the West Coast of the United States were forcibly interned in ten different camps across the Western United States. The internment was based on the race or ancestry, rather than the activities of the interned.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2156714411#11_2322585930
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Title: Japanese Americans - Wikipedia
Headings: Japanese Americans
Japanese Americans
Contents
History
Immigration
Internment and redress
Cultural profile
Generations
Languages
Education
Schools for Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals
Religion
Celebrations
Major celebrations in the United States
Politics
Genetics
Risk for inherited diseases
Japanese Americans by state
Alaska
California
Connecticut
Georgia
Hawaii
Illinois
Massachusetts
Michigan
New Jersey
New York
Oregon
Virginia
Washington
Neighborhoods and communities
West
Outside the West
Notable people
Politics
Science and technology
Art and literature
Art and architecture
Literature
Music
Sports
Entertainment and media
Works about Japanese Americans
See also
References
Further reading
In Hawaii
External links
Content: The Hawaii media market has a few locally produced Japanese language newspapers and magazines, although these are on the verge of dying out, due to a lack of interest on the part of the local (Hawaii-born) Japanese population. Stores that cater to the tourist industry often have Japanese-speaking personnel. To show their allegiance to the US, many nisei and sansei intentionally avoided learning Japanese. But as many of the later generations find their identities in both Japan and America or American society broadens its definition of cultural identity, studying Japanese is becoming more popular than it once was. Education
Chicago
Oakland, NJ
Greenwich, CT
Keio Academy
Nishiyamato Academy
Seigakuin Atlanta
Meiji Gakuin
Locations of Japanese day schools ( nihonjin gakkō and shiritsu zaigai kyoiku shisetsu) in the contiguous United States approved by the Japanese MEXT (gray dots represent closed schools)
Japanese American culture places great value on education and culture. Across generations, children are often instilled with a strong desire to enter the rigors of higher education. Math and reading scores on the SAT and ACT
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2157560592#6_2323424397
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Title: Japanese profanity - Wikipedia
Headings: Japanese profanity
Japanese profanity
Contents
Language-based profanity
Pronouns and suffixes
Honorific language
Bowing
Sex
Male profanities
Female profanities
Neutral profanities
Insults
Common Japanese insults
Stupidity
Personality/people
Racial euphemisms
Homosexuality
References
Content: The potential form of this is 聞こえる kikoeru, and the corresponding negative form is 聞こえない kikoenai. The polite conjugation of the negative potential plain form is then 聞こえません kikoemasen, as seen in the example (1). In example (3) the speaker has chosen to use the plain form 聞こえない kikoenai, and this indicates a disregard for the social hierarchical status of Ms Ishiyama over the speaker. Japanese women dressed in kimono bowing to each other in formal greeting in a tatami room
Bowing
Bowing was introduced into Japanese culture c. 500–800 BCE, possibly alongside the introduction of Chinese Buddhism into the country. Bowing when greeting another person has become a large part of Japanese culture and there are specific customs that are followed to show humility and respect in situations including business meetings, formal occasions, and day-to-day interactions. When performing a standing bow (正立 seiritsu) to another Japanese speaker, the individual's back should remain straight, with their hands by their side, and eyes averted to the ground. From sitting, the individual should be seated on their knees (正座 seiza) with their hands forming a triangle on the floor in front of them, and head moving towards the hands. The bow does not need to be held for extended time, however the action should not be rushed either. The speed in which the bow is performed, as a result, can infer levels of politeness or rudeness. The depth of the bow performed by an individual changes the meaning of the bow.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Profanity
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2157560592#7_2323426557
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Title: Japanese profanity - Wikipedia
Headings: Japanese profanity
Japanese profanity
Contents
Language-based profanity
Pronouns and suffixes
Honorific language
Bowing
Sex
Male profanities
Female profanities
Neutral profanities
Insults
Common Japanese insults
Stupidity
Personality/people
Racial euphemisms
Homosexuality
References
Content: When performing a standing bow (正立 seiritsu) to another Japanese speaker, the individual's back should remain straight, with their hands by their side, and eyes averted to the ground. From sitting, the individual should be seated on their knees (正座 seiza) with their hands forming a triangle on the floor in front of them, and head moving towards the hands. The bow does not need to be held for extended time, however the action should not be rushed either. The speed in which the bow is performed, as a result, can infer levels of politeness or rudeness. The depth of the bow performed by an individual changes the meaning of the bow. A bow of 15 degrees is considered a casual bow or greeting bow (会釈 eshaku ). This sort of bow can be used with someone of equal social hierarchical status such as a colleague or friend's friend. A bow of 30 degrees is considered a polite bow (浅礼 senrei) and should be made from seiza, not from seiritsu. This sort of bow is used in semi-formal situations. A bow of 45 degrees is a respectful bow (敬礼 keirei) and can be done while seated or standing.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Profanity
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2157601298#3_2323476088
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Title: Japanese Recession - Wikipedia
Headings: Japanese Recession
Japanese Recession
Contents
Cause
Effect
Steps towards improvement
See also
References
Bibliography
Content: Contents
1 Cause
2 Effect
3 Steps towards improvement
4 See also
5 References
6 Bibliography
Cause
Though Japan's recent recession cannot be tied to one single event, analysts believe that one of the leading causes is linked to a 14-year high for the yen compared to the U.S. dollar. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( December 2009)
After the September 1985 Plaza Accord, the yen's appreciation hit the export sector hard, reducing economic growth from 4.4 percent in 1985 to 2.9 percent in 1986. The government attempted to offset the stronger yen by drastically easing monetary policy between January 1986 and February 1987. During this period, the Bank of Japan (BOJ) cut the discount rate in half from 5 percent to 2.5 percent. Following the economic stimulus, asset prices in the real estate and stock markets inflated, creating one of the biggest financial bubbles in history. The government responded by tightening monetary policy, raising rates five times, to 6 percent in 1989 and 1990. After these increases, the market collapsed. The Nikkei stock market index fell more than 60 percent—from a high of 40,000 at the end of 1989 to under 15,000 by 1992.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Recession
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2157601298#4_2323477648
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Title: Japanese Recession - Wikipedia
Headings: Japanese Recession
Japanese Recession
Contents
Cause
Effect
Steps towards improvement
See also
References
Bibliography
Content: During this period, the Bank of Japan (BOJ) cut the discount rate in half from 5 percent to 2.5 percent. Following the economic stimulus, asset prices in the real estate and stock markets inflated, creating one of the biggest financial bubbles in history. The government responded by tightening monetary policy, raising rates five times, to 6 percent in 1989 and 1990. After these increases, the market collapsed. The Nikkei stock market index fell more than 60 percent—from a high of 40,000 at the end of 1989 to under 15,000 by 1992. It rose somewhat during the mid-1990s on hopes that the economy would soon recover, but as the economic outlook continued to worsen, share prices again fell. The Nikkei fell below 12,000 by March 2001. Real estate prices also plummeted during the recession—by 80 percent from 1991 to 1998. Effect
The effect that Japan's recession has had on its country has greatly changed their market values on almost all goods as well as their real estate market. However, Japan is not the only country feeling the effect of their recession;
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Recession
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2157601298#9_2323486330
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Title: Japanese Recession - Wikipedia
Headings: Japanese Recession
Japanese Recession
Contents
Cause
Effect
Steps towards improvement
See also
References
Bibliography
Content: Finally, in October 2000, Japan announced yet another fiscal stimulus package of 11 trillion yen. Overall during the 1990s, Japan tried 10 fiscal stimulus packages totaling more than 100 trillion yen, and each failed to cure the recession. What the spending programs have done, however, is put Japan's government in poor fiscal shape. The "on-budget" government spending has caused public debt to exceed 100 percent of GDP (highest in the G7), and even more debt is apparent when the "off-budget" sector is included. Japan's expansionary monetary policy failed to achieve recovery. From a high of 6 percent, the discount rate has been lowered to 4.5 percent in 1991, 3.25 percent in 1992, 1.75 percent during 1993–1994, and 0.5 percent during 1995–2000. This dramatic easing of interest rates has not stimulated Japan's economy, but the failure of interest-rate easing is not necessarily a failure of monetary theory. Japan's banking system is widely regarded as in need of restructuring. Much of the stimulus that reduced rates could provide has not been realized because the banking community has been increasing its liquidity instead of increasing its lending. Many banks have bad loans with collateral now worth only 60–80 percent of their value when the loans were made.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Recession
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2158699400#1_2324500013
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Title: Japanese asset price bubble - Wikipedia
Headings: Japanese asset price bubble
Japanese asset price bubble
Contents
Background
Timeline
Identification
Asset prices
Stock prices
Money supply and credit
Causes
The Plaza Accord
Financial liberalization
Monetary policy
Distortions in the tax system
The land lease law
Changes in bank behaviour
Aftermath
Asset price
Corruption
Household impact
Corporate impact
Financial and banking sector
The lost decade
Government policy
Government spending
Zero interest rate policy
Media
Notes
References
External links
Content: By August 1990, the Nikkei stock index had plummeted to half its peak by the time of the fifth monetary tightening by the Bank of Japan (BOJ). By late 1991, other asset prices began to fall. Even though asset prices had visibly collapsed by early 1992, the economy's decline continued for more than a decade. This decline resulted in a huge accumulation of non-performing assets loans (NPL), causing difficulties for many financial institutions. The bursting of the Japanese asset price bubble contributed to what many call the Lost Decade. Japan's annual land prices averaged nationwide have finally risen since the asset bubble collapse, though only mildly at 0.1%, a process that has taken 26 years to show up statistically. Contents
1 Background
2 Timeline
3 Identification
3.1 Asset prices
3.2 Stock prices
3.3 Money supply and credit
4 Causes
4.1 The Plaza Accord
4.2 Financial liberalization
4.3 Monetary policy
4.4 Distortions in the tax system
4.5 The land lease law
4.6 Changes in bank behaviour
5 Aftermath
5.1 Asset price
5.2 Corruption
5.3 Household impact
5.4 Corporate impact
5.5 Financial and banking sector
5.6 The lost decade
6 Government policy
6.1 Government spending
6.2 Zero interest rate policy
7 Media
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Background
Early research has found that the rapid increase in Japanese asset prices was largely due to the delayed action by the BOJ to address the issue. At the end of August 1987, the BOJ signaled the possibility of tightening the monetary policy, but decided to delay the decision in view of economic uncertainty related to Black Monday of 1987 in the United States. Later research argued an alternative view, that BOJ reluctance to tighten the monetary policy was in spite of the fact that the economy went into expansion in the second half of 1987. The Japanese economy had just recovered from the endaka recession (日本の円高不況, Nihon no endakafukyō, lit. "
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2158699400#2_2324502787
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Title: Japanese asset price bubble - Wikipedia
Headings: Japanese asset price bubble
Japanese asset price bubble
Contents
Background
Timeline
Identification
Asset prices
Stock prices
Money supply and credit
Causes
The Plaza Accord
Financial liberalization
Monetary policy
Distortions in the tax system
The land lease law
Changes in bank behaviour
Aftermath
Asset price
Corruption
Household impact
Corporate impact
Financial and banking sector
The lost decade
Government policy
Government spending
Zero interest rate policy
Media
Notes
References
External links
Content: Japan's annual land prices averaged nationwide have finally risen since the asset bubble collapse, though only mildly at 0.1%, a process that has taken 26 years to show up statistically. Contents
1 Background
2 Timeline
3 Identification
3.1 Asset prices
3.2 Stock prices
3.3 Money supply and credit
4 Causes
4.1 The Plaza Accord
4.2 Financial liberalization
4.3 Monetary policy
4.4 Distortions in the tax system
4.5 The land lease law
4.6 Changes in bank behaviour
5 Aftermath
5.1 Asset price
5.2 Corruption
5.3 Household impact
5.4 Corporate impact
5.5 Financial and banking sector
5.6 The lost decade
6 Government policy
6.1 Government spending
6.2 Zero interest rate policy
7 Media
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Background
Early research has found that the rapid increase in Japanese asset prices was largely due to the delayed action by the BOJ to address the issue. At the end of August 1987, the BOJ signaled the possibility of tightening the monetary policy, but decided to delay the decision in view of economic uncertainty related to Black Monday of 1987 in the United States. Later research argued an alternative view, that BOJ reluctance to tighten the monetary policy was in spite of the fact that the economy went into expansion in the second half of 1987. The Japanese economy had just recovered from the endaka recession (日本の円高不況, Nihon no endakafukyō, lit. " recession caused by appreciation of Japanese Yen"), which occurred from 1985 to 1986. The endaka recession has been closely linked to the Plaza Accord of September 1985, which led to the strong appreciation of the Japanese yen. The term endaka fukyō would in the future be used repeatedly to describe the many times the yen surged and the economy went into recession, posing a conundrum for business and government, trade partners, and anti-monetary interventionists. The strong appreciation of the yen eroded the Japanese economy, since the economy was led by exports and capital investment for export purpose. In fact, in order to overcome the endaka recession and stimulate the local economy, an aggressive fiscal policy was adopted, mainly through expansion of public investment.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2160445856#13_2326185747
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Title: Japanese financial system - Wikipedia
Headings: Japanese financial system
Japanese financial system
Contents
Banks
Government institutions
Securities
Stock Exchange
References
Content: stocks, bonds, investment trusts, rights, and warrants alone. Japan's stock market dealings exploded in the 1980s, with increased trading volume and rapidly rising stock prices. The trading recorded by the Nikkei 225 stock average, compiled by the Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Japan Economic Daily), grew from 6,850 in October 1982 to nearly 39,000 in early 1990. During one six-month period in 1986, total trade volume on the Tokyo exchange increased by 250% with wild swings in the Nikkei. After the plunge of the New York Stock Exchange in October 1987, the Tokyo average dropped by 15%, but there was a sharp recovery by early 1988. This was the height of the Japanese asset price bubble, which collapsed in the year 1990, and was followed by the lost decade . References
Japan information from the Library of Congress
v
t
e
Economy of Japan
History
Economic history of Japan
Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan
Agriculture in the Empire of Japan
Japanese asset price bubble
Japanese economic miracle
Lost Decade
Japan–South Korea trade dispute
Zaibatsu
Nemawashi
Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
Shūshin koyō
Nenko System
Salaryman
Keiretsu
Standard of living in Japan
Amakudari
Currency
Bank of Japan
Banknotes of the Japanese yen
Japan Mint
Japanese yen
National Printing Bureau
Tokugawa coinage
Scrip of Edo period Japan
Banking and finance
Nikkei 225
Osaka Exchange
Tokyo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_financial_system
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2174167908#9_2341401978
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Title: ImJayStation - Wikipedia
Headings: ImJayStation
ImJayStation
Contents
Career
Controversies
Contacting dead celebrities
Walt Disney World arrest
Assault and fake death of girlfriend
Hiatus, second channel and termination from YouTube
References
Content: In the video, Ethier detailed his regrets from his YouTube career, from his paranormal vlogs faking communication with dead celebrities to his homophobic videos in which he drinks a "gay potion". YouTube also confirmed to Insider that Ethier's channel had been demonetized one week before Ethier quit his channel, meaning that he could no longer derive income from his YouTube videos. However, just two months later, Ethier returned to YouTube in a video with his former girlfriend Marano on their joint channel Dream Team, the two claiming to have resolved their differences. Later in the year, the Dream Team channel was wiped of all its content save for one video due to Marano breaking up with Ethier again. Ethier took over the account and restructured it into his second channel, titled "666", in which he mostly released reaction and gameplay content. On March 12, 2021, his channel ImJayStation along with 666 were terminated, the given reason being for violating YouTube's Terms of Service. Ethier initially assumed the terminations were a mistake and contacted YouTube to ask to reinstate them. After YouTube responded in an email the reasons for his termination, he blasted the site, calling it "the worst platform ever". He attempted to gain sympathy on his Twitter account, falsely claiming he "did nothing wrong" and that his channels were wrongfully terminated. This was met with much criticism from other users, who celebrated his termination, viewing it as having happened much later than it should have.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JayStation
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2199847843#6_2369911817
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Title: Jeremy Corbyn - Wikipedia
Headings: Jeremy Corbyn
Jeremy Corbyn
Contents
Early life
Early career and political activities
Parliamentary backbencher (1983–2015)
Labour in opposition (1982–1997)
Irish politics
Labour in government (1997–2010)
Stop the War Coalition and anti-war activism
Parliamentary groups and activism
Labour in opposition (2010–2015)
Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020)
Leadership election
Labour Party membership under recent leaders
Corbynmania
First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015–2017)
First Shadow Cabinet and other appointments
Military intervention in Syria
January 2016 Shadow Cabinet reshuffle
May 2016 local elections
EU referendum
Shadow Cabinet resignations and vote of no confidence
2016 leadership challenge and election
Article 50
May 2017 local elections
2017 general election
Leaked Labour Party report on antisemitism
Opinion polling
Second term as Leader of the Opposition (2017–2019)
June 2017 Shadow Cabinet dismissals
Salisbury poisoning response
Developments of the Labour Party's Brexit policies
Breakaway group of Labour MPs
Other events
2019 general election and resignation
Opinion polling
Post-leadership
Project for Peace and Justice
Policies and views
Economy and taxation
National and constitutional issues
Education
European Union
Foreign affairs
War and peace
NATO and nuclear weapons
United States
Israel and Palestine
Tunisian wreath-laying controversy
Kosovo
Sri Lanka and the Tamil Tigers
Iran
Saudi Arabia
Chagos Islands sovereignty dispute
Cuba
Venezuela
Kurdistan and Kurds
Allegations of antisemitism
Suspension from the Labour Party
Media coverage
Personal life
Personal beliefs and interests
Awards and recognition
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: In 2019, after deadlock in Parliament over Brexit, Corbyn endorsed holding a referendum on the withdrawal agreement, with a personal stance of neutrality. In the 2019 general election, Labour's vote share fell to 32%, its lowest since 2015, leading to a net loss of 60 seats and leaving it with 202, its fewest since 1935. Corbyn said he would not lead the Labour Party into the next election, triggering a leadership election in 2020 that was won by Keir Starmer, his Shadow Brexit Secretary . Contents
1 Early life
2 Early career and political activities
3 Parliamentary backbencher (1983–2015)
3.1 Labour in opposition (1982–1997)
3.1.1 Irish politics
3.2 Labour in government (1997–2010)
3.2.1 Stop the War Coalition and anti-war activism
3.2.2 Parliamentary groups and activism
3.3 Labour in opposition (2010–2015)
4 Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020)
4.1 Leadership election
4.2 Corbynmania
4.3 First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015–2017)
4.3.1 First Shadow Cabinet and other appointments
4.3.2 Military intervention in Syria
4.3.3 January 2016 Shadow Cabinet reshuffle
4.3.4 May 2016 local elections
4.3.5 EU referendum
4.3.6 Shadow Cabinet resignations and vote of no confidence
4.4 2016 leadership challenge and election
4.4.1 Article 50
4.4.2 May 2017 local elections
4.5 2017 general election
4.5.1 Leaked Labour Party report on antisemitism
4.5.2 Opinion polling
4.6 Second term as Leader of the Opposition (2017–2019)
4.6.1 June 2017 Shadow Cabinet dismissals
4.6.2 Salisbury poisoning response
4.6.3 Developments of the Labour Party's Brexit policies
4.6.4 Breakaway group of Labour MPs
4.6.5 Other events
4.7 2019 general election and resignation
4.7.1 Opinion polling
5 Post-leadership
5.1 Project for Peace and Justice
6 Policies and views
6.1 Economy and taxation
6.2 National and constitutional issues
6.3 Education
6.4 European Union
6.5 Foreign affairs
6.5.1 War and peace
6.5.2 NATO and nuclear weapons
6.5.3 United States
6.5.4 Israel and Palestine
6.5.5 Tunisian wreath-laying controversy
6.5.6 Kosovo
6.5.7 Sri Lanka and the Tamil Tigers
6.5.8 Iran
6.5.9 Saudi Arabia
6.5.10 Chagos Islands sovereignty dispute
6.5.11 Cuba
6.5.12 Venezuela
6.5.13 Kurdistan and Kurds
7 Allegations of antisemitism
7.1 Suspension from the Labour Party
8 Media coverage
9 Personal life
9.1 Personal beliefs and interests
10 Awards and recognition
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
Early life
Castle House School, where Corbyn attended preparatory school
Adams Grammar School, where Corbyn attended secondary school
Corbyn was born on 26 May 1949 in Chippenham, Wiltshire, and lived until the age of seven in the nearby village of Kington St Michael. He is the youngest of the four sons of Naomi Loveday (née Josling; 1915–1987), a maths teacher, and David Benjamin Corbyn (1915–1986), an electrical engineer and expert in power rectifiers. His brother Piers Corbyn is a physicist, meteorologist and weather forecaster. His parents were Labour Party members and peace campaigners who met in the 1930s at a committee meeting in support of the Spanish Republic at Conway Hall during the Spanish Civil War. When Corbyn was seven, the family moved to Pave Lane in Shropshire, where his father bought Yew Tree Manor, a 17th-century country house which was once part of the Duke of Sutherland 's Lilleshall estate. Corbyn attended Castle House School, an independent preparatory school near Newport, Shropshire, before, at age 11, becoming a day student at the Adams Grammar School in the town.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2209175695#5_2379759888
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Title: Jesse Norman - Wikipedia
Headings: Jesse Norman
Jesse Norman
Contents
Early life and education
Career
Academic
Banking
Political think tanks and writing
UK Parliament
Chairman of the Culture, Media and Sport Committee
Brexit
Other
Personal life
See also
References
External links
Content: What He Thought, and Why It Matters (2018), published by Allen Lane. UK Parliament
Norman won the new seat of Hereford and South Herefordshire at the 2010 General election with a 5.1% majority over the Liberal Democrats. He was a member of the Treasury Select Committee from July 2010 to March 2015, is Chairman of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Employee Ownership, founder of the PFI Rebate Campaign and founding member of the Campaign for an Effective Second Chamber which campaigns for the House of Lords to be appointed rather than elected. On 10 July 2012, Norman was identified as a ringleader of the rebellion over the House of Lords Reform package presented to the House of Commons. On the vote being overturned, Government Whips suggested to David Cameron that before the debate "Norman had spread a rumour to rally rebels" the Prime Minister was in reality unenthusiastic about the reforms. Immediately after the intensive debate, culminating in a narrow Government defeat by Labour 's rejection of the Lords Election proposals as tabled, Cameron is reported to have confronted Norman in the Members' Lobby telling him that such "conduct [misrepresenting Cameron to rally Lords Reform dissenters] was 'not honourable'"; Norman then withdrew in the direction of the Members' Bar but allegedly was immediately stopped and escorted from the Palace of Westminster by four Whips. Despite assertions by the then- Leader of the Opposition, Ed Miliband, a spokesman denied that there had been a heated argument, saying that Cameron had merely told Norman he had misrepresented his views. Miliband, then also leader of the Labour Party, described the scene as "fisticuffs in the Lobby" at Prime Minister's Questions the following day. Accounts of the severity of Cameron's words or gestures used vary (from the "Etonian Hairdryer") to no close finger-pointing at all and The Daily Telegraph wrote that cynics say this "public argument may have been staged" to try to prove to Liberal Democrats that Cameron shared their vision of Lords Reform.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Norman
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2209175695#6_2379762426
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Title: Jesse Norman - Wikipedia
Headings: Jesse Norman
Jesse Norman
Contents
Early life and education
Career
Academic
Banking
Political think tanks and writing
UK Parliament
Chairman of the Culture, Media and Sport Committee
Brexit
Other
Personal life
See also
References
External links
Content: Immediately after the intensive debate, culminating in a narrow Government defeat by Labour 's rejection of the Lords Election proposals as tabled, Cameron is reported to have confronted Norman in the Members' Lobby telling him that such "conduct [misrepresenting Cameron to rally Lords Reform dissenters] was 'not honourable'"; Norman then withdrew in the direction of the Members' Bar but allegedly was immediately stopped and escorted from the Palace of Westminster by four Whips. Despite assertions by the then- Leader of the Opposition, Ed Miliband, a spokesman denied that there had been a heated argument, saying that Cameron had merely told Norman he had misrepresented his views. Miliband, then also leader of the Labour Party, described the scene as "fisticuffs in the Lobby" at Prime Minister's Questions the following day. Accounts of the severity of Cameron's words or gestures used vary (from the "Etonian Hairdryer") to no close finger-pointing at all and The Daily Telegraph wrote that cynics say this "public argument may have been staged" to try to prove to Liberal Democrats that Cameron shared their vision of Lords Reform. In 2013, Norman said that so many Old Etonians were in government positions because of Eton's "ethos" of public service that "other schools don't imbue the same commitment". Later on Twitter, Norman said his comments were "defending one institution, not attacking others". Norman describes his educational background as following "an educational argument between my mother, who despised any form of privilege, and my father, who took the view that he had set up his own business, so he was entitled to spend money on his kids' education". Norman was sacked from Downing Street 's Policy Board after rebelling against the Government again in opposition to military intervention in Syria. On 27 June 2014, just prior to the nomination of Jean-Claude Juncker to the presidency of the European Commission, Norman gave his wholehearted support of Cameron's stance, as being "absolutely right ... in opposing Mr Juncker".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Norman
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2225961841#1_2396563134
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Title: Jim Glaser - Wikipedia
Headings: Jim Glaser
Jim Glaser
Contents
Biography
Discography
Singles
References
Content: He was born in Spalding, Nebraska. Contents
1 Biography
2 Discography
2.1 Singles
3 References
Biography
The brother of country singers Chuck and Tompall Glaser, he performed as both a solo artist and alongside his two brothers in the group Tompall and the Glaser Brothers. His early career as a backup vocalist included a long stint with singer/songwriter Marty Robbins. Shortly before beginning his solo recording career he had two major hits as songwriter in 1964, the top 5 "What Does it Take" which was recorded by Skeeter Davis and the top 40 "Thanks a Lot for Tryin' Anyway" recorded by Liz Anderson and later covered in albums by Jan Howard and Connie Smith. His biggest songwriting success was " Woman, Woman " a number 4 pop hit recorded by Gary Puckett & The Union Gap in 1967, and charting again for Glaser himself in 1975. As a solo artist, Jim Glaser recorded four studio albums, and charted several singles on the Hot Country Songs charts, including the Number One hit " You're Gettin' to Me Again ". Out of his three brothers, he was the only one to have a Number One hit. He was selected by the Academy of Country Music as Best New Male Vocalist in 1984. Glaser died of a heart attack on April 6, 2019, at the age of 81. Discography
Year
Title
Chart Positions
Label
US Country
1983
Man in the Mirror
16
Noble Vision
1984
Past the Point of No Return
40
1985
Everybody Knows I'm Yours
49
2004
Me and My Dream
Solitaire
Singles
Year
Song
Chart Positions
Album
US Country
CAN Country
1968
"God Help You Woman"
32
24
singles only
1969
"Please Take Me Back"
40
—
"I'm Not Through Loving You"
52
—
"Molly"
53
—
1973
"I See His Love All Over You"
67
—
1974
"Fool Passin' Through"
68
—
"Forgettin' 'Bout You"
51
—
1975
"One, Two, Three (Never Gonna Fall in Love Again)"
88
—
" Woman, Woman "
43
46
1976
"She's Free But She's Not Easy"
66
—
1977
"Chasin' My Tail"
88
—
"Don't Let My Love Stand in Your Way"
86
—
1983
"When You're Not a Lady"
16
—
The Man in the Mirror
"You Got Me Running"
28
—
"The Man in the Mirror"
17
—
1984
"If I Could Only Dance with You"
10
10
" You're Gettin' to Me Again "
1
3
"Let Me Down Easy"
16
33
1985
"I'll Be Your Fool Tonight"
54
—
Past the Point of No Return
"In Another Minute"
27
—
1986
"If I Don't Love You"
53
—
"The Lights of Albuquerque"
40
—
Everybody Knows I'm Yours
References
^ a bEder, Bruce. "
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Glaser
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2225961841#2_2396566025
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Title: Jim Glaser - Wikipedia
Headings: Jim Glaser
Jim Glaser
Contents
Biography
Discography
Singles
References
Content: As a solo artist, Jim Glaser recorded four studio albums, and charted several singles on the Hot Country Songs charts, including the Number One hit " You're Gettin' to Me Again ". Out of his three brothers, he was the only one to have a Number One hit. He was selected by the Academy of Country Music as Best New Male Vocalist in 1984. Glaser died of a heart attack on April 6, 2019, at the age of 81. Discography
Year
Title
Chart Positions
Label
US Country
1983
Man in the Mirror
16
Noble Vision
1984
Past the Point of No Return
40
1985
Everybody Knows I'm Yours
49
2004
Me and My Dream
Solitaire
Singles
Year
Song
Chart Positions
Album
US Country
CAN Country
1968
"God Help You Woman"
32
24
singles only
1969
"Please Take Me Back"
40
—
"I'm Not Through Loving You"
52
—
"Molly"
53
—
1973
"I See His Love All Over You"
67
—
1974
"Fool Passin' Through"
68
—
"Forgettin' 'Bout You"
51
—
1975
"One, Two, Three (Never Gonna Fall in Love Again)"
88
—
" Woman, Woman "
43
46
1976
"She's Free But She's Not Easy"
66
—
1977
"Chasin' My Tail"
88
—
"Don't Let My Love Stand in Your Way"
86
—
1983
"When You're Not a Lady"
16
—
The Man in the Mirror
"You Got Me Running"
28
—
"The Man in the Mirror"
17
—
1984
"If I Could Only Dance with You"
10
10
" You're Gettin' to Me Again "
1
3
"Let Me Down Easy"
16
33
1985
"I'll Be Your Fool Tonight"
54
—
Past the Point of No Return
"In Another Minute"
27
—
1986
"If I Don't Love You"
53
—
"The Lights of Albuquerque"
40
—
Everybody Knows I'm Yours
References
^ a bEder, Bruce. " Jim Glaser biography". Allmusic. Retrieved May 21, 2008. ^ "Tompall & The Glaser Brothers Member Jim Glaser Dies". Musicrow.com.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Glaser
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2253255054#0_2426549713
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Title: Client (prostitution) - Wikipedia
Headings: Client (prostitution)
Client (prostitution)
Contents
Lexicology
Motivation
Demography
Finances
Maltreatment and victimization
Perceptions
Legal treatment
Campaigning
See also
References
Content: Client (prostitution) - Wikipedia
Client (prostitution)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from John (prostitution))
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People purchasing the services of sex workers
Clients of prostitutes or sex workers are sometimes known as johns or tricks in North America and punters in the British Isles. In common parlance among prostitutes as well as with others, the act of negotiating and then engaging with a client is referred to as turning a trick. Female clients are sometimes called janes, although the vast majority of prostitution clients are male in almost all countries. Contents
1 Lexicology
2 Motivation
3 Demography
4 Finances
5 Maltreatment and victimization
6 Perceptions
7 Legal treatment
8 Campaigning
9 See also
10 References
Lexicology
There are many terms for clients, including whoremonger, sex-buyer, UK slang such as punter, terms for those in a vehicle such as kerb crawler, as well as Caribbean slang terms for female clients of gigolos such as milk bottle, longtail, yellowtail or stella. The term trick is sometimes associated with North America and punter is associated with the term for sex workers' clients in the British Isles. These slang terms are used among both prostitutes and law enforcement for persons who solicit prostitutes. The term john may have originated from the frequent customer practice of giving one's name as "John", a common name in English-speaking countries, in an effort to maintain anonymity. In some places, men who drive around red-light districts for the purpose of soliciting prostitutes are also known as kerb crawlers . Motivation
While studies reveal that clients seek out sex with prostitutes to satisfy otherwise unfulfilled sexual desires or simply as a means to establish social bonds with women, evidence suggests that some see purchase of sexual intercourse as purely a consumer product and a means to "reestablish the traditional male dominance over women," turning prostitution into a form of anti-feminism. An analysis from 2005 divides the motivation of clients into five broad categories:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_(prostitution)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2253255054#1_2426552264
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Title: Client (prostitution) - Wikipedia
Headings: Client (prostitution)
Client (prostitution)
Contents
Lexicology
Motivation
Demography
Finances
Maltreatment and victimization
Perceptions
Legal treatment
Campaigning
See also
References
Content: These slang terms are used among both prostitutes and law enforcement for persons who solicit prostitutes. The term john may have originated from the frequent customer practice of giving one's name as "John", a common name in English-speaking countries, in an effort to maintain anonymity. In some places, men who drive around red-light districts for the purpose of soliciting prostitutes are also known as kerb crawlers . Motivation
While studies reveal that clients seek out sex with prostitutes to satisfy otherwise unfulfilled sexual desires or simply as a means to establish social bonds with women, evidence suggests that some see purchase of sexual intercourse as purely a consumer product and a means to "reestablish the traditional male dominance over women," turning prostitution into a form of anti-feminism. An analysis from 2005 divides the motivation of clients into five broad categories: the fantasy of “dirty whore”, fuelled by feelings of curiosity and disgust; Another type of sex, where the desire to experience sexuality that is not possible with a steady partner underwrites the act; No other women, believes that due to shyness, fear, age or physical or mental disabilities there are no "no other women for me"; ( see inceldom)
Consumer of sex, wherein sex is a product; Another type of woman, where sex is sought out as an expressions of strong anti-feminist notions, as a reaction to a perceived a loss of masculine supremacy.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_(prostitution)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2253255054#2_2426554164
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Title: Client (prostitution) - Wikipedia
Headings: Client (prostitution)
Client (prostitution)
Contents
Lexicology
Motivation
Demography
Finances
Maltreatment and victimization
Perceptions
Legal treatment
Campaigning
See also
References
Content: the fantasy of “dirty whore”, fuelled by feelings of curiosity and disgust; Another type of sex, where the desire to experience sexuality that is not possible with a steady partner underwrites the act; No other women, believes that due to shyness, fear, age or physical or mental disabilities there are no "no other women for me"; ( see inceldom)
Consumer of sex, wherein sex is a product; Another type of woman, where sex is sought out as an expressions of strong anti-feminist notions, as a reaction to a perceived a loss of masculine supremacy. Demography
According to Sabine Grenz of the University of Gothenburg, clients come from all socio-economic classes, and include " stockbrokers, truck drivers, teachers, priests or law-enforcement officials." As such, "There are no social characteristics that basically distinguish johns from other men." According to Megan Lundstrom of Free Our Girls, 80% to 90% of clients are married men. According to a study by Health and Social Life, 55% of clients are married or cohabiting. Only 39% of clients are aware that one could contract an STI from being fellated.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_(prostitution)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2253255054#3_2426555723
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Title: Client (prostitution) - Wikipedia
Headings: Client (prostitution)
Client (prostitution)
Contents
Lexicology
Motivation
Demography
Finances
Maltreatment and victimization
Perceptions
Legal treatment
Campaigning
See also
References
Content: Demography
According to Sabine Grenz of the University of Gothenburg, clients come from all socio-economic classes, and include " stockbrokers, truck drivers, teachers, priests or law-enforcement officials." As such, "There are no social characteristics that basically distinguish johns from other men." According to Megan Lundstrom of Free Our Girls, 80% to 90% of clients are married men. According to a study by Health and Social Life, 55% of clients are married or cohabiting. Only 39% of clients are aware that one could contract an STI from being fellated. According to Melissa Farley, executive director of Prostitution Research & Education, 60% of clients wear condoms. A survey in Georgia found that 83% of clients would be deterred from purchasing sex if they were outed ( named and shamed) on billboards which included photos and names. According to a study by Shared Hope International and Arizona State University, 21.6% of clients had professions commonly perceived as one of a position of authority or position of trust such as law enforcement, attorney or military personnel. In Canada, the average age of a client is between 38 and 42 years old who has purchased sex roughly 100 times over their lifetime. Roughly 70% have completed university or college and earn over 50,000 Canadian dollars a year.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_(prostitution)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2253255054#4_2426557476
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Title: Client (prostitution) - Wikipedia
Headings: Client (prostitution)
Client (prostitution)
Contents
Lexicology
Motivation
Demography
Finances
Maltreatment and victimization
Perceptions
Legal treatment
Campaigning
See also
References
Content: According to Melissa Farley, executive director of Prostitution Research & Education, 60% of clients wear condoms. A survey in Georgia found that 83% of clients would be deterred from purchasing sex if they were outed ( named and shamed) on billboards which included photos and names. According to a study by Shared Hope International and Arizona State University, 21.6% of clients had professions commonly perceived as one of a position of authority or position of trust such as law enforcement, attorney or military personnel. In Canada, the average age of a client is between 38 and 42 years old who has purchased sex roughly 100 times over their lifetime. Roughly 70% have completed university or college and earn over 50,000 Canadian dollars a year. The clients of prostitutes in most countries are overwhelmingly male. The most common age cohort of clients in developing countries are vicenarians (those in their twenties). Finances
The affordability of prostitution greatly varies from region to region. The prices are lowest in areas where it is legal due to competition within the sex trade that seeks to court both sex tourists and local clients. Time magazine has described Germany as the "Cut-Rate Prostitution Capital of the World", in reference to the lower charges.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_(prostitution)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2253255054#5_2426559190
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Title: Client (prostitution) - Wikipedia
Headings: Client (prostitution)
Client (prostitution)
Contents
Lexicology
Motivation
Demography
Finances
Maltreatment and victimization
Perceptions
Legal treatment
Campaigning
See also
References
Content: The clients of prostitutes in most countries are overwhelmingly male. The most common age cohort of clients in developing countries are vicenarians (those in their twenties). Finances
The affordability of prostitution greatly varies from region to region. The prices are lowest in areas where it is legal due to competition within the sex trade that seeks to court both sex tourists and local clients. Time magazine has described Germany as the "Cut-Rate Prostitution Capital of the World", in reference to the lower charges. When the clientele of prostitutes in a specific locality begins to attract modest amounts of newcomers of a middle-class or upper-class status, the subsequent cost hike is known to reduce the use of such services by less affluent local prospective clients. In jurisdictions where penalties for buying sex are high, fines imposed on clients can also put low-income clients of prostitution in financial ruin. Maltreatment and victimization
When interaction between the clients of prostitutes and sex workers occurs in countries where brothels are illegal, the prostitution trade usually transpires in areas with high amounts of crime, a predicament that puts clients at risk of becoming victims of crime, or becoming entangled in the crime in some other manner. According to Atchison, a sociology instructor at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, Canada, and founder of John's Voice, clients are verbally abused, robbed and physically assaulted at a rate of 18%, 14% and 4% respectively. In Ireland, there was a significant increase in physical attacks on sex workers by clients after the passing of laws banning the purchase of sex.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_(prostitution)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2253255054#6_2426561291
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Title: Client (prostitution) - Wikipedia
Headings: Client (prostitution)
Client (prostitution)
Contents
Lexicology
Motivation
Demography
Finances
Maltreatment and victimization
Perceptions
Legal treatment
Campaigning
See also
References
Content: When the clientele of prostitutes in a specific locality begins to attract modest amounts of newcomers of a middle-class or upper-class status, the subsequent cost hike is known to reduce the use of such services by less affluent local prospective clients. In jurisdictions where penalties for buying sex are high, fines imposed on clients can also put low-income clients of prostitution in financial ruin. Maltreatment and victimization
When interaction between the clients of prostitutes and sex workers occurs in countries where brothels are illegal, the prostitution trade usually transpires in areas with high amounts of crime, a predicament that puts clients at risk of becoming victims of crime, or becoming entangled in the crime in some other manner. According to Atchison, a sociology instructor at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, Canada, and founder of John's Voice, clients are verbally abused, robbed and physically assaulted at a rate of 18%, 14% and 4% respectively. In Ireland, there was a significant increase in physical attacks on sex workers by clients after the passing of laws banning the purchase of sex. Clients also sometimes fall victim to extortion, scamming and blackmail. Perceptions
The manner in which clients were viewed has varied throughout human history depending on location and era. in some periods of history, clients were viewed as enablers of an evil practice, viewing them as furthering a trade which enabled infidelity and easing the breaking of covenants between committed partners. At other times, particularly during times of war, or other events which segregated the sexes, there would be increased sympathy for clients, particularly if service persons threatened to severe their genitals or castrate themselves to attain anaphrodisia if prospective clients were chastised. In contemporary times, clients are sometimes viewed as enablers of human trafficking and child trafficking due to boosting their demand.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_(prostitution)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2253255054#7_2426563693
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Title: Client (prostitution) - Wikipedia
Headings: Client (prostitution)
Client (prostitution)
Contents
Lexicology
Motivation
Demography
Finances
Maltreatment and victimization
Perceptions
Legal treatment
Campaigning
See also
References
Content: Clients also sometimes fall victim to extortion, scamming and blackmail. Perceptions
The manner in which clients were viewed has varied throughout human history depending on location and era. in some periods of history, clients were viewed as enablers of an evil practice, viewing them as furthering a trade which enabled infidelity and easing the breaking of covenants between committed partners. At other times, particularly during times of war, or other events which segregated the sexes, there would be increased sympathy for clients, particularly if service persons threatened to severe their genitals or castrate themselves to attain anaphrodisia if prospective clients were chastised. In contemporary times, clients are sometimes viewed as enablers of human trafficking and child trafficking due to boosting their demand. Females clients have been purported to be viewed less negatively than male clients, possibly due to a perception of novelty that produces curiosity rather than moral judgement. Legal treatment
The manner in which clients are treated by the law varies by jurisdiction and country. The laws which are most stringent against clients have gradually been referred to as the Swedish model, which is also called the Nordic model or Sex Buyer Law. This is in reference to the law passed in Sweden in 1999 wherein the buyer, rather than the seller of sex is penalized. Although Sweden was the first country to criminalize clients rather than prostitutes, many countries have since adopted this Swedish system, with Norway following suit in 2008 and Iceland adopting this model in 2009.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_(prostitution)
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