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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2253255054#10_2426569376	Title: Client (prostitution) - Wikipedia Headings: Client (prostitution) Client (prostitution) Contents Lexicology Motivation Demography Finances Maltreatment and victimization Perceptions Legal treatment Campaigning See also References Content: In Norway, clients can not only be fined, but can also serve up to 6 months in prison. In Germany, clients of sex workers are required by law to wear condoms. In St Petersburg, Russia, a law was drafted which would pardon clients from heavy fines or jail sentences if they married the sex worker they interacted with. In Greater Sudbury, Ontario, another form of deterrent used against clients is the seizure, towing and impounding of vehicles used for soliciting sex workers. Campaigning Campaigners against the criminalisation of clients include Irish law graduate Laura Lee. In some nations where prostitution is legal such as the Netherlands, rather than being viewed as accessories to human trafficking, clients are called on to join efforts to eradicate its practise by being asked to look out for signs of abuse. In France, some opposition to the fining of clients has come from sex workers unions such as Strass, who argue that initiatives to fine clients makes sex work more dangerous as it forces the trade to go underground and due to increased secrecy and less transparency. In 2018, Pope Francis described clients of prostitution as criminals. In the U.S. state of Arizona, some police forces have adopted fake online advertisements which are police generated in order to lure prostitution clients. See also Prostitution portal History of prostitution References ^ Drexler, Jessica N. "Govermennts' role in turning tricks:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_(prostitution)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2253255054#11_2426571249	Title: Client (prostitution) - Wikipedia Headings: Client (prostitution) Client (prostitution) Contents Lexicology Motivation Demography Finances Maltreatment and victimization Perceptions Legal treatment Campaigning See also References Content: In some nations where prostitution is legal such as the Netherlands, rather than being viewed as accessories to human trafficking, clients are called on to join efforts to eradicate its practise by being asked to look out for signs of abuse. In France, some opposition to the fining of clients has come from sex workers unions such as Strass, who argue that initiatives to fine clients makes sex work more dangerous as it forces the trade to go underground and due to increased secrecy and less transparency. In 2018, Pope Francis described clients of prostitution as criminals. In the U.S. state of Arizona, some police forces have adopted fake online advertisements which are police generated in order to lure prostitution clients. See also Prostitution portal History of prostitution References ^ Drexler, Jessica N. "Govermennts' role in turning tricks: The world's oldest profession in the Netherlands and the United States." Dick. J. Int'l L. 15 (1996): 201. ^ Belliveau, Jeannette (2006).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_(prostitution)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2253255054#12_2426572682	Title: Client (prostitution) - Wikipedia Headings: Client (prostitution) Client (prostitution) Contents Lexicology Motivation Demography Finances Maltreatment and victimization Perceptions Legal treatment Campaigning See also References Content: The world's oldest profession in the Netherlands and the United States." Dick. J. Int'l L. 15 (1996): 201. ^ Belliveau, Jeannette (2006). Romance on the Road: Traveling Women who Love Foreign Men. pp. 319–339. ^ "Adult Industry Terms and Acronyms".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_(prostitution)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2253255054#13_2426573370	Title: Client (prostitution) - Wikipedia Headings: Client (prostitution) Client (prostitution) Contents Lexicology Motivation Demography Finances Maltreatment and victimization Perceptions Legal treatment Campaigning See also References Content: Romance on the Road: Traveling Women who Love Foreign Men. pp. 319–339. ^ "Adult Industry Terms and Acronyms". Forum.myredbook.com. Archived from the original on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2010. ^ a b c d Westerhoff, Nikolas (1 October 2012). " Why Do Men Buy Sex?".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_(prostitution)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2253255054#14_2426574084	Title: Client (prostitution) - Wikipedia Headings: Client (prostitution) Client (prostitution) Contents Lexicology Motivation Demography Finances Maltreatment and victimization Perceptions Legal treatment Campaigning See also References Content: Forum.myredbook.com. Archived from the original on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2010. ^ a b c d Westerhoff, Nikolas (1 October 2012). " Why Do Men Buy Sex?". Scientific American. ^ Bindel, Julie (2010-01-15). " Why men use prostitutes". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_(prostitution)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2270047216#9_2444298194	Title: John Gottman - Wikipedia Headings: John Gottman John Gottman Contents Personal life Education and work experience Studies Predictions of divorce Critiques Independent studies testing Gottman marriage courses Building Strong Families Program Supporting Healthy Marriage Project Matthews, Wickrama and Conger Relations and effects Cascade Model of Relational Dissolution Criticism Defensiveness Contempt Stonewalling The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work Practical solutions Therapist education Pre-birth workshop Self-help books The Gottman Method of Relationship Therapy Awards and honors Works See also References External links Content: The Gottman Method seeks to help couples build happy and stable marriages. Gottman's therapy model focuses on the process of conflict within the marriage, and less on the content. His research is longitudinal, meaning that he gathers data on the couples over several years. Gottman's predictions are based on perceived marital bond. In his 2000 study, Gottman conducted oral interviews with 95 newlywed couples. Couples were asked about their relationship, mutual history, and philosophy towards marriage. The interview measured the couple's perceptions of their history and marriage by focusing on the positive or negative qualities of the relationship expressed in the telling of the story. Rather than scoring the content of their answers, interviewers used the Oral History Interview coding system, developed by Buehlman and Gottman in 1996, to measure spouses' perceptions about the marriage and about each other. Therefore, the couples' perception was used to predict marital stability or divorce. The more positive their perceptions and attitudes were about their marriage and each other, the more stable the marriage.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gottman
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2291463457#0_2466411947	Title: John W. Gardner - Wikipedia Headings: John W. Gardner John W. Gardner Contents Biography Publications and speeches The John Gardner Fellowship Program References External links Content: John W. Gardner - Wikipedia John W. Gardner From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " John W. Gardner" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) John W. Gardner 6th United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare In office August 18, 1965 – March 1, 1968 President Lyndon B. Johnson Preceded by Anthony J. Celebrezze Succeeded by Wilbur J. Cohen Personal details Born John William Gardner ( 1912-10-08) October 8, 1912 Los Angeles, California, U.S. Died February 16, 2002 (2002-02-16) (aged 89) Palo Alto, California, U.S. Resting place San Francisco National Cemetery Political party Republican Spouse (s) Aida Gardner Education Stanford University ( BA) University of California, Berkeley ( MA, PhD) Awards Presidential Medal of Freedom (1964) Public Welfare Medal (1966) Gardner from White House Fellows release John William Gardner (October 8, 1912 – February 16, 2002) was Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) under President Lyndon Johnson. He was a strong advocate for citizen participation who founded Common Cause and became known as "the father of campaign finance reform". Contents 1 Biography 2 Publications and speeches 3 The John Gardner Fellowship Program 4 References 5 External links Biography A native of California, Gardner attended Stanford University. As an undergrad he set several swimming records and won a number of Pacific Coast championships, and graduated "with great distinction." After earning a Ph.D. in Psychology at the University of California, Berkeley in 1938, Dr. Gardner taught at Connecticut College and at Mount Holyoke . During the early days of World War II he was chief of the Latin American Section, Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Gardner
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2291529106#0_2466484967	Title: John W. Huber - Wikipedia Headings: John W. Huber John W. Huber Education and legal career References External links Content: John W. Huber - Wikipedia John W. Huber From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search John Huber United States Attorney for the District of Utah In office June 15, 2015 – February 28, 2021 President Barack Obama Donald Trump Joe Biden Preceded by David Barlow Succeeded by Andrea T. Martinez (acting) Personal details Born 1967/1968 (age 52–53) Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S. Education University of Utah ( BA, JD) John W. Huber (born 1967) is an American lawyer who served as the United States Attorney for the District of Utah from June 2015 to February 2021. He was first nominated for the position by President Barack Obama in February 2015. Huber offered his resignation in March 2017 at the request of the Trump administration. However, United States Attorney General Jeff Sessions subsequently appointed Huber as interim U.S. Attorney under the Federal Vacancies Reform Act. Huber was renominated by President Donald Trump in June 2017. On August 3, 2017, he was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate to an additional four-year term as a U.S. Attorney. On February 8, 2021, he along with 55 other Trump-era attorneys were asked to resign. He resigned on February 28, 2021. Education and legal career Huber graduated with honors from the University of Utah in 1989. He received his Juris Doctor from the University of Utah College of Law in 1995.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Huber
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2291529106#1_2466486693	Title: John W. Huber - Wikipedia Headings: John W. Huber John W. Huber Education and legal career References External links Content: On August 3, 2017, he was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate to an additional four-year term as a U.S. Attorney. On February 8, 2021, he along with 55 other Trump-era attorneys were asked to resign. He resigned on February 28, 2021. Education and legal career Huber graduated with honors from the University of Utah in 1989. He received his Juris Doctor from the University of Utah College of Law in 1995. Huber began his career in the Weber County, Utah Attorney's Office, later serving as the chief prosecutor for West Valley City, Utah. In 2002, he joined the U.S. Attorney's Office, and in 2005 he became an Assistant United States Attorney. He has prosecuted firearms crimes, including the case of four people involved with firearms used in the 2007 Trolley Square shooting. Huber was appointed by U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions to investigate the FBI's surveillance of Carter Page and connections between the Clinton Foundation and Uranium One, starting in November 2017. After Huber closed the investigation in January 2020 without finding malfeasance, in June 2020 Trump tweeted that Huber had done "absolutely nothing" and was "a garbage disposal unit for important documents."	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Huber
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2313984521#6_2492466089	Title: Jorge Rodriguez-Gerada - Wikipedia Headings: Jorge Rodriguez-Gerada Jorge Rodriguez-Gerada Contents Early years Culture Jamming Identity Series Identity Composite Series Memorylithics Terrestrial Series Expectation Homage to Enric Miralles Gal-La Mama cash Wish Out of Many, One References Bibliography External links Content: The media was very interested in their activity, the group realized there were issues that could benefit from this type of attention. They decided to join as ‘Artfux’ and continue producing controversial artwork together. Culture Jamming Artfux started by illegally altering billboards and staging socially charged street actions and performances. But it was their billboard alterations that had the most coherent goal and plan of action in order to effect change. They targeted the disproportionately high amount of damaging products (get drunk quick beverages and menthol cigarette brands) being advertised in poor areas. Coinciding with their ‘ad-busting’ was a wave of black and Latino communities coming together against cigarette and alcohol advertising. The communities accused these companies of exploiting black poverty by target –marketing inner cities for their lethal product. The Reverend Calvin O. Butts would take his parishioners on ‘bill-board busting’ missions and they would simply paint over the cigarette or alcohol adverts around their church with white paint. Whilst the Reverend Calvin O. Butts method was effective Rodríguez-Gerada, with Artfux, sought more creative ways to undermine the billboard consumption messages: by turning them into political messages of their own with ‘clever/cute’ interventions.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Rodriguez-Gerada
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2314997027#8_2493419135	Title: José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha - Wikipedia Headings: José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Early years Rise of the Medellín Cartel Lara assassination Cartel-linked paramilitary groups American fight against drugs Financial crackdown Rodríguez Gacha's final years Government crackdown and narcoterrorism Death Funeral In popular culture See also Notes Content: The top leaders of the Medellín Cartel created private armies to guarantee their own security and protect the property they had acquired. According to The Washington Post, in the mid-1980s, Rodríguez and Pablo Escobar bought huge tracts of land in the Magdalena Department (as well as Puerto Boyacá, Rionegro and the Llanos) which they used to transform their self-defense groups from poorly trained peasant militias into sophisticated fighting forces. By the late 1980s Medellin traffickers controlled 40 percent of the land in the Middle Magdalena, according to a Colombian military estimate, and also funded most of the paramilitary operations in the region. Throughout the 1980s, Rodríguez helped catalyze the Medellín Cartel's explosive rise to power by financing the importation and implementation of expensive foreign technology and expertise. According to the report by the Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad (Colombia's Administrative Security Department), between December 1987 and May 1988, Rodríguez hired Israeli and British mercenaries to train teams of assassins at remote training camps in Colombia. Yair Klein, a retired Israeli lieutenant colonel, acknowledged having led a team of instructors in Puerto Boyacá in early 1988. It is not clear whether Klein's mercenary activities in Colombia coincided with those of a group of British mercenaries who had allegedly trained paramilitary squads for the cocaine cartels. American fight against drugs By 1989, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) estimated that 80 percent of cocaine consumed in the United States was imported from Colombia by the Medellín Cartel and its rival, the Cali Cartel. The newly elected administration of President George H. W. Bush was under considerable pressure to combat the increasing drug usage and drug-related violence plaguing scores of American cities. Much of the government strategy concentrated on restricting drug supply by extraditing Colombian cartel leaders to the United States for prosecution.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gonzalo_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Gacha
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2328636504#0_2507943869	Title: Media bias - Wikipedia Headings: Media bias Media bias Contents Types History Confirmation bias United States political bias Scholarly treatment in the United States and United Kingdom Efforts to correct bias National and ethnic viewpoint Anglophone bias in the world media Religious bias Social media bias How people view media Role of language Other influences See also References Further reading External links Content: Media bias - Wikipedia Media bias From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Journalistic bias) Jump to navigation Jump to search Summarized analysis of various types of media bias. Journalism News Writing style Ethics code of ethics Objectivity News values Attribution Defamation Sensationalism Editorial independence Journalism school Index of journalism articles Areas Arts Business Data Entertainment Environment Fashion Medicine Music Politics Science Sports Technology Trade Traffic Weather World Genres Advocacy Analytic Blogging Broadcast Churnalism Citizen Civic Collaborative Comics-based Community Data Database Explanatory Fact-checking Gonzo Immersion Interpretive Investigative Muckraking Multimedia Narrative New Journalism Non-profit Online Opinion Peace Photojournalism Press release Scientific Sensor Underground Video Visual Watchdog Social impact Fake news Fourth Estate Fifth Estate Freedom of the press Infotainment Media bias Public relations Press service Propaganda model Yellow journalism News media Newspapers Magazines TV and radio Internet News agencies Alternative media Roles Journalists (reporters) Columnist Blogger Editor Copy editor Meteorologist News presenter Photographer Pundit / commentator Journalism portal Category: Journalism v t e Media bias is the bias of journalists and news producers within the mass media in the selection of many events and stories that are reported and how they are covered. The term "media bias" implies a pervasive or widespread bias contravening the standards of journalism, rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article. The direction and degree of media bias in various countries is widely disputed. Practical limitations to media neutrality include the inability of journalists to report all available stories and facts, and the requirement that selected facts be linked into a coherent narrative. Government influence, including overt and covert censorship, biases the media in some countries, for example China, North Korea and Myanmar. Market forces that result in a biased presentation include the ownership of the news source, concentration of media ownership, the subjective selection of staff, or the preferences of an intended audience . There are a number of national and international watchdog groups that report on bias of the media. Contents 1 Types 2 History 3 Confirmation bias 4 United States political bias 5 Scholarly treatment in the United States and United Kingdom 6 Efforts to correct bias 7 National and ethnic viewpoint 8 Anglophone bias in the world media 9 Religious bias 10 Social media bias 11 How people view media 12 Role of language 13 Other influences 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Types The most commonly discussed types of bias occur when the (allegedly partisan) media support or attack a particular political party, candidate, or ideology.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalistic_bias
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2328636504#1_2507947524	Title: Media bias - Wikipedia Headings: Media bias Media bias Contents Types History Confirmation bias United States political bias Scholarly treatment in the United States and United Kingdom Efforts to correct bias National and ethnic viewpoint Anglophone bias in the world media Religious bias Social media bias How people view media Role of language Other influences See also References Further reading External links Content: Practical limitations to media neutrality include the inability of journalists to report all available stories and facts, and the requirement that selected facts be linked into a coherent narrative. Government influence, including overt and covert censorship, biases the media in some countries, for example China, North Korea and Myanmar. Market forces that result in a biased presentation include the ownership of the news source, concentration of media ownership, the subjective selection of staff, or the preferences of an intended audience . There are a number of national and international watchdog groups that report on bias of the media. Contents 1 Types 2 History 3 Confirmation bias 4 United States political bias 5 Scholarly treatment in the United States and United Kingdom 6 Efforts to correct bias 7 National and ethnic viewpoint 8 Anglophone bias in the world media 9 Religious bias 10 Social media bias 11 How people view media 12 Role of language 13 Other influences 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Types The most commonly discussed types of bias occur when the (allegedly partisan) media support or attack a particular political party, candidate, or ideology. D'Alessio and Allen list three forms of media bias as the most widely studied: Coverage bias (also known as visibility bias), when actors or issues are more or less visible in the news. Gatekeeping bias (also known as selectivity or selection bias), when stories are selected or deselected, sometimes on ideological grounds (see spike ). It is sometimes also referred to as agenda bias, when the focus is on political actors and whether they are covered based on their preferred policy issues. Statement bias (also known as tonality bias or presentation bias), when media coverage is slanted towards or against particular actors or issues.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalistic_bias
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2328636504#2_2507950011	Title: Media bias - Wikipedia Headings: Media bias Media bias Contents Types History Confirmation bias United States political bias Scholarly treatment in the United States and United Kingdom Efforts to correct bias National and ethnic viewpoint Anglophone bias in the world media Religious bias Social media bias How people view media Role of language Other influences See also References Further reading External links Content: D'Alessio and Allen list three forms of media bias as the most widely studied: Coverage bias (also known as visibility bias), when actors or issues are more or less visible in the news. Gatekeeping bias (also known as selectivity or selection bias), when stories are selected or deselected, sometimes on ideological grounds (see spike ). It is sometimes also referred to as agenda bias, when the focus is on political actors and whether they are covered based on their preferred policy issues. Statement bias (also known as tonality bias or presentation bias), when media coverage is slanted towards or against particular actors or issues. Other common forms of political and non-political media bias include: Advertising bias, when stories are selected or slanted to please advertisers. Concision bias, a tendency to report views that can be summarized succinctly, crowding out more unconventional views that take time to explain. Corporate bias, when stories are selected or slanted to please corporate owners of media. Mainstream bias, a tendency to report what everyone else is reporting, and to avoid stories that will offend anyone.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalistic_bias
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2363925307#0_2546604383	Title: Justice - Wikipedia Headings: Justice Justice Contents Harmony Divine command Natural law Despotism and skepticism Mutual agreement Subordinate value Theories of distributive justice Social justice Fairness Property rights Welfare-maximization Theories of retributive justice Utilitarianism Retributivism Restorative justice Mixed theories Theories Rawls' theory of justice Equality Equality before the law Relational justice Classical liberalism Religion and spirituality Abrahamic justice Theories of sentencing Evolutionary perspectives Reactions to fairness Institutions and justice See also Other pages Types of justice References Further reading External links Content: Justice - Wikipedia Justice From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Concept of moral fairness and administration of the law For other uses, see Justice (disambiguation). Justitia by Maarten van Heemskerk, 1556. Justitia carries symbolic items such as: a sword, scales and a blindfold Justice, one of the four cardinal virtues, by Vitruvio Alberi, 1589–1590. Fresco, corner of the vault, studiolo of the Madonna of Mercy, Palazzo Altemps, Rome Justice, in its broadest sense, is the principle that people receive that which they deserve, with the interpretation of what then constitutes "deserving" being impacted upon by numerous fields, with many differing viewpoints and perspectives, including the concepts of moral correctness based on ethics, rationality, law, religion, equity and fairness. Consequently, the application of justice differs in every culture. Early theories of justice were set out by the Ancient Greek philosophers Plato in his work The Republic, and Aristotle in his Nicomachean Ethics. Throughout history various theories have been established. Advocates of divine command theory have said that justice issues from God. In the 1600s, philosophers such as John Locke said that justice derives from natural law.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2363925307#1_2546606539	Title: Justice - Wikipedia Headings: Justice Justice Contents Harmony Divine command Natural law Despotism and skepticism Mutual agreement Subordinate value Theories of distributive justice Social justice Fairness Property rights Welfare-maximization Theories of retributive justice Utilitarianism Retributivism Restorative justice Mixed theories Theories Rawls' theory of justice Equality Equality before the law Relational justice Classical liberalism Religion and spirituality Abrahamic justice Theories of sentencing Evolutionary perspectives Reactions to fairness Institutions and justice See also Other pages Types of justice References Further reading External links Content: Consequently, the application of justice differs in every culture. Early theories of justice were set out by the Ancient Greek philosophers Plato in his work The Republic, and Aristotle in his Nicomachean Ethics. Throughout history various theories have been established. Advocates of divine command theory have said that justice issues from God. In the 1600s, philosophers such as John Locke said that justice derives from natural law. Social contract theory said that justice is derived from the mutual agreement of everyone. In the 1800s, utilitarian philosophers such as John Stuart Mill said that justice is based on the best outcomes for the greatest number of people. Theories of distributive justice study what is to be distributed, between whom they are to be distributed, and what is the proper distribution. Egalitarians have said that justice can only exist within the coordinates of equality. John Rawls used a social contract theory to say that justice, and especially distributive justice, is a form of fairness.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2363925307#2_2546608445	Title: Justice - Wikipedia Headings: Justice Justice Contents Harmony Divine command Natural law Despotism and skepticism Mutual agreement Subordinate value Theories of distributive justice Social justice Fairness Property rights Welfare-maximization Theories of retributive justice Utilitarianism Retributivism Restorative justice Mixed theories Theories Rawls' theory of justice Equality Equality before the law Relational justice Classical liberalism Religion and spirituality Abrahamic justice Theories of sentencing Evolutionary perspectives Reactions to fairness Institutions and justice See also Other pages Types of justice References Further reading External links Content: Social contract theory said that justice is derived from the mutual agreement of everyone. In the 1800s, utilitarian philosophers such as John Stuart Mill said that justice is based on the best outcomes for the greatest number of people. Theories of distributive justice study what is to be distributed, between whom they are to be distributed, and what is the proper distribution. Egalitarians have said that justice can only exist within the coordinates of equality. John Rawls used a social contract theory to say that justice, and especially distributive justice, is a form of fairness. Robert Nozick and others said that property rights, also within the realm of distributive justice and natural law, maximizes the overall wealth of an economic system. Theories of retributive justice say that wrongdoing should be punished to insure justice. The closely related restorative justice (also sometimes called "reparative justice") is an approach to justice that focuses on the needs of victims and offenders. Contents 1 Harmony 2 Divine command 3 Natural law 3.1 Despotism and skepticism 3.2 Mutual agreement 3.3 Subordinate value 4 Theories of distributive justice 4.1 Social justice 4.2 Fairness 4.3 Property rights 4.4 Welfare-maximization 5 Theories of retributive justice 5.1 Utilitarianism 5.2 Retributivism 5.3 Restorative justice 5.4 Mixed theories 6 Theories 6.1 Rawls' theory of justice 6.2 Equality 6.3 Equality before the law 6.4 Relational justice 6.5 Classical liberalism 6.6 Religion and spirituality 6.6.1 Abrahamic justice 6.7 Theories of sentencing 6.8 Evolutionary perspectives 6.9 Reactions to fairness 6.10 Institutions and justice 7 See also 7.1 Other pages 7.2 Types of justice 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Harmony Main article: The Republic (Plato) Justice by Luca Giordano In his dialogue Republic, Plato uses Socrates to argue for justice that covers both the just person and the just City State.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2363925307#15_2546635573	Title: Justice - Wikipedia Headings: Justice Justice Contents Harmony Divine command Natural law Despotism and skepticism Mutual agreement Subordinate value Theories of distributive justice Social justice Fairness Property rights Welfare-maximization Theories of retributive justice Utilitarianism Retributivism Restorative justice Mixed theories Theories Rawls' theory of justice Equality Equality before the law Relational justice Classical liberalism Religion and spirituality Abrahamic justice Theories of sentencing Evolutionary perspectives Reactions to fairness Institutions and justice See also Other pages Types of justice References Further reading External links Content: Distributive justice theorists generally do not answer questions of who has the right to enforce a particular favored distribution, while property rights theorists say that there is no "favored distribution." Rather, distribution should be based simply on whatever distribution results from lawful interactions or transactions (that is, transactions which are not illicit). This section describes some widely held theories of distributive justice, and their attempts to answer these questions. Social justice Main article: Social justice Social justice encompasses the just relationship between individuals and their society, often considering how privileges, opportunities, and wealth ought to be distributed among individuals. Social justice is also associated with social mobility, especially the ease with which individuals and families may move between social strata. Social justice is distinct from cosmopolitanism, which is the idea that all people belong to a single global community with a shared morality. Social justice is also distinct from egalitariani	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2371341276#3_2553911054	Title: Koan - Wikipedia Headings: Koan Koan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Etymology Origins and development China Commenting on old cases Literary practice Observing the phrase Interaction Contemporary koan-use Japan Koan manuals Contemporary koan curricula Suppression in the Sōtō-school Doctrinal background Koan-practice Hua-tou or breakthrough-koan Insight Testing insight – or learning responses Sassho – Checking questions Jakugo – Capping phrases Post-satori practice Varieties in koan-practice Chinese Chán and Korean Seon Japanese Rinzai Importance of koan-study Koan curricula Post-satori practice Breathing practices Japanese Sōtō Sanbo Kyodan and White Plum Asanga Classical kōan collections The Blue Cliff Record The Book of Equanimity The Gateless Gate Treasury of the True Dharma Eye Examples of traditional kōans Does a dog have Buddha-nature The sound of one hand Original Face Killing the Buddha Other koans See also Buddhism Notes References Book references Web references Sources Further reading External links Content: gōng'àn; Wade–Giles: kung-an; lit. ' public case'). The term is a compound word, consisting of the characters 公 "public; official; governmental; common; collective;	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dan
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2416425141#4_2601608911	Title: Kathleen Dorsett - Wikipedia Headings: Kathleen Dorsett Kathleen Dorsett Contents Background Murder Investigation Convictions In the media References Content: Kathleen and Thomas Dorsett were held at the Monmouth County jail on $1.5 million and $2.5 million cash bail, respectively. While in jail awaiting trial, Kathleen Dorsett and her mother Lesley were charged with conspiracy to commit murder and attempted murder for attempting to arrange and solicit a hit man to kill Stephen Moore's mother, Evlyn, who received custody of his daughter after Kathleen's arrest. During this investigation, it was also discovered that the Dorsett family was involved in money laundering, as they had attempted to conceal $96,000 worth of assets. In November 2010, all three Dorsetts were charged with money laundering. Convictions In April 2011, Anthony Morris pled guilty to conspiracy to disturb or desecrate human remains. Under his plea agreement, he was sentenced to less than seven years in prison. In May 2013, Kathleen, Thomas, and Lesley Dorsett pled guilty to all charges against them. Kathleen Dorsett was sentenced to 30 years in prison for murder, 20 years for attempted murder, and 8 years for conspiracy. She is serving her sentences, running consecutively, at the Edna Mahan Correctional Facility for Women in Union Township, New Jersey. She is eligible for parole in August 2057, when she will be 83 years old.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Dorsett
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2439647447#7_2629477844	Title: Kenney Dam - Wikipedia Headings: Kenney Dam Kenney Dam Contents History Selection of the dam site Construction and technical specifications Relocation of the Cheslatta T'En Flooding of First Nations land Relocation and compensation Subsequent settlements Environmental impacts Impacts on fisheries Economic impact Energy export Kemano Completion Project See also External links References Content: As a result of the discharged water from the Murray Dam and the spillway, the traditional lands which had been home to the Cheslatta T'En people for at least 10,000 years, were flooded and caused the relocation of approximately 200 Cheslatta people. Villages were demolished and burned prior to the flooding with most families unable to return to collect their belongings and as water levels rose, it has been noted that coffins and skeletons from their traditional grave sites were washed away with skeletal remains being allegedly found in and around Cheslatta Lake. Relocation and compensation The Cheslatta T'En people were given approximately 10 days notice before they were relocated to live in overcrowded tents at a temporary location 30 miles north of their reserves in Grassy Plains. They were responsible for transporting their own belongings by means of wagons and consequently were forced to leave most of their traditional possessions behind. After months of living in poor conditions at the temporary location sites, the Cheslatta people were eventually resettled on marginal farms scattered over large areas, which proved disconcerting for this once close-knit community. According to DIA documents, the Cheslatta people asked for $108,000 in compensation along with payments for their new land, traplines and monthly pensions, however requests were denied and claims were dismissed. Payments in the form of money were demanded for their new land and any constructional improvements within their community. The Cheslatta people were compensated an average of $77/hectare with no payment covering moving expenses, compared to non-native individuals who received relocation compensation of $1,544/hectare along with covered moving expenses. It was only a year after the Murray Dam was constructed that the band members received their compensation payments. The Cheslatta people were also regulated on where to hunt and when to fish which combined with the land payments forced many people to seek welfare benefits.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenney_Dam
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2439647447#9_2629483033	Title: Kenney Dam - Wikipedia Headings: Kenney Dam Kenney Dam Contents History Selection of the dam site Construction and technical specifications Relocation of the Cheslatta T'En Flooding of First Nations land Relocation and compensation Subsequent settlements Environmental impacts Impacts on fisheries Economic impact Energy export Kemano Completion Project See also External links References Content: Their traditional practices became increasingly difficult as they were forced to conform to a new way of living and consequently death tolls rose from tuberculosis, suicide and alcoholism as a result of their poor living conditions. Requests for assistance in health care, education and housing were denied until 1964 when the relocation sites were officially turned into federal reserves. DIA records show unanimous support by the Cheslatta people for the surrender of their territory, however many band members state that no formal assent was conducted and the signatures on documents are forged by Indian affairs officials. It is also widely debated whether or not the legal rights of the Cheslatta people were presented as many claim that they were unaware of their power to refuse the requests of the Government of British Columbia, along with their ability to have a third-party advisor. The Cheslatta people also claimed that Alcan had assured them most grave sites would be unaffected by rising water levels, however any grave sites running the risk of inundation would be transferred to higher grounds and the Cheslatta would be informed. Alcan, however, claimed that the Cheslatta had agreed to flooding the grave sites, so long as two recent graves were moved and commemorative markers were placed above the flood waters. In accordance with this understanding, Alcan moved two graves while the rest of the grave markers were burned. Subsequent settlements In 1990, the Cheslatta filed a $122 million court case against the Canadian government over DIA fraud, duress and breach of trust, however the case was settled out of court for slightly less than $7 million. In 1998, Members of the Cheslatta Carrier Nation filed a Statement of Claim with the Supreme Court of British	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenney_Dam
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2451047127#7_2642783980	Title: Kevin Grevioux - Wikipedia Headings: Kevin Grevioux Kevin Grevioux Contents Education Career Filmography Film Television Video games Bibliography References External links Content: His favorite team is the Minnesota Vikings . Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1994 Naked Gun 33 1⁄3: The Final Insult Prison Guard Uncredited Speed Bombsquad SWAT officer The Mask Henchman #7 Alien Nation: Dark Horizon Sam Television film Stargate Fossil Guard Uncredited 1995 Congo Roadblock Officer Showgirls Andrew Carver's Bodyguard Batman Forever Harvey's Thug 1997 Quicksilver Highway Police Sergeant Television film Alien Nation: The Udara Legacy Miller Steel Singer Don King: Only in America Leon Spinks Television film 2000 The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas Associate Goon 2001 Planet of the Apes Limbo's 1st Handler / Ape Commander / 2nd Ape Soldier 2002 Men in Black II Pineal Eye 2003 Cradle 2 the Grave Inmate Guard Uncredited Hulk Mitchell Uncredited Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star Emmanuel's Entourage Underworld Raze Also first produced writing credit 2005 Dirty Daddy 2006 Slayer Grieves 2009 Underworld: Rise of the Lycans Raze Also graphic novel 2014 I, Frankenstein Dekar Also screen story, graphic novel 2017 Animal Crackers Samson the Strong Man (voice) Television Year Title Role Notes 1993–1994 Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Starfleet Security Officer 12 Episodes Uncredited 2005 The Batman Solomon Grundy / Clayface (Ethan Bennett) (voice) Ep. " Grundy's Night" 2010 Spartacus:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Grevioux
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2458340227#4_2651033524	Title: Khaldoon Al Mubarak - Wikipedia Headings: Khaldoon Al Mubarak Khaldoon Al Mubarak Contents Early life Education Petroleum Mining Real estate and construction Government Motorsport Football Institutional oversight Personal life Awards and honors References Content: Khaldoon started his education at the American Community School of Abu Dhabi, he graduated in 1993. Petroleum Al Mubarak's first position was as a sales-executive at the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company. After working at the oil company, he was employed by the UAE Offsets Group, where he held a number of positions. He next assumed the duties of the Executive Vice-President-Corporate of Dolphin Energy . Mining Al Mubarak has interests in mining projects in South America, specifically in Colombia, as he directs Mubadala Investment Group, the company that owns Minesa, a company created in 2013 to obtain the exploitation license, from the Colombian government, to extract gold from the Páramo de Santurbán, Soto Norte province, Santander department, with reserves calculated in the subsoil of approximately 9 million ounces. Despite the benefits that would be obtained from the payment of royalties to the state and the possible generation of hundreds of direct and indirect jobs, there has been fierce opposition from environmentalists and political leaders in the region due to the threat posed by the contamination of the water reserve that nourishes more than 4 million inhabitants, a product of possible mismanagement that Minesa gives to the cyanide and mercury residues necessary to extract the gold as well as the destruction of the páramo ecosystem, becoming even a matter of national and international interest. However, the investment made in the country during the 2010s, seeking the favor of the government and productive sectors of the country in favor of the exploitation of the páramo, is being put at risk as Minesa's request is filed by the National Environmental Licensing Authority (ANLA in spanish ), declaring deficient the Environmental Impact Study in the area made by the mining company. After an appeal process by Minesa, the ANLA ordered in January 2021 the final file of the environmental license for the mining megaproject. Real estate and construction Al Mubarak was appointed CEO and managing director of the government-owned investment company Mubadala Development, whose projects include the $5 billion aluminium plant in King Abdullah Economic City in 2002. In 2017 he was appointed managing director and chief executive officer of Mubadala Investment Company, after Mubadala Development merged with International Petroleum Investment Company (IPIC) to Mubadala Investment Company, managing a $125 billion portfolio.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaldoon_Al_Mubarak
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2480823080#1_2675828902	Title: King, North Carolina - Wikipedia Headings: King, North Carolina King, North Carolina Contents Geography History Education High School Private School Demographics Notable people References External links Content: The population was 6,904 at the 2010 census. King is part of the Piedmont Triad metropolitan area, located 15 miles northwest of Winston-Salem . The city has two large public parks: Recreation Acres and Central Park. On March 15, 2012 King opened a Sheetz. In August 2016, King reopened a Lowes Foods as part of the renovation plan that started in 2013, the interior now has the store's concepts and "originals" such as the Chicken Kitchen, Cakery, and the new Pizza & Panini in the Deli. On March 15, 2017 King opened a Walmart. On August 11, 2020 King opened a Cook-Out. Contents 1 Geography 2 History 3 Education 3.1 High School 3.2 Private School 4 Demographics 5 Notable people 6 References 7 External links Geography King is located in southern Stokes County, with parts of the city limits extending south into Forsyth County. U.S. Route 52, a four-lane freeway, passes through the city south and west of the center, with access from Exit 123.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King,_North_Carolina
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2480823080#5_2675835267	Title: King, North Carolina - Wikipedia Headings: King, North Carolina King, North Carolina Contents Geography History Education High School Private School Demographics Notable people References External links Content: According to Tucker, the community grew into an unincorporated town of schools and businesses. With the first automobile arriving by train in October 1911, new highways followed. With new roads, the town's proximity to Winston-Salem, and a new four-lane Highway 52 built in the 1960s, King opened its doors to growth, turning farmland into subdivisions. Community groups acted as an unofficial town council, providing services such as a fire department, water and sewer. On September 13, 1983, King became an incorporated city, 95 years after the King's Cabin post office opened. The King Historic District and Rock House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Historian and sociologist James W. Loewen has identified King as one of several possible sundown towns in North Carolina. Education High School West Stokes High School Private School Calvary Christian School Demographics Historical population Census Pop. %± 1990 4,059 — 2000 5,952 46.6% 2010 6,904 16.0% 2019 (est.) 6,861 −0.6% U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2010, there were 6,904 people, and 2,503 households, residing in the city.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King,_North_Carolina
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2490679889#2_2685952324	Title: Hawaiian Kingdom - Wikipedia Headings: Hawaiian Kingdom Hawaiian Kingdom Contents Origins Kamehameha dynasty (1795–1874) Economic, social, and cultural transformation Military French Incident (1839) Paulet Affair (1843) French invasion (1849) Foreign relations Anglo-Franco Proclamation Princes and chiefs who were eligible to be rulers Succession crisis and monarchial elections Kalākaua dynasty Bayonet Constitution Liliʻuokalani's Constitution Overthrow 1895 rebellion Territorial extent Royal estates Palaces and royal grounds See also References Bibliography Further reading External links Content: Two major dynastic families ruled the kingdom: the House of Kamehameha and the House of Kalākaua . The kingdom won recognition from major European powers. The United States became its chief trading partner and watched over it to prevent some other power (such as Britain or Japan) from threatening to seize control. Hawaiʻi was forced to adopt a new constitution in 1887 when King Kalākaua was threatened with violence by the Honolulu Rifles, an anti-monarchist militia, to sign it. Queen Liliʻuokalani, who succeeded Kalākaua in 1891, tried to abrogate the 1887 constitution and promulgate a new constitution but was overthrown in 1893, largely at the hands of the Committee of Safety, a group of residents consisting of Hawaiian subjects and foreign nationals of American, British, and German descent, many of whom had been educated in the US, had lived there for a time, and identified strongly as American. Hawaiʻi became a republic until the US annexed it by the Newlands Resolution, a joint resolution, which was passed on July 4, 1898 by the US Congress and created the Territory of Hawaii. United States Public Law 103-150 adopted in 1993, (informally known as the Apology Resolution ), acknowledged that "the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States" and also "that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum." Contents 1 Origins 1.1 Kamehameha dynasty (1795–1874) 2 Economic, social, and cultural transformation 3 Military 4 French Incident (1839) 5 Paulet Affair (1843) 6 French invasion (1849) 7 Foreign relations 7.1 Anglo-Franco Proclamation 8 Princes and chiefs who were eligible to be rulers 9 Succession crisis and monarchial elections 10 Kalākaua dynasty 10.1 Bayonet Constitution 10.2 Liliʻuokalani's Constitution 10.3 Overthrow 10.4 1895 rebellion 11 Territorial extent 12 Royal estates 12.1 Palaces and royal grounds 13 See also 14 References 15 Bibliography 16 Further reading 17 External links Origins In ancient Hawaiʻi, society was divided into multiple classes. At the top of the class system was the aliʻi class with each island ruled by a separate aliʻi nui.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2490679889#3_2685955590	Title: Hawaiian Kingdom - Wikipedia Headings: Hawaiian Kingdom Hawaiian Kingdom Contents Origins Kamehameha dynasty (1795–1874) Economic, social, and cultural transformation Military French Incident (1839) Paulet Affair (1843) French invasion (1849) Foreign relations Anglo-Franco Proclamation Princes and chiefs who were eligible to be rulers Succession crisis and monarchial elections Kalākaua dynasty Bayonet Constitution Liliʻuokalani's Constitution Overthrow 1895 rebellion Territorial extent Royal estates Palaces and royal grounds See also References Bibliography Further reading External links Content: Queen Liliʻuokalani, who succeeded Kalākaua in 1891, tried to abrogate the 1887 constitution and promulgate a new constitution but was overthrown in 1893, largely at the hands of the Committee of Safety, a group of residents consisting of Hawaiian subjects and foreign nationals of American, British, and German descent, many of whom had been educated in the US, had lived there for a time, and identified strongly as American. Hawaiʻi became a republic until the US annexed it by the Newlands Resolution, a joint resolution, which was passed on July 4, 1898 by the US Congress and created the Territory of Hawaii. United States Public Law 103-150 adopted in 1993, (informally known as the Apology Resolution ), acknowledged that "the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States" and also "that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum." Contents 1 Origins 1.1 Kamehameha dynasty (1795–1874) 2 Economic, social, and cultural transformation 3 Military 4 French Incident (1839) 5 Paulet Affair (1843) 6 French invasion (1849) 7 Foreign relations 7.1 Anglo-Franco Proclamation 8 Princes and chiefs who were eligible to be rulers 9 Succession crisis and monarchial elections 10 Kalākaua dynasty 10.1 Bayonet Constitution 10.2 Liliʻuokalani's Constitution 10.3 Overthrow 10.4 1895 rebellion 11 Territorial extent 12 Royal estates 12.1 Palaces and royal grounds 13 See also 14 References 15 Bibliography 16 Further reading 17 External links Origins In ancient Hawaiʻi, society was divided into multiple classes. At the top of the class system was the aliʻi class with each island ruled by a separate aliʻi nui. All of these rulers were believed to come from a hereditary line descended from the first Polynesian, Papa, who would become the earth mother goddess of the Hawaiian religion. Captain James Cook became the first European to encounter the Hawaiian Islands, on his third voyage (1776–1780) in the Pacific. He was killed at Kealakekua Bay on the island of Hawaiʻi in 1779 in a dispute over the taking of a longboat. Three years later the Island of Hawaiʻi was passed to Kalaniʻōpuʻu 's son, Kīwalaʻō, while religious authority was passed to the ruler's nephew, Kamehameha. Hawaiian military officer, 1819 (by Jacques Arago) The warrior chief who became Kamehameha the Great conducted a series of battles, lasting 15 years.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2494349333#5_2688966980	Title: Kings Mountain, North Carolina - Wikipedia Headings: Kings Mountain, North Carolina Kings Mountain, North Carolina Contents History Geography Demographics Transportation Notable people See also References External links Content: Demographics Historical population Census Pop. %± 1880 337 — 1890 429 27.3% 1900 2,062 380.7% 1910 2,218 7.6% 1920 2,800 26.2% 1930 5,632 101.1% 1940 6,547 16.2% 1950 7,206 10.1% 1960 8,008 11.1% 1970 8,465 5.7% 1980 9,080 7.3% 1990 8,763 −3.5% 2000 9,693 10.6% 2010 10,296 6.2% 2019 (est.) 10,982 6.7% U.S. Decennial Census King's Pinnacle As of the census of 2010, there were 10,296 people, 4,597 households, and 2,674 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,187.1 people per square mile (458.1/km 2 ). There were 4,064 housing units at an average density of 497.7 per square mile (192.1/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 74.85% White, 21.55% black, 0.15% Native American, 1.81% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.63% from other races, and 0.99% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.43% of the population. There were 3,821 households, out of which 30.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 17.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.0% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.98.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Mountain,_North_Carolina
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2495039804#1_2689955103	Title: Kingsbury, Texas - Wikipedia Headings: Kingsbury, Texas Kingsbury, Texas Contents Geography Demographics Education City of Kingsbury In popular culture References External links Content: Kingsbury was a Census-designated place in 2010, when the census reported a population of 782. It is part of the San Antonio Metropolitan Statistical Area. The election to incorporate Kingsbury into a Type-C Liberty City passed by a landslide vote of 66-2 on May 9, 2015 and the Order to declare Kingsbury a municipality was signed by County Judge Kyle Kutscher on May 19, 2015. Contents 1 Geography 2 Demographics 3 Education 4 City of Kingsbury 5 In popular culture 6 References 7 External links Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 28.8 square miles (75 km 2 ), of which, 28.8 square miles (75 km 2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km 2) of it (0.24%) is water. Demographics Historical population Census Pop. %± 2019 (est.) 133 U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2010, there were 782 people, 302 households, and 229 families residing in Kingsbury. The population density was 22.7 people per square mile (8.8/km 2 ). There were 269 housing units at an average density of 9.3/sq mi (3.6/km 2 ). The racial makeup of city was 91.4% White, 1.3% African American, 1.8% Native American, 6.8% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsbury,_Texas
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2495147190#1_2690100021	Title: Kingsland, Arkansas - Wikipedia Headings: Kingsland, Arkansas Kingsland, Arkansas Contents Geography Demographics History Education Notable people References Content: -92.29417 Country United States State Arkansas County Cleveland Area • Total 1.12 sq mi (2.91 km 2) • Land 1.12 sq mi (2.91 km 2) • Water 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km 2) Elevation 217 ft (66 m) Population ( 2010) • Total 447 • Estimate (2019) 400 • Density 356.51/sq mi (137.61/km 2) Time zone UTC-6 ( Central (CST)) • Summer ( DST) UTC-5 (CDT) ZIP code 71652 Area code (s) 870 FIPS code 05-36880 GNIS feature ID 0050871 Kingsland is a town in Cleveland County, Arkansas, United States. It is included in the Pine Bluff, Arkansas Metropolitan Statistical Area, and had a population of 447 at the 2010 U.S. census. It is known as the birthplace of Johnny Cash . Contents 1 Geography 2 Demographics 3 History 4 Education 5 Notable people 6 References Geography Kingsland is located at WikiMiniAtlas 33°51′41″N 92°17′39″W / 33.86139°N 92.29417°W / 33.86139; -92.29417 (33.861397, -92.294200). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.1 square miles (2.8 km 2 ), all land. Demographics Historical population Census Pop. %± 1890 464 — 1900 364 −21.6% 1910 445 22.3% 1920 397 −10.8% 1930 328 −17.4% 1940 473 44.2% 1950 337 −28.8% 1960 249 −26.1% 1970 304 22.1% 1980 320 5.3% 1990 395 23.4% 2000 449 13.7% 2010 447 −0.4% 2019 (est.) 400 −10.5% U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2010, there were 447 people, 177 households, and 121 families residing in the town. The population density was 401.4 people per square mile (154.8/km 2 ).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsland,_Arkansas
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2495147190#2_2690102099	Title: Kingsland, Arkansas - Wikipedia Headings: Kingsland, Arkansas Kingsland, Arkansas Contents Geography Demographics History Education Notable people References Content: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.1 square miles (2.8 km 2 ), all land. Demographics Historical population Census Pop. %± 1890 464 — 1900 364 −21.6% 1910 445 22.3% 1920 397 −10.8% 1930 328 −17.4% 1940 473 44.2% 1950 337 −28.8% 1960 249 −26.1% 1970 304 22.1% 1980 320 5.3% 1990 395 23.4% 2000 449 13.7% 2010 447 −0.4% 2019 (est.) 400 −10.5% U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2010, there were 447 people, 177 households, and 121 families residing in the town. The population density was 401.4 people per square mile (154.8/km 2 ). There were 211 housing units at an average density of 188.6/sq mi (72.7/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the town was 63.98% White, 32.89% Black or African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.45% Asian, and 2.46% from two or more races. None of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 219 households, out of which 29.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.7% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.6% were non-families. 31.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsland,_Arkansas
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2495147190#3_2690103791	Title: Kingsland, Arkansas - Wikipedia Headings: Kingsland, Arkansas Kingsland, Arkansas Contents Geography Demographics History Education Notable people References Content: There were 211 housing units at an average density of 188.6/sq mi (72.7/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the town was 63.98% White, 32.89% Black or African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.45% Asian, and 2.46% from two or more races. None of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 219 households, out of which 29.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.7% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.6% were non-families. 31.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.20. In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.96% under the age of 18, 5.82% from 20 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 49, 20.81% from 50 to 64, and 13.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. There were 228 females and 219 males. The median income for a household in the town was $20,536, and the median income for a family was $28,958.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsland,_Arkansas
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2495147190#9_2690111318	Title: Kingsland, Arkansas - Wikipedia Headings: Kingsland, Arkansas Kingsland, Arkansas Contents Geography Demographics History Education Notable people References Content: discouraged parameter ( link) ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link) ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsland,_Arkansas
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2495154716#5_2690126920	Title: Kingsland, Georgia - Wikipedia Headings: Kingsland, Georgia Kingsland, Georgia Contents History Geography Climate Demographics Education Higher education Secondary Primary Private schools See also References External links Content: %± 1910 190 — 1920 296 55.8% 1930 444 50.0% 1940 619 39.4% 1950 1,169 88.9% 1960 1,536 31.4% 1970 1,831 19.2% 1980 2,008 9.7% 1990 4,699 134.0% 2000 10,506 123.6% 2010 15,946 51.8% 2019 (est.) 17,949 12.6% U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, there were 10,506 people, 3,620 households, and 2,722 families residing in the city. The population density was 627.9 people per square mile (242.5/km 2 ). There were 4,203 housing units at an average density of 251.2 per square mile (97.0/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 73.25% White, 21.14% African American, 0.58% Native American, 1.54% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 1.24% from other races, and 2.19% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.61% of the population. There were 3,620 households, of which 50.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.4% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.8% were non-families. 19.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.90 and the average family size was 3.34. In the city, the population was spread out, with 34.8% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 38.5% from 25 to 44, 13.0% from 45 to 64, and 3.6% who were 65 years of age or older.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsland,_GA
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2495965671#2_2690955247	Title: Kingsville, Missouri - Wikipedia Headings: Kingsville, Missouri Kingsville, Missouri Contents History Geography Demographics 2010 census 2000 census Points of interest Education References Content: -94.06889 (38.742893, -94.068925). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.30 square miles (0.78 km 2 ), all land. Demographics Historical population Census Pop. %± 1870 298 — 1880 174 −41.6% 1890 317 82.2% 1900 323 1.9% 1910 238 −26.3% 1920 214 −10.1% 1930 237 10.7% 1940 212 −10.5% 1950 207 −2.4% 1960 225 8.7% 1970 284 26.2% 1980 365 28.5% 1990 279 −23.6% 2000 257 −7.9% 2010 269 4.7% 2019 (est.) 259 −3.7% U.S. Decennial Census 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 269 people, 99 households, and 75 families living in the city. The population density was 896.7 inhabitants per square mile (346.2/km 2 ). There were 114 housing units at an average density of 380.0 per square mile (146.7/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 95.9% White, 0.7% African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.7% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6% of the population. There were 99 households, of which 38.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.6% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 24.2% were non-families.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsville,_Missouri
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2508567795#4_2705655928	Title: Kneeling - Wikipedia Headings: Kneeling Kneeling Contents Religion Judaism and Islam Christianity Marriage Proposals Catholic Wedding Ceremonies Kneeling in Sexual Intercourse BDSM Kneeling in Different Cultural Societies East Asia Japan China Kneeling in Ancient China Genderization of Kneeling in Greek Ritual Prehistoric Ecuador Ethnicity and Kinetic Implications of Kneeling-related Postures Monarchs European Knights in the Middle Ages and Now Interacting with Royalty See also References External links Content: Though common for Islam there is also a prayer rug in Judaism in conjunction with the holiday of Yon Kippur. This holiday is one of the few times in which it is customary to pray while kneeling in Judaism on the rug. Christianity The history of kneeling has not always been that it is a respectful practice. Many ancient philosophers thought that kneeling was actually barbaric and very disrespectful. It was only during the medieval period that kneeling switched over to a more tolerable religious practice. Passages in the Bible also show that kneeling is preferred over other forms of prayer. It is also mentioned in the New Testament that “And whenever you pray, do not be like the hypocrites; for they love to stand and pray in the synagogues.” Some churches may use a kneeler in frequented areas in order to indicate where to kneel as well as provide some level of comfort during the prayer. Marriage Proposals Kneeling is the position often associated with traditional, Western marriage proposals.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneeling
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2508567795#10_2705669135	Title: Kneeling - Wikipedia Headings: Kneeling Kneeling Contents Religion Judaism and Islam Christianity Marriage Proposals Catholic Wedding Ceremonies Kneeling in Sexual Intercourse BDSM Kneeling in Different Cultural Societies East Asia Japan China Kneeling in Ancient China Genderization of Kneeling in Greek Ritual Prehistoric Ecuador Ethnicity and Kinetic Implications of Kneeling-related Postures Monarchs European Knights in the Middle Ages and Now Interacting with Royalty See also References External links Content: This is different from western culture and other religions since these daily rituals are not necessarily tied to their religion but instead more to their society and culture. Japan Two forms of kneeling or prostration in Japanese culture, Dogeza, and Seiza . Dogeza is a traditional form of respectful bowing to acknowledge superiors. This practice is two steps kneeling down onto the ground, then bending over to touch the head to the ground. It can also be to express apology or attempt to bless someone with your good favor. This practice is mainly a form of formal and deeply emotional apology to someone of a higher rank than you within society. This is more of an older form of reverence, though, that has fallen out of practice. Seiza is another Japanese kneeling position that refers to the traditional way of sitting down in Japan. This is a formal way of sitting down which was adopted by Japan after the Edo period. Since then, it has now become the traditional way of sitting down within the household and for certain cultural events.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneeling
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2508567795#11_2705670894	Title: Kneeling - Wikipedia Headings: Kneeling Kneeling Contents Religion Judaism and Islam Christianity Marriage Proposals Catholic Wedding Ceremonies Kneeling in Sexual Intercourse BDSM Kneeling in Different Cultural Societies East Asia Japan China Kneeling in Ancient China Genderization of Kneeling in Greek Ritual Prehistoric Ecuador Ethnicity and Kinetic Implications of Kneeling-related Postures Monarchs European Knights in the Middle Ages and Now Interacting with Royalty See also References External links Content: This practice is mainly a form of formal and deeply emotional apology to someone of a higher rank than you within society. This is more of an older form of reverence, though, that has fallen out of practice. Seiza is another Japanese kneeling position that refers to the traditional way of sitting down in Japan. This is a formal way of sitting down which was adopted by Japan after the Edo period. Since then, it has now become the traditional way of sitting down within the household and for certain cultural events. Many of the culturally significant and traditional events in Japanese society involve sitting positions such as funerals or tea parties. This form of sitting however is uncomfortable to those who have not practiced it for a long time; therefore people in Japan usually start practicing this posture at quite a young age. China In China, there is a form of prostration involving kneeling called Kowtow. Kowtow is where the participant kneels down then subsequently bows on the ground so that their forehead touches the ground.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneeling
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2508567795#12_2705672651	Title: Kneeling - Wikipedia Headings: Kneeling Kneeling Contents Religion Judaism and Islam Christianity Marriage Proposals Catholic Wedding Ceremonies Kneeling in Sexual Intercourse BDSM Kneeling in Different Cultural Societies East Asia Japan China Kneeling in Ancient China Genderization of Kneeling in Greek Ritual Prehistoric Ecuador Ethnicity and Kinetic Implications of Kneeling-related Postures Monarchs European Knights in the Middle Ages and Now Interacting with Royalty See also References External links Content: Many of the culturally significant and traditional events in Japanese society involve sitting positions such as funerals or tea parties. This form of sitting however is uncomfortable to those who have not practiced it for a long time; therefore people in Japan usually start practicing this posture at quite a young age. China In China, there is a form of prostration involving kneeling called Kowtow. Kowtow is where the participant kneels down then subsequently bows on the ground so that their forehead touches the ground. This was a traditional way of showing respect in China. The literal translation of the mandarin word is “knock head”. This whole process consisted of three kneelings and nine knockings of the head, nine being important since it was a number associated with the Emperor. This practice of kowtowing is not new to the Chinese nor is the concept of kneeling since they sat kneeling down for much of their history as well. Kneeling in Ancient China In ancient Chinese society, kowtow, or kneeling-bowing, was common for students to express gratitude to their teachers.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneeling
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2527672509#2_2726647810	Title: Kosciuszko National Park - Wikipedia Headings: Kosciuszko National Park Kosciuszko National Park Contents History Heritage listings Climate Glaciation Ecology Fauna Flora Recreational uses Winter Summer The Snowy Mountains Hydroelectric Scheme See also References External links Content: Contents 1 History 2 Heritage listings 3 Climate 4 Glaciation 5 Ecology 5.1 Fauna 5.2 Flora 6 Recreational uses 6.1 Winter 6.2 Summer 7 The Snowy Mountains Hydroelectric Scheme 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History Kiandra Snow Shoe Carnival 1900 Cabramurra, Australia's highest town, was built during construction of the Snowy Mountains Scheme. The Australian Alps Bioregion was initially discovered by two First People Aboriginal groups. The Walgalu people occupied the northern part of what is today named the Kosciuszko National Park, while the Ngarigo people lived in the region around the highlands. Multiple Aboriginal groups in the southern part of NSW gathered in the Australian Alps Bioregion in the summer on an annual pilgrimage to the Bogong and Snowy Mountains. Here, the men participated in a feast of bogong moths (Agrotis infusa) that were found on the rocky outcrops of the mountains. After possibly 20,000 years of occupation, the traditional lifestyles of the First Australians were disrupted by the European invaders, including disease. The area was explored by Europeans in 1835, and in 1840, Edmund Strzelecki ascended Mount Kosciuszko and re-named it after a Polish patriot and military leader Tadeusz Kościuszko. High-country stockmen followed, using the Snowy Mountains for grazing during the summer months. Banjo Paterson 's famous poem The Man From Snowy River recalls this era. The cattle graziers have left a legacy of mountain huts scattered across the area.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosciuszko_National_Park
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2554546675#0_2755311154	Title: LAR Grizzly Win Mag - Wikipedia Headings: LAR Grizzly Win Mag LAR Grizzly Win Mag Contents Background Operation Non-standard parts See also References External links Content: LAR Grizzly Win Mag - Wikipedia LAR Grizzly Win Mag From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Semi-automatic pistol Grizzly Win Mag L.A.R. Grizzly Mark I in .45 Winchester Magnum with 6.5" barrel Type Semi-automatic pistol Place of origin United States Production history Designer Perry Arnett and Heinz Augat Manufacturer L.A.R. Manufacturing Inc Produced 1983-1999 Specifications Mass 1.36 kg (48 oz) empty 1.5 kg (53 oz) loaded Length 267 mm (10.25 in) with 6.5 in barrel Barrel length 5.4 in, 6.5 in, 8 in & 10 in Cartridge .45 Winchester Magnum 10mm Auto .44 Magnum 9mm Winchester Magnum .357 Magnum .50 Action Express .45 ACP .357-.45 GWM Action Short recoil (swinging link and locking lugs) Rate of fire Single action semi-automatic Muzzle velocity 457 m/s (1,500 ft/s) (.45 Win Mag 230gr bullet from 5.4 inch barrel) Feed system Detachable box magazine: 7 round Sights Fixed ramped blade front, fully adjustable rear The Grizzly Win Mag pistols were conceived, invented, designed, engineered and developed in the 1980s by the sole inventor, Perry Arnett, who licensed his patent for an interchangeable caliber semi-automatic pistol to L.A.R. Manufacturing Inc. Perry Arnett's designs were initially flawed and were improved upon by Heinz Augat (former owner and founder of L.A.R. Manufacturing Inc.). The L.A.R. Grizzly was the most powerful semi-automatic pistol ever commercially produced (the Mark V was chambered in .50 AE to compete with the IMI Desert Eagle ). Contents 1 Background 2 Operation 3 Non-standard parts 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Background The LAR Grizzly pistol was a modified Colt M1911 style pistol with oversize components designed to handle larger, more powerful cartridges than could be used in the standard size 1911 pistol. The original prototype built by Perry Arnett was made from two Colt 1911 frames and slides cut and welded to accommodate the 45WM round, with two steel doubler plates welded to the slide flats to retard the action and increase strength. Between 1983 and 1999, approximately 15,000 guns were produced in four versions capable of firing 6 different cartridges. All guns were hand fitted and capable of high accuracy. The Grizzly is an oversize of the Colt M1911 design, and most parts are interchangeable with those of the standard size pistols of other manufacturers. The Mark I model, offered in the mid 1980s was developed to fire the powerful .45 Winchester Magnum round. At various times, conversion kits were sold allowing the pistol to fire other rounds, including .45 ACP, 10 mm Auto, and .357 Magnum.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAR_Grizzly_Win_Mag
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2573093567#0_2773828774	Title: La Reforma - Wikipedia Headings: La Reforma La Reforma From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Definition of the liberal reform era Reforms Main article: Reform laws Notable liberal leaders Liberal Presidents of Mexico Other notable figures Paseo de la Reforma Reference Further reading See also Content: La Reforma - Wikipedia La Reforma From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search For other uses, see Reforma (disambiguation). Part of a series on the History of Mexico Pre-Columbian Spanish rule Conquest Viceroyalty of New Spain War of Independence First Empire First Republic Centralist Republic Texas Revolution Pastry War Mexican–American War Second Federal Republic La Reforma Reform War French intervention 1864–1928 Second Mexican Empire Restored Republic The Porfiriato Revolution La decena trágica Plan of Guadalupe Tampico Affair Occupation of Veracruz Cristero War Modern Maximato (1928–1934) Petroleum nationalization Mexican miracle Mexican Dirty War Mexican Movement of 1968 La Década Perdida 1982 economic crisis Chiapas conflict Mexican peso crisis PRI downfall Mexican drug war Coronavirus pandemic Timeline Mexico portal v t e La Reforma (English: The Reform ), the Liberal Reform in Mexico, was initiated in by liberal politicians following their ouster of conservative president Antonio López de Santa Anna under the 1854 Plan de Ayutla. The Liberal Reform as a historical period is often considered to be from 1855 to 1861, as one portion of the liberal republic in Mexico, but there is not total consensus on the dates. From the liberals' initial narrow objective to remove a dictator and take power, they expanded their aims to a comprehensive program to remake Mexico governed by liberal principles as embodied by a series of Reform laws and then the embedded in a new Constitution. The major goals of this movement were to undermine the power of the Catholic Church in Mexico, separate church and state, reduce the power of the Mexican military, and integrate Mexico's large indigenous population as citizens of Mexico and not a protected class. Liberals envisioned secular education as a means to create a Mexican citizenry. The liberals' strategy was to sharply limit the traditional institutional privileges ( fueros) of the Catholic Church and the army, as well as undermine indigenous communities as a protected group. Liberals promulgated a series of separate laws, collectively known as the Laws of the Reform. These were then incorporated into the Mexican Constitution of 1857.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Reforma
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2573093567#1_2773831583	Title: La Reforma - Wikipedia Headings: La Reforma La Reforma From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Definition of the liberal reform era Reforms Main article: Reform laws Notable liberal leaders Liberal Presidents of Mexico Other notable figures Paseo de la Reforma Reference Further reading See also Content: The major goals of this movement were to undermine the power of the Catholic Church in Mexico, separate church and state, reduce the power of the Mexican military, and integrate Mexico's large indigenous population as citizens of Mexico and not a protected class. Liberals envisioned secular education as a means to create a Mexican citizenry. The liberals' strategy was to sharply limit the traditional institutional privileges ( fueros) of the Catholic Church and the army, as well as undermine indigenous communities as a protected group. Liberals promulgated a series of separate laws, collectively known as the Laws of the Reform. These were then incorporated into the Mexican Constitution of 1857. Liberals required that Mexicans swear allegiance to it, which conservatives refused to do. Instead, they formed a conservative government and fought the liberals in a civil war, the War of the Reform. It was waged over three years with liberals defeating conservatives on the battlefield. However, Mexican conservatives sought a way to regain power. They helped install a monarch, Habsburg archduke Maximilian, who was chosen by French ruler Napoleon III.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Reforma
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2573093567#6_2773841875	Title: La Reforma - Wikipedia Headings: La Reforma La Reforma From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Definition of the liberal reform era Reforms Main article: Reform laws Notable liberal leaders Liberal Presidents of Mexico Other notable figures Paseo de la Reforma Reference Further reading See also Content: The Constitutionalists, the winning faction of the Mexican Revolution, fought in the name of the liberal Constitution of 1857. Reforms Main article: Reform laws The law prohibiting the ownership of land by corporations, the Lerdo Law, targeted the holdings of the Catholic Church and indigenous communities - confiscating Church land. Indigenous community lands were held by the community as a whole, not as individual parcels. Liberals sought to create a class of yeoman farmers that held land individually. No class of individualistic peasants developed with the Liberal program emerged, but many merchants acquired land as well as some tenant farmers. Many existing landowners expanded their holdings at the expense of peasants, and some upwardly mobile ranch owners, often mestizos, acquired land previously held by communities. The most noteworthy reforms of the Reforma were initially promulgated in a series of separate laws. the Ley Lerdo, abolishing corporate property holding by the Catholic Church and indigenous communal properties the Ley Juárez, abolishing separate military and religious courts the Ley Iglesias, regulating ecclesiastical fees the Mexican Constitution of 1857, guaranteeing many civil and political liberties including freedom of religion the 'Reform Laws' in which the liberal government of Veracruz during the civil war against the conservatives proclaimed complete separation of church and state. Notable liberal leaders Benito Juárez, a Zapotec Indian who became president of Mexico during the Reform.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Reforma
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2573093567#7_2773843925	Title: La Reforma - Wikipedia Headings: La Reforma La Reforma From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Definition of the liberal reform era Reforms Main article: Reform laws Notable liberal leaders Liberal Presidents of Mexico Other notable figures Paseo de la Reforma Reference Further reading See also Content: No class of individualistic peasants developed with the Liberal program emerged, but many merchants acquired land as well as some tenant farmers. Many existing landowners expanded their holdings at the expense of peasants, and some upwardly mobile ranch owners, often mestizos, acquired land previously held by communities. The most noteworthy reforms of the Reforma were initially promulgated in a series of separate laws. the Ley Lerdo, abolishing corporate property holding by the Catholic Church and indigenous communal properties the Ley Juárez, abolishing separate military and religious courts the Ley Iglesias, regulating ecclesiastical fees the Mexican Constitution of 1857, guaranteeing many civil and political liberties including freedom of religion the 'Reform Laws' in which the liberal government of Veracruz during the civil war against the conservatives proclaimed complete separation of church and state. Notable liberal leaders Benito Juárez, a Zapotec Indian who became president of Mexico during the Reform. Liberal Presidents of Mexico Juan Álvarez (1790-1867) President of Mexico in office Oct.-Dec. 1855 Ignacio Comonfort (1812-1863), in office 1855-1857 Benito Juárez (1806-1872), Zapotec liberal lawyer and politician, in office 1858-1872. Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada (1823-1889). In office 1872-1876 Porfirio Díaz (1830-1915). In office 1876-1880;	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Reforma
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2577244949#1_2779068347	Title: 2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK) - Wikipedia Headings: 2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK) 2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Procedure Timetable Candidates Nominated Withdrew Declined Endorsements Media reaction Burnham Cooper Corbyn Kendall Dispute over election integrity Labour Party membership since 1993 Rejected voters Missing ballots Debates Television Radio Online Opinion polling Polling of eligible voters July 2015 August 2015 Polling of Labour voters Polling of British voters Polling of London voters Polling before close of nominations Labour members Labour voters Former Labour PPCs British residents Result Political reaction to the result Domestic Labour Party Conservative Party UK Independence Party Liberal Democrats Green Party of England and Wales Scottish National Party Plaid Cymru Social Democratic and Labour Party Ulster Unionist Party International Analysis See also References External links Content: The voting process began on Friday 14 August 2015 and closed on Thursday 10 September 2015, and the results were announced on Saturday 12 September 2015. Voting was by Labour Party members and registered and affiliated supporters, using the alternative vote system. Support for Corbyn, who entered the race as a dark horse candidate, and the release of opinion polls which showed him leading the race, led to high-profile interventions by a number of prominent Labour figures including Gordon Brown, Tony Blair, Jack Straw, David Miliband, and Alastair Campbell, among others, many of whom argued that Corbyn's election as leader would leave the party unelectable. Despite these interventions, Corbyn was elected in the first round receiving 59.5% of the votes, winning in all three sections of the ballot. Less than a year later, a leadership challenge saw another leadership election, where Corbyn again won, with an increased share of the vote. Contents 1 Procedure 1.1 Timetable 2 Candidates 2.1 Nominated 2.2 Withdrew 2.3 Declined 3 Endorsements 4 Media reaction 5 Dispute over election integrity 5.1 Rejected voters 5.2 Missing ballots 6 Debates 6.1 Television 6.2 Radio 6.3 Online 7 Opinion polling 7.1 Polling of eligible voters 7.1.1 July 2015 7.1.2 August 2015 7.2 Polling of Labour voters 7.3 Polling of British voters 7.4 Polling of London voters 7.5 Polling before close of nominations 7.5.1 Labour members 7.5.2 Labour voters 7.5.3 Former Labour PPCs 7.5.4 British residents 8 Result 9 Political reaction to the result 9.1 Domestic 9.2 International 10 Analysis 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Procedure The leadership election, triggered by Ed Miliband 's resignation, took place under the reformed rules adopted from the proposals of the February 2014 Collins Report, which was led by Ray Collins, Baron Collins of Highbury. The plan entailed a shorter election than the one that took place in 2010, with a new leader being in place before Labour's party conference in September 2015. The review changed the way in which Labour elects leaders. Under the former system, a three-way electoral college chose the leader, with one-third weight given to the votes of the Parliamentary Labour Party (i.e., Labour members of the House of Commons and Labour members of the European Parliament ), one-third to individual Labour Party members, and one third to the trade union and affiliated societies sections. Following the Collins review, the electoral college was replaced by a pure " one member, one vote " (OMOV) system.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_%28UK%29_leadership_election,_2015
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2577308351#0_2779088218	Title: Labour Party (UK) - Wikipedia Headings: Labour Party (UK) Labour Party (UK) Contents History Origins and the Independent Labour Party (1860–1900) Labour Representation Committee (1900–1906) Early years (1906–1923) First Labour government and period in opposition (1923–1929) Second Labour government (1929–1931) Labour in opposition (1931–1940) Wartime coalition (1940–1945) Attlee government (1945–1951) Post-war consensus (1951–1964) Wilson government (1964–1970) Spell in opposition (1970–1974) Majority to minority (1974–1979) Opposition and internal conflict (1979–1994) New Labour (1994–2010) Opposition and internal conflict (2010–present) Ideology Symbols Constitution and structure Clause IV (1995) Membership and registered supporters Trade union link European and international affiliation Electoral performance UK-wide elections UK general elections European Parliament elections Devolved assembly elections Scottish Parliament elections Welsh Parliament elections London Assembly and Mayoral elections Combined authority elections Leadership Leaders of the Labour Party since 1906 Living former Labour Party leaders Deputy Leaders of the Labour Party since 1922 Living former Labour Party deputy leaders Leaders in the House of Lords since 1924 Labour Prime Ministers See also Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links Content: Labour Party (UK) - Wikipedia Labour Party (UK) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Centre-left political party in the United Kingdom Labour Party Leader Keir Starmer Deputy Leader Angela Rayner General Secretary David Evans Chair Anneliese Dodds Lords Leader The Baroness Smith of Basildon Founded 27 February 1900; 121 years ago ( 1900-02-27) Headquarters Southside, 105 Victoria Street, London SW1E 6QT Labour Central, Kings Manor, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 6PA Youth wing Young Labour LGBT wing LGBT+ Labour Membership (2021) 512,000 Ideology Social democracy Democratic socialism Political position Centre-left European affiliation Party of European Socialists International affiliation Progressive Alliance Socialist International (observer status) Affiliate parties Co-operative Party ( Labour and Co-operative) Social Democratic and Labour Party Colours Red Anthem " The Red Flag " Governing body National Executive Committee Constituting instrument Labour Party Rule Book Devolved or semi-autonomous branches London Labour Scottish Labour Welsh Labour Parliamentary parties Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP) House of Commons 198 / 650 House of Lords 177 / 794 London Assembly 11 / 25 Scottish Parliament 22 / 129 Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament 30 / 60 Local government 5,983 / 19,698 Directly elected mayors 19 / 25 Police and crime commissioners 8 / 40 Website labour .org .uk Politics of the United Kingdom Political parties Elections Part of a series on Organised labour Labour movement Timeline New Unionism Proletariat Social movement unionism Social democracy Democratic socialism Socialism Syndicalism Anarcho-syndicalism Labour rights Freedom of association Collective bargaining Child labour Unfree labour Equal pay Employment discrimination Legal working age Six-hour day Eight-hour day Annual leave Paid time off Minimum wage Occupational safety and health Employment protection Trade unions Trade unions by country Trade union federations International comparisons ITUC IWA WFTU Strike action Chronological list of strikes General strike Secondary action Overtime ban Sitdown strike Work-to-rule Lockout Labour parties Australia Barbados Brazil Fiji Georgia Hong Kong Ireland Israel Malta New Caledonia New Zealand Netherlands Norway Portugal Singapore United Kingdom Academic disciplines Industrial relations Labour economics Labour history Labour law v t e The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom that has been described as an alliance of social democrats, democratic socialists and trade unionists. In all general elections since 1922, Labour has been either the governing party or the Official Opposition. There have been six Labour prime ministers and thirteen Labour ministries . The party was founded in 1900, having grown out of the trade union movement and socialist parties of the 19th century. It overtook the Liberal Party to become the main opposition to the Conservative Party in the early 1920s, forming two minority governments under Ramsay MacDonald in the 1920s and early 1930s. Labour served in the wartime coalition of 1940–1945, after which Clement Attlee 's Labour government established the National Health Service and expanded the welfare state from 1945 to 1951. Under Harold Wilson and James Callaghan, Labour again governed from 1964 to 1970 and 1974 to 1979. In the 1990s, Tony Blair took Labour to the centre as part of his New Labour project which governed under Blair and then Gordon Brown from 1997 to 2010. The Labour Party currently forms the Official Opposition in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, having won the second-largest number of seats in the 2019 general election.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2577308351#2_2779096761	Title: Labour Party (UK) - Wikipedia Headings: Labour Party (UK) Labour Party (UK) Contents History Origins and the Independent Labour Party (1860–1900) Labour Representation Committee (1900–1906) Early years (1906–1923) First Labour government and period in opposition (1923–1929) Second Labour government (1929–1931) Labour in opposition (1931–1940) Wartime coalition (1940–1945) Attlee government (1945–1951) Post-war consensus (1951–1964) Wilson government (1964–1970) Spell in opposition (1970–1974) Majority to minority (1974–1979) Opposition and internal conflict (1979–1994) New Labour (1994–2010) Opposition and internal conflict (2010–present) Ideology Symbols Constitution and structure Clause IV (1995) Membership and registered supporters Trade union link European and international affiliation Electoral performance UK-wide elections UK general elections European Parliament elections Devolved assembly elections Scottish Parliament elections Welsh Parliament elections London Assembly and Mayoral elections Combined authority elections Leadership Leaders of the Labour Party since 1906 Living former Labour Party leaders Deputy Leaders of the Labour Party since 1922 Living former Labour Party deputy leaders Leaders in the House of Lords since 1924 Labour Prime Ministers See also Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links Content: The leader of the party and leader of the opposition is Keir Starmer. Labour is the largest party in the Welsh Parliament, being the main party in the current Welsh government. The party is the third-largest in the Scottish Parliament. Labour is a member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance, and holds observer status in the Socialist International. The party includes semi-autonomous Scottish and Welsh branches, and supports the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) in Northern Ireland, although it still organises there. As of February 2021, Labour has over 500,000 registered members, one of the largest memberships of any party in Europe . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins and the Independent Labour Party (1860–1900) 1.2 Labour Representation Committee (1900–1906) 1.3 Early years (1906–1923) 1.4 First Labour government and period in opposition (1923–1929) 1.5 Second Labour government (1929–1931) 1.6 Labour in opposition (1931–1940) 1.7 Wartime coalition (1940–1945) 1.8 Attlee government (1945–1951) 1.9 Post-war consensus (1951–1964) 1.10 Wilson government (1964–1970) 1.11 Spell in opposition (1970–1974) 1.12 Majority to minority (1974–1979) 1.13 Opposition and internal conflict (1979–1994) 1.14 New Labour (1994–2010) 1.15 Opposition and internal conflict (2010–present) 2 Ideology 2.1 Symbols 3 Constitution and structure 3.1 Membership and registered supporters 3.2 Trade union link 3.3 European and international affiliation 4 Electoral performance 4.1 UK-wide elections 4.1.1 UK general elections 4.1.2 European Parliament elections 4.2 Devolved assembly elections 4.2.1 Scottish Parliament elections 4.2.2 Welsh Parliament elections 4.2.3 London Assembly and Mayoral elections 4.2.4 Combined authority elections 5 Leadership 5.1 Leaders of the Labour Party since 1906 5.2 Living former Labour Party leaders 5.3 Deputy Leaders of the Labour Party since 1922 5.4 Living former Labour Party deputy leaders 5.5 Leaders in the House of Lords since 1924 5.6 Labour Prime Ministers 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links History Main articles: History of the Labour Party (UK) and History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom Origins and the Independent Labour Party (1860–1900) The original Liberty logo, in use until 1983 The Labour Party originated in the late 19th century, meeting the demand for a new political party to represent the interests and needs of the urban working class, a demographic which had increased in number, and many of whom only gained suffrage with the passage of the Representation of the People Act 1884. Some members of the trades union movement became interested in moving into the political field, and after further extensions of the voting franchise in 1867 and 1885, the Liberal Party endorsed some trade-union sponsored candidates. The first Lib–Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2577308351#3_2779101510	Title: Labour Party (UK) - Wikipedia Headings: Labour Party (UK) Labour Party (UK) Contents History Origins and the Independent Labour Party (1860–1900) Labour Representation Committee (1900–1906) Early years (1906–1923) First Labour government and period in opposition (1923–1929) Second Labour government (1929–1931) Labour in opposition (1931–1940) Wartime coalition (1940–1945) Attlee government (1945–1951) Post-war consensus (1951–1964) Wilson government (1964–1970) Spell in opposition (1970–1974) Majority to minority (1974–1979) Opposition and internal conflict (1979–1994) New Labour (1994–2010) Opposition and internal conflict (2010–present) Ideology Symbols Constitution and structure Clause IV (1995) Membership and registered supporters Trade union link European and international affiliation Electoral performance UK-wide elections UK general elections European Parliament elections Devolved assembly elections Scottish Parliament elections Welsh Parliament elections London Assembly and Mayoral elections Combined authority elections Leadership Leaders of the Labour Party since 1906 Living former Labour Party leaders Deputy Leaders of the Labour Party since 1922 Living former Labour Party deputy leaders Leaders in the House of Lords since 1924 Labour Prime Ministers See also Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links Content: As of February 2021, Labour has over 500,000 registered members, one of the largest memberships of any party in Europe . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins and the Independent Labour Party (1860–1900) 1.2 Labour Representation Committee (1900–1906) 1.3 Early years (1906–1923) 1.4 First Labour government and period in opposition (1923–1929) 1.5 Second Labour government (1929–1931) 1.6 Labour in opposition (1931–1940) 1.7 Wartime coalition (1940–1945) 1.8 Attlee government (1945–1951) 1.9 Post-war consensus (1951–1964) 1.10 Wilson government (1964–1970) 1.11 Spell in opposition (1970–1974) 1.12 Majority to minority (1974–1979) 1.13 Opposition and internal conflict (1979–1994) 1.14 New Labour (1994–2010) 1.15 Opposition and internal conflict (2010–present) 2 Ideology 2.1 Symbols 3 Constitution and structure 3.1 Membership and registered supporters 3.2 Trade union link 3.3 European and international affiliation 4 Electoral performance 4.1 UK-wide elections 4.1.1 UK general elections 4.1.2 European Parliament elections 4.2 Devolved assembly elections 4.2.1 Scottish Parliament elections 4.2.2 Welsh Parliament elections 4.2.3 London Assembly and Mayoral elections 4.2.4 Combined authority elections 5 Leadership 5.1 Leaders of the Labour Party since 1906 5.2 Living former Labour Party leaders 5.3 Deputy Leaders of the Labour Party since 1922 5.4 Living former Labour Party deputy leaders 5.5 Leaders in the House of Lords since 1924 5.6 Labour Prime Ministers 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links History Main articles: History of the Labour Party (UK) and History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom Origins and the Independent Labour Party (1860–1900) The original Liberty logo, in use until 1983 The Labour Party originated in the late 19th century, meeting the demand for a new political party to represent the interests and needs of the urban working class, a demographic which had increased in number, and many of whom only gained suffrage with the passage of the Representation of the People Act 1884. Some members of the trades union movement became interested in moving into the political field, and after further extensions of the voting franchise in 1867 and 1885, the Liberal Party endorsed some trade-union sponsored candidates. The first Lib–Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870. In addition, several small socialist groups had formed around this time, with the intention of linking the movement to political policies. Among these were the Independent Labour Party (ILP), the intellectual and largely middle-class Fabian Society, the Marxist Social Democratic Federation and the Scottish Labour Party . At the 1895 general election, the ILP put up 28 candidates but won only 44,325 votes. Keir Hardie, the leader of the party, believed that to obtain success in parliamentary elections, it would be necessary to join with other left-wing groups. Hardie's roots as a lay preacher contributed to an ethos in the party which led to the comment by 1950s General Secretary Morgan Phillips that "Socialism in Britain owed more to Methodism than Marx".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2577308351#6_2779113546	Title: Labour Party (UK) - Wikipedia Headings: Labour Party (UK) Labour Party (UK) Contents History Origins and the Independent Labour Party (1860–1900) Labour Representation Committee (1900–1906) Early years (1906–1923) First Labour government and period in opposition (1923–1929) Second Labour government (1929–1931) Labour in opposition (1931–1940) Wartime coalition (1940–1945) Attlee government (1945–1951) Post-war consensus (1951–1964) Wilson government (1964–1970) Spell in opposition (1970–1974) Majority to minority (1974–1979) Opposition and internal conflict (1979–1994) New Labour (1994–2010) Opposition and internal conflict (2010–present) Ideology Symbols Constitution and structure Clause IV (1995) Membership and registered supporters Trade union link European and international affiliation Electoral performance UK-wide elections UK general elections European Parliament elections Devolved assembly elections Scottish Parliament elections Welsh Parliament elections London Assembly and Mayoral elections Combined authority elections Leadership Leaders of the Labour Party since 1906 Living former Labour Party leaders Deputy Leaders of the Labour Party since 1922 Living former Labour Party deputy leaders Leaders in the House of Lords since 1924 Labour Prime Ministers See also Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links Content: This created an association called the Labour Representation Committee (LRC), meant to co-ordinate attempts to support MPs sponsored by trade unions and represent the working-class population. It had no single leader, and in the absence of one, the Independent Labour Party nominee Ramsay MacDonald was elected as Secretary. He had the difficult task of keeping the various strands of opinions in the LRC united. The 1900 general election, also referred to as the "Khaki election", came too soon for the new party to campaign effectively and total expenses for the election only came to £33. Only 15 candidatures were sponsored, but two were successful: Keir Hardie in Merthyr Tydfil and Richard Bell in Derby. Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901 Taff Vale Case, a dispute between strikers and a railway company that ended with the union being ordered to pay £23,000 damages for a strike. The judgement effectively made strikes illegal, since employers could recoup the cost of lost business from the unions. The apparent acquiescence of the Conservative Government of Arthur Balfour to industrial and business interests (traditionally the allies of the Liberal Party in opposition to the Conservatives' landed interests) intensified support for the LRC against a government that appeared to have little concern for the industrial proletariat and its problems. Labour Party Plaque from Caroone House, 14 Farringdon Stre	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2580522494#0_2782631509	Title: Headings: Content: Lactose intolerance - Wikipedia Lactose intolerance From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Lactase deficiency) Jump to navigationJump to search Not to be confused with Milk allergy. Medical condition Lactose intolerance Other names Lactase deficiency, hypolactasia, alactasia, lactose challenged Lactose is made up of two simple sugars Specialty Gastroenterology Symptoms Abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, flatulence, nausea[1] Complications Does not cause damage to the GI tract[2] Usual onset 30–120 min after dairy products[1] Causes Decreased ability to digest lactose(genetic, small intestine injury)[1] Diagnostic method Symptoms resolve following eliminating lactose[1] Differential diagnosis Irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, milk allergy[1] Treatment Decreasing lactose in the diet, lactase supplements, treat the underlying cause[1] Frequency ~65% of people (less common in Europeans)[3] Lactose intoleranceis a common condition caused by a decreased ability to digest lactose, a sugar found in dairy products.[1] Those affected vary in the amount of lactose they can tolerate before symptoms develop.[1] Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, gas, and nausea.[1] These symptoms typically start thirty minutes to two hours after eating or drinking milk-based food.[1] Their severity typically depends on the amount a person eats or drinks.[1] Lactose intolerance does not cause damage to the gastrointestinal tract. [ 2] Lactose intolerance is due to the lack of the enzymelactasein the small intestinesto break lactose down into glucoseand galactose.[3] There are four types: primary, secondary, developmental, and congenital.[1] Primary lactose intolerance occurs as the amount of lactase declines as people age.[1] Secondary lactose intolerance is due to injury to the small intestine. Such injury could be the result of infection, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, or other diseases. [ 1][4]Developmental lactose intolerance may occur in premature babiesand usually improves over a short period of time.[1] Congenital lactose intolerance is an extremely rare genetic disorderin which little or no lactase is made from birth.[1] The onset of primary lactose intolerance, the most common type, is typically in late childhood or early adulthood,[1]but prevalence increases with age. [ 5] Diagnosis may be confirmed if symptoms resolve following eliminating lactose from the diet.[1] Other supporting tests include a hydrogen breath testand a stool acidity test.[1] Other conditions that may produce similar symptoms include irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, and inflammatory bowel disease.[1] Lactose intolerance is different from a milk allergy.[1] Management is typically by decreasing the amount of lactose in the diet, taking lactase supplements, or treating the underlying disease. [ 1][6]People are usually able to drink at least one cup of milk per sitting without developing significant symptoms, with greater amounts tolerated if drunk with a meal or throughout the day. [ 1][7] Most adults (around 65–70% of the world's population) are lactose intolerant. [ 5][8]Other mammalsnormally lose the ability to digest lactose after weaningand this was the ancestral stateof all humans before the recent evolutionof lactase persistence, which extends lactose tolerance into adulthood.[9] Lactase persistence evolved in several populations independently, probably as an adaptation to the domesticationof dairy animalsaround 10,000 years ago. [	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactase_deficiency
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2581151365#1_2783374733	Title: Lactose intolerance - Wikipedia Headings: Lactose intolerance Lactose intolerance Contents Terminology Signs and symptoms Causes Primary hypolactasia Secondary hypolactasia Primary congenital alactasia Diagnosis Hydrogen breath test Blood test Stool acidity test Intestinal biopsy Stool sugar chromatography Genetic diagnostic Management Dietary avoidance Milk substitutes Lactase supplements Rehabituation to dairy products Epidemiology History History of research Other animals See also References External links Content: Their severity typically depends on the amount a person eats or drinks. Lactose intolerance does not cause damage to the gastrointestinal tract. Lactose intolerance is due to the lack of the enzyme lactase in the small intestines to break lactose down into glucose and galactose. There are four types: primary, secondary, developmental, and congenital. Primary lactose intolerance occurs as the amount of lactase declines as people age. Secondary lactose intolerance is due to injury to the small intestine. Such injury could be the result of infection, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, or other diseases. Developmental lactose intolerance may occur in premature babies and usually improves over a short period of time. Congenital lactose intolerance is an extremely rare genetic disorder in which little or no lactase is made from birth.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose_content_of_foods
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2581151365#2_2783376318	Title: Lactose intolerance - Wikipedia Headings: Lactose intolerance Lactose intolerance Contents Terminology Signs and symptoms Causes Primary hypolactasia Secondary hypolactasia Primary congenital alactasia Diagnosis Hydrogen breath test Blood test Stool acidity test Intestinal biopsy Stool sugar chromatography Genetic diagnostic Management Dietary avoidance Milk substitutes Lactase supplements Rehabituation to dairy products Epidemiology History History of research Other animals See also References External links Content: Primary lactose intolerance occurs as the amount of lactase declines as people age. Secondary lactose intolerance is due to injury to the small intestine. Such injury could be the result of infection, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, or other diseases. Developmental lactose intolerance may occur in premature babies and usually improves over a short period of time. Congenital lactose intolerance is an extremely rare genetic disorder in which little or no lactase is made from birth. The onset of primary lactose intolerance, the most common type, is typically in late childhood or early adulthood, but prevalence increases with age. Diagnosis may be confirmed if symptoms resolve following eliminating lactose from the diet. Other supporting tests include a hydrogen breath test and a stool acidity test. Other conditions that may produce similar symptoms include irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, and inflammatory bowel disease. Lactose intolerance is different from a milk allergy.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose_content_of_foods
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2591971942#8_2797352734	Title: Lake Manly - Wikipedia Headings: Lake Manly Lake Manly From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Discovery and naming Geography The lake Shorelines Hydrology Inflow Outlet Water composition Climate Biology Chronology Earliest highstands Blackwelder highstand Later lake stages Present day References Sources External links Content: Lake Manly formed in Death Valley, a tectonic depression framed by the Cottonwood Mountains and Panamint Range to the west, Owlshead Mountains to the south and Black Mountains, Funeral Mountains and Grapevine Mountains to the east. Death Valley is about 200 kilometres (120 mi) long and 10–30 kilometres (6–19 mi) wide and consists of three basins: Badwater Basin which reaches a depth of 86 metres (282 ft) beneath sea level, Cottonball Basin and Middle Basin. The Badwater Basin is the deepest point in North America. Death Valley began forming about 14 million years ago, and by the Pliocene it was well developed. The valley remains deep due to vertical faulting, which occurs faster there than anywhere else in the US. Various types of rocks form the surface areas of Death Valley, some going back as far as the Precambrian. The Death Valley is tectonically active, with faults including the Black Mountains fault, Furnace Creek Fault, Grandview Fault, Northern Death Valley Fault, Southern Death Valley fault and Towne Pass Fault. Thus, shorelines from the same lake stands are often not at the same elevation in various parts of the basin. Faulting has caused a progressive drop in elevation of the floor of Death Valley, keeping pace with sedimentation, though the exact rates are not known.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Manly
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2593225612#3_2799214427	Title: Lake Poets - Wikipedia Headings: Lake Poets Lake Poets Contents Origins and accuracy of the name The Lake poets Associated writers Other writers References Sources Further reading Content: Although Wordsworth did not 'discover' the Lake District, nor was he the one who popularised it the most, he "was destined to become one of the key attractions to the area, while his particular vision of his native landscape would have an enduring influence upon its future". Not just a 'nature poet', his poetry "is about the organic relationship between human beings and the natural world...' After a brief flirtation with the Picturesque in his Cambridge years, he came to see this aesthetic view of nature as being only one of many (although it is arguable that he "was under the sway of Picturesque theory", he frequently transcended it). His 'vision' of nature was one that did not distort it in order to make art. Wordsworth's early radical political ideas led him to his second poetic innovation: the use of 'plain language' and having for his subject the 'common man', as represented by the Dales-folk, (rather than "kings and queens, lords and ladies or gods and goddesses" as was the case up to then). His third innovation was to do with the inward-turning of his mind, producing a semi-autobiographical take on nature and imagination : his poem The Prelude, he wrote to Dorothy, was "the poem on the growth of my own mind." Rydal Mount, home to Wordsworth 1813-1850. Hundreds of visitors came here to see him over the years Despite this reclusive side of his personality, Wordsworth was a strong believer in family and community, and he was much concerned with the effects on (especially poor) people's way of life of social change (for example, due to the enclosure movement) that were taking place. He disliked change that flew in the face of Nature:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Poets
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2636632315#10_2850269382	Title: Latin America–United States relations - Wikipedia Headings: Latin America–United States relations Latin America–United States relations Contents Overview 19th century to World War I Venezuelan independence Chilean independence Monroe Doctrine Anderson–Gual Treaty Anfictionic Congress of Panama Mexican–American War (April 1846 – February 1848) Ostend Manifesto War of the Pacific (1879–1883) Big Brother policy Venezuelan crisis of 1895 Spanish–American War (1898) Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903 Platt Amendment Panama Canal Roosevelt Corollary Dollar Diplomacy Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) Banana Wars 1930s World War II Expulsion of Germans 1940s–1960s: The Cold War and the "Hemispheric Defense" Doctrine 1960s: Cuban Revolution 1970s 1980s–1990s: democratization and the Washington Consensus 2000s: Pink Tide Free trade and other regional integration Bilateral investment treaties The ALBA The U.S. military coalition in Iraq Bolivia's nationalization of natural resources Academic research See also Binational relationships Notes References Further reading Historiography External links Content: The turn of Castro's revolution in Cuba after 1959 toward Soviet communism alienated Cuba from the United States, though reactions to the revolution varied considerably across Latin America. An attempted invasion failed and at the peak of the Cold War in 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis threatened major war as the Soviet Union installed nuclear weapons in Cuba to defend it from an American invasion. The crisis also shook the domestic politics of Latin American countries, where governments initially exhibited little sympathy for Cuba. There was no invasion, but the United States imposed an economic boycott on Cuba that remains in effect, as well as a broke off diplomatic relations, that lasted until 2015. The US also saw the rise of left-wing governments in central America as a threat and, in some cases, overthrew democratically elected governments perceived at the time as becoming left-wing or unfriendly to U.S. interests. Examples include the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état, the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état, the 1973 Chilean coup d'état and the support of the Contra rebels in Nicaragua. After 1960, Latin America increasingly supplied illegal drugs, especially marijuana and cocaine to the rich American market. One consequence was the growth of extremely violent drug gangs in Mexico and other parts of Central America attempting to control the drug supply. In the 1970s and 1980s, the United States gave strong support to violent anti-Communist forces in Latin America. The fall of Soviet communism in 1989–92 largely ended the communist threat.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2636989887#0_2850499040	Title: Latin American economy - Wikipedia Headings: Latin American economy Latin American economy Contents History Pre–European contact Civilizations in Mexico and the Andes Tribute and trade Record keeping Circum-Caribbean, Amazonia, and peripheral areas Colonial era and Independence (ca. 1500–1850) Spanish conquest and the Caribbean economy Silver, extraction, and labor systems Sugar, slavery, and plantations The development of the colonial economy Manufactured goods Transatlantic and transpacific trade in a closed system Economic impact of independence Early Post-Independence (1830–1870) Obstacles to economic growth Role of foreign powers Export Booms (1870–1914) Favorable Government Policies Transportation and Communication Export commodities Guano Sugar Wheat Coffee Rubber Petroleum Mining Environmental degradation Immigration and Labor New Order emerging (1914–1945) Impact of World War I Transportation Banking systems Manufacturing for a domestic market Impact of the Great Depression World War II Changing role of the state, 1945–73 Social changes Economic nationalism New Institutional frameworks for economic development Impact of the Cuban Revolution 1960s–1970s Reorientations 1970s–2000s Washington Consensus Economic cooperation and free trade agreements Migration and remittances Corruption Economic sectors Main trading partners Sectors by industry Agriculture Mining and petroleum Manufacturing Gallery Financial Infrastructure Energy Brazil Main economies in the current era Brazil Argentina Colombia Mexico Chile Foreign investment Brazil Argentina Colombia Mexico Chile Regional risks Currency risks Trade uncertainty See also References Further reading Content: Latin American economy - Wikipedia Latin American economy From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Overview of the economy of Latin American Map of Latin America showing modern political divisions Latin America as a region has multiple nation-states, with varying levels of economic complexity. The Latin American economy is an export-based economy consisting of individual countries in the geographical regions of North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. The socioeconomic patterns of what is now called Latin America were set in the colonial era when the region was controlled by the Spanish and Portuguese empires. Up until independence in the early nineteenth century, colonial Latin American regional economies thrived and worked things out. Many parts of the region had favorable factor endowments of deposits of precious metals, mainly silver, or tropical climatic conditions and locations near coasts that allowed for the development of cane sugar plantations. In the nineteenth century following independence, many economies of Latin America declined. In the late nineteenth century, much of Latin America was integrated into the world economy as an exporter of commodities. Foreign capital investment, construction of infrastructure, such as railroads, growth in the labor sector with immigration from abroad, strengthening of institutions, and expansion of education aided industrial growth and economic expansion. A number of regions have thriving economies, but "poverty and inequality have been deeply rooted in Latin American societies since the early colonial era." As of 2016, the population of Latin America is 633 million people and the total gross domestic product of Latin America in 2015 was 5.3 trillion USD.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_economy
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2636989887#4_2850512108	Title: Latin American economy - Wikipedia Headings: Latin American economy Latin American economy Contents History Pre–European contact Civilizations in Mexico and the Andes Tribute and trade Record keeping Circum-Caribbean, Amazonia, and peripheral areas Colonial era and Independence (ca. 1500–1850) Spanish conquest and the Caribbean economy Silver, extraction, and labor systems Sugar, slavery, and plantations The development of the colonial economy Manufactured goods Transatlantic and transpacific trade in a closed system Economic impact of independence Early Post-Independence (1830–1870) Obstacles to economic growth Role of foreign powers Export Booms (1870–1914) Favorable Government Policies Transportation and Communication Export commodities Guano Sugar Wheat Coffee Rubber Petroleum Mining Environmental degradation Immigration and Labor New Order emerging (1914–1945) Impact of World War I Transportation Banking systems Manufacturing for a domestic market Impact of the Great Depression World War II Changing role of the state, 1945–73 Social changes Economic nationalism New Institutional frameworks for economic development Impact of the Cuban Revolution 1960s–1970s Reorientations 1970s–2000s Washington Consensus Economic cooperation and free trade agreements Migration and remittances Corruption Economic sectors Main trading partners Sectors by industry Agriculture Mining and petroleum Manufacturing Gallery Financial Infrastructure Energy Brazil Main economies in the current era Brazil Argentina Colombia Mexico Chile Foreign investment Brazil Argentina Colombia Mexico Chile Regional risks Currency risks Trade uncertainty See also References Further reading Content: Also, the tropical and temperate climates of Latin America makes it ideal for growing a variety of agricultural products. Infrastructure in Latin America has been classified as sub-par compared to economies with similar income levels. There is room to grow and some countries have already taken the initiative to form partnerships with the private sector to increase infrastructure spending. The main economies of Latin America are Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, and Chile. These economies have been given positive outlooks for 2017 by Morgan Stanley. The Latin American economy is largely based on commodity exports, therefore, the global price of commodities has a significant effect on the growth of Latin American economies. Because of its strong growth potential and wealth of natural resources, Latin America has attracted foreign investment from the United States and Europe. Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre–European contact 1.1.1 Civilizations in Mexico and the Andes 1.1.2 Tribute and trade 1.1.3 Record keeping 1.1.4 Circum-Caribbean, Amazonia, and peripheral areas 1.2 Colonial era and Independence (ca. 1500–1850) 1.2.1 Spanish conquest and the Caribbean economy 1.2.2 Silver, extraction, and labor systems 1.2.3 Sugar, slavery, and plantations 1.2.4 The development of the colonial economy 1.2.5 Manufactured goods 1.2.6 Transatlantic and transpacific trade in a closed system 1.2.7 Economic impact of independence 1.2.8 Early Post-Independence (1830–1870) 1.2.9 Obstacles to economic growth 1.2.10 Role of foreign powers 1.3 Export Booms (1870–1914) 1.3.1 Favorable Government Policies 1.3.2 Transportation and Communication 1.3.3 Export commodities 1.3.3.1 Guano 1.3.3.2 Sugar 1.3.3.3 Wheat 1.3.3.4 Coffee 1.3.3.5 Rubber 1.3.3.6 Petroleum 1.3.3.7 Mining 1.3.4 Environmental degradation 1.3.5 Immigration and Labor 1.4 New Order emerging (1914–1945) 1.4.1 Impact of World War I 1.4.2 Transportation 1.4.3 Banking systems 1.4.4 Manufacturing for a domestic market 1.4.5 Impact of the Great Depression 1.4.6 World War II 1.5 Changing role of the state, 1945–73 1.5.1 Social changes 1.5.2 Economic nationalism 1.5.3 New Institutional frameworks for economic development 1.5.4 Impact of the Cuban Revolution 1.5.5 1960s–1970s 1.6 Reorientations 1970s–2000s 1.6.1 Washington Consensus 1.6.2 Economic cooperation and free trade agreements 1.6.3 Migration and remittances 1.6.4 Corruption 2 Economic sectors 2.1 Main trading partners 3 Sectors by industry 3.1 Agriculture 3.2 Mining and petroleum 3.3 Manufacturing 4 Gallery 4.1 Financial 5 Infrastructure 5.1 Energy 5.1.1 Brazil 6 Main economies in the current era 6.1 Brazil 6.2 Argentina 6.3 Colombia 6.4 Mexico 6.5 Chile 7 Foreign investment 7.1 Brazil 7.2 Argentina 7.3 Colombia 7.4 Mexico 7.5 Chile 8 Regional risks 8.1 Currency risks 8.2 Trade uncertainty 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading History Pre–European contact Aztec maize agriculture as depicted in the Florentine Codex Inca farmers using a chakitaqlla (Andean foot plough) Tribute from one region of the Aztec Empire as shown in Codex Mendoza A quipu, an Andean device of tied knots for record keeping. El primer nueva corónica.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_economy
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2636989887#5_2850517395	Title: Latin American economy - Wikipedia Headings: Latin American economy Latin American economy Contents History Pre–European contact Civilizations in Mexico and the Andes Tribute and trade Record keeping Circum-Caribbean, Amazonia, and peripheral areas Colonial era and Independence (ca. 1500–1850) Spanish conquest and the Caribbean economy Silver, extraction, and labor systems Sugar, slavery, and plantations The development of the colonial economy Manufactured goods Transatlantic and transpacific trade in a closed system Economic impact of independence Early Post-Independence (1830–1870) Obstacles to economic growth Role of foreign powers Export Booms (1870–1914) Favorable Government Policies Transportation and Communication Export commodities Guano Sugar Wheat Coffee Rubber Petroleum Mining Environmental degradation Immigration and Labor New Order emerging (1914–1945) Impact of World War I Transportation Banking systems Manufacturing for a domestic market Impact of the Great Depression World War II Changing role of the state, 1945–73 Social changes Economic nationalism New Institutional frameworks for economic development Impact of the Cuban Revolution 1960s–1970s Reorientations 1970s–2000s Washington Consensus Economic cooperation and free trade agreements Migration and remittances Corruption Economic sectors Main trading partners Sectors by industry Agriculture Mining and petroleum Manufacturing Gallery Financial Infrastructure Energy Brazil Main economies in the current era Brazil Argentina Colombia Mexico Chile Foreign investment Brazil Argentina Colombia Mexico Chile Regional risks Currency risks Trade uncertainty See also References Further reading Content: The Latin American economy is largely based on commodity exports, therefore, the global price of commodities has a significant effect on the growth of Latin American economies. Because of its strong growth potential and wealth of natural resources, Latin America has attracted foreign investment from the United States and Europe. Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre–European contact 1.1.1 Civilizations in Mexico and the Andes 1.1.2 Tribute and trade 1.1.3 Record keeping 1.1.4 Circum-Caribbean, Amazonia, and peripheral areas 1.2 Colonial era and Independence (ca. 1500–1850) 1.2.1 Spanish conquest and the Caribbean economy 1.2.2 Silver, extraction, and labor systems 1.2.3 Sugar, slavery, and plantations 1.2.4 The development of the colonial economy 1.2.5 Manufactured goods 1.2.6 Transatlantic and transpacific trade in a closed system 1.2.7 Economic impact of independence 1.2.8 Early Post-Independence (1830–1870) 1.2.9 Obstacles to economic growth 1.2.10 Role of foreign powers 1.3 Export Booms (1870–1914) 1.3.1 Favorable Government Policies 1.3.2 Transportation and Communication 1.3.3 Export commodities 1.3.3.1 Guano 1.3.3.2 Sugar 1.3.3.3 Wheat 1.3.3.4 Coffee 1.3.3.5 Rubber 1.3.3.6 Petroleum 1.3.3.7 Mining 1.3.4 Environmental degradation 1.3.5 Immigration and Labor 1.4 New Order emerging (1914–1945) 1.4.1 Impact of World War I 1.4.2 Transportation 1.4.3 Banking systems 1.4.4 Manufacturing for a domestic market 1.4.5 Impact of the Great Depression 1.4.6 World War II 1.5 Changing role of the state, 1945–73 1.5.1 Social changes 1.5.2 Economic nationalism 1.5.3 New Institutional frameworks for economic development 1.5.4 Impact of the Cuban Revolution 1.5.5 1960s–1970s 1.6 Reorientations 1970s–2000s 1.6.1 Washington Consensus 1.6.2 Economic cooperation and free trade agreements 1.6.3 Migration and remittances 1.6.4 Corruption 2 Economic sectors 2.1 Main trading partners 3 Sectors by industry 3.1 Agriculture 3.2 Mining and petroleum 3.3 Manufacturing 4 Gallery 4.1 Financial 5 Infrastructure 5.1 Energy 5.1.1 Brazil 6 Main economies in the current era 6.1 Brazil 6.2 Argentina 6.3 Colombia 6.4 Mexico 6.5 Chile 7 Foreign investment 7.1 Brazil 7.2 Argentina 7.3 Colombia 7.4 Mexico 7.5 Chile 8 Regional risks 8.1 Currency risks 8.2 Trade uncertainty 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading History Pre–European contact Aztec maize agriculture as depicted in the Florentine Codex Inca farmers using a chakitaqlla (Andean foot plough) Tribute from one region of the Aztec Empire as shown in Codex Mendoza A quipu, an Andean device of tied knots for record keeping. El primer nueva corónica. On the lower left is a yupana – an Incan calculating device. A complex of 27 Inca warehouses above Ollantaytambo, Peru There was no integrated economy in Latin America prior to European contact, when the region was then incorporated into the Spanish empire and the Portuguese empire. The peoples of the Western Hemisphere (so-called "Indians") had various levels of socioeconomic complexity, the most complex and extensive at the time of European contact were the Aztec Empire in central Mexico and the Inca empire in the Andean region, which arose without contact with the Eastern Hemisphere prior to the late fifteenth-century European voyages. The north-south axis of Latin America, with little east-west continental area, meant that movement of people, animals, and plants was more challenging than in Eurasia, where similar climates occur along the same latitudes. This prompted the rise of more isolated economic and political systems in pre-Contact Latin America.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_economy
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2638356475#8_2851576733	Title: Latin music - Wikipedia Headings: Latin music Latin music Contents Terminology and categorizations History 1940s–1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Criticism See also References Further reading External links Content: 1960s The Brazilian bossa nova became widespread in Latin America and later became an international trend, led especially by Antônio Carlos Jobim. Rock en español became popular with the younger generation of Latinos in Latin America, notably including Argentine bands such as Almendra. Mexican-American Latin rock guitarist Carlos Santana began his decades of popularity. Late 60s, boogaloo boom was coming, and boogaloo musicians such as Pérez Prado, Tito Rodríguez and Tito Puente released boogaloo singles and albums. Most of the other groups were young musicians such as Pucho & His Latin Soul Brothers and Joe Bataan . Early examples of boogaloo were 1966 music by Richie Ray and Bobby Cruz. The biggest boogaloo hit of the '60s was "Bang Bang" by the Joe Cuba Sextet in 1966. Hits by other groups included Johnny Colón's "Boogaloo Blues", Pete Rodríguez's " I Like It like That " (1967). 1970s Salsa music became the dominant genre of tropical music in the 1970s. Fania Records was credited for popularizing salsa music, with acts such as Rubén Blades, Héctor Lavoe, and Celia Cruz expanding the audience.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_music
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2639165049#3_2852161804	Title: Latino vote - Wikipedia Headings: Latino vote Latino vote Contents Voting demographics Low Voting Turnout Latino Vote Influences Policies 2016 Election See also References Further reading Content: Another explanation for low levels of Latino voter turnout stems from the relatively young age of the Latino population. For example, 40 percent of the California Latino population was under eighteen years of age in 1985. Individuals with lower incomes vote at lower rates than people with higher incomes. In terms of income, the general argument is that individuals with higher socioeconomic status have the civic skills, the participatory attitudes, and the time and money to facilitate participation. Education is also positively related to participation and vote choice, as Latinos with a college degree and postgraduate training are more likely to vote. More than 30 percent of Hispanic adult citizens have less than a high school education, while 12 percent of non-Hispanic white adult citizens have less than a high school education. Therefore, low participation may result from low levels of knowledge about the political process that should be garnered through formal education. This does vary based on country of origin. One study discussed how female Mexican-Americans and those attaining higher levels of income were more likely to register, and in turn, participate in voting. On the other hand, however, education and marital status posed the primary barriers to Latino/a Puerto Rican voter registration.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_vote
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2639165049#4_2852163501	Title: Latino vote - Wikipedia Headings: Latino vote Latino vote Contents Voting demographics Low Voting Turnout Latino Vote Influences Policies 2016 Election See also References Further reading Content: More than 30 percent of Hispanic adult citizens have less than a high school education, while 12 percent of non-Hispanic white adult citizens have less than a high school education. Therefore, low participation may result from low levels of knowledge about the political process that should be garnered through formal education. This does vary based on country of origin. One study discussed how female Mexican-Americans and those attaining higher levels of income were more likely to register, and in turn, participate in voting. On the other hand, however, education and marital status posed the primary barriers to Latino/a Puerto Rican voter registration. These sorts of variations in factors seem to be present across many Hispanic communities in the United States. Additionally, studies have shown that the presence of Latino/a candidates on the ballot tends to yield a higher voter turnout among these communities. This is in part due to the strong association between cultural identification and partisanship. The ever-growing presence of Latino/a voters in politics is representative of the group's growing presence across the United States, making up over 30% of the population in swing or politically significant states such as Texas, Arizona, or California. It's also worth noting that large migrating populations, such as the increase of Cuban-Americans in Florida, have a strong impact for similar reasons.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_vote
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2639254147#2_2852238363	Title: Latinx - Wikipedia Headings: Latinx Latinx Contents Usage and pronunciation History Origins Public awareness and use In literature and academia Reception Similar terms See also Notes References Further reading Content: The term was first seen online around 2004. It has later been used in social media by activists, students, and academics who seek to advocate for individuals living on the borderlines of gender identity. Surveys of Hispanic and Latino Americans have found that most prefer other terms such as Hispanic and Latina/Latino to describe themselves, and that only 2 to 3 percent use Latinx. A 2020 Pew Research Center survey found that 23% of U.S. adults who self-identified as Hispanic or Latino were aware of the term Latinx, and that of those, 65% said it should not be used to describe their racial or ethnic group. Supporters say it promotes greater acceptance of non-binary Latinos by being gender-neutral and thus inclusive of all genders. Critics say the term does not follow traditional grammar, is difficult to pronounce, and is disrespectful toward conventional Spanish; the Royal Spanish Academy style guide does not recognize the suffix -x. Both supporters and opponents have cited linguistic imperialism as a reason for supporting or opposing the use of the term. Contents 1 Usage and pronunciation 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 Public awareness and use 2.3 In literature and academia 3 Reception 4 Similar terms 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading Usage and pronunciation Latinx is a term for a group identity used to describe individuals in the United States who have Latin American roots. Other names for this social category include Hispanic, Latino, Latina/o, Latine, and Latin@. Latinx is used as an alternative to the gender binary inherent to formulations such as Latina/o and Latin@, and is used by and for Latinos who do not identify as either male or female, or more broadly as a gender-neutral term for anyone of Latin-American descent.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinx
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2639254147#11_2852255561	Title: Latinx - Wikipedia Headings: Latinx Latinx Contents Usage and pronunciation History Origins Public awareness and use In literature and academia Reception Similar terms See also Notes References Further reading Content: While the remaining 33% of U.S. Hispanic adults who have heard the term Latinx said it could be used to describe the community, only 10% of that subgroup preferred it to the terms Hispanic or Latino. The preferred term both among Hispanics who have heard the term and among those who have not was Hispanic, garnering 50% and 64% respectively. Latino was second in preference with 31% and 29% respectively. Only 3% self identified as Latinx in that survey. A 2020 study based on interviews with 34 Latinx/a/o students from the US found that they "perceive higher education as a privileged space where they use the term Latinx. Once they return to their communities, they do not use the term". In literature and academia Latinx has become commonly used by activists in higher education and the popular media who seek to advocate for individuals on the borderlines of gender identity. Herlihy-Mera calls Latinx "a recognition of the exclusionary nature of our institutions, of the deficiencies in existent linguistic structures, and of language as an agent of social change", saying, "The gesture toward linguistic intersectionality stems from a suffix endowed with a literal intersection— x ." Some commentators, such as Ed Morales, a lecturer at Columbia University and author of the 2018 book Latinx: The New Force in American Politics and Culture, associate the term with the ideas of Gloria Anzaldúa, a Chicana feminist.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinx
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2639254147#12_2852257400	Title: Latinx - Wikipedia Headings: Latinx Latinx Contents Usage and pronunciation History Origins Public awareness and use In literature and academia Reception Similar terms See also Notes References Further reading Content: Once they return to their communities, they do not use the term". In literature and academia Latinx has become commonly used by activists in higher education and the popular media who seek to advocate for individuals on the borderlines of gender identity. Herlihy-Mera calls Latinx "a recognition of the exclusionary nature of our institutions, of the deficiencies in existent linguistic structures, and of language as an agent of social change", saying, "The gesture toward linguistic intersectionality stems from a suffix endowed with a literal intersection— x ." Some commentators, such as Ed Morales, a lecturer at Columbia University and author of the 2018 book Latinx: The New Force in American Politics and Culture, associate the term with the ideas of Gloria Anzaldúa, a Chicana feminist. Morales writes that "refusal to conform to male/female gender binaries" parallels "the refusal to conform to a racial binary". Scharrón-del Río and Aja (2015) have traced the use of Latinx by authors Beatriz Llenín Figueroa, Jaime Géliga Quiñones, Yuderkys Espinosa Miñoso, and Adriana Gallegos Dextre. The term has also been discussed in scholarly research by cultural theorist Ilan Stavans on Spanglish and by Frederick Luis Aldama and Christopher Gonzalez on Latinx super heroes in mainstream comics and Latinx graphic novels such as United States of Banana. The term and concept of Latinx is also explored by Antonio Pastrana Jr, Juan Battle and Angelique Harris on LBGTQ+ issues. Valdes also uses the term in research on black perspectives on Latinx.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinx
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2663684384#8_2880047713	Title: Leader development - Wikipedia Headings: Leader development Leader development Contents Developmental theory Differentiating between leader development and leadership development Differentiating between leader development and management development Leader development model YGLP Intrapersonal competencies Self-awareness Self-regulation Self-motivation Modes of development Formal training Developmental job assignments Three hundred and sixty-degree feedback Executive coaching Self-directed learning Application See also References Content: The first part illustrates three elements that combine to make developmental experiences stronger: assessment, challenge and support. Assessment lets leaders know where they stand in areas of strengths, current performance level, and developmental needs. Challenging experiences are ones that stretch a leader's ability to work outside of their comfort zone, develop new skills and abilities, and provide important opportunities to learn. Support, which comes in the form of bosses, co-workers, friends, family, coaches and mentors, enables leaders to handle the struggle of developing. The second part of the leader development model (McCauley et al., 2010) illustrates that the leader development process involves a variety of developmental experiences and the ability to learn from them. These experiences and the ability to learn also affect each other in that a leader with a high ability to learn will search for developmental experiences and through developmental experiences leaders will increase their ability to learn. It is also important to note that the leader development process is rooted in a particular leadership context which includes elements such as age, culture, economic conditions, gender of the population, organizational purpose and mission, and business strategy (McCauley et al.). This environment molds the leader development process.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_development
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2664176369#2_2880635661	Title: Leadership development - Wikipedia Headings: Leadership development Leadership development Contents Developing individual leaders Developing leadership at a collective level Succession planning See also References Content: Such statements should be clarified or removed. (December 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Leadership development is the process which helps expand the capacity of individuals to perform in leadership roles within organizations. Leadership roles are those that facilitate execution of an organization's strategy through building alignment, winning mindshare and growing the capabilities of others. Leadership roles may be formal, with the corresponding authority to make decisions and take responsibility, or they may be informal roles with little official authority (e.g., a member of a team who influences team engagement, purpose and direction; a lateral peer who must listen and negotiate through influence). Contents 1 Developing individual leaders 2 Developing leadership at a collective level 3 Succession planning 4 See also 5 References Developing individual leaders Traditionally, leadership development has focused on developing the leadership abilities and attitudes of individuals. Different personal trait and characteristics can help or hinder a person's leadership effectiveness and require formalized programs for developing leadership competencies. Classroom-style training and associated reading for leadership development may ail from the possible divergence between knowing what to do and doing what one knows; management expert Henry Mintzberg is one person to highlight this dilemma. It is estimated that as little as 15% of learning from traditional classroom-style training results in sustained behavioral change within workplaces.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_development
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2664961100#3_2881660678	Title: LeafyIsHere - Wikipedia Headings: LeafyIsHere LeafyIsHere Career Controversies and channel termination References Content: Shortly after Vail drew attention to her, Evalion was banned by YouTube. Later that year, Vail's statements regarding transgender vlogger Milo Stewart, in which he criticized the concept of gender identity, were taken down by YouTube for harassment. In 2019 iDubbbz's video criticizing Vail was taken down after it was determined to be in violation of YouTube's guidelines. After a two-and-a-half-year hiatus Vail returned to YouTube with a video insulting iDubbbz in April 2020, following which he resumed posting frequently. In July, Vail began criticizing Twitch streamer Pokimane and her supporters based on speculation about her personal life. On August 21, 2020, Vail's YouTube account was permanently terminated. According to The Verge, Vail's channel had three violations in the previous three months, such as cyberbullying and encouraging viewers to disrupt other people's streams. A YouTube spokesperson said the channel had repeatedly violated YouTube's policies on harassment. Following the ban, Vail began streaming frequently on Twitch. He has also posted on competing video platform StoryFire.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeafyIsHere
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2665851330#0_2882460185	Title: League of United Latin American Citizens - Wikipedia Headings: League of United Latin American Citizens League of United Latin American Citizens Contents Organization Comparisons with the NAACP History Founders Formation Mexican Repatriation Migration and assimilation Role of women After World War II School desegregation Chicano Movement Late-20th century Local council impact Current activities Education Legal campaigns See also References Further reading External links Content: League of United Latin American Citizens - Wikipedia League of United Latin American Citizens From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search American organization League of United Latin American Citizens Abbreviation LULAC Formation February 17, 1929; 92 years ago ( 1929-02-17) Purpose "To advance the economic condition, educational attainment, political influence, housing, health and civil rights of the Hispanic population of the United States." Location 1430 K Street Washington, DC Area served United States Members 132,000 President Domingo Garcia CEO Sindy Marisol Benavides Main organ Board of directors Website Official website Part of a series on Hispanic and Latino Americans National origin groups Argentine Americans Bolivian Americans Brazilian Americans Chilean Americans Colombian Americans Costa Rican Americans Cuban Americans Dominican Americans Ecuadorian Americans Guatemalan Americans Honduran Americans Mexican Americans Nicaraguan Americans Panamanian Americans Paraguayan Americans Peruvian Americans Stateside Puerto Ricans Salvadoran Americans Spanish Americans Uruguayan Americans Venezuelan Americans History Cuban Americans Hispanic and Latino Americans Isleños of Louisiana Mexican Americans Puerto Ricans Political movements Chicano Movement Hispanic and Latino American politics Organizations Association of Hispanic Arts Congressional Hispanic Caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference LULAC MALDEF MEChA NALEO NALFO National Council of La Raza National Hispanic Institute RNHA SHPE UFW USHCC Culture Literature Music Religion Studies Related national groups Belizean Americans Canarian Americans Filipino Americans Guyanese Americans Haitian Americans Portuguese Americans Spanish Americans Surinamese Americans Languages English Spanglish Spanish Cuban Isleño Mexican New Mexican Puerto Rican United States Spanish Ethnic groups Californio Chicano Hispano Isleño Nuevomexicano Puerto Ricans Nuyorican Tejano Lists Communities with Hispanic majority Hispanic and Latino Americans Puerto Rico United States portal Category Index v t e The League of United Latin American Citizens ( LULAC) is the largest and oldest Hispanic civil rights organization in the United States. It was established on February 17, 1929, in Corpus Christi, Texas, largely by Hispanics returning from World War I who sought to end ethnic discrimination against Latinos in the United States. The goal of LULAC is to advance the economic condition, educational attainment, political influence, housing, health, and civil rights of Hispanic people in the United States. LULAC uses nationwide councils and group community organizations to achieve all these goals. LULAC has about 132,000 members in the United States. Contents 1 Organization 1.1 Comparisons with the NAACP 2 History 2.1 Founders 2.2 Formation 2.3 Mexican Repatriation 2.4 Migration and assimilation 2.5 Role of women 2.6 After World War II 2.7 School desegregation 2.8 Chicano Movement 2.9 Late-20th century 3 Local council impact 4 Current activities 4.1 Education 4.2 Legal campaigns 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Organization LULAC helps to promote education among Latin Americans in America. LULAC councils provide about one million dollars in scholarships to Hispanics every year. LULAC provides educational programming to disadvantaged youth throughout America.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_United_Latin_American_Citizens
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2665851330#2_2882466698	Title: League of United Latin American Citizens - Wikipedia Headings: League of United Latin American Citizens League of United Latin American Citizens Contents Organization Comparisons with the NAACP History Founders Formation Mexican Repatriation Migration and assimilation Role of women After World War II School desegregation Chicano Movement Late-20th century Local council impact Current activities Education Legal campaigns See also References Further reading External links Content: They help out 18,000 Hispanics every year. They also help Hispanics train for jobs. They have programs that provide job skills and literacy training to the Hispanic community here in America. Comparisons with the NAACP With respect to organizational structure, the League of Latin American Citizens was similar to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). David G. Gutierrez said, "considering themselves part of a progressive and enlightened leadership elite, LULAC's leaders set out to implement general goals and a political strategy that were similar in form and content to those advocated early in the century by W.E.B. Du Bois and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People: for an 'educated elite'".:77 Though the two civil rights groups may have possessed some institutional similarities, LULAC tried to establish distance from the African American civil rights struggle. As LULAC believed that blacks were more oppressed than Latinos; its members thought that joining forces would not strengthen its own struggle for equality. LULAC asserted that many Hispanics properly fell into the "white" category of the dichotomous black-white construction of race.:31 In 1936 the league "engaged in a series of lobbying activities as soon as it [the USCB] perceived that Mexican Americans would be categorized as part of a group of dark-skinned minorities. ":32 They lobbied to demonstrate that Hispanic, Latino and Mexican American were not racial classifications, but cultural groups who were racially diverse, sharing a common Ethno-linguistic ancestry.:32 History Founders Ben Garza;	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_United_Latin_American_Citizens
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2677893439#1_2896842023	Title: Left-wing nationalism - Wikipedia Headings: Left-wing nationalism Left-wing nationalism Contents Overview Marxism and nationalism Stalinism and revolutionary patriotism Titoism By country Africa Mauritius Ethiopia Americas Latin America North America Canada United States East Asia South Korea Republic of China in Taiwan Europe France Ireland Poland Scotland Spain Wales Oceania Australia South Asia Bangladesh West Asia Turkey List of left-wing nationalist political parties Current parties See also References Bibliography Content: Left-wing nationalism stands in contrast to right-wing politics and right-wing nationalism, often rejecting ethno-nationalism to this same end, although some forms of left-wing nationalism have in practice included a platform of racialism, favoring a homogeneous society, a rejection of minorities and opposition to immigration. Contents 1 Overview 1.1 Marxism and nationalism 1.2 Stalinism and revolutionary patriotism 1.3 Titoism 2 By country 2.1 Africa 2.1.1 Mauritius 2.1.2 Ethiopia 2.2 Americas 2.2.1 Latin America 2.2.2 North America 2.2.2.1 Canada 2.2.2.2 United States 2.3 East Asia 2.3.1 South Korea 2.3.2 Republic of China in Taiwan 2.4 Europe 2.4.1 France 2.4.2 Ireland 2.4.3 Poland 2.4.4 Scotland 2.4.5 Spain 2.4.6 Wales 2.5 Oceania 2.5.1 Australia 2.6 South Asia 2.6.1 Bangladesh 2.7 West Asia 2.7.1 Turkey 3 List of left-wing nationalist political parties 3.1 Current parties 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography Overview Terms such as nationalist socialism, social nationalism and socialist nationalism are not to be confused with the German fascism espoused by the Nazi Party which called itself National Socialism. This ideology advocated the supremacy and territorial expansion of the German nation and was opposed to popular sovereignty, social equality and national self-determination for non-Germans. Unlike fascism and some forms of right-wing nationalism, left-wing nationalism does not promote the view that one nation is superior to others. Some left-wing nationalist groups, including some labourists, left liberals, orthodox Marxists, social democrats and syndicalists as well as left-leaning and centre-left parties, have historically used the term national socialism for themselves, albeit only before the rise of the Nazis or outside Europe. Since the Nazis' rise to prominence, national socialism has become associated almost exclusively with their ideas and it is rarely used in relation to left-wing nationalism in Europe, with nationalist socialism or socialist nationalism being preferred over national socialism. The unrelated German fascism National Socialism is capitalised because it refers to the Nazi entity and avoids confusion with left-wing nationalism. Notable left-wing nationalist movements include the 26th of July Movement in Cuba; the African National Congress of South Africa under Nelson Mandela; Basque nationalism and the EH Bildu coalition as well as the Catalan independence movement and the Galician nationalism and Galician Nationalist Bloc party in Spain;	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2678064940#0_2896888676	Title: Left-wing populism - Wikipedia Headings: Left-wing populism Left-wing populism Contents By country European countries Multinational coalitions Germany Greece Italy Netherlands Spain United Kingdom South American countries Argentina Brazil Bolivia Ecuador Mexico Venezuela United States Left-wing populist political parties Current left-wing populist parties or parties with left-wing populist factions Represented in national legislatures Not represented in national legislatures See also References Further reading External links Content: Left-wing populism - Wikipedia Left-wing populism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Political ideology that combines left-wing politics and populist rhetoric and themes Part of a series on Populism Variants Black Chauvinism Left-wing Narodniks Penal Poporanism Right-wing Techno- Völkisch Concepts Anti-establishment Anti-intellectualism Common people Demagogy Egalitarianism Elitism Ochlocracy Popular democracy Pluralism Social justice Third Position National variants American Canadian New Zealand Related topics Agrarianism Alt-right Authoritarianism Berlusconism Chavismo Communism Fascism Gaullism Janism Kirchnerism ( Relato K) Nationalism New Left New Right Peronism Pink tide Putinism Radical centrism Socialism Trumpism Politics portal v t e Left-wing populism, also called social populism, is a political ideology that combines left-wing politics with populist rhetoric and themes. Its rhetoric often consists of anti- elitism, opposition to the Establishment and speaking for the " common people ". Recurring themes for left-wing populists include economic democracy, social justice, and skepticism of globalization. Socialist theory plays a lesser role than in traditional left-wing ideologies. Criticism of capitalism and globalization is linked to antimilitarism, which has increased in left populist movements as a result of unpopular United States military operations, especially those in the Middle East. It is considered that the populist left does not exclude others horizontally and relies on egalitarian ideals. Some scholars point out nationalist left-wing populist movements as well, a feature exhibited by Kemalism in Turkey for instance or the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela. Unlike exclusionary or right-wing populism, left-wing populist parties tend to be supportive of minority rights and to an idea of nationality that is not delimited by cultural or ethnic particularisms. Part of a series on Nationalism Development Nationalism in the Middle Ages Anthem Colours Flag Flower Epic God Identity Language Music Myth Sport Symbol Treasure Core values Autonomy National identity Self-determination Solidarity Types African Alt-right Banal Blind Bourgeois Business Chauvinism Welfare Civic Indian American Communist Conservative Democracy Constitutional patriotism Corporate Cultural Cyber- Ecological Economic Ethnic European Expansionist Integral Left-wing Liberal Mystic National-anarchist National Bolshevik National syndicalist Nazism Neo- New Pan- Plurinationalist Post- Racial Arab Black Korean White Religious Sikh Christian Hindu Islamic Resource Revolutionary Right-wing Romantic Technological Territorial Transnationalism Ultranationalism Organizations List of nationalist organizations Anationalism Anti-nationalism Cosmopolitanism Diaspora politics Gender and nationalism Globalism Historiography and nationalism Internationalism Irredentism National indifference Revanchism Seasonal or cultural festival Trumpism Politics portal v t e With the rise of Greek Syriza, Spanish Podemos and to some extent the Italian Five Star Movement during the European debt crisis, there has been increased debate on new left-wing populism in Europe. Contents 1 By country 1.1 European countries 1.1.1 Multinational coalitions 1.1.2 Germany 1.1.3 Greece 1.1.4 Italy 1.1.5 Netherlands 1.1.6 Spain 1.1.7 United Kingdom 1.2 South American countries 1.2.1 Argentina 1.2.2 Brazil 1.2.3 Bolivia 1.2.4 Ecuador 1.2.5 Mexico 1.2.6 Venezuela 1.3 United States 2 Left-wing populist political parties 2.1 Current left-wing populist parties or parties with left-wing populist factions 2.1.1 Represented in national legislatures 2.1.2 Not represented in national legislatures 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links By country European countries Multinational coalitions Many left wing and populist political parties in Europe belong to the European United Left–Nordic Green Left .	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_populism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2678064940#1_2896893563	Title: Left-wing populism - Wikipedia Headings: Left-wing populism Left-wing populism Contents By country European countries Multinational coalitions Germany Greece Italy Netherlands Spain United Kingdom South American countries Argentina Brazil Bolivia Ecuador Mexico Venezuela United States Left-wing populist political parties Current left-wing populist parties or parties with left-wing populist factions Represented in national legislatures Not represented in national legislatures See also References Further reading External links Content: It is considered that the populist left does not exclude others horizontally and relies on egalitarian ideals. Some scholars point out nationalist left-wing populist movements as well, a feature exhibited by Kemalism in Turkey for instance or the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela. Unlike exclusionary or right-wing populism, left-wing populist parties tend to be supportive of minority rights and to an idea of nationality that is not delimited by cultural or ethnic particularisms. Part of a series on Nationalism Development Nationalism in the Middle Ages Anthem Colours Flag Flower Epic God Identity Language Music Myth Sport Symbol Treasure Core values Autonomy National identity Self-determination Solidarity Types African Alt-right Banal Blind Bourgeois Business Chauvinism Welfare Civic Indian American Communist Conservative Democracy Constitutional patriotism Corporate Cultural Cyber- Ecological Economic Ethnic European Expansionist Integral Left-wing Liberal Mystic National-anarchist National Bolshevik National syndicalist Nazism Neo- New Pan- Plurinationalist Post- Racial Arab Black Korean White Religious Sikh Christian Hindu Islamic Resource Revolutionary Right-wing Romantic Technological Territorial Transnationalism Ultranationalism Organizations List of nationalist organizations Anationalism Anti-nationalism Cosmopolitanism Diaspora politics Gender and nationalism Globalism Historiography and nationalism Internationalism Irredentism National indifference Revanchism Seasonal or cultural festival Trumpism Politics portal v t e With the rise of Greek Syriza, Spanish Podemos and to some extent the Italian Five Star Movement during the European debt crisis, there has been increased debate on new left-wing populism in Europe. Contents 1 By country 1.1 European countries 1.1.1 Multinational coalitions 1.1.2 Germany 1.1.3 Greece 1.1.4 Italy 1.1.5 Netherlands 1.1.6 Spain 1.1.7 United Kingdom 1.2 South American countries 1.2.1 Argentina 1.2.2 Brazil 1.2.3 Bolivia 1.2.4 Ecuador 1.2.5 Mexico 1.2.6 Venezuela 1.3 United States 2 Left-wing populist political parties 2.1 Current left-wing populist parties or parties with left-wing populist factions 2.1.1 Represented in national legislatures 2.1.2 Not represented in national legislatures 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links By country European countries Multinational coalitions Many left wing and populist political parties in Europe belong to the European United Left–Nordic Green Left . Germany Oskar Lafontaine, member of The Left The Party of Democratic Socialism was explicitly studied under left-wing populism, especially by German academics. The party was formed after the reunification of Germany and it was similar to right-wing populists in that it relied on anti-elitism and media attention provided by a charismatic leadership. The party competed for the same voter base with the right-wing populists to some extent, although it relied on a more serious platform in Eastern Germany. This was limited by anti-immigration sentiments preferred by some voters, although the lines were for example crossed by Oskar Lafontaine, who used a term previously associated with the Nazi Party, Fremdarbeiter ("foreign workers"), in his election campaign in 2005. The PDS merged into the Left Party in 2007.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_populism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2678064940#5_2896904566	Title: Left-wing populism - Wikipedia Headings: Left-wing populism Left-wing populism Contents By country European countries Multinational coalitions Germany Greece Italy Netherlands Spain United Kingdom South American countries Argentina Brazil Bolivia Ecuador Mexico Venezuela United States Left-wing populist political parties Current left-wing populist parties or parties with left-wing populist factions Represented in national legislatures Not represented in national legislatures See also References Further reading External links Content: Although some have pointed out that the party has become less populist over the years, it still includes anti-elitism in its recent election manifestos. It opposes what it sees as the European superstate . Spain Pablo Iglesias, leader of Podemos The left-wing populist party Podemos achieved 8 percent of the national vote in the 2014 European Parliament election. Due to avoiding nativist language typical with right-wing populists, Podemos is able to attract left wing voters disappointed with the political establishment without taking sides in the regional political struggle. At the 2015 election for the national parliament, Podemos reached 20.65% of the vote and became the third largest party in the parliament after the conservative People's Party with 28.71% and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party with 22.02%. In the new parliament, Podemos holds 69 out of 350 seats and this result ended the traditional two-party system of Spain. In a November 2018 interview with Jacobin, Íñigo Errejón argues that Podemos requires a new "national-popular" strategy in order to win more elections. United Kingdom Main article: Labour Party leadership of Jeremy Corbyn South American countries Argentina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (the President of Argentina from 2007 to 2015) and her husband Néstor Kirchner were said to practice Kirchnerism, a variant of Peronism that was often mentioned alongside other Pink tide governments in Latin America. During Cristina Fernández de Kirchner time in office, she has spoken against certain free trade agreements such as the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_populism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2678064940#6_2896906960	Title: Left-wing populism - Wikipedia Headings: Left-wing populism Left-wing populism Contents By country European countries Multinational coalitions Germany Greece Italy Netherlands Spain United Kingdom South American countries Argentina Brazil Bolivia Ecuador Mexico Venezuela United States Left-wing populist political parties Current left-wing populist parties or parties with left-wing populist factions Represented in national legislatures Not represented in national legislatures See also References Further reading External links Content: In the new parliament, Podemos holds 69 out of 350 seats and this result ended the traditional two-party system of Spain. In a November 2018 interview with Jacobin, Íñigo Errejón argues that Podemos requires a new "national-popular" strategy in order to win more elections. United Kingdom Main article: Labour Party leadership of Jeremy Corbyn South American countries Argentina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (the President of Argentina from 2007 to 2015) and her husband Néstor Kirchner were said to practice Kirchnerism, a variant of Peronism that was often mentioned alongside other Pink tide governments in Latin America. During Cristina Fernández de Kirchner time in office, she has spoken against certain free trade agreements such as the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas. Her administration was characterized by tax increases, especially on agricultural exports during the late 2000s commodities boom, Argentina's main export, in order to fund social programs such as the PROGRESAR university scholarships, the universal allocation per child subsidy (commonly referred to as AUH in Argentina, Asignación Universal por Hijo ), a means-tested benefit to families with children who qualified for the subsidy, and progressive social reforms such as the recognition of same-sex marriage . Brazil In Brazil, the biggest popular leader is Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, the 35th President of Brazil, who promoted changes of broad popular support based on his policy to combat social inequality, generating a movement called lulism. Bolivia The leadership of Siles Zuazo practiced left-wing populism as well as that of former socialist President Evo Morales. Ecuador Rafael Correa, the former President of Ecuador, has stressed the importance of a "populist discourse" and has integrated technocrats to work within this context for the common Ecuadorians. In the conflict between the indigenous peoples and the government, Correa has blamed foreign non-governmental organizations for exploiting the indigenous people.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_populism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2678064940#7_2896909778	Title: Left-wing populism - Wikipedia Headings: Left-wing populism Left-wing populism Contents By country European countries Multinational coalitions Germany Greece Italy Netherlands Spain United Kingdom South American countries Argentina Brazil Bolivia Ecuador Mexico Venezuela United States Left-wing populist political parties Current left-wing populist parties or parties with left-wing populist factions Represented in national legislatures Not represented in national legislatures See also References Further reading External links Content: Her administration was characterized by tax increases, especially on agricultural exports during the late 2000s commodities boom, Argentina's main export, in order to fund social programs such as the PROGRESAR university scholarships, the universal allocation per child subsidy (commonly referred to as AUH in Argentina, Asignación Universal por Hijo ), a means-tested benefit to families with children who qualified for the subsidy, and progressive social reforms such as the recognition of same-sex marriage . Brazil In Brazil, the biggest popular leader is Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, the 35th President of Brazil, who promoted changes of broad popular support based on his policy to combat social inequality, generating a movement called lulism. Bolivia The leadership of Siles Zuazo practiced left-wing populism as well as that of former socialist President Evo Morales. Ecuador Rafael Correa, the former President of Ecuador, has stressed the importance of a "populist discourse" and has integrated technocrats to work within this context for the common Ecuadorians. In the conflict between the indigenous peoples and the government, Correa has blamed foreign non-governmental organizations for exploiting the indigenous people. Mexico The current governing party the National Regeneration Movement is a left wing populist party. Venezuela The presidency of Hugo Chávez resembled a combination of folk wisdom and charismatic leadership with doctrinaire socialism. Chávez's government was also described to have been a "throwback" to populist nationalism and redistributivism. United States Huey Long, the fiery Great Depression-era Governor-turned-Senator of Louisiana, was an early example of left wing populism in the United States, advocating for wealth redistribution under his Share Our Wealth plan. Meanwhile, Bernie Sanders and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, self-described democratic socialists, are example of modern left-wing populist politicians.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_populism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2678064940#8_2896912511	Title: Left-wing populism - Wikipedia Headings: Left-wing populism Left-wing populism Contents By country European countries Multinational coalitions Germany Greece Italy Netherlands Spain United Kingdom South American countries Argentina Brazil Bolivia Ecuador Mexico Venezuela United States Left-wing populist political parties Current left-wing populist parties or parties with left-wing populist factions Represented in national legislatures Not represented in national legislatures See also References Further reading External links Content: Mexico The current governing party the National Regeneration Movement is a left wing populist party. Venezuela The presidency of Hugo Chávez resembled a combination of folk wisdom and charismatic leadership with doctrinaire socialism. Chávez's government was also described to have been a "throwback" to populist nationalism and redistributivism. United States Huey Long, the fiery Great Depression-era Governor-turned-Senator of Louisiana, was an early example of left wing populism in the United States, advocating for wealth redistribution under his Share Our Wealth plan. Meanwhile, Bernie Sanders and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, self-described democratic socialists, are example of modern left-wing populist politicians. Ocazio-Cortez's Democratic primary victory over the establishment Democratic Caucus Chair Joe Crowley, a 10-term incumbent, was widely seen as the biggest upset victory in the 2018 midterm election primarie	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_populism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2681276093#10_2900367170	Title: Legal education - Wikipedia Headings: Legal education Legal education Contents History Forms Primary degrees in law Advanced degrees in law Practice or training courses Applied law programs or specialist accreditation Continuing legal education In different countries Australia Canada China Germany Hong Kong India Italy and France Japan Korea Malaysia New Zealand Philippines Russia and Ukraine Serbia South Africa South American countries Sri Lanka United Kingdom United States See also References Content: In different countries Main article: Law school Australia Main article: List of law schools in Australia In Australia most universities offer law as an undergraduate-entry course (LLB, 4 years), or combined degree course (e.g., BSc/LLB, BCom/LLB, BA/LLB, BE/LLB, 5–6 years). Some of these also offer a three-year postgraduate Juris Doctor (JD) program. Bond University in Queensland runs three full semesters each year, teaching from mid-January to late December. This enables the Bond University Law Faculty to offer the LLB in the usual 8 semesters, but only 2 2⁄3 years. They also offer a JD in two years. The University of Technology, Sydney will from 2010 offer a 2-year accelerated JD program. In 2008, the University of Melbourne introduced the Melbourne Model, whereby Law is only available as a graduate degree, with students having to have completed a three-year bachelor's degree (usually an Arts degree) before being eligible. Students in combined degree programs would spend the first 3 years completing their first bachelor's degree together with some preliminary law subjects, and then spend the last 2–3 years completing the law degree (JD).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_education
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2701599211#16_2921867246	Title: Leon, West Virginia - Wikipedia Headings: Leon, West Virginia Leon, West Virginia Contents Etymology History Geography Demographics 2010 census 2000 census References Content: United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2012-07-14. Retrieved 2013-01-24. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. v t e Municipalities and communities of Mason County, West Virginia, United States County seat: Point Pleasant City Point Pleasant Towns Hartford City Henderson Leon Mason New Haven Magisterial districts Arbuckle Clendenin Cologne Cooper Graham Hannan Lewis Robinson Union Waggener CDPs Apple Grove Gallipolis Ferry Unincorporated communities Ambrosia Arbuckle Arlee Ash Ashton Baden Beale Beech Hill Ben Lomond Capehart Clifton Condee Couch Deerlick Fairview Glenwood Graham Station Greer Grimms Landing Gunville Hogsett Lakin Letart Maggie Mercers Bottom Mount Olive Nat Pondlick Rayburn Sassafras Southside Spilman Tribble Upland Waterloo West Columbia Wood Wyoma United States portal v t e Municipalities of West Virginia Cities Beckley Benwood Bluefield Bridgeport Buckhannon Cameron Ceredo Charles Town Charleston Chester Clarksburg Dunbar Elkins Fairmont Follansbee Gary Glen Dale Grafton Hinton Huntington Hurricane Kenova Keyser Kingwood Lewisburg Logan Madison Mannington Marmet Martinsburg McMechen Montgomery Morgantown Moundsville Mount Hope Mullens New Cumberland New Martinsville Nitro Oak Hill Paden City Parkersburg Parsons Pennsboro Petersburg Philippi Pleasant Valley Point Pleasant Princeton Ranson Ravenswood Richwood Ripley Romney Ronceverte Salem Shinnston Sistersville Smithers South Charleston Spencer St. Albans St. Marys Stonewood Thomas Vienna War Weirton Welch Wellsburg Weston Westover Wheeling White Sulphur Springs Williamson Williamstown Towns Addison (Webster Springs) Albright Alderson Anawalt Anmoore Ansted Athens Auburn Bancroft Barrackville Belmont Bath (Berkeley Springs) Bayard Belington Belle Bethany Beverly Blacksville Bolivar Bradshaw Bramwell Brandonville Bruceton Mills Buffalo Burnsville Cairo Camden-on-Gauley Capon Bridge Carpendale Cedar Grove Chapmanville Chesapeake Clay Clendenin Cowen Danville Davis Davy Delbarton Durbin East Bank Eleanor Elizabeth Elk Garden Ellenboro Fairview Falling Spring Farmington Fayetteville Flatwoods Flemington Fort Gay Franklin Friendly Gassaway Gauley Bridge Gilbert Glasgow Glenville Grant Town Grantsville Granville Hambleton Hamlin Handley Harman Harpers Ferry Harrisville Hartford City Hedgesville Henderson Hendricks Hillsboro Hundred Huttonsville Iaeger Jane Lew Junior Kermit Kimball Leon Lester Lost Creek Lumberport Mabscott Man Marlinton Mason Masontown Matewan Matoaka Meadow Bridge Middlebourne Mill Creek Milton Mitchell Heights Monongah Montrose Moorefield New Haven Newburg North Hills Northfork Nutter Fort Oakvale Oceana Paw Paw Pax Peterstown Piedmont Pine Grove Pineville Poca Pratt Pullman Quinwood Rainelle Reedsville Reedy Ridgeley Rivesville Rowlesburg Rupert Sand Fork Shepherdstown Smithfield Sophia Star City Summersville Sutton Sylvester Terra Alta Thurmond Triadelphia Tunnelton Union Wardensville Wayne West Hamlin West Liberty West Logan West Milford West Union White Hall Whitesville Winfield Womelsdorf (Coalton) Worthington Villages Barboursville Beech Bottom Bethlehem Clearview Valley Grove Windsor Heights Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon,_West_Virginia&oldid=1021189354 " Categories: Towns in Mason County, West Virginia Towns in West Virginia Populated places on the Kanawha River Point Pleasant micropolitan area Hidden categories: Articles using NRISref without a reference number Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata AC with 0 elements	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon,_West_Virginia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2706401319#1_2926968032	Title: Lerdo law - Wikipedia Headings: Lerdo law Lerdo law Contents Background Excluded properties Fiscal consolidation Impact on native communities References Further reading External links Content: Its objectives were to create a rural middle class, promote development, improve public finances of the state, and revive the economy by eliminating restrictions on freedom of movement, the last of which was considered by Comonfort as one of the worst obstacles to Mexican prosperity. The author of the Lerdo Law, Miguel Lerdo de Tejada. The law provided for the confiscation of the lands held by the Catholic Church and civil corporations (the indigenous communities that held property as a corporation. Properties were to be sold to private individuals, which was expected to stimulate the real estate market and to generate government revenue by a sales tax . However, the poor lacked the funds to buy the property, which meant that most purchasers were large landowners or foreign investors, which further concentrated land ownership. Religious groups and their civil corporations were prohibited from purchasing land sold under law unless for strictly-religious purposes. It was one of the Reform Laws, which sought to establish the separation of church and state, the abolition of ecclesiastical privileges ( fueros ); and the secularization of registration of births, deaths, and marriages, which gave rise to the Civil Registry . Contents 1 Background 2 Excluded properties 3 Fiscal consolidation 4 Impact on native communities 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Background Nineteenth-century Mexican liberals were not the first to attack the Catholic Church 's economic power. The Bourbon monarchy identified the Church's real estate holdings as a problem since they were permanently removed for the real estate market and considered unproductive, and they also granted to the Church considerable economic power.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerdo_Law
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2706401319#2_2926970146	Title: Lerdo law - Wikipedia Headings: Lerdo law Lerdo law Contents Background Excluded properties Fiscal consolidation Impact on native communities References Further reading External links Content: Religious groups and their civil corporations were prohibited from purchasing land sold under law unless for strictly-religious purposes. It was one of the Reform Laws, which sought to establish the separation of church and state, the abolition of ecclesiastical privileges ( fueros ); and the secularization of registration of births, deaths, and marriages, which gave rise to the Civil Registry . Contents 1 Background 2 Excluded properties 3 Fiscal consolidation 4 Impact on native communities 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Background Nineteenth-century Mexican liberals were not the first to attack the Catholic Church 's economic power. The Bourbon monarchy identified the Church's real estate holdings as a problem since they were permanently removed for the real estate market and considered unproductive, and they also granted to the Church considerable economic power. During the Bourbon Reforms, the Spanish monarchy sought to undermine the power of the Church, especially the Society of Jesus, and so it expelled the Jesuits, confiscated their highly-productive landed estates, and sold them to private individuals. During the colonial era, the Spanish crown had granted to indigenous communities a certain amount as corporations to ensure that they had sufficient land to maintain their subsistence. After independence in 1821, the ecclesiastical rights to hold real estate were challenged in the 1830s during the vice-presidency of Valentín Gómez Farías, who implemented the secularization of Franciscan missions in California . Excluded properties The law excluded properties that were used by the Church as a corporation for religious purposes. As stipulated in Article 8 of the law, the properties were exempt from the alienation if they buildings used immediately and directly to the service or the object of the institute's corporations, even if part was leased in them, such as convents, episcopal palaces, municipal schools, hospitals, hospices, markets, and houses of correction charities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerdo_Law
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2706401319#3_2926972571	Title: Lerdo law - Wikipedia Headings: Lerdo law Lerdo law Contents Background Excluded properties Fiscal consolidation Impact on native communities References Further reading External links Content: During the Bourbon Reforms, the Spanish monarchy sought to undermine the power of the Church, especially the Society of Jesus, and so it expelled the Jesuits, confiscated their highly-productive landed estates, and sold them to private individuals. During the colonial era, the Spanish crown had granted to indigenous communities a certain amount as corporations to ensure that they had sufficient land to maintain their subsistence. After independence in 1821, the ecclesiastical rights to hold real estate were challenged in the 1830s during the vice-presidency of Valentín Gómez Farías, who implemented the secularization of Franciscan missions in California . Excluded properties The law excluded properties that were used by the Church as a corporation for religious purposes. As stipulated in Article 8 of the law, the properties were exempt from the alienation if they buildings used immediately and directly to the service or the object of the institute's corporations, even if part was leased in them, such as convents, episcopal palaces, municipal schools, hospitals, hospices, markets, and houses of correction charities. Properties belonging to municipalities also exempted buildings, open lands and land used exclusively for the public service of their populations. Fiscal consolidation All translations of rural and urban properties executed under the law had a 5% sales tax, which was to be paid in the corresponding general government offices. The tax contribution was to be in cash and debt bonds, depending on the time to verify the awards. By those policies, the Mexican government intended to increase its low level of tax revenue to improve the public finances. Impact on native communities The law required that civil corporations to be stripped of their real estate and so seriously damaged the foundation of the economy of indigenous communities, which owned all of the land in their boundaries.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerdo_Law
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2709572329#0_2930860994	Title: Less-is-better effect - Wikipedia Headings: Less-is-better effect Less-is-better effect Contents Identifying the effect Other studies General observations Limitations Hypothesized causes Applications See also Notes References Content: Less-is-better effect - Wikipedia Less-is-better effect From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Not to be confused with less-is-more effect. The less-is-better effect is a type of preference reversal that occurs when the lesser or smaller alternative of a proposition is preferred when evaluated separately, but not evaluated together. The term was first proposed by Christopher Hsee. Contents 1 Identifying the effect 2 Other studies 3 General observations 4 Limitations 5 Hypothesized causes 6 Applications 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Identifying the effect In a 1998 study, Hsee, a professor at the Graduate School of Business of The University of Chicago, discovered a less-is-better effect in three contexts: " ( 1) a person giving a $45 scarf (from scarves ranging from $5-$50) as a gift was perceived to be more generous than one giving a $55 coat (from coats ranging from $50-$500); ( 2) an overfilled ice cream serving with 7 oz of ice cream was valued more than an underfilled serving with 8 oz of ice cream; ( 3) a dinnerware set with 24 intact pieces was judged more favourably than one with 31 intact pieces (including the same 24) plus a few broken ones." Hsee noted that the less-is-better effect was observed "only when the options were evaluated separately, and reversed itself when the options were juxtaposed.” Hsee explained these seemingly counterintuitive results “in terms of the evaluability hypothesis, which states that separate evaluations of objects are often influenced by attributes that are easy to evaluate rather than by those that are important." Other studies This section relies largely or entirely on a single source.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less-is-better_effect
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2709572329#4_2930868295	Title: Less-is-better effect - Wikipedia Headings: Less-is-better effect Less-is-better effect Contents Identifying the effect Other studies General observations Limitations Hypothesized causes Applications See also Notes References Content: A 1996 study by Hsee asked participants to evaluate two used music dictionaries, one of which contained 20,000 entries and had a torn cover, the other of which contained 10,000 entries and looked brand-new. When evaluated separately, the newer-looking book was preferred; when evaluated together, the older book was chosen. In one study involving 83 students from a large university in the American Midwest, participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire. It asked them to imagine that a friend had given them a $55 wool coat from a store where coats run between $50 and $500, or, alternatively, a $45 wool scarf from a store where scarves cost between $5 and $50. When asked for their relative reactions to the two scenarios, the participants said that they would be happier with the scarf than with the coat and that the purchase of the scarf would reflect greater generosity than the purchase of the coat. Therefore, "if gift givers want their gift recipients to perceive them as generous, it is better for them to give a high-value item from a low-value product category (e.g. a $45 scarf) rather than a low-value item from a high-value product category (e.g. a $55 coat)." Participants in one study were asked to imagine that they were at the beach and in the mood for ice cream. One set of participants was asked to evaluate the value of 8 ounces of ice cream sold in a 10-ounce cup; another, to evaluate 7 ounces in a 5-ounce cup;	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less-is-better_effect
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2709572329#5_2930870167	Title: Less-is-better effect - Wikipedia Headings: Less-is-better effect Less-is-better effect Contents Identifying the effect Other studies General observations Limitations Hypothesized causes Applications See also Notes References Content: When asked for their relative reactions to the two scenarios, the participants said that they would be happier with the scarf than with the coat and that the purchase of the scarf would reflect greater generosity than the purchase of the coat. Therefore, "if gift givers want their gift recipients to perceive them as generous, it is better for them to give a high-value item from a low-value product category (e.g. a $45 scarf) rather than a low-value item from a high-value product category (e.g. a $55 coat)." Participants in one study were asked to imagine that they were at the beach and in the mood for ice cream. One set of participants was asked to evaluate the value of 8 ounces of ice cream sold in a 10-ounce cup; another, to evaluate 7 ounces in a 5-ounce cup; a third, to compare the two. The second group liked their overfilled cups more than the first group liked their underfilled cups; but the third group, when presented with both options, recognized that the larger portion was more valuable than the smaller one. Another study showed that people "felt more grateful for a $45 dollar gift card than a $55 dollar coat." More oddly, they "were happier with a 24-piece dinnerware set that was intact than a 31-piece set, a couple of pieces of which was broken.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less-is-better_effect
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2709572329#6_2930871876	Title: Less-is-better effect - Wikipedia Headings: Less-is-better effect Less-is-better effect Contents Identifying the effect Other studies General observations Limitations Hypothesized causes Applications See also Notes References Content: a third, to compare the two. The second group liked their overfilled cups more than the first group liked their underfilled cups; but the third group, when presented with both options, recognized that the larger portion was more valuable than the smaller one. Another study showed that people "felt more grateful for a $45 dollar gift card than a $55 dollar coat." More oddly, they "were happier with a 24-piece dinnerware set that was intact than a 31-piece set, a couple of pieces of which was broken. The 31-piece set contained all the pieces of the 24-piece set, and all of them were intact. This made no difference to the recipients. All they could see was the loss of the broken pieces." General observations It has been observed that when consumers assess objects in isolation, they often compare them to other objects in the same category. " It seems that in evaluating a gift, people are neither sensitive to the actual price of the gift, nor to the category of that gift (e.g. whether a coat or a scarf), but they are very sensitive to the relative position of the gift within its category."	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less-is-better_effect
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2709572329#7_2930873412	Title: Less-is-better effect - Wikipedia Headings: Less-is-better effect Less-is-better effect Contents Identifying the effect Other studies General observations Limitations Hypothesized causes Applications See also Notes References Content: The 31-piece set contained all the pieces of the 24-piece set, and all of them were intact. This made no difference to the recipients. All they could see was the loss of the broken pieces." General observations It has been observed that when consumers assess objects in isolation, they often compare them to other objects in the same category. " It seems that in evaluating a gift, people are neither sensitive to the actual price of the gift, nor to the category of that gift (e.g. whether a coat or a scarf), but they are very sensitive to the relative position of the gift within its category." It has also been observed that customers tend to be happier when merchants give them a little extra something that costs the merchant relatively little – a bonus scoop of ice cream on a sundae, for example – than when merchants actually offer them a better deal on the sundae that would cost the merchant more. Limitations The less-is-better effect occurs only under specific circumstances. Evidence has shown that it manifests itself only when the options are evaluated individually; it disappears when they are assessed jointly. " If the options are put right next to each other, the effect disappears, as people see the true value of both," states one source. "	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less-is-better_effect
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2709572329#8_2930875120	Title: Less-is-better effect - Wikipedia Headings: Less-is-better effect Less-is-better effect Contents Identifying the effect Other studies General observations Limitations Hypothesized causes Applications See also Notes References Content: It has also been observed that customers tend to be happier when merchants give them a little extra something that costs the merchant relatively little – a bonus scoop of ice cream on a sundae, for example – than when merchants actually offer them a better deal on the sundae that would cost the merchant more. Limitations The less-is-better effect occurs only under specific circumstances. Evidence has shown that it manifests itself only when the options are evaluated individually; it disappears when they are assessed jointly. " If the options are put right next to each other, the effect disappears, as people see the true value of both," states one source. " It's just the gifts in isolation that give people a flipped sense of happiness and gratitude." Hypothesized causes Theoretical causes of the less-is-better effect include: counterfactual thinking - A study found that bronze medalists are happier than silver medalists, apparently because silver invites comparison to gold whereas bronze invites comparison to not receiving a medal. evaluability heuristic and/or fluency heuristic - Hsee hypothesized that subjects evaluated proposals more highly based on attributes that were easier to evaluate ( attribute substitution ). Another study found that students preferred funny versus artistic posters according to attributes they could verbalize easily, but the preference was reversed when they did not need to explain a reason (see also introspection illusion ).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less-is-better_effect
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2729316776#0_2954369372	Title: Liberalism Is a Mental Disorder - Wikipedia Headings: Liberalism Is a Mental Disorder Liberalism Is a Mental Disorder Overview (categorized by chapter) References Content: Liberalism Is a Mental Disorder - Wikipedia Liberalism Is a Mental Disorder From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " Liberalism Is a Mental Disorder" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2008) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Liberalism Is a Mental Disorder: Savage Solutions Author Michael Savage Country United States Language English Subject Conservative ideology Publisher Nelson Current Publication date 12 April 2005 Media type Hardcover, Paperback, Audio CD (abridged), Audio cassette (abridged), Audio Download Pages 221 pp ISBN 1-59555-006-2 OCLC 57613542 Dewey Decimal 320.51/3/0973 22 LC Class JK421 .S29 2005 Preceded by The Enemy Within Followed by The Political Zoo Liberalism Is a Mental Disorder: Savage Solutions is the 20th book written by conservative radio personality Michael Savage . In the book, Michael Savage accuses American liberals and of making political moves that undermine what he believes to be the basic tenets of American life, including marriage, the U.S. Constitution, the Bill of Rights, and the Ten Commandments. One chapter is dedicated to his criticisms of radical Islam, which he calls " Islamofascism ". In each chapter is a "Savage Spotlight of Truth", that describes how liberals purportedly spread their political agenda.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_Is_a_Mental_Disorder
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2729341281#0_2954403339	Title: Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America - Wikipedia Headings: Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America References Further reading Content: Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America - Wikipedia Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Part of a series on Liberalism History Age of Enlightenment List of liberal theorists (contributions to liberal theory) Ideas Liberal democracy Economic liberalism Equality Gender Legal Freedom Market Press Religion Speech Trade Harm principle Internationalism Invisible hand Laissez-faire Liberty Negative Positive Market economy Night-watchman state Non-aggression principle Open society Permissive society Popular sovereignty Private property Rights Civil and political Natural and legal Rule of law Secularism Separation of church and state Social contract Veil of ignorance Schools of thought Classical Conservative Cultural Democratic Feminist Equity Green Internationalism Left Geo Muscular National Nationalist Neo Ordo Radical Radical centrism Religious Christian Catholic Islamic Jewish Right Anarcho-capitalism 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Latin America have unique historical roots as Latin American independence began to occur in 1808 after the French Revolution and the subsequent Napoleonic Wars that eventually engulfed all of Europe. French revolutionaries in the 1790s began an intellectual awakening called the Enlightenment, which opened the door for ideas of positivism in Latin American society and people in Latin America turned to liberal ideologies as liberalism means the idea of liberty, equality and popular sovereignty. During the early 19th century in Latin America, liberalism clashed with conservative views as liberals wanted to end the dominance of the Catholic Church, class stratification and slavery. These issues for many years strongly affected the way that Latin American society was organized. The majority of liberals believed in a democratic system of government, but this system would create many changes and much confusion in Latin American communities in the early 19th century. On the other hand, conservatism favored existing systems and hierarchies.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2731403240#5_2955585616	Title: Liberty! - Wikipedia Headings: Liberty! Liberty! From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Episodes External links Content: A collection of the music from the soundtrack was released as a companion album in 1997. Liberty! was produced for Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) by Twin Cities Public Television (TPT), and won a George Foster Peabody Award. The directors were Ellen Hovde and Muffie Meyer, who also collaborated on the 2002 TPT production Benjamin Franklin . External links Liberty! at IMDb PBS: Liberty! The American Revolution v t e Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette Principal author Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) American Revolution French frigate Hermione Battle of Brandywine Battle of Gloucester Valley Forge Battle of Barren Hill Battle of Rhode Island Battle of Monmouth Battle of Green Spring Siege of Yorktown Franco-American alliance French Revolution Assembly of Notables (1787) Estates General of 1789 National Guard (France) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Women's March on Versailles Society of 1789 Fête de la Fédération Day of Daggers Champ de Mars massacre War of the First Coalition July Revolution (1830) Other events 1824-25 Grand Tour of the United States New York City parade Philadelphia parade USS Brandywine Life Château de Chavaniac (birthplace and home) Château de la Grange-Bléneau (home and museum) Lafayette Land Grant Picpus Cemetery Honors and memorials List of places named for the Marquis de Lafayette Fayetteville, North Carolina Fort Lafayette Lafayette College New York City statue (1876) LaFayette Fountain (1887) Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C. 1891 statue Lafayette Square Historic District Lafayette dollar (1899) Mount Lafayette Lafayette Memorial (1917) Lafayette College statue (1921) Lafayette Escadrille Depictions and portrayals 1825 Samuel Morse painting " Lafayette (We Hear You Calling) " (1918 song) La Fayette (1961 film) Valley Forge (1975 film) La Révolution française (1989 film) Jefferson in Paris (1995 film) Liberty! ( 1997 documentary miniseries) Liberty's Kids (2002 television series) Hamilton (2015 musical, 2020 film) Family Adrienne de La Fayette (wife) Georges Washington de La Fayette (son) Michel du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette (father) Related Order of Lafayette Honorary U.S. citizenship (2002) Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberty!&oldid=1003670700 " Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Pages using infobox film with unknown empty parameters	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty!
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2731496252#5_2955622682	Title: Liberty, Illinois - Wikipedia Headings: Liberty, Illinois Liberty, Illinois Contents Geography History Demographics School systems References External links Content: %± 1880 218 — 1970 369 — 1980 587 59.1% 1990 541 −7.8% 2000 519 −4.1% 2010 516 −0.6% 2019 (est.) 503 −2.5% U.S. Decennial Census This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) As of the census of 2000, there were 519 people, 212 households, and 159 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,386.7 people per square mile (541.6/km 2 ). There were 231 housing units at an average density of 617.2 per square mile (241.1/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the village was 99.81% White and 0.19% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.19% of the population. There were 212 households, out of which 30.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.0% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.0% were non-families.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty,_Illinois
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2731515500#4_2955674618	Title: Liberty, Missouri - Wikipedia Headings: Liberty, Missouri Liberty, Missouri Contents History Geography Demographics 2010 census 2000 census Economy Top employers Education Notable people Cultural references Twin towns References External links Content: 49, Jewell Hall, Jewell-Lightburne Historic District, Major Hotel, Miller Building, Mt. Memorial Cemetery, Nebo Hill Archeological Site, Odd Fellows Home District, South Liberty Courthouse Square Historic District, and West Liberty Courthouse Square Historic District are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Geography Liberty is located approximately six miles north of the Missouri River along I-35 and Missouri Route 291. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 29.15 square miles (75.50 km 2 ), of which 29.03 square miles (75.19 km 2) is land and 0.12 square miles (0.31 km 2) is water. Demographics Historical population Census Pop. %± 1850 827 — 1860 1,288 55.7% 1870 1,700 32.0% 1880 1,476 −13.2% 1890 2,558 73.3% 1900 2,407 −5.9% 1910 2,980 23.8% 1920 3,097 3.9% 1930 3,516 13.5% 1940 3,598 2.3% 1950 4,709 30.9% 1960 8,909 89.2% 1970 13,704 53.8% 1980 16,251 18.6% 1990 20,459 25.9% 2000 26,232 28.2% 2010 29,149 11.1% 2019 (est.) 32,100 10.1% U.S. Decennial Census 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 29,149 people, 10,582 households, and 7,555 families living in the city. The population density was 1,004.1 inhabitants per square mile (387.7/km 2 ). There were 11,284 housing units at an average density of 388.7 per square mile (150.1/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 91.4% White, 3.6% African American, 0.5% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.9% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.1% of the population.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty,_Missouri
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2731515500#5_2955676742	Title: Liberty, Missouri - Wikipedia Headings: Liberty, Missouri Liberty, Missouri Contents History Geography Demographics 2010 census 2000 census Economy Top employers Education Notable people Cultural references Twin towns References External links Content: 32,100 10.1% U.S. Decennial Census 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 29,149 people, 10,582 households, and 7,555 families living in the city. The population density was 1,004.1 inhabitants per square mile (387.7/km 2 ). There were 11,284 housing units at an average density of 388.7 per square mile (150.1/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 91.4% White, 3.6% African American, 0.5% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.9% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.1% of the population. There were 10,582 households, of which 38.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 28.6% were non-families. 23.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.11. The median age in the city was 36.4 years. 26.6% of residents were under the age of 18;	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty,_Missouri
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2731515500#8_2955680694	Title: Liberty, Missouri - Wikipedia Headings: Liberty, Missouri Liberty, Missouri Contents History Geography Demographics 2010 census 2000 census Economy Top employers Education Notable people Cultural references Twin towns References External links Content: 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 26,232 people, 9,511 households, and 6,943 families living in the city. The population density was 973.3 people per square mile (375.8/km 2 ). There were 9,973 housing units at an average density of 370.0 per square mile (142.9/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 93.75% White, 2.59% African American, 0.40% Native American, 0.61% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.99% from other races, and 1.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.68% of the population. There were 9,511 households, out of which 38.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.2% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.0% were non-families. 22.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.08. In the city the population was spread out, with 27.6% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty,_Missouri
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2731550085#1_2955721960	Title: Liberty, North Carolina - Wikipedia Headings: Liberty, North Carolina Liberty, North Carolina Contents History Geography Events and landmarks Demographics Aviation References External links Content: -79.57194 Country United States State North Carolina County Randolph Area • Total 3.15 sq mi (8.15 km 2) • Land 3.13 sq mi (8.12 km 2) • Water 0.01 sq mi (0.03 km 2) Elevation 791 ft (241 m) Population ( 2010) • Total 2,656 • Estimate (2019) 2,658 • Density 848.12/sq mi (327.49/km 2) Time zone UTC-5 ( Eastern (EST)) • Summer ( DST) UTC-4 (EDT) ZIP code 27298 Area code (s) 336 FIPS code 37-38100 GNIS feature ID 0988407 Website www.liberty-nc.com Liberty is a town in Randolph County, North Carolina, United States. Contents 1 History 2 Geography 3 Events and landmarks 4 Demographics 5 Aviation 6 References 7 External links History Originally named Liberty Oak, the town was founded in 1809 near the plantation of John Leak. The first church within the town was the Liberty Christian Church (now the United Church of Christ) founded on October 11, 1884. The town's first school, the Liberty Academy, was founded on May 6, 1885, as a charter school, and helped to foster the town's early reputation as a place of higher learning. Liberty is home to the mother church of the Southern Baptist denomination (Sandy Creek Baptist Church). The Liberty Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. Geography Liberty is drained by the Rocky River on the south and southwest and its tributary North Rocky River Prong on the northeast. Sandy Creek, a tributary of the Deep River, drains the town on the west and northwest. Events and landmarks Liberty is also home to the famous the Liberty Antiques Festival. Also, the Liberty Showcase has had many famous Nashville recording stars such as Ronnie McDowell, Lorrie Morgan, Gene Watson, Exile, and many more.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty,_North_Carolina
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2731550085#3_2955725531	Title: Liberty, North Carolina - Wikipedia Headings: Liberty, North Carolina Liberty, North Carolina Contents History Geography Events and landmarks Demographics Aviation References External links Content: The movies Killers Three (1968) and Children of the Corn II: The Final Sacrifice (1993) were filmed in Liberty and the surrounding areas. One of Liberty's most noticeable landmarks is the Patterson House Museum, near the town hall; it was originally constructed in 1885 by Dr. Armstead Jackson Patterson as a retirement home for his parents. Other local landmarks are the historical Liberty train station (which is not open to the public), and the Vance York house. In 2001, Liberty was honored to become one of the few towns on the North Carolina National Historic Register for its rich history and historic architecture, largely due to the efforts of Mrs. Francine Swaim, a local writer, teacher, and historian. Demographics Historical population Census Pop. %± 1890 366 — 1900 304 −16.9% 1910 474 55.9% 1920 636 34.2% 1930 873 37.3% 1940 922 5.6% 1950 1,342 45.6% 1960 1,438 7.2% 1970 2,167 50.7% 1980 1,997 −7.8% 1990 2,047 2.5% 2000 2,661 30.0% 2010 2,656 −0.2% 2019 (est.) 2,658 0.1% U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, 2,661 people, 1,033 households, and 708 families resided in the town. The population density was 1,020.8 people per square mile (393.6/km 2 ).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty,_North_Carolina
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2731550085#4_2955727202	Title: Liberty, North Carolina - Wikipedia Headings: Liberty, North Carolina Liberty, North Carolina Contents History Geography Events and landmarks Demographics Aviation References External links Content: In 2001, Liberty was honored to become one of the few towns on the North Carolina National Historic Register for its rich history and historic architecture, largely due to the efforts of Mrs. Francine Swaim, a local writer, teacher, and historian. Demographics Historical population Census Pop. %± 1890 366 — 1900 304 −16.9% 1910 474 55.9% 1920 636 34.2% 1930 873 37.3% 1940 922 5.6% 1950 1,342 45.6% 1960 1,438 7.2% 1970 2,167 50.7% 1980 1,997 −7.8% 1990 2,047 2.5% 2000 2,661 30.0% 2010 2,656 −0.2% 2019 (est.) 2,658 0.1% U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, 2,661 people, 1,033 households, and 708 families resided in the town. The population density was 1,020.8 people per square mile (393.6/km 2 ). The 1,094 housing units averaged 419.7 per square mile (161.8/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the town was 65.69% White, 23.64% African American, 0.71% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 8.08% from other races, and 1.80% from two or more races. About 14.2% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 1,033 households, 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.3% were married couples living together, 14.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.4% were not families; 27.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty,_North_Carolina
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2731550085#5_2955729043	Title: Liberty, North Carolina - Wikipedia Headings: Liberty, North Carolina Liberty, North Carolina Contents History Geography Events and landmarks Demographics Aviation References External links Content: The 1,094 housing units averaged 419.7 per square mile (161.8/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the town was 65.69% White, 23.64% African American, 0.71% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 8.08% from other races, and 1.80% from two or more races. About 14.2% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 1,033 households, 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.3% were married couples living together, 14.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.4% were not families; 27.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.09. In the town, the population was distributed as 26.1% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.7 males.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty,_North_Carolina

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