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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1748149325#3_1873668763	Title: How It Feels To Be Colored Me - Wikipedia Headings: How It Feels To Be Colored Me How It Feels To Be Colored Me Summary References Content: Although, Hurston claims that she does not consider herself "tragically colored" but a regular human being, "At times I have no race, I am just me" (359). She mentions her experience at a jazz club with a white friend, where through the music she expresses the racial differences and distance between their lives. She concludes her essay acknowledging the difference but refuses the idea of separation. " I have no separate feeling about being an American citizen and colored" (360). She explains that if the racial roles were reversed, and blacks discriminated against whites, the outcome is the same for a white person’s experience amongst black people. In her final paragraph, she compares herself to a brown paper bag filled with random bits, just as everyone around her is a different colored paper bag filled with different small bits and pieces that make each unique. Hurston concludes that every race is essential and special to the "Great Stuffer of Bags". She encourages one not to focus on race, but one’s self-awareness and the similarities we all have in common. References ^ Johnson, Barbara (1985). " Thresholds of Difference:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_It_Feels_To_Be_Colored_Me
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1751299491#0_1878109184	Title: Howard - Wikipedia Headings: Howard Howard Contents Given name Howie Fictional characters References Content: Howard - Wikipedia Howard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is about the given name. For the surname, see Howard (surname). For other uses, see Howard (disambiguation). Howard Pronunciation HAO-erd Gender Masculine Origin Word/name Old English, Old Norse Other names Related names Howie, Ward Howard is an English -language given name originating from Old English Hereward, meaning "army guard", and Old Norse Hávarðr, which means "high guard". The modern Norwegian equivalent is Håvard. A diminutive is "Howie" and its shortened form is "Ward" (most common in the 19th century). Between 1900 and 1960, Howard ranked in the U.S. Top 200; between 1960 and 1990, it ranked in the U.S. Top 400; between 1990 and 2004, it ranked in the U.S. Top 600. People with the given name Howard or its variants include:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1751299491#1_1878110356	Title: Howard - Wikipedia Headings: Howard Howard Contents Given name Howie Fictional characters References Content: A diminutive is "Howie" and its shortened form is "Ward" (most common in the 19th century). Between 1900 and 1960, Howard ranked in the U.S. Top 200; between 1960 and 1990, it ranked in the U.S. Top 400; between 1990 and 2004, it ranked in the U.S. Top 600. People with the given name Howard or its variants include: Contents 1 Given name 2 Howie 3 Fictional characters 4 References Given name Howard Allen (1949–2020), American serial killer Howard Duane Allman (1946–1971), American guitar virtuoso Howard Ashman (1950–1991), American lyricist known for Little Shop of Horrors, The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast Howard Burnett (athlete) (born 1961), Jamaican track and field athlete Howard J. Burnett (1929–2019), American president of Washington & Jefferson College Howard Carpendale (born 1946), German singer Howard Carter (archaeologist) (1874–1939), English archaeologist and Egyptologist Howard Carter (disambiguation), name of several other people Howard Cosell (1918–1995), sports broadcaster Howard Ward Cunningham (born 1949), American founder of WikiWikiWeb Howard Dean (born 1948), American politician Howard Donald (born 1968), English singer Howard Devoto (born Howard Trafford, 1952), English singer-songwriter Howard Duff (1913–1990), American actor Howard Goodall (born 1958), British musician, musicologist and TV presenter Howard Grant (boxer) (born 1966), Jamaican-Canadian boxer Howard Hawks (1896–1977), American producer Howard Hesseman (born 1940), American actor Howard Hughes (1905–1976), American aviation pioneer and film mogul Howard Johnson (disambiguation), name of several people Howard Jones (disambiguation), name of several people Howard Judd (1935–2007), American physician and medical researcher Howard Keel (1919–2004), singer and actor born Harry Keel Howard Kendall, English football player and manager Howard Lassoff (1955–2013), American-Israeli basketball player Howard Lederer (born 1964), professional poker player Howard Lesnick (1931–2020), American, Jefferson B. Fordham Professor of Law, University of Pennsylvania Law School Howard Long (1905–1939), American convicted murderer H. P. Lovecraft (1890–1937), American writer (full name Howard Phillips Lovecraft) Howard McNear (1905–1969), American radio and television actor Howard Marks (1945–2016), teacher, drug smuggler and author Howard T. Odum (1924–2002), American ecologist Howard Allen O'Brien, birth name of American writer Anne Rice Howard Payne (athlete) (1931–1992), English hammer thrower Howard Schatz, American fine art photographer Howard Shore (born 1946), Canadian composer Howard Smothers (born 1973), American football player Howard Spira, American gambler who was paid by George Steinbrenner to find dirt on baseball player Dave Winfield Howard Staunton (1810–1874), British chess player and Shakespearean scholar Howard Stern (born 1954), American talk-radio host Howard K. Stern (born 1968), attorney for Anna Nicole Smith Howard Stidham (born 1954), American football player Howard Tayler (born 1968), American cartoonist Howard Turner (1897–1976), American football player Howard Unruh (1921–2009), American spree killer Howard Wales (1943–2020), American musician Howard Wilkinson (born 1943), English football manager Howard Wilson (born 1995), American football player Howard Zinn (1922–2010), American historian, academic, author, playwright, and social activist Howie Howie B (born 1963), Scottish musician and producer Howard Bernstein Howie Carr (born 1952), American journalist Howie Day (born 1981), American singer-songwriter Howie Dorough (born 1973), American musician with Backstreet Boys Howie Epstein (1955–2003), American musician Howie Gordon (born 1971), Big Brother contestant Howie Gordon (later known as Richard Pacheco ), American pornographic actor Howie Hawkins, American politician and activist Howie Long (born 1960), American former football player and actor Howie Mandel (born 1955), Canadian comedian and actor, host of the TV show Deal or No Deal Howie Meeker (born 1924), Canadian hockey player, TV sports announcer, Member of Parliament Howie Morenz (1902–1937), Canadian ice hockey player Howie Nave (born 1956), American comedian, radio personality, writer, promoter and movie critic Howie Rose (born 1954), American sportscaster Howie Severino (born 1961), Filipino broadcast journalist Howie Winter (1929–2020), American mobster Howard Donald (born 1968), British musician with Take That Fictional characters Howard Bellamy (Doctors), in the British soap opera Doctors Howard Cunningham (Happy Days), in the Happy Days TV series Howard Hamlin, a fictional character on the AMC television series Better Call Saul Howard Huge, a comic strip dog Howard Hunter, in the TV series Hill Street Blues, played by James B. Sikking Howard Langston, in the 1996 film Jingle All the Way Howard McBride, in the animated series The Loud House Howard McGreggor, in the TV series Fresh Meat (TV series) Howard Moon, in the TV series The Mighty Boosh, portrayed by Julian Barratt Howard Roark, protagonist of Ayn Rand's novel The Fountainhead Howard Stark, father of Iron Man Tony Stark Howard Wolowitz, a fictional character on the CBS television series The Big Bang Theory, portrayed by actor Simon Helberg. Howard the Duck, a comic book character Howard Link, a "Crow" and Inspector for the Black Order in the D. Gray Man Anime/Manga Howard Marner, a fictional character from Short Circuit (1986 film) Howard Silk, main character and agent in the TV series Counterpart (TV series) Howard DeVille, in the animated series Rugrats References ^ "howard". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2020-11-20. ^ Patrick Hanks and Flavia Hodges:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1751299491#2_1878116566	Title: Howard - Wikipedia Headings: Howard Howard Contents Given name Howie Fictional characters References Content: Contents 1 Given name 2 Howie 3 Fictional characters 4 References Given name Howard Allen (1949–2020), American serial killer Howard Duane Allman (1946–1971), American guitar virtuoso Howard Ashman (1950–1991), American lyricist known for Little Shop of Horrors, The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast Howard Burnett (athlete) (born 1961), Jamaican track and field athlete Howard J. Burnett (1929–2019), American president of Washington & Jefferson College Howard Carpendale (born 1946), German singer Howard Carter (archaeologist) (1874–1939), English archaeologist and Egyptologist Howard Carter (disambiguation), name of several other people Howard Cosell (1918–1995), sports broadcaster Howard Ward Cunningham (born 1949), American founder of WikiWikiWeb Howard Dean (born 1948), American politician Howard Donald (born 1968), English singer Howard Devoto (born Howard Trafford, 1952), English singer-songwriter Howard Duff (1913–1990), American actor Howard Goodall (born 1958), British musician, musicologist and TV presenter Howard Grant (boxer) (born 1966), Jamaican-Canadian boxer Howard Hawks (1896–1977), American producer Howard Hesseman (born 1940), American actor Howard Hughes (1905–1976), American aviation pioneer and film mogul Howard Johnson (disambiguation), name of several people Howard Jones (disambiguation), name of several people Howard Judd (1935–2007), American physician and medical researcher Howard Keel (1919–2004), singer and actor born Harry Keel Howard Kendall, English football player and manager Howard Lassoff (1955–2013), American-Israeli basketball player Howard Lederer (born 1964), professional poker player Howard Lesnick (1931–2020), American, Jefferson B. Fordham Professor of Law, University of Pennsylvania Law School Howard Long (1905–1939), American convicted murderer H. P. Lovecraft (1890–1937), American writer (full name Howard Phillips Lovecraft) Howard McNear (1905–1969), American radio and television actor Howard Marks (1945–2016), teacher, drug smuggler and author Howard T. Odum (1924–2002), American ecologist Howard Allen O'Brien, birth name of American writer Anne Rice Howard Payne (athlete) (1931–1992), English hammer thrower Howard Schatz, American fine art photographer Howard Shore (born 1946), Canadian composer Howard Smothers (born 1973), American football player Howard Spira, American gambler who was paid by George Steinbrenner to find dirt on baseball player Dave Winfield Howard Staunton (1810–1874), British chess player and Shakespearean scholar Howard Stern (born 1954), American talk-radio host Howard K. Stern (born 1968), attorney for Anna Nicole Smith Howard Stidham (born 1954), American football player Howard Tayler (born 1968), American cartoonist Howard Turner (1897–1976), American football player Howard Unruh (1921–2009), American spree killer Howard Wales (1943–2020), American musician Howard Wilkinson (born 1943), English football manager Howard Wilson (born 1995), American football player Howard Zinn (1922–2010), American historian, academic, author, playwright, and social activist Howie Howie B (born 1963), Scottish musician and producer Howard Bernstein Howie Carr (born 1952), American journalist Howie Day (born 1981), American singer-songwriter Howie Dorough (born 1973), American musician with Backstreet Boys Howie Epstein (1955–2003), American musician Howie Gordon (born 1971), Big Brother contestant Howie Gordon (later known as Richard Pacheco ), American pornographic actor Howie Hawkins, American politician and activist Howie Long (born 1960), American former football player and actor Howie Mandel (born 1955), Canadian comedian and actor, host of the TV show Deal or No Deal Howie Meeker (born 1924), Canadian hockey player, TV sports announcer, Member of Parliament Howie Morenz (1902–1937), Canadian ice hockey player Howie Nave (born 1956), American comedian, radio personality, writer, promoter and movie critic Howie Rose (born 1954), American sportscaster Howie Severino (born 1961), Filipino broadcast journalist Howie Winter (1929–2020), American mobster Howard Donald (born 1968), British musician with Take That Fictional characters Howard Bellamy (Doctors), in the British soap opera Doctors Howard Cunningham (Happy Days), in the Happy Days TV series Howard Hamlin, a fictional character on the AMC television series Better Call Saul Howard Huge, a comic strip dog Howard Hunter, in the TV series Hill Street Blues, played by James B. Sikking Howard Langston, in the 1996 film Jingle All the Way Howard McBride, in the animated series The Loud House Howard McGreggor, in the TV series Fresh Meat (TV series) Howard Moon, in the TV series The Mighty Boosh, portrayed by Julian Barratt Howard Roark, protagonist of Ayn Rand's novel The Fountainhead Howard Stark, father of Iron Man Tony Stark Howard Wolowitz, a fictional character on the CBS television series The Big Bang Theory, portrayed by actor Simon Helberg. Howard the Duck, a comic book character Howard Link, a "Crow" and Inspector for the Black Order in the D. Gray Man Anime/Manga Howard Marner, a fictional character from Short Circuit (1986 film) Howard Silk, main character and agent in the TV series Counterpart (TV series) Howard DeVille, in the animated series Rugrats References ^ "howard". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2020-11-20. ^ Patrick Hanks and Flavia Hodges: A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1988. ^ "Howard, name meaning and origin". Think Baby Names. Retrieved 2008-02-12.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1752053688#0_1878990885	Title: Howard Gardner - Wikipedia Headings: Howard Gardner Howard Gardner Contents Early life Career Theory and criticism Achievements and awards Personal life References Further reading External links Content: Howard Gardner - Wikipedia Howard Gardner From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search American developmental psychologist (born 1943) Howard Gardner Gardner in 2013 Born Howard Earl Gardner ( 1943-07-11) July 11, 1943 (age 77) Scranton, Pennsylvania Nationality American Alma mater Harvard College Known for Theory of multiple intelligences Spouse (s) Ellen Winner Scientific career Fields Psychology, education Institutions Harvard University Influences Jean Piaget, Jerome Bruner, Nelson Goodman Website www .howardgardner .com Part of a series on Psychology Outline History Subfields Basic types Abnormal Behavioral genetics Biological Cognitive / Cognitivism Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Differential Developmental Evolutionary Experimental Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Quantitative Social Applied psychology Applied behavior analysis Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Environmental Ergonomics Forensic Health Humanistic Industrial and organizational Legal Medical Military Music Occupational health Political Religion School Sport Traffic Lists Disciplines Organizations Psychologists Psychotherapies Publications Research methods Theories Timeline Topics Psychology portal v t e Howard Earl Gardner (born July 11, 1943) is an American developmental psychologist and the John H. and Elisabeth A. Hobbs Research Professor of Cognition and Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education at Harvard University. He is currently the senior director of Harvard Project Zero, and since 1995, he has been the co-director of The Good Project. Gardner has written hundreds of research articles and thirty books that have been translated into more than thirty languages. He is best known for his theory of multiple intelligences, as outlined in his 1983 book Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Gardner retired from teaching in 2019. In 2020, he published his intellectual memoir A Synthesizing Mind. Contents 1 Early life 1.1 Career 1.2 Theory and criticism 2 Achievements and awards 3 Personal life 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Early life Howard Earl Gardner was born July 11, 1943, in Scranton, Pennsylvania, to Ralph Gardner and Hilde (née Weilheimer) Gardner, German Jewish immigrants who fled Germany prior to World War II. Gardner described himself as "a studious child who gained much pleasure from playing the piano". Although Gardner never became a professional pianist, he taught piano from 1958 to 1969.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardner
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1752053688#1_1878993917	Title: Howard Gardner - Wikipedia Headings: Howard Gardner Howard Gardner Contents Early life Career Theory and criticism Achievements and awards Personal life References Further reading External links Content: Gardner retired from teaching in 2019. In 2020, he published his intellectual memoir A Synthesizing Mind. Contents 1 Early life 1.1 Career 1.2 Theory and criticism 2 Achievements and awards 3 Personal life 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Early life Howard Earl Gardner was born July 11, 1943, in Scranton, Pennsylvania, to Ralph Gardner and Hilde (née Weilheimer) Gardner, German Jewish immigrants who fled Germany prior to World War II. Gardner described himself as "a studious child who gained much pleasure from playing the piano". Although Gardner never became a professional pianist, he taught piano from 1958 to 1969. Education was of the utmost importance in the Gardner home. While his parents had hoped that he would attend Phillips Academy Andover in Massachusetts, Gardner opted to attend a school closer to his hometown in Pennsylvania, Wyoming Seminary. Gardner had a desire to learn and greatly excelled in school. Career Gardner in his earlier years Gardner graduated from Harvard College in 1965 with an BA in social relations, and studied under the renowned Erik Erikson. After spending one year at the London School of Economics, he went on to obtain his PhD in developmental psychology at Harvard while working with psychologists Roger Brown and Jerome Bruner, and philosopher Nelson Goodman.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardner
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1752053688#2_1878995652	Title: Howard Gardner - Wikipedia Headings: Howard Gardner Howard Gardner Contents Early life Career Theory and criticism Achievements and awards Personal life References Further reading External links Content: Education was of the utmost importance in the Gardner home. While his parents had hoped that he would attend Phillips Academy Andover in Massachusetts, Gardner opted to attend a school closer to his hometown in Pennsylvania, Wyoming Seminary. Gardner had a desire to learn and greatly excelled in school. Career Gardner in his earlier years Gardner graduated from Harvard College in 1965 with an BA in social relations, and studied under the renowned Erik Erikson. After spending one year at the London School of Economics, he went on to obtain his PhD in developmental psychology at Harvard while working with psychologists Roger Brown and Jerome Bruner, and philosopher Nelson Goodman. For his postdoctoral fellowship, Gardner worked alongside Norman Geschwind at Boston Veterans Administration Hospital and continued his work there for another 20 years. In 1986, Gardner became a professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Since 1995, much of the focus of his work has been on The GoodWork Project, now part of a larger initiative known as The Good Project that encourages excellence, ethics, and engagement in work, digital life, and beyond. In 2000, Gardner, Kurt Fischer, and their colleagues at the Harvard Graduate School of Education established the master's degree program in Mind, Brain and Education. This program was thought to be the first of its kind around the world.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardner
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1752053688#3_1878997438	Title: Howard Gardner - Wikipedia Headings: Howard Gardner Howard Gardner Contents Early life Career Theory and criticism Achievements and awards Personal life References Further reading External links Content: For his postdoctoral fellowship, Gardner worked alongside Norman Geschwind at Boston Veterans Administration Hospital and continued his work there for another 20 years. In 1986, Gardner became a professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Since 1995, much of the focus of his work has been on The GoodWork Project, now part of a larger initiative known as The Good Project that encourages excellence, ethics, and engagement in work, digital life, and beyond. In 2000, Gardner, Kurt Fischer, and their colleagues at the Harvard Graduate School of Education established the master's degree program in Mind, Brain and Education. This program was thought to be the first of its kind around the world. Many universities in both the United States and abroad have since developed similar programs. Since then, Gardner has published books on a number of topics including Changing Minds: The Art and Science of Changing Our Own and Other People's Minds, Five Minds for the Future, Truth, Beauty and Goodness Reframed, and The App Generation (written with Katie Davis). Theory and criticism According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, humans have several different ways of processing information, and these ways are relatively independent of one another. The theory is a critique of the standard intelligence theory, which emphasizes the correlation among abilities, as well as traditional measures like IQ tests that typically only account for linguistic, logical, and spatial abilities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardner
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1752053688#4_1878999330	Title: Howard Gardner - Wikipedia Headings: Howard Gardner Howard Gardner Contents Early life Career Theory and criticism Achievements and awards Personal life References Further reading External links Content: Many universities in both the United States and abroad have since developed similar programs. Since then, Gardner has published books on a number of topics including Changing Minds: The Art and Science of Changing Our Own and Other People's Minds, Five Minds for the Future, Truth, Beauty and Goodness Reframed, and The App Generation (written with Katie Davis). Theory and criticism According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, humans have several different ways of processing information, and these ways are relatively independent of one another. The theory is a critique of the standard intelligence theory, which emphasizes the correlation among abilities, as well as traditional measures like IQ tests that typically only account for linguistic, logical, and spatial abilities. Since 1999, Gardner has identified eight intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. Gardner and colleagues have also considered two additional intelligences, existential and pedagogical. Many teachers, school administrators, and special educators have been inspired by Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences as it has allowed for the idea that there is more than one way to define a person's intellect. Gardner's definition of intelligence has been met with some criticism in education circles as well as in the field of psychology.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardner
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1752053688#5_1879001143	Title: Howard Gardner - Wikipedia Headings: Howard Gardner Howard Gardner Contents Early life Career Theory and criticism Achievements and awards Personal life References Further reading External links Content: Since 1999, Gardner has identified eight intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. Gardner and colleagues have also considered two additional intelligences, existential and pedagogical. Many teachers, school administrators, and special educators have been inspired by Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences as it has allowed for the idea that there is more than one way to define a person's intellect. Gardner's definition of intelligence has been met with some criticism in education circles as well as in the field of psychology. Perhaps the strongest and most enduring critique of his theory of multiple intelligences centers on its lack of empirical evidence, much of which points to a single construct of intelligence called "g". Gardner has responded that his theory is based entirely on empirical evidence as opposed to experimental evidence, as he does not believe experimental evidence in itself can yield a theoretical synthesis. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences can be seen as both a departure from and a continuation of the 20th century's work on the subject of human intelligence. Other prominent psychologists whose contributions variously developed or expanded the field of study include Charles Spearman, Louis Thurstone, Edward Thorndike, and Robert Sternberg . In 1967, Professor Nelson Goodman started an educational program called Project Zero at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, which began with a focus in arts education and now spans throughout a wide variety of educational arenas.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardner
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1752053688#6_1879003155	Title: Howard Gardner - Wikipedia Headings: Howard Gardner Howard Gardner Contents Early life Career Theory and criticism Achievements and awards Personal life References Further reading External links Content: Perhaps the strongest and most enduring critique of his theory of multiple intelligences centers on its lack of empirical evidence, much of which points to a single construct of intelligence called "g". Gardner has responded that his theory is based entirely on empirical evidence as opposed to experimental evidence, as he does not believe experimental evidence in itself can yield a theoretical synthesis. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences can be seen as both a departure from and a continuation of the 20th century's work on the subject of human intelligence. Other prominent psychologists whose contributions variously developed or expanded the field of study include Charles Spearman, Louis Thurstone, Edward Thorndike, and Robert Sternberg . In 1967, Professor Nelson Goodman started an educational program called Project Zero at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, which began with a focus in arts education and now spans throughout a wide variety of educational arenas. Howard Gardner and David Perkins were founding Research Assistants and later Co-Directed Project Zero from 1972-2000. Project Zero's mission is to understand and enhance learning, thinking, and creativity in the arts, as well as humanistic and scientific disciplines at the individual and institutional levels. Good Project founders: William Damon, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, and Gardner For over two decades, in collaboration with William Damon, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, and several other colleagues, Gardner has been directing research at The Good Project on the nature of good work, good play, and good collaboration. The goal of his research is to determine what it means to achieve work that is at once excellent, engaging, and carried out in an ethical way.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardner
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1752053688#7_1879005301	Title: Howard Gardner - Wikipedia Headings: Howard Gardner Howard Gardner Contents Early life Career Theory and criticism Achievements and awards Personal life References Further reading External links Content: Howard Gardner and David Perkins were founding Research Assistants and later Co-Directed Project Zero from 1972-2000. Project Zero's mission is to understand and enhance learning, thinking, and creativity in the arts, as well as humanistic and scientific disciplines at the individual and institutional levels. Good Project founders: William Damon, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, and Gardner For over two decades, in collaboration with William Damon, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, and several other colleagues, Gardner has been directing research at The Good Project on the nature of good work, good play, and good collaboration. The goal of his research is to determine what it means to achieve work that is at once excellent, engaging, and carried out in an ethical way. With colleagues Lynn Barendsen, Courtney Bither, Shelby Clark, Wendy Fischman, Carrie James, Kirsten McHugh, and Danny Mucinskas, Gardner has developed curricular toolkits on these topics for use in educational and professional circles. In the last decade with Wendy Fischman and several other colleagues, Gardner has been co-directing a major study of higher education in the United States. Information about the study, including several dozen blogs, is available on Gardner's website. Shortly, MIT Press will publish a book on this study tentatively titled The Real World of College: What Higher Education Is and What It Can Be.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardner
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1752053688#8_1879007083	Title: Howard Gardner - Wikipedia Headings: Howard Gardner Howard Gardner Contents Early life Career Theory and criticism Achievements and awards Personal life References Further reading External links Content: With colleagues Lynn Barendsen, Courtney Bither, Shelby Clark, Wendy Fischman, Carrie James, Kirsten McHugh, and Danny Mucinskas, Gardner has developed curricular toolkits on these topics for use in educational and professional circles. In the last decade with Wendy Fischman and several other colleagues, Gardner has been co-directing a major study of higher education in the United States. Information about the study, including several dozen blogs, is available on Gardner's website. Shortly, MIT Press will publish a book on this study tentatively titled The Real World of College: What Higher Education Is and What It Can Be. Achievements and awards In 1981 Gardner was the recipient of a MacArthur Prize Fellowship. In 1990 he became the first American to receive the University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award in Education. In 1985, The National Psychology Awards for Excellence in the Media, awarded Gardner The Book Award for Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, which was published by Basic Books. In 1987, he received the William James Award from the American Psychological Association.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardner
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1752053688#11_1879011553	Title: Howard Gardner - Wikipedia Headings: Howard Gardner Howard Gardner Contents Early life Career Theory and criticism Achievements and awards Personal life References Further reading External links Content: In 2015, he received the Brock International Prize in Education. In 2020, Gardner received the Distinguished Contributions to Research in Education Award from the American Education Research Association. He has received 31 honorary degrees from colleges and universities around the world, including institutions in Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Greece, Hong Kong, Ireland, Israel, Italy, South Korea, and Spain. He is also a member of several honorary societies: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Philosophical Society, National Academy of Education, and The American Academy of Political and Social Science. Personal life Howard Gardner is married to Ellen Winner, Professor Emerita of Psychology at Boston College. They have one child, Benjamin. Gardner has three children from an earlier marriage: Kerith (1969), Jay (1971), and Andrew (1976); and five grandchildren:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardner
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1752053688#12_1879012823	Title: Howard Gardner - Wikipedia Headings: Howard Gardner Howard Gardner Contents Early life Career Theory and criticism Achievements and awards Personal life References Further reading External links Content: Personal life Howard Gardner is married to Ellen Winner, Professor Emerita of Psychology at Boston College. They have one child, Benjamin. Gardner has three children from an earlier marriage: Kerith (1969), Jay (1971), and Andrew (1976); and five grandchildren: Oscar (2005), Agnes (2011), Olivia (2015), Faye Marguerite (2016), and August Pierre (2019). References ^ Winner, Ellen. " The History of Howard Raboloco Gardner". Archived from the original on June 29, 2007. ^ a b Gordon, Lynn Melby. "	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardner
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1752053688#13_1879013716	Title: Howard Gardner - Wikipedia Headings: Howard Gardner Howard Gardner Contents Early life Career Theory and criticism Achievements and awards Personal life References Further reading External links Content: Oscar (2005), Agnes (2011), Olivia (2015), Faye Marguerite (2016), and August Pierre (2019). References ^ Winner, Ellen. " The History of Howard Raboloco Gardner". Archived from the original on June 29, 2007. ^ a b Gordon, Lynn Melby. " Gardner, Howard (1943–)." Encyclopedia of Human Development. Ed. Neil J. Salkind. Vol.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardner
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1752053688#14_1879014439	Title: Howard Gardner - Wikipedia Headings: Howard Gardner Howard Gardner Contents Early life Career Theory and criticism Achievements and awards Personal life References Further reading External links Content: Gardner, Howard (1943–)." Encyclopedia of Human Development. Ed. Neil J. Salkind. Vol. 2. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardner
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1772868977#5_1898907605	Title: Human rights in Spain - Wikipedia Headings: Human rights in Spain Human rights in Spain Contents Healthcare for illegal immigrants Roma Migrant agricultural workers in Southern Spain Legal Reform See also References External links Content: Efforts to relocate shantytowns ( chabolas ), which according to a 2009 report by the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights were disproportionately inhabited by Romani persons, gained momentum in the late 1980s and 1990s. These initiatives were ostensibly designed to improve Romani living conditions, yet also had the purpose of being employed to vacate plots of real estate for development. In the words of a 2002 report on the situation of Romani in Spain, "thousands of Roma live in transitional housing, without any indication of when the transition period will end," a situation which has been attributed to the degradation of many transitional housing projects into ghettoes. In the case of many such relocations, Romani people have been moved to the peripheries of urban centers, often in environmentally problematic areas. In the case of Cañada Real Galiana, diverse ethnic groups including non-Romani Spaniards and Moroccans have been documented as experiencing issues of environmental injustice alongside Romani communities. In 2002, 16 Romani families in El Cascayu were relocated under a transitional housing scheme to what has been described by the organization SOS Racismo as a discriminatory, isolated, and environmentally marginalized housing location. According to SOS Racismo, ... the last housing units built within [the] eradication of marginalization plan in El Cascayu, where 16 families will be re-housed, is a way of chasing these families out of the city. They will live in a place surrounded by a 'sewer river,' a railroad trail, an industrial park and a highway. So far away from education centres, shops, recreational places and without public transport, it will be physically difficult for them to get out of there. Map excerpt of Valdemingómez district, Cañada Real Galiana, Madrid.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Spain
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1772868977#6_1898909862	Title: Human rights in Spain - Wikipedia Headings: Human rights in Spain Human rights in Spain Contents Healthcare for illegal immigrants Roma Migrant agricultural workers in Southern Spain Legal Reform See also References External links Content: In 2002, 16 Romani families in El Cascayu were relocated under a transitional housing scheme to what has been described by the organization SOS Racismo as a discriminatory, isolated, and environmentally marginalized housing location. According to SOS Racismo, ... the last housing units built within [the] eradication of marginalization plan in El Cascayu, where 16 families will be re-housed, is a way of chasing these families out of the city. They will live in a place surrounded by a 'sewer river,' a railroad trail, an industrial park and a highway. So far away from education centres, shops, recreational places and without public transport, it will be physically difficult for them to get out of there. Map excerpt of Valdemingómez district, Cañada Real Galiana, Madrid. The long grey strip along Cañada Real Galiana roadway and transhumance trail denotes the 16 kilometre-long, 75 metre-wide shantytown where 8,600 persons reside. Rectangular shapes denote structures. On the outskirts of Madrid, 8,600 persons inhabit the informal settlement of Cañada Real Galiana, also known as La Cañada Real Riojana or La Cañada Real de las merinas. It constitutes the largest shantytown in Western Europe. The settlement is located along 16 kilometres of a 75 metre-wide, 400 kilometre-long environmentally protected transhumance trail between Getafe and Coslada, part of a 125,000 kilometre network of transhumance routes throughout Spain.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Spain
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1775524528#8_1900353067	Title: Human trafficking in New York - Wikipedia Headings: Human trafficking in New York Human trafficking in New York Contents History of slavery Historical murals and monuments Demographics "Top Venues/ industries for labor trafficking" Profiling in trafficking Historical changes Common forms Perpetrators Laws Legal cases Organizations References Content: "Top Venues/ industries for sex trafficking" Illicit Massage/ Spa Business Residence-Based Commercial Sex Hotel/ Motel-Based Escort Services Online Ad, Venue Unknown 21 14 13 13 13 These are the industries in which sex trafficking was discovered and documented in New York State in 2018. "Gender Age and citizenship" Gender Age Citizenship Male 30 Adult 116 U.S. Citizen 28 Female 170 Minor 64 Foreign National Citizen 48 Non Binary 4 The chart above shows the gender, age, and citizenship status of all the known and documented cases of human trafficking within New York State in 2018. Profiling in trafficking This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: This is very general and needs to be edited to be more specifically about New York Please help improve this section if you can. ( September 2019) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Historical changes Throughout the course of contemporary human trafficking, the profiles of victims and perpetrators have changed slightly. In New York, women are still the primary target for trafficking, but the number of men trafficked across U.S. borders has increased. 60% of those trafficked in the U.S. are women. Common forms Th	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_New_York
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1780268852#16_1905493142	Title: Hundred, West Virginia - Wikipedia Headings: Hundred, West Virginia Hundred, West Virginia Contents History Geography Demographics 2010 census 2000 census Notable people See also References External links Content: Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "Lee King Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2016-09-10. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hundred, West Virginia. Hundred webpage from Future Innovation In Traffic Technology v t e Municipalities and communities of Wetzel County, West Virginia, United States County seat: New Martinsville Cities New Martinsville Paden City ‡ Towns Hundred Pine Grove Smithfield CDPs Jacksonburg Littleton Reader Unincorporated communities Allister Anthem Archer Bane Barker Bebee Big Run Brink ‡ Brooklyn Burchfield Burton Carbide Childs Coburn Earnshaw Fairview Fanlight Far Folsom Four Mile Hastings Galmish Green Hill Hastings Hazel Hoyt King Knob Fork Kodol Mand Marion Maud Minnie Mobley Porters Falls Proctor Rockport Round Bottom Sincerity Van Camp Veto Vincen ‡ West Wheat Wileyville Ghost towns Andy Five Points Onie Shenango Suter Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties United States portal v t e Municipalities of West Virginia Cities Beckley Benwood Bluefield Bridgeport Buckhannon Cameron Ceredo Charles Town Charleston Chester Clarksburg Dunbar Elkins Fairmont Follansbee Gary Glen Dale Grafton Hinton Huntington Hurricane Kenova Keyser Kingwood Lewisburg Logan Madison Mannington Marmet Martinsburg McMechen Montgomery Morgantown Moundsville Mount Hope Mullens New Cumberland New Martinsville Nitro Oak Hill Paden City Parkersburg Parsons Pennsboro Petersburg Philippi Pleasant Valley Point Pleasant Princeton Ranson Ravenswood Richwood Ripley Romney Ronceverte Salem Shinnston Sistersville Smithers South Charleston Spencer St. Albans St. Marys Stonewood Thomas Vienna War Weirton Welch Wellsburg Weston Westover Wheeling White Sulphur Springs Williamson Williamstown Towns Addison (Webster Springs) Albright Alderson Anawalt Anmoore Ansted Athens Auburn Bancroft Barrackville Belmont Bath (Berkeley Springs) Bayard Belington Belle Bethany Beverly Blacksville Bolivar Bradshaw Bramwell Brandonville Bruceton Mills Buffalo Burnsville Cairo Camden-on-Gauley Capon Bridge Carpendale Cedar Grove Chapmanville Chesapeake Clay Clendenin Cowen Danville Davis Davy Delbarton Durbin East Bank Eleanor Elizabeth Elk Garden Ellenboro Fairview Falling Spring Farmington Fayetteville Flatwoods Flemington Fort Gay Franklin Friendly Gassaway Gauley Bridge Gilbert Glasgow Glenville Grant Town Grantsville Granville Hambleton Hamlin Handley Harman Harpers Ferry Harrisville Hartford City Hedgesville Henderson Hendricks Hillsboro Hundred Huttonsville Iaeger Jane Lew Junior Kermit Kimball Leon Lester Lost Creek Lumberport Mabscott Man Marlinton Mason Masontown Matewan Matoaka Meadow Bridge Middlebourne Mill Creek Milton Mitchell Heights Monongah Montrose Moorefield New Haven Newburg North Hills Northfork Nutter Fort Oakvale Oceana Paw Paw Pax Peterstown Piedmont Pine Grove Pineville Poca Pratt Pullman Quinwood Rainelle Reedsville Reedy Ridgeley Rivesville Rowlesburg Rupert Sand Fork Shepherdstown Smithfield Sophia Star City Summersville Sutton Sylvester Terra Alta Thurmond Triadelphia Tunnelton Union Wardensville Wayne West Hamlin West Liberty West Logan West Milford West Union White Hall Whitesville Winfield Womelsdorf (Coalton) Worthington Villages Barboursville Beech Bottom Bethlehem Clearview Valley Grove Windsor Heights Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hundred,_West_Virginia&oldid=975049249 " Categories: Towns in Wetzel County, West Virginia Towns in West Virginia Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Commons category link is on Wikidata	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred,_WV
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1807392652#12_1935649394	Title: Hyperlocal - Wikipedia Headings: Hyperlocal Hyperlocal Contents Definition Content Websites Social media Magazines and newspapers GPS-based mobile apps Other manifestations Market penetration Media structure Hyperlocal Marketing See also References External links Content: Knocked down mailboxes will be newsworthy", Curley promised. " What we're doing is taking the local and treating it like it's the superstar". Others at washingtonpost.com have high hopes for the hyperlocal sites. " It's a big effort", says managing editor Jim Brady. " When you take our daily traffic and combine it with Rob Curley's expertise—if it can't work here, it can't work anywhere". Some journalists, not surprisingly, are skeptical of the hyperlocal movement's focus on the often mundane information of daily life. Hyperlocal "has the potential to trivialize a media organization's brand and further saturate news sites with myopic local (and frequently unedited) content, perhaps at the expense of foreign and national reporting", said an article in the American Journalism Review. Still, media companies are searching for new ways to reach audiences with content that interest them, and hyperlocal definitely holds that potential. BBC's Van Klaveren says journalistic organizations need to embrace both the so-called "big-J" journalism and the hyperlocal: " We need to move beyond news to information".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlocal
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1807392652#13_1935650986	Title: Hyperlocal - Wikipedia Headings: Hyperlocal Hyperlocal Contents Definition Content Websites Social media Magazines and newspapers GPS-based mobile apps Other manifestations Market penetration Media structure Hyperlocal Marketing See also References External links Content: Some journalists, not surprisingly, are skeptical of the hyperlocal movement's focus on the often mundane information of daily life. Hyperlocal "has the potential to trivialize a media organization's brand and further saturate news sites with myopic local (and frequently unedited) content, perhaps at the expense of foreign and national reporting", said an article in the American Journalism Review. Still, media companies are searching for new ways to reach audiences with content that interest them, and hyperlocal definitely holds that potential. BBC's Van Klaveren says journalistic organizations need to embrace both the so-called "big-J" journalism and the hyperlocal: " We need to move beyond news to information". Social media Social networking sites originally did not host hyperlocal content but were the largest distributors of such content hosted on other sites. This is because of the contemporary nature of sharing and the predominantly local composition of user's network in which content is shared. This type of distribution is secondary (done by users) in contrast to the primary distribution done by the content hosting site itself (e.g. Craigslist). In recent years there has been a shift in user behavior to use Social Networking sites for both creating as well as sharing hyperlocal content. Prime examples exist in the phenomenon that Whatsapp is being increasingly used for community organization and eCommerce despite having no feature support for these activities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlocal
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1876514245#0_2023322943	Title: Illegal drug trade in Colombia - Wikipedia Headings: Illegal drug trade in Colombia Illegal drug trade in Colombia Contents Overview Drug production Cocaine production Effects Mitigation History Marijuana (1970s) Cocaine & heroin cartels (late 1970s-Present) Medellín Cartel (1976–1993) Cali Cartel (1977−1998) Norte del Valle Cartel (1990−2012) North Coast Cartel (1999−2004) Successor criminal organizations (2006–present) Extradition treaty with the US Influence in government and politics Influence of the Medellín Cartel Influence of the Cali Cartel Influence upon the armed conflict Guerrillas Paramilitaries Drug gangs See also References External links Content: Illegal drug trade in Colombia - Wikipedia Illegal drug trade in Colombia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Stacks of cocaine seized by the Colombian police. Illegal drug trade in Colombia refers to a practice of Colombian criminal groups producing and distributing illegal drugs. Colombia has had four major drug trafficking cartels and several bandas criminales, or BACRIMs which eventually created a new social class and influenced several aspects of Colombian culture and politics. The Colombian government efforts to reduce the influence of drug-related criminal organizations is one of the origins of the Colombian conflict, an ongoing low-intensity war among rival narcoparamilitary groups, guerrillas and drug cartels fighting each other to increase their influence and against the Colombian government that struggles to stop them. Contents 1 Overview 2 Drug production 3 Cocaine production 3.1 Effects 3.2 Mitigation 4 History 4.1 Marijuana (1970s) 4.2 Cocaine & heroin cartels (late 1970s-Present) 4.2.1 Medellín Cartel (1976–1993) 4.2.2 Cali Cartel (1977−1998) 4.2.3 Norte del Valle Cartel (1990−2012) 4.2.4 North Coast Cartel (1999−2004) 4.3 Successor criminal organizations (2006–present) 5 Extradition treaty with the US 6 Influence in government and politics 6.1 Influence of the Medellín Cartel 6.2 Influence of the Cali Cartel 7 Influence upon the armed conflict 7.1 Guerrillas 7.2 Paramilitaries 7.3 Drug gangs 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Overview Worldwide demand of psychoactive drugs during the 1960 and 1970s eventually increased the production and processing of these in Colombia. Cocaine is produced at $1500/kilo in jungle labs and could be sold on the streets of the US for as much as $50,000/kilo. The USA intervened in Colombia throughout this period in an attempt to cut off the supply of these drugs to the US. The drug barons of Colombia, such as Pablo Escobar and José Rodríguez Gacha, were long considered by authorities to be among the most dangerous, wealthy, and powerful men in the world. According to Bloomberg News, as of 2011, studies show that Colombia is the world's largest cocaine producer. The United States of America is the world's largest consumer of cocaine and other illegal drugs.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1876514245#10_2023349622	Title: Illegal drug trade in Colombia - Wikipedia Headings: Illegal drug trade in Colombia Illegal drug trade in Colombia Contents Overview Drug production Cocaine production Effects Mitigation History Marijuana (1970s) Cocaine & heroin cartels (late 1970s-Present) Medellín Cartel (1976–1993) Cali Cartel (1977−1998) Norte del Valle Cartel (1990−2012) North Coast Cartel (1999−2004) Successor criminal organizations (2006–present) Extradition treaty with the US Influence in government and politics Influence of the Medellín Cartel Influence of the Cali Cartel Influence upon the armed conflict Guerrillas Paramilitaries Drug gangs See also References External links Content: Marijuana (1970s) To counter increasing production and consumption, the government of the United States and the government of Colombia along with other countries initiated a campaign called the " War on Drugs ". The Black Tuna Gang was a Miami -based Colombian marijuana-trafficking group. It was responsible for bringing in over 500 tons of marijuana over a 16-month period in the mid-70s. Cocaine & heroin cartels (late 1970s-Present) See also: The Office of Envigado With prohibition, established producers and traffickers formed armed and clandestine cartels. During the 1980s, as demand increased, the cartels expanded and organized into major criminal conglomerates usually headed by one or several kingpins as in the case of the Medellín Cartel and the North Coast Cartel, along with federation-style groups such as the Ca	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1876552764#1_2023353632	Title: Illegal drug trade in Latin America - Wikipedia Headings: Illegal drug trade in Latin America Illegal drug trade in Latin America Contents United States and Latin American drug control Colombia Peru Guatemala Mexico Puerto Rico Legalization debate Drugs and government corruption See also References External links Content: Drug consumption in Latin America remains relatively low, but cocaine in particular has increased in recent years in countries along the major smuggling routes. As of 2008, the primary pathway for drugs into the United States is through Mexico and Central America, though crackdowns on drug trafficking by the Mexican government has forced many cartels to operate routes through Guatemala and Honduras instead. This is a shift from the 1980s and early 90s, when the main smuggling route was via the Caribbean into Florida. The United States is the primary destination, but around 25 to 30% of global cocaine production travels from Latin America to Europe, typically via West Africa. The major drug trafficking organizations ( drug cartels) are Mexican and Colombian, and said to generate a total of $18 to $39bn in wholesale drug proceeds per year. Mexican cartels are currently considered the "greatest organized crime threat" to the United States. Since February 2010, the major Mexican cartels have again aligned in two factions, one integrated by the Juárez Cartel, Tijuana Cartel, Los Zetas and the Beltrán-Leyva Cartel; the other faction integrated by the Gulf Cartel, Sinaloa Cartel and La Familia Cartel. Prior to the Mexican cartels' rise, the Colombian Cali cartel and Medellín cartel dominated in the late 1980s and early 90s. Following their demise, the Norte del Valle cartel has filled the Colombian vacuum, along with rightwing paramilitaries (e.g. United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia, AUC) and leftwing insurgent groups ( FARC, ELN ).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1876552764#2_2023355735	Title: Illegal drug trade in Latin America - Wikipedia Headings: Illegal drug trade in Latin America Illegal drug trade in Latin America Contents United States and Latin American drug control Colombia Peru Guatemala Mexico Puerto Rico Legalization debate Drugs and government corruption See also References External links Content: Mexican cartels are currently considered the "greatest organized crime threat" to the United States. Since February 2010, the major Mexican cartels have again aligned in two factions, one integrated by the Juárez Cartel, Tijuana Cartel, Los Zetas and the Beltrán-Leyva Cartel; the other faction integrated by the Gulf Cartel, Sinaloa Cartel and La Familia Cartel. Prior to the Mexican cartels' rise, the Colombian Cali cartel and Medellín cartel dominated in the late 1980s and early 90s. Following their demise, the Norte del Valle cartel has filled the Colombian vacuum, along with rightwing paramilitaries (e.g. United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia, AUC) and leftwing insurgent groups ( FARC, ELN ). As a result of the concentration of drug trafficking, Latin America and the Caribbean has the world's highest crime rates, with murder reaching 32.6 per 100,000 of population in 2008. Violence has surged in Mexico since 2006 when Mexican President Felipe Calderón intensified the Mexican Drug War. Contents 1 United States and Latin American drug control 1.1 Colombia 1.2 Peru 1.3 Guatemala 1.4 Mexico 1.5 Puerto Rico 2 Legalization debate 3 Drugs and government corruption 4 See also 5 References 6 External links United States and Latin American drug control Since 2008, the U.S. Congress has supported the Central American Regional Security Initiative (CARSI) with approximately $800 million to "fund programs for narcotics interdiction, strengthening law enforcement and justice institutions and violence prevention through work with at-risk youth". The CARSI offers equipment (vehicles and communication equipment), technical support and guidance to counter drug trade. The program also supports special units that cooperate with the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration in Guatemala and Honduras to investigate drug cartels, share intelligence, and promote regional collaboration.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1876552764#6_2023364320	Title: Illegal drug trade in Latin America - Wikipedia Headings: Illegal drug trade in Latin America Illegal drug trade in Latin America Contents United States and Latin American drug control Colombia Peru Guatemala Mexico Puerto Rico Legalization debate Drugs and government corruption See also References External links Content: Mexican Drug War and Merida initiative Mexico is estimated to be the world’s third largest producer of opium with poppy cultivation. It also is a major supplier of heroin and the largest foreign supplier of marijuana, cocaine and methamphetamine to the U.S. market. These drugs are supplied by Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs). The U.S. government estimates that Mexican DTOs gain tens of billions of dollars each year from drug sales in the U.S. alone. DTOs are continually battling for control of territory in Mexico used for the cultivation, importation and transportation of illicit drugs. The U.S. government considers groups affiliated with DTOs a significant threat to the safety within the U.S. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) enforces 'the controlled substances laws and regulations of the US and pursues organizations and members involved in the growing, manufacture, or distribution of controlled substances appearing in or destined for illicit traffic in the U.S.'. The Mexican DTOs that pose the biggest threat to the US, according to the DEA, are the Sinaloa Cartel, Jalisco New Generation Cartel, Juarez Cartel, Gulf Cartel, Los Zetas Cartel and the Beltran-Leyva Organization. In 2007, the U.S. launched the Merida initiative, a bilateral partnership that supports Mexico’s law enforcement, helps to counteract the illegal trade in narcotics and strengthens border security. The four main focuses of this initiative are 'disrupting organized criminal groups; institutionalizing the rule of law;	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1882834610#5_2030474722	Title: Imagination - Wikipedia Headings: Imagination Imagination Contents Mind's eye Description Psychology Memory Perception Brain activation Evolution See also References Further reading Books Articles External links Content: This could also be involved with thinking out possible or impossible outcomes of something or someone in life's abundant situations and experiences. Some typical examples follow: Fairy tale Fiction A form of verisimilitude often invoked in fantasy and science fiction invites readers to pretend such stories are true by referring to objects of the mind such as fictional books or years that do not exist apart from an imaginary world. Imagination, not being limited to the acquisition of exact knowledge by the requirements of practical necessity is largely free from objective restraints. The ability to imagine one's self in another person's place is very important to social relations and understanding. Albert Einstein said, "Imagination ... is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world." The same limitations beset imagination in the field of scientific hypothesis. Progress in scientific research is due largely to provisional explanations which are developed by imagination, but such hypotheses must be framed in relation to previously ascertained facts and in accordance with the principles of the particular science.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagination
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1882834610#6_2030476302	Title: Imagination - Wikipedia Headings: Imagination Imagination Contents Mind's eye Description Psychology Memory Perception Brain activation Evolution See also References Further reading Books Articles External links Content: Albert Einstein said, "Imagination ... is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world." The same limitations beset imagination in the field of scientific hypothesis. Progress in scientific research is due largely to provisional explanations which are developed by imagination, but such hypotheses must be framed in relation to previously ascertained facts and in accordance with the principles of the particular science. Imagination is an experimental partition of the mind used to develop theories and ideas based on functions. Taking objects from real perceptions, the imagination uses complex If-functions that involve both Semantic and Episodic memory to develop new or revised ideas. This part of the mind is vital to developing better and easier ways to accomplish old and new tasks. In sociology, Imagination is used to part ways with reality and have an understanding of social interactions derived from a perspective outside of society itself. This leads to the development of theories through questions that wouldn't usually be asked.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagination
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1885606293#4_2033511046	Title: Immigrant health care in the United States - Wikipedia Headings: Immigrant health care in the United States Immigrant health care in the United States Contents Overview Accessibility Healthcare providers Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Quality of care Costs of health care Demographics Children Hispanics and Latinos Asians Africans Women Barriers to care Structural barriers Lack of health insurance Citizenship status Financial costs Social barriers Language Social and cultural familiarity Health care in immigration detention centers Hygiene and sanitation Medical services Mental health Reproductive and sexual health Science communication of immigrant health in detention centers Demonstrations and protests Whistleblowers Public opinion Support for immigrant health care benefits Opposition to immigrant health care benefits Healthy Migrant Theory Policy reform and proposals See also References Content: PRWORA, in particular, created stricter requirements for immigrants' eligibility for Medicaid and similar federal insurance programs. This legislative move largely shifted responsibility for immigrant health care from the federal government to the state and local levels; as such, its impact varies across states. Generally, the provisions of PRWORA prevent immigrants from accessing federal benefits like the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) until after they have held lawful permanent residency for five years (except in cases of emergency). However, several states have responded by fully funding Medicaid-covered services, thus expanding eligibility; among these include states of Illinois, New York, the District of Columbia, and some counties in California. These services differ accordingly, with some providing the same coverage as Medicaid or SCHIP, while others limit coverage to specific categories of immigrants. Conversely, other states like Arizona, Colorado, Georgia, and Virginia, have implemented laws that further restrict noncitizens' access to health care. Legislation of similar nature include the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005, which requires proof of identity and U.S. citizenship from all those applying for/renewing Medicaid coverage. In contrast to PRWORA, the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) of 1985 provides emergency medical care to all, without any requirements of proof of citizenship or residency.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1885606293#5_2033513681	Title: Immigrant health care in the United States - Wikipedia Headings: Immigrant health care in the United States Immigrant health care in the United States Contents Overview Accessibility Healthcare providers Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Quality of care Costs of health care Demographics Children Hispanics and Latinos Asians Africans Women Barriers to care Structural barriers Lack of health insurance Citizenship status Financial costs Social barriers Language Social and cultural familiarity Health care in immigration detention centers Hygiene and sanitation Medical services Mental health Reproductive and sexual health Science communication of immigrant health in detention centers Demonstrations and protests Whistleblowers Public opinion Support for immigrant health care benefits Opposition to immigrant health care benefits Healthy Migrant Theory Policy reform and proposals See also References Content: among these include states of Illinois, New York, the District of Columbia, and some counties in California. These services differ accordingly, with some providing the same coverage as Medicaid or SCHIP, while others limit coverage to specific categories of immigrants. Conversely, other states like Arizona, Colorado, Georgia, and Virginia, have implemented laws that further restrict noncitizens' access to health care. Legislation of similar nature include the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005, which requires proof of identity and U.S. citizenship from all those applying for/renewing Medicaid coverage. In contrast to PRWORA, the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) of 1985 provides emergency medical care to all, without any requirements of proof of citizenship or residency. In some areas like Washington D.C., uninsured immigrants receive outpatient care from public clinics and community health centers. However, the services offered by this type of health care tends to be uneven; for example, specialty services like Pap smears may be offered but not blood pressure tests or follow-up treatments. Several municipalities in the United States also offer health care coverage for undocumented immigrants, including Los Angeles County 's My Health LA program. Immigrant usage of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is also comparatively lower than usage by U.S.-born citizens.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1891507085#0_2038745237	Title: Impact of the Korean War on the economy of the United States - Wikipedia Headings: Impact of the Korean War on the economy of the United States Impact of the Korean War on the economy of the United States Contents Financing Monetary policy Price freeze Military spending Notes References Content: Impact of the Korean War on the economy of the United States - Wikipedia Impact of the Korean War on the economy of the United States From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search The impact of the Korean War on the Economy of the United States refers to the ways in which the American economy was affected by the Korean experience from 1950 to 1953. The Korean War boosted GDP growth through government spending, which in turn constrained investment and consumption. While taxes were raised significantly to finance the war, the Federal Reserve followed an anti-inflationary policy. Though there was a large increase in prices at the outset of the war, price and wage controls ultimately stabilized prices by the end of the war. Consumption and investment continued to grow after the war, but below the trend rate prior to the war. Contents 1 Financing 2 Monetary policy 3 Price freeze 4 Military spending 5 Notes 6 References Financing While the United States historically financed wars using a combination of direct contemporaneous taxes, debt, and money creation, with taxation comprising a relatively small fraction of expenses, the Korean War was financed mainly via taxation. This focus on taxation was significant change in economic policy, as President Harry S. Truman focused on maintaining a balanced budget. He favored pay-as-you-go taxation and Congress supported this; in 1950, the House of Representatives, in an overwhelming majority, voted 328 to 7 to raise personal income taxes, corporate income taxes, and excise taxes. Also, capital taxation reached their highest levels in the history of the U.S. during the Korean War, rising to an average of about 62%.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_Korean_War_on_the_economy_of_the_United_States
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1891507085#1_2038747474	Title: Impact of the Korean War on the economy of the United States - Wikipedia Headings: Impact of the Korean War on the economy of the United States Impact of the Korean War on the economy of the United States Contents Financing Monetary policy Price freeze Military spending Notes References Content: Contents 1 Financing 2 Monetary policy 3 Price freeze 4 Military spending 5 Notes 6 References Financing While the United States historically financed wars using a combination of direct contemporaneous taxes, debt, and money creation, with taxation comprising a relatively small fraction of expenses, the Korean War was financed mainly via taxation. This focus on taxation was significant change in economic policy, as President Harry S. Truman focused on maintaining a balanced budget. He favored pay-as-you-go taxation and Congress supported this; in 1950, the House of Representatives, in an overwhelming majority, voted 328 to 7 to raise personal income taxes, corporate income taxes, and excise taxes. Also, capital taxation reached their highest levels in the history of the U.S. during the Korean War, rising to an average of about 62%. Sin and luxury taxes, such as those on furs, jewelry, and coin-operated gambling machines were increased as well and new taxes on television and household freezers, which represented goods that used materials and manufacturing facilities that were maybe important for the war effort. Taxes were again increased under the Revenue Act of 1951. Although the Revenue Acts during the Korean War were unable to prevent a deficit in the federal budget, the deficits produced were manageable, averaging about 6.5 percent of revenues on a monthly basis during the war. Through such measures, President Truman depended mostly on taxation and a decrease in non-military expenses, rather than from borrowing from the public or money creation policies. Monetary policy Monetary policy during the Korean War, centered around the issue of whether or not the Federal Reserve should continue its prewar policy of setting a floor under the prices of government bonds or whether it should allow prices to drop, in order to restrict money and credit growth to restrict inflation.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_Korean_War_on_the_economy_of_the_United_States
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1891507085#5_2038755631	Title: Impact of the Korean War on the economy of the United States - Wikipedia Headings: Impact of the Korean War on the economy of the United States Impact of the Korean War on the economy of the United States Contents Financing Monetary policy Price freeze Military spending Notes References Content: From the onset of the war to the start of the price freeze, prices increased at a rate of 11.1 percent annually. During the period from the price freeze to the end of price controls, prices rose at rate of 2.1 percent annually. Overall inflation increased by 5.3 percent. This inflation growth was much lower than that of World War II, during which wholesale prices increased about 70 percent. While money growth was very high and volatile during World War II, averaging 18 percent between 1940 and 1946, the average money growth rate during the Korean War was 4 percent. In response to this growth in inflation, the government implemented price and wage controls. Increases in taxes and new price and wage controls that constrained private sector consumption and investment affected overall material well-being. In the years after the war, consumption and investment continue to be impacted by war as they did not return to pre-war levels. Military spending Military spending in the United States was high prior to the Korean War due to the Cold War with the Soviet Union. The Korean War cost the US$30 billion in 1953, which is equivalent to US$341 billion in 2011.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_Korean_War_on_the_economy_of_the_United_States
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1891507085#6_2038757325	Title: Impact of the Korean War on the economy of the United States - Wikipedia Headings: Impact of the Korean War on the economy of the United States Impact of the Korean War on the economy of the United States Contents Financing Monetary policy Price freeze Military spending Notes References Content: In response to this growth in inflation, the government implemented price and wage controls. Increases in taxes and new price and wage controls that constrained private sector consumption and investment affected overall material well-being. In the years after the war, consumption and investment continue to be impacted by war as they did not return to pre-war levels. Military spending Military spending in the United States was high prior to the Korean War due to the Cold War with the Soviet Union. The Korean War cost the US$30 billion in 1953, which is equivalent to US$341 billion in 2011. During the last year of the war, annual war expenditure comprised about 14.1 percent of GDP. Approximately 34,000 Americans were killed in battle and about another 2,800 died from disease or injury, with total U.S. casualties, which includes dead, wounded, and missing in action, adding up to 139,860. The "Korean War GI Bill" was implemented in 1952, eventually covering veterans between June 27, 1950 and February 1, 1955. It offered the same benefits as the World War II G.I. Bill, including mustering-out pay, financial support for education, home and business loan guarantees, unemployment compensation, and job placement. Notes ^ a b c d e "Economic Consequences of War, p. 10 ^ a b c "Rockoff, p. 246 ^ a b c d e "Economic Consequences of War, p. 11 ^ a b Ohanian, p. 25 ^ a b c Ohanian, p. 26 ^ "Rockoff, p. 247 ^ a b "Rockoff, p. 248 ^ "Rockoff, p. 249 ^ a b "Rockoff, p. 250 ^ "Rockoff, p. 251 ^ Hickman, p. 2 ^ "Rockoff, p. 252 ^ Hickman, p. 17 ^ a b c "Rockoff, p. 253 ^ "Rockoff", p. 254 ^ "Rockoff, p. 254 ^ a b "Rockoff, p. 256 References "Economic Consequences of War on the U.S. Economy" (PDF).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_Korean_War_on_the_economy_of_the_United_States
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1892077516#5_2039366854	Title: Impeachment of Bill Clinton - Wikipedia Headings: Impeachment of Bill Clinton Impeachment of Bill Clinton Contents Background Independent counsel investigation House of Representatives impeachment inquiry Impeachment by House of Representatives Articles referred to Senate Senate trial Preparation Officers Process and schedule Acquittal Subsequent events Contempt of court citation Civil settlement with Paula Jones Political ramifications Partial retraction from Starr See also Notes References External links Content: In late 1997, Linda Tripp began secretly recording conversations with her friend Monica Lewinsky, a former intern and Department of Defense employee. In those recordings, Lewinsky divulged that she had a sexual relationship with Clinton. Tripp shared this information with Jones's lawyers, who added Lewinsky to their witness list in December 1997. According to the Starr Report, a U.S. federal government report written by appointed Independent Counsel Ken Starr on his investigation of President Clinton, after Lewinsky appeared on the witness list Clinton began taking steps to conceal their relationship. Some of the steps he took included suggesting to Lewinsky that she file a false affidavit to misdirect the investigation, encouraging her to use cover stories, concealing gifts he had given her, and attempting to help her find gainful employment to try to influence her testimony. In a January 17, 1998 sworn deposition, Clinton denied having a "sexual relationship", "sexual affair", or "sexual relations" with Lewinsky. His lawyer, Robert S. Bennett, stated with Clinton present that Lewinsky's affidavit showed there was no sex in any manner, shape or form between Clinton and Lewinsky. The Starr Report states that the following day, Clinton "coached" his secretary Betty Currie into repeating his denials should she be called to testify. Remarks including response to Clinton–Lewinsky scandal (January 26, 1998) Play media Bill Clinton makes a presentation that ends with a short commentary on the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal. The presentation is known for the quote "I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky." (	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_and_acquittal_of_Bill_Clinton
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1892077516#6_2039369265	Title: Impeachment of Bill Clinton - Wikipedia Headings: Impeachment of Bill Clinton Impeachment of Bill Clinton Contents Background Independent counsel investigation House of Representatives impeachment inquiry Impeachment by House of Representatives Articles referred to Senate Senate trial Preparation Officers Process and schedule Acquittal Subsequent events Contempt of court citation Civil settlement with Paula Jones Political ramifications Partial retraction from Starr See also Notes References External links Content: In a January 17, 1998 sworn deposition, Clinton denied having a "sexual relationship", "sexual affair", or "sexual relations" with Lewinsky. His lawyer, Robert S. Bennett, stated with Clinton present that Lewinsky's affidavit showed there was no sex in any manner, shape or form between Clinton and Lewinsky. The Starr Report states that the following day, Clinton "coached" his secretary Betty Currie into repeating his denials should she be called to testify. Remarks including response to Clinton–Lewinsky scandal (January 26, 1998) Play media Bill Clinton makes a presentation that ends with a short commentary on the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal. The presentation is known for the quote "I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky." ( 6:22) Remarks including response to the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal (January 26, 1998) audio-only version Problems playing these files? See media help. After rumors of the scandal reached the news, Clinton publicly said, "I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky." But months later, Clinton admitted his relationship with Lewinsky was "wrong" and "not appropriate". Lewinsky engaged in oral sex with Clinton several times.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_and_acquittal_of_Bill_Clinton
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1892077516#9_2039375357	Title: Impeachment of Bill Clinton - Wikipedia Headings: Impeachment of Bill Clinton Impeachment of Bill Clinton Contents Background Independent counsel investigation House of Representatives impeachment inquiry Impeachment by House of Representatives Articles referred to Senate Senate trial Preparation Officers Process and schedule Acquittal Subsequent events Contempt of court citation Civil settlement with Paula Jones Political ramifications Partial retraction from Starr See also Notes References External links Content: Independent counsel investigation The charges arose from an investigation by Ken Starr, an Independent Counsel. With the approval of United States Attorney General Janet Reno, Starr conducted a wide-ranging investigation of alleged abuses, including the Whitewater controversy, the firing of White House travel agents, and the alleged misuse of FBI files. On January 12, 1998, Linda Tripp, who had been working with Jones's lawyers, informed Starr that Lewinsky was preparing to commit perjury in the Jones case and had asked Tripp to do the same. She also said Clinton's friend Vernon Jordan was assisting Lewinsky. Based on the connection to Jordan, who was under scrutiny in the Whitewater probe, Starr obtained approval from Reno to expand his investigation into whether Lewinsky and others were breaking the law. A much-quoted statement from Clinton's grand jury testimony showed him questioning the precise use of the word "is". Contending his statement that "there's nothing going on between us" had been truthful because he had no ongoing relationship with Lewinsky at the time he was questioned, Clinton said, "It depends upon what the meaning of the word 'is' is. If the—if he—if 'is' means is and never has been, that is n	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_and_acquittal_of_Bill_Clinton
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1893033477#0_2040162718	Title: Imperfect competition - Wikipedia Headings: Imperfect competition Imperfect competition Contents Conditions of imperfect competition Range of market structures Monopolistic competition Oligopoly Duopoly Monopoly Intensity of price competition See also References Content: Imperfect competition - Wikipedia Imperfect competition From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search In economics, imperfect competition refers to a situation where the characteristics of an economic market do not fulfil all the necessary conditions of a perfectly competitive market, resulting in market failure. The structure of a market can significantly impact the financial performance and conduct of the firms competing within it. The degree of market power refers to the firms' ability to affect the price of a good and thus, raise the market price of the good or service above marginal cost (MC). Moreover, market structure can range from perfect competition to a pure monopoly. Perfect competition is a market situation and competitive outcome that economists use as a benchmark for economic welfare analysis and efficiency. Contents 1 Conditions of imperfect competition 2 Range of market structures 2.1 Monopolistic competition 2.2 Oligopoly 2.3 Duopoly 2.4 Monopoly 3 Intensity of price competition 4 See also 5 References Conditions of imperfect competition If ONE of the following conditions are satisfied within an economic market, the market is considered "imperfect": The market's goods and services are heterogeneous or differentiated. This means that firms can charge higher prices as their goods and services are perceived as better; The market contains ONE or few sellers; There are barriers to market entry and exit.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfect_competition
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1898068297#0_2045481246	Title: Imprinting (organizational theory) - Wikipedia Headings: Imprinting (organizational theory) Imprinting (organizational theory) Contents Organizational research on imprinting Imprinting at other levels of analysis See also References Content: Imprinting (organizational theory) - Wikipedia Imprinting (organizational theory) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search For other uses, see Imprinting (disambiguation). In organizational theory and organizational behavior, imprinting is a core concept describing how the past affects the present. Imprinting is generally defined as a process whereby, during a brief period of susceptibility, a focal entity or actor (such as an industry, organization, or an individual) develops characteristics that reflect prominent features of the environment, and these characteristics continue to persist despite significant environmental changes in subsequent periods. This definition emphasizes three key elements of imprinting: brief sensitive periods of transition during which the focal entity exhibits high susceptibility to external influences; a process whereby the focal entity comes to reflect elements of its environment during a sensitive period; and the persistence of imprints despite subsequent environmental changes. Contents 1 Organizational research on imprinting 2 Imprinting at other levels of analysis 3 See also 4 References Organizational research on imprinting The use of the imprinting concept (although not the term itself) in organizational theory dates back to Arthur Stinchcombe’s 1965 paper entitled "Social Structure and Organizations." This essay focused on understanding why organizations and industries that were founded in the same period were so similar even today. According to this essay, external environmental forces powerfully shaped firms’ initial structures during the founding period, and these structures persisted in the long run, well beyond the time of founding.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprinting_(organizational_theory)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1898068297#1_2045483441	Title: Imprinting (organizational theory) - Wikipedia Headings: Imprinting (organizational theory) Imprinting (organizational theory) Contents Organizational research on imprinting Imprinting at other levels of analysis See also References Content: a process whereby the focal entity comes to reflect elements of its environment during a sensitive period; and the persistence of imprints despite subsequent environmental changes. Contents 1 Organizational research on imprinting 2 Imprinting at other levels of analysis 3 See also 4 References Organizational research on imprinting The use of the imprinting concept (although not the term itself) in organizational theory dates back to Arthur Stinchcombe’s 1965 paper entitled "Social Structure and Organizations." This essay focused on understanding why organizations and industries that were founded in the same period were so similar even today. According to this essay, external environmental forces powerfully shaped firms’ initial structures during the founding period, and these structures persisted in the long run, well beyond the time of founding. For example, as most university fraternities emerged in three different waves, their current organizational features still reflect the imprint of one of these three periods. The first wave of foundings reflected the secularization of Northern liberal arts colleges in the 1840s; the second wave began in the South in the latter half of the 1860s; and the third wave came between 1900 and 1920, when marginalized populations of Black, Catholic, and Jewish students established fraternities emphasizing anti-discrimination goals. In subsequent periods, each of these three different types carried the legacy of their founding environment.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprinting_(organizational_theory)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1898068297#2_2045485397	Title: Imprinting (organizational theory) - Wikipedia Headings: Imprinting (organizational theory) Imprinting (organizational theory) Contents Organizational research on imprinting Imprinting at other levels of analysis See also References Content: For example, as most university fraternities emerged in three different waves, their current organizational features still reflect the imprint of one of these three periods. The first wave of foundings reflected the secularization of Northern liberal arts colleges in the 1840s; the second wave began in the South in the latter half of the 1860s; and the third wave came between 1900 and 1920, when marginalized populations of Black, Catholic, and Jewish students established fraternities emphasizing anti-discrimination goals. In subsequent periods, each of these three different types carried the legacy of their founding environment. Event though Stinchcombe did not specifically use the term "imprinting," the term soon became associated with his essay. Stinchcombe’s primary focus was at the industry level, but most subsequent studies have examined how individual organizations bear a lasting imprint of founding conditions. For instance, in a series of studies on Silicon Valley high-tech start-ups, scholars have measured founders’ mental models and initial decisions and then tracked how these founding conditions influenced subsequent organizational trajectories. The results suggest that the organizational patterns set by a founder have persistent effects on a wide array of outcomes even after the founder leaves the firm. Imprinting at other levels of analysis Even though the organization has been the dominant level of analysis in much of the literature building on the imprinting concept, recent years have also seen the emergence of imprinting research at the other levels analysis as well.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprinting_(organizational_theory)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1898068297#3_2045487461	Title: Imprinting (organizational theory) - Wikipedia Headings: Imprinting (organizational theory) Imprinting (organizational theory) Contents Organizational research on imprinting Imprinting at other levels of analysis See also References Content: Event though Stinchcombe did not specifically use the term "imprinting," the term soon became associated with his essay. Stinchcombe’s primary focus was at the industry level, but most subsequent studies have examined how individual organizations bear a lasting imprint of founding conditions. For instance, in a series of studies on Silicon Valley high-tech start-ups, scholars have measured founders’ mental models and initial decisions and then tracked how these founding conditions influenced subsequent organizational trajectories. The results suggest that the organizational patterns set by a founder have persistent effects on a wide array of outcomes even after the founder leaves the firm. Imprinting at other levels of analysis Even though the organization has been the dominant level of analysis in much of the literature building on the imprinting concept, recent years have also seen the emergence of imprinting research at the other levels analysis as well. For example, scholars have used the concept of imprinting to examine how and why organizational building blocks—such as jobs and routines—continue to reflect the circumstances of their creation. At the individual level, researchers have explored how early career experiences exert a lasting effect on people’s careers or job titles (a process known as career imprinting or position imprints, respectively). For example, experiences in a particular type of (munificent or scarce) resource environment early in one's career or organizational tenure might influence subsequent work styles and job performance. In this line of research, the concept of imprint-environment fit highlights that the same imprint may be beneficial for performance in some environments and detrimental in others. See also Path dependence Imprinting (psychology) References ^ a b c d eMarquis, Christopher;	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprinting_(organizational_theory)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1898068297#4_2045489787	Title: Imprinting (organizational theory) - Wikipedia Headings: Imprinting (organizational theory) Imprinting (organizational theory) Contents Organizational research on imprinting Imprinting at other levels of analysis See also References Content: For example, scholars have used the concept of imprinting to examine how and why organizational building blocks—such as jobs and routines—continue to reflect the circumstances of their creation. At the individual level, researchers have explored how early career experiences exert a lasting effect on people’s careers or job titles (a process known as career imprinting or position imprints, respectively). For example, experiences in a particular type of (munificent or scarce) resource environment early in one's career or organizational tenure might influence subsequent work styles and job performance. In this line of research, the concept of imprint-environment fit highlights that the same imprint may be beneficial for performance in some environments and detrimental in others. See also Path dependence Imprinting (psychology) References ^ a b c d eMarquis, Christopher; Tilcsik, András (2013). " Imprinting: Toward A Multilevel Theory". Academy of Management Annals: 193–243.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprinting_(organizational_theory)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1898068297#14_2045497169	Title: Imprinting (organizational theory) - Wikipedia Headings: Imprinting (organizational theory) Imprinting (organizational theory) Contents Organizational research on imprinting Imprinting at other levels of analysis See also References Content: doi: 10.1093/icc/5.2.503. hdl: 1813/75693. ^ Burton, M. Diane; Beckman, Christine M. (2007). " Leaving a legacy: Position imprints and successor turnover in young firms". American Sociological Review. 72 (2):	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprinting_(organizational_theory)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1898068297#15_2045497823	Title: Imprinting (organizational theory) - Wikipedia Headings: Imprinting (organizational theory) Imprinting (organizational theory) Contents Organizational research on imprinting Imprinting at other levels of analysis See also References Content: Beckman, Christine M. (2007). " Leaving a legacy: Position imprints and successor turnover in young firms". American Sociological Review. 72 (2): 239–266. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.319.9073. doi: 10.1177/000312240707200206. ^ Higgins, M. C. (2005).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprinting_(organizational_theory)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1898068297#17_2045499176	Title: Imprinting (organizational theory) - Wikipedia Headings: Imprinting (organizational theory) Imprinting (organizational theory) Contents Organizational research on imprinting Imprinting at other levels of analysis See also References Content: Career imprints: Creating leaders across an industry (1st ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ^ Tilcsik, Andras (2014). " Imprint-Environment Fit and Performance: How Organizational Munificence at the Time of Hire Affects Subsequent Job Performance". Administrative Science Quarterly. 59 (4): 639–668.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprinting_(organizational_theory)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1910344710#1_2061350958	Title: Inclusion rider - Wikipedia Headings: Inclusion rider Inclusion rider Contents History Use Filmmakers Talent agencies Entertainment companies References External links Content: Together with the film executive Fanshen Cox DiGiovanni and the employment attorney Kalpana Kotagal Smith created a template for an inclusion rider. Inclusion riders became more widely known at the 2018 Academy Awards, when actress Frances McDormand said at the end of her Best Actress acceptance speech, "I have two words to leave with you tonight, ladies and gentlemen: inclusion rider!" McDormand had learned about inclusion riders only the week before the awards ceremony. Still, in June 2019, the New York Times reported that inclusion riders remained rarely used, even though studios pursued other diversity policies. In March 2018, Netflix CEO Reed Hastings declined to adopt an inclusion rider for Netflix productions. Use The following persons or institutions have committed to using inclusion riders or inclusion policies: Filmmakers Ben Affleck Matt Damon Paul Feig Michael B. Jordan Brie Larson Talent agencies William Morris Endeavor Entertainment companies WarnerMedia: The first film made with an inclusion rider is Just Mercy (2019). References ^ Belam, Martin;	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_rider
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1911347102#4_2062404319	Title: Incompatibilism - Wikipedia Headings: Incompatibilism Incompatibilism Contents Libertarianism Hard determinism Moral implications Hard incompatibilism Experimental research See also References External links Content: It suggests that we actually do have free will, that it is incompatible with determinism, and that therefore the future is not determined. For example, at this moment, one could either continue reading this article if one wanted, or cease. Under this assertion, being that one could do either, the fact of how the history of the world will continue to unfold is not currently determined one way or the other. One famous proponent of this view was Lucretius, who asserted that the free will arises out of the random, chaotic movements of atoms, called " clinamen ". One major objection to this view is that science has gradually shown that more and more of the physical world obeys completely deterministic laws, and seems to suggest that our minds are just as much part of the physical world as anything else. If these assumptions are correct, incompatibilist libertarianism can only be maintained as the claim that free will is a supernatural phenomenon, which does not obey the laws of nature (as, for instance, maintained by some religious traditions). However, many libertarian view points now rely upon an indeterministic view of the physical universe, under the assumption that the idea of a deterministic, "clockwork" universe has become outdated since the advent of quantum mechanics. By assuming an indeterministic universe, libertarian philosophical constructs can be proposed under the assumption of physicalism . There are libertarian view points based upon indeterminism and physicalism, which is closely related to naturalism. A major problem for naturalistic libertarianism is to explain how indeterminism can be compatible with rationality and with appropriate connections between an individual's beliefs, desires, general character and actions.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompatibilism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1911347102#5_2062406487	Title: Incompatibilism - Wikipedia Headings: Incompatibilism Incompatibilism Contents Libertarianism Hard determinism Moral implications Hard incompatibilism Experimental research See also References External links Content: If these assumptions are correct, incompatibilist libertarianism can only be maintained as the claim that free will is a supernatural phenomenon, which does not obey the laws of nature (as, for instance, maintained by some religious traditions). However, many libertarian view points now rely upon an indeterministic view of the physical universe, under the assumption that the idea of a deterministic, "clockwork" universe has become outdated since the advent of quantum mechanics. By assuming an indeterministic universe, libertarian philosophical constructs can be proposed under the assumption of physicalism . There are libertarian view points based upon indeterminism and physicalism, which is closely related to naturalism. A major problem for naturalistic libertarianism is to explain how indeterminism can be compatible with rationality and with appropriate connections between an individual's beliefs, desires, general character and actions. A variety of naturalistic libertarianism is promoted by Robert Kane, who emphasizes that if our character is formed indeterministically (in "self-forming actions"), then our actions can still flow from our character, and yet still be incompatibilistically free. Alternatively, libertarian view points based upon indeterminism have been proposed without the assumption of naturalism. At the time C. S. Lewis wrote Miracles, quantum mechanics (and physical indeterminism) was only in the initial stages of acceptance, but still Lewis stated the logical possibility that, if the physical world was proved to be indeterministic, this would provide an entry (interaction) point into the traditionally viewed closed system, where a scientifically described physically probable/improbable event could be philosophically described as an action of a non-physical entity on physical reality (noting that, under a physicalist point of view, the non-physical entity must be independent of the self-identity or mental processing of the sentient being). Lewis mentions this only in passing, making clear that his thesis does not depend on it in any way. Others may use some form of Donald Davidson 's anomalous monism to suggest that although the mind is in fact part of the physical world, it involves a different level of description of the same facts, so that although there are deterministic laws under the physical description, there are no such laws under the mental description, and thus our actions are free and not determined.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompatibilism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1911347102#6_2062409367	Title: Incompatibilism - Wikipedia Headings: Incompatibilism Incompatibilism Contents Libertarianism Hard determinism Moral implications Hard incompatibilism Experimental research See also References External links Content: A variety of naturalistic libertarianism is promoted by Robert Kane, who emphasizes that if our character is formed indeterministically (in "self-forming actions"), then our actions can still flow from our character, and yet still be incompatibilistically free. Alternatively, libertarian view points based upon indeterminism have been proposed without the assumption of naturalism. At the time C. S. Lewis wrote Miracles, quantum mechanics (and physical indeterminism) was only in the initial stages of acceptance, but still Lewis stated the logical possibility that, if the physical world was proved to be indeterministic, this would provide an entry (interaction) point into the traditionally viewed closed system, where a scientifically described physically probable/improbable event could be philosophically described as an action of a non-physical entity on physical reality (noting that, under a physicalist point of view, the non-physical entity must be independent of the self-identity or mental processing of the sentient being). Lewis mentions this only in passing, making clear that his thesis does not depend on it in any way. Others may use some form of Donald Davidson 's anomalous monism to suggest that although the mind is in fact part of the physical world, it involves a different level of description of the same facts, so that although there are deterministic laws under the physical description, there are no such laws under the mental description, and thus our actions are free and not determined. Hard determinism Schopenhauer said "Man is free to do what he wills, but he cannot will what he wills" The Hard Determinist says that obviously, then, there is no 'free will' Main article: hard determinism Those who reject free will and accept determinism are variously known as "hard determinists", hard incompatibilists, free will skeptics, illusionists, or impossibilists. They believe that there is no 'free will' and that any sense of the contrary is an illusion. Of course, hard determinists do not deny that one has desires, but say that these desires are causally determined by an unbroken chain of prior occurrences. According to this philosophy, no wholly random, spontaneous, mysterious, or miraculous events occur.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompatibilism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1911347102#7_2062412027	Title: Incompatibilism - Wikipedia Headings: Incompatibilism Incompatibilism Contents Libertarianism Hard determinism Moral implications Hard incompatibilism Experimental research See also References External links Content: Hard determinism Schopenhauer said "Man is free to do what he wills, but he cannot will what he wills" The Hard Determinist says that obviously, then, there is no 'free will' Main article: hard determinism Those who reject free will and accept determinism are variously known as "hard determinists", hard incompatibilists, free will skeptics, illusionists, or impossibilists. They believe that there is no 'free will' and that any sense of the contrary is an illusion. Of course, hard determinists do not deny that one has desires, but say that these desires are causally determined by an unbroken chain of prior occurrences. According to this philosophy, no wholly random, spontaneous, mysterious, or miraculous events occur. Determinists sometimes assert that it is stubborn to resist scientifically motivated determinism on purely intuitive grounds about one's own sense of freedom. They reason that the history of the development of science suggests that determinism is the logical method in which reality works. William James said that philosophers (and scientists) have an "antipathy to chance." Absolute chance, a possible implication of quantum mechanics and the indeterminacy principle, implies a lack of causality. This possibility often disturbs those who assume there must be a causal and lawful explanation for all events.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompatibilism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1911347102#8_2062413774	Title: Incompatibilism - Wikipedia Headings: Incompatibilism Incompatibilism Contents Libertarianism Hard determinism Moral implications Hard incompatibilism Experimental research See also References External links Content: Determinists sometimes assert that it is stubborn to resist scientifically motivated determinism on purely intuitive grounds about one's own sense of freedom. They reason that the history of the development of science suggests that determinism is the logical method in which reality works. William James said that philosophers (and scientists) have an "antipathy to chance." Absolute chance, a possible implication of quantum mechanics and the indeterminacy principle, implies a lack of causality. This possibility often disturbs those who assume there must be a causal and lawful explanation for all events. Moral implications Since many believe that free will is necessary for moral responsibility, this may imply disastrous consequences for their theory of ethics . As something of a solution to this predicament, it has been suggested that, for the sake of preserving moral responsibility and the concept of ethics, one might embrace the so-called "illusion" of free will. This, despite thinking that free will does not exist according to determinism. Critics argue that this move renders morality merely another "illusion", or else that this move is simply hypocritical. The Determinist will add that, even if denying free will does mean morality is incoherent, such an unfortunate result has no effect on the truth.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompatibilism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1916078634#0_2068031832	Title: Indeterminism - Wikipedia Headings: Indeterminism Indeterminism Contents Necessary but insufficient causation Probabilistic causation Intrinsic indeterminism versus unpredictability Philosophy Ancient Greek philosophy Leucippus Aristotle Pyrrhonism Epicureanism Early modern philosophy Modern philosophy Charles Peirce Arthur Holly Compton Karl Popper Robert Kane Mark Balaguer Science Mathematics Classical and relativistic physics Boltzmann Evolution and biology Prigogine Quantum mechanics Cosmology Neuroscience Other views See also References Bibliography External links Content: Indeterminism - Wikipedia Indeterminism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search For a similar subject, see Indeterminacy (philosophy). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " Indeterminism" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Indeterminism is the idea that events (or certain events, or events of certain types) are not caused, or not caused deterministically . It is the opposite of determinism and related to chance. It is highly relevant to the philosophical problem of free will, particularly in the form of libertarianism. In science, most specifically quantum theory in physics, indeterminism is the belief that no event is certain and the entire outcome of anything is probabilistic. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and the " Born rule ", proposed by Max Born, are often starting points in support of the indeterministic nature of the universe.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeterminism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1916078634#1_2068033774	Title: Indeterminism - Wikipedia Headings: Indeterminism Indeterminism Contents Necessary but insufficient causation Probabilistic causation Intrinsic indeterminism versus unpredictability Philosophy Ancient Greek philosophy Leucippus Aristotle Pyrrhonism Epicureanism Early modern philosophy Modern philosophy Charles Peirce Arthur Holly Compton Karl Popper Robert Kane Mark Balaguer Science Mathematics Classical and relativistic physics Boltzmann Evolution and biology Prigogine Quantum mechanics Cosmology Neuroscience Other views See also References Bibliography External links Content: Indeterminism" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Indeterminism is the idea that events (or certain events, or events of certain types) are not caused, or not caused deterministically . It is the opposite of determinism and related to chance. It is highly relevant to the philosophical problem of free will, particularly in the form of libertarianism. In science, most specifically quantum theory in physics, indeterminism is the belief that no event is certain and the entire outcome of anything is probabilistic. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and the " Born rule ", proposed by Max Born, are often starting points in support of the indeterministic nature of the universe. Indeterminism is also asserted by Sir Arthur Eddington, and Murray Gell-Mann. Indeterminism has been promoted by the French biologist Jacques Monod 's essay " Chance and Necessity ". The physicist-chemist Ilya Prigogine argued for indeterminism in complex systems . Contents 1 Necessary but insufficient causation 2 Probabilistic causation 3 Intrinsic indeterminism versus unpredictability 4 Philosophy 4.1 Ancient Greek philosophy 4.1.1 Leucippus 4.1.2 Aristotle 4.1.3 Pyrrhonism 4.1.4 Epicureanism 4.2 Early modern philosophy 4.3 Modern philosophy 4.3.1 Charles Peirce 4.3.2 Arthur Holly Compton 4.3.3 Karl Popper 4.3.4 Robert Kane 4.3.5 Mark Balaguer 5 Science 5.1 Mathematics 5.2 Classical and relativistic physics 5.3 Boltzmann 5.4 Evolution and biology 5.5 Prigogine 5.6 Quantum mechanics 5.7 Cosmology 5.8 Neuroscience 5.9 Other views 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Necessary but insufficient causation Further information: Necessary and sufficient conditions Indeterminists do not have to deny that causes exist.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeterminism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1918516995#7_2070168302	Title: India and the Non-Aligned Movement - Wikipedia Headings: India and the Non-Aligned Movement India and the Non-Aligned Movement Contents Origin of non-alignment in India Early developments Non-aligned response to Sino-Indian conflict Non-alignment and Indo-Pakistan conflicts 21st century See also References Notelist References Bibliography Further reading External links Content: That does not, on the other hand, involve any lack of close relationships with other countries. Some saw confusion in these speeches and the West questioned Nehru's "neutrality"; in the United States in 1949, Nehru said; " we are not blind to reality nor do we acquiesce in any challenge to man's freedom from whatever quarters it may come. Where freedom is menaced or justice threatened or where aggression take place, we cannot and shall not be neutral". Over the years, Nehru made a number of comments on non-alignment; in 1957 he said, "Non-alignment seems to me as the natural consequence of an independent nation functioning according to its own rights. After all alignment means being regimented to do something you do not like and thereby giving up certain measures of independent judgement and thinking." Tito, Nasser, and Nehru at the Conference of Non-Aligned Nations held in Belgrade 1961 PM Singh and the MOS for External Affairs at the XIVth NAM's Business Forum in Cuba, 2006. President Aliyev and Vice President Naidu at the 18th Summit of Non-Aligned Movement in Baкu, 2019 Indian non-alignment was a product of the Cold War, a bipolar world and India's colonial experience and the non-violent Indian independence struggle.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1920778780#4_2071844717	Title: Indian country jurisdiction - Wikipedia Headings: Indian country jurisdiction Indian country jurisdiction From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents History Colonial and early U.S. policy Removal Allotment Reorganization Termination, 1953-1964 Self-determination Present day jurisdiction Division of criminal and civil jurisdiction in Indian country Federal jurisdiction Tribal jurisdiction State jurisdiction See also Notes References Content: California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians; Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield; Duro v. Reina; Nevada v. Hicks; Atkinson Trading Co. v. Shirley; United States v. Lara; Solem v. Bartlett Legislation Indian Civil Rights Acts; Indian Gaming Regulatory Act v t e Indian country jurisdiction, or the extent which tribal powers apply to legal situations in the United States, has undergone many drastic shifts since the beginning of European settlement in America. Over time, federal statutes and Supreme Court rulings have designated more or less power to tribal governments, depending on federal policy toward Indians. Numerous Supreme Court decisions have created important precedents in Indian country jurisdiction, such as Worcester v. Georgia, Oliphant v. Suquamish Tribe, and Montana v. United States .	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Country_Jurisdiction
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1923424282#1_2074128406	Title: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System - Wikipedia Headings: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System Contents Background Development Time-frame System description Space segment Ground segment Signal Accuracy List of satellites IRNSS series satellite Animation of IRNSS NVS series satellite Clock failure Future developments Global Indian Navigation System (GINS) See also References Footnotes External links Content: QZSS) (Japan) Discrete Global Grid and Geocoding Standards (history) NGVD 29 Sea Level Datum 1929 OSGB36 Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936 SK-42 Systema Koordinat 1942 goda ED50 European Datum 1950 SAD69 South American Datum 1969 GRS 80 Geodetic Reference System 1980 ISO 6709 Geographic point coord. 1983 NAD 83 North American Datum 1983 WGS 84 World Geodetic System 1984 NAVD 88 N. American Vertical Datum 1988 ETRS89 European Terrestrial Ref. Sys. 1989 GCJ-02 Chinese obfuscated datum 2002 Geo URI Internet link to a point 2010 International Terrestrial Reference System Spatial Reference System Identifier (SRID) Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) v t e The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System ( IRNSS ), with an operational name of NavIC (acronym for Nav igation with I ndian C onstellation; also, nāvik 'sailor' or 'navigator' in Indian languages), is an autonomous regional satellite navigation system that provides accurate real-time positioning and timing services. It covers India and a region extending 1,500 km (930 mi) around it, with plans for further extension. An extended service area lies between the primary service area and a rectangle area enclosed by the 30th parallel south to the 50th parallel north and the 30th meridian east to the 130th meridian east, 1,500–6,000 km (930–3,730 mi) beyond borders. The system currently consists of a constellation of seven satellites, with two additional satellites on ground as stand-by. The constellation is in orbit as of 2018, and the system was expected to be operational from early 2018 after a system check. NavIC will provide two levels of service, the "standard positioning service", which will be open for civilian use, and a "restricted service" (an encrypted one) for authorised users (including the military).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1923424282#3_2074133722	Title: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System - Wikipedia Headings: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System Contents Background Development Time-frame System description Space segment Ground segment Signal Accuracy List of satellites IRNSS series satellite Animation of IRNSS NVS series satellite Clock failure Future developments Global Indian Navigation System (GINS) See also References Footnotes External links Content: NavIC based trackers are compulsory on commercial vehicles in India and it is planned to become available in consumer mobile phones in the first half of 2020. There are plans to expand the NavIC system by increasing its constellation size from 7 to 11. Contents 1 Background 2 Development 3 Time-frame 4 System description 4.1 Space segment 4.2 Ground segment 4.3 Signal 4.4 Accuracy 5 List of satellites 5.1 IRNSS series satellite 5.2 NVS series satellite 6 Clock failure 7 Future developments 7.1 Global Indian Navigation System (GINS) 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Footnotes 10 External links Background The system was developed partly because access to foreign government-controlled global navigation satellite systems is not guaranteed in hostile situations, as happened to the Indian military in 1999 when United States denied the Indian request for Global Positioning System (GPS) data for the Kargil region which would have provided vital information. The Indian government approved the project in May 2013. As per National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) 2020, United States Secretary of Defense in consultation with Director of National Intelligence will designate NavIC, Galileo and QZSS as allied navigational satellite system. Development As part of the project, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) opened a new satellite navigation centre within the campus of ISRO Deep Space Network (DSN) at Byalalu, in Karnataka on 28 May 2013. A network of 21 ranging stations located across the country will provide data for the orbital determination of the satellites and monitoring of the navigation signal. A goal of complete Indian control has been stated, with the space segment, ground segment and user receivers all being built in India. Its location in low latitudes facilitates a coverage with low- inclination satellites. Three satellites will be in geostationary orbit over the Indian Ocean.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1925497715#7_2076057216	Title: 2020 Indian agriculture acts - Wikipedia Headings: 2020 Indian agriculture acts 2020 Indian agriculture acts Contents The background to the farm acts The Farm acts Counter legislation Reactions Government response Independent analysts Response from farmers and opposition parties Protests References External links Content: The acts have faced protests from farmers in various parts of India alleging that it will hurt their earnings. The main reasons for opposition is the uncertainty regarding the implementation of the reforms, controversy surrounding the minimum support prices (MSPs) and low bargaining power of the farmers are some of the fears that have led to the opposition to the bills. Lack of statutory support in the bills for the MSP is a major point of concern, especially for farmers from Punjab and Haryana, where 65% of wheat (2019) is procured at MSP by the Food Corporation of India and state agencies. Various opposition parties alleged that the bills were passed "unconstitutionally" in "complete disregard" of parliamentary norms and are anti-farmer and corporate-friendly. The protesters pointed out that the deregulation of the sugar industry in 1998, which paved the way for private establishments, did not result in a significant improvement in farmers' productivity or incomes. A state-led attempt in Bihar to deregulate the APMCs in 2006 has not resulted in an increase in farmers' income or improved infrastructure. The Shetkari Sanghatana, a farmers union in Maharashtra supported the bills and wants the market to decide the prices of agricultural commodities. It claimed that the minimum support prices have actually weakened farmers, instead of empowering them. The Bharatiya Kisan Sangh (BKS), a farmers organization, has demanded that the government send the bills to the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Agriculture and questioned the government's haste to get the bills passed. Protests Main article:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_farm_reforms_2020
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1927115858#0_2077392877	Title: Tribal sovereignty in the United States - Wikipedia Headings: Tribal sovereignty in the United States Tribal sovereignty in the United States Contents Native American sovereignty and the Constitution Early history The Marshall Trilogy, 1823–1832 Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 United States v. Kagama (1886) Empowerment of tribal courts, 1883 The General Allotment Act (Dawes Act), 1887 Twentieth-century developments Revenue and Indian Citizenship acts, 1924 Iron Crow v. Oglala Sioux Tribe (1956) Indian Reorganization Act, 1934 Public Law 280, 1953 Tribal governments today Tribal courts Nation to nation: tribes and the federal government Tribal state relations: sovereign within a sovereign List of cases See also Notes References External links Content: Tribal sovereignty in the United States - Wikipedia Tribal sovereignty in the United States From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Indian sovereignty) Jump to navigation Jump to search type of political status of Native Americans Map of the contiguous United States with reservation lands excluded as of 2003 Reservation lands in the contiguous United States as of 2019 Tribal sovereignty in the United States is the concept of the inherent authority of indigenous tribes to govern themselves within the borders of the United States. Originally, the U.S. federal government recognized American Indian tribes as independent nations, and came to policy agreements with them via treaties. As the U.S. accelerated its westward expansion, internal political pressure grew for " Indian removal ", but the pace of treaty-making grew nevertheless. Then the Civil War forged the U.S. into a more centralized and nationalistic country, fueling a "full bore assault on tribal culture and institutions", and pressure for Native Americans to assimilate. In the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871, without any input from Native Americans, Congress prohibited any future treaties. This was steadfastly opposed by Native Americans. Currently, the U.S. recognizes tribal nations as "domestic dependent nations" and uses its own legal system to define the relationship between the federal, state, and tribal governments. Contents 1 Native American sovereignty and the Constitution 2 Early history 2.1 The Marshall Trilogy, 1823–1832 2.2 Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 2.3 United States v. Kagama (1886) 2.4 Empowerment of tribal courts, 1883 2.5 The General Allotment Act (Dawes Act), 1887 3 Twentieth-century developments 3.1 Revenue and Indian Citizenship acts, 1924 3.2 Iron Crow v. Oglala Sioux Tribe (1956) 3.3 Indian Reorganization Act, 1934 3.4 Public Law 280, 1953 4 Tribal governments today 4.1 Tribal courts 4.2 Nation to nation: tribes and the federal government 4.3 Tribal state relations: sovereign within a sovereign 5 List of cases 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Native American sovereignty and the Constitution The United States Constitution mentions Native American tribes three times:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_sovereignty
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1927115858#1_2077396106	Title: Tribal sovereignty in the United States - Wikipedia Headings: Tribal sovereignty in the United States Tribal sovereignty in the United States Contents Native American sovereignty and the Constitution Early history The Marshall Trilogy, 1823–1832 Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 United States v. Kagama (1886) Empowerment of tribal courts, 1883 The General Allotment Act (Dawes Act), 1887 Twentieth-century developments Revenue and Indian Citizenship acts, 1924 Iron Crow v. Oglala Sioux Tribe (1956) Indian Reorganization Act, 1934 Public Law 280, 1953 Tribal governments today Tribal courts Nation to nation: tribes and the federal government Tribal state relations: sovereign within a sovereign List of cases See also Notes References External links Content: This was steadfastly opposed by Native Americans. Currently, the U.S. recognizes tribal nations as "domestic dependent nations" and uses its own legal system to define the relationship between the federal, state, and tribal governments. Contents 1 Native American sovereignty and the Constitution 2 Early history 2.1 The Marshall Trilogy, 1823–1832 2.2 Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 2.3 United States v. Kagama (1886) 2.4 Empowerment of tribal courts, 1883 2.5 The General Allotment Act (Dawes Act), 1887 3 Twentieth-century developments 3.1 Revenue and Indian Citizenship acts, 1924 3.2 Iron Crow v. Oglala Sioux Tribe (1956) 3.3 Indian Reorganization Act, 1934 3.4 Public Law 280, 1953 4 Tribal governments today 4.1 Tribal courts 4.2 Nation to nation: tribes and the federal government 4.3 Tribal state relations: sovereign within a sovereign 5 List of cases 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Native American sovereignty and the Constitution The United States Constitution mentions Native American tribes three times: Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 states that "Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States ... excluding Indians not taxed." According to Story's Commentaries on the U.S. Constitution, "There were Indians, also, in several, and probably in most, of the states at that period, who were not treated as citizens, and yet, who did not form a part of independent communities or tribes, exercising general sovereignty and powers of government within the boundaries of the states." Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution states that "Congress shall have the power to regulate Commerce with foreign nations and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes", determining that Indian tribes were separate from the federal government, the states, and foreign nations; and The Fourteenth Amendment, Section 2 amends the apportionment of representatives in Article I, Section 2 above. These basic provisions have been changed or clarified by various federal laws over the history of the United States.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_sovereignty
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1927115858#4_2077403626	Title: Tribal sovereignty in the United States - Wikipedia Headings: Tribal sovereignty in the United States Tribal sovereignty in the United States Contents Native American sovereignty and the Constitution Early history The Marshall Trilogy, 1823–1832 Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 United States v. Kagama (1886) Empowerment of tribal courts, 1883 The General Allotment Act (Dawes Act), 1887 Twentieth-century developments Revenue and Indian Citizenship acts, 1924 Iron Crow v. Oglala Sioux Tribe (1956) Indian Reorganization Act, 1934 Public Law 280, 1953 Tribal governments today Tribal courts Nation to nation: tribes and the federal government Tribal state relations: sovereign within a sovereign List of cases See also Notes References External links Content: Plenary power doctrine: Congress, and not the Executive Branch or Judicial Branch, has ultimate authority with regard to matters affecting the Indian tribes. Federal courts give greater deference to Congress on Indian matters than on other subjects. Trust relationship: The federal government has a "duty to protect" the tribes, implying (courts have found) the necessary legislative and executive authorities to effect that duty. Early history The Marshall Trilogy, 1823–1832 Hassanamisco Nipmuc Indian Reservation Sign The Marshall Trilogy is a set of three Supreme Court decisions in the early nineteenth century affirming the legal and political standing of Indian nations. Johnson v. M'Intosh (1823), holding that private citizens could not purchase lands from Native Americans. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831), holding the Cherokee nation dependent, with a relationship to the United States like that of a "ward to its guardian". Worcester v. Georgia (1832), which laid out the relationship between tribes and the state and federal governments, stating that the federal government was the sole authority to deal with Indian nations. Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 Originally, the United States had recognized the Indian Tribes as independent nations, but after the Civil War, the U.S. suddenly changed its approach.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_sovereignty
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1927115858#7_2077411335	Title: Tribal sovereignty in the United States - Wikipedia Headings: Tribal sovereignty in the United States Tribal sovereignty in the United States Contents Native American sovereignty and the Constitution Early history The Marshall Trilogy, 1823–1832 Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 United States v. Kagama (1886) Empowerment of tribal courts, 1883 The General Allotment Act (Dawes Act), 1887 Twentieth-century developments Revenue and Indian Citizenship acts, 1924 Iron Crow v. Oglala Sioux Tribe (1956) Indian Reorganization Act, 1934 Public Law 280, 1953 Tribal governments today Tribal courts Nation to nation: tribes and the federal government Tribal state relations: sovereign within a sovereign List of cases See also Notes References External links Content: — Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 The 1871 Act also made it a federal crime to commit murder, manslaughter, rape, assault with intent to kill, arson, burglary, and larceny within any Territory of the United States. United States v. Kagama (1886) The 1871 Act was affirmed in 1886 by the US Supreme Court, in United States v. Kagama, which affirmed that the Congress has plenary power over all Native American tribes within its borders by rationalization that "The power of the general government over these remnants of a race once powerful ... is necessary to their protection as well as to the safety of those among whom they dwell". The Supreme Court affirmed that the US Government "has the right and authority, instead of controlling them by treaties, to govern them by acts of Congress, they being within the geographical limit of the United States. ... The Indians owe no allegiance to a State within which their reservation may be established, and the State gives them no protection." Empowerment of tribal courts, 1883 See also: United States Indian Police On April 10, 1883, five years after establishing Indian police powers throughout the various reservations, the Indian Commissioner approved rules for a "court of Indian offenses". The court provided a venue for prosecuting criminal charges, but afforded no relief for tribes seeking to resolve civil matters. The new courts' rules specifically targeted tribal religious practices which it called "heathenish rites" and the commissioner urged courts to "destroy the tribal relations as fast as possible". Another five years later, Congress began providing funds to operate the Indian courts. While U.S. courts clarified some of the rights and responsibilities of states and the federal government toward the Indian nations within the new nation's first century, it was almost another century before United States courts determined what powers remained vested in the tribal nations.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_sovereignty
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1931823044#0_2082004126	Title: Indictment - Wikipedia Headings: Indictment Indictment Contents Indictments by country India United Kingdom England and Wales Northern Ireland Scotland United States Canada Types See also References External links Content: Indictment - Wikipedia Indictment From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Formal accusation that a person has committed a crime An indictment ( / ɪnˈdaɪtmənt / in-DYT-mənt) is a criminal accusation that a person has committed a crime. In jurisdictions that use the concept of felonies, the most serious criminal offence is a felony; jurisdictions that do not use the felonies concept often use that of an indictable offence, an offence that requires an indictment. Contents 1 Indictments by country 1.1 India 1.2 United Kingdom 1.2.1 England and Wales 1.2.2 Northern Ireland 1.2.3 Scotland 1.3 United States 1.4 Canada 2 Types 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Indictments by country India The criminal law in India is derived from the colonial-era British system, does not use a jury system and is codified in the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC). Criminal offences are divided into two broad categories: cognisable offences and non-cognisable offences. The police are empowered to start investigating a cognisable offence. The complaint is considered merely an accusation. However, in both cognisable and non-cognisable offences, the trial starts only with the "Framing of Charges" similar to the concept of indictment. The trial court does not proceed with the trial if the evidence is insufficient to make out a charge.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictment
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1943047155#4_2091152200	Title: Industrialisation - Wikipedia Headings: Industrialisation Industrialisation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Background Further information: History of industrialisation Industrialization in East Asia Social consequences Urbanisation Exploitation China Changes in family structure Current situation See also References Further reading Content: There is considerable literature on the factors facilitating industrial modernisation and enterprise development. Industrialization in East Asia Between the early 1960s and 1990s, the Four Asian Tigers underwent rapid industrialization and maintained exceptionally high growth rates. Social consequences The Industrial revolution was accompanied with a great deal of changes on the social structure, the main change being a transition from farm work to factory related activities. This resulted to the creation of a class structure that differentiated the commoners from the well off and the working category. It distorted the family system as most people moved into cities and left the farm areas, consequently playing a major role in the transmission of diseases. The place of women in the society then shifted from being home cares to employed workers hence reducing the number of children per household. Furthermore industrialization contributed to increased cases of child labor and thereafter education systems. Urbanisation Main article: Urbanisation Guangzhou dusk panorama As the Industrial Revolution was a shift from the agrarian society, people migrated from villages in search of jobs to places where factories were established. This shifting of rural people led to urbanisation and increase in the population of towns.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisation
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1943152393#4_2091237789	Title: Industrialisation - Wikipedia Headings: Industrialisation Industrialisation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Background Further information: History of industrialisation Industrialization in East Asia Social consequences Urbanisation Exploitation China Changes in family structure Current situation See also References Further reading Content: There is considerable literature on the factors facilitating industrial modernisation and enterprise development. Industrialization in East Asia Between the early 1960s and 1990s, the Four Asian Tigers underwent rapid industrialization and maintained exceptionally high growth rates. Social consequences The Industrial revolution was accompanied with a great deal of changes on the social structure, the main change being a transition from farm work to factory related activities. This resulted to creation of a class structure that differentiated the commoners from the well off and the working category. It distorted the family system as most people moved into cities and left the farm areas, consequently playing a major role in the transmission of diseases. The place of women in the society then shifted from being home cares to employed workers hence reducing the number of children per household. Furthermore industrialization contributed to increased cases of child labor and thereafter education systems. Urbanisation Main article: Urbanisation Guangzhou dusk panorama As the Industrial Revolution was a shift from the agrarian society, people migrated from villages in search of jobs to places where factories were established. This shifting of rural people led to urbanisation and increase in the population of towns.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialized
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1943254904#3_2091383414	Title: Industry-oriented education - Wikipedia Headings: Industry-oriented education Industry-oriented education Contents Definition Practice Examples See also References Content: The focus for learning is product design, application and operation of electronic components and circuitry. The industrial product will be activated under simulated industry conditions where students will gain invaluable insight of design technology, operational procedure and programming techniques. All foundation skills can be achieved within these studies and the students are well prepared to develop further knowledge and skills required for their industry project required in their final year through cooperative education with industry. Mathematics is not taught here as an independent course of study, but totally integrated into the compulsory technical courses. As an example, the course of Electronics Technology taught in the Bachelor of Applied Technology uses fast Fourier transform series to explore the method of electromagnetic interference (EMI) in Switch-mode power supplies. Initially students will receive a demonstration and the product which is a commercial product, will be opened for internal investigation of the enclosure. The internal components form the topics for study: this includes the mechanical design for the enclosure, electronic design including the PCB (Printed Circuit Board) and embedded software design. The focus for learning is product design, application and operation of electronic components and circuitry. An example in post-graduate program is a “bridging” technology course designed for the first year students in Master of Design program before they start their projects.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry-oriented_education
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1952034546#0_2101335085	Title: Information seeking - Wikipedia Headings: Information seeking Information seeking Contents Information retrieval In different contexts Theories of information-seeking behavior Wilson's nested model of conceptual areas See also References General Content: Information seeking - Wikipedia Information seeking From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Information science General aspects Information access Information architecture Information behavior Information management Information retrieval Information seeking Information society Knowledge organization Ontology Philosophy of information Science and technology studies Taxonomy Related fields and sub-fields Bibliometrics Categorization Censorship Classification Computer data storage Cultural studies Data modeling Informatics Information technology Intellectual freedom Intellectual property Library and information science Memory Preservation Privacy Quantum information science v t e Information seeking is the process or activity of attempting to obtain information in both human and technological contexts. Information seeking is related to, but different from, information retrieval (IR). Contents 1 Information retrieval 2 In different contexts 3 Theories of information-seeking behavior 4 Wilson's nested model of conceptual areas 5 See also 6 References 6.1 General Information retrieval Traditionally, IR tools have been designed for IR professionals to enable them to effectively and efficiently retrieve information from a source. It is assumed that the information exists in the source and that a well-formed query will retrieve it (and nothing else). It has been argued that laypersons' information seeking on the internet is very different from information retrieval as performed within the IR discourse. Yet, internet search engines are built on IR principles. Since the late 1990s a body of research on how casual users interact with internet search engines has been forming, but the topic is far from fully understood. IR can be said to be technology-oriented, focusing on algorithms and issues such as precision and recall. Information seeking may be understood as a more human-oriented and open-ended process than information retrieval. In information seeking, one does not know whether there exists an answer to one's query, so the process of seeking may provide the learning required to satisfy one's information need .	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_seeking
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1952034546#1_2101337745	Title: Information seeking - Wikipedia Headings: Information seeking Information seeking Contents Information retrieval In different contexts Theories of information-seeking behavior Wilson's nested model of conceptual areas See also References General Content: Yet, internet search engines are built on IR principles. Since the late 1990s a body of research on how casual users interact with internet search engines has been forming, but the topic is far from fully understood. IR can be said to be technology-oriented, focusing on algorithms and issues such as precision and recall. Information seeking may be understood as a more human-oriented and open-ended process than information retrieval. In information seeking, one does not know whether there exists an answer to one's query, so the process of seeking may provide the learning required to satisfy one's information need . In different contexts Much library and information science (LIS) research has focused on the information-seeking practices of practitioners within various fields of professional work. Studies have been carried out into the information-seeking behaviors of librarians, academics, medical professionals, engineers, lawyers and mini-publics (among others). Much of this research has drawn on the work done by Leckie, Pettigrew (now Fisher) and Sylvain, who in 1996 conducted an extensive review of the LIS literature (as well as the literature of other academic fields) on professionals' information seeking. The authors proposed an analytic model of professionals' information seeking behaviour, intended to be generalizable across the professions, thus providing a platform for future research in the area. The model was intended to "prompt new insights... and give rise to more refined and applicable theories of information seeking" (1996, p. 188).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_seeking
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1952034546#4_2101343436	Title: Information seeking - Wikipedia Headings: Information seeking Information seeking Contents Information retrieval In different contexts Theories of information-seeking behavior Wilson's nested model of conceptual areas See also References General Content: In addition, many theories from other disciplines have been applied in investigating an aspect or whole process of information seeking behavior. A review of the literature on information seeking behavior shows that information seeking has generally been accepted as dynamic and non-linear (Foster, 2005; Kuhlthau 2006). People experience the information search process as an interplay of thoughts, feelings and actions ( Kuhlthau, 2006 ). Donald O. Case (2007) also wrote a good book that is a review of the literature. Information seeking has been found to be linked to a variety of interpersonal communication behaviors beyond question-asking, to include strategies such as candidate answers. Robinson's (2010) research suggests that when seeking information at work, people rely on both other people and information repositories (e.g., documents and databases), and spend similar amounts of time consulting each (7.8% and 6.4% of work time, respectively; 14.2% in total). However, the distribution of time among the constituent information seeking stages differs depending on the source. When consulting other people, people spend less time locating the information source and information within that source, similar time understanding the information, and more time problem solving and decision making, than when consulting information repositories.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_seeking
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1952034546#5_2101345233	Title: Information seeking - Wikipedia Headings: Information seeking Information seeking Contents Information retrieval In different contexts Theories of information-seeking behavior Wilson's nested model of conceptual areas See also References General Content: Information seeking has been found to be linked to a variety of interpersonal communication behaviors beyond question-asking, to include strategies such as candidate answers. Robinson's (2010) research suggests that when seeking information at work, people rely on both other people and information repositories (e.g., documents and databases), and spend similar amounts of time consulting each (7.8% and 6.4% of work time, respectively; 14.2% in total). However, the distribution of time among the constituent information seeking stages differs depending on the source. When consulting other people, people spend less time locating the information source and information within that source, similar time understanding the information, and more time problem solving and decision making, than when consulting information repositories. Furthermore, the research found that people spend substantially more time receiving information passively (i.e., information that they have not requested) than actively (i.e., information that they have requested), and this pattern is also reflected when they provide others with information. Wilson's nested model of conceptual areas Wilson's Nested Model of Conceptual Areas The concepts of information seeking, information retrieval, and information behaviour are objects of investigation of information science. Within this scientific discipline a variety of studies has been undertaken analyzing the interaction of an individual with information sources in case of a specific information need, task, and context. The research models developed in these studies vary in their level of scope. Wilson (1999) therefore developed a nested model of conceptual areas, which visualizes the interrelation of the here mentioned central concepts.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_seeking
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1976352510#0_2129635589	Title: Inter county - Wikipedia Headings: Inter county Inter county References Content: Inter county - Wikipedia Inter county From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Inter county, or inter-county, is Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) terminology which refers to competitions or matches between counties, as used in Gaelic games (differently from legal counties). The term can also be used to describe the players on the teams. The first inter county competitions the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship and the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship took place in 1887. Inter county teams select the best players from the clubs within the county, a practice which began in 1892. Before 1892 the winner of each counties club championship would represent the county in the All-Ireland championships. The inter county season begins in January with each province 's warm up competition and ends in September with the All Ireland final. The GAA's inter county competitions are the organisation's most attended competitions and are Ireland's most attended sporting events, while the All Ireland finals are the most watched. and the All-Ireland Football Final is the most watched event in Ireland's sporting calendar. Usually each of the 32 GAA counties in Ireland participates in the inter county leagues and in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship; Kilkenny does not compete in the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, and Cavan does not currently compete in the National Hurling League, though Fingal (part of Dublin) recently did.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_county
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1976602145#0_2130053375	Title: Interactive Learning - Wikipedia Headings: Interactive Learning Interactive Learning Contents Paradigm Shifts in Education Components of Interactive Learning Social Media Urban Computing Serious Games Applying Interactive Learning See also References Content: Interactive Learning - Wikipedia Interactive Learning From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information. Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance. ( October 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Interactive Learning is a pedagogical approach that incorporates social networking and urban computing into course design and delivery. Interactive Learning has evolved out of the hyper-growth in the use of digital technology and virtual communication, particularly by students. Beginning around 2000, students entering institutes of higher education have expected that interactive learning will be an integral part of their education. The use of interactive technology in learning for these students is as natural as using a pencil and paper were to past generations. The Net Generation or Generation Y is the first generation to grow up in constant contact with digital media. Also known as digital natives, their techno-social, community bonds to their naturalized use of technology in every aspect of learning, to their ability to learn in new ways outside the classroom, this generation of students is pushing the boundaries of education. The use of digital media in education has led to an increase in the use of and reliance on interactive learning, which in turn has led to a revolution in the fundamental process of education. Increasingly, students and teachers rely on each other to access sources of knowledge and share their information, expanding the general scope of the educational process to include not just instruction, but the expansion of knowledge.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_Learning
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1976602145#1_2130055673	Title: Interactive Learning - Wikipedia Headings: Interactive Learning Interactive Learning Contents Paradigm Shifts in Education Components of Interactive Learning Social Media Urban Computing Serious Games Applying Interactive Learning See also References Content: The use of interactive technology in learning for these students is as natural as using a pencil and paper were to past generations. The Net Generation or Generation Y is the first generation to grow up in constant contact with digital media. Also known as digital natives, their techno-social, community bonds to their naturalized use of technology in every aspect of learning, to their ability to learn in new ways outside the classroom, this generation of students is pushing the boundaries of education. The use of digital media in education has led to an increase in the use of and reliance on interactive learning, which in turn has led to a revolution in the fundamental process of education. Increasingly, students and teachers rely on each other to access sources of knowledge and share their information, expanding the general scope of the educational process to include not just instruction, but the expansion of knowledge. The role change from keeper of knowledge to facilitator of learning presents a challenge and an opportunity for educators to dramatically change the way their students learn. The boundaries between teacher and student have less meaning with interactive learning. Contents 1 Paradigm Shifts in Education 2 Components of Interactive Learning 2.1 Social Media 2.2 Urban Computing 2.3 Serious Games 3 Applying Interactive Learning 4 See also 5 References Paradigm Shifts in Education Interactivity as a pedagogical technique requires a fundamental change in the way education is delivered. Tapscott has identified 7 ways this change occurs: From linear to hypermedia learning.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_Learning
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1976602145#2_2130057740	Title: Interactive Learning - Wikipedia Headings: Interactive Learning Interactive Learning Contents Paradigm Shifts in Education Components of Interactive Learning Social Media Urban Computing Serious Games Applying Interactive Learning See also References Content: The role change from keeper of knowledge to facilitator of learning presents a challenge and an opportunity for educators to dramatically change the way their students learn. The boundaries between teacher and student have less meaning with interactive learning. Contents 1 Paradigm Shifts in Education 2 Components of Interactive Learning 2.1 Social Media 2.2 Urban Computing 2.3 Serious Games 3 Applying Interactive Learning 4 See also 5 References Paradigm Shifts in Education Interactivity as a pedagogical technique requires a fundamental change in the way education is delivered. Tapscott has identified 7 ways this change occurs: From linear to hypermedia learning. From the teacher as transmitter to the teacher as facilitator. Components of Interactive Learning Social Media The socialization of education is evolving in the form of personalized digital media sources. Web logs, or blogs, enable students to express thoughts and ideas individually, while at the same time sharing them with the larger community. The pervasiveness of social networks like MySpace and Facebook connect millions of learners to a virtual community where information is exchanged laterally between and among students and teachers alike. This explosion of community is contributing to an expanding learning economy, where participants have unparalleled access to knowledge, both from teachers and other students.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_Learning
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1976602145#5_2130063316	Title: Interactive Learning - Wikipedia Headings: Interactive Learning Interactive Learning Contents Paradigm Shifts in Education Components of Interactive Learning Social Media Urban Computing Serious Games Applying Interactive Learning See also References Content: Adapting gaming to a form of experiential learning brings real-world issues into education within the structure of a planned curriculum. Along with their intrinsically engaging properties, games have been touted for their ability to teach ill-defined problem-solving skills, elicit creativity, and develop leadership, collaboration, and other valuable interpersonal skills. Applying Interactive Learning In order to be effective, learning institutions must see computers and associated technology as an essential part of the student. In other words, technology must be seen as cognitive prosthetics. The core concept of distance education is that the real world becomes the learning environment; in this environment, the purpose of the instructor is to help facilitate the absorption of knowledge through both real-world and virtual learning experiences. Historically, one of the obstacles to distance education is the lack of face to face contact. The use of technology as an integral part of course design has attempted to compensate in both synchronous and asynchronous settings. For delivery of synchronous content, technologies such as videoconferencing and web conferencing are typically used. An example of this is the growing use of Skype and GoToMeeting for virtual class discussions and lectures.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_Learning
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1992902786#9_2149268535	Title: International monetary systems - Wikipedia Headings: International monetary systems International monetary systems Contents Historical overview History of modern global monetary orders The pre WWI financial order: 1816–1919 Between the World Wars: 1919–1939 The Bretton Woods Era: 1944–1973 The post Bretton Woods system: 1973– present Calls for a "New Bretton Woods" See also References External links Content: and more recently, a number of nations have used the US dollar as their local currency, a custom called dollarization . Until the 19th century, the global monetary system was loosely linked at best, with Europe, the Americas, India and China (among others) having largely separate economies, and hence monetary systems were regional. European colonization of the Americas, starting with the Spanish empire, led to the integration of American and European economies and monetary systems, and European colonization of Asia led to the dominance of European currencies, notably the British pound sterling in the 19th century, succeeded by the US dollar in the 20th century. Some, such as Michael Hudson, foresee the decline of a single base for the global monetary system, and the emergence instead of regional trade blocs; he cites the emergence of the Euro as an example. See also Global financial systems, world-systems approach and polarity in international relations. It was in the later half of the 19th century that a monetary system with close to universal global participation emerged, based on the gold standard. History of modern global monetary orders The pre WWI financial order: 1816–1919 Main article: Gold Standard § Establishment of the international gold standard From the 1816 to the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the world benefited from a well-integrated financial order, sometimes known as the "first age of globalisation".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_monetary_systems
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1994378256#5_2150141521	Title: International use of the U.S. dollar - Wikipedia Headings: International use of the U.S. dollar International use of the U.S. dollar Contents International reserve currency U.S. Dollar Index Dollarization and fixed exchange rates Dollar versus Euro Chinese-issued U.S. dollar bonds See also References Content: ICE The Index is described by the ICE as "a geometrically-averaged calculation of six currencies weighted against the U.S. dollar." The baseline of 100.00 on the USDX was set at its launch in March 1973. This event marks the watershed between the wider margins arrangement of the Smithsonian regime and the period of generalized floating that led up to the Second Amendment of the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund. Since 1973, the USDX has climbed as high as the 160s and drifted as low as the 70s. The USDX has not been updated to reflect new trading realities in the global economy, where the bulk of trade has shifted strongly towards new partners like China and Mexico and oil-exporting countries while the United States has de-industrialized . Dollarization and fixed exchange rates Main article: Dollarization Other nations besides the United States use the U.S. dollar as their official currency, a process known as official dollarization. For instance, Panama has been using the dollar alongside the Panamanian balboa as the legal tender since 1904 at a conversion rate of 1:1. Ecuador (2000), El Salvador (2001), and East Timor (2000) all adopted the currency independently. The former members of the U.S.-administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, which included Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands, chose not to issue their own currency after becoming independent, having all used the U.S. dollar since 1944.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_use_of_the_U.S._dollar
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1994378256#6_2150143528	Title: International use of the U.S. dollar - Wikipedia Headings: International use of the U.S. dollar International use of the U.S. dollar Contents International reserve currency U.S. Dollar Index Dollarization and fixed exchange rates Dollar versus Euro Chinese-issued U.S. dollar bonds See also References Content: Dollarization and fixed exchange rates Main article: Dollarization Other nations besides the United States use the U.S. dollar as their official currency, a process known as official dollarization. For instance, Panama has been using the dollar alongside the Panamanian balboa as the legal tender since 1904 at a conversion rate of 1:1. Ecuador (2000), El Salvador (2001), and East Timor (2000) all adopted the currency independently. The former members of the U.S.-administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, which included Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands, chose not to issue their own currency after becoming independent, having all used the U.S. dollar since 1944. Two British dependencies also use the U.S. dollar: the British Virgin Islands (1959) and Turks and Caicos Islands (1973). The islands Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, now collectively known as the Caribbean Netherlands, adopted the dollar on January 1, 2011, as a result of the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles. The U.S. dollar is an official currency in Zimbabwe, along with the Euro, the Pound Sterling, the Pula, the Rand, and several other currencies. Some countries that have adopted the U.S. dollar issue their own coins:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_use_of_the_U.S._dollar
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1994378256#7_2150145295	Title: International use of the U.S. dollar - Wikipedia Headings: International use of the U.S. dollar International use of the U.S. dollar Contents International reserve currency U.S. Dollar Index Dollarization and fixed exchange rates Dollar versus Euro Chinese-issued U.S. dollar bonds See also References Content: Two British dependencies also use the U.S. dollar: the British Virgin Islands (1959) and Turks and Caicos Islands (1973). The islands Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, now collectively known as the Caribbean Netherlands, adopted the dollar on January 1, 2011, as a result of the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles. The U.S. dollar is an official currency in Zimbabwe, along with the Euro, the Pound Sterling, the Pula, the Rand, and several other currencies. Some countries that have adopted the U.S. dollar issue their own coins: See Ecuadorian centavo coins, Panamanian Balboa and East Timor centavo coins . A series of Zimbabwean Bond Coins was put into circulation on 18 December 2014 in 1, 5, 10, and 25 cent denominations. A 50 cent Bond Coin was released in March 2015. These coins are pegged at the same rate as American coins. Some other countries link their currency to U.S. dollar at a fixed exchange rate.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_use_of_the_U.S._dollar
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1994378256#8_2150146734	Title: International use of the U.S. dollar - Wikipedia Headings: International use of the U.S. dollar International use of the U.S. dollar Contents International reserve currency U.S. Dollar Index Dollarization and fixed exchange rates Dollar versus Euro Chinese-issued U.S. dollar bonds See also References Content: See Ecuadorian centavo coins, Panamanian Balboa and East Timor centavo coins . A series of Zimbabwean Bond Coins was put into circulation on 18 December 2014 in 1, 5, 10, and 25 cent denominations. A 50 cent Bond Coin was released in March 2015. These coins are pegged at the same rate as American coins. Some other countries link their currency to U.S. dollar at a fixed exchange rate. The local currencies of Bermuda and the Bahamas can be freely exchanged at a 1:1 ratio for USD. Argentina used a fixed 1:1 exchange rate between the Argentine peso and the U.S. dollar from 1991 until 2002. The currencies of Barbados and Belize are similarly convertible at an approximate 2:1 ratio. The Netherlands Antillean guilder (and its successor the Caribbean guilder) and the Aruban florin are pegged to the dollar at a fixed rate of 1:1.79. The East Caribbean dollar is pegged to the dollar at a fixed rate of 2.7:1, and is used by all of the countries and territories of the OECS other than the British Virgin Islands.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_use_of_the_U.S._dollar
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1994378256#9_2150148265	Title: International use of the U.S. dollar - Wikipedia Headings: International use of the U.S. dollar International use of the U.S. dollar Contents International reserve currency U.S. Dollar Index Dollarization and fixed exchange rates Dollar versus Euro Chinese-issued U.S. dollar bonds See also References Content: The local currencies of Bermuda and the Bahamas can be freely exchanged at a 1:1 ratio for USD. Argentina used a fixed 1:1 exchange rate between the Argentine peso and the U.S. dollar from 1991 until 2002. The currencies of Barbados and Belize are similarly convertible at an approximate 2:1 ratio. The Netherlands Antillean guilder (and its successor the Caribbean guilder) and the Aruban florin are pegged to the dollar at a fixed rate of 1:1.79. The East Caribbean dollar is pegged to the dollar at a fixed rate of 2.7:1, and is used by all of the countries and territories of the OECS other than the British Virgin Islands. In Lebanon, one dollar is equal to 1500 Lebanese pound, and is used interchangeably with local currency as de facto legal tender. The exchange rate between the Hong Kong dollar and the United States dollar has also been linked since 1983 at HK$7.8/USD, and pataca of Macau, pegged to Hong Kong dollar at MOP1.03/HKD, indirectly linked to the U.S. dollar at roughly MOP8/USD. Several oil-producing Arab countries on the Persian Gulf, including Saudi Arabia, peg their currencies to the dollar, since the dollar is the currency used in the international oil trade. The People's Republic of China 's renminbi was informally and controversially pegged to the dollar in the mid-1990s at ¥ 8.28/USD. Likewise, Malaysia pegged its ringgit at RM3.8/USD in September 1998, after the financial crisis.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_use_of_the_U.S._dollar
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1994378256#11_2150152100	Title: International use of the U.S. dollar - Wikipedia Headings: International use of the U.S. dollar International use of the U.S. dollar Contents International reserve currency U.S. Dollar Index Dollarization and fixed exchange rates Dollar versus Euro Chinese-issued U.S. dollar bonds See also References Content: On July 21, 2005, both countries removed their pegs and adopted managed floats against a basket of currencies. Kuwait did likewise on May 20, 2007. However, after three years of slow appreciation, the Chinese yuan has been de facto re-pegged to the dollar since July 2008 at a value of ¥6.83/USD; although no official announcement had been made, the yuan has remained around that value within a narrow band since then, similar to the Hong Kong dollar. Several countries use a crawling peg model, wherein currency is devalued at a fixed rate relative to the dollar. For example, the Nicaraguan córdoba is devalued by 5% per annum. Belarus, on the other hand, pegged its currency, the Belarusian ruble, to a basket of foreign currencies (U.S. dollar, euro and Russian ruble) in 2009. In 2011 this led to a currency crisis when the government became unable to honor its promise to convert Belarusian rubles to foreign currencies at a fixed exchange rate. BYR exchange rates dropped by two thirds, all import prices rose and living standards fell. In some countries, such as Costa Rica and Honduras, the U.S. dollar is commonly accepted, although not officially regarded as legal tender.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_use_of_the_U.S._dollar
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1994378256#12_2150153811	Title: International use of the U.S. dollar - Wikipedia Headings: International use of the U.S. dollar International use of the U.S. dollar Contents International reserve currency U.S. Dollar Index Dollarization and fixed exchange rates Dollar versus Euro Chinese-issued U.S. dollar bonds See also References Content: For example, the Nicaraguan córdoba is devalued by 5% per annum. Belarus, on the other hand, pegged its currency, the Belarusian ruble, to a basket of foreign currencies (U.S. dollar, euro and Russian ruble) in 2009. In 2011 this led to a currency crisis when the government became unable to honor its promise to convert Belarusian rubles to foreign currencies at a fixed exchange rate. BYR exchange rates dropped by two thirds, all import prices rose and living standards fell. In some countries, such as Costa Rica and Honduras, the U.S. dollar is commonly accepted, although not officially regarded as legal tender. In Mexico's northern border area and major tourist zones, it is accepted as if it were a second legal currency. Many Canadian merchants close to the border, as well as large stores in big cities and major tourist hotspots in Peru also accept U.S. dollars, though usually at a value that favours the merchant. In Cambodia, U.S. notes circulate freely and are preferred over the Cambodian riel for large purchases, with the riel used for change to break 1 USD. After the U.S. intervention of Afghanistan, U.S. dollars are accepted as if it were legal tender. Dollar versus Euro Euro-US Dollar exchange rate, from 1999 Euro per U.S. dollar 1999–2015 Year Highest ↑ Lowest ↓ Date Rate Date Rate 1999 03 Dec €0.9985 05 Jan €0.8482 2000 26 Oct €1.2118 06 Jan €0.9626 2001 06 Jul €1.1927 05 Jan €1.0477 2002 28 Jan €1.1658 31 Dec €0.9536 2003 08 Jan €	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_use_of_the_U.S._dollar
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1997585758#0_2153226540	Title: Internet in prisons - Wikipedia Headings: Internet in prisons Internet in prisons Contents Internet access in prisons globally Australia Belgium Canada Germany Malaysia Norway Philippines Romania Ukraine United States Rehabilitating purposes Controversy surrounding inmate access to Internet References Content: Internet in prisons - Wikipedia Internet in prisons From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. ( August 2014) Internet use in prisons allows inmates to communicate with the outside. Much like the use of telephones in prisons, the use of the internet under supervision, for various purposes, is approved in 49 U.S. correctional systems and five Canadian provinces. Each of the reporting U.S. systems, except Hawaii, Iowa, Nebraska and Nevada, use computers to employ inmate educational programs, as do all five reporting provinces in Canada. There are 36 reporting U.S. systems to handle inmate health issues via telemedicine. However much like the use of mobile phones in prison, internet access without supervision, via a smartphone, is banned for all inmates. Contents 1 Internet access in prisons globally 1.1 Australia 1.2 Belgium 1.3 Canada 1.4 Germany 1.5 Malaysia 1.6 Norway 1.7 Philippines 1.8 Romania 1.9 Ukraine 1.10 United States 2 Rehabilitating purposes 3 Controversy surrounding inmate access to Internet 4 References Internet access in prisons globally Australia Prisoner access to computer facilities and Internet resources varies across jurisdictions in Australia. In some states personal computer capable devices are permitted for use in cells, managed Internet access is provided in some, while in other states all existing devices are withdrawn.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_prisons
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1997585758#1_2153228622	Title: Internet in prisons - Wikipedia Headings: Internet in prisons Internet in prisons Contents Internet access in prisons globally Australia Belgium Canada Germany Malaysia Norway Philippines Romania Ukraine United States Rehabilitating purposes Controversy surrounding inmate access to Internet References Content: Each of the reporting U.S. systems, except Hawaii, Iowa, Nebraska and Nevada, use computers to employ inmate educational programs, as do all five reporting provinces in Canada. There are 36 reporting U.S. systems to handle inmate health issues via telemedicine. However much like the use of mobile phones in prison, internet access without supervision, via a smartphone, is banned for all inmates. Contents 1 Internet access in prisons globally 1.1 Australia 1.2 Belgium 1.3 Canada 1.4 Germany 1.5 Malaysia 1.6 Norway 1.7 Philippines 1.8 Romania 1.9 Ukraine 1.10 United States 2 Rehabilitating purposes 3 Controversy surrounding inmate access to Internet 4 References Internet access in prisons globally Australia Prisoner access to computer facilities and Internet resources varies across jurisdictions in Australia. In some states personal computer capable devices are permitted for use in cells, managed Internet access is provided in some, while in other states all existing devices are withdrawn. The use of computers is generally for study, legal purposes, and managed reintegration. The rationale for this policy is to ensure that all prisoners in need of access to computer for educational or legal purposes are not to be disadvantaged. The policy reduces and effectively manages the risks associated with prisoner access to computers in cells. Belgium Since 2013, Belgium has in 1 prison (in Beveren) a solution called PrisonCloud installed. It is a secure electronic platform that is installed in every cell.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_prisons
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1997585758#2_2153230665	Title: Internet in prisons - Wikipedia Headings: Internet in prisons Internet in prisons Contents Internet access in prisons globally Australia Belgium Canada Germany Malaysia Norway Philippines Romania Ukraine United States Rehabilitating purposes Controversy surrounding inmate access to Internet References Content: The use of computers is generally for study, legal purposes, and managed reintegration. The rationale for this policy is to ensure that all prisoners in need of access to computer for educational or legal purposes are not to be disadvantaged. The policy reduces and effectively manages the risks associated with prisoner access to computers in cells. Belgium Since 2013, Belgium has in 1 prison (in Beveren) a solution called PrisonCloud installed. It is a secure electronic platform that is installed in every cell. Amongst IPTV, Video on Demand, E-learning, Webshop, Request forms, Calendar, TeleVisitation, ... and many others there is also a secured internet available. Categorized in different areas of interest only approved websites are offered to the inmates. They can only surf to that specific website, have no break out possibilities to other websites and every form field on every web page of an allowed website can be blocked. This gives the prison the opportunity to open up websites that otherwise would not be possible, especially Learning Management Systems on the Internet. Canada In Canada, inmates are legally barred from internet access.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_prisons
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1997585758#5_2153235832	Title: Internet in prisons - Wikipedia Headings: Internet in prisons Internet in prisons Contents Internet access in prisons globally Australia Belgium Canada Germany Malaysia Norway Philippines Romania Ukraine United States Rehabilitating purposes Controversy surrounding inmate access to Internet References Content: The prison allocated the usage of computer and internet by the inmates from 8 am to 5pm daily. The prison management authority will also monitor and access the usage of the internet whereby it is strictly only for the learning purposes in getting references from the OUM digital library which has 700,000 references online. Their study time is limited and they must fully utilize it for learning. Norway Closed prisons (high security prisons) do not allow the use of mobiles. All of these prisons have a limited access to Internet and prisoners do not have access to pages where they can communicate with others. Besides, all activities can be tracked. Philippines In the Philippines, prisoners are allowed to access the Internet while closely supervised. Romania In Romania, a survey was conducted in 2008 to assess the situation on availability of IT services to inmates in prisons. A response was received from 14 out of the 36 prisons in the country. Of the 14, 7 prisons had no computer access to inmates, 5 prisons had computers from different donations, 1 prison stated they had 5 computers with internet access but are for staff use only.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_prisons
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1997585758#6_2153237489	Title: Internet in prisons - Wikipedia Headings: Internet in prisons Internet in prisons Contents Internet access in prisons globally Australia Belgium Canada Germany Malaysia Norway Philippines Romania Ukraine United States Rehabilitating purposes Controversy surrounding inmate access to Internet References Content: Besides, all activities can be tracked. Philippines In the Philippines, prisoners are allowed to access the Internet while closely supervised. Romania In Romania, a survey was conducted in 2008 to assess the situation on availability of IT services to inmates in prisons. A response was received from 14 out of the 36 prisons in the country. Of the 14, 7 prisons had no computer access to inmates, 5 prisons had computers from different donations, 1 prison stated they had 5 computers with internet access but are for staff use only. The 6 prisons that had computer access sometimes used it for recreational purposes, however some do have organized training courses to teach inmates computer operating. Connection to the internet is forbidden to inmates in all prisons however. Ukraine Recently in Ukraine inmates have been formally allowed to use the internet and cellphones without any restrictions. This new law allows prisoners to use cellular networks, but a recent revision by State Penitentiary Service Head S. Starenkiy forces inmates to use prison phones exclusively if available. This law doesn't specify the right to possess electronic devices, a loophole that has become a cornerstone of prison administrations' arguments against the use of technology.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_prisons
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1997585758#7_2153239264	Title: Internet in prisons - Wikipedia Headings: Internet in prisons Internet in prisons Contents Internet access in prisons globally Australia Belgium Canada Germany Malaysia Norway Philippines Romania Ukraine United States Rehabilitating purposes Controversy surrounding inmate access to Internet References Content: The 6 prisons that had computer access sometimes used it for recreational purposes, however some do have organized training courses to teach inmates computer operating. Connection to the internet is forbidden to inmates in all prisons however. Ukraine Recently in Ukraine inmates have been formally allowed to use the internet and cellphones without any restrictions. This new law allows prisoners to use cellular networks, but a recent revision by State Penitentiary Service Head S. Starenkiy forces inmates to use prison phones exclusively if available. This law doesn't specify the right to possess electronic devices, a loophole that has become a cornerstone of prison administrations' arguments against the use of technology. As it stands, internet access is only allowed where prisons have total control over their inmates internet activity. The administrations banned social networks, e-mail, and porn sites among other services. This regulation chipped away at the spirit of unfettered internet access written into the original law. Human rights activists attribute these extra restrictions to being a consequence of staff illegally providing inmates with unregulated cellphones. United States In the United States, the Federal Bureau of Prisons, an agency of the U.S. Department of Justice, has put into place the Trust Fund Limited Inmate Computer System (TRULINCS) on February 19, 2009.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_prisons
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1997585758#8_2153241171	Title: Internet in prisons - Wikipedia Headings: Internet in prisons Internet in prisons Contents Internet access in prisons globally Australia Belgium Canada Germany Malaysia Norway Philippines Romania Ukraine United States Rehabilitating purposes Controversy surrounding inmate access to Internet References Content: As it stands, internet access is only allowed where prisons have total control over their inmates internet activity. The administrations banned social networks, e-mail, and porn sites among other services. This regulation chipped away at the spirit of unfettered internet access written into the original law. Human rights activists attribute these extra restrictions to being a consequence of staff illegally providing inmates with unregulated cellphones. United States In the United States, the Federal Bureau of Prisons, an agency of the U.S. Department of Justice, has put into place the Trust Fund Limited Inmate Computer System (TRULINCS) on February 19, 2009. This allows inmates access to electronic messaging through e-mails. The message must be text only, and must be conducted in a secure manner between inmate and the public. Messages are subject to monitoring. Currently all institutions operated by the Bureau of Prisons have TRULINCS. However outside of the TRULINCS program, nearly all states prohibit Internet use by inmates, severely limiting technology-based access to educational opportunities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_prisons
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1997585758#9_2153242794	Title: Internet in prisons - Wikipedia Headings: Internet in prisons Internet in prisons Contents Internet access in prisons globally Australia Belgium Canada Germany Malaysia Norway Philippines Romania Ukraine United States Rehabilitating purposes Controversy surrounding inmate access to Internet References Content: This allows inmates access to electronic messaging through e-mails. The message must be text only, and must be conducted in a secure manner between inmate and the public. Messages are subject to monitoring. Currently all institutions operated by the Bureau of Prisons have TRULINCS. However outside of the TRULINCS program, nearly all states prohibit Internet use by inmates, severely limiting technology-based access to educational opportunities. JPay was introduced as a computer system offering video conferencing, messaging, and e-mail services on a monitored basis. While technological ingenuity and advancements improved the prison system, drawbacks such as prohibiting in-person visits and replacing them with digital interactions along with a lack of inmate funds to operate the services emerged. Rehabilitating purposes The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_prisons
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1997585758#10_2153244299	Title: Internet in prisons - Wikipedia Headings: Internet in prisons Internet in prisons Contents Internet access in prisons globally Australia Belgium Canada Germany Malaysia Norway Philippines Romania Ukraine United States Rehabilitating purposes Controversy surrounding inmate access to Internet References Content: JPay was introduced as a computer system offering video conferencing, messaging, and e-mail services on a monitored basis. While technological ingenuity and advancements improved the prison system, drawbacks such as prohibiting in-person visits and replacing them with digital interactions along with a lack of inmate funds to operate the services emerged. Rehabilitating purposes The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. ( July 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) A European conference on Prison Education and Training was held in February 2010. Over 200 delegates from across Europe were in attendance. It was suggested to be widely accepted that prisons are damaging to the inmates, and therefore a method to decrease the potential damage is to provide the inmates an education during their incarceration. This would eventually contribute to the inmate’s successful reentry into society. The internet is a convenient study tool, and if used correctly would contribute to the inmate’s studies.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_prisons
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1997585758#11_2153245964	Title: Internet in prisons - Wikipedia Headings: Internet in prisons Internet in prisons Contents Internet access in prisons globally Australia Belgium Canada Germany Malaysia Norway Philippines Romania Ukraine United States Rehabilitating purposes Controversy surrounding inmate access to Internet References Content: July 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) A European conference on Prison Education and Training was held in February 2010. Over 200 delegates from across Europe were in attendance. It was suggested to be widely accepted that prisons are damaging to the inmates, and therefore a method to decrease the potential damage is to provide the inmates an education during their incarceration. This would eventually contribute to the inmate’s successful reentry into society. The internet is a convenient study tool, and if used correctly would contribute to the inmate’s studies. In Norway, the educational and sentence act allows inmates in Norway to have a legal right to education. The internet is described as digital tool, and has been integrated into the curriculum. This allows the prison to enact a structured and meaningful path for rehabilitation. Due to the reliance on the internet in society, newly sentenced inmates have already developed a dependency on the internet. The restriction of the internet in the inmate’s daily lives would constitute a major setback in their daily functionings.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_prisons
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1997585758#12_2153247609	Title: Internet in prisons - Wikipedia Headings: Internet in prisons Internet in prisons Contents Internet access in prisons globally Australia Belgium Canada Germany Malaysia Norway Philippines Romania Ukraine United States Rehabilitating purposes Controversy surrounding inmate access to Internet References Content: In Norway, the educational and sentence act allows inmates in Norway to have a legal right to education. The internet is described as digital tool, and has been integrated into the curriculum. This allows the prison to enact a structured and meaningful path for rehabilitation. Due to the reliance on the internet in society, newly sentenced inmates have already developed a dependency on the internet. The restriction of the internet in the inmate’s daily lives would constitute a major setback in their daily functionings. The sudden removal of a major part in their lives would debilitate their motivation for rehabilitation. Inmates sentences to a longer duration would become technologically impaired when released into a society that is increasingly becoming dependent on the internet. The institution needs to prepare the inmate for reintroduction into the outside society, and doing so necessitates the familiarity with the internet. Controversy surrounding inmate access to Internet Allowing access to the internet for inmates is a topic with much debate. The argument for the permittance of use is largely for rehabilitation, and/or providing an environment that encourages rehabilitation.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_prisons
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1997585758#13_2153249323	Title: Internet in prisons - Wikipedia Headings: Internet in prisons Internet in prisons Contents Internet access in prisons globally Australia Belgium Canada Germany Malaysia Norway Philippines Romania Ukraine United States Rehabilitating purposes Controversy surrounding inmate access to Internet References Content: The sudden removal of a major part in their lives would debilitate their motivation for rehabilitation. Inmates sentences to a longer duration would become technologically impaired when released into a society that is increasingly becoming dependent on the internet. The institution needs to prepare the inmate for reintroduction into the outside society, and doing so necessitates the familiarity with the internet. Controversy surrounding inmate access to Internet Allowing access to the internet for inmates is a topic with much debate. The argument for the permittance of use is largely for rehabilitation, and/or providing an environment that encourages rehabilitation. However, in the United States, security measures and state statutes in both public and private correctional institutions are significant barriers in expanding the use of the Internet to support the delivery of postsecondary education. Many inmates experience a lack of access to computer equipment and security routines in prisons interfere with their education. Inmates can also use the internet for other, illegal purposes. It has been recorded that through smuggling smart phones, inmates have called up phone directories, maps, and photographs for criminal activities. As our society becomes increasingly internet-dependent, gang violence and drug trafficking is being conducted through the internet, thus inmates are able to keep up with criminal activities even while being incarcerated.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_prisons
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1997585758#14_2153251301	Title: Internet in prisons - Wikipedia Headings: Internet in prisons Internet in prisons Contents Internet access in prisons globally Australia Belgium Canada Germany Malaysia Norway Philippines Romania Ukraine United States Rehabilitating purposes Controversy surrounding inmate access to Internet References Content: However, in the United States, security measures and state statutes in both public and private correctional institutions are significant barriers in expanding the use of the Internet to support the delivery of postsecondary education. Many inmates experience a lack of access to computer equipment and security routines in prisons interfere with their education. Inmates can also use the internet for other, illegal purposes. It has been recorded that through smuggling smart phones, inmates have called up phone directories, maps, and photographs for criminal activities. As our society becomes increasingly internet-dependent, gang violence and drug trafficking is being conducted through the internet, thus inmates are able to keep up with criminal activities even while being incarcerated. In the United States, cell phone smuggling into prisons has been an increasing problem. In 2010, the Federal Bureau of Prisons workers confiscated 1,188 mobile devices. Most of the smuggled cell phones have access to the internet, and inmates are able to connect without monitoring from guards. References ^ "Computer use for/by inmates". Corrections Compendium.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_prisons
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1997585758#15_2153252969	Title: Internet in prisons - Wikipedia Headings: Internet in prisons Internet in prisons Contents Internet access in prisons globally Australia Belgium Canada Germany Malaysia Norway Philippines Romania Ukraine United States Rehabilitating purposes Controversy surrounding inmate access to Internet References Content: In the United States, cell phone smuggling into prisons has been an increasing problem. In 2010, the Federal Bureau of Prisons workers confiscated 1,188 mobile devices. Most of the smuggled cell phones have access to the internet, and inmates are able to connect without monitoring from guards. References ^ "Computer use for/by inmates". Corrections Compendium. 34 (2): 24–31. Summer 2009. Retrieved 2013-06-10. CS1 maint:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_prisons

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