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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1096209964#3_1209034836
Title: Geology of the Death Valley area - Wikipedia Headings: Geology of the Death Valley area Geology of the Death Valley area Contents Early sedimentation Proterozoic complex Pahrump Group Crustal thinning and rifting Passive margin formed A carbonate shelf forms Change to active margin and uplift Development of a plain Extension creates the Basin and Range Volcanism and valley-fill sedimentation Table of formations Table of salts See also Notes References External links Content: Stretching of the crust under western North America started around 16 Ma and is thought to be caused by upwelling from the subducted spreading-zone of the Farallon Plate. This process continues into the present and is thought to be responsible for creating the Basin and Range province. By 2 to 3 million years ago this province had spread to the Death Valley area, ripping it apart and creating Death Valley, Panamint Valley and surrounding ranges. These valleys partially filled with sediment and, during colder periods during the current ice age, with lakes. Lake Manly was the largest of these lakes; it filled Death Valley during each glacial period from 240,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago. By 10,500 years ago these lakes were increasingly cut off from glacial melt from the Sierra Nevada, starving them of water and concentrating salts and minerals. The desert environment seen today developed after these lakes dried up. Contents 1 Early sedimentation 1.1 Proterozoic complex 1.2 Pahrump Group 2 Crustal thinning and rifting 3 Passive margin formed 4 A carbonate shelf forms 5 Change to active margin and uplift 6 Development of a plain 7 Extension creates the Basin and Range 8 Volcanism and valley-fill sedimentation 9 Table of formations 10 Table of salts 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Early sedimentation Proterozoic complex Little is known about the history of the oldest exposed rocks in the area due to extensive metamorphism; the rock has been pressure-cooked.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_the_Death_and_Panamint_valleys_area
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1096209964#4_1209037062
Title: Geology of the Death Valley area - Wikipedia Headings: Geology of the Death Valley area Geology of the Death Valley area Contents Early sedimentation Proterozoic complex Pahrump Group Crustal thinning and rifting Passive margin formed A carbonate shelf forms Change to active margin and uplift Development of a plain Extension creates the Basin and Range Volcanism and valley-fill sedimentation Table of formations Table of salts See also Notes References External links Content: it filled Death Valley during each glacial period from 240,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago. By 10,500 years ago these lakes were increasingly cut off from glacial melt from the Sierra Nevada, starving them of water and concentrating salts and minerals. The desert environment seen today developed after these lakes dried up. Contents 1 Early sedimentation 1.1 Proterozoic complex 1.2 Pahrump Group 2 Crustal thinning and rifting 3 Passive margin formed 4 A carbonate shelf forms 5 Change to active margin and uplift 6 Development of a plain 7 Extension creates the Basin and Range 8 Volcanism and valley-fill sedimentation 9 Table of formations 10 Table of salts 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Early sedimentation Proterozoic complex Little is known about the history of the oldest exposed rocks in the area due to extensive metamorphism; the rock has been pressure-cooked. This somber, gray, almost featureless crystalline complex is composed of originally sedimentary and igneous rocks with large quantities of quartz and feldspar mixed in. The original rocks were transformed to contorted schist and gneiss, making their original parentage almost unrecognizable. Radiometric dating gives an age of 1700 million years for the metamorphism, placing it in the early part of the Proterozoic eon. A mass of granite now in the Panamint Mountains intruded this complex 1400 mya. Pegmatic dikes and other widely spaced plutons of granite are also in the complex (a pluton is a large blob of magma deep underground and dikes are projections of that).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_the_Death_and_Panamint_valleys_area
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1125210513#2_1236855493
Title: German Americans - Wikipedia Headings: German Americans German Americans From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia German Americans Contents History Colonial era Palatines Louisiana Southeast New England Pennsylvania American Revolution 19th century Jewish Germans Northeastern cities Cities of the Midwest Deep South Texas Germans from Russia Civil War Farmers Politics World Wars Intellectuals World War I anti-German sentiment World War II Contemporary period Demographics By state totals By percentage of total population German-American communities Communities with highest percentages of people of German ancestry Large communities with high percentages of people of German ancestry Communities with the most residents born in Germany Culture Music Turners Media Athletics Religion Language Assimilation The apparent disappearance of German American identity Factors making German Americans susceptible to assimilation Persistence of German language German-American influence Education Notable people German-American presidents See also Notes References Further reading Historiography Primary sources In German External links German-American history and culture German-American organizations Local German-American history and culture Content: There is a "German belt" that extends all the way across the United States, from eastern Pennsylvania to the Oregon coast. Pennsylvania has the largest population of German-Americans in the U.S. and is home to one of the group's original settlements, Germantown (Philadelphia), founded in 1683 and the birthplace of the American antislavery movement in 1688, as well as the revolutionary Battle of Germantown. The state of Pennsylvania has 3.5 million people of German ancestry. They were pulled by the attractions of land and religious freedom, and pushed out of Germany by shortages of land and religious or political oppression. Many arrived seeking religious or political freedom, others for economic opportunities greater than those in Europe, and others for the chance to start fresh in the New World. The arrivals before 1850 were mostly farmers who sought out the most productive land, where their intensive farming techniques would pay off. After 1840, many came to cities, where "Germania"—German-speaking districts—soon emerged. German Americans established the first kindergartens in the United States, introduced the Christmas tree tradition, and introduced popular foods such as hot dogs and hamburgers to America. The great majority of people with some German ancestry have become Americanized; fewer than 5% speak German.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_American
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1125210513#3_1236858325
Title: German Americans - Wikipedia Headings: German Americans German Americans From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia German Americans Contents History Colonial era Palatines Louisiana Southeast New England Pennsylvania American Revolution 19th century Jewish Germans Northeastern cities Cities of the Midwest Deep South Texas Germans from Russia Civil War Farmers Politics World Wars Intellectuals World War I anti-German sentiment World War II Contemporary period Demographics By state totals By percentage of total population German-American communities Communities with highest percentages of people of German ancestry Large communities with high percentages of people of German ancestry Communities with the most residents born in Germany Culture Music Turners Media Athletics Religion Language Assimilation The apparent disappearance of German American identity Factors making German Americans susceptible to assimilation Persistence of German language German-American influence Education Notable people German-American presidents See also Notes References Further reading Historiography Primary sources In German External links German-American history and culture German-American organizations Local German-American history and culture Content: The arrivals before 1850 were mostly farmers who sought out the most productive land, where their intensive farming techniques would pay off. After 1840, many came to cities, where "Germania"—German-speaking districts—soon emerged. German Americans established the first kindergartens in the United States, introduced the Christmas tree tradition, and introduced popular foods such as hot dogs and hamburgers to America. The great majority of people with some German ancestry have become Americanized; fewer than 5% speak German. German-American societies abound, as do celebrations that are held throughout the country to celebrate German heritage of which the German-American Steuben Parade in New York City is one of the most well-known and is held every third Saturday in September. Oktoberfest celebrations and the German-American Day are popular festivities. There are major annual events in cities with German heritage including Chicago, Cincinnati, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, San Antonio and St. Louis . Contents 1 History 1.1 Colonial era 1.1.1 Palatines 1.1.2 Louisiana 1.1.3 Southeast 1.1.4 New England 1.1.5 Pennsylvania 1.2 American Revolution 1.3 19th century 1.3.1 Jewish Germans 1.3.2 Northeastern cities 1.3.3 Cities of the Midwest 1.3.4 Deep South 1.3.5 Texas 1.3.6 Germans from Russia 1.3.7 Civil War 1.3.8 Farmers 1.3.9 Politics 1.4 World Wars 1.4.1 Intellectuals 1.4.2 World War I anti-German sentiment 1.4.3 World War II 1.5 Contemporary period 2 Demographics 2.1 By state totals 2.2 By percentage of total population 2.3 German-American communities 2.3.1 Communities with highest percentages of people of German ancestry 2.3.2 Large communities with high percentages of people of German ancestry 2.3.3 Communities with the most residents born in Germany 3 Culture 3.1 Music 3.2 Turners 3.3 Media 3.4 Athletics 3.5 Religion 3.6 Language 4 Assimilation 4.1 The apparent disappearance of German American identity 4.2 Factors making German Americans susceptible to assimilation 4.3 Persistence of German language 5 German-American influence 6 Education 7 Notable people 7.1 German-American presidents 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Historiography 11.2 Primary sources 11.3 In German 12 External links 12.1 German-American history and culture 12.2 German-American organizations 12.3 Local German-American history and culture History The Germans included many quite distinct subgroups with differing religious and cultural values. Lutherans and Catholics typically opposed Yankee moralizing programs such as the prohibition of beer, and favored paternalistic families with the husband deciding the family position on public affairs.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_American
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1125210513#4_1236862547
Title: German Americans - Wikipedia Headings: German Americans German Americans From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia German Americans Contents History Colonial era Palatines Louisiana Southeast New England Pennsylvania American Revolution 19th century Jewish Germans Northeastern cities Cities of the Midwest Deep South Texas Germans from Russia Civil War Farmers Politics World Wars Intellectuals World War I anti-German sentiment World War II Contemporary period Demographics By state totals By percentage of total population German-American communities Communities with highest percentages of people of German ancestry Large communities with high percentages of people of German ancestry Communities with the most residents born in Germany Culture Music Turners Media Athletics Religion Language Assimilation The apparent disappearance of German American identity Factors making German Americans susceptible to assimilation Persistence of German language German-American influence Education Notable people German-American presidents See also Notes References Further reading Historiography Primary sources In German External links German-American history and culture German-American organizations Local German-American history and culture Content: German-American societies abound, as do celebrations that are held throughout the country to celebrate German heritage of which the German-American Steuben Parade in New York City is one of the most well-known and is held every third Saturday in September. Oktoberfest celebrations and the German-American Day are popular festivities. There are major annual events in cities with German heritage including Chicago, Cincinnati, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, San Antonio and St. Louis . Contents 1 History 1.1 Colonial era 1.1.1 Palatines 1.1.2 Louisiana 1.1.3 Southeast 1.1.4 New England 1.1.5 Pennsylvania 1.2 American Revolution 1.3 19th century 1.3.1 Jewish Germans 1.3.2 Northeastern cities 1.3.3 Cities of the Midwest 1.3.4 Deep South 1.3.5 Texas 1.3.6 Germans from Russia 1.3.7 Civil War 1.3.8 Farmers 1.3.9 Politics 1.4 World Wars 1.4.1 Intellectuals 1.4.2 World War I anti-German sentiment 1.4.3 World War II 1.5 Contemporary period 2 Demographics 2.1 By state totals 2.2 By percentage of total population 2.3 German-American communities 2.3.1 Communities with highest percentages of people of German ancestry 2.3.2 Large communities with high percentages of people of German ancestry 2.3.3 Communities with the most residents born in Germany 3 Culture 3.1 Music 3.2 Turners 3.3 Media 3.4 Athletics 3.5 Religion 3.6 Language 4 Assimilation 4.1 The apparent disappearance of German American identity 4.2 Factors making German Americans susceptible to assimilation 4.3 Persistence of German language 5 German-American influence 6 Education 7 Notable people 7.1 German-American presidents 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Historiography 11.2 Primary sources 11.3 In German 12 External links 12.1 German-American history and culture 12.2 German-American organizations 12.3 Local German-American history and culture History The Germans included many quite distinct subgroups with differing religious and cultural values. Lutherans and Catholics typically opposed Yankee moralizing programs such as the prohibition of beer, and favored paternalistic families with the husband deciding the family position on public affairs. They generally opposed women's suffrage but this was used as argument in favor of suffrage when German Americans became pariahs during World War I. On the other hand, there were Protestant groups who emerged from European pietism such as the German Methodist and United Brethren; they more closely resembled the Yankee Methodists in their moralism. Colonial era The first English settlers arrived at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, and were accompanied by the first German American, Dr. Johannes Fleischer. He was followed in 1608 by five glassmakers and three carpenters or house builders. The first permanent German settlement in what became the United States was Germantown, Pennsylvania, founded near Philadelphia on October 6, 1683.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_American
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1127022625#3_1238277205
Title: German Peasants' War - Wikipedia Headings: German Peasants' War German Peasants' War Contents Background Roman civil law Luther and Müntzer Social classes in the 16th century Holy Roman Empire Princes Lesser nobility Clergy Patricians Burghers Plebeians Peasants Military organizations Army of the Swabian League Peasant armies Peasant resources Causes Threat to prosperity Serfdom Luther's Reformation Class struggle Outbreak in the southwest Insurgency expands Twelve Articles (statement of principles) Course of the war Kempten Insurrection Battle of Leipheim Weinsberg Massacre Massacre at Frankenhausen Battle of Böblingen Battle of Königshofen Siege of Freiburg im Breisgau Second Battle of Würzburg (1525) Closing stages Ultimate failure of the rebellion Historiography Marx and Engels Later historiography See also Notes References Further reading External links Further reading Content: Most of them had little, if any, military experience. Their opposition had experienced military leaders, well-equipped and disciplined armies, and ample funding. The revolt incorporated some principles and rhetoric from the emerging Protestant Reformation, through which the peasants sought influence and freedom. Radical Reformers and Anabaptists, most famously Thomas Müntzer, instigated and supported the revolt. In contrast, Martin Luther and other Magisterial Reformers condemned it and clearly sided with the nobles. In Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants, Luther condemned the violence as the devil's work and called for the nobles to put down the rebels like mad dogs. Historians have interpreted the economic aspects of the German Peasants' War differently, and social and cultural historians continue to disagree on its causes and nature. Contents 1 Background 1.1 Roman civil law 1.2 Luther and Müntzer 1.3 Social classes in the 16th century Holy Roman Empire 1.3.1 Princes 1.3.2 Lesser nobility 1.3.3 Clergy 1.3.4 Patricians 1.3.5 Burghers 1.3.6 Plebeians 1.3.7 Peasants 1.4 Military organizations 1.4.1 Army of the Swabian League 1.4.2 Peasant armies 1.4.3 Peasant resources 2 Causes 2.1 Threat to prosperity 2.2 Serfdom 2.3 Luther's Reformation 2.4 Class struggle 3 Outbreak in the southwest 3.1 Insurgency expands 3.2 Twelve Articles (statement of principles) 4 Course of the war 4.1 Kempten Insurrection 4.2 Battle of Leipheim 4.3 Weinsberg Massacre 4.4 Massacre at Frankenhausen 4.5 Battle of Böblingen 4.6 Battle of Königshofen 4.7 Siege of Freiburg im Breisgau 4.8 Second Battle of Würzburg (1525) 4.9 Closing stages 5 Ultimate failure of the rebellion 6 Historiography 6.1 Marx and Engels 6.2 Later historiography 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links 12 Further reading Background In the sixteenth century, many parts of Europe had common political links within the Holy Roman Empire, a decentralized entity in which the Holy Roman Emperor himself had little authority outside of his own dynastic lands, which covered only a small fraction of the whole. At the time of the Peasants' War, Charles V, King of Spain, held the position of Holy Roman Emperor (elected in 1519). Aristocratic dynasties ruled hundreds of largely independent territories (both secular and ecclesiastical) within the framework of the empire, and several dozen others operated as semi-independent city-states.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1132149829#0_1242492377
Title: German revolutions of 1848–1849 - Wikipedia Headings: German revolutions of 1848–1849 German revolutions of 1848–1849 Contents Events leading up to the revolutions Austria Baden The Palatinate Prussia Saxony The Rhineland or Rhenish Prussia Bavaria Greater Poland National Assembly in Frankfurt Backlash in Prussia Failure of the revolution Peasant success of the revolution In popular culture References Citations Bibliography External links Content: German revolutions of 1848–1849 - Wikipedia German revolutions of 1848–1849 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from German revolutions of 1848–49) Jump to navigation Jump to search For other revolutions in Germany, see German revolution (disambiguation). German part of the Revolutions of 1848 German revolutions of 1848–49 Part of the Revolutions of 1848 Origin of the Flag of Germany: Cheering revolutionaries in Berlin, on March 19, 1848 Date February 1848 – July 1849 Location German states, Central Europe Result Rebellion riot struck down Establish German state and introduce liberal constitution Dissolution of German Confederation Belligerents German Confederation Saxony Prussia German Empire German Revolutionaries Commanders and leaders Frederick Augustus II of Saxony Frederick William IV of Prussia Klemens von Metternich Strength approximately 45,000 German Federal Army Imperial Army 400,000 among peasants and workers The painting Germania, possibly by Philipp Veit, hung inside the Frankfurt parliament, the first national parliament in German history The German revolutions of 1848–49 ( German: Deutsche Revolution 1848/1849 ), the opening phase of which was also called the March Revolution ( German: Märzrevolution ), were initially part of the Revolutions of 1848 that broke out in many European countries. They were a series of loosely coordinated protests and rebellions in the states of the German Confederation, including the Austrian Empire. The revolutions, which stressed pan-Germanism, demonstrated popular discontent with the traditional, largely autocratic political structure of the thirty-nine independent states of the Confederation that inherited the German territory of the former Holy Roman Empire after its dismantlement as a result of the Napoleonic Wars. This process began in the mid 1840s. The middle-class elements were committed to liberal principles, while the working class sought radical improvements to their working and living conditions. As the middle class and working class components of the Revolution split, the conservative aristocracy defeated it.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%9349
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1132149829#1_1242495245
Title: German revolutions of 1848–1849 - Wikipedia Headings: German revolutions of 1848–1849 German revolutions of 1848–1849 Contents Events leading up to the revolutions Austria Baden The Palatinate Prussia Saxony The Rhineland or Rhenish Prussia Bavaria Greater Poland National Assembly in Frankfurt Backlash in Prussia Failure of the revolution Peasant success of the revolution In popular culture References Citations Bibliography External links Content: They were a series of loosely coordinated protests and rebellions in the states of the German Confederation, including the Austrian Empire. The revolutions, which stressed pan-Germanism, demonstrated popular discontent with the traditional, largely autocratic political structure of the thirty-nine independent states of the Confederation that inherited the German territory of the former Holy Roman Empire after its dismantlement as a result of the Napoleonic Wars. This process began in the mid 1840s. The middle-class elements were committed to liberal principles, while the working class sought radical improvements to their working and living conditions. As the middle class and working class components of the Revolution split, the conservative aristocracy defeated it. Liberals were forced into exile to escape political persecution, where they became known as Forty-Eighters. Many emigrated to the United States, settling from Wisconsin to Texas. Contents 1 Events leading up to the revolutions 2 Austria 3 Baden 4 The Palatinate 5 Prussia 6 Saxony 7 The Rhineland or Rhenish Prussia 8 Bavaria 9 Greater Poland 10 National Assembly in Frankfurt 11 Backlash in Prussia 12 Failure of the revolution 13 Peasant success of the revolution 14 In popular culture 15 References 15.1 Citations 15.2 Bibliography 16 External links Events leading up to the revolutions The groundwork of the 1848 uprising was laid as early as the Hambacher Fest of 1832, when public unrest began to grow in the face of heavy taxation and political censorship. The Hambacher Fest is also noteworthy for the Republicans adopting the black-red-gold colours used on today's national flag of Germany as a symbol of the Republican movement and of the unity among the German-speaking people. Activism for liberal reforms spread through many of the German states, each of which had distinct revolutions.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%9349
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1132149829#2_1242497825
Title: German revolutions of 1848–1849 - Wikipedia Headings: German revolutions of 1848–1849 German revolutions of 1848–1849 Contents Events leading up to the revolutions Austria Baden The Palatinate Prussia Saxony The Rhineland or Rhenish Prussia Bavaria Greater Poland National Assembly in Frankfurt Backlash in Prussia Failure of the revolution Peasant success of the revolution In popular culture References Citations Bibliography External links Content: Liberals were forced into exile to escape political persecution, where they became known as Forty-Eighters. Many emigrated to the United States, settling from Wisconsin to Texas. Contents 1 Events leading up to the revolutions 2 Austria 3 Baden 4 The Palatinate 5 Prussia 6 Saxony 7 The Rhineland or Rhenish Prussia 8 Bavaria 9 Greater Poland 10 National Assembly in Frankfurt 11 Backlash in Prussia 12 Failure of the revolution 13 Peasant success of the revolution 14 In popular culture 15 References 15.1 Citations 15.2 Bibliography 16 External links Events leading up to the revolutions The groundwork of the 1848 uprising was laid as early as the Hambacher Fest of 1832, when public unrest began to grow in the face of heavy taxation and political censorship. The Hambacher Fest is also noteworthy for the Republicans adopting the black-red-gold colours used on today's national flag of Germany as a symbol of the Republican movement and of the unity among the German-speaking people. Activism for liberal reforms spread through many of the German states, each of which had distinct revolutions. They were also inspired by the street demonstrations of workers and artisans led in Paris, France, from February 22 through 24, 1848, which resulted in the abdication by King Louis-Philippe of France and his exile in Britain. In France the revolution of 1848 became known as the February Revolution . The revolutions spread from France across Europe; they erupted soon thereafter in Austria and Germany, beginning with the large demonstrations on March 13, 1848, in Vienna. This resulted in the resignation of Prince von Metternich as chief minister to Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria, and his going into exile in Britain.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%9349
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1132149829#4_1242502047
Title: German revolutions of 1848–1849 - Wikipedia Headings: German revolutions of 1848–1849 German revolutions of 1848–1849 Contents Events leading up to the revolutions Austria Baden The Palatinate Prussia Saxony The Rhineland or Rhenish Prussia Bavaria Greater Poland National Assembly in Frankfurt Backlash in Prussia Failure of the revolution Peasant success of the revolution In popular culture References Citations Bibliography External links Content: Because of the date of the Vienna demonstrations, the revolutions in Germany are usually called the March Revolution (German: Märzrevolution ). Fearing the fate of Louis-Philippe, some monarchs in Germany accepted some of the demands of the revolutionaries, at least temporarily. In the south and west, large popular assemblies and mass demonstrations took place. They demanded freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, written constitutions, arming of the people, and a parliament . Austria Main article: Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas In 1848, Austria was the predominant German state. After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, which had been dissolved by Napoleon in 1806, it was succeeded by a similarly loose coalition of states known as the German Confederation at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Austria served as President ex officio of this confederation. German Austrian chancellor Klemens von Metternich had dominated Austrian politics from 1815 until 1848.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%9349
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1132652618#4_1243225922
Title: Unification of Germany - Wikipedia Headings: Unification of Germany Unification of Germany Contents German-speaking Central Europe in the early 19th century Rise of German nationalism under the Napoleonic System Reorganization of Central Europe and the rise of German dualism Problems of reorganization Economic collaboration: the customs union Roads and railways Geography, patriotism and language Vormärz and 19th-century liberalism Hambach Festival: liberal nationalism and conservative response Liberalism and the response to economic problems First efforts at unification German revolutions of 1848 and the Frankfurt Parliament 1848 and the Frankfurt Parliament in retrospective analysis Problem of spheres of influence: The Erfurt Union and the Punctation of Olmütz External expectations of a unified Germany Prussia's growing strength: Realpolitik Founding a unified state The Schleswig-Holstein Question War between Austria and Prussia, 1866 Choosing sides Austria isolated Realpolitik and the North German Confederation War with France Spheres of influence fall apart in Spain Military operations Proclamation of the German Empire Importance in the unification process Political and administrative unification Constituent states of the Empire Political structure of the Empire Historical arguments and the Empire's social anatomy Beyond the political mechanism: forming a nation Kulturkampf Integrating the Jewish community Writing the story of the nation See also References Sources Further reading External links Content: They conclude that factors in addition to the strength of Bismarck's Realpolitik led a collection of early modern polities to reorganize political, economic, military, and diplomatic relationships in the 19th century. Reaction to Danish and French nationalism provided foci for expressions of German unity. Military successes—especially those of Prussia—in three regional wars generated enthusiasm and pride that politicians could harness to promote unification. This experience echoed the memory of mutual accomplishment in the Napoleonic Wars, particularly in the War of Liberation of 1813–14. By establishing a Germany without Austria, the political and administrative unification in 1871 at least temporarily solved the problem of dualism. Part of a series on the History of Germany Topics Chronology Historiography Military history Economic history Women's history Territorial evolution List of German monarchs Early history Germanic peoples Migration Period Frankish Empire Middle Ages East Francia Kingdom of Germany Holy Roman Empire Eastward settlement Early Modern period Sectionalism 18th century Kingdom of Prussia Unification Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Zollverein German revolutions of 1848–49 North German Confederation German Reich German Empire 1871–1918 World War I 1914–1918 Weimar Republic 1918–1933 Nazi Germany 1933–1945 World War II 1939–1945 Contemporary Germany Occupation Ostgebiete 1945–1949/1952 Expulsion of Germans 1944–1950 West - East division 1949–1990 Reunification New states 1990 Modern history since 1990 Germany portal v t e Contents 1 German-speaking Central Europe in the early 19th century 1.1 Rise of German nationalism under the Napoleonic System 1.2 Reorganization of Central Europe and the rise of German dualism 1.3 Problems of reorganization 2 Economic collaboration: the customs union 2.1 Roads and railways 2.2 Geography, patriotism and language 3 Vormärz and 19th-century liberalism 3.1 Hambach Festival: liberal nationalism and conservative response 3.2 Liberalism and the response to economic problems 4 First efforts at unification 4.1 German revolutions of 1848 and the Frankfurt Parliament 4.2 1848 and the Frankfurt Parliament in retrospective analysis 4.3 Problem of spheres of influence: The Erfurt Union and the Punctation of Olmütz 4.4 External expectations of a unified Germany 4.5 Prussia's growing strength: Realpolitik 5 Founding a unified state 5.1 The Schleswig-Holstein Question 5.2 War between Austria and Prussia, 1866 5.2.1 Choosing sides 5.2.2 Austria isolated 5.3 Realpolitik and the North German Confederation 6 War with France 6.1 Spheres of influence fall apart in Spain 6.2 Military operations 6.3 Proclamation of the German Empire 6.4 Importance in the unification process 7 Political and administrative unification 7.1 Constituent states of the Empire 7.2 Political structure of the Empire 7.3 Historical arguments and the Empire's social anatomy 8 Beyond the political mechanism:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_unification
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1132652618#5_1243230825
Title: Unification of Germany - Wikipedia Headings: Unification of Germany Unification of Germany Contents German-speaking Central Europe in the early 19th century Rise of German nationalism under the Napoleonic System Reorganization of Central Europe and the rise of German dualism Problems of reorganization Economic collaboration: the customs union Roads and railways Geography, patriotism and language Vormärz and 19th-century liberalism Hambach Festival: liberal nationalism and conservative response Liberalism and the response to economic problems First efforts at unification German revolutions of 1848 and the Frankfurt Parliament 1848 and the Frankfurt Parliament in retrospective analysis Problem of spheres of influence: The Erfurt Union and the Punctation of Olmütz External expectations of a unified Germany Prussia's growing strength: Realpolitik Founding a unified state The Schleswig-Holstein Question War between Austria and Prussia, 1866 Choosing sides Austria isolated Realpolitik and the North German Confederation War with France Spheres of influence fall apart in Spain Military operations Proclamation of the German Empire Importance in the unification process Political and administrative unification Constituent states of the Empire Political structure of the Empire Historical arguments and the Empire's social anatomy Beyond the political mechanism: forming a nation Kulturkampf Integrating the Jewish community Writing the story of the nation See also References Sources Further reading External links Content: Part of a series on the History of Germany Topics Chronology Historiography Military history Economic history Women's history Territorial evolution List of German monarchs Early history Germanic peoples Migration Period Frankish Empire Middle Ages East Francia Kingdom of Germany Holy Roman Empire Eastward settlement Early Modern period Sectionalism 18th century Kingdom of Prussia Unification Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Zollverein German revolutions of 1848–49 North German Confederation German Reich German Empire 1871–1918 World War I 1914–1918 Weimar Republic 1918–1933 Nazi Germany 1933–1945 World War II 1939–1945 Contemporary Germany Occupation Ostgebiete 1945–1949/1952 Expulsion of Germans 1944–1950 West - East division 1949–1990 Reunification New states 1990 Modern history since 1990 Germany portal v t e Contents 1 German-speaking Central Europe in the early 19th century 1.1 Rise of German nationalism under the Napoleonic System 1.2 Reorganization of Central Europe and the rise of German dualism 1.3 Problems of reorganization 2 Economic collaboration: the customs union 2.1 Roads and railways 2.2 Geography, patriotism and language 3 Vormärz and 19th-century liberalism 3.1 Hambach Festival: liberal nationalism and conservative response 3.2 Liberalism and the response to economic problems 4 First efforts at unification 4.1 German revolutions of 1848 and the Frankfurt Parliament 4.2 1848 and the Frankfurt Parliament in retrospective analysis 4.3 Problem of spheres of influence: The Erfurt Union and the Punctation of Olmütz 4.4 External expectations of a unified Germany 4.5 Prussia's growing strength: Realpolitik 5 Founding a unified state 5.1 The Schleswig-Holstein Question 5.2 War between Austria and Prussia, 1866 5.2.1 Choosing sides 5.2.2 Austria isolated 5.3 Realpolitik and the North German Confederation 6 War with France 6.1 Spheres of influence fall apart in Spain 6.2 Military operations 6.3 Proclamation of the German Empire 6.4 Importance in the unification process 7 Political and administrative unification 7.1 Constituent states of the Empire 7.2 Political structure of the Empire 7.3 Historical arguments and the Empire's social anatomy 8 Beyond the political mechanism: forming a nation 8.1 Kulturkampf 8.2 Integrating the Jewish community 8.3 Writing the story of the nation 9 See also 10 References 11 Sources 12 Further reading 13 External links German-speaking Central Europe in the early 19th century Further information: Holy Roman Empire Map of the Holy Roman Empire in 1789. The map is dominated by the Habsburg Monarchy (orange) and the Kingdom of Prussia (blue), besides a large number of small states (many of them too small to be shown on the map). Prior to 1803, German-speaking Central Europe included more than 300 political entities, most of which were part of the Holy Roman Empire or the extensive Habsburg hereditary dominions. They ranged in size from the small and complex territories of the princely Hohenlohe family branches to sizable, well-defined territories such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Prussia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_unification
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1134583255#4_1244740376
Title: Germany–Netherlands border - Wikipedia Headings: Germany–Netherlands border Germany–Netherlands border Contents Land border Disputes Border crossings Border treaties Prussia and the Netherlands 31 May 1815 26 June and 7 October 1816 23 September 1818 11 December 1868 30 October 1823 11 April 1827 23 June 1843 12 August 1872 22 August 1879 12 May 1880 16 August 1883 1 and 31 August 1882 Hannover and the Netherlands 2 July 1824 12 September 1825 14 and 19 March 1863 Paris Protocol 1949 Treaties with Germany 8 April 1960 See also References External links Content: Ihrhove–Nieuweschans railway Almelo–Salzbergen railway Dortmund–Enschede railway Oberhausen–Arnhem railway Viersen–Venlo railway Sittard–Herzogenrath railway Border treaties The modern border today is the result of centuries of border negotiations and agreements between the states and other political entities in the region, such as the Kingdom of Prussia, Kingdom of Hannover and the United Provinces of the Netherlands, of which Germany and the Netherlands ultimately became the modern day successor states. Many of the border agreements and treaties drawn up between these states were adopted by subsequent treaties and remain in force today. Prussia and the Netherlands Treaties with Prussia largely delimited and provided for the demarcation of the southern portion of the Germany–Netherlands border from Losser south to Vaals. Among the agreements and treaties were: 31 May 1815 Treaty between Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, and Netherlands, signed in Vienna as part of the Congress of Vienna 26 June and 7 October 1816 Boundary Treaties between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Kingdom of the Netherlands signed in Aachen and Cleves 23 September 1818 General Record drawn up between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Prussia concerning the frontier lines, signed in Emmerich 11 December 1868 Treaty between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Prussia concerning the frontier line between the two States at several points between the province of Limburg and the district of Aachen signed in Aachen 30 October 1823 Instruments between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Prussia concerning abolition of the right of pasturage in fallow land (jus compascui) signed in Münster 11 April 1827 Further Agreement between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Prussia modifying the partial frontier along Gelderland fixed by the Agreement of 30 October 1823 and abolishing the right of pasturage in fallow land 23 June 1843 Final Protocol, with annexes, between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Prussia fixing the frontier line between Netterden and Vrasselt; signed in Emmerich 12 August 1872 Agreement between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Prussia defining the frontier line between the Netherlands commune of Dinxperlo and the Prussian commune of Suderwick; signed in Dinxperlo 22 August 1879 Agreement between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Prussia concerning the frontier line between the two States at the Netherlands commune of Winterswijk and the Prussian commune of Barlo, signed in Winterswijk 12 May 1880 Agreement between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Prussia defining the frontier between Eibergen and Ammeloe, signed in Eibergen 16 August 1883 Agreement between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Prussia adjusting the frontier between Eibergen and Ammeloe, signed in Bentheim 1 and 31 August 1882 Agreement between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Prussia fixing the State frontier at and in the section of the Buiten Aa lying between boundary stones No. 202 and 202a, which has been abandoned and filled in as a result of the construction in Netherlands territory of the Nieuwe Statenzijl (New State Dike-lock) signed in Aurich/Groningen; with Additional Declaration in Aurich/Groningen on 27 April and 29 May 1883. Hannover and the Netherlands Treaties with Hannover largely delimited and provided for the demarcation of the northern portion of the Germany–Netherlands border north of Losser.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_border
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1134583255#6_1244748468
Title: Germany–Netherlands border - Wikipedia Headings: Germany–Netherlands border Germany–Netherlands border Contents Land border Disputes Border crossings Border treaties Prussia and the Netherlands 31 May 1815 26 June and 7 October 1816 23 September 1818 11 December 1868 30 October 1823 11 April 1827 23 June 1843 12 August 1872 22 August 1879 12 May 1880 16 August 1883 1 and 31 August 1882 Hannover and the Netherlands 2 July 1824 12 September 1825 14 and 19 March 1863 Paris Protocol 1949 Treaties with Germany 8 April 1960 See also References External links Content: Among the agreements and treaties were: 2 July 1824 Frontier Treaty between the Kingdom of Hanover and the Kingdom of the Netherlands relating to the course of the frontier signed in Meppen 12 September 1825 Instrument between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Hanover defining the frontiers 14 and 19 March 1863 Exchange of declarations between the Netherlands and Hanoverian Governments fixing the frontier line in the Dollard, signed in The Hague and Hannover Paris Protocol 1949 The Paris Protocol of 22 March 1949, following World War II, the commission made 19 provisional changes in the frontier allowing the Netherlands to annex pieces of German territory totaling 26 square miles and 487 acres. The annexation was based on the Report by the Demarcation Commission of the Netherlands–German Frontier, signed at The Hague on 10 December 1949. The Netherlands annexed pieces of German territory as part of Second World War reparations. Treaties with Germany 8 April 1960 "Treaty between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Federal Republic of Germany concerning the course of the common frontier, the boundary waters, real property situated near the frontier, traffic crossing the frontier on land and via inland waters, and other frontier questions", known in short as the "Frontier Treaty", was signed in The Hague. This treaty, which came into effect on 10 June 1963, provided for the return of most of the German territories annexed by the Netherlands under the Paris Protocol of 1949, thus establishing the land boundary of the two countries that exists to this day. See also Dutch annexation of German territory after the Second World War Germany–Netherlands relations References ^ List of treaties provided in the footnotes of "Frontier Treaty between Germany and the Netherlands 1960" (PDF). UN Treaty Series. United Nations. 8 April 1960.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_border
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1134594589#0_1244756579
Title: Germany–Netherlands relations - Wikipedia Headings: Germany–Netherlands relations Germany–Netherlands relations From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents History Present Emigration Country comparison Embassies See also References Further reading External links Content: Germany–Netherlands relations - Wikipedia Germany–Netherlands relations From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Diplomatic relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Kingdom of the Netherlands German–Dutch relations Germany Netherlands Diplomatic mission Embassy of Germany, The Hague Embassy of the Netherlands, Berlin Envoy Ambassador Franz Josef Kremp Ambassador Monique van Daalen German embassy in The Hague, the Netherlands. German–Dutch relations ( German: Deutsch-niederländische Beziehungen; Dutch: Duits-Nederlandse betrekkingen) are diplomatic, military and cultural ties between the bordering nations of Germany and the Netherlands. Relations between the modern states started after Germany became united in 1871. Before that the Netherlands had relations with Prussia and other, smaller German-speaking nations. Contents 1 History 2 Present 3 Emigration 4 Country comparison 5 Embassies 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History During World War I, the German army refrained from attacking the Netherlands, and thus relations between the two states were preserved. At war's end in 1918, the former Kaiser Wilhelm II fled to the Netherlands, where he lived till his death in 1941. The German army occupied the Netherlands during World War II and kept the country under occupation in 1940–1945.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1134594589#1_1244758518
Title: Germany–Netherlands relations - Wikipedia Headings: Germany–Netherlands relations Germany–Netherlands relations From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents History Present Emigration Country comparison Embassies See also References Further reading External links Content: Relations between the modern states started after Germany became united in 1871. Before that the Netherlands had relations with Prussia and other, smaller German-speaking nations. Contents 1 History 2 Present 3 Emigration 4 Country comparison 5 Embassies 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History During World War I, the German army refrained from attacking the Netherlands, and thus relations between the two states were preserved. At war's end in 1918, the former Kaiser Wilhelm II fled to the Netherlands, where he lived till his death in 1941. The German army occupied the Netherlands during World War II and kept the country under occupation in 1940–1945. Adolf Hitler had considered the Netherlands suitable for annexation within the Greater Germanic Reich, viewing the Dutch as a related Germanic people. During this period, nearly three-quarters of the Dutch Jewish population perished in the Holocaust. Anne Frank was the most famous victim, as her diary survived and was published after the war. The Dutch famine of 1944–45, known in the Netherlands as the Hongerwinter (literal translation: hunger winter), was a famine that took place in the German-occupied Netherlands, especially in the densely populated western provinces north of the great rivers, during the winter of 1944–45, near the end of World War II.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1134594589#2_1244760391
Title: Germany–Netherlands relations - Wikipedia Headings: Germany–Netherlands relations Germany–Netherlands relations From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents History Present Emigration Country comparison Embassies See also References Further reading External links Content: Adolf Hitler had considered the Netherlands suitable for annexation within the Greater Germanic Reich, viewing the Dutch as a related Germanic people. During this period, nearly three-quarters of the Dutch Jewish population perished in the Holocaust. Anne Frank was the most famous victim, as her diary survived and was published after the war. The Dutch famine of 1944–45, known in the Netherlands as the Hongerwinter (literal translation: hunger winter), was a famine that took place in the German-occupied Netherlands, especially in the densely populated western provinces north of the great rivers, during the winter of 1944–45, near the end of World War II. A German blockade cut off food and fuel shipments from farm towns. Some 4.5 million were affected and survived thanks to soup kitchens. At least 18–22,000 deaths occurred due to the famine. The famine was alleviated by the liberation of the provinces by the Allies in May 1945. Present Germany has an embassy in The Hague and consuls in Amsterdam, Arnhem, Eindhoven, Enschede, Groningen, Leeuwarden, Maastricht, Noord-Beveland, Rotterdam, while the Netherlands has an embassy in Berlin and consuls in Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich and Stuttgart.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1134594589#3_1244762129
Title: Germany–Netherlands relations - Wikipedia Headings: Germany–Netherlands relations Germany–Netherlands relations From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents History Present Emigration Country comparison Embassies See also References Further reading External links Content: A German blockade cut off food and fuel shipments from farm towns. Some 4.5 million were affected and survived thanks to soup kitchens. At least 18–22,000 deaths occurred due to the famine. The famine was alleviated by the liberation of the provinces by the Allies in May 1945. Present Germany has an embassy in The Hague and consuls in Amsterdam, Arnhem, Eindhoven, Enschede, Groningen, Leeuwarden, Maastricht, Noord-Beveland, Rotterdam, while the Netherlands has an embassy in Berlin and consuls in Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich and Stuttgart. Both nations are members of the European Union and NATO . According to the official website of the Dutch government, relations between the two are currently "excellent", enjoying "close political, economic, social, cultural, administrative and personal ties". Germany is also by far the Netherlands’ main trading partner, both in imports and exports. Emigration As of 2017 [update] , around 164,000 people with a Dutch migration background resided in Germany. Country comparison Germany Netherlands Coat of Arms Flag Population 82,800,000 17,237,700 Area 357,168 km 2 (137,847 sq mi) 41,543 km 2 (16,033 sq mi) Population density 232/km 2 (601/sq mi) 415.1/km 2 (1,075.1/sq mi) Capital Berlin Amsterdam (capital), The Hague (seat of government) Largest city Berlin – 3,690,000 (6,004,857 Metro) Amsterdam – 851,573 (2,431,000 Metro) Government Federal parliamentary republic Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy First Leader Konrad Adenauer William I of the Netherlands (monarch), Gerrit Schimmelpenninck (prime minister) Current Leader Angela Merkel Willem-Alexander (monarch), Mark Rutte (prime minister) Official languages German ( de facto and de jure ) Dutch Main religions 57.9% Christianity, 36.2% non-religious, 4.9% Islam, 1.0% other 50.1% unaffiliated, 23.7% Roman Catholic, 6.5% Dutch Reformed Church, 5.7% Protestant Church in the Netherlands, 3.3% Reformed Churches in the Netherlands, 4.9% Islam, 4.6% other, 0.6% Hinduism, 0.4% Buddhism, 0.1% Judaism Ethnic groups 81.3% German, 3.4% Turkish, 2.3% Polish, 1.5% Russian, 11.5% other 79.3% Dutch, 6.3% other European, 4.9% Indo, 2.4% Turkish, 2.2% Moroccan-Dutch, 2.1% Surinamese, 0.9% Caribbean, 0.3% Chinese, 0.3% Iraqi, 3.9% other GDP (nominal) $3.65 trillion $945.327 billion Embassies The Embassy of Germany is located in The Hague, the Netherlands.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1134594589#4_1244765095
Title: Germany–Netherlands relations - Wikipedia Headings: Germany–Netherlands relations Germany–Netherlands relations From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents History Present Emigration Country comparison Embassies See also References Further reading External links Content: Both nations are members of the European Union and NATO . According to the official website of the Dutch government, relations between the two are currently "excellent", enjoying "close political, economic, social, cultural, administrative and personal ties". Germany is also by far the Netherlands’ main trading partner, both in imports and exports. Emigration As of 2017 [update] , around 164,000 people with a Dutch migration background resided in Germany. Country comparison Germany Netherlands Coat of Arms Flag Population 82,800,000 17,237,700 Area 357,168 km 2 (137,847 sq mi) 41,543 km 2 (16,033 sq mi) Population density 232/km 2 (601/sq mi) 415.1/km 2 (1,075.1/sq mi) Capital Berlin Amsterdam (capital), The Hague (seat of government) Largest city Berlin – 3,690,000 (6,004,857 Metro) Amsterdam – 851,573 (2,431,000 Metro) Government Federal parliamentary republic Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy First Leader Konrad Adenauer William I of the Netherlands (monarch), Gerrit Schimmelpenninck (prime minister) Current Leader Angela Merkel Willem-Alexander (monarch), Mark Rutte (prime minister) Official languages German ( de facto and de jure ) Dutch Main religions 57.9% Christianity, 36.2% non-religious, 4.9% Islam, 1.0% other 50.1% unaffiliated, 23.7% Roman Catholic, 6.5% Dutch Reformed Church, 5.7% Protestant Church in the Netherlands, 3.3% Reformed Churches in the Netherlands, 4.9% Islam, 4.6% other, 0.6% Hinduism, 0.4% Buddhism, 0.1% Judaism Ethnic groups 81.3% German, 3.4% Turkish, 2.3% Polish, 1.5% Russian, 11.5% other 79.3% Dutch, 6.3% other European, 4.9% Indo, 2.4% Turkish, 2.2% Moroccan-Dutch, 2.1% Surinamese, 0.9% Caribbean, 0.3% Chinese, 0.3% Iraqi, 3.9% other GDP (nominal) $3.65 trillion $945.327 billion Embassies The Embassy of Germany is located in The Hague, the Netherlands. The Embassy of the Netherlands is located in Berlin, Germany . See also Germany–Netherlands border Germany–Netherlands football rivalry Germans in the Netherlands Dutchs in Germany References ^ Ambassadeur (in Dutch), Embassy of Germany, The Hague. Retrieved 30 December 2015. ^ Ambassadeur Archived 2013-02-03 at the Wayback Machine (in Dutch), Embassy of the Netherlands, Berlin. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1134594589#6_1244769079
Title: Germany–Netherlands relations - Wikipedia Headings: Germany–Netherlands relations Germany–Netherlands relations From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents History Present Emigration Country comparison Embassies See also References Further reading External links Content: ^ Amry Vandenbosch, Dutch Foreign Policy since 1815 (1959). ^ Rudi Hartmann, "The Anne Frank House in Amsterdam: A museum and literary landscape goes virtual reality." Journalism and Mass Communication 3.10 (2013): 625-644 online. ^ "Uitzending Gemist – Vroeger & Zo De hongerwinter – 1944" (video) (in Dutch). Retrieved 21 July 2012. ^ van der Zee, Henri A. (1998), The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland 1944–1945, University of Nebraska Press, pp. 304–05.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1134594589#7_1244770058
Title: Germany–Netherlands relations - Wikipedia Headings: Germany–Netherlands relations Germany–Netherlands relations From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents History Present Emigration Country comparison Embassies See also References Further reading External links Content: ^ "Uitzending Gemist – Vroeger & Zo De hongerwinter – 1944" (video) (in Dutch). Retrieved 21 July 2012. ^ van der Zee, Henri A. (1998), The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland 1944–1945, University of Nebraska Press, pp. 304–05. ^ Barnouw, David (1999), De hongerwinter, p. 52, ISBN 9789065504463 ^ Henri A. Van Der Zee, ed. The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland, 1944-1945 (U of Nebraska Press, 1998). ^ [1] ^ "Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im engeren Sinne nach ausgewählten Herkunftsländern". Statistisches Bundesamt.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1134594589#16_1244778508
Title: Germany–Netherlands relations - Wikipedia Headings: Germany–Netherlands relations Germany–Netherlands relations From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents History Present Emigration Country comparison Embassies See also References Further reading External links Content: Jewish Refugees in the Netherlands 1933–1940: The Structure and Pattern of Immigration from Nazi Germany." Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 29.1 (1984): 73-101. Pearson, Frederic S. Weak State in International Crisis: The Case of the Netherlands in the German Invasion Crisis of 1939-40 (1981). Steinberg, Jonathan. " A German Plan for the Invasion of Holland and Belgium, 1897." Historical Journal 6.1 (1963): 107–119.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1134594589#20_1244784299
Title: Germany–Netherlands relations - Wikipedia Headings: Germany–Netherlands relations Germany–Netherlands relations From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents History Present Emigration Country comparison Embassies See also References Further reading External links Content: Occupied Holland, 1944-1945 (U of Nebraska Press, 1998). Van Kleffens, Eelco Nicolaas. Juggernaut over Holland : the Dutch foreign minister's personal story of the invasion of the Netherlands (Columbia University Press, 1942) Warmbrunn, Werner The Dutch Under German Occupation, 1940-1945 (Stanford University Press, 1963) External links "Ups and downs between Germany and the Netherlands" (Deutsche Welle DW) v t e Foreign relations of Germany Africa Egypt Kenya Libya Namibia South Africa Americas Argentina Barbados Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Jamaica Mexico Paraguay United States Uruguay Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Brunei China Georgia Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq ( Kurdistan Region) Israel ( Consuls in Haifa and Eilat) Japan Kazakhstan Malaysia Mongolia North Korea Pakistan Philippines Qatar Singapore South Korea Turkey United Arab Emirates Vietnam Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Greece Holy See Hungary Ireland Italy Kosovo Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Historical Ottoman Empire ( Consuls in Jerusalem, Haifa and Jaffa) German entry into World War I Munich Agreement China before 1941 Soviet Union before 1941 Ostpolitik Yugoslavia Other Federal Foreign Office Foreign ministers of Germany Diplomatic missions of / in Germany Germany and the United Nations v t e Foreign relations of the Netherlands Africa Kenya Mali Morocco South Africa Americas Canada Mexico Suriname United States Uruguay Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh China Georgia India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Kazakhstan Kurdistan Region Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Saudi Arabia Singapore Taiwan Turkey Vietnam Europe Albania Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Kosovo Poland Romania Russia Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand This article about bilateral relations is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.o
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1134851674#10_1245031969
Title: Germany–United States relations - Wikipedia Headings: Germany–United States relations Germany–United States relations Contents Overview History German immigration to the United States 1683–1848 1848–1914 Since 1914 Diplomacy and trade After 1871 Porkwar and protectionism Samoan crisis Caribbean 1900–1919 World War I Interwar period 1920s Nazi era 1933–41 Nazi Germany Cold War West Germany East Germany Reunification 1989-1990 Reunified Germany Perceptions and values in the two countries Anti-Americanism Military relations History Today Economic relations Cultural relations Research and academia American cultural institutions in Germany Diplomatic missions See also Notable organizations References Bibliography Pre 1933 1933–1941 After 1941 Historiography External links Content: They are the most common self-reported ethnic group in the Northern United States, especially in the Midwest. In most of the South, German Americans are less common, with the exception of Florida and Texas . 1683–1848 The first records of German immigration date back to the 17th century and the foundation of Germantown, now part of Philadelphia, in 1683. Immigration from Germany reached its first peak between 1749 and 1754, when approximately 37,000 Germans came to North America. 1848–1914 Since 1848, about seven million Germans have emigrated to the United States. Many of them settled in the cities of Baltimore, Chicago, Detroit and New York City . The failed German Revolutions of 1848 into 1849 (accompanied by similar upheavals that same pivotal year in the rest of Europe) accelerated emigration from Germany and the German Confederation. Those Germans who left as a result of the revolution were called the Forty-Eighters. Between the revolution and the start of World War I (1914–1918), over 70 years later, over one million Germans settled in the United States. They endured hardship as a result of overcrowded ships, and typhus fever spread rapidly throughout the ships due to the cramped conditions.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1134851674#11_1245034274
Title: Germany–United States relations - Wikipedia Headings: Germany–United States relations Germany–United States relations Contents Overview History German immigration to the United States 1683–1848 1848–1914 Since 1914 Diplomacy and trade After 1871 Porkwar and protectionism Samoan crisis Caribbean 1900–1919 World War I Interwar period 1920s Nazi era 1933–41 Nazi Germany Cold War West Germany East Germany Reunification 1989-1990 Reunified Germany Perceptions and values in the two countries Anti-Americanism Military relations History Today Economic relations Cultural relations Research and academia American cultural institutions in Germany Diplomatic missions See also Notable organizations References Bibliography Pre 1933 1933–1941 After 1941 Historiography External links Content: Many of them settled in the cities of Baltimore, Chicago, Detroit and New York City . The failed German Revolutions of 1848 into 1849 (accompanied by similar upheavals that same pivotal year in the rest of Europe) accelerated emigration from Germany and the German Confederation. Those Germans who left as a result of the revolution were called the Forty-Eighters. Between the revolution and the start of World War I (1914–1918), over 70 years later, over one million Germans settled in the United States. They endured hardship as a result of overcrowded ships, and typhus fever spread rapidly throughout the ships due to the cramped conditions. On average, it took Germans six months to get to the New World, and many died on the journey. By 1890 more than 40 percent of the population of the cities of Cleveland, Milwaukee, Hoboken and Cincinnati were of German origin. By the end of the 19th century, Germans formed the largest self-described ethnic group in the United States and their customs became a strong element in American society and culture. Political participation of German-Americans was focused on involvement in the labor movement. Germans in America had a strong influence on the labor movement in the United States.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1134851674#12_1245036584
Title: Germany–United States relations - Wikipedia Headings: Germany–United States relations Germany–United States relations Contents Overview History German immigration to the United States 1683–1848 1848–1914 Since 1914 Diplomacy and trade After 1871 Porkwar and protectionism Samoan crisis Caribbean 1900–1919 World War I Interwar period 1920s Nazi era 1933–41 Nazi Germany Cold War West Germany East Germany Reunification 1989-1990 Reunified Germany Perceptions and values in the two countries Anti-Americanism Military relations History Today Economic relations Cultural relations Research and academia American cultural institutions in Germany Diplomatic missions See also Notable organizations References Bibliography Pre 1933 1933–1941 After 1941 Historiography External links Content: On average, it took Germans six months to get to the New World, and many died on the journey. By 1890 more than 40 percent of the population of the cities of Cleveland, Milwaukee, Hoboken and Cincinnati were of German origin. By the end of the 19th century, Germans formed the largest self-described ethnic group in the United States and their customs became a strong element in American society and culture. Political participation of German-Americans was focused on involvement in the labor movement. Germans in America had a strong influence on the labor movement in the United States. Newly founded labor unions enabled German immigrants to improve their working conditions and to integrate into American society. Since 1914 A combination of patriotism and anti-German sentiment along with civil strife during both world wars caused most German-Americans to cut their former ties and assimilate into mainstream American culture with disbanding of German cultural, genealogical, and historical groups; the study and teaching of the German language and history in high schools, colleges, universities; and the removal of several German-related monuments and placenames. During Nazi Germany and the Third Reich (1933–1945) before and during World War II (1939–1945), Germany had another major emigration wave of German Jews and other political anti-Nazi refugees leaving the Reich and even the continent.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1135104328#1_1245229792
Title: History of Germany - Wikipedia Headings: History of Germany History of Germany Contents Prehistory Early cultures Germanic tribes, 750 BC – 768 AD Migration and conquest Collision with the Roman Empire Stem duchies and marches Frankish Empire Middle Ages Foundation of the Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire, maps Otto the Great Hanseatic League Eastward expansion Church and state Change and reform Towns and cities Towns and cities of the Medieval and Early Modern Holy Roman Empire Women Learning and culture influential German speaking authors, artists and scholars of the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance Early modern Germany Protestant Reformation Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648 Culture and literacy Science Scientists, scholars and artists of the Early modern period in Germany 1648–1815 Rise of Prussia Wars Enlightened absolutism Smaller states Nobility Peasants and rural life Bourgeois values spread to rural Germany Enlightenment Women French Revolution, 1789–1815 French consulate suzereignity Imperial French suzereignity 1815–1871 Overview German Confederation Society and economy Population Industrialization Urbanization Railways Newspapers and magazines Science and culture during the 18th and 19th century 18th- and 19th-century German artists, scientists and philosophers Religion Politics of restoration and revolution After Napoleon 1848 1850s Bismarck takes charge (1862–1866) North German Confederation, 1866–1871 German Empire, 1871–1918 Overview Bismarck era The new empire A federal empire A three class system Kulturkampf Foreign policies and relations Wilhelminian Era (1888–1918) Wilhelm II Alliances and diplomacy Economy Women Colonies World War I Causes Western Front Eastern Front 1918 Homefront Revolution 1918 Weimar Republic, 1919–1933 Overview The early years Reparations Economic collapse and political problems, 1929–1933 Science and culture in 19th and 20th century 19th and 20th century German authors, scientists and philosophers Nazi Germany, 1933–1945 Establishment of the Nazi regime Antisemitism and the Holocaust Military Women Foreign policy World War II Germany during the Cold War, 1945–1990 Expulsion Post-war chaos East Germany West Germany (Bonn Republic) Economic miracle Refugee settlements 1948 currency reform Adenauer Erhard Grand coalition Guest workers Brandt and Ostpolitik Economic crisis of 1970s Kohl Reunification Federal Republic of Germany, 1990–present Schröder Merkel Historiography Sonderweg debate See also Notes Citations References Encyclopedia Journals Atlas and maps Further reading Surveys Medieval Reformation Early Modern to 1815 1815–1890 1890–1933 Nazi era Since 1945 Primary sources GDR Historiography Content: In the Late Middle Ages, the regional dukes, princes, and bishops gained power at the expense of the emperors. Martin Luther led the Protestant Reformation within the Catholic Church after 1517, as the northern states became Protestant, while the southern states remained Catholic. The two parts of the Holy Roman Empire clashed in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), which was ruinous to the twenty million civilians living in both parts. The Thirty Years' War brought tremendous destruction to Germany; more than 1/4 of the population and 1/2 of the male population in the German states were killed by the catastrophic war. The estates of the Holy Roman Empire attained an high extent of autonomy in the Peace of Westphalia, some of them being capable of their own foreign policies or controlling land outside of the Empire, the most important being Austria, Prussia, Bavaria or Saxony. With the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars from 1803 to 1815, feudalism fell away by reforms and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. Thereafter liberalism and nationalism clashed with reaction. The German revolutions of 1848–49 failed. The Industrial Revolution modernized the German economy, led to the rapid growth of cities and the emergence of the socialist movement in Germany.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_in_the_Middle_Ages
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1135104328#2_1245234192
Title: History of Germany - Wikipedia Headings: History of Germany History of Germany Contents Prehistory Early cultures Germanic tribes, 750 BC – 768 AD Migration and conquest Collision with the Roman Empire Stem duchies and marches Frankish Empire Middle Ages Foundation of the Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire, maps Otto the Great Hanseatic League Eastward expansion Church and state Change and reform Towns and cities Towns and cities of the Medieval and Early Modern Holy Roman Empire Women Learning and culture influential German speaking authors, artists and scholars of the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance Early modern Germany Protestant Reformation Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648 Culture and literacy Science Scientists, scholars and artists of the Early modern period in Germany 1648–1815 Rise of Prussia Wars Enlightened absolutism Smaller states Nobility Peasants and rural life Bourgeois values spread to rural Germany Enlightenment Women French Revolution, 1789–1815 French consulate suzereignity Imperial French suzereignity 1815–1871 Overview German Confederation Society and economy Population Industrialization Urbanization Railways Newspapers and magazines Science and culture during the 18th and 19th century 18th- and 19th-century German artists, scientists and philosophers Religion Politics of restoration and revolution After Napoleon 1848 1850s Bismarck takes charge (1862–1866) North German Confederation, 1866–1871 German Empire, 1871–1918 Overview Bismarck era The new empire A federal empire A three class system Kulturkampf Foreign policies and relations Wilhelminian Era (1888–1918) Wilhelm II Alliances and diplomacy Economy Women Colonies World War I Causes Western Front Eastern Front 1918 Homefront Revolution 1918 Weimar Republic, 1919–1933 Overview The early years Reparations Economic collapse and political problems, 1929–1933 Science and culture in 19th and 20th century 19th and 20th century German authors, scientists and philosophers Nazi Germany, 1933–1945 Establishment of the Nazi regime Antisemitism and the Holocaust Military Women Foreign policy World War II Germany during the Cold War, 1945–1990 Expulsion Post-war chaos East Germany West Germany (Bonn Republic) Economic miracle Refugee settlements 1948 currency reform Adenauer Erhard Grand coalition Guest workers Brandt and Ostpolitik Economic crisis of 1970s Kohl Reunification Federal Republic of Germany, 1990–present Schröder Merkel Historiography Sonderweg debate See also Notes Citations References Encyclopedia Journals Atlas and maps Further reading Surveys Medieval Reformation Early Modern to 1815 1815–1890 1890–1933 Nazi era Since 1945 Primary sources GDR Historiography Content: The estates of the Holy Roman Empire attained an high extent of autonomy in the Peace of Westphalia, some of them being capable of their own foreign policies or controlling land outside of the Empire, the most important being Austria, Prussia, Bavaria or Saxony. With the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars from 1803 to 1815, feudalism fell away by reforms and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. Thereafter liberalism and nationalism clashed with reaction. The German revolutions of 1848–49 failed. The Industrial Revolution modernized the German economy, led to the rapid growth of cities and the emergence of the socialist movement in Germany. Prussia, with its capital Berlin, grew in power. German universities became world-class centers for science and humanities, while music and art flourished. The unification of Germany (excluding Austria and the German-speaking areas of Switzerland) was achieved under the leadership of the Chancellor Otto von Bismarck with the formation of the German Empire in 1871. This resulted in the Kleindeutsche Lösung, ("small Germany solution", Germany without Austria), rather than the Großdeutsche Lösung, ("greater Germany solution", Germany with Austria). The new Reichstag, an elected parliament, had only a limited role in the imperial government.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_in_the_Middle_Ages
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1145493491#11_1257199268
Title: Ghost town - Wikipedia Headings: Ghost town Ghost town Contents Definition Reasons for abandonment Economic activity shifting elsewhere Human intervention Flooding by dams Massacres Disasters, actual and anticipated Disease and contamination Ghost town repopulation Around the world Africa Asia Antarctica Europe North America Canada United States South America Oceania See also References Bibliography Further reading External links Content: Many houses and even a few barns remain, used for housing visiting scientists and storing maintenance equipment, while roads that used to cross through the site have been blocked off at the edges of the property, with gatehouses or barricades to prevent unsupervised access. Flooding by dams Construction of dams has produced ghost towns that have been left underwater. Examples include the settlement of Loyston, Tennessee, U.S., inundated by the creation of Norris Dam. The town was reorganised and reconstructed on nearby higher ground. Other examples are The Lost Villages of Ontario flooded by Saint Lawrence Seaway construction in 1958, the hamlets of Nether Hambleton and Middle Hambleton in Rutland, England, which were flooded to create Rutland Water, and the villages of Ashopton and Derwent, England, flooded during the construction of the Ladybower Reservoir. Mologa in Russia was flooded by the creation of Rybinsk reservoir, and in France the Tignes Dam flooded the village of Tignes, displacing 78 families. Many ancient villages had to be abandoned during construction of the Three Gorges Dam in China, leading to the displacement of many rural people. In the Costa Rican province of Guanacaste, the town of Arenal was rebuilt to make room for the man-made Lake Arenal. The old town now lies submerged below the lake. Old Adaminaby was flooded by a dam of the Snowy River Scheme.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_town
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1145493491#12_1257201305
Title: Ghost town - Wikipedia Headings: Ghost town Ghost town Contents Definition Reasons for abandonment Economic activity shifting elsewhere Human intervention Flooding by dams Massacres Disasters, actual and anticipated Disease and contamination Ghost town repopulation Around the world Africa Asia Antarctica Europe North America Canada United States South America Oceania See also References Bibliography Further reading External links Content: Mologa in Russia was flooded by the creation of Rybinsk reservoir, and in France the Tignes Dam flooded the village of Tignes, displacing 78 families. Many ancient villages had to be abandoned during construction of the Three Gorges Dam in China, leading to the displacement of many rural people. In the Costa Rican province of Guanacaste, the town of Arenal was rebuilt to make room for the man-made Lake Arenal. The old town now lies submerged below the lake. Old Adaminaby was flooded by a dam of the Snowy River Scheme. Construction of the Aswan High Dam on the Nile River in Egypt submerged archaeological sites and ancient settlements such as Buhen under Lake Nasser. Another example of towns left underwater is Tehri; by the construction of the Tehri Dam in the Indian state of Uttarakhand . Massacres N
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_town
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1154400715#13_1267612182
Title: Gilbert, West Virginia - Wikipedia Headings: Gilbert, West Virginia Gilbert, West Virginia Contents Geography Demographics 2010 census 2000 census Notable people References External links Content: ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gilbert, West Virginia. Town of Gilbert Government Website Gilbert Convention and Visitors Bureau Website v t e Municipalities and communities of Mingo County, West Virginia, United States County seat: Williamson City Williamson Towns Delbarton Gilbert Kermit Matewan CDPs Chattaroy Gilbert Creek Justice Red Jacket Other communities Ajax Baisden Belo Bias Blackberry City Blocton Borderland Breeden Burch Calico Canterbury Cedar Cinderella Delorme Devon Dingess Fairview Gilbert Glen Alum Goodman Greyeagle Hampden Hinch Horsepen Isaban ‡ Kirk Lando Mines Lenore Lobata Lowney Lynn Maher Meador Merrimac Musick Myrtle Naugatuck New Thacker Newtown Nolan North Matewan Parsley Pie Puritan Mines Ragland Rapp Rawl Selwyn Slabtown Sprattsville Sprigg Surosa Tamcliff Taylorville Thacker Thacker Mines Trace Varney Verner Vulcan War Eagle Wharncliffe Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties United States portal v t e Municipalities of West Virginia Cities Beckley Benwood Bluefield Bridgeport Buckhannon Cameron Ceredo Charles Town Charleston Chester Clarksburg Dunbar Elkins Fairmont Follansbee Gary Glen Dale Grafton Hinton Huntington Hurricane Kenova Keyser Kingwood Lewisburg Logan Madison Mannington Marmet Martinsburg McMechen Montgomery Morgantown Moundsville Mount Hope Mullens New Cumberland New Martinsville Nitro Oak Hill Paden City Parkersburg Parsons Pennsboro Petersburg Philippi Pleasant Valley Point Pleasant Princeton Ranson Ravenswood Richwood Ripley Romney Ronceverte Salem Shinnston Sistersville Smithers South Charleston Spencer St. Albans St. Marys Stonewood Thomas Vienna War Weirton Welch Wellsburg Weston Westover Wheeling White Sulphur Springs Williamson Williamstown Towns Addison (Webster Springs) Albright Alderson Anawalt Anmoore Ansted Athens Auburn Bancroft Barrackville Belmont Bath (Berkeley Springs) Bayard Belington Belle Bethany Beverly Blacksville Bolivar Bradshaw Bramwell Brandonville Bruceton Mills Buffalo Burnsville Cairo Camden-on-Gauley Capon Bridge Carpendale Cedar Grove Chapmanville Chesapeake Clay Clendenin Cowen Danville Davis Davy Delbarton Durbin East Bank Eleanor Elizabeth Elk Garden Ellenboro Fairview Falling Spring Farmington Fayetteville Flatwoods Flemington Fort Gay Franklin Friendly Gassaway Gauley Bridge Gilbert Glasgow Glenville Grant Town Grantsville Granville Hambleton Hamlin Handley Harman Harpers Ferry Harrisville Hartford City Hedgesville Henderson Hendricks Hillsboro Hundred Huttonsville Iaeger Jane Lew Junior Kermit Kimball Leon Lester Lost Creek Lumberport Mabscott Man Marlinton Mason Masontown Matewan Matoaka Meadow Bridge Middlebourne Mill Creek Milton Mitchell Heights Monongah Montrose Moorefield New Haven Newburg North Hills Northfork Nutter Fort Oakvale Oceana Paw Paw Pax Peterstown Piedmont Pine Grove Pineville Poca Pratt Pullman Quinwood Rainelle Reedsville Reedy Ridgeley Rivesville Rowlesburg Rupert Sand Fork Shepherdstown Smithfield Sophia Star City Summersville Sutton Sylvester Terra Alta Thurmond Triadelphia Tunnelton Union Wardensville Wayne West Hamlin West Liberty West Logan West Milford West Union White Hall Whitesville Winfield Womelsdorf (Coalton) Worthington Villages Barboursville Beech Bottom Bethlehem Clearview Valley Grove Windsor Heights Authority control LCCN: n94083094 VIAF: 145574455 WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 145574455 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilbert,_West_Virginia&oldid=1005799350 " Categories: Towns in Mingo County, West Virginia Towns in West Virginia Populated places on the Guyandotte River Hidden categories:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert,_West_Virginia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1169246726#14_1285224961
Title: Glasgow, West Virginia - Wikipedia Headings: Glasgow, West Virginia Glasgow, West Virginia Contents Geography Demographics 2010 census 2000 census References Content: Archived from the original on 2012-01-25. Retrieved 2013-01-24. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. v t e Municipalities and communities of Kanawha County, West Virginia, United States County seat: Charleston Cities Charleston Dunbar Marmet Montgomery ‡ Nitro ‡ St. Albans Smithers ‡ South Charleston Towns Belle Cedar Grove Chesapeake Clendenin East Bank Glasgow Handley Pratt CDPs Alum Creek ‡ Big Chimney Chelyan Coal Fork Cross Lanes Elkview Jefferson Pinch Rand Shrewsbury Sissonville Tornado Unincorporated communities Aarons Acme Acup Airport Village Amandaville Amelia Annfred Apgah Barren Creek Blackhawk Blakeley Blount Blue Creek Blundon Bream Brounland Burnwell Cabin Creek Carbon Carney Cinco Coal Coalburg Coalridge Coco Copenhaver Corton Crede Crown Hill Davis Creek Dawes Decota Dial Diamond Dickinson Donwood ‡ Dry Branch Dungriff Dupont City East Nitro East Side Edgewood Elk Elk Forest Elk Hills Emmons ‡ Eskdale Etowah Falling Rock Ferrell Fivemile Forest Hills Forks of Coal Fort Hill Frame Fuquay Gallagher Gazil Giles Green Valley Greencastle Grippe Guthrie Hansford Heatherman Hernshaw Hicumbottom Highlawn Hillsdale Hitop Holly Hollygrove Hollyhurst Hugheston Indian Institute Island Branch Ivydale Jarrett Jarretts Ford Joplin Kayford Kelly Hill Kendalia Laing Leewood Legg Lico Lincoln Livingston London Loudendale Lower Belle Lower Falls Malden Mammoth Meadowbrook Miami Milliken Mink Shoals Monarch Mound Notomine Nuckolls Ohley Olcott Pentacre Pocatalico Pond Gap Port Amherst Putney Quarrier Quick Reamer Red Warrior Rensford Republic River Bend Riverside Rocky Fork Rock Lake Village Ronda Rosina Ruth Ruthdale Rutledge Sanderson Sandy Sattes Schrader Sharon Snow Hill Sproul Standard Tad Three Mile Turner Twomile Tyler Heights Tyler Mountain United Victor Walgrove Wallace Ward Weir Wellford Wevaco Whittaker Wilson Winifrede Youngs Bottom Ghost towns Morris Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties United States portal v t e Municipalities of West Virginia Cities Beckley Benwood Bluefield Bridgeport Buckhannon Cameron Ceredo Charles Town Charleston Chester Clarksburg Dunbar Elkins Fairmont Follansbee Gary Glen Dale Grafton Hinton Huntington Hurricane Kenova Keyser Kingwood Lewisburg Logan Madison Mannington Marmet Martinsburg McMechen Montgomery Morgantown Moundsville Mount Hope Mullens New Cumberland New Martinsville Nitro Oak Hill Paden City Parkersburg Parsons Pennsboro Petersburg Philippi Pleasant Valley Point Pleasant Princeton Ranson Ravenswood Richwood Ripley Romney Ronceverte Salem Shinnston Sistersville Smithers South Charleston Spencer St. Albans St. Marys Stonewood Thomas Vienna War Weirton Welch Wellsburg Weston Westover Wheeling White Sulphur Springs Williamson Williamstown Towns Addison (Webster Springs) Albright Alderson Anawalt Anmoore Ansted Athens Auburn Bancroft Barrackville Belmont Bath (Berkeley Springs) Bayard Belington Belle Bethany Beverly Blacksville Bolivar Bradshaw Bramwell Brandonville Bruceton Mills Buffalo Burnsville Cairo Camden-on-Gauley Capon Bridge Carpendale Cedar Grove Chapmanville Chesapeake Clay Clendenin Cowen Danville Davis Davy Delbarton Durbin East Bank Eleanor Elizabeth Elk Garden Ellenboro Fairview Falling Spring Farmington Fayetteville Flatwoods Flemington Fort Gay Franklin Friendly Gassaway Gauley Bridge Gilbert Glasgow Glenville Grant Town Grantsville Granville Hambleton Hamlin Handley Harman Harpers Ferry Harrisville Hartford City Hedgesville Henderson Hendricks Hillsboro Hundred Huttonsville Iaeger Jane Lew Junior Kermit Kimball Leon Lester Lost Creek Lumberport Mabscott Man Marlinton Mason Masontown Matewan Matoaka Meadow Bridge Middlebourne Mill Creek Milton Mitchell Heights Monongah Montrose Moorefield New Haven Newburg North Hills Northfork Nutter Fort Oakvale Oceana Paw Paw Pax Peterstown Piedmont Pine Grove Pineville Poca Pratt Pullman Quinwood Rainelle Reedsville Reedy Ridgeley Rivesville Rowlesburg Rupert Sand Fork Shepherdstown Smithfield Sophia Star City Summersville Sutton Sylvester Terra Alta Thurmond Triadelphia Tunnelton Union Wardensville Wayne West Hamlin West Liberty West Logan West Milford West Union White Hall Whitesville Winfield Womelsdorf (Coalton) Worthington Villages Barboursville Beech Bottom Bethlehem Clearview Valle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,_West_Virginia
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1176743788#0_1293371794
Title: Glienicke Bridge - Wikipedia Headings: Glienicke Bridge Glienicke Bridge Contents Location History Cold War Bridge of Spies In popular culture Gallery See also References External links Content: Glienicke Bridge - Wikipedia Glienicke Bridge From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Bridge across the Havel River in Germany, connecting the Wannsee district of Berlin with the Brandenburg capital Potsdam Glienicke Bridge Glienicker Brücke Glienicke Bridge connecting Potsdam and Berlin, seen from Babelsberg Park Coordinates 52°24′48″N 13°05′24″E  /  52.413431°N 13.090114°E  / 52.413431; 13.090114 Coordinates: 52°24′48″N 13°05′24″E  /  52.413431°N 13.090114°E  / 52.413431; 13.090114 Carries Bundesstraße 1 Crosses Havel River Begins Wannsee Ends Potsdam Other name (s) Bridge of Spies Named for Glienicke Palace Website www .glienicke-bridge .com History Opened 1907 Location The Glienicke Bridge ( German: Glienicker Brücke, German pronunciation (help·info)) is a bridge across the Havel River in Germany, connecting the Wannsee district of Berlin with the Brandenburg capital Potsdam. It is named after nearby Glienicke Palace. The current bridge, the fourth on the site, was completed in 1907, although major reconstruction was necessary after it was damaged during World War II. During the Cold War, as this portion of the Havel River formed the border between West Berlin and East Germany, the bridge was used several times for the exchange of captured spies and thus became known as the Bridge of Spies . Contents 1 Location 2 History 2.1 Cold War 2.2 Bridge of Spies 3 In popular culture 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Location Glienicke Bridge, looking east The bridge spans the Havel narrows between the Jungfernsee (lake) to the north and the Glienicker Lake to the south. It carries the Bundesstraße 1 highway.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glienicke_Bridge
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1176743788#1_1293374041
Title: Glienicke Bridge - Wikipedia Headings: Glienicke Bridge Glienicke Bridge Contents Location History Cold War Bridge of Spies In popular culture Gallery See also References External links Content: It is named after nearby Glienicke Palace. The current bridge, the fourth on the site, was completed in 1907, although major reconstruction was necessary after it was damaged during World War II. During the Cold War, as this portion of the Havel River formed the border between West Berlin and East Germany, the bridge was used several times for the exchange of captured spies and thus became known as the Bridge of Spies . Contents 1 Location 2 History 2.1 Cold War 2.2 Bridge of Spies 3 In popular culture 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Location Glienicke Bridge, looking east The bridge spans the Havel narrows between the Jungfernsee (lake) to the north and the Glienicker Lake to the south. It carries the Bundesstraße 1 highway. The Glienicke Palace and Jagdschloss Glienicke are situated (across the highway from each other) near the east (Berlin) end of the bridge. Potsdam tram route 93 from Potsdam main station and Berlin bus route 316 from Wannsee station terminate and interconnect at a tram stop on the Potsdam end of the bridge. The respective Potsdam and Wannsee stations are served by the Berlin S-Bahn and by longer distance trains. History Glienicke Bridge, painting by Franz Xaver Sandmann, 1845 A first wooden bridge across the Havel River at this location was built about 1660, in order to reach the hunting grounds around Stolpe. By the early 1800s, a new, non-wooden bridge was needed to accommodate the massive increase in traffic on the chaussee between the Prussian capital Berlin and the Hohenzollern residence in Potsdam.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glienicke_Bridge
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1176743788#3_1293377912
Title: Glienicke Bridge - Wikipedia Headings: Glienicke Bridge Glienicke Bridge Contents Location History Cold War Bridge of Spies In popular culture Gallery See also References External links Content: The architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel designed a brick and wood bascule bridge, which was finished in 1834. By the early 20th century, Schinkel's bridge was no longer able to handle the increased volume in traffic, and operating the moveable sections of the bridge caused delays in steamer traffic on the Havel River. In 1904, the Prussian government held a design competition to replace Schinkel's bridge with a modern, iron bridge. The Johann Caspar Harkort Company of Duisburg submitted the winning design, and the present-day bridge was inaugurated on 16 November 1907. The German film studio UFA shot the film Unter den Brücken (Under the Bridges) at the Glienicke Bridge in 1944 and 1945. At the end of April 1945, an unexploded shell severely damaged the bridge. The reconstruction of the steel bridge was not completed until 1949, after the establishment of West Germany and East Germany. The East German government named it the “Bridge of Unity" as the border between East Germany and Western Allied-occupied West Berlin ran across the middle of the bridge. Cold War During the early years of the Cold War, the bridge was mainly used by the Allies as a link between their Berlin sections and the military liaison missions in Potsdam. German residents of the two cities more frequently used the S-Bahn suburban rail to travel between Berlin and Potsdam.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glienicke_Bridge
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1176743788#4_1293379668
Title: Glienicke Bridge - Wikipedia Headings: Glienicke Bridge Glienicke Bridge Contents Location History Cold War Bridge of Spies In popular culture Gallery See also References External links Content: At the end of April 1945, an unexploded shell severely damaged the bridge. The reconstruction of the steel bridge was not completed until 1949, after the establishment of West Germany and East Germany. The East German government named it the “Bridge of Unity" as the border between East Germany and Western Allied-occupied West Berlin ran across the middle of the bridge. Cold War During the early years of the Cold War, the bridge was mainly used by the Allies as a link between their Berlin sections and the military liaison missions in Potsdam. German residents of the two cities more frequently used the S-Bahn suburban rail to travel between Berlin and Potsdam. On 27 May 1952, East German authorities closed the bridge to citizens of West Berlin and West Germany. The bridge was closed to East German citizens after the construction of the Berlin Wall in August 1961. Only allied military personnel and foreign diplomats were allowed to access the bridge at any time. Of all the checkpoints between West Berlin and East Berlin, as well as those between West Berlin and East Germany, the Glienicke Bridge had the uniqueness of being the only such checkpoint of not only having a Soviet presence, but also of being under full Soviet control; all other checkpoints were under East German control, and had no Soviet presence.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glienicke_Bridge
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1206015539#6_1326651241
Title: Going-to-the-Sun Road - Wikipedia Headings: Going-to-the-Sun Road Going-to-the-Sun Road Contents Name Design Repairs Buses References in popular culture See also References Further reading External links Content: As chief engineer, the new road became Goodwin's primary project, and construction began in 1921. As the project proceeded, Goodwin lost influence with National Park Service director Stephen Mather, who favored landscape architect Thomas Chalmers Vint 's alternative routing of the upper portion of the road along the Garden Wall escarpment. Vint's alignment reduced both switchbacks and the road's visual impact, at increased cost. With Goodwin's resignation, Vint's proposal became the preferred alignment. The entire project was finally opened from end to end in 1933, at a cost of $2.5 million. Repairs Repair crew A restoration project by the National Park Service and the Federal Highway Administration has been repairing road damage from many avalanches and rock slides over the years. The repairs, which started in the 1980s and continue to the present day when weather permits, include fixing retaining walls, replacing the original pavement with reinforced concrete, and work on tunnels, bridges, culverts and overlooks. Buses Red Jammer bus (2006) A fleet of vintage 1930s red buses, modernized in 2001 and called Red Jammers, or simply "Reds", continue the tradition of offering guided tours along the road. The original bus drivers became affectionately known as "Gear Jammers" or simply "Jammers" since they had to jam the manual gearbox into low to safely negotiate the steepest road sections. Thirty-three of the original buses were rebuilt with flexible-fuel engines which operate mainly on propane but can use gasoline, and with automatic transmissions, making the Jammer name archaic.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going-to-the-Sun_Road
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1235371375#0_1362279262
Title: Goth subculture - Wikipedia Headings: Goth subculture Goth subculture Contents Music Origins and development Gothic genre Art, historical and cultural influences 18th and 19th centuries Visual art influences 20th century influences 21st century Characteristics of the scene Icons Fashion Influences Styling Reciprocity Critique Films Books and magazines Graphic art Events Interior design Sociology Gender and sexuality Identity Media and academic commentary Perception on nonviolence School shootings Prejudice and violence directed at goths Self-harm study See also References Citations Bibliography Further reading Content: Goth subculture - Wikipedia Goth subculture From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Contemporary subculture This article is about the subculture. For the Germanic tribes, see Goths. For other uses, see Gothic. Black and white photography of a woman dressed in goth style Goth is a subculture that began in the United Kingdom during the early 1980s. It was developed by fans of gothic rock, an offshoot of the post-punk music genre. The name goth was derived directly from the genre. Notable post-punk artists who presaged the gothic rock genre and helped develop and shape the subculture include Siouxsie and the Banshees, Bauhaus, the Cure, and Joy Division . The goth subculture has survived much longer than others of the same era, and has continued to diversify and spread throughout the world. Its imagery and cultural proclivities indicate influences from 19th-century literature of the same name and horror films. The scene is centered on music festivals, nightclubs, and organized meetings, especially in Western Europe.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goth_subculture
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1235371375#1_1362281163
Title: Goth subculture - Wikipedia Headings: Goth subculture Goth subculture Contents Music Origins and development Gothic genre Art, historical and cultural influences 18th and 19th centuries Visual art influences 20th century influences 21st century Characteristics of the scene Icons Fashion Influences Styling Reciprocity Critique Films Books and magazines Graphic art Events Interior design Sociology Gender and sexuality Identity Media and academic commentary Perception on nonviolence School shootings Prejudice and violence directed at goths Self-harm study See also References Citations Bibliography Further reading Content: The name goth was derived directly from the genre. Notable post-punk artists who presaged the gothic rock genre and helped develop and shape the subculture include Siouxsie and the Banshees, Bauhaus, the Cure, and Joy Division . The goth subculture has survived much longer than others of the same era, and has continued to diversify and spread throughout the world. Its imagery and cultural proclivities indicate influences from 19th-century literature of the same name and horror films. The scene is centered on music festivals, nightclubs, and organized meetings, especially in Western Europe. The subculture has associated tastes in music, aesthetics, and fashion. The music preferred by goths includes a number of styles such as gothic rock, death rock, post-punk, cold wave, dark wave, and ethereal wave. Styles of dress within the subculture draw on punk, new wave, and New Romantic fashion. It also draws from the fashion of earlier periods such as the Victorian, Edwardian, and Belle Époque eras. The style most often includes dark (usually solid black) attire, dark makeup, and black hair.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goth_subculture
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1235371375#2_1362283104
Title: Goth subculture - Wikipedia Headings: Goth subculture Goth subculture Contents Music Origins and development Gothic genre Art, historical and cultural influences 18th and 19th centuries Visual art influences 20th century influences 21st century Characteristics of the scene Icons Fashion Influences Styling Reciprocity Critique Films Books and magazines Graphic art Events Interior design Sociology Gender and sexuality Identity Media and academic commentary Perception on nonviolence School shootings Prejudice and violence directed at goths Self-harm study See also References Citations Bibliography Further reading Content: The subculture has associated tastes in music, aesthetics, and fashion. The music preferred by goths includes a number of styles such as gothic rock, death rock, post-punk, cold wave, dark wave, and ethereal wave. Styles of dress within the subculture draw on punk, new wave, and New Romantic fashion. It also draws from the fashion of earlier periods such as the Victorian, Edwardian, and Belle Époque eras. The style most often includes dark (usually solid black) attire, dark makeup, and black hair. The subculture has continued to draw interest from a large audience decades after its emergence. Contents 1 Music 1.1 Origins and development 1.2 Gothic genre 2 Art, historical and cultural influences 2.1 18th and 19th centuries 2.1.1 Visual art influences 2.2 20th century influences 2.3 21st century 3 Characteristics of the scene 3.1 Icons 3.2 Fashion 3.2.1 Influences 3.2.2 Styling 3.2.3 Reciprocity 3.2.4 Critique 3.3 Films 3.4 Books and magazines 3.5 Graphic art 3.6 Events 3.7 Interior design 4 Sociology 4.1 Gender and sexuality 4.2 Identity 4.3 Media and academic commentary 4.4 Perception on nonviolence 4.4.1 School shootings 4.5 Prejudice and violence directed at goths 4.6 Self-harm study 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Citations 6.2 Bibliography 7 Further reading Music Main article: Gothic rock Origins and development Siouxsie Sioux of Siouxsie and the Banshees in 1980 The term gothic rock was coined by music critic John Stickney in 1967 to describe a meeting he had with Jim Morrison in a dimly lit wine-cellar, which he called "the perfect room to honor the Gothic rock of the Doors ". That same year, the Velvet Underground song " All Tomorrow's Parties " created a kind of "mesmerizing gothic-rock masterpiece" according to music historian Kurt Loder. In the late 1970s, the gothic adjective was used to describe the atmosphere of post-punk bands like Siouxsie and the Banshees, Magazine, and Joy Division.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goth_subculture
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1235371375#3_1362285919
Title: Goth subculture - Wikipedia Headings: Goth subculture Goth subculture Contents Music Origins and development Gothic genre Art, historical and cultural influences 18th and 19th centuries Visual art influences 20th century influences 21st century Characteristics of the scene Icons Fashion Influences Styling Reciprocity Critique Films Books and magazines Graphic art Events Interior design Sociology Gender and sexuality Identity Media and academic commentary Perception on nonviolence School shootings Prejudice and violence directed at goths Self-harm study See also References Citations Bibliography Further reading Content: The subculture has continued to draw interest from a large audience decades after its emergence. Contents 1 Music 1.1 Origins and development 1.2 Gothic genre 2 Art, historical and cultural influences 2.1 18th and 19th centuries 2.1.1 Visual art influences 2.2 20th century influences 2.3 21st century 3 Characteristics of the scene 3.1 Icons 3.2 Fashion 3.2.1 Influences 3.2.2 Styling 3.2.3 Reciprocity 3.2.4 Critique 3.3 Films 3.4 Books and magazines 3.5 Graphic art 3.6 Events 3.7 Interior design 4 Sociology 4.1 Gender and sexuality 4.2 Identity 4.3 Media and academic commentary 4.4 Perception on nonviolence 4.4.1 School shootings 4.5 Prejudice and violence directed at goths 4.6 Self-harm study 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Citations 6.2 Bibliography 7 Further reading Music Main article: Gothic rock Origins and development Siouxsie Sioux of Siouxsie and the Banshees in 1980 The term gothic rock was coined by music critic John Stickney in 1967 to describe a meeting he had with Jim Morrison in a dimly lit wine-cellar, which he called "the perfect room to honor the Gothic rock of the Doors ". That same year, the Velvet Underground song " All Tomorrow's Parties " created a kind of "mesmerizing gothic-rock masterpiece" according to music historian Kurt Loder. In the late 1970s, the gothic adjective was used to describe the atmosphere of post-punk bands like Siouxsie and the Banshees, Magazine, and Joy Division. In a live review about a Siouxsie and the Banshees' concert in July 1978, critic Nick Kent wrote that, concerning their music, " [P]arallels and comparisons can now be drawn with gothic rock architects like the Doors and, certainly, early Velvet Underground". In March 1979, in his review of Magazine's second album Secondhand Daylight, Kent noted that there was "a new austere sense of authority" in the music, with a "dank neo-Gothic sound". Later that year, the term was also used by Joy Division 's manager, Tony Wilson on 15 September in an interview for the BBC TV programme's Something Else. Wilson described Joy Division as "gothic" compared to the pop mainstream, right before a live performance of the band. The term was later applied to "newer bands such as Bauhaus who had arrived in the wake of Joy Division and Siouxsie and the Banshees".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goth_subculture
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1235371375#4_1362289089
Title: Goth subculture - Wikipedia Headings: Goth subculture Goth subculture Contents Music Origins and development Gothic genre Art, historical and cultural influences 18th and 19th centuries Visual art influences 20th century influences 21st century Characteristics of the scene Icons Fashion Influences Styling Reciprocity Critique Films Books and magazines Graphic art Events Interior design Sociology Gender and sexuality Identity Media and academic commentary Perception on nonviolence School shootings Prejudice and violence directed at goths Self-harm study See also References Citations Bibliography Further reading Content: In a live review about a Siouxsie and the Banshees' concert in July 1978, critic Nick Kent wrote that, concerning their music, " [P]arallels and comparisons can now be drawn with gothic rock architects like the Doors and, certainly, early Velvet Underground". In March 1979, in his review of Magazine's second album Secondhand Daylight, Kent noted that there was "a new austere sense of authority" in the music, with a "dank neo-Gothic sound". Later that year, the term was also used by Joy Division 's manager, Tony Wilson on 15 September in an interview for the BBC TV programme's Something Else. Wilson described Joy Division as "gothic" compared to the pop mainstream, right before a live performance of the band. The term was later applied to "newer bands such as Bauhaus who had arrived in the wake of Joy Division and Siouxsie and the Banshees". Bauhaus's first single issued in 1979, " Bela Lugosi's Dead ", is generally credited as the starting point of the gothic rock genre. In 1979, Sounds described Joy Division as "Gothic" and "theatrical". In February 1980, Melody Maker qualified the same band as "masters of this Gothic gloom". Critic Jon Savage would later say that their singer Ian Curtis wrote "the definitive Northern Gothic statement". However, it was not until the early 1980s that gothic rock became a coherent music subgenre within post-punk, and that followers of these bands started to come together as a distinctly recognizable movement.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goth_subculture
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1235371375#5_1362291412
Title: Goth subculture - Wikipedia Headings: Goth subculture Goth subculture Contents Music Origins and development Gothic genre Art, historical and cultural influences 18th and 19th centuries Visual art influences 20th century influences 21st century Characteristics of the scene Icons Fashion Influences Styling Reciprocity Critique Films Books and magazines Graphic art Events Interior design Sociology Gender and sexuality Identity Media and academic commentary Perception on nonviolence School shootings Prejudice and violence directed at goths Self-harm study See also References Citations Bibliography Further reading Content: Bauhaus's first single issued in 1979, " Bela Lugosi's Dead ", is generally credited as the starting point of the gothic rock genre. In 1979, Sounds described Joy Division as "Gothic" and "theatrical". In February 1980, Melody Maker qualified the same band as "masters of this Gothic gloom". Critic Jon Savage would later say that their singer Ian Curtis wrote "the definitive Northern Gothic statement". However, it was not until the early 1980s that gothic rock became a coherent music subgenre within post-punk, and that followers of these bands started to come together as a distinctly recognizable movement. They may have taken the "goth" mantle from a 1981 article published in UK rock weekly Sounds: " The face of Punk Gothique", written by Steve Keaton. In a text about the audience of UK Decay, Keaton asked: " Could this be the coming of Punk Gothique? With Bauhaus flying in on similar wings could it be the next big thing?"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goth_subculture
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1235371375#6_1362293201
Title: Goth subculture - Wikipedia Headings: Goth subculture Goth subculture Contents Music Origins and development Gothic genre Art, historical and cultural influences 18th and 19th centuries Visual art influences 20th century influences 21st century Characteristics of the scene Icons Fashion Influences Styling Reciprocity Critique Films Books and magazines Graphic art Events Interior design Sociology Gender and sexuality Identity Media and academic commentary Perception on nonviolence School shootings Prejudice and violence directed at goths Self-harm study See also References Citations Bibliography Further reading Content: They may have taken the "goth" mantle from a 1981 article published in UK rock weekly Sounds: " The face of Punk Gothique", written by Steve Keaton. In a text about the audience of UK Decay, Keaton asked: " Could this be the coming of Punk Gothique? With Bauhaus flying in on similar wings could it be the next big thing?" In July 1982, the opening of the Batcave in London 's Soho provided a prominent meeting point for the emerging scene, which would be briefly labelled "positive punk" by the NME in a special issue with a front cover in early 1983. The term Batcaver was then used to describe old-school goths. Bauhaus —Live in concert, 3 February 2006 Outside the British scene, deathrock developed in California during the late 1970s and early 1980s as a distinct branch of American punk rock, with acts such as Christian Death and 45 Grave at the forefront. Gothic genre The bands that defined and embraced the gothic rock genre included Bauhaus, early Adam and the Ants, the Cure, the Birthday Party, Southern Death Cult, Specimen, Sex Gang Children, UK Decay, Virgin Prunes and Killing Joke. Punk pioneers the Damned were using gothic stylisms even before the goth rock scene was named.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goth_subculture
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1235371375#7_1362295249
Title: Goth subculture - Wikipedia Headings: Goth subculture Goth subculture Contents Music Origins and development Gothic genre Art, historical and cultural influences 18th and 19th centuries Visual art influences 20th century influences 21st century Characteristics of the scene Icons Fashion Influences Styling Reciprocity Critique Films Books and magazines Graphic art Events Interior design Sociology Gender and sexuality Identity Media and academic commentary Perception on nonviolence School shootings Prejudice and violence directed at goths Self-harm study See also References Citations Bibliography Further reading Content: In July 1982, the opening of the Batcave in London 's Soho provided a prominent meeting point for the emerging scene, which would be briefly labelled "positive punk" by the NME in a special issue with a front cover in early 1983. The term Batcaver was then used to describe old-school goths. Bauhaus —Live in concert, 3 February 2006 Outside the British scene, deathrock developed in California during the late 1970s and early 1980s as a distinct branch of American punk rock, with acts such as Christian Death and 45 Grave at the forefront. Gothic genre The bands that defined and embraced the gothic rock genre included Bauhaus, early Adam and the Ants, the Cure, the Birthday Party, Southern Death Cult, Specimen, Sex Gang Children, UK Decay, Virgin Prunes and Killing Joke. Punk pioneers the Damned were using gothic stylisms even before the goth rock scene was named. Near the peak of this first generation of the gothic scene in 1983, The Face 's Paul Rambali recalled that there were "several strong Gothic characteristics" in the music of Joy Division. In 1984, Joy Division's bassist Peter Hook named Play Dead as one of their heirs: " If you listen to a band like Play Dead, who I really like, Joy Division played the same stuff that Play Dead are playing. They're similar." Lead singer and guitarist Robert Smith of the Cure By the mid-1980s, bands began proliferating and became increasingly popular, including the Sisters of Mercy, the Mission, Alien Sex Fiend, the March Violets, Xmal Deutschland, the Membranes, and Fields of the Nephilim.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goth_subculture
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1235371375#8_1362297655
Title: Goth subculture - Wikipedia Headings: Goth subculture Goth subculture Contents Music Origins and development Gothic genre Art, historical and cultural influences 18th and 19th centuries Visual art influences 20th century influences 21st century Characteristics of the scene Icons Fashion Influences Styling Reciprocity Critique Films Books and magazines Graphic art Events Interior design Sociology Gender and sexuality Identity Media and academic commentary Perception on nonviolence School shootings Prejudice and violence directed at goths Self-harm study See also References Citations Bibliography Further reading Content: Near the peak of this first generation of the gothic scene in 1983, The Face 's Paul Rambali recalled that there were "several strong Gothic characteristics" in the music of Joy Division. In 1984, Joy Division's bassist Peter Hook named Play Dead as one of their heirs: " If you listen to a band like Play Dead, who I really like, Joy Division played the same stuff that Play Dead are playing. They're similar." Lead singer and guitarist Robert Smith of the Cure By the mid-1980s, bands began proliferating and became increasingly popular, including the Sisters of Mercy, the Mission, Alien Sex Fiend, the March Violets, Xmal Deutschland, the Membranes, and Fields of the Nephilim. The Damned enjoyed their greatest goth years in 1985–86, releasing the album Phantasmagoria followed by the independent single " Eloise ". Record labels like Factory, 4AD and Beggars Banquet released much of this music in Europe, and through a vibrant import music market in the US, the subculture grew, especially in New York and Los Angeles, California, where many nightclubs featured "gothic/industrial" nights. The popularity of 4AD bands resulted in the creation of a similar US label, Projekt, which produces what was colloquially termed ethereal wave, a subgenre of dark wave music. The 1990s saw further growth for some 1980s bands and the emergence of many new acts, as well as new goth-centric U.S. record labels such as Cleopatra Records, among others. According to Dave Simpson of The Guardian, " [I]n the 90s, goths all but disappeared as dance music became the dominant youth cult".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goth_subculture
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1235371375#9_1362300087
Title: Goth subculture - Wikipedia Headings: Goth subculture Goth subculture Contents Music Origins and development Gothic genre Art, historical and cultural influences 18th and 19th centuries Visual art influences 20th century influences 21st century Characteristics of the scene Icons Fashion Influences Styling Reciprocity Critique Films Books and magazines Graphic art Events Interior design Sociology Gender and sexuality Identity Media and academic commentary Perception on nonviolence School shootings Prejudice and violence directed at goths Self-harm study See also References Citations Bibliography Further reading Content: The Damned enjoyed their greatest goth years in 1985–86, releasing the album Phantasmagoria followed by the independent single " Eloise ". Record labels like Factory, 4AD and Beggars Banquet released much of this music in Europe, and through a vibrant import music market in the US, the subculture grew, especially in New York and Los Angeles, California, where many nightclubs featured "gothic/industrial" nights. The popularity of 4AD bands resulted in the creation of a similar US label, Projekt, which produces what was colloquially termed ethereal wave, a subgenre of dark wave music. The 1990s saw further growth for some 1980s bands and the emergence of many new acts, as well as new goth-centric U.S. record labels such as Cleopatra Records, among others. According to Dave Simpson of The Guardian, " [I]n the 90s, goths all but disappeared as dance music became the dominant youth cult". As a result, the goth "movement went underground and mistaken for cyber goth, Shock rock, Industrial metal, Gothic metal, Medieval folk metal and the latest subgenre, horror punk". Marilyn Manson was seen as a "goth-shock icon" by Spin. Art, historical and cultural influences The Goth subculture of the 1980s drew inspiration from a variety of sources. Some of them were modern or contemporary, others were centuries-old or ancient. Michael Bibby and Lauren M. E. Goodlad liken the subculture to a bricolage.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goth_subculture
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1235371375#10_1362302347
Title: Goth subculture - Wikipedia Headings: Goth subculture Goth subculture Contents Music Origins and development Gothic genre Art, historical and cultural influences 18th and 19th centuries Visual art influences 20th century influences 21st century Characteristics of the scene Icons Fashion Influences Styling Reciprocity Critique Films Books and magazines Graphic art Events Interior design Sociology Gender and sexuality Identity Media and academic commentary Perception on nonviolence School shootings Prejudice and violence directed at goths Self-harm study See also References Citations Bibliography Further reading Content: As a result, the goth "movement went underground and mistaken for cyber goth, Shock rock, Industrial metal, Gothic metal, Medieval folk metal and the latest subgenre, horror punk". Marilyn Manson was seen as a "goth-shock icon" by Spin. Art, historical and cultural influences The Goth subculture of the 1980s drew inspiration from a variety of sources. Some of them were modern or contemporary, others were centuries-old or ancient. Michael Bibby and Lauren M. E. Goodlad liken the subculture to a bricolage. Among the music subcultures that influenced it were Punk, New wave, and Glam. But it also drew inspiration from B movies, Gothic literature, horror films, vampire cults and traditional mythology. Among the mythologies that proved influential in Goth were Celtic mythology, Christian mythology, Egyptian mythology, and various traditions of Paganism. The figures that the movement counted among its historic canon of ancestors were equally diverse. They included the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, Friedrich Nietzsche (1844‒1900), Comte de Lautréamont (1846‒1870), Salvador Dalí (1904‒1989) and Jean-Paul Sartre (1905‒1980).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goth_subculture
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1235371375#11_1362304351
Title: Goth subculture - Wikipedia Headings: Goth subculture Goth subculture Contents Music Origins and development Gothic genre Art, historical and cultural influences 18th and 19th centuries Visual art influences 20th century influences 21st century Characteristics of the scene Icons Fashion Influences Styling Reciprocity Critique Films Books and magazines Graphic art Events Interior design Sociology Gender and sexuality Identity Media and academic commentary Perception on nonviolence School shootings Prejudice and violence directed at goths Self-harm study See also References Citations Bibliography Further reading Content: Among the music subcultures that influenced it were Punk, New wave, and Glam. But it also drew inspiration from B movies, Gothic literature, horror films, vampire cults and traditional mythology. Among the mythologies that proved influential in Goth were Celtic mythology, Christian mythology, Egyptian mythology, and various traditions of Paganism. The figures that the movement counted among its historic canon of ancestors were equally diverse. They included the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, Friedrich Nietzsche (1844‒1900), Comte de Lautréamont (1846‒1870), Salvador Dalí (1904‒1989) and Jean-Paul Sartre (1905‒1980). Writers that have had a significant influence on the movement also represent a diverse canon. They include Ann Radcliffe (1764‒1823), John William Polidori (1795‒1821), Edgar Allan Poe (1809‒1849), Sheridan Le Fanu (1814-1873), Bram Stoker (1847‒1912), Oscar Wilde (1854‒1900), H. P. Lovecraft (1890‒1937), Anne Rice (1941‒), William Gibson (1948‒), Ian McEwan (1948‒), Storm Constantine (1956‒2021), and Poppy Z. Brite (1967‒). 18th and 19th centuries Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus (1818) has come to define Gothic fiction in the Romantic period. Frontispiece to 1831 edition shown.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goth_subculture
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1236733158#5_1363313205
Title: Gothic fashion - Wikipedia Headings: Gothic fashion Gothic fashion Contents Characteristics Icons Variations Deathrock Haute Goth Gothic Lolita Aristocrat Cybergoth Traditional Goth See also References Footnotes Bibliography External links Content: The influences of the style come from a blend of glam rock, punk rock, gothic horror literature, and undead characters of classic horror films. The aesthetic was born from the early Los Angeles punk rock scene, and gained influences from fashion worn by patrons of the Batcave club in the UK as the two regional scenes had met. Many Deathrockers have a dark DIY punk approach on their attire. The common theme of the aesthetic is dominantly black clothing; Shirts featuring Deathrock bands or horror themes, torn fishnets as a shirt and/or hosiery, pale fleshtone or pale white foundation and powder makeup on the face, black or darkly colored eye makeup, combat boots or Doc Martens, and skirts, leggings, slim fit pants or shorts. Iconic hairstyles of this style are the "Deathhawk", mohawks or variants of mohawks, and spiky or teased hair. The horror punk and deathrock fashion section of the punk fashion article has more details. Haute Goth In 1977, Karl Lagerfeld hosted the Soirée Moratoire Noir party, specifying "tenue tragique noire absolument obligatoire" (black tragic dress absolutely required). The event included elements associated with leatherman style. Goth fashion has a reciprocal relationship with the fashion world.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_fashion
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1236764777#7_1363372733
Title: Gothic metal - Wikipedia Headings: Gothic metal Gothic metal Contents Etymology Characteristics Sonic traits Vocals Lyrics History Precursors Heavy metal Gothic rock Origins The Peaceville Three Other pioneers Development Beauty and the beast Symphonic gothic metal Commercial success Paradise Lost Cradle of Filth Moonspell and Within Temptation Lacuna Coil Evanescence HIM Finnish scene See also Notes References External links Content: For the three English bands that helped to pioneer the genre, their gloomy lyrics reflect their background in doom metal while their darker or melodramatic lyrics draw influence from gothic rock. The music of My Dying Bride has been noted as "dripping with treachery and pain" from a "lyrical fascination with deceit and transgressions of every variety". Lyrics that focus on suicide and the meaninglessness of life can be found in Anathema while Paradise Lost too has "never lost their depressive edge". The Italian gothic black metal band Theatres des Vampires manifests a deep interest in the vampire myth, a common staple of gothic horror fiction. Gothic fiction, a literary genre that blends horror and romance, has been a source of inspiration for the lyrics of many gothic metal bands like Cadaveria, Cradle of Filth, Moonspell, Theatres des Vampires and Xandria. Critic Eduardo Rivadavia of Allmusic identifies drama and mournful beauty as requisite elements of the genre. For My Dying Bride, the subjects of "death and misery and lost love and romance" have been approached repeatedly from different angles. The common gothic theme of lost love is a subject that has been tackled by such gothic metal bands as Theatre of Tragedy, The Wounded and Leaves' Eyes. Lyrics based on personal experiences are another common feature of many gothic metal bands such as Anathema, Elis, Evanescence, Tiamat, Midnattsol and The Old Dead Tree. Graveworm moved away from fantasy stories in favor of personal lyrics after finding them more suitable for their style of music.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_metal
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1236764777#8_1363374949
Title: Gothic metal - Wikipedia Headings: Gothic metal Gothic metal Contents Etymology Characteristics Sonic traits Vocals Lyrics History Precursors Heavy metal Gothic rock Origins The Peaceville Three Other pioneers Development Beauty and the beast Symphonic gothic metal Commercial success Paradise Lost Cradle of Filth Moonspell and Within Temptation Lacuna Coil Evanescence HIM Finnish scene See also Notes References External links Content: Critic Eduardo Rivadavia of Allmusic identifies drama and mournful beauty as requisite elements of the genre. For My Dying Bride, the subjects of "death and misery and lost love and romance" have been approached repeatedly from different angles. The common gothic theme of lost love is a subject that has been tackled by such gothic metal bands as Theatre of Tragedy, The Wounded and Leaves' Eyes. Lyrics based on personal experiences are another common feature of many gothic metal bands such as Anathema, Elis, Evanescence, Tiamat, Midnattsol and The Old Dead Tree. Graveworm moved away from fantasy stories in favor of personal lyrics after finding them more suitable for their style of music. The lyrics of fellow Italians Lacuna Coil also do not feature any "fantasy stuff or something that you cannot find in reality" as their co-vocalist Cristina Scabbia finds it desirable that people can relate themselves to her band's lyrics. Similarly, the band Lullacry features lyrics on the subjects of "love, hate, passion and pain" because a person "can easily connect to a song" with lyrics "about human relationships". History Precursors Heavy metal Black Sabbath 's self-titled debut album (1970) with its gothic cover art Heavy metal music is perceived by many members of the goth subculture as the "crass, crude macho antithesis of everything that their music represents". In contrast to the "softer" and "more feminine" character of gothic music, the heavy metal genre is typically associated with aggression and masculinity. Despite this difference, "a few bold souls have identified Black Sabbath 's eponymous 1970 debut album as the first ever 'Goth-rock' record".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_metal
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1236837256#0_1363397743
Title: Gothic rock - Wikipedia Headings: Gothic rock Gothic rock From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Characteristics History Forerunners (1960s and 1970s) Origins Expansion of the scene Subsequent developments Visual elements Impact See also References Bibliography Books Journals External links Content: Gothic rock - Wikipedia Gothic rock From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Musical subgenre of post-punk and alternative rock "Gothic music" redirects here. For other uses, see Gothic. Gothic rock Other names Goth rock goth Stylistic origins Post-punk glam rock Cultural origins 1979, England Derivative forms Dark wave ethereal wave horror punk Subgenres Deathrock Fusion genres Gothabilly gothic metal Local scenes Leeds, England Other topics Goth subculture industrial shock rock Gothic rock (also called goth rock or goth) is a style of rock music that emerged from post-punk in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s. The first post-punk bands which shifted towards dark music with gothic overtones include Siouxsie and the Banshees, Joy Division, Bauhaus, and the Cure. The genre itself was defined as a separate movement from post-punk. Gothic rock stood out due to its darker sound, with minor or bass chords, reverbs, dark arrangements or dramatic and melancholic melodies, having inspirations in gothic literature allied with themes such as sadness, existentialism, nihilism, dark romanticism, tragedy, melancholy and morbidity. These themes are often approached in a poetic way. The sensibilities of the genre led the lyrics to represent the evil of the century and the romantic idealization of death and the supernatural imagination. Gothic rock then gave rise to a broader goth subculture that included clubs, fashion and publications in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s. Contents 1 Characteristics 2 History 2.1 Forerunners (1960s and 1970s) 2.2 Origins 2.3 Expansion of the scene 2.4 Subsequent developments 3 Visual elements 4 Impact 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 7.1 Books 7.2 Journals 8 External links Characteristics According to music journalist Simon Reynolds, standard musical fixtures of gothic rock include "scything guitar patterns, high-pitched basslines that often usurped the melodic role [and] beats that were either hypnotically dirgelike or tom-tom heavy and 'tribal'".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_rock
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1236837256#1_1363400322
Title: Gothic rock - Wikipedia Headings: Gothic rock Gothic rock From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Characteristics History Forerunners (1960s and 1970s) Origins Expansion of the scene Subsequent developments Visual elements Impact See also References Bibliography Books Journals External links Content: Gothic rock stood out due to its darker sound, with minor or bass chords, reverbs, dark arrangements or dramatic and melancholic melodies, having inspirations in gothic literature allied with themes such as sadness, existentialism, nihilism, dark romanticism, tragedy, melancholy and morbidity. These themes are often approached in a poetic way. The sensibilities of the genre led the lyrics to represent the evil of the century and the romantic idealization of death and the supernatural imagination. Gothic rock then gave rise to a broader goth subculture that included clubs, fashion and publications in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s. Contents 1 Characteristics 2 History 2.1 Forerunners (1960s and 1970s) 2.2 Origins 2.3 Expansion of the scene 2.4 Subsequent developments 3 Visual elements 4 Impact 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 7.1 Books 7.2 Journals 8 External links Characteristics According to music journalist Simon Reynolds, standard musical fixtures of gothic rock include "scything guitar patterns, high-pitched basslines that often usurped the melodic role [and] beats that were either hypnotically dirgelike or tom-tom heavy and 'tribal'". Reynolds described the vocal style as consisting of "deep, droning alloys of Jim Morrison and Leonard Cohen ". Several acts used drum machines downplaying the rhythm's backbeat. Gothic rock typically deals with dark themes addressed through lyrics and the music's atmosphere. The poetic sensibilities of the genre led gothic rock lyrics to exhibit literary romanticism, morbidity, existentialism, religious symbolism or supernatural mysticism. History Forerunners (1960s and 1970s) The Doors performing live in 1968.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_rock
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1236837256#2_1363402518
Title: Gothic rock - Wikipedia Headings: Gothic rock Gothic rock From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Characteristics History Forerunners (1960s and 1970s) Origins Expansion of the scene Subsequent developments Visual elements Impact See also References Bibliography Books Journals External links Content: Reynolds described the vocal style as consisting of "deep, droning alloys of Jim Morrison and Leonard Cohen ". Several acts used drum machines downplaying the rhythm's backbeat. Gothic rock typically deals with dark themes addressed through lyrics and the music's atmosphere. The poetic sensibilities of the genre led gothic rock lyrics to exhibit literary romanticism, morbidity, existentialism, religious symbolism or supernatural mysticism. History Forerunners (1960s and 1970s) The Doors performing live in 1968. They have been cited as a major influence in the gothic rock genre. Critic John Stickney used the term "gothic rock" to describe the music of the Doors in October 1967, in a review published in The Williams Record. Stickney wrote that the band met the journalists "in the gloomy vaulted wine cellar of the Delmonico hotel, the perfect room to honor the gothic rock of the Doors". The author noted that contrary to the "pleasant, amusing hippies", there was "violence" in their music and a dark atmosphere on stage during their concerts. The final track of the Doors' sixth album, " Riders on the Storm " has been characterized as a precursor of the gothic genre.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_rock
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1236837256#3_1363404209
Title: Gothic rock - Wikipedia Headings: Gothic rock Gothic rock From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Characteristics History Forerunners (1960s and 1970s) Origins Expansion of the scene Subsequent developments Visual elements Impact See also References Bibliography Books Journals External links Content: They have been cited as a major influence in the gothic rock genre. Critic John Stickney used the term "gothic rock" to describe the music of the Doors in October 1967, in a review published in The Williams Record. Stickney wrote that the band met the journalists "in the gloomy vaulted wine cellar of the Delmonico hotel, the perfect room to honor the gothic rock of the Doors". The author noted that contrary to the "pleasant, amusing hippies", there was "violence" in their music and a dark atmosphere on stage during their concerts. The final track of the Doors' sixth album, " Riders on the Storm " has been characterized as a precursor of the gothic genre. Musicians who initially shaped the aesthetics and musical conventions of gothic rock include the Velvet Underground, the Doors, David Bowie, Brian Eno, Iggy Pop and the Sex Pistols. Journalist Kurt Loder would write that the song " All Tomorrow's Parties " by the Velvet Underground is a "mesmerizing gothic-rock masterpiece". Nico 's 1968 album The Marble Index is sometimes described as "the first Goth album". With its stark sound, somber lyrics, and Nico's deliberate change in her look, the album became a crucial music and visual prototype for the gothic rock movement. Gothic rock creates a dark atmosphere by drawing influence from the drones used by protopunk group the Velvet Underground, and many goth singers are influenced by the "deep and dramatic" vocal timbre of David Bowie, albeit singing at even lower pitches.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_rock
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1236837256#4_1363406217
Title: Gothic rock - Wikipedia Headings: Gothic rock Gothic rock From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Characteristics History Forerunners (1960s and 1970s) Origins Expansion of the scene Subsequent developments Visual elements Impact See also References Bibliography Books Journals External links Content: Musicians who initially shaped the aesthetics and musical conventions of gothic rock include the Velvet Underground, the Doors, David Bowie, Brian Eno, Iggy Pop and the Sex Pistols. Journalist Kurt Loder would write that the song " All Tomorrow's Parties " by the Velvet Underground is a "mesmerizing gothic-rock masterpiece". Nico 's 1968 album The Marble Index is sometimes described as "the first Goth album". With its stark sound, somber lyrics, and Nico's deliberate change in her look, the album became a crucial music and visual prototype for the gothic rock movement. Gothic rock creates a dark atmosphere by drawing influence from the drones used by protopunk group the Velvet Underground, and many goth singers are influenced by the "deep and dramatic" vocal timbre of David Bowie, albeit singing at even lower pitches. J.G. Ballard was a strong lyrical influence for many of the early gothic rock groups; the Birthday Party drew on Arthur Rimbaud and Charles Baudelaire. Post-punk and glam rock are considered the forerunner genres of gothic rock. Pitchfork wrote: " Although it abandoned the psychedelic color palette and exchanged alien worship for a vampire cult, goth kept glam's theatricality intact, as well as its openness to experimentation."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_rock
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1236837256#5_1363407986
Title: Gothic rock - Wikipedia Headings: Gothic rock Gothic rock From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Characteristics History Forerunners (1960s and 1970s) Origins Expansion of the scene Subsequent developments Visual elements Impact See also References Bibliography Books Journals External links Content: J.G. Ballard was a strong lyrical influence for many of the early gothic rock groups; the Birthday Party drew on Arthur Rimbaud and Charles Baudelaire. Post-punk and glam rock are considered the forerunner genres of gothic rock. Pitchfork wrote: " Although it abandoned the psychedelic color palette and exchanged alien worship for a vampire cult, goth kept glam's theatricality intact, as well as its openness to experimentation." In the late 1970s, the word "gothic" was used to describe the atmosphere of post-punk bands like Siouxsie and the Banshees, Magazine and Joy Division. In a live review about a Siouxsie and the Banshees' concert in July 1978, critic Nick Kent wrote that concerning their performance, "parallels and comparisons can now be drawn with gothic rock architects like the Doors and, certainly, early Velvet Underground". In March 1979, Kent used the gothic adjective in his review of Magazine's second album, Secondhand Daylight. Kent noted that there was "a new austere sense of authority" to their music, with a "dank neo-Gothic sound". The second Siouxsie and the Banshees album, also released in 1979, was a precursor in several aspects.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_rock
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1236837256#6_1363409659
Title: Gothic rock - Wikipedia Headings: Gothic rock Gothic rock From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Characteristics History Forerunners (1960s and 1970s) Origins Expansion of the scene Subsequent developments Visual elements Impact See also References Bibliography Books Journals External links Content: In the late 1970s, the word "gothic" was used to describe the atmosphere of post-punk bands like Siouxsie and the Banshees, Magazine and Joy Division. In a live review about a Siouxsie and the Banshees' concert in July 1978, critic Nick Kent wrote that concerning their performance, "parallels and comparisons can now be drawn with gothic rock architects like the Doors and, certainly, early Velvet Underground". In March 1979, Kent used the gothic adjective in his review of Magazine's second album, Secondhand Daylight. Kent noted that there was "a new austere sense of authority" to their music, with a "dank neo-Gothic sound". The second Siouxsie and the Banshees album, also released in 1979, was a precursor in several aspects. For journalist Alexis Petridis of The Guardian, "A lot of musical signifiers [...] – scything, effects-laden guitar, pounding tribal drums – are audible, on [...] Join Hands ". In September, Joy Division's manager Tony Wilson described their music as "gothic" on the television show Something Else, and their producer Martin Hannett described their style as "dancing music with gothic overtones". In 1980, Melody Maker wrote that "Joy Division are masters of this gothic gloom". When their final album Closer came out a couple of months after the suicide of their singer Ian Curtis, Sounds noted in its review that there were "dark strokes of gothic rock". Proto-goth band Joy Division Joy Division sometimes are considered the first gothic rock band.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_rock
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1236837256#7_1363411671
Title: Gothic rock - Wikipedia Headings: Gothic rock Gothic rock From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Characteristics History Forerunners (1960s and 1970s) Origins Expansion of the scene Subsequent developments Visual elements Impact See also References Bibliography Books Journals External links Content: For journalist Alexis Petridis of The Guardian, "A lot of musical signifiers [...] – scything, effects-laden guitar, pounding tribal drums – are audible, on [...] Join Hands ". In September, Joy Division's manager Tony Wilson described their music as "gothic" on the television show Something Else, and their producer Martin Hannett described their style as "dancing music with gothic overtones". In 1980, Melody Maker wrote that "Joy Division are masters of this gothic gloom". When their final album Closer came out a couple of months after the suicide of their singer Ian Curtis, Sounds noted in its review that there were "dark strokes of gothic rock". Proto-goth band Joy Division Joy Division sometimes are considered the first gothic rock band. The reason is due largely to comments made by the band's manager Tony Wilson and the band's guitarist Bernard Albrecht about Joy Division's sound in 1979. The term "goth" was applied much more regularly a few years later when the term "goth" was jokingly used by people in Brixton 's punk in-crowd to describe Andi Sex Gang of gothic rock band Sex Gang Children. Joy Division appeared a little earlier than the goth subculture. Joy Division's music has often instead been described as "proto-goth". Whether Joy Division is a gothic rock band or not is often debated.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_rock
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1236837256#8_1363413514
Title: Gothic rock - Wikipedia Headings: Gothic rock Gothic rock From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Characteristics History Forerunners (1960s and 1970s) Origins Expansion of the scene Subsequent developments Visual elements Impact See also References Bibliography Books Journals External links Content: The reason is due largely to comments made by the band's manager Tony Wilson and the band's guitarist Bernard Albrecht about Joy Division's sound in 1979. The term "goth" was applied much more regularly a few years later when the term "goth" was jokingly used by people in Brixton 's punk in-crowd to describe Andi Sex Gang of gothic rock band Sex Gang Children. Joy Division appeared a little earlier than the goth subculture. Joy Division's music has often instead been described as "proto-goth". Whether Joy Division is a gothic rock band or not is often debated. Many consider them a gothic rock band whereas many don't. Author Christopher Partridge writes that although fans argue about over whether Joy Division is goth, simply "proto-goth" or neither, the argument is that the band's lyrics, music, album covers, and Curtis' life all show characteristics that are "fundamentally gothic". Author Isabella van Elferen writes: There are old school goths, for instance, who claim Joy Division was authentically gloomy proto-goth, and that you had to be there to really understand them; there are former punks who respond in fury, claiming Joy Division had nothing to do with goth, but were authentically punk, and so goth should stay away from them;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_rock
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1236837256#9_1363415274
Title: Gothic rock - Wikipedia Headings: Gothic rock Gothic rock From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Characteristics History Forerunners (1960s and 1970s) Origins Expansion of the scene Subsequent developments Visual elements Impact See also References Bibliography Books Journals External links Content: Many consider them a gothic rock band whereas many don't. Author Christopher Partridge writes that although fans argue about over whether Joy Division is goth, simply "proto-goth" or neither, the argument is that the band's lyrics, music, album covers, and Curtis' life all show characteristics that are "fundamentally gothic". Author Isabella van Elferen writes: There are old school goths, for instance, who claim Joy Division was authentically gloomy proto-goth, and that you had to be there to really understand them; there are former punks who respond in fury, claiming Joy Division had nothing to do with goth, but were authentically punk, and so goth should stay away from them; and there are cybergoths who roll their eyes and claim that those old people should finally forget about Joy Division because Trent Reznor is the authentic founder of modern goth. Origins Gothic rock band Bauhaus performing live in August 2006 Not long after, the "gothic" label "became a critical term of abuse" for a band like Bauhaus, who had arrived on the music scene in 1979. At the time, NME considered that "Siouxsie and the Banshees, Adam and the Ants and even [...] Joy Division" opened up "a potentially massive market" for newcomers like Bauhaus and Killing Joke: however, critic Andy Gill separated these two groups of bands, pointing out that there was a difference "between art and artifice". However, Bauhaus's debut single, " Bela Lugosi's Dead ", released in late 1979, was retrospectively considered to be the beginning of the gothic rock genre.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_rock
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1236837256#10_1363417340
Title: Gothic rock - Wikipedia Headings: Gothic rock Gothic rock From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Characteristics History Forerunners (1960s and 1970s) Origins Expansion of the scene Subsequent developments Visual elements Impact See also References Bibliography Books Journals External links Content: and there are cybergoths who roll their eyes and claim that those old people should finally forget about Joy Division because Trent Reznor is the authentic founder of modern goth. Origins Gothic rock band Bauhaus performing live in August 2006 Not long after, the "gothic" label "became a critical term of abuse" for a band like Bauhaus, who had arrived on the music scene in 1979. At the time, NME considered that "Siouxsie and the Banshees, Adam and the Ants and even [...] Joy Division" opened up "a potentially massive market" for newcomers like Bauhaus and Killing Joke: however, critic Andy Gill separated these two groups of bands, pointing out that there was a difference "between art and artifice". However, Bauhaus's debut single, " Bela Lugosi's Dead ", released in late 1979, was retrospectively considered to be the beginning of the gothic rock genre. According to Peter Murphy, the song was written to be tongue-in-cheek, but since the group performed it with "naive seriousness", that is how the audience understood it. Bauhaus released their debut album In the Flat Field in 1980, and the album is often considered the first gothic rock album. Robert Smith of the Cure in 1989, who was on the front cover of NME Originals: Goth in 2004. In the early 1980s, post-punk bands such as Siouxsie and the Banshees and the Cure moved to the gothic rock genre.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_rock
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1236837256#11_1363419222
Title: Gothic rock - Wikipedia Headings: Gothic rock Gothic rock From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Characteristics History Forerunners (1960s and 1970s) Origins Expansion of the scene Subsequent developments Visual elements Impact See also References Bibliography Books Journals External links Content: According to Peter Murphy, the song was written to be tongue-in-cheek, but since the group performed it with "naive seriousness", that is how the audience understood it. Bauhaus released their debut album In the Flat Field in 1980, and the album is often considered the first gothic rock album. Robert Smith of the Cure in 1989, who was on the front cover of NME Originals: Goth in 2004. In the early 1980s, post-punk bands such as Siouxsie and the Banshees and the Cure moved to the gothic rock genre. Siouxsie and the Banshees' fourth album, 1981's Juju, was considered the band's first gothic rock album. According to Reynolds, with Juju, the Banshees introduced several gothic qualities, lyrically and sonically, whereas according to The Guardian, Juju was art rock on certain album tracks and pop on the singles. Their bassist, Steven Severin, attributed the aesthetic used by the Banshees around that time to the influence of the Cramps. The Cure 's "oppressively dispirited" trio of albums, Seventeen Seconds (1980), Faith (1981) and Pornography (1982), was when The Cure became a gothic rock band. The line "It doesn't matter if we all die" began the Pornography album, which is considered as "the Cure's gothic piece de resistance".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_rock
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1236837256#12_1363420970
Title: Gothic rock - Wikipedia Headings: Gothic rock Gothic rock From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Characteristics History Forerunners (1960s and 1970s) Origins Expansion of the scene Subsequent developments Visual elements Impact See also References Bibliography Books Journals External links Content: Siouxsie and the Banshees' fourth album, 1981's Juju, was considered the band's first gothic rock album. According to Reynolds, with Juju, the Banshees introduced several gothic qualities, lyrically and sonically, whereas according to The Guardian, Juju was art rock on certain album tracks and pop on the singles. Their bassist, Steven Severin, attributed the aesthetic used by the Banshees around that time to the influence of the Cramps. The Cure 's "oppressively dispirited" trio of albums, Seventeen Seconds (1980), Faith (1981) and Pornography (1982), was when The Cure became a gothic rock band. The line "It doesn't matter if we all die" began the Pornography album, which is considered as "the Cure's gothic piece de resistance". They would later become the most commercially successful of these groups. The Cure's style was "withdrawn", contrasting with their contemporaries like Nick Cave 's first band, the Birthday Party, who drew on blues and spastic, violent turmoil. With the Birthday Party's Junkyard album, Nick Cave combined "sacred and profane" things, using Old Testament imagery with stories about sin, curses and damnation. Their 1981 single " Release the Bats " was particularly influential in the scene. Killing Joke were originally inspired by Public Image Ltd., borrowing from funk, disco, dub and, later, heavy metal.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_rock
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1236837256#13_1363422826
Title: Gothic rock - Wikipedia Headings: Gothic rock Gothic rock From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Characteristics History Forerunners (1960s and 1970s) Origins Expansion of the scene Subsequent developments Visual elements Impact See also References Bibliography Books Journals External links Content: They would later become the most commercially successful of these groups. The Cure's style was "withdrawn", contrasting with their contemporaries like Nick Cave 's first band, the Birthday Party, who drew on blues and spastic, violent turmoil. With the Birthday Party's Junkyard album, Nick Cave combined "sacred and profane" things, using Old Testament imagery with stories about sin, curses and damnation. Their 1981 single " Release the Bats " was particularly influential in the scene. Killing Joke were originally inspired by Public Image Ltd., borrowing from funk, disco, dub and, later, heavy metal. Calling their style "tension music", Killing Joke distorted these elem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_rock
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1238238075#8_1365007390
Title: Government-granted monopoly - Wikipedia Headings: Government-granted monopoly Government-granted monopoly Contents History Patent Copyright Trademark Directly mandated Background of the role of government Natural monopolies Alternative interpretation Criticism Examples See also Notes References External links Content: Though other forms of copy prevention aren't prohibited, requiring Macrovision effectively gives it a monopoly and prevents more effective copy prevention methods from being developed. Background of the role of government The theory of rent seeking - that is, artificially created socially harmful competition for scarcity due to scarcity - can be caused by monopolies, foreign trade restrictions and state subsidies. Governments can also create monopolies in order to reduce inefficiency of market as: scarcity of resources, reduced wealth-creation, lost government revenue, heightened income inequality, incomplete markets. The reason also can be simply as economies of scale, as well as the government can use its power to gather influence on the market by regulation. Companies can also cause rent seeking: a company has a monopoly power – there is no other competitor on the market – then the company can limit the amount produced, so creating scarcity. Therefore, it can raise the price in principle, so it can earn more than its costs, or what other factors could make. While monopolies, for example, can be considered a market failure as prices rise and output falls, monopoly creation is not always a strict market phenomena. Costs of government policies sometimes exceed benefits.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-granted_monopoly
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1238238075#12_1365014563
Title: Government-granted monopoly - Wikipedia Headings: Government-granted monopoly Government-granted monopoly Contents History Patent Copyright Trademark Directly mandated Background of the role of government Natural monopolies Alternative interpretation Criticism Examples See also Notes References External links Content: The real problem is the social costs. These are not only the amount of deadweight loss and the cost of lobbying companies, but also the efforts that consumers make to prevent this. Indirect costs that are caused by rent seeking in other markets should also be taken into account. For example, if there is a need for more economists because of lobbying activities, the cost of not having many other professions or the cost of competing in offices for bribes. Interestingly, however, bribes alone are not a social cost, just a transfer from certain groups (renters) to other groups (clerks). In the case of natural monopolies in private hands, regulation can be introduced to break monopolies. The government can regulate prices in certain sectors where natural monopolies develop. This can be done directly by setting the price (for example, the price of rail or gas) or by regulating the return (for example, in the case of telephone services). Whatever method is used, the goal is to lower prices to cost levels. By reducing the price, the rent seeking and the deadweight loss are also reduced or eliminated.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-granted_monopoly
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1239033225#9_1366008523
Title: Government failure - Wikipedia Headings: Government failure Government failure Contents History Causes of government failure Imperfect information Human factor Influence of interest or pressure groups Political self-interest Policy myopia Government intervention and evasion Costs of administration and enforcement Regulatory Capture Examples Economic crowding out Regulatory Distortion of markets Administration costs Unintended consequences EU Fisheries Policy Overcoming government failure See also Notes References Content: Government spending is also said to crowd out private spending by individuals. Regulatory Regulatory arbitrage is a regulated institution's taking advantage of the difference between its real (or economic) risk and the regulatory position. Regulatory capture is the co-opting of regulatory agencies by members of or the entire regulated industry. Rent seeking and rational ignorance are two of the mechanisms which allow this to happen. Regulatory risk is the risk faced by private-sector firms that regulatory changes will hurt their business. Alexander Hamilton of the World Bank Institute argued in 2013 that rent extraction positively correlates with government size even in stable democracies with high income, robust rule of law mechanisms, transparency, and media freedom. Many Austrian economists, such as Murray Rothbard, argue that regulation is the source of market failure in the form of monopoly, adding that the term " natural monopoly " is a misnomer. From this perspective, all governmental interference in free markets creates inefficiencies and are therefore less preferable to private market self-correction. Distortion of markets Taxation can lead to market distortion. They can artificially change prices thus distorting markets and disturb the way markets allocate scarce resources.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_failure
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1239033225#10_1366010561
Title: Government failure - Wikipedia Headings: Government failure Government failure Contents History Causes of government failure Imperfect information Human factor Influence of interest or pressure groups Political self-interest Policy myopia Government intervention and evasion Costs of administration and enforcement Regulatory Capture Examples Economic crowding out Regulatory Distortion of markets Administration costs Unintended consequences EU Fisheries Policy Overcoming government failure See also Notes References Content: Alexander Hamilton of the World Bank Institute argued in 2013 that rent extraction positively correlates with government size even in stable democracies with high income, robust rule of law mechanisms, transparency, and media freedom. Many Austrian economists, such as Murray Rothbard, argue that regulation is the source of market failure in the form of monopoly, adding that the term " natural monopoly " is a misnomer. From this perspective, all governmental interference in free markets creates inefficiencies and are therefore less preferable to private market self-correction. Distortion of markets Taxation can lead to market distortion. They can artificially change prices thus distorting markets and disturb the way markets allocate scarce resources. Also, taxes can give people incentive to evade them, which is illegal. Minimum price can also result in markets’ distortion (i.e. alcohol, tobacco). Consumer would spend more on harmful good, therefore less of his/her income will be spent on beneficial goods. Subsidies can also lead to misuse of scarce resources as they can help inefficient enterprises by protecting them from free market forces. Administration costs Enforcement of laws through legal system and tax collection demand considerable costs.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_failure
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1239607304#11_1366493785
Title: Government of California - Wikipedia Headings: Government of California Government of California Contents Statewide Executive branch State agencies Independent entities Legislative branch Direct democracy Judicial branch Watchdog evaluations Local government See also References External links Content: It is composed of three branches: the executive, consisting of the Governor of California and the other constitutionally elected and appointed officers and offices; the legislative, consisting of the California State Legislature, which includes the Assembly and the Senate; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court of California and lower courts. There is also local government, consisting of counties, cities, special districts, and school districts, as well as government entities and offices that operate independently on a constitutional, statutory, or common law basis. The state also allows direct participation of the electorate by initiative, referendum, recall and ratification . Contents 1 Statewide 1.1 Executive branch 1.1.1 State agencies 1.1.2 Independent entities 1.2 Legislative branch 1.3 Direct democracy 1.4 Judicial branch 1.5 Watchdog evaluations 2 Local government 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Statewide Executive branch Main article: California executive branch California's elected executive officers are: Gavin Newsom (D) Governor Eleni Kounalakis (D) Lieutenant Governor Shirley Weber (D) Secretary of State Rob Bonta (D) Attorney General Fiona Ma (D) State Treasurer Betty Yee (D) State Controller Tony Thurmond (D) State Superintendent of Public Instruction Ricardo Lara (D) Insurance Commissioner All offices are elected separately to concurrent four-year terms, and each officer may be elected to an office a maximum of two times. The Governor has the powers and responsibilities to:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_California
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1239607304#12_1366495854
Title: Government of California - Wikipedia Headings: Government of California Government of California Contents Statewide Executive branch State agencies Independent entities Legislative branch Direct democracy Judicial branch Watchdog evaluations Local government See also References External links Content: The state also allows direct participation of the electorate by initiative, referendum, recall and ratification . Contents 1 Statewide 1.1 Executive branch 1.1.1 State agencies 1.1.2 Independent entities 1.2 Legislative branch 1.3 Direct democracy 1.4 Judicial branch 1.5 Watchdog evaluations 2 Local government 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Statewide Executive branch Main article: California executive branch California's elected executive officers are: Gavin Newsom (D) Governor Eleni Kounalakis (D) Lieutenant Governor Shirley Weber (D) Secretary of State Rob Bonta (D) Attorney General Fiona Ma (D) State Treasurer Betty Yee (D) State Controller Tony Thurmond (D) State Superintendent of Public Instruction Ricardo Lara (D) Insurance Commissioner All offices are elected separately to concurrent four-year terms, and each officer may be elected to an office a maximum of two times. The Governor has the powers and responsibilities to: sign or veto laws passed by the Legislature, including a line item veto; appoint judges, subject to ratification by the electorate; propose a state budget; give the annual State of the State address; command the state militia;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_California
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1239607304#16_1366503773
Title: Government of California - Wikipedia Headings: Government of California Government of California Contents Statewide Executive branch State agencies Independent entities Legislative branch Direct democracy Judicial branch Watchdog evaluations Local government See also References External links Content: The Department of General Services headquarters in West Sacramento California Business, Consumer Services and Housing Agency (BCSH) California Government Operations Agency (CalGovOps) California Environmental Protection Agency (Cal/EPA) California Health and Human Services Agency (CHHS) California Labor and Workforce Development Agency (LWDA) California Natural Resources Agency (CNRA) California State Transportation Agency (CalSTA) The independently elected officers run separate departments not grouped within the superagencies, and there are other Cabinet-level departments: Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) Department of Education (CDE) Department of Finance (DOF) Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) Department of Insurance (CDI) Department of Justice (DOJ) Department of the Military Independent entities There are several state government entities and offices that are supposed to be independent of direct control by the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the state government, as well as any local government. Most (but not all) of the leaders of these entities are normally appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the state Senate. Despite their independence, the Governor can exert influence on them over time by waiting for incumbent leaders to reach the ends of their terms and appointing new ones who support the Governor's current agenda. Examples include the: Regents of the University of California California State University Board of Trustees California Community Colleges Board of Governors California Public Utilities Commission California State Auditor Fair Political Practices Commission Legislative branch The Senate Chamber of the California State Capitol Main article: California State Legislature The California State Legislature is the state legislature. It is a bicameral body consisting of the California State Assembly, the lower house with 80 members, and the California State Senate, the upper house with 40 members. Members of the Assembly serve two-year terms; members of the Senate serve four-year terms, with half of the seats up for election on alternate (two year) election cycles.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_California
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1241134157#0_1368515792
Title: Government of Nicaragua - Wikipedia Headings: Government of Nicaragua Government of Nicaragua Contents Executive branch Cabinet Ministries and dependent entities Decentralized entities Government-owned enterprises General Dependencies of the Presidency Financial services Public services Legislative branch Judicial branch Autonomous entities References Content: Government of Nicaragua - Wikipedia Government of Nicaragua From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Government of Nicaragua Politics of Nicaragua Constitution Abortion law LGBT rights Executive President Daniel Ortega Vice President Rosario Murillo Legislature National Assembly President: Gustavo Porras Cortés Administrative divisions Departments Municipalities Elections Recent elections General: 2011 2016 2021 Political parties Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Denis Moncada Colindres Diplomatic missions of / in Nicaragua Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Nicaragua portal Other countries v t e Nicaragua is a country in Central America with constitutional democracy with executive, legislative, judicial, and electoral branches of government. The President of Nicaragua is both head of state and head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in the National Assembly. The judiciary and electoral powers are independent of the executive and the legislature. The magistrates of both the Supreme Court (CSJ) and the Supreme Electoral Council (CSE) are appointed by the President and ratified by the National Assembly. Contents 1 Executive branch 1.1 Cabinet 1.2 Ministries and dependent entities 1.3 Decentralized entities 1.4 Government-owned enterprises 1.4.1 General 1.4.2 Dependencies of the Presidency 1.4.3 Financial services 1.4.4 Public services 2 Legislative branch 3 Judicial branch 4 Autonomous entities 5 References Executive branch The current composition of the Executive Branch includes President Daniel Ortega and the Vice-President Rosario Murillo.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Nicaragua
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1241134157#1_1368518092
Title: Government of Nicaragua - Wikipedia Headings: Government of Nicaragua Government of Nicaragua Contents Executive branch Cabinet Ministries and dependent entities Decentralized entities Government-owned enterprises General Dependencies of the Presidency Financial services Public services Legislative branch Judicial branch Autonomous entities References Content: Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in the National Assembly. The judiciary and electoral powers are independent of the executive and the legislature. The magistrates of both the Supreme Court (CSJ) and the Supreme Electoral Council (CSE) are appointed by the President and ratified by the National Assembly. Contents 1 Executive branch 1.1 Cabinet 1.2 Ministries and dependent entities 1.3 Decentralized entities 1.4 Government-owned enterprises 1.4.1 General 1.4.2 Dependencies of the Presidency 1.4.3 Financial services 1.4.4 Public services 2 Legislative branch 3 Judicial branch 4 Autonomous entities 5 References Executive branch The current composition of the Executive Branch includes President Daniel Ortega and the Vice-President Rosario Murillo. The cabinet ministers and the directors of government agencies and autonomous entities are appointed by the President, then confirmed by the National Assembly. Cabinet President of the Republic: Daniel Ortega Vice-President: Rosario Murillo Secretary of the Presidency: Paul Oquist Kelley Minister of Agriculture and Forestry:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Nicaragua
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1241379016#4_1368833931
Title: Government of Peru - Wikipedia Headings: Government of Peru Government of Peru Contents Executive branch Requirements to be Minister of State Functions Ministries of Peru Judicial branch Legislative branch Suffrage See also Notes and references Content: Being born in Peru. Be a current citizen. Be 25 years old or older. Members of the Armed Forces and National Police can be Ministers. Article 92 states that members of Congress can be Ministers of State. Functions Run the process of strategic planning, embedded in the National System of Strategic Planning and determining the sector's functional national goals applicable to every level of government; approve action plans; assign necessary resources to their execution, within the boundaries of the corresponding public budget. Approve the budget proposal to the entities within their sector, abiding by article 32 and supervising their execution. Establish the management measurements of the entities within their sector and evaluate their fulfillment.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Peru
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1241379016#5_1368835131
Title: Government of Peru - Wikipedia Headings: Government of Peru Government of Peru Contents Executive branch Requirements to be Minister of State Functions Ministries of Peru Judicial branch Legislative branch Suffrage See also Notes and references Content: Functions Run the process of strategic planning, embedded in the National System of Strategic Planning and determining the sector's functional national goals applicable to every level of government; approve action plans; assign necessary resources to their execution, within the boundaries of the corresponding public budget. Approve the budget proposal to the entities within their sector, abiding by article 32 and supervising their execution. Establish the management measurements of the entities within their sector and evaluate their fulfillment. Propose the inner organization of their Ministry and approve it according to their competencies attributed by Law. Designate and remove the advising positions or any directly appointed, the heads of public entities and other entities of the sector, when this appointment is not explicitly attributed to the Council of Ministries, other authorities or the President; and submit to the President the new appointees for approval on the contrary. Maintain relations with the regional and local government within the competencies attributed to the sector. Countersign the presidential mandates that concern to their Ministry Issue Supreme Resolution and Ministerial Resolutions.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Peru
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1275776410#0_1408084869
Title: Great Depression in Latin America - Wikipedia Headings: Great Depression in Latin America Great Depression in Latin America Contents Background Peru Mexico Chile Cuba References Further reading Content: Great Depression in Latin America - Wikipedia Great Depression in Latin America From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Latin America was heavily affected by the Great Depression of the 1930s that spread globally after the stock market crash of 1929 on Wall Street in the US. The Great Depression period in Latin America saw the change in Government ruling, economic and government policies and the economic performance of nations within Latin America are seen in the 1930s period of The Great Depression. The Great Depression, characterised by the economic decline of the US and Britain economy, saw economic decline of economies within the Latin American region due to the reliance on Britain and the US for investment in their economy and demand for the region's exports. The rise in fascist governments, was brought upon by a consensus of nationalist desire during the Great Depression of the 1930s, demonstrated in the ruling of the Vergas government in Brazil from 1930 to 1945. This period further sees a shift in economic and government policy within countries of Latin America, such as Argentina, in an effort to adjust their economy to recover from the conditions created by the Great depression. Latin American countries that were economically impacted by the Great depression include Brazil, Cuba, Chile, Mexico, and Peru Contents 1 Background 2 Peru 3 Mexico 4 Chile 5 Cuba 6 References 7 Further reading Background The Great Depression which followed the US stock market crash of 1929 badly affected the countries of Latin America. Chile, Peru, and Bolivia were, according to a League of Nations report, the countries worst-hit by the Great Depression. The rise of fascism also became apparent in Latin American countries in the 1930s due to the Great Depression. Fascist governments were the result of a desire for nationalism, which rulers like Getúlio Vargas of Brazil played on through propaganda. Haiti, for its part, came out of the Great Depression as an independent country after the US pulled out their troops in 1936.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Latin_America
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1275811419#8_1408151875
Title: Great Depression in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia Headings: Great Depression in the United Kingdom Great Depression in the United Kingdom Contents Background Gold standard Economic crisis and the Labour minority government National Government Emergency measures During the recession The South and the Midlands In the North and industrial heartlands Welfare state during the 1930s Slow recovery Rearmament and recovery Consequences of the Great Depression Historic evaluation See also References Notes Further reading Primary sources External links Content: During this time there were little to no unemployment benefits, so this mass unemployment led to many of Britain’s population becoming impoverished. Government revenues contracted as national income fell, while the cost of assisting the jobless rose. The industrial areas were hardest hit, along with the coal mining districts. London and the south-east of England were hurt less. In 1933, 30% of Glaswegians were unemployed due to the severe decline in heavy industry. Under pressure from its Liberal allies as well as the Conservative opposition, the Labour government appointed a committee to review the state of public finances. The May Report of July 1931 urged public sector wage cuts and large cuts in public spending (notably in benefit payments ("dole") to the unemployed) to avoid incurring a budget deficit. The sense was that the deficit was dangerous and had to be reduced; the proposal was to meet £24 million by increased taxes on the rich, and £96 million by economies, of which £64 million would come from unemployment relief. This proposal proved deeply unpopular within the Labour Party and among its main supporters, the trade unions, which along with several government ministers refused to support any such measures.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1275811419#9_1408153913
Title: Great Depression in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia Headings: Great Depression in the United Kingdom Great Depression in the United Kingdom Contents Background Gold standard Economic crisis and the Labour minority government National Government Emergency measures During the recession The South and the Midlands In the North and industrial heartlands Welfare state during the 1930s Slow recovery Rearmament and recovery Consequences of the Great Depression Historic evaluation See also References Notes Further reading Primary sources External links Content: Under pressure from its Liberal allies as well as the Conservative opposition, the Labour government appointed a committee to review the state of public finances. The May Report of July 1931 urged public sector wage cuts and large cuts in public spending (notably in benefit payments ("dole") to the unemployed) to avoid incurring a budget deficit. The sense was that the deficit was dangerous and had to be reduced; the proposal was to meet £24 million by increased taxes on the rich, and £96 million by economies, of which £64 million would come from unemployment relief. This proposal proved deeply unpopular within the Labour Party and among its main supporters, the trade unions, which along with several government ministers refused to support any such measures. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Philip Snowden, insisted that the Report's recommendations be adopted to avoid incurring a budget deficit. In a memorandum in January 1930, one junior government minister, Oswald Mosley, proposed that the government take control of banking and exports, as well as increase pensions to boost purchasing power. When his ideas were turned down, he left Labour to form the New Party, and later the British Union of Fascists . National Government Main article: National Government (United Kingdom) The dispute over spending and wage cuts split the Labour government:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1275811419#11_1408158007
Title: Great Depression in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia Headings: Great Depression in the United Kingdom Great Depression in the United Kingdom Contents Background Gold standard Economic crisis and the Labour minority government National Government Emergency measures During the recession The South and the Midlands In the North and industrial heartlands Welfare state during the 1930s Slow recovery Rearmament and recovery Consequences of the Great Depression Historic evaluation See also References Notes Further reading Primary sources External links Content: as it turned out, beyond recovery. The political deadlock that resulted caused investors to take fright, and a flight of capital and gold further de-stabilised the economy. In response, MacDonald, on the urging of King George V, decided to form a "National Government" with the Conservatives and the Liberals. On 24 August, MacDonald submitted the resignation of his ministers and led his senior colleagues in forming the new National Government. MacDonald and his supporters were expelled from the Labour Party and adopted the label " National Labour ". The Labour Party and some Liberals, led by David Lloyd George, went into opposition. The Labour Party denounced MacDonald as a "traitor" and a "rat" for what they saw as his betrayal. Soon after this, a general election was called. The 1931 general election resulted in a Conservative landslide victory, with the now leaderless Labour Party winning only 46 seats in Parliament. After the 1931 election the national government was Conservative-dominated, although MacDonald continued as prime minister until 1935.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1283274874#0_1415680541
Title: Great Western main line - Wikipedia Headings: Great Western main line Great Western main line Contents History Heritage Route Services Infrastructure Tunnels, viaducts and major bridges Line-side monitoring equipment Planned developments Electrification from Airport Junction to the west Other proposals Calls for station reopenings Major incidents Rolling stock Commuter trains High Speed Trains Sleeper Trains Notes See also References Sources Further reading External links Content: Great Western main line - Wikipedia Great Western main line From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Great Western Main Line) Jump to navigation Jump to search English railway line linking London and Bristol Not to be confused with West Coast Main Line or West of England line. Great Western main line Maidenhead Railway Bridge carrying the line over the River Thames. Overview Status Operational Owner Network Rail Locale Greater London South East England South West England Termini London Paddington Bristol Temple Meads Stations 25 Service Type Commuter rail, Higher-speed rail System National Rail Operator (s) Great Western Railway TfL Rail Heathrow Express Chiltern Railways CrossCountry South Western Railway Depot (s) North Pole Reading St Philip's Marsh depot Rolling stock Class 158 Class 159 Class 165 Class 166 Class 220 Class 221 Class 345 Class 387 Class 800 Class 802 History Opened 30 June 1841 (complete line) Technical Line length 118 mi 19 ch (190.28 km) Number of tracks Four (London to Didcot) Two (Didcot to Bristol) Track gauge 4 ft 8 + 1⁄2 in ( 1,435 mm) Old gauge 7 ft 1⁄4 in ( 2,140 mm) Electrification 25 kV 50 hz AC OLE Operating speed 125 mph (201 km/h) maximum Signalling AWS, TPWS, ATP Route map ( Click to expand – Interactive map) The Great Western main line (GWML) is a main line railway in England, that runs westwards from London Paddington to Bristol Temple Meads. It connects to other main lines such as those from Reading to Penzance and Swindon to Swansea. Opened in 1841, it was the original route of the first Great Western Railway which was merged into the Western Region of British Railways in 1948. It is now a part of the national rail system managed by Network Rail with the majority of passenger services provided by the current Great Western Railway franchise. The line has recently been electrified along most of its length. The eastern section from Paddington to Hayes & Harlington was electrified in 1998. Work to electrify the remainder of the route started in 2011 with an initial aim to complete the work all the way to Bristol by 2016, but in that year the section through Bath to Bristol Temple Meads was deferred with no date set for completion because costs had tripled. Contents 1 History 1.1 Heritage 2 Route 3 Services 4 Infrastructure 4.1 Tunnels, viaducts and major bridges 4.1.1 Line-side monitoring equipment 5 Planned developments 5.1 Electrification from Airport Junction to the west 5.2 Other proposals 5.3 Calls for station reopenings 6 Major incidents 7 Rolling stock 7.1 Commuter trains 7.2 High Speed Trains 7.3 Sleeper Trains 8 Notes 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links History See also:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Western_Main_Line
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1299939764#2_1432458146
Title: Greenback (1860s money) - Wikipedia Headings: Greenback (1860s money) Greenback (1860s money) Contents History Before Civil War Civil War Demand Notes United States Notes Complete set of 1862–63 greenbacks See also Notes References Sources Further reading Content: Contents 1 History 1.1 Before Civil War 1.2 Civil War 1.3 Demand Notes 1.4 United States Notes 2 Complete set of 1862–63 greenbacks 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Sources 6.1 Further reading History Before Civil War Before the Civil War, the only money issued by the United States was gold and silver coins and only such coins ("specie") were legal tender and so payment in that form had to be accepted. Paper currency in the form of banknotes was issued by privately-owned banks, the notes being redeemable for species at the bank's office and not legal tender. Such notes had value only if the bank could be counted on to redeem them. If a bank failed, its notes became worthless. National governments had issued paper money and made it legal tender, but that was usually with at least the pretense that the notes would be redeemable for species at some time. Continental dollars issued by the Continental Congress during the American Revolution had no such backing. They soon became almost worthless largely due to massive British counterfeiting of them as an act of war. In the early 19th century, the U.S. issued interest-bearing Treasury Notes in various denominations. They were not legal tender but could be used to pay customs duties. Civil War When President Abraham Lincoln assumed office, he understood the importance of money for the war effort.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenback_(1860s_money)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1299939764#3_1432459995
Title: Greenback (1860s money) - Wikipedia Headings: Greenback (1860s money) Greenback (1860s money) Contents History Before Civil War Civil War Demand Notes United States Notes Complete set of 1862–63 greenbacks See also Notes References Sources Further reading Content: Continental dollars issued by the Continental Congress during the American Revolution had no such backing. They soon became almost worthless largely due to massive British counterfeiting of them as an act of war. In the early 19th century, the U.S. issued interest-bearing Treasury Notes in various denominations. They were not legal tender but could be used to pay customs duties. Civil War When President Abraham Lincoln assumed office, he understood the importance of money for the war effort. With that in mind, Lincoln appointed Salmon P. Chase as Secretary of the Treasury. His position made authorized to act alone on all matters about the country's finances. Chase, like almost everyone at the time, underestimated the duration and the cost of the war. Within a few months, the costs of the war would clearly run far beyond the government's limited income from tariffs and excises. The Lincoln administration sought loans from major banks, mostly in New York City.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenback_(1860s_money)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1299939764#4_1432461435
Title: Greenback (1860s money) - Wikipedia Headings: Greenback (1860s money) Greenback (1860s money) Contents History Before Civil War Civil War Demand Notes United States Notes Complete set of 1862–63 greenbacks See also Notes References Sources Further reading Content: With that in mind, Lincoln appointed Salmon P. Chase as Secretary of the Treasury. His position made authorized to act alone on all matters about the country's finances. Chase, like almost everyone at the time, underestimated the duration and the cost of the war. Within a few months, the costs of the war would clearly run far beyond the government's limited income from tariffs and excises. The Lincoln administration sought loans from major banks, mostly in New York City. The banks demanded very high-interest rates of 24 to 36 percent. Lincoln refused to borrow on such terms and called for other solutions. Demand Notes The United States Demand Note was authorized by Congress on 17 July 1861 and issued on 10 August 1861. The first measure to finance the war occurred in July 1861, when Congress authorized $50,000,000 in Demand Notes. They bore no interest but could be redeemed for specie "on demand."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenback_(1860s_money)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1299939764#5_1432462815
Title: Greenback (1860s money) - Wikipedia Headings: Greenback (1860s money) Greenback (1860s money) Contents History Before Civil War Civil War Demand Notes United States Notes Complete set of 1862–63 greenbacks See also Notes References Sources Further reading Content: The banks demanded very high-interest rates of 24 to 36 percent. Lincoln refused to borrow on such terms and called for other solutions. Demand Notes The United States Demand Note was authorized by Congress on 17 July 1861 and issued on 10 August 1861. The first measure to finance the war occurred in July 1861, when Congress authorized $50,000,000 in Demand Notes. They bore no interest but could be redeemed for specie "on demand." They were not legal tender before March 1862 but, like Treasury Notes, could be used to pay customs duties. Unlike state and some private banknotes, Demand Notes were printed on both sides. The reverse side was printed in green ink and so the Demand Notes were dubbed "greenbacks." Initially, they were discounted relative to gold, but being fully redeemable in gold, they were soon at par. In December 1861, the government had to suspend redemption, and the Demand Notes declined.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenback_(1860s_money)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1299939764#8_1432466910
Title: Greenback (1860s money) - Wikipedia Headings: Greenback (1860s money) Greenback (1860s money) Contents History Before Civil War Civil War Demand Notes United States Notes Complete set of 1862–63 greenbacks See also Notes References Sources Further reading Content: By mid-1863, about 95% of them had been gone. United States Notes Main article: United States Notes The number of Demand Notes issued was far insufficient to meet the war expenses of the government but even so was not supportable. The solution came from Colonel "Dick" Taylor, an Illinois businessman who was serving as a volunteer officer. Taylor met with Lincoln in January 1862 and suggested issuing unbacked paper money. Issuing unbacked paper money was not an idea that Lincoln really liked, but there was mounting pressure in Congress to do something. The government could either print its own money or go into deep perpetual debt to foreign creditors. That made President quickly endorse Taylor's proposal. On February 25, 1862, Congress passed the first Legal Tender Act, which authorized the issuance of $150 million in United States Notes. Since the reverse of the notes was printed with green ink, they were called "greenbacks" by the public and considered to be equivalent to the Demand Notes, which were already known as such.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenback_(1860s_money)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1299939764#9_1432468422
Title: Greenback (1860s money) - Wikipedia Headings: Greenback (1860s money) Greenback (1860s money) Contents History Before Civil War Civil War Demand Notes United States Notes Complete set of 1862–63 greenbacks See also Notes References Sources Further reading Content: Issuing unbacked paper money was not an idea that Lincoln really liked, but there was mounting pressure in Congress to do something. The government could either print its own money or go into deep perpetual debt to foreign creditors. That made President quickly endorse Taylor's proposal. On February 25, 1862, Congress passed the first Legal Tender Act, which authorized the issuance of $150 million in United States Notes. Since the reverse of the notes was printed with green ink, they were called "greenbacks" by the public and considered to be equivalent to the Demand Notes, which were already known as such. The United States Notes were issued by the United States to pay for labor and goods. Earlier, Secretary Chase had the slogan " In God We Trust " engraved on U.S. coins. During a cabinet meeting, there was some discussion of adding it to the U.S. Notes as well. Lincoln, however, humorously remarked, "If you are going to put a legend on the greenbacks, I would suggest that of Peter and Paul, 'Silver and gold I have none, but such as I have I give to thee. ' " California and Oregon defied the Legal Tender Act.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenback_(1860s_money)
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1306337731#3_1440480142
Title: Gregor and the Code of Claw - Wikipedia Headings: Gregor and the Code of Claw Gregor and the Code of Claw From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Plot summary Characters Major characters Reception References Content: Gregor is desperate to keep his family safe, so he extracts a promise from Ripred to protect them and keep them in the dark about Gregor's impending doom. While Lizzie works on (and ultimately solves) the code, Gregor fights the Bane 's armies, struggling all the while to cope with his emotions about Luxa and Sandwich's prophecy. Shortly before his final confrontation with the Bane, Gregor has all but lost hope for his life. Noticing this, Ripred tells him that he doesn't believe Gregor has to die, because the old rat has never believed in Sandwich's prophetic ability. This revelation inspires Gregor to ultimately defeat the unstable Bane. Two weeks later, a wounded Gregor awakens in the hospital and learns of a series of crushing events. Though the humans routed the rats, Ares died in the Firelands of wounds inflicted by the Bane; Ripred is presumed dead; and Vikus has been partially paralyzed by a stroke brought on by his wife's death. Though Gregor no longer feels bound by it, many Underlanders wonder how the prophecy can be fulfilled while "the warrior" lives.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_and_the_Code_of_Claw
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1306337731#4_1440481644
Title: Gregor and the Code of Claw - Wikipedia Headings: Gregor and the Code of Claw Gregor and the Code of Claw From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Plot summary Characters Major characters Reception References Content: Two weeks later, a wounded Gregor awakens in the hospital and learns of a series of crushing events. Though the humans routed the rats, Ares died in the Firelands of wounds inflicted by the Bane; Ripred is presumed dead; and Vikus has been partially paralyzed by a stroke brought on by his wife's death. Though Gregor no longer feels bound by it, many Underlanders wonder how the prophecy can be fulfilled while "the warrior" lives. At the rats' official meeting to discuss terms of surrender, they have their answer. Angered by both a half-dead Ripred and Luxa's readiness to return to war, Gregor breaks Bartholomew of Sandwich's sword on his knees and pronounces the warrior officially dead. Ripred and Luxa, agreeing with Gregor's sentiment, do something unprecedented and bond as a sign of their mutual desire for peace. Afterward, delegates from each species meet to negotiate more a specific treaty while Gregor's family says their good-byes and returns to New York. The novel ends as Gregor's parents discuss a move to Virginia while their children wonder how they can ever forget the Underland.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_and_the_Code_of_Claw
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1306337731#8_1440487219
Title: Gregor and the Code of Claw - Wikipedia Headings: Gregor and the Code of Claw Gregor and the Code of Claw From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Plot summary Characters Major characters Reception References Content: Ares is heralded as a hero upon his death in the region known as Tartarus. Ripred: A rat, rager, and seasoned warrior. Ripred 's immense experience and wisdom lead to his acting as general, strategist, and skilled fighter for the humans. Ripred never loses sight of his own goals, however, which almost restarts the human-gnawer conflict after the end of their war. Ripred becomes fond of Gregor's sister Lizzie, who reminds him of one of his deceased pups, and bonds with Queen Luxa in part because of his concern for her and her family. Luxa: The Underlanders' young queen, granddaughter of Solovet and Vikus. Luxa is proud, stubborn, and cares deeply for her friends. Though her friend Gregor admires these traits in general, they are not an asset for her during wartime, and this causes some conflict for her in Gregor and the Code of Claw.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_and_the_Code_of_Claw
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1306337731#9_1440488483
Title: Gregor and the Code of Claw - Wikipedia Headings: Gregor and the Code of Claw Gregor and the Code of Claw From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Plot summary Characters Major characters Reception References Content: Ripred becomes fond of Gregor's sister Lizzie, who reminds him of one of his deceased pups, and bonds with Queen Luxa in part because of his concern for her and her family. Luxa: The Underlanders' young queen, granddaughter of Solovet and Vikus. Luxa is proud, stubborn, and cares deeply for her friends. Though her friend Gregor admires these traits in general, they are not an asset for her during wartime, and this causes some conflict for her in Gregor and the Code of Claw. Luxa has been bonded to the flier Aurora since childhood, and bonds to the rat Ripred at the end of the novel. She also begins to develop romantic feelings for Gregor. Lizzie: Gregor's little sister and " princess " of the prophecy (by her relation to Boots ). Lizzie is very bright, but suffers from frequent panic attacks.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_and_the_Code_of_Claw
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1306337731#12_1440492167
Title: Gregor and the Code of Claw - Wikipedia Headings: Gregor and the Code of Claw Gregor and the Code of Claw From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Plot summary Characters Major characters Reception References Content: Gregor and Lizzie's toddler sister. She is known by the crawlers as "the princess", which leads the Underland humans to believe she is important to the code-breaking effort. Her greatest importance to the story, however, comes from the contrast she presents between herself and her older brother. Gregor struggles to keep her in the dark about the terrible things going on around her, but is not entirely successful. Solovet: The Regalian army's head and wife of statesman Vikus. Gregor distrusts Solovet because of her involvement with the plague, but is forced to obey her orders because of her capability as a military commander. Gregor freely admits that the training she forces on him may have kept him alive, but still hates her for imprisoning him in the Regalian dungeon. Solovet is ambushed while on a diplomatic mission towards the end of the war and dies. Her husband, knowing that he could have saved her at the cost of revealing that the humans solved the Code of Claw, experiences a stroke as a result, and almost dies himself.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_and_the_Code_of_Claw
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1306337731#13_1440493631
Title: Gregor and the Code of Claw - Wikipedia Headings: Gregor and the Code of Claw Gregor and the Code of Claw From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Plot summary Characters Major characters Reception References Content: The Regalian army's head and wife of statesman Vikus. Gregor distrusts Solovet because of her involvement with the plague, but is forced to obey her orders because of her capability as a military commander. Gregor freely admits that the training she forces on him may have kept him alive, but still hates her for imprisoning him in the Regalian dungeon. Solovet is ambushed while on a diplomatic mission towards the end of the war and dies. Her husband, knowing that he could have saved her at the cost of revealing that the humans solved the Code of Claw, experiences a stroke as a result, and almost dies himself. The Bane (Pearlpelt): A highly unstable, gigantic white rat believed to be a harbinger of doom in the Underland. The Bane is emotionally fragile but extremely dangerous, especially when goaded on by his "friend" Twirltongue. He personally kills numerous Underland creatures, including the flier Ares. He is killed by Gregor and Ares in the last few chapters of the novel.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_and_the_Code_of_Claw
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1306352394#10_1440514561
Title: Gregor and the Marks of Secret - Wikipedia Headings: Gregor and the Marks of Secret Gregor and the Marks of Secret Contents Plot summary The Prophecy of Secret Characters Quest members References Content: The Regalians are fully prepared to resume hostilities "as [they] have before". Luxa explains to Gregor that, in times of war, the Regalians attack their enemies with swords and burning oil poured from high places. Characters See also: List of The Underland Chronicles characters Quest members Gregor: The twelve-year-old protagonist of the novel; a " rager " and the Regalians' "warrior". He is bonded to the flier Ares and is a close friend of the princess Luxa. The knowledge that he will soon be leaving the Underland forever causes him to conflict with many of his friends, when they act as though he will never leave. Ares: A large black flier ( bat) bonded to Gregor.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_and_the_Marks_of_Secret
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1306352394#12_1440516799
Title: Gregor and the Marks of Secret - Wikipedia Headings: Gregor and the Marks of Secret Gregor and the Marks of Secret Contents Plot summary The Prophecy of Secret Characters Quest members References Content: He is brave and much stronger than the average bat. During the journey, he is a source of strength for the other quest members with his calm and resourcefulness. Luxa: The rebellious future queen of Regalia. During the period between Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane and Gregor and the Curse of the Warmbloods, she and her bond Aurora were trapped in the Jungle and became close friends with the nibbler colony there. It is that colony's request for help that motivated her, Aurora, Gregor, and Ares to begin their quest. She later makes the "Vow to the Dead" at the site of a nibbler mass execution, essentially pledging all her personal and political power to avenge the mice 's deaths. Aurora: A golden bat bonded to Luxa. She is one of Ares's only friends.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_and_the_Marks_of_Secret
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1306380622#0_1440555398
Title: Gregor the Overlander - Wikipedia Headings: Gregor the Overlander Gregor the Overlander From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Plot summary The Prophecy of Grey Characters Quest Members Publication References External links Content: Gregor the Overlander - Wikipedia Gregor the Overlander From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Book Gregor the Overlander First edition Author Suzanne Collins Cover artist Daniel Craig Country United States Language English Series The Underland Chronicles Genre Fantasy Publisher Scholastic Publication date September 1, 2003 Pages 336 ISBN 978-0-439-67813-1 OCLC 66527121 Followed by Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane Gregor the Overlander is a children's epic fantasy novel. The book was written by Suzanne Collins and was published in 2003 as the first book of The Underland Chronicles. It was received well by critics, and was listed as one of New York Public Library 's 100 Books for Reading and Sharing. It was featured by the U.S. National Public Radio in 2005. Scholastic has rated the book's " grade level equivalent " as 4.9 and the book's lexile score as 630L, making it reading-level-appropriate for the average fourth or fifth grader. The novel has been published in several languages and is available as both an audiobook and ebook. Its United Kingdom edition was published under the alternate title Gregor and the Rats of the Underland. Contents 1 Plot summary 1.1 The Prophecy of Grey 1.2 Characters 1.2.1 Quest Members 2 Publication 3 References 4 External links Plot summary Eleven-year-old Gregor is left home alone in his family's New York City apartment to watch his sister and grandmother. When Gregor's baby sister Boots falls through an old air duct grate in the building's basement, he dives in after her. The two fall miles below into the Underland:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_the_Overlander
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1306380622#2_1440559092
Title: Gregor the Overlander - Wikipedia Headings: Gregor the Overlander Gregor the Overlander From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Plot summary The Prophecy of Grey Characters Quest Members Publication References External links Content: a subterranean world home to humans with near- translucent skin; giant sentient bats, rodents, and insects; and an escalating conflict between the human city of Regalia and the rats ' King Gorger. They meet several "Underlanders", among them the Regalians' crown princess Luxa, her cousin Henry, and the bats who are " bonded " to them. At first, Gregor wants only to return home, but when he is attacked by two rats during an escape attempt and saved by the Underlanders, he inadvertently brings the conflict between the two groups to a head. It is then that he learns the real reason for the rats' hatred of Overlanders: a mysterious prophecy written by the human colony's founder Bartholomew of Sandwich hints that an Overland "warrior" will stop an attempt by the rats to take over the underground realm once and for all. The Regalian council believes Gregor to be this warrior, and tries to convince him to undertake the quest mentioned in the "Prophecy of Gray". Though he sympathizes, Gregor is reluctant to help until he learns a surprising fact: his father, who disappeared unexpectedly over two years before, had actually fallen down into Regalia just like Gregor and Boots and been taken prisoner by the rats.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_the_Overlander
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1306380622#4_1440562651
Title: Gregor the Overlander - Wikipedia Headings: Gregor the Overlander Gregor the Overlander From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Plot summary The Prophecy of Grey Characters Quest Members Publication References External links Content: Gregor, his sister, and a group of Regalians go on a journey to rescue Gregor's father and recruit allies for a war against the rats. The quest group is challenged to successfully recruit allies for the Regalians, and then journeys to find Gregor's dad emaciated and tortured in the personal prison of King Gorger. When the rat king discovers their rescue attempt, Henry reveals that he has been helping the rats all along, hoping to ally them with the Regalians and conquer the entire Underland. During the questers' attempt to escape, Gregor sacrifices himself to lure the rats' attack force — King Gorger and Henry among them — off the edge of a cliff. Henry's bat Ares, who had no knowledge of his bond's treachery, chooses to save Gregor rather than Henry as they fall. When the few remaining quest members make it back to Regalia, Luxa and her family are devastated, both because of Henry's treason and death and because Ares has been sentenced to banishment (essentially a death sentence in the Underland) for allowing his bond to die. Gregor saves his life by using his status as the "warrior" to form a new bond with him. When things have settled down somewhat and the Regalian doctors have done all they can for his father, Gregor and his family return to the surface. The Prophecy of Grey Beware, Underlanders, time hangs by a thread The hunters are hunted, white water runs red. The gnawers will strike to extinguish the rest.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_the_Overlander
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_1306380622#9_1440569924
Title: Gregor the Overlander - Wikipedia Headings: Gregor the Overlander Gregor the Overlander From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Plot summary The Prophecy of Grey Characters Quest Members Publication References External links Content: Meaning: Gregor and Boots; Luxa and Henry; the bats Ares and Aurora; two giant cockroaches named Temp and Tick; the spiders Gox and Treflex; and the evil rat Ripred all journey on a quest to find the "one lost up ahead": Gregor's dad. Out of the original twelve, Tick, Treflex, Gox, and Henry all die during the quest. The last who will die must decide where he stands.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_the_Overlander