id
stringlengths 33
45
| content
stringlengths 95
98.7k
| url
stringlengths 18
263
|
|---|---|---|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_577385720#9_626658068
|
Title: Esophageal dysphagia - Wikipedia
Headings: Esophageal dysphagia
Esophageal dysphagia
Contents
Signs and symptoms
Causes
Differential diagnosis
Main article: esophageal web
Main article: achalasia
Rare causes of esophageal dysphagia not mentioned above
Diagnostic tools
Treatment
References
External links
Content: Other symptoms of achalasia include regurgitation, night coughing, chest pain, weight loss, and heartburn. The combination of achalasia, adrenal insufficiency, and alacrima (lack of tear production) in children is known as the triple-A (Allgrove) syndrome. In most cases the cause is unknown (idiopathic), but in some regions of the world, achalasia can also be caused by Chagas disease due to infection by Trypanosoma cruzi . Main article: achalasia
Scleroderma is a disease characterized by atrophy and sclerosis of the gut wall, most commonly of the distal esophagus (~90%). Consequently, the lower esophageal sphincter cannot close and this can lead to severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Patients typically present with progressive dysphagia to both solids and liquids secondary to motility problems or peptic stricture from acid reflux. Main article: scleroderma
Spastic motility disorders include diffuse esophageal spasm (DES), nutcracker esophagus, hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter, and nonspecific spastic esophageal motility disorders (NEMD). DES can be caused by many factors that affect muscular or neural functions, including acid reflux, stress, hot or cold food, or carbonated drinks.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_dysphagia
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_577385720#10_626659793
|
Title: Esophageal dysphagia - Wikipedia
Headings: Esophageal dysphagia
Esophageal dysphagia
Contents
Signs and symptoms
Causes
Differential diagnosis
Main article: esophageal web
Main article: achalasia
Rare causes of esophageal dysphagia not mentioned above
Diagnostic tools
Treatment
References
External links
Content: Consequently, the lower esophageal sphincter cannot close and this can lead to severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Patients typically present with progressive dysphagia to both solids and liquids secondary to motility problems or peptic stricture from acid reflux. Main article: scleroderma
Spastic motility disorders include diffuse esophageal spasm (DES), nutcracker esophagus, hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter, and nonspecific spastic esophageal motility disorders (NEMD). DES can be caused by many factors that affect muscular or neural functions, including acid reflux, stress, hot or cold food, or carbonated drinks. Patients present with intermittent dysphagia, chest pain, or heartburn. Rare causes of esophageal dysphagia not mentioned above
Diverticulum
Aberrant subclavian artery, or ( dysphagia lusoria)
Cervical osteophytes
Enlarged aorta
Enlarged left atrium
Mediastinal tumor
Diagnostic tools
Once a patient complains of dysphagia they should have an upper endoscopy (EGD). Commonly patients are found to have esophagitis and may have an esophageal stricture. Biopsies are usually done to look for evidence of esophagitis even if the EGD is normal. Usually no further testing is required if the diagnosis is established on EGD.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_dysphagia
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_577420700#0_626733937
|
Title: Esophageal motility disorder - Wikipedia
Headings: Esophageal motility disorder
Esophageal motility disorder
Contents
Symptoms
Types
See also
References
External links
Content: Esophageal motility disorder - Wikipedia
Esophageal motility disorder
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " Esophageal motility disorder" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Esophageal motility disorder
Other names
Esophageal dysmotility (ED)
Diagnostic method
Esophageal motility study
Functional Lumen Imaging Probe
Treatment
treatment depends on cause
An esophageal motility disorder ( EMD) is any medical disorder causing difficulty in swallowing, regurgitation of food and a spasm -type pain which can be brought on by an allergic reaction to certain foods. The most prominent one is dysphagia . Esophageal motility disorder may be a result of CREST syndrome, referring to the five main features: calcinosis, Raynaud syndrome, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia. Contents
1 Symptoms
1.1 Types
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Symptoms
There are contractions along the lower esophagus when this condition happens. These contractions prevent the passage of food.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_motility_disorder
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_577420700#1_626735661
|
Title: Esophageal motility disorder - Wikipedia
Headings: Esophageal motility disorder
Esophageal motility disorder
Contents
Symptoms
Types
See also
References
External links
Content: The most prominent one is dysphagia . Esophageal motility disorder may be a result of CREST syndrome, referring to the five main features: calcinosis, Raynaud syndrome, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia. Contents
1 Symptoms
1.1 Types
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Symptoms
There are contractions along the lower esophagus when this condition happens. These contractions prevent the passage of food. Types
Dysphagia could be for solid only or for solid and liquid. Solid dysphagia is due to obstruction such as esophageal cancer, esophageal web, or stricture. Solid plus liquid dysphagia is due to esophageal motility disorder (or dysmotility) either in the upper esophagus ( myasthenia gravis, stroke, or dermatomyositis) or lower esophagus ( systemic sclerosis, CREST syndrome, or achalasia ). If there is a food allergy causing an EMD, then physicians recommend an elimination diet. If this fails, then physicians will prescribe special types of Medication to help resolve this problem.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_motility_disorder
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_577420700#2_626737061
|
Title: Esophageal motility disorder - Wikipedia
Headings: Esophageal motility disorder
Esophageal motility disorder
Contents
Symptoms
Types
See also
References
External links
Content: Types
Dysphagia could be for solid only or for solid and liquid. Solid dysphagia is due to obstruction such as esophageal cancer, esophageal web, or stricture. Solid plus liquid dysphagia is due to esophageal motility disorder (or dysmotility) either in the upper esophagus ( myasthenia gravis, stroke, or dermatomyositis) or lower esophagus ( systemic sclerosis, CREST syndrome, or achalasia ). If there is a food allergy causing an EMD, then physicians recommend an elimination diet. If this fails, then physicians will prescribe special types of Medication to help resolve this problem. See also
Esophageal disease
Esophageal motility study
Esophageal spasm
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Nutcracker esophagus
Systemic sclerosis
Esophageal food bolus obstruction
Dysphagia
Functional Lumen Imaging Probe
References
^ Winterbauer RH (1964). " Multiple telangiectasia, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, and subcutaneous calcinosis: a syndrome mimicking hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia". Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 114: 31–83.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_motility_disorder
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_588524245#4_637942170
|
Title: Ethics in Government Act - Wikipedia
Headings: Ethics in Government Act
Ethics in Government Act
Contents
The Ethics in Government Act of 1978
Title I
Title II
Title III
Title IV
Title V
Title VI
Criticism
The Ethics Reform Act of 1989
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Title II
Vote to repeal took place in 1989, and took effect January 1, 1991. This title originally governed financial disclosure by executive branch officials, but disclosure rules for all three branches were later consolidated into the first title. Title III
Vote to repeal took place in 1989, and took effect January 1, 1991. This title originally governed financial disclosure by judicial branch officials, but disclosure rules for all three branches were later consolidated into the first title. Title IV
Title IV created the Office of Government Ethics. The Office of Government Ethics' director is appointed by the President, and approved by the Senate. He or she is charged with providing direction on Executive Branch policies of disclosure, and collaborates with the Attorney General in investigations of ethics violations. Title V
Title V restricts outside employment on people making above $120,000 a year with adjustment for location as of 2011. He or she cannot be employed by an "entity which provides professional services involving a fiduciary relationship", have his or her name used by that entity, work on the board of that entity, or teach without prior authorization by the appropriate government ethics department or figure. It increased length of prohibition of lobbying work in front of the agency that he or she was employed by from one to two years.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_in_Government_Act
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_592247197#1_640933045
|
Title: Ethnic minorities in the US armed forces during World War II - Wikipedia
Headings: Ethnic minorities in the US armed forces during World War II
Ethnic minorities in the US armed forces during World War II
Contents
White minority participation
Latino-Americans
Jewish-Americans
Polish-Americans
Italian-Americans
Arab-Americans
Armenian-Americans
Possible reasons for ethnic minority participation
Detailed instances of racial discrimination
Statistical information
Minority groups
One million African-American inductions
Inductions of other minority groups
African American enlistments
Notes
See also
References
Further reading
Content: According to House concurrent resolution 253, 400,000 to 500,000 Hispanic Americans served. They were released from military service in 1945-46 on equal terms, and were eligible for the G.I. Bill and other veterans' benefits on a basis of equality. Many veterans, having learned organizational skills, and become more alert to the nationwide situation of their group, became active in civil rights activities after the war. Contents
1 White minority participation
1.1 Latino-Americans
1.2 Jewish-Americans
1.3 Polish-Americans
1.4 Italian-Americans
1.5 Arab-Americans
1.6 Armenian-Americans
2 Possible reasons for ethnic minority participation
3 Detailed instances of racial discrimination
4 Statistical information
4.1 Minority groups
4.1.1 One million African-American inductions
4.1.2 Inductions of other minority groups
4.1.3 African American enlistments
5 Notes
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
White minority participation
The majority of the American population at the outbreak of the war were of European descent, including Italy, Germany, and Ireland. A considerable number of groups legally defined as white could still be considered ethnic minorities at the time, particularly those from Southern or Eastern Europe. Detailed tabulations were not kept for these groups by the U.S. military, which simply listed them all as "white". Separate statistics were kept for African Americans and Asian Americans. Latino-Americans
Main article: Hispanic Americans in World War II
Hispanic Americans, also referred to as Latinos, served in all elements of the American armed forces in the war. They fought in every major American battle in the war According to House concurrent resolution 253, 400,000 to 500,000 Hispanic Americans served in the U.S. Armed Forces during World Wa out of a total of 16,000,000.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_the_US_armed_forces_during_World_War_II
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_592247197#2_640935762
|
Title: Ethnic minorities in the US armed forces during World War II - Wikipedia
Headings: Ethnic minorities in the US armed forces during World War II
Ethnic minorities in the US armed forces during World War II
Contents
White minority participation
Latino-Americans
Jewish-Americans
Polish-Americans
Italian-Americans
Arab-Americans
Armenian-Americans
Possible reasons for ethnic minority participation
Detailed instances of racial discrimination
Statistical information
Minority groups
One million African-American inductions
Inductions of other minority groups
African American enlistments
Notes
See also
References
Further reading
Content: Detailed tabulations were not kept for these groups by the U.S. military, which simply listed them all as "white". Separate statistics were kept for African Americans and Asian Americans. Latino-Americans
Main article: Hispanic Americans in World War II
Hispanic Americans, also referred to as Latinos, served in all elements of the American armed forces in the war. They fought in every major American battle in the war According to House concurrent resolution 253, 400,000 to 500,000 Hispanic Americans served in the U.S. Armed Forces during World Wa out of a total of 16,000,000. Most were of Mexican or Puerto Rican descent. By another estimate, over 500,000 Mexican-Americans served plus over 65,000 Puerto Ricans and smaller numbers of others. Hispanic-Americans constituted 3.1% to 3.2% of the total who served. A number of Hispanics served in senior leadership positions, the highest ranking being Marine Corps Lieutenant-General Pedro Del Valle . The exact number of Hispanics serving in the US military is unknown as, at the time, Hispanics were not tabulated separately, but were generally included in the general white population census count.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_the_US_armed_forces_during_World_War_II
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_593872018#11_642812881
|
Title: Etiquette in Asia - Wikipedia
Headings: Etiquette in Asia
Etiquette in Asia
Contents
Bangladesh
Brunei
China
India
Indonesia
Japan
Korea
Malaysia
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Turkey
See also
References
External links
Content: Each of them may adhere different religions that have their own rules. These combinations made Indonesia a complex mixture of traditions that may differ from one place to another. Indonesia shares many of the points of etiquette with other Southeast Asian nations. As Indonesia has a Muslim majority population, some points of etiquette in the Middle East also apply. Following are some key points of Indonesian etiquette: It is important to be considerate of other people's dignity. Shaming or humiliating people in public is considered extremely rude. Always use your right hand, when shaking hands, offering a gift, handing or receiving something, eating, pointing or generally touching another person. Japan
Main article: Etiquette in Japan
Japanese customs and etiquette can be especially complex and demanding.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiquette_in_Asia
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_593872018#12_642814131
|
Title: Etiquette in Asia - Wikipedia
Headings: Etiquette in Asia
Etiquette in Asia
Contents
Bangladesh
Brunei
China
India
Indonesia
Japan
Korea
Malaysia
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Turkey
See also
References
External links
Content: It is important to be considerate of other people's dignity. Shaming or humiliating people in public is considered extremely rude. Always use your right hand, when shaking hands, offering a gift, handing or receiving something, eating, pointing or generally touching another person. Japan
Main article: Etiquette in Japan
Japanese customs and etiquette can be especially complex and demanding. The knowledge that non-Japanese who commit faux pas act from inexperience can fail to offset the negative emotional response some Japanese people feel when their expectations in matters of etiquette are not met. Business cards should be given and accepted with both hands. It is expected that the cards will immediately be inspected and admired, then placed on the table in front of the receiver for the duration of the meeting. After the meeting, cards should be stored respectfully and should never be placed in a back pocket. You should not write on a business card.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiquette_in_Asia
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_593872018#16_642819810
|
Title: Etiquette in Asia - Wikipedia
Headings: Etiquette in Asia
Etiquette in Asia
Contents
Bangladesh
Brunei
China
India
Indonesia
Japan
Korea
Malaysia
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Turkey
See also
References
External links
Content: Although if one of you is drinking from a bottle to glass and the other one is drinking just from a glass, it is fine to pour yourself because otherwise you will be in for a long wait. Blowing one's nose in public is a faux pas. Also, the Japanese do not use their handkerchief for hanakuso, which literally translates as "nose shit". For women, not wearing cosmetics or a brassiere may be seen as unprofessional or expressive of disregard for the situation. Though many Japanese are lenient with foreigners in this regard, it is a faux pas not to use polite language and honorifics when speaking in Japanese with someone having a higher social status. The Japanese honorific "san" can be used when speaking English but is never used when referring to one’s self. Japanese place surnames before given names but often reverse the order for the benefit of Westerners. A smile or laughter from a Japanese person may mean that they are feeling nervous or uncomfortable, and not necessarily happy. Tipping is rarely practiced in Japan, and can be considered as an insult, except in certain cases, such as tipping your surgeon for an operation, when visiting a high class ryokan, or when dealing with house movers. Consult the locals to be sure what is appropriate.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiquette_in_Asia
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_593872018#17_642821510
|
Title: Etiquette in Asia - Wikipedia
Headings: Etiquette in Asia
Etiquette in Asia
Contents
Bangladesh
Brunei
China
India
Indonesia
Japan
Korea
Malaysia
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Turkey
See also
References
External links
Content: The Japanese honorific "san" can be used when speaking English but is never used when referring to one’s self. Japanese place surnames before given names but often reverse the order for the benefit of Westerners. A smile or laughter from a Japanese person may mean that they are feeling nervous or uncomfortable, and not necessarily happy. Tipping is rarely practiced in Japan, and can be considered as an insult, except in certain cases, such as tipping your surgeon for an operation, when visiting a high class ryokan, or when dealing with house movers. Consult the locals to be sure what is appropriate. If you can’t be bothered to wait for change, it is okay to tell a taxi driver to keep it. In the rituals of a Japanese cremation, the relatives pick the bones out of the ashes with chopsticks, and two relatives may then hold the same piece of bone at the same time. This is the only occasion in which it is acceptable for two people to hold the same item at the same time with chopsticks. At all other times, holding anything with chopsticks by two people at the same time, including passing an item from chopsticks to chopsticks, will remind everyone witnessing this of the funeral of a close relative. Korea
Like many Asian people, Koreans observe points of etiquette related to local forms of Buddhism.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiquette_in_Asia
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_593947330#4_642885146
|
Title: Etiquette in the Middle East - Wikipedia
Headings: Etiquette in the Middle East
Etiquette in the Middle East
Points of etiquette
See also
References
Content: Orthodox Christian sites might require the removal of hats by men but will expect women to cover their hair with a kerchief or veil. Public displays of affection between people of the opposite sex, including between married people, are frowned upon everywhere more conservative values hold sway. Public displays of affection include activities as minor as hand-holding. In many cases, people of the same sex holding hands while walking is considered an ordinary display of friendship without romantic connotations. In a related point, many people in the Middle East claim a more modest amount of personal space than that which is usual elsewhere. Accordingly, it can seem rude for an individual to step away when another individual is stepping closer. Special respect is paid to older people in many circumstances. This can include standing when older people enter a room, always greeting older people before others present (even if they are better known to you), standing when speaking to one’s elders, kissing the head of an elderly relative, and serving older people first at a meal table. Hospitality is held in high regard throughout the Middle East. Some hosts take pride in the laborious preparation of what is known in Europe as “ Turkish coffee ”, grinding fresh-roasted coffee beans to a fine powder, dissolving sugar, and carefully regulating the heat to produce a result that meets exacting standards.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiquette_in_the_Middle_East
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_593947330#5_642886923
|
Title: Etiquette in the Middle East - Wikipedia
Headings: Etiquette in the Middle East
Etiquette in the Middle East
Points of etiquette
See also
References
Content: Accordingly, it can seem rude for an individual to step away when another individual is stepping closer. Special respect is paid to older people in many circumstances. This can include standing when older people enter a room, always greeting older people before others present (even if they are better known to you), standing when speaking to one’s elders, kissing the head of an elderly relative, and serving older people first at a meal table. Hospitality is held in high regard throughout the Middle East. Some hosts take pride in the laborious preparation of what is known in Europe as “ Turkish coffee ”, grinding fresh-roasted coffee beans to a fine powder, dissolving sugar, and carefully regulating the heat to produce a result that meets exacting standards. In Iran, the " thumbs up " gesture is considered an offensive insult. Displaying the sole of one's foot or touching somebody with one's shoe is often considered rude. This includes sitting with one's feet or foot elevated. In some circumstances, shoes should be removed before entering a living room. Many in the Middle East do not separate professional and personal life.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiquette_in_the_Middle_East
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_593947330#6_642888428
|
Title: Etiquette in the Middle East - Wikipedia
Headings: Etiquette in the Middle East
Etiquette in the Middle East
Points of etiquette
See also
References
Content: In Iran, the " thumbs up " gesture is considered an offensive insult. Displaying the sole of one's foot or touching somebody with one's shoe is often considered rude. This includes sitting with one's feet or foot elevated. In some circumstances, shoes should be removed before entering a living room. Many in the Middle East do not separate professional and personal life. Doing business revolves much more around personal relationships, family ties, trust, and honor. There is a tendency to prioritize personal matters above all else. It is therefore crucial that business relationships are built on mutual friendship and trust. According to the manners instructor Tami Lancut Leibovitz it might be common for an Israeli to ask others some personal questions about money or children. See also
Etiquette
Taarof
References
^ Firmage, Edwin Brown and Weiss, Bernard G. and Welch, John W. Religion and Law.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiquette_in_the_Middle_East
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_601110467#7_651256836
|
Title: Eurasia - Wikipedia
Headings: Eurasia
Eurasia
Contents
Geology
History
Main article: History of Eurasia
Geopolitics
Regional organisations and alliances
Asia-Europe Meeting
Commonwealth of Independent States
Eurasian Union
Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges
Russia-EU Common Spaces
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
Use of term
History of the Europe–Asia division
Geography
Soviet states after decentralization
See also
Further reading
References
External links
Content: As Zbigniew Brzezinski observed on Eurasia: “... how America "manages" Eurasia is critical. A power that dominates “Eurasia” would control two of the world’s three most advanced and economically productive regions. A mere glance at the map also suggests that control over “Eurasia” would almost automatically entail Africa’s subordination, rendering the Western Hemisphere and Oceania geopolitically peripheral to the world’s central continent. About 75 per cent of the world’s people live in “Eurasia”, and most of the world’s physical wealth is there as well, both in its enterprises and underneath its soil. “ Eurasia” accounts for about three-fourths of the world’s known energy resources.” The Russian " Eurasianism " corresponded initially more or less to the land area of Imperial Russia in 1914, including parts of Eastern Europe. One of Russia's main geopolitical interests lies in ever closer integration with those countries that it considers part of “Eurasia.” This concept is further integrated with communist eschatology by author Alexander Dugin as the guiding principle of "self-sufficiency of a large space" during expansion. The term Eurasia gained geopolitical reputation as one of the three superstates in 1984, George Orwell 's novel where constant surveillance and propaganda are strategic elements (introduced as reflexive antagonists) of the heterogeneous dispositif such metapolitical constructs use to control and exercise power.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_601110467#8_651259056
|
Title: Eurasia - Wikipedia
Headings: Eurasia
Eurasia
Contents
Geology
History
Main article: History of Eurasia
Geopolitics
Regional organisations and alliances
Asia-Europe Meeting
Commonwealth of Independent States
Eurasian Union
Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges
Russia-EU Common Spaces
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
Use of term
History of the Europe–Asia division
Geography
Soviet states after decentralization
See also
Further reading
References
External links
Content: Eurasia” accounts for about three-fourths of the world’s known energy resources.” The Russian " Eurasianism " corresponded initially more or less to the land area of Imperial Russia in 1914, including parts of Eastern Europe. One of Russia's main geopolitical interests lies in ever closer integration with those countries that it considers part of “Eurasia.” This concept is further integrated with communist eschatology by author Alexander Dugin as the guiding principle of "self-sufficiency of a large space" during expansion. The term Eurasia gained geopolitical reputation as one of the three superstates in 1984, George Orwell 's novel where constant surveillance and propaganda are strategic elements (introduced as reflexive antagonists) of the heterogeneous dispositif such metapolitical constructs use to control and exercise power. Single markets in European and post-Soviet countries; European Economic Area and Common Economic Space
Regional organisations and alliances
Across Eurasia, several single markets have emerged including the Eurasian Economic Space, European Single Market, ASEAN Economic Community and the Gulf Cooperation Council. There are also several international organizations and initiatives which seek to promote integration throughout Eurasia, including: ASEM Partners
Asia-Europe Meeting
Every two years since 1996 a meeting of most Asian and European countries is organised as the Asia–Europe Meeting (ASEM). Commonwealth of Independent States
Main article:
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_603208345#0_652991478
|
Title: Eurocentrism - Wikipedia
Headings: Eurocentrism
Eurocentrism
Contents
Terminology
History
European exceptionalism
Anticolonialism
Debate since 1990s
Race and politics in the United States
Latin America
Effect on beauty standards in Brazil
Islamic world
Orientalism
In the beauty industry
Clark Doll Experiment
Mexican Doll Experiment
Beauty Advertisements
Skin Lightening
South Korea
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Content: Eurocentrism - Wikipedia
Eurocentrism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Worldview centered on or biased towards Western civilization
Eurocentrism (also Eurocentricity or Western-centrism) is a worldview that is centered on Western civilization or a biased view that favors it over non-Western civilizations. The exact scope of Eurocentrism varies from the entire Western world to just the continent of Europe or even more narrowly, to Western Europe (especially during the Cold War ). When the term is applied historically, it may be used in reference to an apologetic stance towards European colonialism and other forms of imperialism. The term Eurocentrism dates back to the late 1970s but it did not become prevalent until the 1990s, when it was frequently applied in the context of decolonization and development and humanitarian aid that industrialised countries offered to developing countries. The term has since been used to critique Western narratives of progress, Western scholars who have downplayed and ignored non-Western contributions, and to contrast Western epistemologies with Indigenous ways of knowing. Contents
1 Terminology
2 History
2.1 European exceptionalism
2.2 Anticolonialism
2.3 Debate since 1990s
2.4 Race and politics in the United States
3 Latin America
3.1 Effect on beauty standards in Brazil
4 Islamic world
4.1 Orientalism
5 In the beauty industry
5.1 Clark Doll Experiment
5.2 Mexican Doll Experiment
5.3 Beauty Advertisements
5.4 Skin Lightening
5.5 South Korea
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Terminology
Eurocentrism as the term for an ideology was coined by Samir Amin in the 1970s
The adjective Eurocentric, or Europe-centric, has been in use in various contexts since at least the 1920s. The term was popularised (in French as européocentrique) in the context of decolonization and internationalism in the mid-20th century. English usage of Eurocentric as an ideological term in identity politics was current by the mid-1980s. The abstract noun Eurocentrism (French eurocentrisme, earlier europocentrisme) as the term for an ideology was coined in the 1970s by the Egyptian Marxian economist Samir Amin, then director of the African Institute for Economic Development and Planning of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. Amin used the term in the context of a global, core-periphery or dependency model of capitalist development.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocentrism
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_603208345#1_652994580
|
Title: Eurocentrism - Wikipedia
Headings: Eurocentrism
Eurocentrism
Contents
Terminology
History
European exceptionalism
Anticolonialism
Debate since 1990s
Race and politics in the United States
Latin America
Effect on beauty standards in Brazil
Islamic world
Orientalism
In the beauty industry
Clark Doll Experiment
Mexican Doll Experiment
Beauty Advertisements
Skin Lightening
South Korea
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Content: Contents
1 Terminology
2 History
2.1 European exceptionalism
2.2 Anticolonialism
2.3 Debate since 1990s
2.4 Race and politics in the United States
3 Latin America
3.1 Effect on beauty standards in Brazil
4 Islamic world
4.1 Orientalism
5 In the beauty industry
5.1 Clark Doll Experiment
5.2 Mexican Doll Experiment
5.3 Beauty Advertisements
5.4 Skin Lightening
5.5 South Korea
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Terminology
Eurocentrism as the term for an ideology was coined by Samir Amin in the 1970s
The adjective Eurocentric, or Europe-centric, has been in use in various contexts since at least the 1920s. The term was popularised (in French as européocentrique) in the context of decolonization and internationalism in the mid-20th century. English usage of Eurocentric as an ideological term in identity politics was current by the mid-1980s. The abstract noun Eurocentrism (French eurocentrisme, earlier europocentrisme) as the term for an ideology was coined in the 1970s by the Egyptian Marxian economist Samir Amin, then director of the African Institute for Economic Development and Planning of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. Amin used the term in the context of a global, core-periphery or dependency model of capitalist development. English usage of Eurocentrism is recorded by 1979. The coinage of Western-centrism is younger, attested in the late 1990s, and specific to English. History
European exceptionalism
Further information: Great Divergence, The European Miracle, Age of Discovery, Colonialism, Progressivism, and Western world
During the European colonial era, encyclopedias often sought to give a rationale for the predominance of European rule during the colonial period by referring to a special position taken by Europe compared to the other continents. Thus, Johann Heinrich Zedler, in 1741, wrote that "even though Europe is the smallest of the world's four continents, it has for various reasons a position that places it before all others.... Its inhabitants have excellent customs, they are courteous and erudite in both sciences and crafts".
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocentrism
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_603208345#2_652997355
|
Title: Eurocentrism - Wikipedia
Headings: Eurocentrism
Eurocentrism
Contents
Terminology
History
European exceptionalism
Anticolonialism
Debate since 1990s
Race and politics in the United States
Latin America
Effect on beauty standards in Brazil
Islamic world
Orientalism
In the beauty industry
Clark Doll Experiment
Mexican Doll Experiment
Beauty Advertisements
Skin Lightening
South Korea
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Content: English usage of Eurocentrism is recorded by 1979. The coinage of Western-centrism is younger, attested in the late 1990s, and specific to English. History
European exceptionalism
Further information: Great Divergence, The European Miracle, Age of Discovery, Colonialism, Progressivism, and Western world
During the European colonial era, encyclopedias often sought to give a rationale for the predominance of European rule during the colonial period by referring to a special position taken by Europe compared to the other continents. Thus, Johann Heinrich Zedler, in 1741, wrote that "even though Europe is the smallest of the world's four continents, it has for various reasons a position that places it before all others.... Its inhabitants have excellent customs, they are courteous and erudite in both sciences and crafts". The Brockhaus Enzyklopädie ( Conversations-Lexicon) of 1847 still has an ostensibly Eurocentric approach and claims about Europe that "its geographical situation and its cultural and political significance is clearly the most important of the five continents, over which it has gained a most influential government both in material and even more so in cultural aspects". European exceptionalism thus grew out of the Great Divergence of the Early Modern period, due to the combined effects of the Scientific Revolution, the Commercial Revolution, and the rise of colonial empires, the Industrial Revolution and a Second European colonization wave . European exceptionalism is widely reflected in popular genres of literature, especially literature for young adults (for example, Rudyard Kipling 's Kim) and adventure literature in general. Portrayal of European colonialism in such literature has been analysed in terms of Eurocentrism in retrospect, such as presenting idealised and often exaggeratedly masculine Western heroes, who conquered 'savage' peoples in the remaining 'dark spaces' of the globe. The European miracle, a term coined by Eric Jones in 1981, refers to this surprising rise of Europe during the Early Modern period.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocentrism
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_603208345#3_653000074
|
Title: Eurocentrism - Wikipedia
Headings: Eurocentrism
Eurocentrism
Contents
Terminology
History
European exceptionalism
Anticolonialism
Debate since 1990s
Race and politics in the United States
Latin America
Effect on beauty standards in Brazil
Islamic world
Orientalism
In the beauty industry
Clark Doll Experiment
Mexican Doll Experiment
Beauty Advertisements
Skin Lightening
South Korea
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Content: The Brockhaus Enzyklopädie ( Conversations-Lexicon) of 1847 still has an ostensibly Eurocentric approach and claims about Europe that "its geographical situation and its cultural and political significance is clearly the most important of the five continents, over which it has gained a most influential government both in material and even more so in cultural aspects". European exceptionalism thus grew out of the Great Divergence of the Early Modern period, due to the combined effects of the Scientific Revolution, the Commercial Revolution, and the rise of colonial empires, the Industrial Revolution and a Second European colonization wave . European exceptionalism is widely reflected in popular genres of literature, especially literature for young adults (for example, Rudyard Kipling 's Kim) and adventure literature in general. Portrayal of European colonialism in such literature has been analysed in terms of Eurocentrism in retrospect, such as presenting idealised and often exaggeratedly masculine Western heroes, who conquered 'savage' peoples in the remaining 'dark spaces' of the globe. The European miracle, a term coined by Eric Jones in 1981, refers to this surprising rise of Europe during the Early Modern period. During the 15th to 18th centuries, a great divergence took place, comprising the European Renaissance, age of discovery, the formation of the colonial empires, the Age of Reason, and the associated leap forward in technology and the development of capitalism and early industrialisation. The result was that by the 19th century, European powers dominated world trade and world politics . Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in Lectures on the Philosophy of History, claimed that world history started in Asia but shifted to Greece and Italy, and then north of the Alps to France, Germany and England. According to Hegel, India and China are stationary countries which lack inner momentum. China replaced the real historically development with a fixed, stable scenario, which makes it the outsider of world history.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocentrism
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_603208345#9_653013887
|
Title: Eurocentrism - Wikipedia
Headings: Eurocentrism
Eurocentrism
Contents
Terminology
History
European exceptionalism
Anticolonialism
Debate since 1990s
Race and politics in the United States
Latin America
Effect on beauty standards in Brazil
Islamic world
Orientalism
In the beauty industry
Clark Doll Experiment
Mexican Doll Experiment
Beauty Advertisements
Skin Lightening
South Korea
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Content: Eurocentrism and the dualistic properties that it labels on non-European countries, cultures and persons have often been criticized in the political discourse of the 1990s and 2000s, particularly in the greater context of political correctness, race in the United States and affirmative action. In the 1990s, there was a trend of criticizing various geographic terms current in the English language as Eurocentric, such as the traditional division of Eurasia into Europe and Asia or the term Middle East. Eric Sheppard, in 2005, argued that contemporary Marxism itself has Eurocentric traits (in spite of "Eurocentrism" originating in the vocabulary of Marxian economics), because it supposes that the third world must go through a stage of capitalism before "progressive social formations can be envisioned". Andre Gunder Frank harshly criticized Eurocentrism. He believed that most scholars were the disciples of the social sciences and history guided by Eurocentrism. He criticized some Western scholars for their ideas that non-Western areas lack outstanding contributions in history, economy, ideology, politics and culture compared with the West. These scholars believed that the same contribution made by the West gives Westerners an advantage of endo-genetic momentum which is pushed towards the rest of the world, but Frank believed that the Oriental countries also contributed to the human civilization in their own perspectives. Arnold Toynbee in his A Study of History, gave a critical remark on Eurocentrism. He believed that although western capitalism shrouded the world and achieved a political unity based on its eco
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocentrism
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_606779217#3_655955921
|
Title: European Monetary System - Wikipedia
Headings: European Monetary System
European Monetary System
Contents
History
Background, 1960 to 1971
1972: the Werner Report is published and EEC countries peg their currencies
The EMS is created
Creation of the European Currency Unit
German monetary policy dominates
Changing operating principals and preparing for the Euro
1992 crisis
Criticism
See also
References
Further reading
Content: the Werner Report is published and EEC countries peg their currencies
A group of experts, led by the Prime Minister and Minister of Finance of Luxembourg, Pierre Werner, met and produced the Werner Report, which was published on 8 October 1970 and outlined the structure and function of the EMS. On the basis of the Werner Report, the EEC began moving to a single economy in three stages. The final stage economy was to have a fixed exchange rate but no single currency. After the abandonment of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, the EEC took action. In October 1972, the EEC's Paris summit adopted the recommendations of the Werner Report and, as a result, the EEC currencies were adjustably pegged to one another in a scheme known as the snake in the tunnel. The currency snake established a single currency fluctuation band of +/-2.25%, however Italy left the snake already in 1973. The EMS is created
At a meeting of the EEC in Brussels on 5 December 1978, French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt successfully championed the EMS, which was implemented via resolution at the meeting. The EMS officially entered into force on March 13, 1979 with the participation of eight Member States ( France, Denmark, Belgium, Luxembourg, Ireland, Netherlands, Germany and Italy ). Creation of the European Currency Unit
Main article: European Currency Unit
European currency exchange rate stability has been one of the most important objectives of European policymakers since the Second World War.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Monetary_System
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_606779217#4_655958084
|
Title: European Monetary System - Wikipedia
Headings: European Monetary System
European Monetary System
Contents
History
Background, 1960 to 1971
1972: the Werner Report is published and EEC countries peg their currencies
The EMS is created
Creation of the European Currency Unit
German monetary policy dominates
Changing operating principals and preparing for the Euro
1992 crisis
Criticism
See also
References
Further reading
Content: The currency snake established a single currency fluctuation band of +/-2.25%, however Italy left the snake already in 1973. The EMS is created
At a meeting of the EEC in Brussels on 5 December 1978, French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt successfully championed the EMS, which was implemented via resolution at the meeting. The EMS officially entered into force on March 13, 1979 with the participation of eight Member States ( France, Denmark, Belgium, Luxembourg, Ireland, Netherlands, Germany and Italy ). Creation of the European Currency Unit
Main article: European Currency Unit
European currency exchange rate stability has been one of the most important objectives of European policymakers since the Second World War. Between 1982 and 1987, European currencies displayed a range of stable and unstable behavior. For example, the Dutch guilder remained quite stable with respect to the Mark, the Italian lira exhibited a sharp downward trend throughout the life of the EMS, and the French franc, the Belgian franc, the Danish krone and the Irish pound all escaped trends of successive devaluations to emerge more stable. At the same time that the EMS was created, the Council of the European Union Ministers created a new monetary unit, the European Currency Unit (ECU). The ECU was the official monetary unit of the EMS, but it was purely a composite accounting unit, not a real currency. The ECU's value was based on the weighted average of a basket of 12 European currencies;
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Monetary_System
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_606779217#8_655966366
|
Title: European Monetary System - Wikipedia
Headings: European Monetary System
European Monetary System
Contents
History
Background, 1960 to 1971
1972: the Werner Report is published and EEC countries peg their currencies
The EMS is created
Creation of the European Currency Unit
German monetary policy dominates
Changing operating principals and preparing for the Euro
1992 crisis
Criticism
See also
References
Further reading
Content: The second period, from 1987 to 1992, the EMS was more rigid. In 1988, a committee was set up under EEC President Jacques Delors to begin changing the EMS to provide favorable starting conditions for the transition to Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). The Delors plan was a three-stage process that lead to a single European currency under the control of a European Central Bank. 1992 crisis
Further information: Black Wednesday
The year 1990 saw a crisis in the EMS. The European Single Market had been created in 1986 with the main goal of removing control on capital movements. Periodic adjustments raised the value of strong currencies and lowered those of weaker ones, and national interest rates were changed to keep the currencies within a narrow range. In early 1990, the European Monetary System was strained by the differing economic policies and conditions of its members, especially the newly reunified Germany, and Britain, which had initially declined to join, subsequently joining in 1990. The opt-out of Denmark from the EMU in 1992 and exchange rate adjustments of the currencies from weaker countries by the EMS also contributed to the crisis. Speculative attacks on the French franc during the following year led to the Brussels compromise in August 1993 which broadened the fluctuation band from +/-2.25% to +/-15% for all the participating currencies.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Monetary_System
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_606779217#9_655968368
|
Title: European Monetary System - Wikipedia
Headings: European Monetary System
European Monetary System
Contents
History
Background, 1960 to 1971
1972: the Werner Report is published and EEC countries peg their currencies
The EMS is created
Creation of the European Currency Unit
German monetary policy dominates
Changing operating principals and preparing for the Euro
1992 crisis
Criticism
See also
References
Further reading
Content: The European Single Market had been created in 1986 with the main goal of removing control on capital movements. Periodic adjustments raised the value of strong currencies and lowered those of weaker ones, and national interest rates were changed to keep the currencies within a narrow range. In early 1990, the European Monetary System was strained by the differing economic policies and conditions of its members, especially the newly reunified Germany, and Britain, which had initially declined to join, subsequently joining in 1990. The opt-out of Denmark from the EMU in 1992 and exchange rate adjustments of the currencies from weaker countries by the EMS also contributed to the crisis. Speculative attacks on the French franc during the following year led to the Brussels compromise in August 1993 which broadened the fluctuation band from +/-2.25% to +/-15% for all the participating currencies. The German central bank reduced interest rates and the UK and Italy were affected by large capital outflows. In the aftermath of the crisis, Italy and the UK both withdrew from the ERM in September 1992. Criticism
Michael J Artis (1987) assessed the credibility of the EMS, stating that the EMS had low credibility during the first eight years of its history. Artis also states that the system demonstrated its resilience despite working relatively non-smoothly. He also remarked that EMS was supposed to have improved the stability of the intra-EMS bilateral exchange rates but that the improvement was less marked for effective rates when compared to nominal rates and stability weakened with the passage of time.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Monetary_System
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_612780593#13_660714895
|
Title: Sea level - Wikipedia
Headings: Sea level
Sea level
Contents
Measurement
Height above mean sea level
Difficulties in use
Dry land
Change
Local and eustatic
Short-term and periodic changes
Recent changes
Aviation
See also
References
External links
Content: Some land movements occur because of isostatic adjustment of the mantle to the melting of ice sheets at the end of the last ice age. The weight of the ice sheet depresses the underlying land, and when the ice melts away the land slowly rebounds. Changes in ground-based ice volume also affect local and regional sea levels by the readjustment of the geoid and true polar wander. Atmospheric pressure, ocean currents and local ocean temperature changes can affect LMSL as well. Eustatic sea level change (as opposed to local change) results in an alteration to the global sea levels due to changes in either the volume of water in the world's oceans or net changes in the volume of the oceanic basins. Short-term and periodic changes
Melting glaciers are causing a change in sea level
There are many factors which can produce short-term (a few minutes to 14 months) changes in sea level. Two major mechanisms are causing sea level to rise. First, shrinking land ice, such as mountain glaciers and polar ice sheets, is releasing water into the oceans. Second, as ocean temperatures ri
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustatic
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_613050067#0_661057189
|
Title: Euthanasia - Wikipedia
Headings: Euthanasia
Euthanasia
Contents
Definition
Classification
Voluntary euthanasia
Non-voluntary euthanasia
Involuntary euthanasia
Passive and active euthanasia
History
Early modern period
Beginnings of the contemporary euthanasia debate
Early euthanasia movement in the United States
1930s in Britain
Nazi Euthanasia Program
1949 New York State Petition for Euthanasia and Catholic opposition
Debate
Legal status
Health professionals' sentiment
Religious views
Christianity
Broadly against
Partially in favor of
Islam
Judaism
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Euthanasia - Wikipedia
Euthanasia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about euthanasia of humans. For mercy killings performed on other animals, see Animal euthanasia. For the Megadeth album, see Youthanasia. Practice of intentionally ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering
Look up euthanasia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Part of a series on
Euthanasia
Types
Animal
Child
Voluntary
Non-voluntary
Involuntary
Views
Religious
Buddhist
Catholic
Culture of life
Euthanasia and the slippery slope
Right to die
Right to life
Groups
Compassion & Choices
Death with Dignity National Center
Dignitas
Exit International
Final Exit Network
Hemlock Society
Not Dead Yet
Care Not Killing
People
Jack Kevorkian
Philip Nitschke
Barbara Coombs Lee
Books
Final Exit
The Peaceful Pill Handbook
The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia
Jurisdictions
Australia
Canada
India
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Laws
Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995 (Australia)
Baby Doe Law
Alternatives
Assisted suicide
Palliative care
Principle of double effect
Palliative sedation
Other issues
Suicide tourism
Groningen Protocol
Euthanasia device
Filial responsibility
v
t
e
Part of a series on
Homicide
Murder
Note: Varies by jurisdiction
Assassination
Child murder
Consensual homicide
Contract killing
Crime of passion
Depraved-heart murder
Execution-style murder
Felony murder rule
Feticide
Honor killing
Human cannibalism
Human sacrifice
Child sacrifice
Internet homicide
Lonely hearts killer
Lust murder
Lynching
Mass murder
Mass shooting
Mass stabbing
Misdemeanor murder
Murder for body parts
Murder–suicide
Poisoning
Proxy murder
Pseudocommando
Serial killer
Angel of mercy
Spree killer
Thrill killing
Torture murder
Vehicle-ramming attack
Manslaughter
In English law
Voluntary manslaughter
Negligent homicide
Vehicular homicide
Non-criminal homicide
Note: Varies by jurisdiction
War
Assisted suicide
Capital punishment
Euthanasia
Feticide ( Abortion)
Justifiable homicide
By victim or victims
Suicide
Family
Avunculicide/Nepoticide
Familicide
Mariticide
Uxoricide
Prolicide
Filicide
Infanticide
Neonaticide
Siblicide
Fratricide
Sororicide
Parricide
Matricide
Patricide
Other
Capital punishment
Crucifixion
Deicide
Democide
Friendly fire
Gendercide
Genocide
Omnicide
Regicide
Stoning
Tyrannicide
War crime
v
t
e
Euthanasia (from Greek: εὐθανασία; " good death": εὖ, eu; "
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_613050067#1_661060692
|
Title: Euthanasia - Wikipedia
Headings: Euthanasia
Euthanasia
Contents
Definition
Classification
Voluntary euthanasia
Non-voluntary euthanasia
Involuntary euthanasia
Passive and active euthanasia
History
Early modern period
Beginnings of the contemporary euthanasia debate
Early euthanasia movement in the United States
1930s in Britain
Nazi Euthanasia Program
1949 New York State Petition for Euthanasia and Catholic opposition
Debate
Legal status
Health professionals' sentiment
Religious views
Christianity
Broadly against
Partially in favor of
Islam
Judaism
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Varies by jurisdiction
Assassination
Child murder
Consensual homicide
Contract killing
Crime of passion
Depraved-heart murder
Execution-style murder
Felony murder rule
Feticide
Honor killing
Human cannibalism
Human sacrifice
Child sacrifice
Internet homicide
Lonely hearts killer
Lust murder
Lynching
Mass murder
Mass shooting
Mass stabbing
Misdemeanor murder
Murder for body parts
Murder–suicide
Poisoning
Proxy murder
Pseudocommando
Serial killer
Angel of mercy
Spree killer
Thrill killing
Torture murder
Vehicle-ramming attack
Manslaughter
In English law
Voluntary manslaughter
Negligent homicide
Vehicular homicide
Non-criminal homicide
Note: Varies by jurisdiction
War
Assisted suicide
Capital punishment
Euthanasia
Feticide ( Abortion)
Justifiable homicide
By victim or victims
Suicide
Family
Avunculicide/Nepoticide
Familicide
Mariticide
Uxoricide
Prolicide
Filicide
Infanticide
Neonaticide
Siblicide
Fratricide
Sororicide
Parricide
Matricide
Patricide
Other
Capital punishment
Crucifixion
Deicide
Democide
Friendly fire
Gendercide
Genocide
Omnicide
Regicide
Stoning
Tyrannicide
War crime
v
t
e
Euthanasia (from Greek: εὐθανασία; " good death": εὖ, eu; " well" or "good" + θάνατος, thanatos; " death") is the practice of intentionally ending life to relieve pain and suffering. Different countries have different euthanasia laws. The British House of Lords select committee on medical ethics defines euthanasia as "a deliberate intervention undertaken with the express intention of ending a life, to relieve intractable suffering". In the Netherlands and Belgium, euthanasia is understood as "termination of life by a doctor at the request of a patient".
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_613050067#2_661063351
|
Title: Euthanasia - Wikipedia
Headings: Euthanasia
Euthanasia
Contents
Definition
Classification
Voluntary euthanasia
Non-voluntary euthanasia
Involuntary euthanasia
Passive and active euthanasia
History
Early modern period
Beginnings of the contemporary euthanasia debate
Early euthanasia movement in the United States
1930s in Britain
Nazi Euthanasia Program
1949 New York State Petition for Euthanasia and Catholic opposition
Debate
Legal status
Health professionals' sentiment
Religious views
Christianity
Broadly against
Partially in favor of
Islam
Judaism
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: well" or "good" + θάνατος, thanatos; " death") is the practice of intentionally ending life to relieve pain and suffering. Different countries have different euthanasia laws. The British House of Lords select committee on medical ethics defines euthanasia as "a deliberate intervention undertaken with the express intention of ending a life, to relieve intractable suffering". In the Netherlands and Belgium, euthanasia is understood as "termination of life by a doctor at the request of a patient". The Dutch law, however, does not use the term 'euthanasia' but includes the concept under the broader definition of "assisted suicide and termination of life on request". Euthanasia is categorized in different ways, which include voluntary, non-voluntary, or involuntary: Voluntary euthanasia is legal in a growing number of countries. Non-voluntary euthanasia (patient's consent unavailable) is legal in some countries under certain limited conditions, in both active and passive forms. Involuntary euthanasia (without asking consent or against the patient's will) is illegal in all countries and is usually considered murder.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_613050067#3_661065336
|
Title: Euthanasia - Wikipedia
Headings: Euthanasia
Euthanasia
Contents
Definition
Classification
Voluntary euthanasia
Non-voluntary euthanasia
Involuntary euthanasia
Passive and active euthanasia
History
Early modern period
Beginnings of the contemporary euthanasia debate
Early euthanasia movement in the United States
1930s in Britain
Nazi Euthanasia Program
1949 New York State Petition for Euthanasia and Catholic opposition
Debate
Legal status
Health professionals' sentiment
Religious views
Christianity
Broadly against
Partially in favor of
Islam
Judaism
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: The Dutch law, however, does not use the term 'euthanasia' but includes the concept under the broader definition of "assisted suicide and termination of life on request". Euthanasia is categorized in different ways, which include voluntary, non-voluntary, or involuntary: Voluntary euthanasia is legal in a growing number of countries. Non-voluntary euthanasia (patient's consent unavailable) is legal in some countries under certain limited conditions, in both active and passive forms. Involuntary euthanasia (without asking consent or against the patient's will) is illegal in all countries and is usually considered murder. As of 2006
[update]
euthanasia had become the most active area of research in bioethics. In some countries divisive public controversy occurs over the moral, ethical, and legal issues associated with euthanasia. Passive euthanasia (known as "pulling the plug") is legal under some circumstances in many countries. Active euthanasia, however, is legal or de facto legal in only a handful of countries (for example: Belgium, Canada and Switzerland), which limit it to specific circumstances and require the approval of counselors and doctors or other specialists.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_613050067#4_661067343
|
Title: Euthanasia - Wikipedia
Headings: Euthanasia
Euthanasia
Contents
Definition
Classification
Voluntary euthanasia
Non-voluntary euthanasia
Involuntary euthanasia
Passive and active euthanasia
History
Early modern period
Beginnings of the contemporary euthanasia debate
Early euthanasia movement in the United States
1930s in Britain
Nazi Euthanasia Program
1949 New York State Petition for Euthanasia and Catholic opposition
Debate
Legal status
Health professionals' sentiment
Religious views
Christianity
Broadly against
Partially in favor of
Islam
Judaism
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: As of 2006
[update]
euthanasia had become the most active area of research in bioethics. In some countries divisive public controversy occurs over the moral, ethical, and legal issues associated with euthanasia. Passive euthanasia (known as "pulling the plug") is legal under some circumstances in many countries. Active euthanasia, however, is legal or de facto legal in only a handful of countries (for example: Belgium, Canada and Switzerland), which limit it to specific circumstances and require the approval of counselors and doctors or other specialists. In some countries - such as Nigeria, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan - support for active euthanasia is almost non-existent. Contents
1 Definition
2 Classification
2.1 Voluntary euthanasia
2.2 Non-voluntary euthanasia
2.3 Involuntary euthanasia
2.4 Passive and active euthanasia
3 History
3.1 Early modern period
3.2 Beginnings of the contemporary euthanasia debate
3.3 Early euthanasia movement in the United States
3.4 1930s in Britain
3.5 Nazi Euthanasia Program
3.6 1949 New York State Petition for Euthanasia and Catholic opposition
4 Debate
5 Legal status
6 Health professionals' sentiment
7 Religious views
7.1 Christianity
7.1.1 Broadly against
7.1.2 Partially in favor of
7.2 Islam
7.3 Judaism
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Definition
Like other terms borrowed from history, "euthanasia" has had different meanings depending on usage. The first apparent usage of the term "euthanasia" belongs to the historian Suetonius, who described how the Emperor Augustus, "dying quickly and without suffering in the arms of his wife, Livia, experienced the 'euthanasia' he had wished for." The word "euthanasia" was first used in a medical context by Francis Bacon in the 17th century, to refer to an easy, painless, happy death, during which it was a "physician's responsibility to alleviate the 'physical sufferings' of the body." Bacon referred to an "outward euthanasia"—the term "outward" he used to distinguish from a spiritual concept—the euthanasia "which regards the preparation of the soul."
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_613050067#5_661070299
|
Title: Euthanasia - Wikipedia
Headings: Euthanasia
Euthanasia
Contents
Definition
Classification
Voluntary euthanasia
Non-voluntary euthanasia
Involuntary euthanasia
Passive and active euthanasia
History
Early modern period
Beginnings of the contemporary euthanasia debate
Early euthanasia movement in the United States
1930s in Britain
Nazi Euthanasia Program
1949 New York State Petition for Euthanasia and Catholic opposition
Debate
Legal status
Health professionals' sentiment
Religious views
Christianity
Broadly against
Partially in favor of
Islam
Judaism
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: In some countries - such as Nigeria, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan - support for active euthanasia is almost non-existent. Contents
1 Definition
2 Classification
2.1 Voluntary euthanasia
2.2 Non-voluntary euthanasia
2.3 Involuntary euthanasia
2.4 Passive and active euthanasia
3 History
3.1 Early modern period
3.2 Beginnings of the contemporary euthanasia debate
3.3 Early euthanasia movement in the United States
3.4 1930s in Britain
3.5 Nazi Euthanasia Program
3.6 1949 New York State Petition for Euthanasia and Catholic opposition
4 Debate
5 Legal status
6 Health professionals' sentiment
7 Religious views
7.1 Christianity
7.1.1 Broadly against
7.1.2 Partially in favor of
7.2 Islam
7.3 Judaism
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Definition
Like other terms borrowed from history, "euthanasia" has had different meanings depending on usage. The first apparent usage of the term "euthanasia" belongs to the historian Suetonius, who described how the Emperor Augustus, "dying quickly and without suffering in the arms of his wife, Livia, experienced the 'euthanasia' he had wished for." The word "euthanasia" was first used in a medical context by Francis Bacon in the 17th century, to refer to an easy, painless, happy death, during which it was a "physician's responsibility to alleviate the 'physical sufferings' of the body." Bacon referred to an "outward euthanasia"—the term "outward" he used to distinguish from a spiritual concept—the euthanasia "which regards the preparation of the soul." In current usage, euthanasia has been defined as the "painless inducement of a quick death". However, it is argued that this approach fails to properly define euthanasia, as it leaves open a number of possible actions which would meet the requirements of the definition, but would not be seen as euthanasia. In particular, these include situations where a person kills another, painlessly, but for no reason beyond that of personal gain; or accidental deaths that are quick and painless, but not intentional. Another approach incorporates the notion of suffering into the definition.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_613254783#0_661220290
|
Title: Euthanasia in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Euthanasia in the United States
Euthanasia in the United States
Contents
Early history
Legislation and political movements
California
Maine
New Jersey
Texas
Massachusetts
Oregon
Unsuccessful initiatives
U.S. public opinion on euthanasia
Opinion by Christian affiliation
Opinion by race and gender
See also
References
Further reading
Content: Euthanasia in the United States - Wikipedia
Euthanasia in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Legal history of euthanasia in the United States
This article is about euthanasia. For assisted suicide, see Assisted suicide in the United States. Part of a series on
Euthanasia
Types
Animal
Child
Voluntary
Non-voluntary
Involuntary
Views
Religious
Buddhist
Catholic
Culture of life
Euthanasia and the slippery slope
Right to die
Right to life
Groups
Compassion & Choices
Death with Dignity National Center
Dignitas
Exit International
Final Exit Network
Hemlock Society
Not Dead Yet
Care Not Killing
People
Jack Kevorkian
Philip Nitschke
Barbara Coombs Lee
Books
Final Exit
The Peaceful Pill Handbook
The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia
Jurisdictions
Australia
Canada
India
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Laws
Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995 (Australia)
Baby Doe Law
Alternatives
Assisted suicide
Palliative care
Principle of double effect
Palliative sedation
Other issues
Suicide tourism
Groningen Protocol
Euthanasia device
Filial responsibility
v
t
e
Euthanasia is illegal in most of the United States. Assisted suicide /assisted death is legal in Washington, D.C. and the states of California, Colorado, Oregon, Vermont, Maine, New Jersey, Hawaii, and Washington; its status is disputed in Montana, though currently authorized per the Montana Supreme Court's ruling in Baxter v. Montana that "nothing in Montana Supreme Court precedent or Montana statutes [indicates] that physician aid in dying is against public policy." The key difference between euthanasia and assisted suicide is that in cases of assisted suicide, the individual receives assistance, but ultimately voluntarily causes their own death. In euthanasia the individual does not directly end their life, but another person acts to cause the individual's death. Contents
1 Early history
2 Legislation and political movements
2.1 California
2.2 Maine
2.3 New Jersey
2.4 Texas
2.5 Massachusetts
2.6 Oregon
2.7 Unsuccessful initiatives
3 U.S. public opinion on euthanasia
3.1 Opinion by Christian affiliation
3.2 Opinion by race and gender
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
Early history
See also: Eugenics in the United States § Euthanasia programs
Debates about the ethics of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide date from ancient Greece and Rome. After the development of ether, physicians began advocating the use of anesthetics to relieve the pain of death.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_United_States
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_613254783#1_661223547
|
Title: Euthanasia in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Euthanasia in the United States
Euthanasia in the United States
Contents
Early history
Legislation and political movements
California
Maine
New Jersey
Texas
Massachusetts
Oregon
Unsuccessful initiatives
U.S. public opinion on euthanasia
Opinion by Christian affiliation
Opinion by race and gender
See also
References
Further reading
Content: The key difference between euthanasia and assisted suicide is that in cases of assisted suicide, the individual receives assistance, but ultimately voluntarily causes their own death. In euthanasia the individual does not directly end their life, but another person acts to cause the individual's death. Contents
1 Early history
2 Legislation and political movements
2.1 California
2.2 Maine
2.3 New Jersey
2.4 Texas
2.5 Massachusetts
2.6 Oregon
2.7 Unsuccessful initiatives
3 U.S. public opinion on euthanasia
3.1 Opinion by Christian affiliation
3.2 Opinion by race and gender
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
Early history
See also: Eugenics in the United States § Euthanasia programs
Debates about the ethics of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide date from ancient Greece and Rome. After the development of ether, physicians began advocating the use of anesthetics to relieve the pain of death. In 1870, Samuel Williams first proposed using anesthetics and morphine to intentionally end a patient's life. Over the next 35 years, debates about euthanasia raged in the United States which resulted in an Ohio bill to legalize euthanasia in 1906, a bill that was ultimately defeated. Euthanasia advocacy in the U.S. peaked again during the 1930s and diminished significantly during and after World War II. Euthanasia efforts were revived during the 1960s and 1970s, under the right-to-die rubric, physician assisted death in liberal bioethics, and through advance directives and do not resuscitate orders. Several major court cases advanced the legal rights of patients, or their guardians, to withdraw medical support with the expected outcome of death.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_United_States
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_613254783#9_661241826
|
Title: Euthanasia in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Euthanasia in the United States
Euthanasia in the United States
Contents
Early history
Legislation and political movements
California
Maine
New Jersey
Texas
Massachusetts
Oregon
Unsuccessful initiatives
U.S. public opinion on euthanasia
Opinion by Christian affiliation
Opinion by race and gender
See also
References
Further reading
Content: Unsuccessful initiatives
Attempts to legalize euthanasia and assisted suicide resulted in ballot initiatives and legislation bills within the United States in the last 20 years. For example, Washington voters saw Ballot Initiative 119 in 1991, California placed Proposition 161 on the ballot in 1992, and Michigan included Proposal B in their ballot in 1998. U.S. public opinion on euthanasia
Reflecting the religious and cultural diversity of the United States, there is a wide range of public opinion about euthanasia and the right-to-die movement in the United States. During the past 30 years, public research shows that views on euthanasia tend to correlate with religious affiliation and culture, though not gender. Opinion by Christian affiliation
In one recent study dealing primarily with Christian denominations such as Southern Baptists, Pentecostals, and Evangelicals and Catholics tended to be opposed to euthanasia. Moderate Protestants, (e.g., Lutherans and Methodists) showed mixed views concerning end of life decisions in general. Both of these groups showed less support than non-affiliates, but were less opposed to it than conservative Protestants. Respondents that did not affiliate with a religion were found to support euthanasia more than those who did. The liberal Protestants (including some Presbyterians and Episcopalians) were the most supportive. In general, liberal Protestants affiliate more loosely with religious institutions and their views were not similar to those of non-affiliates.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_United_States
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_613254783#10_661243953
|
Title: Euthanasia in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Euthanasia in the United States
Euthanasia in the United States
Contents
Early history
Legislation and political movements
California
Maine
New Jersey
Texas
Massachusetts
Oregon
Unsuccessful initiatives
U.S. public opinion on euthanasia
Opinion by Christian affiliation
Opinion by race and gender
See also
References
Further reading
Content: Moderate Protestants, (e.g., Lutherans and Methodists) showed mixed views concerning end of life decisions in general. Both of these groups showed less support than non-affiliates, but were less opposed to it than conservative Protestants. Respondents that did not affiliate with a religion were found to support euthanasia more than those who did. The liberal Protestants (including some Presbyterians and Episcopalians) were the most supportive. In general, liberal Protestants affiliate more loosely with religious institutions and their views were not similar to those of non-affiliates. Within all groups, religiosity (i.e., self-evaluation and frequency of church attendance) also correlated to opinions on euthanasia. Individuals
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_United_States
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_624479935#13_675380374
|
Title: Evidence - Wikipedia
Headings: Evidence
Evidence
Contents
Intellectual evidence (the evident)
Empirical evidence (in science)
Law
Collection
Presentation
Burden of proof
Types
See also
References
External links
Content: When evidence is contradictory to predicted expectations, the evidence and the ways of making it are often closely scrutinized (see experimenter's regress) and only at the end of this process is the hypothesis rejected: this can be referred to as ' refutation of the hypothesis'. The rules for evidence used by science are collected systematically in an attempt to avoid the bias inherent to anecdotal evidence . Law
An FBI Evidence Response Team gathering evidence by dusting an area for fingerprints
Main article: Evidence (law)
In law, the production and presentation of evidence depend first on establishing on whom the burden of proof lies. Admissible evidence is that which a court receives and considers for the purposes of deciding a particular case. Two primary burden-of-proof considerations exist in law. The first is on whom the burden rests. In many, especially Western, courts, the burden of proof is placed on the prosecution in criminal cases and the plaintiff in civil cases. The second consideration is the degree of certitude proof must reach, depending on both the quantity and quality of evidence.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_624479935#16_675385239
|
Title: Evidence - Wikipedia
Headings: Evidence
Evidence
Contents
Intellectual evidence (the evident)
Empirical evidence (in science)
Law
Collection
Presentation
Burden of proof
Types
See also
References
External links
Content: Presentation
The path that physical evidence takes from the scene of a crime or the arrest of a suspect to the courtroom is called the chain of custody. In a criminal case, this path must be clearly documented or attested to by those who handled the evidence. If the chain of evidence is broken, a defendant may be able to persuade the judge to declare the evidence inadmissible . Presenting evidence before the court differs from the gathering of evidence in important ways. Gathering evidence may take many forms; presenting evidence that tends
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_624854677#1_675726536
|
Title: Evidence (law) - Wikipedia
Headings: Evidence (law)
Evidence (law)
Contents
History
Relevance and social policy
Presence or absence of a jury
Exclusion of evidence
Unfairness
Authentication
Witnesses
Hearsay
Direct vs. circumstantial evidence
Burdens of proof
Evidentiary rules stemming from other areas of law
Evidence as an area of study
Tampering, falsification, and spoliation
By jurisdiction
See also
References
External links
Content: Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the English-speaking world and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (February 2011)
( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " Evidence" law – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR
(December 2006)
( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Evidence
Part of the law series
Types of evidence
Testimony
Documentary
Real (physical)
Digital
Exculpatory
Inculpatory
Demonstrative
Eyewitness identification
Genetic (DNA)
Lies
Relevance
Burden of proof
Laying a foundation
Materiality
Public policy exclusions
Spoliation
Character
Habit
Similar fact
Authentication
Chain of custody
Judicial notice
Best evidence rule
Self-authenticating document
Ancient document
Hague Evidence Convention
Witnesses
Competence
Privilege
Direct examination
Cross-examination
Redirect
Impeachment
Recorded recollection
Expert witness
Dead Man's Statute
Hearsay and exceptions
in English law
in United States law
Confessions
Business records
Excited utterance
Dying declaration
Party admission
Ancient document
Declaration against interest
Present sense impression
Res gestae
Learned treatise
Implied assertion
Other common law areas
Contract
Tort
Property
Wills, trusts and estates
Criminal law
v
t
e
Criminal procedure
Criminal trials and convictions
Rights of the accused
Fair trial
Pre-trial
Speedy trial
Jury trial
Counsel
Presumption of innocence
Exclusionary rule 1
Self-incrimination
Double jeopardy 2
Bail
Verdict
Conviction
Acquittal
Not proven 3
Directed verdict
Sentencing
Mandatory
Suspended
Custodial
Periodic
Discharge
Guidelines
Totality 5, 6
Dangerous offender 4, 5
Capital punishment
Execution warrant
Cruel and unusual punishment
Imprisonment
Life imprisonment
Indefinite imprisonment
Three-strikes law
Post-sentencing
Parole
Probation
Tariff 6
Life licence 6
Miscarriage of justice
Exoneration
Pardon
Recidivism
Habitual offender
Sex offender registration
Sexually violent predator legislation 1
Related areas of law
Criminal defenses
Criminal law
Evidence
Civil procedure
Portals
Law portal
1 US courts
2 Not in English/Welsh courts
3 Scottish courts
4 English/Welsh courts
5 Canadian courts
6 UK courts
v
t
e
The law of evidence, also known as the rules of evidence, encompasses the rules and legal principles that govern the proof of facts in a legal proceeding. These rules determine what evidence must or must not be considered by the trier of fact in reaching its decision. The trier of fact is a judge in bench trials, or the jury in any cases involving a jury. The law of evidence is also concerned with the quantum (amount), quality, and type of proof needed to prevail in litigation.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_(law)
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_624854677#4_675737203
|
Title: Evidence (law) - Wikipedia
Headings: Evidence (law)
Evidence (law)
Contents
History
Relevance and social policy
Presence or absence of a jury
Exclusion of evidence
Unfairness
Authentication
Witnesses
Hearsay
Direct vs. circumstantial evidence
Burdens of proof
Evidentiary rules stemming from other areas of law
Evidence as an area of study
Tampering, falsification, and spoliation
By jurisdiction
See also
References
External links
Content: There are several types of evidence, depending on the form or source. Evidence governs the use of testimony (e.g., oral or written statements, such as an affidavit ), exhibits (e.g., physical objects), documentary material, or demonstrative evidence, which are admissible (i.e., allowed to be considered by the trier of fact, such as jury) in a judicial or administrative proceeding (e.g., a court of law). When a dispute, whether relating to a civil or criminal matter, reaches the court there will always be a number of issues which one party will have to prove in order to persuade the court to find in his or her favour. The law must ensure certain guidelines are set out in order to ensure that evidence presented to the court can be regarded as trustworthy. Contents
1 History
2 Relevance and social policy
3 Presence or absence of a jury
4 Exclusion of evidence
4.1 Unfairness
5 Authentication
6 Witnesses
7 Hearsay
8 Direct vs. circumstantial evidence
9 Burdens of proof
10 Evidentiary rules stemming from other areas of law
11 Evidence as an area of study
12 Tampering, falsification, and spoliation
13 By jurisdiction
14 See also
15 References
16 External links
History
The rules of evidence were developed over several centuries and are based upon the rules from Anglo-American common law brought to the New World by early settlers. The purpose is to be fair to both parties, disallowing the raising of allegations without a basis in provable fact. They are sometimes criticized as a legal technicality, but are an important part of the system for achieving a just result. Perhaps the most important of the rules of evidence is that, in general, hearsay testimony is inadmissible (although there are many exceptions to this rule). In England and Wales, the Civil Evidence Act 1995, section 1, specifically allows for admission of 'hearsay' evidence; legislation also allows for 'hearsay' evidence to be used in criminal proceedings, which makes it possible for the accuser to induce friends or family to give false evidence in support of their accusations because, normally, it would be rejected by the presiding authority or judge.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_(law)
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_625200509#5_676006099
|
Title: Evie Sands - Wikipedia
Headings: Evie Sands
Evie Sands
Contents
Early life
Music career
1960s
1970s
Later career
Personal life
Discography
Albums
EPs
Singles
Guest appearances
References
External links
Content: In 1969 Sands finally scored with the A&M single "Any Way That You Want Me", a Chip Taylor composition previously recorded by both the American Breed and the Troggs in 1966. A No. 1 hit in Birmingham, Alabama, Sands' "Any Way That You Want Me" also reached the top ten or better in Columbus, Ohio; Houston, Texas; San Diego, California; and a number of other cities. The record reached No. 53 on the Hot 100 and tied with Don Ho 's " Tiny Bubbles " for most weeks (17) on that chart in the 1960s with a sub-50 peak. Also in 1969, Sands recorded "Maybe Tomorrow", composed by Quincy Jones with lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman, for the film John and Mary. The song was released as a single by A&M Records and was also included on the A&M soundtrack LP.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evie_Sands
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_625200509#6_676007255
|
Title: Evie Sands - Wikipedia
Headings: Evie Sands
Evie Sands
Contents
Early life
Music career
1960s
1970s
Later career
Personal life
Discography
Albums
EPs
Singles
Guest appearances
References
External links
Content: and a number of other cities. The record reached No. 53 on the Hot 100 and tied with Don Ho 's " Tiny Bubbles " for most weeks (17) on that chart in the 1960s with a sub-50 peak. Also in 1969, Sands recorded "Maybe Tomorrow", composed by Quincy Jones with lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman, for the film John and Mary. The song was released as a single by A&M Records and was also included on the A&M soundtrack LP. 1970s
Sands' debut album, also named Any Way That You Want Me, was released on A&M in 1970, several months after the single had peaked. Sands made her recorded debut as a songwriter on the album with "It's This I Am" – covered years later by Beck and Beth Orton, respectively. A Sands album to be produced by Val Garay for Buddah was announced in March 1971 but did not come to fruition. Instead, the 1975 release Estate of Mind on the Capitol Haven label ended Sands' five-year absence from recording. Produced by Dennis Lambert and Brian Potter, the album marked Sands' continued output as a songwriter, also collaborating with Richard Germinaro and veteran songwriter Ben Weisman.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evie_Sands
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_630353360#0_680009986
|
Title: Evolutionary psychology - Wikipedia
Headings: Evolutionary psychology
Evolutionary psychology
Contents
Scope
Principles
Premises
History
Theoretical foundations
Evolved psychological mechanisms
Historical topics
Products of evolution: adaptations, exaptations, byproducts, and random variation
Obligate and facultative adaptations
Cultural universals
Environment of evolutionary adaptedness
Mismatches
Research methods
Main areas of research
Survival and individual-level psychological adaptations
Consciousness
Sensation and perception
Learning and facultative adaptations
Emotion and motivation
Cognition
Personality
Language
Mating
Parenting
Family and kin
Interactions with non-kin / reciprocity
Strong reciprocity (or "tribal reciprocity")
Evolutionary psychology and culture
In psychology sub-fields
Developmental psychology
Social psychology
Abnormal psychology
Antisocial and criminal behavior
Psychology of religion
Coalitional psychology
Reception and criticism
Ethical implications
Contradictions in models
Standard social science model
Reductionism and determinism
Testability of hypotheses
Modularity of mind
Cultural rather than genetic development of cognitive tools
Response by evolutionary psychologists
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Academic societies
Journals
Videos
Content: Evolutionary psychology - Wikipedia
Evolutionary psychology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Application of evolutionary theory to identify which human psychological traits are evolved adaptations
For the academic journal, see Evolutionary Psychology (journal). Part of a series on
Psychology
Outline
History
Subfields
Basic types
Abnormal
Behavioral genetics
Biological
Cognitive / Cognitivism
Comparative
Cross-cultural
Cultural
Differential
Developmental
Evolutionary
Experimental
Mathematical
Neuropsychology
Personality
Positive
Quantitative
Social
Applied psychology
Applied behavior analysis
Clinical
Community
Consumer
Counseling
Critical
Educational
Environmental
Ergonomics
Forensic
Health
Humanistic
Industrial and organizational
Legal
Medical
Military
Music
Occupational health
Political
Religion
School
Sport
Traffic
Lists
Disciplines
Organizations
Psychologists
Psychotherapies
Publications
Research methods
Theories
Timeline
Topics
Psychology portal
v
t
e
Part of a series on
Evolutionary biology
Darwin's finches by John Gould
Key topics
Introduction to evolution
Common descent
Evidence
Processes and outcomes
Population genetics
Variation
Diversity
Mutation
Natural selection
Adaptation
Polymorphism
Genetic drift
Gene flow
Speciation
Adaptive radiation
Co-operation
Coevolution
Coextinction
Divergence
Convergence
Parallel evolution
Extinction
Natural history
Origin of life
History of life
Timeline of evolution
Human evolution
Phylogeny
Biodiversity
Biogeography
Classification
Evolutionary taxonomy
Cladistics
Transitional fossil
Extinction event
History of evolutionary theory
Overview
Renaissance
Before Darwin
Darwin
Origin of Species
Before synthesis
Modern synthesis
Molecular evolution
Evo-devo
Current research
History of speciation
History of paleontology ( timeline)
Fields and applications
Applications of evolution
Biosocial criminology
Ecological genetics
Evolutionary aesthetics
Evolutionary anthropology
Evolutionary computation
Evolutionary ecology
Evolutionary economics
Evolutionary epistemology
Evolutionary ethics
Evolutionary game theory
Evolutionary linguistics
Evolutionary medicine
Evolutionary neuroscience
Evolutionary physiology
Evolutionary psychology
Experimental evolution
Phylogenetics
Paleontology
Selective breeding
Speciation experiments
Sociobiology
Systematics
Universal Darwinism
Social implications
Evolution as fact and theory
Social effects
Creation–evolution controversy
Objections to evolution
Level of support
Evolutionary biology portal
Category
Related topics
v
t
e
Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical approach in the social and natural sciences that examines psychological structure from a modern evolutionary perspective. It seeks to identify which human psychological traits are evolved adaptations – that is, the functional products of natural selection or sexual selection in human evolution. Adaptationist thinking about physiological mechanisms, such as the heart, lungs, and immune system, is common in evolutionary biology. Some evolutionary psychologists apply the same thinking to psychology, arguing that the modularity of mind is similar to that of the body and with different modular adaptations serving different functions. These evolutionary psychologists argue that much of human behavior is the output of psychological adaptations that evolved to solve recurrent problems in human ancestral environments. Evolutionary psychology is not simply a subdiscipline of psychology—its evolutionary theory can provide a foundational, metatheoretical framework that integrates the entire field of psychology in the same way evolutionary biology has for biology. Evolutionary psychologists hold that behaviors or traits that occur universally in all cultures are good candidates for evolutionary adaptations including the abilities to infer others' emotions, discern kin from non-kin, identify and prefer healthier mates, and cooperate with others. Findings have been made regarding human social behaviour related to infanticide, intelligence, marriage patterns, promiscuity, perception of beauty, bride price, and parental investment. The theories and findings of evolutionary psychology have applications in many fields, including economics, environment, health, law, management, psychiatry, politics, and literature.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_630353360#1_680016051
|
Title: Evolutionary psychology - Wikipedia
Headings: Evolutionary psychology
Evolutionary psychology
Contents
Scope
Principles
Premises
History
Theoretical foundations
Evolved psychological mechanisms
Historical topics
Products of evolution: adaptations, exaptations, byproducts, and random variation
Obligate and facultative adaptations
Cultural universals
Environment of evolutionary adaptedness
Mismatches
Research methods
Main areas of research
Survival and individual-level psychological adaptations
Consciousness
Sensation and perception
Learning and facultative adaptations
Emotion and motivation
Cognition
Personality
Language
Mating
Parenting
Family and kin
Interactions with non-kin / reciprocity
Strong reciprocity (or "tribal reciprocity")
Evolutionary psychology and culture
In psychology sub-fields
Developmental psychology
Social psychology
Abnormal psychology
Antisocial and criminal behavior
Psychology of religion
Coalitional psychology
Reception and criticism
Ethical implications
Contradictions in models
Standard social science model
Reductionism and determinism
Testability of hypotheses
Modularity of mind
Cultural rather than genetic development of cognitive tools
Response by evolutionary psychologists
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Academic societies
Journals
Videos
Content: These evolutionary psychologists argue that much of human behavior is the output of psychological adaptations that evolved to solve recurrent problems in human ancestral environments. Evolutionary psychology is not simply a subdiscipline of psychology—its evolutionary theory can provide a foundational, metatheoretical framework that integrates the entire field of psychology in the same way evolutionary biology has for biology. Evolutionary psychologists hold that behaviors or traits that occur universally in all cultures are good candidates for evolutionary adaptations including the abilities to infer others' emotions, discern kin from non-kin, identify and prefer healthier mates, and cooperate with others. Findings have been made regarding human social behaviour related to infanticide, intelligence, marriage patterns, promiscuity, perception of beauty, bride price, and parental investment. The theories and findings of evolutionary psychology have applications in many fields, including economics, environment, health, law, management, psychiatry, politics, and literature. Criticism of evolutionary psychology involves questions of testability, cognitive and evolutionary assumptions (such as modular functioning of the brain, and large uncertainty about the ancestral environment), importance of non-genetic and non-adaptive explanations, as well as political and ethical issues due to interpretations of research results. Contents
1 Scope
1.1 Principles
1.2 Premises
2 History
3 Theoretical foundations
4 Evolved psychological mechanisms
4.1 Historical topics
4.2 Products of evolution: adaptations, exaptations, byproducts, and random variation
4.3 Obligate and facultative adaptations
4.4 Cultural universals
5 Environment of evolutionary adaptedness
5.1 Mismatches
6 Research methods
7 Main areas of research
7.1 Survival and individual-level psychological adaptations
7.1.1 Consciousness
7.1.2 Sensation and perception
7.1.3 Learning and facultative adaptations
7.1.4 Emotion and motivation
7.1.5 Cognition
7.1.6 Personality
7.1.7 Language
7.2 Mating
7.3 Parenting
7.4 Family and kin
7.5 Interactions with non-kin / reciprocity
7.6 Strong reciprocity (or "tribal reciprocity")
8 Evolutionary psychology and culture
9 In psychology sub-fields
9.1 Developmental psychology
9.2 Social psychology
9.3 Abnormal psychology
9.4 Antisocial and criminal behavior
9.5 Psychology of religion
9.6 Coalitional psychology
10 Reception and criticism
10.1 Ethical implications
10.2 Contradictions in models
10.3 Standard social science model
10.4 Reductionism and determinism
10.5 Testability of hypotheses
10.6 Modularity of mind
10.7 Cultural rather than genetic development of cognitive tools
10.8 Response by evolutionary psychologists
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
14 Further reading
15 External links
15.1 Academic societies
15.2 Journals
15.3 Videos
Scope
Principles
Evolutionary psychology is an approach that views human nature as the product of a universal set of evolved psychological adaptations to recurring problems in the ancestral environment. Proponents suggest that it seeks to integrate psychology into the other natural sciences, rooting it in the organizing theory of biology ( evolutionary theory ), and thus understanding psychology as a branch of biology. Anthropologist John Tooby and psychologist Leda Cosmides note:
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_630353360#2_680021025
|
Title: Evolutionary psychology - Wikipedia
Headings: Evolutionary psychology
Evolutionary psychology
Contents
Scope
Principles
Premises
History
Theoretical foundations
Evolved psychological mechanisms
Historical topics
Products of evolution: adaptations, exaptations, byproducts, and random variation
Obligate and facultative adaptations
Cultural universals
Environment of evolutionary adaptedness
Mismatches
Research methods
Main areas of research
Survival and individual-level psychological adaptations
Consciousness
Sensation and perception
Learning and facultative adaptations
Emotion and motivation
Cognition
Personality
Language
Mating
Parenting
Family and kin
Interactions with non-kin / reciprocity
Strong reciprocity (or "tribal reciprocity")
Evolutionary psychology and culture
In psychology sub-fields
Developmental psychology
Social psychology
Abnormal psychology
Antisocial and criminal behavior
Psychology of religion
Coalitional psychology
Reception and criticism
Ethical implications
Contradictions in models
Standard social science model
Reductionism and determinism
Testability of hypotheses
Modularity of mind
Cultural rather than genetic development of cognitive tools
Response by evolutionary psychologists
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Academic societies
Journals
Videos
Content: Criticism of evolutionary psychology involves questions of testability, cognitive and evolutionary assumptions (such as modular functioning of the brain, and large uncertainty about the ancestral environment), importance of non-genetic and non-adaptive explanations, as well as political and ethical issues due to interpretations of research results. Contents
1 Scope
1.1 Principles
1.2 Premises
2 History
3 Theoretical foundations
4 Evolved psychological mechanisms
4.1 Historical topics
4.2 Products of evolution: adaptations, exaptations, byproducts, and random variation
4.3 Obligate and facultative adaptations
4.4 Cultural universals
5 Environment of evolutionary adaptedness
5.1 Mismatches
6 Research methods
7 Main areas of research
7.1 Survival and individual-level psychological adaptations
7.1.1 Consciousness
7.1.2 Sensation and perception
7.1.3 Learning and facultative adaptations
7.1.4 Emotion and motivation
7.1.5 Cognition
7.1.6 Personality
7.1.7 Language
7.2 Mating
7.3 Parenting
7.4 Family and kin
7.5 Interactions with non-kin / reciprocity
7.6 Strong reciprocity (or "tribal reciprocity")
8 Evolutionary psychology and culture
9 In psychology sub-fields
9.1 Developmental psychology
9.2 Social psychology
9.3 Abnormal psychology
9.4 Antisocial and criminal behavior
9.5 Psychology of religion
9.6 Coalitional psychology
10 Reception and criticism
10.1 Ethical implications
10.2 Contradictions in models
10.3 Standard social science model
10.4 Reductionism and determinism
10.5 Testability of hypotheses
10.6 Modularity of mind
10.7 Cultural rather than genetic development of cognitive tools
10.8 Response by evolutionary psychologists
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
14 Further reading
15 External links
15.1 Academic societies
15.2 Journals
15.3 Videos
Scope
Principles
Evolutionary psychology is an approach that views human nature as the product of a universal set of evolved psychological adaptations to recurring problems in the ancestral environment. Proponents suggest that it seeks to integrate psychology into the other natural sciences, rooting it in the organizing theory of biology ( evolutionary theory ), and thus understanding psychology as a branch of biology. Anthropologist John Tooby and psychologist Leda Cosmides note: Evolutionary psychology is the long-forestalled scientific attempt to assemble out of the disjointed, fragmentary, and mutually contradictory human disciplines a single, logically integrated research framework for the psychological, social, and behavioral sciences – a framework that not only incorporates the evolutionary sciences on a full and equal basis, but that systematically works out all of the revisions in existing belief and research practice that such a synthesis requires. Just as human physiology and evolutionary physiology have worked to identify physical adaptations of the body that represent "human physiological nature," the purpose of evolutionary psychology is to identify evolved emotional and cognitive adaptations that represent "human psychological nature." According to Steven Pinker, it is "not a single theory but a large set of hypotheses" and a term that "has also come to refer to a particular way of applying evolutionary theory to the mind, with an emphasis on adaptation, gene-level selection, and modularity." Evolutionary psychology adopts an understanding of the mind that is based on the computational theory of mind. It describes mental processes as computational operations, so that, for example, a fear response is described as arising from a neurological computation that inputs the perceptional data, e.g. a visual image of a spider, and outputs the appropriate reaction, e.g. fear of possibly dangerous animals.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_633469795#3_683763602
|
Title: Exchange-rate flexibility - Wikipedia
Headings: Exchange-rate flexibility
Exchange-rate flexibility
Contents
Fixed rate programs
Monetary union
Flexible exchange rate
References
Content: Under dollarization / Euroization, the US dollar or the Euro acts as legal tender in a different country. Dollarization is a summary description of the use of foreign currency in its capacity to produce all types of money services in the domestic economy. Monetary policy is delegated to the anchor country. Under dollarization exchange rate movements cannot buffer external shocks. The money supply in the dollarizing country is limited to what it can earn via exports, borrow and receive from emigrant remittances. A currency board enables governments to manage their external credibility problems and discipline their central banks by “tying their hands” with binding arrangements. A currency board combines three elements: an exchange rate that is fixed to another, “anchor currency”; automatic convertibility or the right to exchange domestic currency at this fixed rate whenever desired; and a long-term commitment to the system.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange-rate_flexibility
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_633479621#10_683803185
|
Title: Exchange rate regime - Wikipedia
Headings: Exchange rate regime
Exchange rate regime
Contents
Fixed versus Floating
Exchange rate regimes
Floating exchange rate regime
Free float (Floating exchange rate)
Managed float (or dirty float)
Intermediate rate regime
Band (Target zone)
Crawling peg
Crawling band
Currency basket peg
Fixed exchange rate regime
Currency board
Dollarisation
Currency union
See also
References
Further reading
Content: A movement in the peg rate is called either revaluation or devaluation . Currency board
Currency board is an exchange rate regime in which a country's exchange rate maintain a fixed exchange rate with a foreign currency, based on an explicit legislative commitment. It is a type of fixed regime that has special legal and procedural rules designed to make the peg "harder—that is, more durable". Examples include the Hong Kong dollar against the U.S dollar and Bulgarian lev against the Euro. Dollarisation
Dollarisation, also currency substitution, means a country unilaterally adopts the currency of another country. Most of the adopting countries are too small to afford the cost of running its own central bank or issuing its own currency. Most of these economies use the U.S dollar, but other popular choices include the euro, and the Australian and New Zealand dollars . Currency union
A currency union, also known as monetary union, is an exchange regime where two or more countries use the same currency. Under a currency union, there is some form of transnational structure such as a single central bank or monetary authority that is accountable to the member states. Examples of currency unions are the Eurozone, CFA and CFP franc zones.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange-rate_regime
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_634339422#2_684892750
|
Title: Exclusionary zoning - Wikipedia
Headings: Exclusionary zoning
Exclusionary zoning
Contents
History
Legal framework
Description
Case history
Examples
Restrictions on the supply of housing units
Direct cost increases
Motivations
Fiscal
Density externalities
Exclusion
Effects
Racial/economic stratification
Education
See also
References
Content: Exclusionary zoning is done to safeguard the individual's property value, reduce traffic congestion, and exclude unalike groups. Exclusionary land-use policies exacerbate social segregation by deterring any racial and economic integration, decrease the total housing supply of a region and raise housing prices. As well, regions with much economic segregation channel lower income students into lower performing schools thereby prompting educational achievement differences. A comprehensive survey in 2008 found that over 80% of United States jurisdictions imposed minimum lot size requirements of some kind on their inhabitants. These ordinances continue to reinforce discriminatory housing practices throughout the United States. Contents
1 History
2 Legal framework
2.1 Description
2.2 Case history
3 Examples
3.1 Restrictions on the supply of housing units
3.2 Direct cost increases
4 Motivations
4.1 Fiscal
4.2 Density externalities
4.3 Exclusion
5 Effects
5.1 Racial/economic stratification
5.2 Education
6 See also
7 References
History
Zoning began gaining prominence in land-use regulations throughout the United States in the late 19th century. Ultimately, despite resistance from excluded peoples and activists, the policy is still extensively used in the 2010s across the country. The vast, land-rich country upheld the notion that state powers should not interfere with private property. Also, given the country's predominately rural and isolated composition, most citizens were unconcerned about who their neighbors were at the time. Thus, early Americans largely disapproved of any early attempts at exclusionary zoning.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusionary_zoning
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_655073833#1_708860257
|
Title: Exxon Valdez oil spill - Wikipedia
Headings: Exxon Valdez
oil spill
Exxon Valdez oil spill
Contents
Spill
Clean-up and major effects
Litigation and cleanup costs
Political consequences and reforms
Coast Guard report
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Alaska regulations
Economic and personal impact
Reactions
In popular culture
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: 41,000 m 3) (or 37,000 metric tonnes)
Shoreline impacted
1,300 mi (2,100 km)
The Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, on March 24, 1989, when Exxon Valdez, an oil tanker owned by Exxon Shipping Company that was bound for Long Beach, California struck Prince William Sound 's Bligh Reef, 1.5 mi (2.4 km) west of Tatitlek, Alaska at 12:04 a.m. and spilled 10.8 million US gallons (257,000 bbl) (or 37,000 tonnes) of crude oil over the next few days. It is considered the worst oil spill worldwide in terms of damage to the environment. The Exxon Valdez spill is the second largest in U.S. waters, after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, in terms of volume of oil released. Prince William Sound's remote location, accessible only by helicopter, plane, or boat, made government and industry response efforts difficult and made existing response plans especially hard to implement. The region is a habitat for salmon, sea otters, seals, and seabirds. The oil, originally extracted at the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field, eventually affected 1,300 miles (2,100 km) of coastline, of which 200 miles (320 km) were heavily or moderately oiled. Contents
1 Spill
2 Clean-up and major effects
3 Litigation and cleanup costs
4 Political consequences and reforms
4.1 Coast Guard report
4.2 Oil Pollution Act of 1990
4.3 Alaska regulations
5 Economic and personal impact
6 Reactions
6.1 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Spill
The ship was carrying 53.1 million US gallons (1,260,000 bbl; 201,000 m 3) of oil, of which approximately 10.8 million US gallons (260,000 bbl; 41,000 m 3) were spilled into the Prince William Sound. During the first few days of the spill, heavy sheens of oil covered large areas of the surface of Prince William Sound.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_655073833#2_708862652
|
Title: Exxon Valdez oil spill - Wikipedia
Headings: Exxon Valdez
oil spill
Exxon Valdez oil spill
Contents
Spill
Clean-up and major effects
Litigation and cleanup costs
Political consequences and reforms
Coast Guard report
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Alaska regulations
Economic and personal impact
Reactions
In popular culture
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: The oil, originally extracted at the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field, eventually affected 1,300 miles (2,100 km) of coastline, of which 200 miles (320 km) were heavily or moderately oiled. Contents
1 Spill
2 Clean-up and major effects
3 Litigation and cleanup costs
4 Political consequences and reforms
4.1 Coast Guard report
4.2 Oil Pollution Act of 1990
4.3 Alaska regulations
5 Economic and personal impact
6 Reactions
6.1 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Spill
The ship was carrying 53.1 million US gallons (1,260,000 bbl; 201,000 m 3) of oil, of which approximately 10.8 million US gallons (260,000 bbl; 41,000 m 3) were spilled into the Prince William Sound. During the first few days of the spill, heavy sheens of oil covered large areas of the surface of Prince William Sound. Multiple factors have been identified as contributing to the incident: Beginning three days after the vessel grounded, a storm pushed large quantities of fresh oil onto the rocky shores of many of the beaches in the Knight Island chain. In this photograph, pooled black oil is shown stranded in the rocks
Exxon Shipping Company failed to supervise the master (ship's captain) and provide a rested and sufficient crew for Exxon Valdez. The NTSB found this practice was widespread throughout the industry, prompting a safety recommendation to Exxon and to the industry. The third mate failed to properly maneuver the vessel, possibly due to fatigue or excessive workload.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_655073833#3_708864738
|
Title: Exxon Valdez oil spill - Wikipedia
Headings: Exxon Valdez
oil spill
Exxon Valdez oil spill
Contents
Spill
Clean-up and major effects
Litigation and cleanup costs
Political consequences and reforms
Coast Guard report
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Alaska regulations
Economic and personal impact
Reactions
In popular culture
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Multiple factors have been identified as contributing to the incident: Beginning three days after the vessel grounded, a storm pushed large quantities of fresh oil onto the rocky shores of many of the beaches in the Knight Island chain. In this photograph, pooled black oil is shown stranded in the rocks
Exxon Shipping Company failed to supervise the master (ship's captain) and provide a rested and sufficient crew for Exxon Valdez. The NTSB found this practice was widespread throughout the industry, prompting a safety recommendation to Exxon and to the industry. The third mate failed to properly maneuver the vessel, possibly due to fatigue or excessive workload. Exxon Shipping Company failed to properly maintain the Raytheon Collision Avoidance System (RAYCAS) radar, which, if functional, would have indicated to the third mate an impending collision with the Bligh Reef by detecting the "radar reflector," placed on the next rock inland from Bligh Reef for the purpose of keeping ships on course. This cause was brought forward by Greg Palast and is not present in the official accident report. Captain Joseph Hazelwood, who was widely reported to have been drinking heavily that night, was not at the controls when the ship struck the reef. Exxon blamed Captain Hazelwood for the grounding of the tanker, but, Hazelwood accused the corporation of making him a scapegoat. As the senior officer in command of the ship, he was accused of being intoxicated and thereby contributing to the disaster, but he was cleared of this charge at his 1990 trial after witnesses testified that he was sober around the time of the accident.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_655073833#7_708871747
|
Title: Exxon Valdez oil spill - Wikipedia
Headings: Exxon Valdez
oil spill
Exxon Valdez oil spill
Contents
Spill
Clean-up and major effects
Litigation and cleanup costs
Political consequences and reforms
Coast Guard report
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Alaska regulations
Economic and personal impact
Reactions
In popular culture
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: The oil industry promised, but never installed, state-of-the-art iceberg monitoring equipment. Exxon Valdez was sailing outside the normal sea lane to avoid small icebergs thought to be in the area. Coast Guard vessel inspections in Valdez were not performed, and the number of staff was reduced. Lack of available equipment and personnel hampered the spill cleanup. This disaster resulted in International Maritime Organization introducing comprehensive marine pollution prevention rules ( MARPOL) through various conventions. The rules were ratified by member countries and, under International Ship Management rules, the ships are being operated with a common objective of "safer ships and cleaner oceans." In 2009, Exxon Valdez Captain Joseph Hazelwood offered a "heartfelt apology" to the people of Alaska, suggesting he had been wrongly blamed for the disaster: " The true story is out there for anybody who wants to look at the facts, but that's not the sexy story and that's not the easy story," he said. Hazelwood said he felt Alaskans always gave him a fair shake. Clean-up and major effects
Workers using high-pressure, hot-water washing to clean an oiled shoreline
Chemical dispersant, a surfactant and solvent mixture, was applied to the slick by a private company on March 24 with a helicopter, but the helicopter missed the target area.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_677390144#1_733848260
|
Title: Factory system - Wikipedia
Headings: Factory system
Factory system
Contents
Characteristics
History
Antiquity
Mills
Cotton spinning
Arkwright
Machine tools and interchangeable parts
Societal effects
See also
References
Content: The factory system was first adopted in Britain at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late eighteenth century and later spread around the world. It replaced the putting-out system (domestic system). The main characteristic of the factory system is the use of machinery, originally powered by water or steam and later by electricity. Other characteristics of the system mostly derive from the use of machinery or economies of scale, the centralization of factories, and standardization of interchangeable parts . Contents
1 Characteristics
2 History
2.1 Antiquity
2.2 Mills
2.3 Cotton spinning
2.4 Arkwright
2.5 Machine tools and interchangeable parts
3 Societal effects
4 See also
5 References
Characteristics
The defining characteristics of the factory system are: The factory system is considered a form of production. The operative labour generally does not own a significant share of the enterprise. The capitalist owners provide all machinery, buildings, management and administration, raw or semi-finished materials and are responsible for the sale of all production, as well as any resulting losses. Use of unskilled labour – Before the factory some systems had many products such as shoes and muskets were made by skilled craftsmen who usually custom-made an entire article. In contrast, factories practiced division of labour, in which most workers were either low skilled labourers who tended or operated machinery, or unskilled labourers who moved materials, semi-finished and finished goods.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_system
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_677390144#13_733869034
|
Title: Factory system - Wikipedia
Headings: Factory system
Factory system
Contents
Characteristics
History
Antiquity
Mills
Cotton spinning
Arkwright
Machine tools and interchangeable parts
Societal effects
See also
References
Content: Societal effects
Much manufacturing in the 18th century was carried out in homes under the domestic or putting-out system, especially the weaving of cloth and spinning of thread and yarn, often with just a single loom or spinning wheel. As these devices were mechanized, machine made goods were able to underprice the cottagers, leaving them unable to earn enough to make their effort worthwhile. Other products such as nails had long been produced in factory workshops, increasingly diversified using the division of labour to increase the efficiency of the system. Factory workers typically lived within walking distance to work until the introduction of bicycles and electric street railways in the 1890s. Thus the factory system was partly responsible for the rise of urban living, as large numbers of workers migrated into the towns in search of employment in the factories. Many mills had to provide dormitories for workers, especially for girls and women. The transition to industrialisation was not without difficulty. For example, a group of English workers known as Luddites formed to protest against industrialisation and sometimes sabotaged factories. They continued an already established tradition of workers opposing labour saving machinery. Numerous inventors in the textile industry such as John Kay and Samuel Crompton, suffered harassment when developing their machines or devices.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_system
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_687697574#3_745053933
|
Title: Fall of Constantinople - Wikipedia
Headings: Fall of Constantinople
Fall of Constantinople
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
State of the Byzantine Empire
Preparations
European support
Strength
Ottoman dispositions and strategies
Byzantine dispositions and strategies
Siege
Final assault
Plundering phase
Aftermath
Third Rome
Impact on the Churches
Legacy
Legends
Cultural impact
Impact on the Renaissance
Renaming of the city
In historical fiction
Primary sources
Eyewitness accounts
Non-eyewitness accounts
Notes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Content: Conquest of Istanbul') was the capture of the Byzantine Empire 's capital by the Ottoman Empire. The city fell on 29 May 1453, the culmination of a 53-day siege which had begun on 6 April 1453. The attacking Ottoman army, which significantly outnumbered Constantinople's defenders, was commanded by the 21-year-old Sultan Mehmed II (later called "Mehmed the Conqueror"), while the Byzantine army was led by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos. After conquering the city, Mehmed II made Constantinople the new Ottoman capital, replacing Adrianople . The Fall of Constantinople marked the end of the Byzantine Empire, and effectively the end of the Roman Empire, a state which dated back to 27 BC and lasted nearly 1,500 years. The capture of Constantinople, a city which marked the divide between Europe and Asia Minor, also allowed the Ottomans to more effectively invade mainland Europe, eventually leading to Ottoman control of much of the Balkan peninsula . The conquest of Constantinople and the fall of the Byzantine Empire was a key event of the Late Middle Ages and is sometimes considered the end of the Medieval period. The city's fall also stood as a turning point in military history. Since ancient times, cities and castles had depended upon ramparts and walls to repel invaders. However, Constantinople's substantial fortifications were overcome with the use of gunpowder, specifically in the form of large cannons and bombards.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_703655194#5_762971899
|
Title: Fares Fair - Wikipedia
Headings: Fares Fair
Fares Fair
Contents
Background
Initiation
Legal challenge
Legacy
Notes
References
Bibliography
Content: Alternately, if a council spent more than its GRE, the local ratepayers would have to pay an increasing percentage of the financial burden. This, he hoped, would influence local authorities to keep their spending at the GRE. Initiation
Labour's 1981 GLC manifesto commitment was to subsidise fares on all London Buses, London Underground and British Rail services in Greater London. This would cause a reduction in fares of approximately a third and cause a corresponding increase in the transport costs of the GLC. The funding for the change was planned to come from a 5% increase in local government rates. The subsidy to British Rail was blocked by central government, which restricted the policy to the buses and the London Underground. Because the rate demand for 1981 had already been issued some seven months earlier, the GLC attempted to raise the funding for the scheme up until April 1982 by issuing a supplementary rate demand for the extra money. This had the unintended consequence that it gave London ratepayers full visibility of how much the scheme was costing them. Once the fares fair scheme was up and running, people travelling around London enjoyed fare reductions of about one third on buses and the London Underground, though the better off rate payers were expected to pay more than the savings in extra rates. This was as the GLC council intended, the better off subsidising the transport costs of the poorer residents of London.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fares_Fair
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_705366919#6_765116693
|
Title: Farmers' suicides in India - Wikipedia
Headings: Farmers' suicides in India
Farmers' suicides in India
Contents
History
States affected
Reasons
Government economic policy
GM crops
Misdirection of government subsidies and funds
Deadly drought
Suicide idea
Debt
Maddy's government field surveys
Statistics
Farmer suicides in the Indian states (2012)
Farmer suicides rate per 100,000 people in the state (2012)
Farmer suicides as a % of total suicides in the state (2012)
All India figures for Farmer suicides from 1995 to 2016
Farmers versus other professions
Total number of farmers
Responses to farmers' suicides
2006 relief package
Agricultural debt waiver and debt relief scheme, 2008
Regional initiatives
Maharashtra Bill to regulate farmer loan terms, 2008
Maharashtra Relief Package, 2010
Kerala Farmers' Debt Relief Commission (Amendment) Bill, 2012
2013 diversify income sources package
Effectiveness of government response
International comparison
In popular culture
See also
References
Content: Tamma Carleton, a researcher at the University of California at Berkeley, compared suicide and climate data, concluding that climate change in India may have "a strong influence" on suicides during the growing season, triggering more than 59,000 suicides in 30 years. More than 23,000 farmers have committed suicide in the state of Maharashtra between 2009 and 2016. Reasons
Various reasons have been offered to explain why farmers commit suicide in India, including: , floods, drought, debt, use of genetically modified seeds, public health, use of lower quantity pesticides due to less investments producing a decreased yield. There is no consensus on what the main causes might be but studies show suicide victims are motivated by more than one cause, on average three or more causes for committing suicide, the primary reason being the inability to repay loans. Panagariya, an economist at the World bank states, "farm-related reasons get cited only approximately 25 percent of the time as reasons for suicide" and "studies do consistently show greater debt burden and greater reliance on informal sources of credit" among farmers who commit suicide. Reasons for farmers suicides. ( in 2002)
Percent (of suicides)
Failure of crops
16.84
Other reasons (e.g. chit fund)
15.04
Family problems with spouse, others
13.27
Chronic illness
9.73
Marriage of daughters
5.31
Political affiliation
4.42
Property disputes
2.65
Debt burden
2.65
Price crash
2.65
Borrowing too much ( for house construction)
2.65
Losses in non-farm activities
1.77
Failure of bore well
0.88
¶ Note: Reasons given by close relatives and friends. Every case
cited more than one reason."
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers%27_suicides_in_India
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_705366919#9_765125019
|
Title: Farmers' suicides in India - Wikipedia
Headings: Farmers' suicides in India
Farmers' suicides in India
Contents
History
States affected
Reasons
Government economic policy
GM crops
Misdirection of government subsidies and funds
Deadly drought
Suicide idea
Debt
Maddy's government field surveys
Statistics
Farmer suicides in the Indian states (2012)
Farmer suicides rate per 100,000 people in the state (2012)
Farmer suicides as a % of total suicides in the state (2012)
All India figures for Farmer suicides from 1995 to 2016
Farmers versus other professions
Total number of farmers
Responses to farmers' suicides
2006 relief package
Agricultural debt waiver and debt relief scheme, 2008
Regional initiatives
Maharashtra Bill to regulate farmer loan terms, 2008
Maharashtra Relief Package, 2010
Kerala Farmers' Debt Relief Commission (Amendment) Bill, 2012
2013 diversify income sources package
Effectiveness of government response
International comparison
In popular culture
See also
References
Content: A 2012 study, did a regional survey on farmers' suicide in rural Vidarbha ( Maharashtra) and applied a Smith's Saliency method to qualitatively rank the expressed causes among farming families who had lost someone to suicide. The expressed reasons in order of importance behind farmer suicides were – debt, alcohol addiction, environment, low produce prices, stress and family responsibilities, apathy, poor irrigation, increased cost of cultivation, private money lenders, use of chemical fertilizers and crop failure. In other words, debt to stress and family responsibilities were rated as significantly higher than fertilizers and crop failure. In a different study in the same region in 2006, indebtedness (87%) and deterioration in the economic status (74%) were found to be major factors for suicide. Studies dated 2004 through 2006, identified several causes for farmers suicide, such as insufficient or risky credit systems, the difficulty of farming semi-arid regions, poor agricultural income, absence of alternative income opportunities, a downturn in the urban economy which forced non-farmers into farming, and the absence of suitable counseling services. In 2004, in response to a request from the All India Biodynamic and Organic Farming Association, the Mumbai High Court required the Tata Institute to produce a report on farmer suicides in Maharashtra, and the institute submitted its report in March 2005. The survey cited "government's lack of interest, the absence of a safety net for farmers and lack of access to information related to agriculture, as the chief causes for the desperate condition of farmers in the state." An Indian study conducted in 2002, indicated an association between victims engaging in entrepreneurial activities (such as venturing into new crops, cash crops, and following market trends) and their failure in meeting expected goals due to a range of constraints. Government economic policy
Economists like Utsa Patnaik, Jayati Ghosh, and Prabhat Patnaik suggest that structural changes in the macro-economic policy of the Indian Government that favored privatization, liberalization, and globalization are the root cause of farmer suicides. Business economists dispute this view.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers%27_suicides_in_India
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_708822805#0_768896355
|
Title: Fashion editor - Wikipedia
Headings: Fashion editor
Fashion editor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Notable fashion editors
See also
References
Content: Fashion editor - Wikipedia
Fashion editor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
A fashion editor is a person that supervises the process of creating, developing and presenting content for the fashion department of a magazine, Web site, newspaper or television program . The work of a fashion editor can be quite varied and may hold several responsibilities. Typical work includes supervising other editors and writers, writing or editing articles themselves, formulating and styling fashion photo shoots, choosing photos for publication, choosing fashion items and trends for publication, researching trends in the fashion industry and networking with industry professionals including photographers, designers and public relations professionals. Notable fashion editors
This is a list of notable fashion editors . Name
Publication
Country
Title
Years
Website
Diana Vreeland
Vogue (magazine)
United States
editor-in-chief
1963-1971
www.vogue.com
Anna Wintour
Vogue (magazine)
United States
editor-in-chief
1988-current
www.vogue.com
Grace Coddington
Vogue (magazine)
United States
creative director
1988-current
www.vogue.com
Giovanna Battaglia Engelbert
Vogue (magazine)
Japan
fashion editor
present
www.vogue.co.jp
Glenda Bailey
Harper's Bazaar
United States
editor-in-chief
2001-current
www.harpersbazaar.com
Roberta Myers
Elle (magazine)
United States
editor-in-chief
2007-2017
www.elle.com
Amy Astley
Teen Vogue
United States
editor-in-chief
2002-2016
www.teenvogue.com
Alexandra Shulman
Vogue (magazine)
United Kingdom
editor-in-chief
1992-2017
www.vogue.co.uk
Babs Simpson
Vogue (magazine)
United States
fashion editor
1947-1972
www.vogue.com
See also
Fashion magazine
References
^ Bowles, Hamish. " Babs Simpson, a Former Vogue Editor Who Collaborated With Irving Penn, Has Died at 105". Vogue. Retrieved 2020-01-02. v
t
e
Fashion articles
General
Digital fashion
Fashion accessory
Fashion matrix
Fashion museum
Fashion plate
Fashion tourism
Events
Fashion show
Fashion week
Industry
Awards
Designer clothing
Fashion blog
Fashion capital
Fashion design
Fashion entrepreneur
Fashion editor
Fashion forecasting
Fashion illustration
Fashion influencer
Fashion journalism
Fashion law
Fashion photography
Fashion merchandising
Fast fashion
Red carpet fashion
Types
Western dress codes
Formal
Morning dress
White tie
Ball gown
Semi-formal
Black lounge suit
Black tie
Evening gown
Informal
Suit
Cocktail dress
Pantsuit
Other traditional
Ceremonial
Court
Diplomatic
Academic
Military
Full
Mess
Service
Sailor
Combat
Religious
Christian
Jewish
Islamic
Modest fashion
Folk
Casual
See also: Western subcultures
Smart casual
British country clothing
Chic
Preppy
Ivy League
Mod
Sloane Ranger
Teddy Boy
Young fogey
Street fashion
Streetwear
Hip-hop
Hippie
Hipster
Sportswear
Sportswear fashion
Ghetto fabulous
Bling-bling
Alternative
Rocker
Greaser
Glam
Grunge
Heavy metal
Punk
Skate
Rockabilly
Emo
Gothic
Skinhead
Steampunk
Genderqueer
Lolita
Fetish
By country
American fashion
Filipino fashion
French fashion
German fashion
Italian fashion
Iranian fashion
Israeli fashion
Indian fashion
Japanese fashion
Nigerian fashion
South Korean fashion
Soviet fashion
See also
Dress code
Undress
Fashion activism
Anti-fashion
Sustainable fashion
Slow fashion
Fashion Revolution
Trashion
Zero-waste fashion
Fashion victim
Trickle-up fashion
Fashion portal
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_editor&oldid=959438585 "
Categories:
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_editor
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_708935455#4_769096694
|
Title: Fashion journalism - Wikipedia
Headings: Fashion journalism
Fashion journalism
Contents
History
The impact of the internet on fashion journalism
Education
The Pulitzer Prize
Notable fashion journalists
See also
References
Content: The impact of the internet on fashion journalism
As society increases its dependence on the internet, the journalism industry is becoming far more fluid. Print, being more costly and less convenient, many publications (such as Nylon magazine) have opted to focus on a digital publication. Digital journalism gives the writer unlimited space (rather than forcing an article to fit in a magazine or newspaper layout), allows for links to external resources, and a number of images. Another major advantage of digital media is real-time updates/corrections to misinformation. Major fashion magazines such as Vogue, Elle, Marie Claire, Cosmopolitan, and Paper Magazine have altered their business models due to the onset of the digital age, creating an online component in addition to print. Social media has also contributed to the rise in these digital magazine platforms, allowing them to be far more interactive than they have been in the past. The internet and social media have made it possible for industry outsiders to view fashion shows without an invitation. Shows for buyers became a source of entertainment, becoming more elaborate and often including an element of performance art or a popular musicians making an appearance. The front row is not only fashion journalists, they are for celebrities and influencers. This invites outsiders acting as citizen journalists to write articles on collections and either self-publish or pitch to larger publications.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_journalism
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_713880674#4_775188047
|
Title: Father - Wikipedia
Headings: Father
Father
Contents
Paternal rights
Paternity leave
Child custody
Child support
Paternity fraud
Role of the father
Fatherhood in the Western World
Importance of father or father-figure
Determination of parenthood
History of fatherhood
Patricide
Terminology
Biological fathers
Non-biological (social and legal relationship)
Fatherhood defined by contact level
Non-human fatherhood
See also
References
Bibliography
Content: it is normally paid by the parent who does not have custody. Paternity fraud
An estimated 2% of British fathers experiences paternity fraud during a non-paternity event, bringing up a child they wrongly believe to be their biological offspring. Role of the father
Father and child, Dhaka, Bangladesh
In almost all cultures fathers are regarded as secondary caregivers. This perception is slowly changing with more and more fathers becoming primary caregivers, while mothers go to work or in single parenting situations, male same-sex parenting couples. Fatherhood in the Western World
A father and his children in Florida
In the West, the image of the married father as the primary wage-earner is changing. The social context of fatherhood plays an important part in the well-being of men and all their children. In the United States 16% of single parents were men as of 2013. Importance of father or father-figure
Involved fathers offer developmentally specific provisions to their children and are impacted themselves by doing so. Active father figures may play a role in reducing behavior and psychological problems in young adults. An increased amount of father–child involvement may help increase a child's social stability, educational achievement, and their potential to have a solid marriage as an adult.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_713880674#7_775193685
|
Title: Father - Wikipedia
Headings: Father
Father
Contents
Paternal rights
Paternity leave
Child custody
Child support
Paternity fraud
Role of the father
Fatherhood in the Western World
Importance of father or father-figure
Determination of parenthood
History of fatherhood
Patricide
Terminology
Biological fathers
Non-biological (social and legal relationship)
Fatherhood defined by contact level
Non-human fatherhood
See also
References
Bibliography
Content: Fatherhood as legitimate identity can be dependent on domestic factors and behaviors. For example, a study of the relationship between fathers, their sons, and home computers found that the construction of fatherhood and masculinity required that fathers display computer expertise. Determination of parenthood
Paternal love (1803) by Nanette Rosenzweig, National Museum in Warsaw
Roman law defined fatherhood as "Mater semper certa; pater est quem nuptiae demonstrant" ("The [identity of the] mother is always certain; the father is whom the marriage vows indicate"). The recent emergence of accurate scientific testing, particularly DNA testing, has resulted in the family law relating to fatherhood experiencing rapid changes. History of fatherhood
Painter Carl Larsson playing with his laughing daughter Brita
In medieval and most of modern European history, caring for children was predominantly the domain of mothers, whereas fathers in many societies provide for the family as a whole. Since the 1950s, social scientists and feminists have increasingly challenged gender roles in Western countries, including that of the male breadwinner. Policies are increasingly targeting fatherhood as a tool of changing gender relations. Patricide
In early human history there have been notable instances of patricide.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_717641165#12_779720881
|
Title: Favela - Wikipedia
Headings: Favela
Favela
Contents
History
Public policy towards favelas
Pacifying police units
Main article: Pacifying Police Unit
Formation of favela society and culture
Drugs in the favelas
Growth and removal of the favelas
Religion
Music
Popularization of favela culture
Tourism
In popular culture
See also
References
Notes
Further Reading
External links
Content: 74). This was the beginning of almost a century of aggressive eradication policies that characterised state-sanctioned interventions. Favelas in the early twentieth century were considered breeding grounds for anti-social behavior and spreading of disease. The issue of honor pertaining to legal issues was not even considered for residents of the favelas. After a series of comments and events in the neighborhood of Morro da Cyprianna, during which a local woman Elvira Rodrigues Marques was slandered, the Marques family took it to court. This is a significant change in what the public considered the norm for favela residents, who the upper classes considered devoid of honor all together. Following the initial forced relocation, favelas were left largely untouched by the government until the 1940s. During this period politicians, under the auspice of national industrialisation and poverty alleviation, pushed for high density public housing as an alternative to the favelas (Skidmore 2010). The "Parque Proletário" program relocated favelados to nearby temporary housing while land was cleared for the construction of permanent housing units (Skidmore 2010). In spite of the political assertions of Rio's Mayor Henrique Dodsworth, the new p
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favela
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_718323759#4_780507459
|
Title: Fayette, Missouri - Wikipedia
Headings: Fayette, Missouri
Fayette, Missouri
Contents
History
Geography
Demographics
2010 census
2000 census
Education
References
External links
Content: %±
1860
647
—
1870
815
26.0%
1880
1,247
53.0%
1890
2,247
80.2%
1900
2,717
20.9%
1910
2,586
−4.8%
1920
2,381
−7.9%
1930
2,630
10.5%
1940
2,608
−0.8%
1950
3,144
20.6%
1960
3,294
4.8%
1970
3,520
6.9%
1980
2,983
−15.3%
1990
2,888
−3.2%
2000
2,793
−3.3%
2010
2,688
−3.8%
2019 (est.) 2,689
0.0%
U.S. Decennial Census
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,688 people, 949 households, and 509 families living in the city. The population density was 1,210.8 inhabitants per square mile (467.5/km 2 ). There were 1,097 housing units at an average density of 494.1 per square mile (190.8/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 83.5% White, 13.0% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.2% of the population. There were 949 households, of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.9% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 46.4% were non-families. 37.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.85. The median age in the city was 26.1 years.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayette,_Missouri
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_718574577#1_780813231
|
Title: Fayetteville, Georgia - Wikipedia
Headings: Fayetteville, Georgia
Fayetteville, Georgia
Contents
History
Government
Demographics
Education
Fayette County School District
Points of interest
Notable people
References
Further reading
External links
Content: -84.46167
Country
United States
State
Georgia
County
Fayette
Established
March 28, 1822
Incorporated (town)
1823
Incorporated (city)
1888
Government
• Type
Council/Manager
• Mayor
Ed Johnson
• City Manager
Ray Gibson
Area
• Total
13.10 sq mi (33.93 km 2)
• Land
12.88 sq mi (33.37 km 2)
• Water
0.22 sq mi (0.56 km 2)
Elevation
1,030 ft (313.9 m)
Population
( 2010)
• Total
15,945
• Estimate
(2019)
17,991
• Density
1,396.49/sq mi (539.21/km 2)
Time zone
UTC-5 ( Eastern (EST))
• Summer ( DST)
UTC-4 (EDT)
ZIP codes
30214-30215
Area code (s)
770 404, 678
FIPS code
13-28968
GNIS feature ID
0314089
Website
www .fayetteville-ga .gov
Fayetteville is a city and the county seat of Fayette County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 15,945, up from 11,148 at the 2000 census. Fayetteville is located 22 miles (35 km) south of downtown Atlanta. In 2015 the small majority-white city elected its first African-American mayor, Edward Johnson, a retired US navy commander and pastor. In 2011 he was elected as the first black city council member. He was a three-term president of the NAACP. Contents
1 History
2 Government
3 Demographics
4 Education
4.1 Fayette County School District
5 Points of interest
6 Notable people
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
History
Fayetteville was founded in 1822 as the seat of the newly formed Fayette County, organized by European Americans from territory ceded by force the Creek people under a treaty with the United States during the early period of Indian removal from the Southeast. Both city and county were named in honor of the Revolutionary War hero the French Marquis de Lafayette. Fayetteville was incorporated as a town in 1823 and as a city in 1909. The area was developed for cotton plantations, with labor provided by enslaved African Americans, who for more than a century comprised the majority of the county's population.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_Georgia
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_718574577#3_780817634
|
Title: Fayetteville, Georgia - Wikipedia
Headings: Fayetteville, Georgia
Fayetteville, Georgia
Contents
History
Government
Demographics
Education
Fayette County School District
Points of interest
Notable people
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Fayetteville became the trading town for the agricultural area. In the first half of the 20th century, as agriculture became more mechanized, many African-American workers left the area in the Great Migration to northern and midwestern industrial cities, which had more jobs and offered less oppressive social conditions. A reverse migration has brought new residents to the South, and the city of Fayetteville has grown markedly since 2000, as has the county. The city's population has increased from 11,148 in 2000 to an estimated 16,990 in 2015. Government
The city has a mayor-council form of elected government. Council members are elected from single-member districts, and the mayor is elected at-large in a non-partisan race. In 2015 Edward Johnson was elected mayor, the first African American to serve in the position. The retired US Naval Commander and pastor of Fayette County's oldest black church is described as a consensus builder. In 2011 Johnson was elected as the first black member of the city council after having served three terms as president of the local chapter of the NAACP. Demographics
Historical population
Census
Pop.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_Georgia
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_718574577#4_780819232
|
Title: Fayetteville, Georgia - Wikipedia
Headings: Fayetteville, Georgia
Fayetteville, Georgia
Contents
History
Government
Demographics
Education
Fayette County School District
Points of interest
Notable people
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Council members are elected from single-member districts, and the mayor is elected at-large in a non-partisan race. In 2015 Edward Johnson was elected mayor, the first African American to serve in the position. The retired US Naval Commander and pastor of Fayette County's oldest black church is described as a consensus builder. In 2011 Johnson was elected as the first black member of the city council after having served three terms as president of the local chapter of the NAACP. Demographics
Historical population
Census
Pop. %±
1880
138
—
1890
380
175.4%
1900
430
13.2%
1910
709
64.9%
1920
952
34.3%
1930
796
−16.4%
1940
832
4.5%
1950
1,032
24.0%
1960
1,389
34.6%
1970
2,160
55.5%
1980
2,715
25.7%
1990
5,827
114.6%
2000
11,148
91.3%
2010
15,945
43.0%
2019 (est.) 17,991
12.8%
U.S. Decennial Census
As of the 2010 census, there were 15,945 people, 6,006 households, and 4,264 families residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 55.0% White, 33.9% African American, 0.4% Native American, 6.6% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.3% from other races, and 2.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.8% of the population. Out of the 6,006 households, 39.7% had individuals under the age of 18.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_Georgia
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_718574577#5_780821001
|
Title: Fayetteville, Georgia - Wikipedia
Headings: Fayetteville, Georgia
Fayetteville, Georgia
Contents
History
Government
Demographics
Education
Fayette County School District
Points of interest
Notable people
References
Further reading
External links
Content: %±
1880
138
—
1890
380
175.4%
1900
430
13.2%
1910
709
64.9%
1920
952
34.3%
1930
796
−16.4%
1940
832
4.5%
1950
1,032
24.0%
1960
1,389
34.6%
1970
2,160
55.5%
1980
2,715
25.7%
1990
5,827
114.6%
2000
11,148
91.3%
2010
15,945
43.0%
2019 (est.) 17,991
12.8%
U.S. Decennial Census
As of the 2010 census, there were 15,945 people, 6,006 households, and 4,264 families residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 55.0% White, 33.9% African American, 0.4% Native American, 6.6% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.3% from other races, and 2.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.8% of the population. Out of the 6,006 households, 39.7% had individuals under the age of 18. 51.8% of households were married couples living together, 16.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.0% were non-families. 26.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59, and the average family size was 3.14. In the city, the age distribution was 26.7% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 9.1% from 25 to 34, 15.4% from 35 to 44, 15.9% from 45 to 54, 11.4% from 55 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.9 years.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_Georgia
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_718591002#1_780838364
|
Title: Fayetteville, North Carolina - Wikipedia
Headings: Fayetteville, North Carolina
Fayetteville, North Carolina
Contents
History
Early settlement
American Revolution
Post-revolution
Antebellum
The Civil War era and late nineteenth century
20th century to the present
Fort Bragg and Pope Army Airfield
Sanctuary community for military families
National Register of Historic Places
Geography
Topography
Climate
Demographics
Religion
Economy
Top employers
Defense industry
Arts and culture
Clubs and organizations
Points of interest
Sports
Education
Public schools
High schools (grades 9–12)
Specialty schools
Private schools
Colleges and universities
Media
Newspapers
Television stations
Radio stations
Infrastructure
Air transportation
Highways
Public transportation
Passenger rail
Notable people
Sister city
References
Sources
External links
Content: -78.87806
Country
United States
State
North Carolina
County
Cumberland
Settled
1783
Named for
Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
Government
• Type
Council-Manager
• Mayor
Mitch Colvin ( D)
• City Manager
Doug Hewett
Area
• City
150.05 sq mi (388.63 km 2)
• Land
148.22 sq mi (383.89 km 2)
• Water
1.83 sq mi (4.73 km 2)
Elevation
102 ft (31 m)
Population
( 2010)
• City
200,782
• Estimate
(2019)
211,657
• Density
1,427.97/sq mi (551.34/km 2)
• Metro
526,719
Time zone
UTC−5 ( Eastern (EST))
• Summer ( DST)
UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP code
28301, 28302, 28303, 28304, 28305, 28306, 28307 (Fort Bragg), 28308 (Pope AAF), 28309, 28310 (Fort Bragg), 28311, 28312, 28314,28387,28374
Area code (s)
910
FIPS code
37-22920
GNIS feature ID
1020226
Website
Official website
Fayetteville ( / ˈfeɪətˌvɪl /) is a city in Cumberland County, North Carolina, United States. It is the county seat of Cumberland County, and is best known as the home of Fort Bragg, a major U.S. Army installation northwest of the city. Fayetteville has received the All-America City Award from the National Civic League three times. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 200,564, with an estimated population of 211,657 in 2019. It is the 6th-largest city in North Carolina. Fayetteville is in the Sandhills in the western part of the Coastal Plain region, on the Cape Fear River . With an estimated population in 2019 of 526,719 people, the Fayetteville metropolitan area is the largest in southeastern North Carolina, and the fifth-largest in the state. Suburban areas of metro Fayetteville include Fort Bragg, Hope Mills, Spring Lake, Raeford, Pope Field, Rockfish, Stedman, and Eastover. Fayetteville's mayor is Mitch Colvin, who is serving his second term. Contents
1 History
1.1 Early settlement
1.2 American Revolution
1.3 Post-revolution
1.4 Antebellum
1.5 The Civil War era and late nineteenth century
1.6 20th century to the present
1.7 Fort Bragg and Pope Army Airfield
1.8 Sanctuary community for military families
1.9 National Register of Historic Places
2 Geography
2.1 Topography
2.2 Climate
3 Demographics
3.1 Religion
4 Economy
4.1 Top employers
4.2 Defense industry
5 Arts and culture
5.1 Clubs and organizations
5.2 Points of interest
6 Sports
7 Education
7.1 Public schools
7.1.1 High schools (grades 9–12)
7.1.2 Specialty schools
7.2 Private schools
7.3 Colleges and universities
8 Media
8.1 Newspapers
8.2 Television stations
8.3 Radio stations
9 Infrastructure
9.1 Air transportation
9.2 Highways
9.3 Public transportation
9.4 Passenger rail
10 Notable people
11 Sister city
12 References
13 Sources
14 External links
History
See also:
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_NC
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_718591002#2_780842251
|
Title: Fayetteville, North Carolina - Wikipedia
Headings: Fayetteville, North Carolina
Fayetteville, North Carolina
Contents
History
Early settlement
American Revolution
Post-revolution
Antebellum
The Civil War era and late nineteenth century
20th century to the present
Fort Bragg and Pope Army Airfield
Sanctuary community for military families
National Register of Historic Places
Geography
Topography
Climate
Demographics
Religion
Economy
Top employers
Defense industry
Arts and culture
Clubs and organizations
Points of interest
Sports
Education
Public schools
High schools (grades 9–12)
Specialty schools
Private schools
Colleges and universities
Media
Newspapers
Television stations
Radio stations
Infrastructure
Air transportation
Highways
Public transportation
Passenger rail
Notable people
Sister city
References
Sources
External links
Content: Fayetteville is in the Sandhills in the western part of the Coastal Plain region, on the Cape Fear River . With an estimated population in 2019 of 526,719 people, the Fayetteville metropolitan area is the largest in southeastern North Carolina, and the fifth-largest in the state. Suburban areas of metro Fayetteville include Fort Bragg, Hope Mills, Spring Lake, Raeford, Pope Field, Rockfish, Stedman, and Eastover. Fayetteville's mayor is Mitch Colvin, who is serving his second term. Contents
1 History
1.1 Early settlement
1.2 American Revolution
1.3 Post-revolution
1.4 Antebellum
1.5 The Civil War era and late nineteenth century
1.6 20th century to the present
1.7 Fort Bragg and Pope Army Airfield
1.8 Sanctuary community for military families
1.9 National Register of Historic Places
2 Geography
2.1 Topography
2.2 Climate
3 Demographics
3.1 Religion
4 Economy
4.1 Top employers
4.2 Defense industry
5 Arts and culture
5.1 Clubs and organizations
5.2 Points of interest
6 Sports
7 Education
7.1 Public schools
7.1.1 High schools (grades 9–12)
7.1.2 Specialty schools
7.2 Private schools
7.3 Colleges and universities
8 Media
8.1 Newspapers
8.2 Television stations
8.3 Radio stations
9 Infrastructure
9.1 Air transportation
9.2 Highways
9.3 Public transportation
9.4 Passenger rail
10 Notable people
11 Sister city
12 References
13 Sources
14 External links
History
See also: Timeline of Fayetteville, North Carolina
Early settlement
The area of present-day Fayetteville was historically inhabited by various Siouan Native American peoples, such as the Eno, Shakori, Waccamaw, Keyauwee, and Cape Fear people. They followed successive cultures of other indigenous peoples in the area for more than 12,000 years. After the violent upheavals of the Yamasee War and Tuscarora Wars during the second decade of the 18th century, the North Carolina colony encouraged English settlement along the upper Cape Fear River, the only navigable waterway entirely within the colony. Two inland settlements, Cross Creek and Campbellton, were established by Scots from Campbeltown, Argyll and Bute, Scotland . Merchants in Wilmington wanted a town on the Cape Fear River to secure trade with the frontier country.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_NC
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_718591002#5_780850430
|
Title: Fayetteville, North Carolina - Wikipedia
Headings: Fayetteville, North Carolina
Fayetteville, North Carolina
Contents
History
Early settlement
American Revolution
Post-revolution
Antebellum
The Civil War era and late nineteenth century
20th century to the present
Fort Bragg and Pope Army Airfield
Sanctuary community for military families
National Register of Historic Places
Geography
Topography
Climate
Demographics
Religion
Economy
Top employers
Defense industry
Arts and culture
Clubs and organizations
Points of interest
Sports
Education
Public schools
High schools (grades 9–12)
Specialty schools
Private schools
Colleges and universities
Media
Newspapers
Television stations
Radio stations
Infrastructure
Air transportation
Highways
Public transportation
Passenger rail
Notable people
Sister city
References
Sources
External links
Content: Lafayette visited the city on March 4 and 5, 1825, during his grand tour of the United States. American Revolution
Center tile of floor of the Market House which served as a town market until 1906
Liberty Point in Fayetteville, where the "Liberty Point Resolves" were signed in June 1775
The Cool Spring Tavern, built in 1788, is the oldest structure in Fayetteville. Most earlier structures were destroyed by the "great fire" of 1831. The local region was heavily settled by Scots in the mid/late 1700s, and most of these were Gaelic -speaking Highlanders. The vast majority of Highland Scots, recent immigrants, remained loyal to the British government and rallied to the call to arms from the Royal Governor. Despite this, they were eventually defeated by a larger Revolutionary force at the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge. The area also included a number of active Revolutionaries. In late June 1775, residents drew up the " Liberty Point Resolves ," which preceded the Declaration of Independence by a little more than a year. It said,
"This obligation to continue in full force until a reconciliation shall take place between Great Britain and America, upon constitutional principles, an event we most ardently desire; and we will hold all those persons inimical to the liberty of the colonies, who shall refuse to subscribe to this Association;
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_NC
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_718643681#3_780874779
|
Title: Fayetteville, New York - Wikipedia
Headings: Fayetteville, New York
Fayetteville, New York
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
History
Geography
Demographics
Education
Noted residents
See also
References
External links
Content: Demographics
Historical population
Census
Pop. %±
1860
1,281
—
1870
1,402
9.4%
1880
1,556
11.0%
1890
1,410
−9.4%
1900
1,304
−7.5%
1910
1,481
13.6%
1920
1,584
7.0%
1930
2,008
26.8%
1940
2,172
8.2%
1950
2,624
20.8%
1960
4,311
64.3%
1970
4,996
15.9%
1980
4,709
−5.7%
1990
4,248
−9.8%
2000
4,190
−1.4%
2010
4,373
4.4%
2019 (est.) 4,044
−7.5%
U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2010, there were 4,373 people, 1,912 households, and 1,202 families living in the village. Education
Public K–12 education is served by the Fayetteville-Manlius Central School District. Schools situated within the village include Fayetteville Elementary School and Wellwood Middle School. In 2009, the Fayetteville Free Library was rated a 5-star public library by Library Journal. The Fayetteville Library provides many useful resources such as quiet areas, computer labs, and a snack bar for all ages to utilize and enjoy. Future president Grover Cleveland received his elementary education at the Fayetteville Academy. Noted residents
Grover Cleveland
Rose Cleveland
Matilda Joslyn Gage
Steven Page
See also
Limestone Creek
References
^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_New_York
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_718650919#1_780888381
|
Title: Fayetteville, North Carolina - Wikipedia
Headings: Fayetteville, North Carolina
Fayetteville, North Carolina
Contents
History
Early settlement
American Revolution
Post-revolution
Antebellum
The Civil War era and late nineteenth century
20th century to the present
Fort Bragg and Pope Army Airfield
Sanctuary community for military families
National Register of Historic Places
Geography
Topography
Climate
Demographics
Religion
Economy
Top employers
Defense industry
Arts and culture
Clubs and organizations
Points of interest
Sports
Education
Public schools
High schools (grades 9–12)
Specialty schools
Private schools
Colleges and universities
Media
Newspapers
Television stations
Radio stations
Infrastructure
Air transportation
Highways
Public transportation
Passenger rail
Notable people
Sister city
References
Sources
External links
Content: -78.87806
Country
United States
State
North Carolina
County
Cumberland
Settled
1783
Named for
Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
Government
• Type
Council-Manager
• Mayor
Mitch Colvin ( D)
• City Manager
Doug Hewett
Area
• City
150.05 sq mi (388.63 km 2)
• Land
148.22 sq mi (383.89 km 2)
• Water
1.83 sq mi (4.73 km 2)
Elevation
102 ft (31 m)
Population
( 2010)
• City
200,782
• Estimate
(2019)
211,657
• Density
1,427.97/sq mi (551.34/km 2)
• Metro
526,719
Time zone
UTC−5 ( Eastern (EST))
• Summer ( DST)
UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP code
28301, 28302, 28303, 28304, 28305, 28306, 28307 (Fort Bragg), 28308 (Pope AAF), 28309, 28310 (Fort Bragg), 28311, 28312, 28314,28387,28374
Area code (s)
910
FIPS code
37-22920
GNIS feature ID
1020226
Primary Airport
Fayetteville Regional Airport
Website
Official website
Fayetteville ( / ˈfeɪətˌvɪl /) is a city in Cumberland County, North Carolina, United States. It is the county seat of Cumberland County, and is best known as the home of Fort Bragg, a major U.S. Army installation northwest of the city. Fayetteville has received the All-America City Award from the National Civic League three times. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 200,564, with an estimated population of 211,657 in 2019. It is the 6th-largest city in North Carolina. Fayetteville is in the Sandhills in the western part of the Coastal Plain region, on the Cape Fear River . With an estimated population in 2019 of 526,719 people, the Fayetteville metropolitan area is the largest in southeastern North Carolina, and the fifth-largest in the state. Suburban areas of metro Fayetteville include Fort Bragg, Hope Mills, Spring Lake, Raeford, Pope Field, Rockfish, Stedman, and Eastover. Fayetteville's mayor is Mitch Colvin, who is serving his second term. Contents
1 History
1.1 Early settlement
1.2 American Revolution
1.3 Post-revolution
1.4 Antebellum
1.5 The Civil War era and late nineteenth century
1.6 20th century to the present
1.7 Fort Bragg and Pope Army Airfield
1.8 Sanctuary community for military families
1.9 National Register of Historic Places
2 Geography
2.1 Topography
2.2 Climate
3 Demographics
3.1 Religion
4 Economy
4.1 Top employers
4.2 Defense industry
5 Arts and culture
5.1 Clubs and organizations
5.2 Points of interest
6 Sports
7 Education
7.1 Public schools
7.1.1 High schools (grades 9–12)
7.1.2 Specialty schools
7.2 Private schools
7.3 Colleges and universities
8 Media
8.1 Newspapers
8.2 Television stations
8.3 Radio stations
9 Infrastructure
9.1 Air transportation
9.2 Highways
9.3 Public transportation
9.4 Passenger rail
10 Notable people
11 Sister city
12 References
13 Sources
14 External links
History
See also:
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_718650919#2_780892328
|
Title: Fayetteville, North Carolina - Wikipedia
Headings: Fayetteville, North Carolina
Fayetteville, North Carolina
Contents
History
Early settlement
American Revolution
Post-revolution
Antebellum
The Civil War era and late nineteenth century
20th century to the present
Fort Bragg and Pope Army Airfield
Sanctuary community for military families
National Register of Historic Places
Geography
Topography
Climate
Demographics
Religion
Economy
Top employers
Defense industry
Arts and culture
Clubs and organizations
Points of interest
Sports
Education
Public schools
High schools (grades 9–12)
Specialty schools
Private schools
Colleges and universities
Media
Newspapers
Television stations
Radio stations
Infrastructure
Air transportation
Highways
Public transportation
Passenger rail
Notable people
Sister city
References
Sources
External links
Content: Fayetteville is in the Sandhills in the western part of the Coastal Plain region, on the Cape Fear River . With an estimated population in 2019 of 526,719 people, the Fayetteville metropolitan area is the largest in southeastern North Carolina, and the fifth-largest in the state. Suburban areas of metro Fayetteville include Fort Bragg, Hope Mills, Spring Lake, Raeford, Pope Field, Rockfish, Stedman, and Eastover. Fayetteville's mayor is Mitch Colvin, who is serving his second term. Contents
1 History
1.1 Early settlement
1.2 American Revolution
1.3 Post-revolution
1.4 Antebellum
1.5 The Civil War era and late nineteenth century
1.6 20th century to the present
1.7 Fort Bragg and Pope Army Airfield
1.8 Sanctuary community for military families
1.9 National Register of Historic Places
2 Geography
2.1 Topography
2.2 Climate
3 Demographics
3.1 Religion
4 Economy
4.1 Top employers
4.2 Defense industry
5 Arts and culture
5.1 Clubs and organizations
5.2 Points of interest
6 Sports
7 Education
7.1 Public schools
7.1.1 High schools (grades 9–12)
7.1.2 Specialty schools
7.2 Private schools
7.3 Colleges and universities
8 Media
8.1 Newspapers
8.2 Television stations
8.3 Radio stations
9 Infrastructure
9.1 Air transportation
9.2 Highways
9.3 Public transportation
9.4 Passenger rail
10 Notable people
11 Sister city
12 References
13 Sources
14 External links
History
See also: Timeline of Fayetteville, North Carolina
Early settlement
The area of present-day Fayetteville was historically inhabited by various Siouan Native American peoples, such as the Eno, Shakori, Waccamaw, Keyauwee, and Cape Fear people. They followed successive cultures of other indigenous peoples in the area for more than 12,000 years. After the violent upheavals of the Yamasee War and Tuscarora Wars during the second decade of the 18th century, the colonial government of North Carolina encouraged colonial settlement along the upper Cape Fear River, the only navigable waterway entirely within the colony. Two inland settlements, Cross Creek and Campbellton, were established by Scots from Campbeltown, Argyll and Bute, Scotland . Merchants in Wilmington wanted a town on the Cape Fear River to secure trade with the frontier country.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_718650919#5_780900577
|
Title: Fayetteville, North Carolina - Wikipedia
Headings: Fayetteville, North Carolina
Fayetteville, North Carolina
Contents
History
Early settlement
American Revolution
Post-revolution
Antebellum
The Civil War era and late nineteenth century
20th century to the present
Fort Bragg and Pope Army Airfield
Sanctuary community for military families
National Register of Historic Places
Geography
Topography
Climate
Demographics
Religion
Economy
Top employers
Defense industry
Arts and culture
Clubs and organizations
Points of interest
Sports
Education
Public schools
High schools (grades 9–12)
Specialty schools
Private schools
Colleges and universities
Media
Newspapers
Television stations
Radio stations
Infrastructure
Air transportation
Highways
Public transportation
Passenger rail
Notable people
Sister city
References
Sources
External links
Content: Lafayette visited the city on March 4 and 5, 1825, during his grand tour of the United States. American Revolution
Center tile of floor of the Market House which served as a town market until 1906
Liberty Point in Fayetteville, where the "Liberty Point Resolves" were signed in June 1775
The Cool Spring Tavern, built in 1788, is the oldest structure in Fayetteville. Most earlier structures were destroyed by the "great fire" of 1831. The local region was heavily settled by Scots in the mid/late 1700s, and most of these were Gaelic -speaking Highlanders. The vast majority of Highland Scots, recent immigrants, remained loyal to the British government and rallied to the call to arms from the Royal Governor. Despite this, they were eventually defeated by a larger Revolutionary force at the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge. The area also included a number of active Revolutionaries. In late June 1775, residents drew up the " Liberty Point Resolves ," which preceded the Declaration of Independence by a little more than a year. It said,
"This obligation to continue in full force until a reconciliation shall take place between Great Britain and America, upon constitutional principles, an event we most ardently desire; and we will hold all those persons inimical to the liberty of the colonies, who shall refuse to subscribe to this Association;
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_718705510#1_780921052
|
Title: Fayetteville, Pennsylvania - Wikipedia
Headings: Fayetteville, Pennsylvania
Fayetteville, Pennsylvania
Contents
History
Geography
Demographics
Notable people
References
Content: The population was 3,128 at the 2010 census, up from 2,774 at the 2000 census. Contents
1 History
2 Geography
3 Demographics
4 Notable people
5 References
History
A post office called Fayetteville has been in operation since 1826. The community has the name of Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette (1757–1834), American Revolutionary War general. Geography
Fayetteville is located in eastern Franklin County at
WikiMiniAtlas
39°54′43″N 77°33′49″W
/ 39.91194°N 77.56361°W / 39.91194; -77.56361
(39.911912, -77.563492). U.S. Route 30 passes through the community, leading east 18 miles (29 km) to Gettysburg and west 6 miles (10 km) to Chambersburg, the Franklin County seat. Conococheague Creek, a tributary of the Potomac River, forms the northern edge of the community. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.2 square miles (8.2 km 2 ), all of it land. Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,774 people, 1,108 households, and 809 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 851.2 people per square mile (328.5/km 2 ).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_Pennsylvania
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_718712376#1_780935222
|
Title: Fayetteville, Tennessee - Wikipedia
Headings: Fayetteville, Tennessee
Fayetteville, Tennessee
Contents
History
1952 Tornado
Geography
Climate
Demographics
Landmarks
Old Stone Bridge
Lincoln County Courthouse
Camp Blount Monument
Attractions
Lincoln County Fair
Notable people
References
External links
Content: 35°9′10″N 86°34′17″W
/ 35.15278°N 86.57139°W / 35.15278; -86.57139
Country
United States
State
Tennessee
County
Lincoln
Founded
1809
Named for
Fayetteville, North Carolina
Government
• Mayor
Michael T. Whisenant
Area
• Total
9.62 sq mi (24.92 km 2)
• Land
9.62 sq mi (24.92 km 2)
• Water
0.00 sq mi (0.00 km 2)
Elevation
705 ft (215 m)
Population
( 2010)
• Total
6,827
• Estimate
(2019)
7,047
• Density
732.46/sq mi (282.82/km 2)
Time zone
UTC-6 ( Central (CST))
• Summer ( DST)
UTC-5 (CDT)
ZIP code
37334
Area code (s)
931
FIPS code
47-25920
GNIS feature ID
1647829
Website
www .fayettevilletn .com
Fayetteville is a city in and the county seat of Lincoln County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 6,994 at the 2000 census, and 6,827 at the 2010 census. A census estimate from 2018 showed 7,017. Contents
1 History
1.1 1952 Tornado
2 Geography
2.1 Climate
3 Demographics
4 Landmarks
4.1 Old Stone Bridge
4.2 Lincoln County Courthouse
4.3 Camp Blount Monument
5 Attractions
5.1 Lincoln County Fair
6 Notable people
7 References
8 External links
History
Fayetteville is the largest city in Lincoln County. The city was established in 1809 by an Act of the Tennessee General Assembly. The act became effective on January 1, 1810. Child labor at the Elk Cotton Mills in Fayetteville, 1910. Photo by Lewis Hine. The lands that include Lincoln County and Fayetteville were originally part of Cherokee and Chickasaw land.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_Tennessee
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_718712376#7_780946355
|
Title: Fayetteville, Tennessee - Wikipedia
Headings: Fayetteville, Tennessee
Fayetteville, Tennessee
Contents
History
1952 Tornado
Geography
Climate
Demographics
Landmarks
Old Stone Bridge
Lincoln County Courthouse
Camp Blount Monument
Attractions
Lincoln County Fair
Notable people
References
External links
Content: discouraged parameter ( link)
Source 2: " Tennessee Record High and Low Temperature Map". Tennessee Record High and Low Temperature Map. Tennessee Record High and Low Temperature Map. Retrieved May 8, 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link)
Demographics
Historical population
Census
Pop. %±
1850
995
—
1870
1,206
—
1880
2,104
74.5%
1890
2,410
14.5%
1900
2,708
12.4%
1910
3,439
27.0%
1920
3,629
5.5%
1930
3,822
5.3%
1940
4,684
22.6%
1950
5,447
16.3%
1960
6,804
24.9%
1970
7,691
13.0%
1980
7,559
−1.7%
1990
6,921
−8.4%
2000
6,994
1.1%
2010
6,827
−2.4%
2019 (est.) 7,047
3.2%
Sources: As of the census of 2000, there were 6,994 people, 3,054 households, and 1,804 families residing in the city.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_Tennessee
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_718712376#8_780947684
|
Title: Fayetteville, Tennessee - Wikipedia
Headings: Fayetteville, Tennessee
Fayetteville, Tennessee
Contents
History
1952 Tornado
Geography
Climate
Demographics
Landmarks
Old Stone Bridge
Lincoln County Courthouse
Camp Blount Monument
Attractions
Lincoln County Fair
Notable people
References
External links
Content: CS1 maint: discouraged parameter ( link)
Demographics
Historical population
Census
Pop. %±
1850
995
—
1870
1,206
—
1880
2,104
74.5%
1890
2,410
14.5%
1900
2,708
12.4%
1910
3,439
27.0%
1920
3,629
5.5%
1930
3,822
5.3%
1940
4,684
22.6%
1950
5,447
16.3%
1960
6,804
24.9%
1970
7,691
13.0%
1980
7,559
−1.7%
1990
6,921
−8.4%
2000
6,994
1.1%
2010
6,827
−2.4%
2019 (est.) 7,047
3.2%
Sources: As of the census of 2000, there were 6,994 people, 3,054 households, and 1,804 families residing in the city. The population density was 952.2 people per square mile (367.9/km 2 ). There were 3,370 housing units at an average density of 458.8 per square mile (177.3/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 71.39% White, 26.22% African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.30% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 0.27% from other races, and 1.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.81% of the population. There were 3,054 households, out of which 24.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.0% were married couples living together, 18.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.9% were non-families.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_Tennessee
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_718712376#9_780949447
|
Title: Fayetteville, Tennessee - Wikipedia
Headings: Fayetteville, Tennessee
Fayetteville, Tennessee
Contents
History
1952 Tornado
Geography
Climate
Demographics
Landmarks
Old Stone Bridge
Lincoln County Courthouse
Camp Blount Monument
Attractions
Lincoln County Fair
Notable people
References
External links
Content: The population density was 952.2 people per square mile (367.9/km 2 ). There were 3,370 housing units at an average density of 458.8 per square mile (177.3/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 71.39% White, 26.22% African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.30% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 0.27% from other races, and 1.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.81% of the population. There were 3,054 households, out of which 24.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.0% were married couples living together, 18.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.9% were non-families. 37.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.81. In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.2% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 22.9% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 25.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 76.3 males.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_Tennessee
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_726305813#4_789176046
|
Title: Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857 - Wikipedia
Headings: Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857
Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857
Contents
Background
Content
Federation
Opposition
Immediate impact
Repeal and Constitution of 1917
Notes
See also
References
Further reading
In Spanish
External links
Content: Most members were moderate liberals and planned to restore the Constitution of 1824 with some changes. Some of the prominent figures were Mariano Arizcorreta, Marcelino Castañeda, Joaquín Cardoso, and Pedro Escudero y Echánove. Their opponents the pure liberals, who wanted to make a completely-new constitution. Among them were Ponciano Arriaga, Guillermo Prieto, Francisco Zarco, José María Mata, and Santos Degollado. The discussions were heated and lasted over a year. President Comonfort interfered through its ministers for the moderate faction, which he preferred. Despite opposition from the executive branch and the minority, pure liberals ensured that their proposals successfully included: the prohibition of purchase of property by ecclesiastical corporations, the exclusion of the clergy in public office, the abolition of ecclesiastical and military fueros [a] ( Juárez Law ), and freedom of religion . Those reforms were contrary to the interests of the Catholic Church. During the sessions of Congress, an insurrection for the clergy supported by the conservative, the staunchest opponents of the liberals, gathered force in Zacapoaxtla and Puebla.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Constitution_of_the_United_Mexican_States_of_1857
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_726305813#5_789177842
|
Title: Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857 - Wikipedia
Headings: Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857
Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857
Contents
Background
Content
Federation
Opposition
Immediate impact
Repeal and Constitution of 1917
Notes
See also
References
Further reading
In Spanish
External links
Content: President Comonfort interfered through its ministers for the moderate faction, which he preferred. Despite opposition from the executive branch and the minority, pure liberals ensured that their proposals successfully included: the prohibition of purchase of property by ecclesiastical corporations, the exclusion of the clergy in public office, the abolition of ecclesiastical and military fueros [a] ( Juárez Law ), and freedom of religion . Those reforms were contrary to the interests of the Catholic Church. During the sessions of Congress, an insurrection for the clergy supported by the conservative, the staunchest opponents of the liberals, gathered force in Zacapoaxtla and Puebla. Comonfort sent federal troops and defeated the rebels. Finally, the Constitution was promulgated on February 5, 1857, but the clergy threatened that whoever swore the Constitution would be excommunicated. Content
The Constitution of 1857, with 8 titles and 128 articles, was similar to the 1824 Constitution. Both federalism and representative republicanism were again implemented, and there were 23 states, a territory, and the federal district. It supported the autonomy of municipalities in which each state was divided politically.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Constitution_of_the_United_Mexican_States_of_1857
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_728868039#0_793285145
|
Title: Federal Railroad Administration - Wikipedia
Headings: Federal Railroad Administration
Federal Railroad Administration
Contents
Function
Recent safety initiatives
List of administrators
Northeast Corridor Future
National Rail Plan
Background
The goal
High-speed intercity travel
See also
Gallery
References
External links
Content: Federal Railroad Administration - Wikipedia
Federal Railroad Administration
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Agency of the U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Railroad Administration
Agency overview
Formed
April 1, 1967; 54 years ago
( 1967-04-01)
Jurisdiction
United States Government
Headquarters
Washington, DC
Employees
850
Annual budget
$1.561 billion (2008)
Agency executive
Amit Bose (acting), Administrator
Parent agency
U.S. Department of Transportation
Website
www .fra .dot .gov
The Federal Railroad Administration ( FRA) is an agency in the United States Department of Transportation (DOT). The agency was created by the Department of Transportation Act of 1966. The purpose of the FRA is to promulgate and enforce rail safety regulations, administer railroad assistance programs, conduct research and development in support of improved railroad safety and national rail transportation policy, provide for the rehabilitation of Northeast Corridor rail passenger service, and consolidate government support of rail transportation activities. The FRA is one of ten agencies within DOT concerned with intermodal transportation. It operates through seven divisions under the offices of the Administrator and Deputy Administrator. These divisions are: Financial Management and Administration, Chief Counsel, Civil Rights, Public Affairs, Public Engagement, Railroad Policy and Development, and Safety. It has a staff of about 850. Contents
1 Function
1.1 Recent safety initiatives
2 List of administrators
3 Northeast Corridor Future
4 National Rail Plan
4.1 Background
4.2 The goal
4.3 High-speed intercity travel
5 See also
6 Gallery
7 References
8 External links
Function
The FRA oversees both passenger (top) and freight (bottom) rail operations in the United States.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Administration
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_728868039#1_793287539
|
Title: Federal Railroad Administration - Wikipedia
Headings: Federal Railroad Administration
Federal Railroad Administration
Contents
Function
Recent safety initiatives
List of administrators
Northeast Corridor Future
National Rail Plan
Background
The goal
High-speed intercity travel
See also
Gallery
References
External links
Content: It operates through seven divisions under the offices of the Administrator and Deputy Administrator. These divisions are: Financial Management and Administration, Chief Counsel, Civil Rights, Public Affairs, Public Engagement, Railroad Policy and Development, and Safety. It has a staff of about 850. Contents
1 Function
1.1 Recent safety initiatives
2 List of administrators
3 Northeast Corridor Future
4 National Rail Plan
4.1 Background
4.2 The goal
4.3 High-speed intercity travel
5 See also
6 Gallery
7 References
8 External links
Function
The FRA oversees both passenger (top) and freight (bottom) rail operations in the United States. All passenger and freight rail travel in the United States on the national interconnected rail infrastructure is subject to regulation by the FRA. FRA regulates public and intercity rail services, but does not regulate "closed" railways that operate exclusively on private property, such as a rail system between buildings at a steel mill, nor does it regulate subways, light rail or elevated intra-city passenger rail systems that do not connect to any public rail networks. Most notably, the FRA enforces safety regulations, such as speed limits and requirements for safety features such as positive train control. Non-legislative recommendations for FRA policy come from the Rail Safety Advisory Committee, established in 1996, though much of FRA policy is created via congressional legislation; for example, the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 was an act of Congress, to which the FRA enforced through a series of regulations published two years later.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Administration
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_728868039#2_793289691
|
Title: Federal Railroad Administration - Wikipedia
Headings: Federal Railroad Administration
Federal Railroad Administration
Contents
Function
Recent safety initiatives
List of administrators
Northeast Corridor Future
National Rail Plan
Background
The goal
High-speed intercity travel
See also
Gallery
References
External links
Content: All passenger and freight rail travel in the United States on the national interconnected rail infrastructure is subject to regulation by the FRA. FRA regulates public and intercity rail services, but does not regulate "closed" railways that operate exclusively on private property, such as a rail system between buildings at a steel mill, nor does it regulate subways, light rail or elevated intra-city passenger rail systems that do not connect to any public rail networks. Most notably, the FRA enforces safety regulations, such as speed limits and requirements for safety features such as positive train control. Non-legislative recommendations for FRA policy come from the Rail Safety Advisory Committee, established in 1996, though much of FRA policy is created via congressional legislation; for example, the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 was an act of Congress, to which the FRA enforced through a series of regulations published two years later. These regulations include enforcement of positive train control and enforcement of more stringent conductor certification requirements. FRA Inspection Train in St. Johnsville, New York
Recent safety initiatives
In 2011, the FRA began the process of updating its electronic device policy for active train operators. In June 2015, the FRA announced a railway safety initiative with Google that would include the FRAs GIS data into its mapping services. The data pinpoints the location of over 250,000 rail crossings in the United States. The FRA believes that providing the location of rail crossings in maps will enhance crossing safety by people who are using navigation systems while driving.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Administration
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_728868039#3_793291883
|
Title: Federal Railroad Administration - Wikipedia
Headings: Federal Railroad Administration
Federal Railroad Administration
Contents
Function
Recent safety initiatives
List of administrators
Northeast Corridor Future
National Rail Plan
Background
The goal
High-speed intercity travel
See also
Gallery
References
External links
Content: These regulations include enforcement of positive train control and enforcement of more stringent conductor certification requirements. FRA Inspection Train in St. Johnsville, New York
Recent safety initiatives
In 2011, the FRA began the process of updating its electronic device policy for active train operators. In June 2015, the FRA announced a railway safety initiative with Google that would include the FRAs GIS data into its mapping services. The data pinpoints the location of over 250,000 rail crossings in the United States. The FRA believes that providing the location of rail crossings in maps will enhance crossing safety by people who are using navigation systems while driving. List of administrators
Image
Name
Year began
Year end
Appointed by
A. Scheffer Lang
1967
1969
Lyndon B. Johnson
Reginald Whitman
1969
1970
Richard Nixon
John W. Ingram
1971
1974
Richard Nixon
Asaph H. Hall
1974
1977
Richard Nixon
John M. Sullivan
1977
1981
Jimmy Carter
Robert W. Blanchette
1981
1983
Ronald Reagan
John H. Riley
1983
1989
Ronald Reagan
Gilbert Carmichael
1989
1993
George H. W. Bush
Jolene Molitoris
1993
2000
Bill Clinton
Allan Rutter
2001
2004
George W. Bush
Betty Monro (acting)
2004
2005
George W. Bush
Robert D. Jamison (acting)
2005
2005
George W. Bush
Joseph H. Boardman
2005
2008
George W. Bush
Clifford C. Eby (acting)
2008
2009
George W. Bush
Joe Szabo
2009
2014
Barack Obama
Sarah Feinberg
2015
2017
Barack Obama
Patrick T. Warren (acting)
2017
2017
Donald Trump
Heath Hall (acting)
2017
2018
Donald Trump
Juan Reyes (acting)
2018
2018
Donald Trump
Ronald Batory
2018
2021
Donald Trump
Amit Bose (acting)
2021
Present
Joe Biden
Northeast Corridor Future
The FRA's Northeast Corridor (NEC) Future is a long-term plan aimed at improving the nation's Northeast Corridor. The NEC Future plan consists of four components, also known as the Selective Alternative, which are: Improve rail service, Modernize NEC infrastructure, Expand rail capacity, and Study New Haven to Providence capacity. These four components all aim to improve the reliability and performance of the NEC system, whether it be through intercity or regional means. The Selective Alternative looks to do four major things:
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Administration
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_728868039#8_793303069
|
Title: Federal Railroad Administration - Wikipedia
Headings: Federal Railroad Administration
Federal Railroad Administration
Contents
Function
Recent safety initiatives
List of administrators
Northeast Corridor Future
National Rail Plan
Background
The goal
High-speed intercity travel
See also
Gallery
References
External links
Content: These trains would be much faster than normal trains, ranging in speed from 125–250 mph (201–402 km/h), and capable of delivering a passenger 500 miles (800 km) in about 2–3 hours. In smaller, regional areas, the trains would not be as quick, only going somewhere between 90–125 mph (145–201 km/h). There are no set costs for this system, however. But the FRA argues that the benefits a high-speed rail system would bring outweigh the costs for the system, claiming that the high-speed rail system would reduce car traffic and eliminate the need for short-haul flights. It would also reduce congestion in America's more populated regions and boost manufacturing activity. See also
The Surface Transportation Board manages economic aspects of railroads, including rates, service, acquisition and abandonment
The Federal Transit Administration provides financial and technical assistance to local public transit agencies, including local rail operators not regulated by the FRA (subway, elevated rail, and light rail). The Interstate Commerce Commission regulated railroad safety prior to creation of the FRA. Currently defunct. The National Transportation Safety Board investigates transportation accidents and crashes, including those involving railroads. The United States Railroad Administration operated from 1917 to 1920, currently defunct.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Administration
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_728868039#9_793304974
|
Title: Federal Railroad Administration - Wikipedia
Headings: Federal Railroad Administration
Federal Railroad Administration
Contents
Function
Recent safety initiatives
List of administrators
Northeast Corridor Future
National Rail Plan
Background
The goal
High-speed intercity travel
See also
Gallery
References
External links
Content: See also
The Surface Transportation Board manages economic aspects of railroads, including rates, service, acquisition and abandonment
The Federal Transit Administration provides financial and technical assistance to local public transit agencies, including local rail operators not regulated by the FRA (subway, elevated rail, and light rail). The Interstate Commerce Commission regulated railroad safety prior to creation of the FRA. Currently defunct. The National Transportation Safety Board investigates transportation accidents and crashes, including those involving railroads. The United States Railroad Administration operated from 1917 to 1920, currently defunct. Rail speed limits in the United States
Gallery
DOTX-218 Gage Restraint Measurement Vehicle
DOTX-218 and DOTX-220 behind a BNSF locomotive
DOTX-220 Track Geometry Car
References
^ "U.S. Department of Transportation Fiscal Year 2009 Budget In Brief". Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved February 26, 2011. ^ https://www.transportation.gov/mission/meet-key-officials
^ United States. Department of Transportation Act.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Administration
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_728868039#11_793307818
|
Title: Federal Railroad Administration - Wikipedia
Headings: Federal Railroad Administration
Federal Railroad Administration
Contents
Function
Recent safety initiatives
List of administrators
Northeast Corridor Future
National Rail Plan
Background
The goal
High-speed intercity travel
See also
Gallery
References
External links
Content: 49 U.S.C. § 103, section 3 (e) (1). ^ Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). " Federal Railroad Administration: About Us." Archived 2008-05-19 at the Wayback Machine
^ Federal Railroad Administration (2010). Washington, DC. " About the FRA." Archived 2010-09-14 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2010-08-28. ^ In this article http://www.alexblock.net/blog/2015/10/06/wmata-the-ntsb-and-the-fra-or-what-do-you-mean-the-metro-doesnt-count-as-a-railroad/ (Retrieved May 7, 2018), a subway or metro system that does not use infrastructure accessible from other networks, such as Washington DC's Metrorail system, the Chicago "L", or the New York City Subway, is not a "railroad" and FRA lacks jurisdiction over its operations. ^ "Railroad Safety".
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Administration
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_728868039#12_793309110
|
Title: Federal Railroad Administration - Wikipedia
Headings: Federal Railroad Administration
Federal Railroad Administration
Contents
Function
Recent safety initiatives
List of administrators
Northeast Corridor Future
National Rail Plan
Background
The goal
High-speed intercity travel
See also
Gallery
References
External links
Content: Washington, DC. " About the FRA." Archived 2010-09-14 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2010-08-28. ^ In this article http://www.alexblock.net/blog/2015/10/06/wmata-the-ntsb-and-the-fra-or-what-do-you-mean-the-metro-doesnt-count-as-a-railroad/ (Retrieved May 7, 2018), a subway or metro system that does not use infrastructure accessible from other networks, such as Washington DC's Metrorail system, the Chicago "L", or the New York City Subway, is not a "railroad" and FRA lacks jurisdiction over its operations. ^ "Railroad Safety". Federal Railroad Administration. United States Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 28, 2017. ^ "Railroad Safety Advisory Committee". Federal Railroad Administration.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Administration
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_739324810#6_804767601
|
Title: Female entrepreneurs - Wikipedia
Headings: Female entrepreneurs
Female entrepreneurs
Contents
History
Demographics
International implications
Present challenges
Human, social, financial capital barriers
Obstacles in Supply Specifically in STEM
Gendered processes in finding financing
Obstacles specific to starting new firms
External finance and sex discrimination.
Obstacles to managing a small firm
Obstacles to growing firms
Encouragement
Reasons for launching firms
Feminism
See also
References
Content: Society frowned upon women involved in such businesses; because, they detracted from the women's supposed gentle and frail nature. During the 18th and 19th centuries, more women came out from under the oppression of society's limits, and began to emerge into the public eye. Despite the disapproval of society, women such as Rebecca Lukens flourished. In 1825, Lukens took over the family business, Brandywine Iron Works & Nail Factory, and turned it into a profit-generating steel business. In the 1900s, due to a more progressive way of thinking, and the rise of feminism, female entrepreneurs began to be a widely accepted term. Although these female entrepreneurs serviced mostly female consumers, they were making great strides. Women gained the right to vote in 1920, and two years later, Clara and Lillian Westropp started the institution of Women's Savings & Loan as a way of teaching women how to be smart with their money. As society progressed, female entrepreneurs became more influential. With the boom of the textile industry and the development of the railroad and telegraph system, women such as Madame C. J. Walker took advantage of the changing times.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_entrepreneur
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_740493227#1_805788801
|
Title: Feminism - Wikipedia
Headings: Feminism
Feminism
Contents
History
Terminology
Waves
19th and early-20th centuries
Mid-20th century
Late 20th and early 21st centuries
Third-wave feminism
Standpoint theory
Fourth-wave feminism
Postfeminism
Theory
Movements and ideologies
Liberal feminism
Radical feminism
Materialist ideologies
Other modern feminisms
Ecofeminism
Black and postcolonial ideologies
Social constructionist ideologies
Transgender people
Cultural movements
Demographics
United States
United Kingdom
Sexuality
Sex industry
Affirming female sexual autonomy
Science
Biology and gender
Feminist psychology
Culture
Architecture
Design
Businesses
Visual arts
Literature
Music
Cinema
Politics
Socialism
Fascism
Civil rights movement and anti-racism
Neoliberalism
Societal impact
Civil rights
Jurisprudence
Language
Theology
Patriarchy
Men and masculinity
Reactions
Pro-feminism
Anti-feminism and criticism of feminism
Secular humanism
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Articles
Active research
Multimedia and documents
Content: Efforts to change that include fighting against gender stereotypes and establishing educational, professional, and interpersonal opportunities and outcomes for women that are equal to those for men. Feminist movements have campaigned and continue to campaign for women's rights, including the right to: vote, hold public office, work, earn equal pay, own property, receive education, enter contracts, have equal rights within marriage, and maternity leave. Feminists have also worked to ensure access to legal abortions and social integration, and to protect women and girls from rape, sexual harassment, and domestic violence. Changes in female dress standards and acceptable physical activities for females have often been part of feminist movements. Some scholars consider feminist campaigns to be a main force behind major historical societal changes for women's rights, particularly in the West, where they are near-universally credited with achieving women's suffrage, gender-neutral language, reproductive rights for women (including access to contraceptives and abortion ), and the right to enter into contracts and own property. Although feminist advocacy is, and has been, mainly focused on women's rights, some feminists argue for the inclusion of men's liberation within its aims, because they believe that men are also harmed by traditional gender roles. Feminist theory, which emerged from feminist movements, aims to understand the nature of gender inequality by examining women's social roles and lived experience; feminist theorists have developed theories in a variety of disciplines in order to respond to issues concerning gender. Numerous feminist movements and ideologies have developed over the years and represent different viewpoints and aims.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_741136262#0_806007353
|
Title: Feminism in Latin America - Wikipedia
Headings: Feminism in Latin America
Feminism in Latin America
Contents
Latin American and Latino feminist theory
Causes
History and the evolution of feminism in Latin America
1800s
1900s–1920s
1930s–1950s
1960s–1970s
1980s
1990s
21st century
Indigenous feminism in Latin America
Revolutionary/feminist mobilization
Issues on agenda
Latina suffragists
See also
References
Content: Feminism in Latin America - Wikipedia
Feminism in Latin America
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Social movement for women's rights
The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten. Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia's norms and is inclusive of all essential details. ( January 2019) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Feminism in Latin America runs through Central America, South America, and the Caribbean
Feminism in Latin America is a collection of movements aimed at defining, establishing, and achieving equal political, economic, cultural, personal, and social rights for Latin American women. This includes seeking to establish equal opportunities for women in education and employment. Those who practice feminism by advocating or supporting the rights and equality of women are called feminists. Latin American Feminism exists in the context of centuries of colonialism, the transportation and subjugation of slaves from Africa, and mistreatment of native people. The origins of Latin American Feminism can be traced back to the 1960s and 1970s social movements where it encompasses the women's liberation movement, but prior feminist ideas have expanded before there were written records. With various regions in Latin America and the Caribbean, the definition of feminism varies across different groups where there has been cultural, political, and social involvement. The emergence of Latin American feminism movement is contributed to five key factors. It has been said that the beginning of the revolution for Latin American feminism started in the 1800s with two women, Manuela Sáenz in Ecuador and Juana Manuela Gorriti in Argentina.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_741710266#0_806300623
|
Title: Feminist art criticism - Wikipedia
Headings: Feminist art criticism
Feminist art criticism
Contents
Emergence
Genius
Museum organizations
Intersectionality
Intersection with other schools of thought
Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory
Realism and Reflectionism
Journals and publication
Beyond the academy
Exhibition
Today
See also
References
Content: Feminist art criticism - Wikipedia
Feminist art criticism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. ( September 2016)
Feminist art criticism emerged in the 1970s from the wider feminist movement as the critical examination of both visual representations of women in art and art produced by women. It continues to be a major field of art criticism . Contents
1 Emergence
1.1 Genius
1.2 Museum organizations
1.3 Intersectionality
2 Intersection with other schools of thought
2.1 Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory
2.2 Realism and Reflectionism
3 Journals and publication
4 Beyond the academy
4.1 Exhibition
5 Today
6 See also
7 References
Emergence
Linda Nochlin 's 1971 groundbreaking essay, " Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists? ", analyzes the embedded privilege in the predominantly white, male, Western art world and argued that women's outsider status allowed them a unique viewpoint to not only critique women's position in art, but to additionally examine the discipline's underlying assumptions about gender and ability. Nochlin's essay develops the argument that both formal and social education restricted artistic development to men, preventing women (with rare exception) from honing their talents and gaining entry into the art world. In the 1970s, feminist art criticism continued this critique of the institutionalized sexism of art history, art museums, and galleries, as well as questioning which genres of art were deemed museum-worthy. This position is articulated by artist Judy Chicago: "... it is crucial to understand that one of the ways in which the importance of male experience is conveyed is through the art objects that are exhibited and preserved in our museums.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_741710266#5_806311168
|
Title: Feminist art criticism - Wikipedia
Headings: Feminist art criticism
Feminist art criticism
Contents
Emergence
Genius
Museum organizations
Intersectionality
Intersection with other schools of thought
Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory
Realism and Reflectionism
Journals and publication
Beyond the academy
Exhibition
Today
See also
References
Content: The female presence is necessary only in the form of imagery. Of course, men, too, are occasionally represented. Unlike women, who are seen primarily as sexually accessible bodies, men are portrayed as physically and mentally active beings who creatively shape their world and ponder its meanings. This article narrows its focus on one institution to use as an example to draw from and expand on. Ultimately to illustrate the ways in which institutions are complicit in patriarchal and racist ideologies. Intersectionality
Women of color in the art world were often not addressed in earlier feminist art criticism. An intersectional analysis that includes not only gender but also race and other marginalized identities is essential. Audre Lorde ’s 1984 essay “The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle The Master’s House,” briefly addresses a vital dilemma that artists who are women of color are often overlooked or tokenized in the visual arts. She argues that "in academic feminist circles, the answer to these questions is often, ‘We did not know who to ask.’ But that is the same evasion of responsibility, the same cop-out, that keeps Black women's art out of women's exhibitions, Black women's work out of most feminist publications except for the occasional ‘Special Third World Women's Issue,’ and Black women's texts off your reading lists.”
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_741710266#7_806315343
|
Title: Feminist art criticism - Wikipedia
Headings: Feminist art criticism
Feminist art criticism
Contents
Emergence
Genius
Museum organizations
Intersectionality
Intersection with other schools of thought
Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory
Realism and Reflectionism
Journals and publication
Beyond the academy
Exhibition
Today
See also
References
Content: Lorde’s statement brings up how important it is to consider intersectionality in these feminist art discourses, as race is just as integral to any discussion on gender. Furthermore, bell hooks expands on the discourse of black representation in the visual arts to include other factors. In her 1995 book, Art on My Mind, hooks positions her writings on the visual politics of both race and class in the art world. She states that the reason art is rendered meaningless in the lives of most black people is not solely due to the lack of representation, but also because of an entrenched colonization of the mind and imagination and how it is intertwined with the process of identification. Thus she stresses for a “shift [in] conventional ways of thinking about the function of art. There must be a revolution in the way we see, the way we look," emphasizing how visual art has the potential to be an empowering force within the black community. Especially if one can break free from "imperialist white-supremacist notions of the way art should look and function in society." Intersection with other schools of thought
Feminist art criticism is a smaller subgroup in the larger realm of feminist theory, because feminist theory seeks to explore the themes of discrimination, sexual objectification, oppression, patriarchy, and stereotyping, feminist art criticism attempts similar exploration. This exploration can be accomplished through a variety of means. Structuralist theories, deconstructionist thought, psychoanalysis, queer analysis, and semiotic interpretations can be used to further comprehend gender symbolism and representation in artistic works.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_741710266#8_806317557
|
Title: Feminist art criticism - Wikipedia
Headings: Feminist art criticism
Feminist art criticism
Contents
Emergence
Genius
Museum organizations
Intersectionality
Intersection with other schools of thought
Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory
Realism and Reflectionism
Journals and publication
Beyond the academy
Exhibition
Today
See also
References
Content: There must be a revolution in the way we see, the way we look," emphasizing how visual art has the potential to be an empowering force within the black community. Especially if one can break free from "imperialist white-supremacist notions of the way art should look and function in society." Intersection with other schools of thought
Feminist art criticism is a smaller subgroup in the larger realm of feminist theory, because feminist theory seeks to explore the themes of discrimination, sexual objectification, oppression, patriarchy, and stereotyping, feminist art criticism attempts similar exploration. This exploration can be accomplished through a variety of means. Structuralist theories, deconstructionist thought, psychoanalysis, queer analysis, and semiotic interpretations can be used to further comprehend gender symbolism and representation in artistic works. The social structures regarding gender that influence a piece can be understood through interpretations based on stylistic influences and biographical interpretations. Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory
Laura Mulvey 's 1975 essay, " Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema " focuses on the gaze of the spectator from a Freudian perspective. Freud's concept of scopophilia relates to the objectification of women in art works. The gaze of the viewer is, in essence, a sexually charged instinct. Because of the gender inequity that exists in the art sphere, the artist's portrayal of a subject is generally a man's portrayal of women.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_741710266#9_806319608
|
Title: Feminist art criticism - Wikipedia
Headings: Feminist art criticism
Feminist art criticism
Contents
Emergence
Genius
Museum organizations
Intersectionality
Intersection with other schools of thought
Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory
Realism and Reflectionism
Journals and publication
Beyond the academy
Exhibition
Today
See also
References
Content: The social structures regarding gender that influence a piece can be understood through interpretations based on stylistic influences and biographical interpretations. Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory
Laura Mulvey 's 1975 essay, " Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema " focuses on the gaze of the spectator from a Freudian perspective. Freud's concept of scopophilia relates to the objectification of women in art works. The gaze of the viewer is, in essence, a sexually charged instinct. Because of the gender inequity that exists in the art sphere, the artist's portrayal of a subject is generally a man's portrayal of women. Other Freudian symbolism can be used to comprehend pieces of art from a feminist perspective—whether gender specific symbols are uncovered through psychoanalytic theory (such as phallic or yonic symbols) or specific symbols are used to represent women in a given piece. Realism and Reflectionism
Are the women depicted in an artistic work realistic portrayals of women? Writer Toril Moi explained in her 1985 essay "'Images of Women' Criticism" that "reflectionism posits that the artist's selective creation should be measured against 'real life,' thus assuming that the only constraint on the artist's work is his or her perception of the 'real world.'" Journals and publication
The 1970s also saw the emergence of feminist art journals, including The Feminist Art Journal in 1972 and Heresies in 1977. The journal n.paradoxa has been dedicated to an international perspective on feminist art since 1996.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_741710266#10_806321696
|
Title: Feminist art criticism - Wikipedia
Headings: Feminist art criticism
Feminist art criticism
Contents
Emergence
Genius
Museum organizations
Intersectionality
Intersection with other schools of thought
Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory
Realism and Reflectionism
Journals and publication
Beyond the academy
Exhibition
Today
See also
References
Content: Other Freudian symbolism can be used to comprehend pieces of art from a feminist perspective—whether gender specific symbols are uncovered through psychoanalytic theory (such as phallic or yonic symbols) or specific symbols are used to represent women in a given piece. Realism and Reflectionism
Are the women depicted in an artistic work realistic portrayals of women? Writer Toril Moi explained in her 1985 essay "'Images of Women' Criticism" that "reflectionism posits that the artist's selective creation should be measured against 'real life,' thus assuming that the only constraint on the artist's work is his or her perception of the 'real world.'" Journals and publication
The 1970s also saw the emergence of feminist art journals, including The Feminist Art Journal in 1972 and Heresies in 1977. The journal n.paradoxa has been dedicated to an international perspective on feminist art since 1996. Important publications on feminist art criticism include: Betterton, Rosemary An Intimate Distance: Women Artists and the Body London, Routledge, 1996. Deepwell, Katy ed. New Feminist Art Criticism:
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.