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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_422250250#1_457589530
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Title: Effects of marriage - Wikipedia
Headings: Effects of marriage
Effects of marriage
Contents
Traditional marriage
Same-sex marriage
Polygamy
Differences between sex, race, and education
Divorce
See also
References
Content: Thus, even if the underlying marriage is held to be void there may still be rights and obligations that continue and are recognized by court order. An example may be an annulled marriage where the court awards alimony to the weaker, poorer or less well educated spouse to allow them a period of time to go back to school or re-enter the work force. There are a few positive and negative influences of marriage on an individual. Life after marriage depends on individual and partner. First of all, an individual becomes excited that they will begin to share their life with someone who cares for them, and whom they feel comforted by. They will feel excited to know that soon they will be starting a family of their own, and that they will become parents of their own children. Research has shown that those individuals who live a stable marital relationship tend to live longer, have a better physical health, better functional health at old age and better emotional health than those in troubled marriages or who are divorced. On the other hand, there a few negative influences of marriage on an adult. An adult can become stressed out on the fact that they will need to make compromises and sacrifices, in order to form a good marital relationship. This can lead to a loss of hobbies, because there are restrictions about what the individuals can do;
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_marriage
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_422250250#2_457591289
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Title: Effects of marriage - Wikipedia
Headings: Effects of marriage
Effects of marriage
Contents
Traditional marriage
Same-sex marriage
Polygamy
Differences between sex, race, and education
Divorce
See also
References
Content: They will feel excited to know that soon they will be starting a family of their own, and that they will become parents of their own children. Research has shown that those individuals who live a stable marital relationship tend to live longer, have a better physical health, better functional health at old age and better emotional health than those in troubled marriages or who are divorced. On the other hand, there a few negative influences of marriage on an adult. An adult can become stressed out on the fact that they will need to make compromises and sacrifices, in order to form a good marital relationship. This can lead to a loss of hobbies, because there are restrictions about what the individuals can do; and these restrictions are for both the men and women in the relationship. The adult may develop a sense of stress because they have a lot of responsibility ahead of them. In addition, the individuals in the relationship can become upset by the fact that they have to make sure that their relationship has no betrayals, and it is kept loyal, throughout the couple's lives. Contents
1 Traditional marriage
2 Same-sex marriage
3 Polygamy
4 Differences between sex, race, and education
5 Divorce
6 See also
7 References
Traditional marriage
Healthier people in marriages may have a better chance of having a successful marriage. A healthier person may be more appealing to their partner.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_marriage
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_422250250#3_457593109
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Title: Effects of marriage - Wikipedia
Headings: Effects of marriage
Effects of marriage
Contents
Traditional marriage
Same-sex marriage
Polygamy
Differences between sex, race, and education
Divorce
See also
References
Content: and these restrictions are for both the men and women in the relationship. The adult may develop a sense of stress because they have a lot of responsibility ahead of them. In addition, the individuals in the relationship can become upset by the fact that they have to make sure that their relationship has no betrayals, and it is kept loyal, throughout the couple's lives. Contents
1 Traditional marriage
2 Same-sex marriage
3 Polygamy
4 Differences between sex, race, and education
5 Divorce
6 See also
7 References
Traditional marriage
Healthier people in marriages may have a better chance of having a successful marriage. A healthier person may be more appealing to their partner. Married people are generally healthier than unmarried people. It is said that marriage can affect person's health in many ways. For example, having a higher income could improve the health care person receives or lower stress. In certain marriages, a spouse may help in monitoring and encouraging healthy behaviors. As well as discouraging unhealthy habits.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_marriage
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_422250250#17_457609164
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Title: Effects of marriage - Wikipedia
Headings: Effects of marriage
Effects of marriage
Contents
Traditional marriage
Same-sex marriage
Polygamy
Differences between sex, race, and education
Divorce
See also
References
Content: ^ "Answers to Your Questions About Same-Sex Marriage". American Psychological Association. 2013. ^ a b c "Polygamy can negatively affect women, study finds". The National. Retrieved 2018-05-08. ^ Burton, Neel (4 January 2018). " The Pros and Cons of Polygamy". Psychology Today. ^ Lawson, David W.;
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_430813509#3_466281278
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Title: Ten stages of genocide - Wikipedia
Headings: Ten stages of genocide
Ten stages of genocide
Contents
Overview
See also
References
Notes
Content: 4
Dehumanization
"One group denies the humanity of the other group. Members of it are equated with animals, vermin, insects, or diseases." "Local and international leaders should condemn the use of hate speech and make it culturally unacceptable. Leaders who incite genocide should be banned from international travel and have their foreign finances frozen." 5
Organization
"Genocide is always organized... Special army units or militias are often trained and armed..."
"The U.N. should impose arms embargoes on governments and citizens of countries involved in genocidal massacres, and create commissions to investigate violations"
6
Polarization
"Hate groups broadcast polarizing propaganda..."
"Prevention may mean security protection for moderate leaders or assistance to human rights groups...Coups d’état by extremists should be opposed by international sanctions." 7
Preparation
"Mass killing is planned. Victims are identified and separated because of their ethnic or religious identity..."
"At this stage, a Genocide Emergency must be declared. Full diplomatic pressure by regional organizations must be invoked, including preparation to intervene to prevent genocide." 8
Persecution
"Expropriation, forced displacement, ghettos, concentration camps". "Direct assistance to victim groups, targeted sanctions against persecutors, mobilization of humanitarian assistance or intervention, protection of refugees."
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_stages_of_genocide
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_439830427#9_476303090
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Title: Elaine Showalter - Wikipedia
Headings: Elaine Showalter
Elaine Showalter
Contents
Personal life
Career
Critical importance
Gynocritics
Criticism and controversy
Feminist theory and criticism
Hysteria and "modern" illnesses
Popular culture
Academic teaching
Summaries of major works
Archives
Bibliography
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Showalter says, "women reject both imitation and protest—two forms of dependency—and turn instead to female experience as the source of an autonomous art, extending the feminist analysis of culture to the forms and techniques of literature" ( New, 139). Rejecting both imitation and protest, Showalter advocated approaching feminist criticism from a cultural perspective in the current Female phase, rather than from perspectives that traditionally come from an androcentric perspective like psychoanalytic and biological theories, for example. Feminists in the past have worked within these traditions by revising and criticizing female representations, or lack thereof, in the male traditions (that is, in the Feminine and Feminist phases). In her essay Feminist Criticism in the Wilderness (1981), Showalter says, "A cultural theory acknowledges that there are important differences between women as writers: class, race, nationality, and history are literary determinants as significant as gender. Nonetheless, women's culture forms a collective experience within the cultural whole, an experience that binds women writers to each other over time and space" ( New, 260). Showalter does not advocate replacing psychoanalysis, for example, with cultural anthropology; rather, she suggests that approaching women's writing from a cultural perspective is one among many valid perspectives that will uncover female traditions. However, cultural anthropology and social history are especially fruitful because they "can perhaps offer us a terminology and a diagram of women's cultural situation" ( New, 266). Showalter's caveat is that feminist critics must use cultural analyses as ways to understand what women write, rather than to dictate what they ought to write ( New, 266).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine_Showalter
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_439830427#10_476305433
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Title: Elaine Showalter - Wikipedia
Headings: Elaine Showalter
Elaine Showalter
Contents
Personal life
Career
Critical importance
Gynocritics
Criticism and controversy
Feminist theory and criticism
Hysteria and "modern" illnesses
Popular culture
Academic teaching
Summaries of major works
Archives
Bibliography
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Nonetheless, women's culture forms a collective experience within the cultural whole, an experience that binds women writers to each other over time and space" ( New, 260). Showalter does not advocate replacing psychoanalysis, for example, with cultural anthropology; rather, she suggests that approaching women's writing from a cultural perspective is one among many valid perspectives that will uncover female traditions. However, cultural anthropology and social history are especially fruitful because they "can perhaps offer us a terminology and a diagram of women's cultural situation" ( New, 266). Showalter's caveat is that feminist critics must use cultural analyses as ways to understand what women write, rather than to dictate what they ought to write ( New, 266). However isolationist-like Showalter's perspective may sound at first, she does not advocate a separation of the female tradition from the male tradition. She argues that women must work both inside and outside the male tradition simultaneously ( New, 264). Showalter says the most constructive approach to future feminist theory and criticism lies in a focus on nurturing a new feminine cultural perspective within a feminist tradition that at the same time exists within the male tradition, but on which it is not dependent and to which it is not answerable. Gynocritics
Showalter coined the term "gynocritics" to describe literary criticism based in on a female perspective. Probably the best description Showalter gives of gynocritics is in Towards a Feminist Poetics :
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine_Showalter
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_441732282#0_478648898
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Title: Old age - Wikipedia
Headings: Old age
Old age
Contents
Definitions
Official definitions
Sub-group definitions
Dimensions
Senior citizen
Age qualifications
Signs
Physical
Mental
Perspectives
Middle-age
Old-age
Societal
Simulated
Frailty
Markers
Misconceptions
Care and costs
Death
Religiosity
Demographic changes
Psychosocial aspects
Theories
Life expectancy
Benefits
Assistance: devices and personal
Artistic depiction
See also
References
External links
Content: Old age - Wikipedia
Old age
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Elderly)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Human life cycle stage
"Elderly" and "Old people" redirect here. For other uses, see Elder (disambiguation). For the Khmer Rouge term, see New People. "Old Age" redirects here. For other uses, see Old Age (disambiguation). Part of a series on
Human growth
and development
Stages
Zygote
Embryo
Fetus
Infant
Toddler
Child
Preadolescent
Adolescent
Emerging and early adulthood
Young adult
Middle adult
Old adult
Biological milestones
Fertilization
Pregnancy
Childbirth
Walking
Language acquisition
Puberty
Menopause
Ageing
Death
Development and psychology
Pre- and perinatal
Infant and child
Adolescent
Youth
Young adult
Adult
Maturity
Developmental stage theories
Attachment
Ecological
Psychosocial
Psychosexual development
Moral
Cognitive
Cultural-historical
Evolutionary
Psychology portal
v
t
e
Bust of an elderly Roman man, marble 40BC, Albertinum, Dresden
An elderly woman at a Ringing Cedars ' settlement in Russia. Old age refers to ages nearing or surpassing the life expectancy of human beings, and is thus the end of the human life cycle. Terms and euphemisms include old people, the elderly (worldwide usage), OAPs (British usage which stands for Old Age Pensioner ), seniors (American usage), senior citizens (American usage), older adults (in the social sciences ), and the elders (in many cultures—including the cultures of aboriginal people). Elderly people often have limited regenerative abilities and are more susceptible to disease, syndromes, injuries and sickness than younger adults. The organic process of ageing is called senescence, the medical study of the aging process is called gerontology, and the study of diseases that afflict the elderly is called geriatrics.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elderly
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_452225242#1_489662613
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Title: Electro-diesel locomotive - Wikipedia
Headings: Electro-diesel locomotive
Electro-diesel locomotive
Contents
Overview
Primarily electric
Primarily diesel
Full dual-mode
Europe
Germany
Poland
Spain
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Russia
North America
Canada
United States
Africa
South Africa
Tanzania
Asia
India
Hybrid locomotive
See also
References
External links
Content: Note that, as well as the electric multiple unit (EMU) and diesel multiple unit (DMU), where no discrete locomotive is present, even electro-diesel multiple units (BMU) exist. Primarily electric
British Rail Class 73, no. E6013 (73107) at Rowsley South, on the Peak Railway on 17 April 2003. This locomotive was on loan from Fragonset Railways, and has since returned to main-line service with RT Rail. This is effectively an electric locomotive with a relatively small auxiliary diesel prime mover intended only for low-speed or short-distance operation (e.g. British Rail Class 73 ). Some of these, such as the British Rail Class 74, were converted from electric locomotives. The Southern Region of British Railways used these locomotives to cross non-electrified gaps and to haul boat trains that used tramways at the ports of Southampton and Weymouth. For economy, the diesel engine and its generator are considerably smaller than the electric capacity. The Southern types were of 1,600 hp or 'Type 3' rating as electrics, but only 600 hp as diesels. Later classes had as much as 2,500 hp on electric power, but still the same diesel engines.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_452225242#2_489664337
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Title: Electro-diesel locomotive - Wikipedia
Headings: Electro-diesel locomotive
Electro-diesel locomotive
Contents
Overview
Primarily electric
Primarily diesel
Full dual-mode
Europe
Germany
Poland
Spain
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Russia
North America
Canada
United States
Africa
South Africa
Tanzania
Asia
India
Hybrid locomotive
See also
References
External links
Content: Some of these, such as the British Rail Class 74, were converted from electric locomotives. The Southern Region of British Railways used these locomotives to cross non-electrified gaps and to haul boat trains that used tramways at the ports of Southampton and Weymouth. For economy, the diesel engine and its generator are considerably smaller than the electric capacity. The Southern types were of 1,600 hp or 'Type 3' rating as electrics, but only 600 hp as diesels. Later classes had as much as 2,500 hp on electric power, but still the same diesel engines. Despite this large difference, their comparable tractive efforts were much closer (around three-quarters as diesels) and so they could start and work equally heavy trains as diesels, but not to the same speeds. Primarily diesel
This is effectively a diesel locomotive with auxiliary electric motors (or connections to the existing traction motors), usually operating from 750 V DC third rail where non-electric traction is banned (e.g. EMD FL9, GE Genesis P32AC-DM, EMD DM30AC ). The primary function for these models is to provide a "one-seat ride" (a rail trip that doesn't require a transfer to a different train) between the electrified and non-electrified sections of a rail system or to allow trains to run through tunnels or other segments of track where diesel locomotives are generally prohibited due to their production of exhaust; such locomotives are used for certain trains servicing the New York City terminals of Grand Central Terminal and Penn Station, as the various rail tunnels into Manhattan have exhaust restrictions. Once out of the tunnels, the engines are started and operation is as a normal diesel locomotive.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_452225242#9_489677061
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Title: Electro-diesel locomotive - Wikipedia
Headings: Electro-diesel locomotive
Electro-diesel locomotive
Contents
Overview
Primarily electric
Primarily diesel
Full dual-mode
Europe
Germany
Poland
Spain
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Russia
North America
Canada
United States
Africa
South Africa
Tanzania
Asia
India
Hybrid locomotive
See also
References
External links
Content: Switzerland
Light dual-mode (electric and diesel) shunter SBB Tem III 346 at work
Rhaetian Railway Gem 4/4 801 and 802, 1000 V DC overhead wires ( Bernina Railway)
Swiss Federal Railways Tem I 251–275 (1950–57), Tem II 276–298 (1967) and Tem III 321–365 (1954–62) shunters (Tem III see image) of which only few are still in service. Swiss Federal Railways Eem 923 shunters using both 15 kV 16.7 Hz and 25 kV 50 Hz overhead wires and a 360 kW auxiliary diesel engine are on delivery from Stadler Rail 's Winterthur plant. United Kingdom
An experimental electro-diesel locomotive, DEL120, was built by London Underground in 1940 but was not a success. Two types have been built whose electricity source was a 750 V DC third rail . British Rail Class 73, dating from 1962 – the more successful design, with some still in regular use. They originally had lower power output in the diesel mode, but are re-engined to provide more power. ( 2020, 59 years since introduction)
British Rail Class 74 – rebuilt from British Rail Class 71 electric locomotives in 1967 and withdrawn by 1977. Electro-diesel locomotives whose electricity source is 25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead line include: British Rail Class 88 – locomotive used by Direct Rail Services. Introduced in 2017.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-diesel_locomotive
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_458170263#0_496596835
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Title: Electronic waste - Wikipedia
Headings: Electronic waste
Electronic waste
Contents
Definition
Quantity
E-waste data 2016
E-waste data 2019
E-waste legislative frameworks
The Solving the E-waste Problem (StEP) initiative
Waste Electrical & Electronic Equipment (WEEE)
EU commission Legislation on Batteries & Accumulators (Batteries Directive)
European Union regulations on e-waste
International agreements
Global trade issues
Trade
Guiyu
Other informal e-waste recycling sites
Environmental impact
The environmental impact of the processing of different electronic waste components
Research
Information security
Recycling
Consumer awareness efforts
Processing techniques
Benefits of recycling
Repair as a means of reducing electronic waste
Electronic waste classification
Electronic waste substances
Hazardous
Generally non-hazardous
Human health and safety
Residents living near the recycling sites
Prenatal exposure and neonates' health
Children
E-waste recycling workers
Informal and formal industries
Hazard controls
See also
Policy and conventions:
Organizations:
Security:
General:
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Electronic waste - Wikipedia
Electronic waste
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (February 2020)
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The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (May 2018)
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Defective and obsolete electronic equipment
Electronic waste or e-waste describes discarded electrical or electronic devices. Used electronics which are destined for refurbishment, reuse, resale, salvage recycling through material recovery, or disposal are also considered e-waste. Informal processing of e-waste in developing countries can lead to adverse human health effects and environmental pollution .
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_458170263#1_496599391
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Title: Electronic waste - Wikipedia
Headings: Electronic waste
Electronic waste
Contents
Definition
Quantity
E-waste data 2016
E-waste data 2019
E-waste legislative frameworks
The Solving the E-waste Problem (StEP) initiative
Waste Electrical & Electronic Equipment (WEEE)
EU commission Legislation on Batteries & Accumulators (Batteries Directive)
European Union regulations on e-waste
International agreements
Global trade issues
Trade
Guiyu
Other informal e-waste recycling sites
Environmental impact
The environmental impact of the processing of different electronic waste components
Research
Information security
Recycling
Consumer awareness efforts
Processing techniques
Benefits of recycling
Repair as a means of reducing electronic waste
Electronic waste classification
Electronic waste substances
Hazardous
Generally non-hazardous
Human health and safety
Residents living near the recycling sites
Prenatal exposure and neonates' health
Children
E-waste recycling workers
Informal and formal industries
Hazard controls
See also
Policy and conventions:
Organizations:
Security:
General:
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (May 2018)
( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Defective and obsolete electronic equipment
Electronic waste or e-waste describes discarded electrical or electronic devices. Used electronics which are destined for refurbishment, reuse, resale, salvage recycling through material recovery, or disposal are also considered e-waste. Informal processing of e-waste in developing countries can lead to adverse human health effects and environmental pollution . Electronic scrap components, such as CPUs, contain potentially harmful materials such as lead, cadmium, beryllium, or brominated flame retardants. Recycling and disposal of e-waste may involve significant risk to health of workers and their communities. Contents
1 Definition
2 Quantity
3 E-waste legislative frameworks
3.1 The Solving the E-waste Problem (StEP) initiative
3.2 Waste Electrical & Electronic Equipment (WEEE)
3.3 EU commission Legislation on Batteries & Accumulators (Batteries Directive)
3.4 European Union regulations on e-waste
3.5 International agreements
4 Global trade issues
4.1 Trade
4.2 Guiyu
4.3 Other informal e-waste recycling sites
5 Environmental impact
6 Research
7 Information security
8 Recycling
8.1 Consumer awareness efforts
8.2 Processing techniques
8.3 Benefits of recycling
9 Repair as a means of reducing electronic waste
10 Electronic waste classification
11 Electronic waste substances
11.1 Hazardous
11.2 Generally non-hazardous
12 Human health and safety
12.1 Residents living near the recycling sites
12.1.1 Prenatal exposure and neonates' health
12.1.2 Children
12.2 E-waste recycling workers
12.2.1 Informal and formal industries
12.2.2 Hazard controls
13 See also
14 References
15 Further reading
16 External links
Definition
Hoarding (left), disassembling (center) and collecting (right) electronic waste in Bengaluru, India
E-waste or electronic waste is created when an electronic product is discarded after the end of its useful life. The rapid expansion of technology and the consumption driven society results in the creation of a very large amount of e-waste. The European Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive Directive classifies waste in ten categories:
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_458170263#2_496603161
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Title: Electronic waste - Wikipedia
Headings: Electronic waste
Electronic waste
Contents
Definition
Quantity
E-waste data 2016
E-waste data 2019
E-waste legislative frameworks
The Solving the E-waste Problem (StEP) initiative
Waste Electrical & Electronic Equipment (WEEE)
EU commission Legislation on Batteries & Accumulators (Batteries Directive)
European Union regulations on e-waste
International agreements
Global trade issues
Trade
Guiyu
Other informal e-waste recycling sites
Environmental impact
The environmental impact of the processing of different electronic waste components
Research
Information security
Recycling
Consumer awareness efforts
Processing techniques
Benefits of recycling
Repair as a means of reducing electronic waste
Electronic waste classification
Electronic waste substances
Hazardous
Generally non-hazardous
Human health and safety
Residents living near the recycling sites
Prenatal exposure and neonates' health
Children
E-waste recycling workers
Informal and formal industries
Hazard controls
See also
Policy and conventions:
Organizations:
Security:
General:
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Electronic scrap components, such as CPUs, contain potentially harmful materials such as lead, cadmium, beryllium, or brominated flame retardants. Recycling and disposal of e-waste may involve significant risk to health of workers and their communities. Contents
1 Definition
2 Quantity
3 E-waste legislative frameworks
3.1 The Solving the E-waste Problem (StEP) initiative
3.2 Waste Electrical & Electronic Equipment (WEEE)
3.3 EU commission Legislation on Batteries & Accumulators (Batteries Directive)
3.4 European Union regulations on e-waste
3.5 International agreements
4 Global trade issues
4.1 Trade
4.2 Guiyu
4.3 Other informal e-waste recycling sites
5 Environmental impact
6 Research
7 Information security
8 Recycling
8.1 Consumer awareness efforts
8.2 Processing techniques
8.3 Benefits of recycling
9 Repair as a means of reducing electronic waste
10 Electronic waste classification
11 Electronic waste substances
11.1 Hazardous
11.2 Generally non-hazardous
12 Human health and safety
12.1 Residents living near the recycling sites
12.1.1 Prenatal exposure and neonates' health
12.1.2 Children
12.2 E-waste recycling workers
12.2.1 Informal and formal industries
12.2.2 Hazard controls
13 See also
14 References
15 Further reading
16 External links
Definition
Hoarding (left), disassembling (center) and collecting (right) electronic waste in Bengaluru, India
E-waste or electronic waste is created when an electronic product is discarded after the end of its useful life. The rapid expansion of technology and the consumption driven society results in the creation of a very large amount of e-waste. The European Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive Directive classifies waste in ten categories: Large household appliances (including cooling and freezing appliances), Small household appliances, IT equipment (including monitors), Consumer electronics (including TVs), Lamps and Luminaires, Toys, Tools, Medical devices, Monitoring and control instruments and Automatic dispensers. These include used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal as well as re-usables (working and repairable electronics) and secondary raw materials (copper, steel, plastic, etc.). The term "waste" is reserved for residue or material which is dumped by the buyer rather than recycled, including residue from reuse and recycling operations, because loads of surplus electronics are frequently commingled (good, recyclable, and non-recyclable). Several public policy advocates apply the term "e-waste" and "e-scrap" broadly to all surplus electronics. Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) are considered one of the hardest types to recycle.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_458170263#6_496616887
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Title: Electronic waste - Wikipedia
Headings: Electronic waste
Electronic waste
Contents
Definition
Quantity
E-waste data 2016
E-waste data 2019
E-waste legislative frameworks
The Solving the E-waste Problem (StEP) initiative
Waste Electrical & Electronic Equipment (WEEE)
EU commission Legislation on Batteries & Accumulators (Batteries Directive)
European Union regulations on e-waste
International agreements
Global trade issues
Trade
Guiyu
Other informal e-waste recycling sites
Environmental impact
The environmental impact of the processing of different electronic waste components
Research
Information security
Recycling
Consumer awareness efforts
Processing techniques
Benefits of recycling
Repair as a means of reducing electronic waste
Electronic waste classification
Electronic waste substances
Hazardous
Generally non-hazardous
Human health and safety
Residents living near the recycling sites
Prenatal exposure and neonates' health
Children
E-waste recycling workers
Informal and formal industries
Hazard controls
See also
Policy and conventions:
Organizations:
Security:
General:
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Debate continues over the distinction between "commodity" and "waste" electronics definitions. Some exporters are accused of deliberately leaving difficult-to-recycle, obsolete, or non-repairable equipment mixed in loads of working equipment (though this may also come through ignorance, or to avoid more costly treatment processes). Protectionists may broaden the definition of "waste" electronics in order to protect domestic markets from working secondary equipment. The high value of the computer recycling subset of electronic waste (working and reusable laptops, desktops, and components like RAM) can help pay the cost of transportation for a larger number of worthless pieces than what can be achieved with display devices, which have less (or negative) scrap value. In A 2011 report, "Ghana E-Waste Country Assessment", found that of 215,000 tons of electronics imported to Ghana, 30% were brand new and 70% were used. Of the used product, the study concluded that 15% was not reused and was scrapped or discarded. This contrasts with published but uncredited claims that 80% of the imports into Ghana were being burned in primitive conditions. Quantity
A fragment of a discarded circuit board. E-waste is considered the "fastest-growing waste stream in the world" with 44.7 million tonnes generated in 2016- equivalent to 4500 Eiffel towers. In 2018, an estimated 50 million tonnes of e-waste was reported, thus the name ‘tsunami of e-waste’ given by the UN.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_458170263#10_496627841
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Title: Electronic waste - Wikipedia
Headings: Electronic waste
Electronic waste
Contents
Definition
Quantity
E-waste data 2016
E-waste data 2019
E-waste legislative frameworks
The Solving the E-waste Problem (StEP) initiative
Waste Electrical & Electronic Equipment (WEEE)
EU commission Legislation on Batteries & Accumulators (Batteries Directive)
European Union regulations on e-waste
International agreements
Global trade issues
Trade
Guiyu
Other informal e-waste recycling sites
Environmental impact
The environmental impact of the processing of different electronic waste components
Research
Information security
Recycling
Consumer awareness efforts
Processing techniques
Benefits of recycling
Repair as a means of reducing electronic waste
Electronic waste classification
Electronic waste substances
Hazardous
Generally non-hazardous
Human health and safety
Residents living near the recycling sites
Prenatal exposure and neonates' health
Children
E-waste recycling workers
Informal and formal industries
Hazard controls
See also
Policy and conventions:
Organizations:
Security:
General:
References
Further reading
External links
Content: The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that only 15–20% of e-waste is recycled, the rest of these electronics go directly into landfills and incinerators. Electronic waste at Agbogbloshie, Ghana
In 2006, the United Nations estimated the amount of worldwide electronic waste discarded each year to be 50 million metric tons. According to a report by UNEP titled, "Recycling – from E-Waste to Resources," the amount of e-waste being produced – including mobile phones and computers – could rise by as much as 500 percent over the next decade in some countries, such as India. The United States is the world leader in producing electronic waste, tossing away about 3 million tons each year. China already produces about 2.3 million tons (2010 estimate) domestically, second only to the United States. And, despite having banned e-waste imports. China remains a major e-waste dumping ground for developed countries. Society today revolves around technology and by the constant need for the newest and most high-tech products we are contributing to a mass amount of e-waste. Since the invention of the iPhone, cell phones have become the top source of e-waste products because they are not made to last more than two years. Electrical waste contains hazardous but also valuable and scarce materials.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_458289946#0_496632578
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Title: Electronic waste in China - Wikipedia
Headings: Electronic waste in China
Electronic waste in China
Contents
Process of electronic waste
Sources
Treatment
Informal sector
Environmental and health impacts
Affected regions
Guiyu
Taizhou
International agreements on electronic waste
Basel Convention
Domestic measures
National legislation
Provincial programmes
Corporate initiatives
Legislative inadequacies
See also
References
Content: Electronic waste in China - Wikipedia
Electronic waste in China
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Electronic waste is a serious environmental issue in China. China is the largest importer of e-waste and is home to most of the world's largest dumpsites. Rapid economic growth, coupled with the world's increasing demand for electronics has dramatically increased the amount of e-waste being disposed of. Roughly 70% of this global e-waste ends up in China. While the e-waste disposal sector is responsible for many jobs in rural Southeastern China, it has also posed environmental and health risks by releasing toxic pollutants. Most of these risks arise from the fact that 60% of the e-waste is processed in informal recycling centers by unskilled ill-equipped manual labour. This e-waste is often processed through crude, informal practices, causing serious environmental damage and permanent health risks in areas surrounding the disposal sites. While the Chinese government and the international community have taken action to regulate e-waste management, ineffective enforcement has been an obstacle to mitigating the consequences of e-waste. Contents
1 Process of electronic waste
1.1 Sources
1.2 Treatment
1.3 Informal sector
2 Environmental and health impacts
3 Affected regions
3.1 Guiyu
3.2 Taizhou
4 International agreements on electronic waste
4.1 Basel Convention
5 Domestic measures
5.1 National legislation
5.2 Provincial programmes
6 Corporate initiatives
7 Legislative inadequacies
8 See also
9 References
Process of electronic waste
Sources
China receives pollution from both ends of the supply chain: during production process and by allowing electronic waste to be recycled and dumped in the country.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_in_China
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_458289946#1_496634993
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Title: Electronic waste in China - Wikipedia
Headings: Electronic waste in China
Electronic waste in China
Contents
Process of electronic waste
Sources
Treatment
Informal sector
Environmental and health impacts
Affected regions
Guiyu
Taizhou
International agreements on electronic waste
Basel Convention
Domestic measures
National legislation
Provincial programmes
Corporate initiatives
Legislative inadequacies
See also
References
Content: Most of these risks arise from the fact that 60% of the e-waste is processed in informal recycling centers by unskilled ill-equipped manual labour. This e-waste is often processed through crude, informal practices, causing serious environmental damage and permanent health risks in areas surrounding the disposal sites. While the Chinese government and the international community have taken action to regulate e-waste management, ineffective enforcement has been an obstacle to mitigating the consequences of e-waste. Contents
1 Process of electronic waste
1.1 Sources
1.2 Treatment
1.3 Informal sector
2 Environmental and health impacts
3 Affected regions
3.1 Guiyu
3.2 Taizhou
4 International agreements on electronic waste
4.1 Basel Convention
5 Domestic measures
5.1 National legislation
5.2 Provincial programmes
6 Corporate initiatives
7 Legislative inadequacies
8 See also
9 References
Process of electronic waste
Sources
China receives pollution from both ends of the supply chain: during production process and by allowing electronic waste to be recycled and dumped in the country. Large amounts of foreign e-waste, mostly from the developed Western world, have been imported into China since the 1970s. Cheaper labor and lax environmental standards attracted e-waste from developed countries that could save much of the cost of processing the waste domestically. By 2000, China was the largest importer of e-waste in the world. Although the Chinese government enacted a ban on the import of waste in 2002, much of the world's e-waste is still smuggled in via illegal channels, often through Hong Kong or Southeast Asia. A 2013 study by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) examining the e-waste trade showed that most of the e-waste originating in developed countries, such as the US, Japan, Korea, and various countries in the European Union (EU), was illegally bound for developing countries, including China.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_in_China
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_458289946#4_496641536
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Title: Electronic waste in China - Wikipedia
Headings: Electronic waste in China
Electronic waste in China
Contents
Process of electronic waste
Sources
Treatment
Informal sector
Environmental and health impacts
Affected regions
Guiyu
Taizhou
International agreements on electronic waste
Basel Convention
Domestic measures
National legislation
Provincial programmes
Corporate initiatives
Legislative inadequacies
See also
References
Content: This amount is expected to continue rising with China's economic development, technical innovation, and urbanization as more electronics are created and consumed, and disposed. The major sources of e-waste processed in China are households, domestic institutions, such as schools, hospitals, and government agencies and businesses, and equipment manufacturers. This e-waste is usually channeled through: second-hand markets where reusable devices can be re-sold at reasonable prices, (illegal) donation systems that send used home appliances to poorer rural areas of western China, or through peddlers who re-sell e-wastes to dealers. The third channel is the most common form of e-waste management in China, which creates a massive informal sector. Treatment
Most of this e-waste is sent to recycling sites in order to extract precious metals and organic materials to be resold for economic value. The most common form of e-waste treatment used in China is the “physical/mechanical method” that separates the difference elements in each electronic device through manual dismantling and chemical separation. This often involves rudimentary practices, such as heating circuit boards, cutting cables and wires, chipping and melting plastics, and extracting precious metals through acid leaching and incineration. These operations, such as strong acid leaching and the open burning of heavy materials, have resulted in the release of toxic metals and pollutants. Informal sector
The majority of e-waste recycling in China takes place illegally within the informal sector.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_in_China
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_458289946#5_496643753
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Title: Electronic waste in China - Wikipedia
Headings: Electronic waste in China
Electronic waste in China
Contents
Process of electronic waste
Sources
Treatment
Informal sector
Environmental and health impacts
Affected regions
Guiyu
Taizhou
International agreements on electronic waste
Basel Convention
Domestic measures
National legislation
Provincial programmes
Corporate initiatives
Legislative inadequacies
See also
References
Content: Treatment
Most of this e-waste is sent to recycling sites in order to extract precious metals and organic materials to be resold for economic value. The most common form of e-waste treatment used in China is the “physical/mechanical method” that separates the difference elements in each electronic device through manual dismantling and chemical separation. This often involves rudimentary practices, such as heating circuit boards, cutting cables and wires, chipping and melting plastics, and extracting precious metals through acid leaching and incineration. These operations, such as strong acid leaching and the open burning of heavy materials, have resulted in the release of toxic metals and pollutants. Informal sector
The majority of e-waste recycling in China takes place illegally within the informal sector. The informal sector is constructed of a system of small-scaled, often family-run workshops and “backyard” recycling sectors. It is generally run by peddlers traveling door-to-door offering marginal fees for disposal of obsolescent appliances. These peddlers then resell these devices to e-waste dealers. The informal recycling method consists mainly of manual, unskilled labor and is inherently mobile. Informal recycling operations also commonly occur in suburban areas where they lack effective enforcement and control.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_in_China
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_458289946#6_496645752
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Title: Electronic waste in China - Wikipedia
Headings: Electronic waste in China
Electronic waste in China
Contents
Process of electronic waste
Sources
Treatment
Informal sector
Environmental and health impacts
Affected regions
Guiyu
Taizhou
International agreements on electronic waste
Basel Convention
Domestic measures
National legislation
Provincial programmes
Corporate initiatives
Legislative inadequacies
See also
References
Content: The informal sector is constructed of a system of small-scaled, often family-run workshops and “backyard” recycling sectors. It is generally run by peddlers traveling door-to-door offering marginal fees for disposal of obsolescent appliances. These peddlers then resell these devices to e-waste dealers. The informal recycling method consists mainly of manual, unskilled labor and is inherently mobile. Informal recycling operations also commonly occur in suburban areas where they lack effective enforcement and control. A main concern around the informal sector is that most peddlers and dealers lack knowledge and access to adequate equipment and technologies for safe e-waste disposal. Studies measured higher potential health risks from heavy metals at informal e-waste recycling sites than in formal recycling sites, such as those operating in Jiangsu and Shanghai. Nonetheless, it is a very profitable market in China thanks to low wages, high demand for used electronics, used parts and materials. While there have been centralized efforts to mitigate these risks through formalizing the e-waste management sector, the informal sector still dominates the e-waste collection system. Environmental and health impacts
Most e-waste recycling sites in China lack the appropriate facilities to safeguard environmental and human health.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_in_China
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_458289946#7_496647737
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Title: Electronic waste in China - Wikipedia
Headings: Electronic waste in China
Electronic waste in China
Contents
Process of electronic waste
Sources
Treatment
Informal sector
Environmental and health impacts
Affected regions
Guiyu
Taizhou
International agreements on electronic waste
Basel Convention
Domestic measures
National legislation
Provincial programmes
Corporate initiatives
Legislative inadequacies
See also
References
Content: A main concern around the informal sector is that most peddlers and dealers lack knowledge and access to adequate equipment and technologies for safe e-waste disposal. Studies measured higher potential health risks from heavy metals at informal e-waste recycling sites than in formal recycling sites, such as those operating in Jiangsu and Shanghai. Nonetheless, it is a very profitable market in China thanks to low wages, high demand for used electronics, used parts and materials. While there have been centralized efforts to mitigate these risks through formalizing the e-waste management sector, the informal sector still dominates the e-waste collection system. Environmental and health impacts
Most e-waste recycling sites in China lack the appropriate facilities to safeguard environmental and human health. This results in the leaking of massive amounts of toxic chemicals, such as mercury, lead, and cadmium. Without the proper methods and necessary safety precautions, e-waste is directly responsible for deteriorating health and environment in China's e-waste hotspots. Residents in major e-waste recycling sites face a potential higher daily intake of heavy metal. Residents are exposed to the hazardous e-waste remnants though inhalation from air, dietary intake, soil/dust ingestion and skin contact. This has created serious health risks for people in these regions.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_in_China
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_458289946#8_496649757
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Title: Electronic waste in China - Wikipedia
Headings: Electronic waste in China
Electronic waste in China
Contents
Process of electronic waste
Sources
Treatment
Informal sector
Environmental and health impacts
Affected regions
Guiyu
Taizhou
International agreements on electronic waste
Basel Convention
Domestic measures
National legislation
Provincial programmes
Corporate initiatives
Legislative inadequacies
See also
References
Content: This results in the leaking of massive amounts of toxic chemicals, such as mercury, lead, and cadmium. Without the proper methods and necessary safety precautions, e-waste is directly responsible for deteriorating health and environment in China's e-waste hotspots. Residents in major e-waste recycling sites face a potential higher daily intake of heavy metal. Residents are exposed to the hazardous e-waste remnants though inhalation from air, dietary intake, soil/dust ingestion and skin contact. This has created serious health risks for people in these regions. Studies have also found greater soil and groundwater contamination in e-waste processing sites, as well as a higher cancer incidence. Special concern has been risen for children, as their potential health risk was measured to be 8 times that for adult e-waste workers due to their smaller size and higher ingestion rate. Affected regions
The main region where the e-waste is shipped to is the Guangdong province, situated along China's south east coast. From there it is spreading to other regions such as Zhejiang, Shanghai, Tianjin, Hunan, Fujian and Shandong. All of these regions are located along China's entire east coast.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_in_China
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_458314113#2_496664201
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Title: Electronic waste in Guiyu - Wikipedia
Headings: Electronic waste in Guiyu
Electronic waste in Guiyu
Contents
Health impacts
Economic rationale
Media coverage
Cleanup efforts
See also
References
External links
Content: Similarly, Agbogbloshie, in Ghana, is another example how thousands of tons of electronic waste from Europe is dumped in developing countries. Contents
1 Health impacts
2 Economic rationale
3 Media coverage
4 Cleanup efforts
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Health impacts
Once a rice village, the pollution has made Guiyu unable to produce crops for food and the water of the river is undrinkable. Many of the primitive recycling operations in Guiyu are toxic and dangerous to workers' health with 80% of children suffering from lead poisoning. Above-average miscarriage rates are also reported in the region. Workers use their bare hands to crack open electronics to strip away any parts that can be reused—including chips and valuable metals, such as gold, silver, etc. Workers also "cook" circuit boards to remove chips and solders, burn wires and other plastics to liberate metals such as copper; use highly corrosive and dangerous acid baths along the riverbanks to extract gold from the microchips; and sweep printer toner out of cartridges. Children are exposed to the dioxin -laden ash as the smoke billows around Guiyu, and finally settles on the area. The soil surrounding these factories has been saturated with lead, chromium, tin, and other heavy metals.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_in_Guiyu
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_458314113#12_496682367
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Title: Electronic waste in Guiyu - Wikipedia
Headings: Electronic waste in Guiyu
Electronic waste in Guiyu
Contents
Health impacts
Economic rationale
Media coverage
Cleanup efforts
See also
References
External links
Content: It can be done. Look at what happened with lead acid batteries. We discovered they were hazardous, new legislation enforced new ways of dealing with the batteries which led to an infrastructure being created. The key was making it easy for people and companies to participate. It took years to build. E-waste is going the same route. But attitudes have changed and we will get there," says Robert Houghton, president and founder of Redemtech, an asset management and recovery firm. Zheng Songming, head of the Guiyu Township government has published a decree to ban burning electronics in fires and soaking them in sulfuric acid, and promises supervision and fines for violations. Over 800 coal-burning furnaces have been destroyed because of this ordinance, and most notably, air quality has returned to Level II, now technically acceptable for habitation. In 2013, 《汕头市贵屿地区电子废物污染综合整治方案》 (Comprehensive Scheme of Resolving Electronic Waste Pollution of Guiyu region of Shantou City) was approved by Guangdong Province government.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_in_Guiyu
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_458314113#13_496683915
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Title: Electronic waste in Guiyu - Wikipedia
Headings: Electronic waste in Guiyu
Electronic waste in Guiyu
Contents
Health impacts
Economic rationale
Media coverage
Cleanup efforts
See also
References
External links
Content: E-waste is going the same route. But attitudes have changed and we will get there," says Robert Houghton, president and founder of Redemtech, an asset management and recovery firm. Zheng Songming, head of the Guiyu Township government has published a decree to ban burning electronics in fires and soaking them in sulfuric acid, and promises supervision and fines for violations. Over 800 coal-burning furnaces have been destroyed because of this ordinance, and most notably, air quality has returned to Level II, now technically acceptable for habitation. In 2013, 《汕头市贵屿地区电子废物污染综合整治方案》 (Comprehensive Scheme of Resolving Electronic Waste Pollution of Guiyu region of Shantou City) was approved by Guangdong Province government. Part of this scheme involves building and relocating all the workshops into an industrial ecology park where the wastes can be properly treated and recycled. In 2017, most workshops were merged into larger companies and moved to the National Ci
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_in_Guiyu
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_458328791#6_496702648
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Title: Electronic waste in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Electronic waste in the United States
Electronic waste in the United States
Contents
History of regulation
Environmental and health effects
Hazardous materials in electronic devices
Domestic effects
Global effects
United States legislation
Federal
State
United States' export of e-waste
Export results
TVs:
Mobile Phones:
Computers:
Monitors:
Re-export destination flows: Transport Sites
International unregulated e-waste junkyards
Improper dismantling and processing
Open burning
Waste storage for processing
Export responsibility
Regulation of e-waste
International regulation
Domestic regulation
Lobbying
Consumer recycling
Donation
Takeback
Reuse
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Organizations
Content: Due to the unregulated nature of the informal recycling sector in developing countries, US e-waste handlers could be exporting threats to human and environmental health. Hazardous materials in electronic devices
Electronic devices are combinations of hundreds of different types of materials; many of them are considered to be toxic when exposed to humans. Although present within the device, these toxic heavy metals have only been documented to become a health hazard once the device is broken down. The process of electrical device breakdown occurs in a variety of locations and settings (recycling sites, storage locations), yet becomes a prominent health hazard when broken down in domestic or international sites that do not have the correct equipment or recycling methods. When taken apart without proper recycling methods, tools, or protective wear, workers and residents become exposed to the toxic chemicals in the devices. E-waste negatively impacts health primarily through the exposure of heavy metal dioxins. Incinerating e-waste without proper workplace and environmental regulations poses a risk because it generates dioxins, which can cause cancer and plague the human body and environment for long periods of time. Moreover, open burning, a common practice in developing countries receiving e-waste, releases toxic fumes and dust that can be easily inhaled and effect nearby food sources and water bodies. In addition to direct exposure through open burning and dismantling, e-waste storages and landfills can result in leakage of dioxins into the natural surroundings area.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_in_the_United_States
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_458328791#7_496705257
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Title: Electronic waste in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Electronic waste in the United States
Electronic waste in the United States
Contents
History of regulation
Environmental and health effects
Hazardous materials in electronic devices
Domestic effects
Global effects
United States legislation
Federal
State
United States' export of e-waste
Export results
TVs:
Mobile Phones:
Computers:
Monitors:
Re-export destination flows: Transport Sites
International unregulated e-waste junkyards
Improper dismantling and processing
Open burning
Waste storage for processing
Export responsibility
Regulation of e-waste
International regulation
Domestic regulation
Lobbying
Consumer recycling
Donation
Takeback
Reuse
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Organizations
Content: When taken apart without proper recycling methods, tools, or protective wear, workers and residents become exposed to the toxic chemicals in the devices. E-waste negatively impacts health primarily through the exposure of heavy metal dioxins. Incinerating e-waste without proper workplace and environmental regulations poses a risk because it generates dioxins, which can cause cancer and plague the human body and environment for long periods of time. Moreover, open burning, a common practice in developing countries receiving e-waste, releases toxic fumes and dust that can be easily inhaled and effect nearby food sources and water bodies. In addition to direct exposure through open burning and dismantling, e-waste storages and landfills can result in leakage of dioxins into the natural surroundings area. These dioxins are able to permeate the soil and contaminate ground water and nearby vegetation; not only does ecological contamination negatively affect overall ecosystem function, but it is another method in which all living organisms' health risks increase dramatically. A few of these chemicals include: Flame retardants: Some flame retardants like Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs), which can be found in e-waste plastic to make electronic products more flame resistant, are emitted into the environment through e-waste dismantling and become dust and air.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_in_the_United_States
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_458665370#2_497051331
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Title: Electronics technician - Wikipedia
Headings: Electronics technician
Electronics technician
Contents
Education and training
Career prospects
References
Further reading
Content: Many 2-year associate degree programs accredited by the Technology Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) include at least college algebra and trigonometry and one or two basic science courses. Depending on the specialty, more math or science may be required. About 200 ABET-accredited programs are offered in engineering technology specialities. ABET-accredited electronics technician programs usually require at least two mathematics courses and two physics courses in addition to the core competencies. Electronics technician curriculum generally consists of courses in basic electricity and electronics, including Ohm's Law, Parallel and Series Circuits, Magnetism, AC/DC Circuits, Capacitance, Inductance, Transformers, Resonance, Filters, Semiconductors, Transistors, Amplifiers, Integrated Circuits and Digital electronics. In addition to vocational learning outcomes associated with the study of electronics and control systems, graduates of electronics technician programs are also expected to have essential employability skills and meet certain general education learning outcomes. Individual schools largely determine the specific program structure, delivery methods, and other curriculum components to be used to assist students in achieving the required program outcomes. A significant component of course material includes laboratory experimentation. These lab courses and projects often represent up to 50% of the course material and are used to reinforce theoretical concepts associated with the study of electronics. Schools offering electronics technician programs will have electronics laboratories to support the delivery of course curriculum.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_technician
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_458665370#3_497053409
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Title: Electronics technician - Wikipedia
Headings: Electronics technician
Electronics technician
Contents
Education and training
Career prospects
References
Further reading
Content: In addition to vocational learning outcomes associated with the study of electronics and control systems, graduates of electronics technician programs are also expected to have essential employability skills and meet certain general education learning outcomes. Individual schools largely determine the specific program structure, delivery methods, and other curriculum components to be used to assist students in achieving the required program outcomes. A significant component of course material includes laboratory experimentation. These lab courses and projects often represent up to 50% of the course material and are used to reinforce theoretical concepts associated with the study of electronics. Schools offering electronics technician programs will have electronics laboratories to support the delivery of course curriculum. Historically, these laboratories have been traditional "hands on" learning environments, although in recent years the trend is moving towards electronics simulation software such as Multisim and CircuitLogix. Electronics software simulation is also used in conjunction with traditional labs to provide greater opportunities for students to complete laboratory projects as part of their studies. Career prospects
The demand for jobs in the electronics engineering and service fields is the result of a recent proliferation of both consumer and industrial electronics products. The design, installation, servicing and maintenance of this equipment has created significant employment opportunities in the electronics industry. Typical job-related activities may involve:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_technician
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_459701484#3_498433935
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Title: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard - Wikipedia
Headings: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Background
Composition
Genre
Poem
Themes
Influence
Poetic parallels
Adaptations and parodies
Translations
Other media
Critical response
20th-century response
References
Bibliography
External links
Content: In 1749, several events occurred that caused Gray stress. On 7 November, Mary Antrobus, Gray's aunt, died; her death devastated his family. The loss was compounded a few days later by news that his friend since childhood Horace Walpole had been almost killed by two highwaymen. Although Walpole survived and later joked about the event, the incident disrupted Gray's ability to pursue his scholarship. The events dampened the mood that Christmas, and Antrobus's death was ever fresh in the minds of the Gray family. As a side effect, the events caused Gray to spend much of his time contemplating his own mortality. As he began to contemplate various aspects of mortality, he combined his desire to determine a view of order and progress present in the Classical world with aspects of his own life. With spring nearing, Gray questioned if his own life would enter into a sort of rebirth cycle or, should he die, if there would be anyone to remember him. Gray's meditations during spring 1750 turned to how individuals' reputations would survive.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegy_Written_in_a_Country_Churchyard
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_469020478#19_508619650
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Title: Elizabeth, West Virginia - Wikipedia
Headings: Elizabeth, West Virginia
Elizabeth, West Virginia
Contents
History
Geography
Climate
Demographics
2010 census
2000 census
References
Content: Archived from the original on 2012-01-24. Retrieved 2013-01-24. ^ Climate Summary for Elizabeth, West Virginia
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. v
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Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth,_West_Virginia&oldid=1021943444 "
Categories: County seats in West Virginia
Little Kanawha River
Populated places established in 1796
Towns in Wirt County, West Virginia
1796 establishments in Virginia
Hidden categories: Articles with short description
Short description is different from Wikidata
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Title: Elk Garden, West Virginia - Wikipedia
Headings: Elk Garden, West Virginia
Elk Garden, West Virginia
Contents
Geography
Transportation
Demographics
2010 census
2000 census
References
External links
Content: United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2012-01-25. Retrieved 2013-01-24. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elk Garden, West Virginia. Town of Elk Garden website
Elk Garden Primary School
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Title: Emasculation - Wikipedia
Headings: Emasculation
Emasculation
Contents
Method
Medical consequences
Reasons
Cultural
Imperial China
Middle East
Religious
Skoptsy
Hijra
Punishment
Ancient China
Europe
Gender affirmation
Transsexuality
Self-inflicted
Transgender
Mental disorder
Involuntary or accidental
Other meanings
See also
Notes
References
Content: Emasculation - Wikipedia
Emasculation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Emasculate" redirects here. For the song by Dorian Electra, see Flamboyant (album). Not to be confused with Castration. Removal of male sex organs
A painting of Cronus emasculating Uranus, c. 1501
Emasculation is the removal of both the penis and the testicles, the external male sex organs. It differs from castration, which is the removal of the testicles only, although the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. The potential medical consequences of emasculation are more extensive than those associated with castration, as the removal of the penis gives rise to a unique series of complications. There are a range of religious, cultural, punitive, and personal reasons why someone may choose to emasculate themselves or another person. Consensual emasculation may be seen as a form of body modification which enhances a recipient's connection with the community or sense of self. By comparison, non-consensual emasculations, such as those performed punitively or accidentally, may constitute genital mutilation. The medical treatment for an emasculated person differs depending on whether the procedure was consensual or not.
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Title: Emma González - Wikipedia
Headings: Emma González
Emma González
Contents
Early life and education
Advocacy
"We Call B.S." speech at the Rally to Support Firearm Safety Legislation
Subsequent activism and media appearances
Speech at March for Our Lives
New laws
Continuing advocacy
Attacks and conspiracy theories
Attacks by Steve King and response
Personal life
Works
References
External links
Content: NBC News called their "one of the most visible student activists to emerge from the shooting..." In a nationally televised interview on 60 Minutes, González described the idea of arming teachers in classrooms with guns as "stupid." In March 2018, González was on the cover of Time magazine along with fellow activists Jaclyn Corin, David Hogg, Cameron Kasky, and Alex Wind. That same month they were profiled by France 24. Protesters react as González remains silent as part of their speech at the March for Our Lives on March 24, 2018. Speech at March for Our Lives
González and other students, including fellow Parkland survivors Hogg, Kasky, and Sarah Chadwick, organized and participated in the nationwide March for Our Lives protest on March 24, 2018, with a focus on speakers and a march in Washington, DC. González spoke for six minutes, the length of time of the Parkland shooting, and paid tribute to the victims by mentioning each one by name and giving examples of things they would never again be able to do. They followed this by several minutes of silence. González was interviewed on MSNBC at the march, stating people needed to "empathize rather than feel apathy" and calling for young people to register to vote. New laws
In March 2018, the Florida Legislature passed a bill titled the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School Public Safety Act. It raises the minimum age for buying firearms to 21, establishes waiting periods and background checks, provides a program for the arming of some teachers and the hiring of school police, bans bump stocks, and bars potentially violent or mentally unhealthy people arrested under certain laws from possessing guns.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Gonz%C3%A1lez
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_495736149#11_539565405
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Title: Emma González - Wikipedia
Headings: Emma González
Emma González
Contents
Early life and education
Advocacy
"We Call B.S." speech at the Rally to Support Firearm Safety Legislation
Subsequent activism and media appearances
Speech at March for Our Lives
New laws
Continuing advocacy
Attacks and conspiracy theories
Attacks by Steve King and response
Personal life
Works
References
External links
Content: González spoke for six minutes, the length of time of the Parkland shooting, and paid tribute to the victims by mentioning each one by name and giving examples of things they would never again be able to do. They followed this by several minutes of silence. González was interviewed on MSNBC at the march, stating people needed to "empathize rather than feel apathy" and calling for young people to register to vote. New laws
In March 2018, the Florida Legislature passed a bill titled the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School Public Safety Act. It raises the minimum age for buying firearms to 21, establishes waiting periods and background checks, provides a program for the arming of some teachers and the hiring of school police, bans bump stocks, and bars potentially violent or mentally unhealthy people arrested under certain laws from possessing guns. In all, the law allocates around $400 million for implementation. Rick Scott signed the bill into law on March 9. The governor commented, "To the students of Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, you made your voices heard. You didn't let up and you fought until there was change." Continuing advocacy
In May 2018 González met with James Shaw Jr., a man who prevented further bloodshed at a mass shooting in a Waffle House restaurant by rushing the attacker and taking away his AR-15 rifle and saving more lives;
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Title: Roman emperor - Wikipedia
Headings: Roman emperor
Roman emperor
Contents
Background and beginning
Classical period
Imperator
Princeps
Evolution in Late Antiquity
Titles and positions
Powers
Lineages and epochs
Principate
Crisis of the Third Century
Dominate
Decline of the Western Roman Empire
Post-classical assertions to the title
Survival of the Roman Empire in the East
Last Roman emperor
New Western lineage
See also
Lists
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
Content: The reign of Constantine the Great witnessed the replacement of the Caput Mundi from Rome to the city of Constantinople, formerly known as Byzantium, in 330 AD. The Western Roman Empire collapsed in the late 5th century after multiple invasions of imperial territory by Germanic barbarian tribes. Romulus Augustulus is often considered to be the last emperor of the West after his forced abdication in 476, although Julius Nepos maintained a claim recognized by the Eastern Empire to the title until his death in 480. Following Nepos' death, the Eastern emperor Zeno abolished the division of the position and proclaimed himself as the sole emperor of a reunited Roman Empire. Emperor Heraclius made diplomatic relations with the Companions of the Prophet Muhammad, but lost many territories after successful Islamic conquests. The Eastern imperial lineage continued to rule from Constantinople ("New Rome"); they continued to style themselves "emperor of the Romans" (later βασιλεύς Ῥωμαίων in Greek), but are often referred to in modern scholarship as Byzantine emperors. Constantine XI Palaiologos was the last Roman emperor in Constantinople, dying in the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire 's Mehmed II in 1453. The Muslim rulers then claimed the title of Caesar of Rome . The "Byzantine" emperors from Heraclius in 629 and onwards adopted the title of basileus ( βασιλεύς ), which had originally meant king in Greek but became a title reserved solely for the Roman emperor and the ruler of the Sasanian Empire.
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Title: Ender's Game (film) - Wikipedia
Headings: Ender's Game
(film)
Ender's Game (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Plot
Cast
Production
Development
Casting
Filming
Media
Soundtrack
Books
Board game
Other merchandise
Marketing
Websites
Boycott
Release
Reception
Box office
Critical response
Home media
Potential sequel
See also
References
Informational notes
Citations
Further reading
External links
Official media sites
Movie databases
Other links
Content: Bonzo attacks Ender in the bathroom after the match, but Ender fights back. Bonzo falls during the struggle and is seriously injured. Distraught, Ender quits Battle School, but Graff has Ender's sister Valentine convince him to continue. Graff takes Ender to humanity's forward base on a former Formic planet near their homeworld to meet with an elder Rackham. Rackham explains that the Formics share a hive-mind mentality and how he exploited it to win the battle. Ender finds that his former squad members are also there to help him train in computerized simulations of large fleet combat; Rackham puts special emphasis on the fleet's Molecular Detachment (MD) Device that is capable of disintegrating matter. Ender's training is rigorous, and Anderson expresses concern over this, but Graff notes they have run out of time to replace Ender. Ender's final test is monitored by several fleet commanders. As the simulation starts, Ender finds his fleet over the Formic homeworld, vastly outnumbered.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender%27s_Game_(film)
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Title: Ender's Game (film) - Wikipedia
Headings: Ender's Game
(film)
Ender's Game (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Plot
Cast
Production
Development
Casting
Filming
Media
Soundtrack
Books
Board game
Other merchandise
Marketing
Websites
Boycott
Release
Reception
Box office
Critical response
Home media
Potential sequel
See also
References
Informational notes
Citations
Further reading
External links
Official media sites
Movie databases
Other links
Content: Ender finds that his former squad members are also there to help him train in computerized simulations of large fleet combat; Rackham puts special emphasis on the fleet's Molecular Detachment (MD) Device that is capable of disintegrating matter. Ender's training is rigorous, and Anderson expresses concern over this, but Graff notes they have run out of time to replace Ender. Ender's final test is monitored by several fleet commanders. As the simulation starts, Ender finds his fleet over the Formic homeworld, vastly outnumbered. He orders most of his fleet to sacrifice themselves to protect the MD long enough to fire on the homeworld. The resulting chain reaction burns over the surface of the planet, killing the entire population. The simulation ends, and Ender believes the test is over. The commanders restart the video screens, showing that Ender's army actually participated in live missions. While asleep, Ender is awoken by the Formic Queen and is directed to a Formic structure nearby as being similar to the ruined castle from the game.
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Title: Ender's Game (film) - Wikipedia
Headings: Ender's Game
(film)
Ender's Game (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Plot
Cast
Production
Development
Casting
Filming
Media
Soundtrack
Books
Board game
Other merchandise
Marketing
Websites
Boycott
Release
Reception
Box office
Critical response
Home media
Potential sequel
See also
References
Informational notes
Citations
Further reading
External links
Official media sites
Movie databases
Other links
Content: He orders most of his fleet to sacrifice themselves to protect the MD long enough to fire on the homeworld. The resulting chain reaction burns over the surface of the planet, killing the entire population. The simulation ends, and Ender believes the test is over. The commanders restart the video screens, showing that Ender's army actually participated in live missions. While asleep, Ender is awoken by the Formic Queen and is directed to a Formic structure nearby as being similar to the ruined castle from the game. The Queen acknowledges Ender's role in the genocide and moves to kill him, but when Ender shows remorse, she spares his life. It is determined that the Formic were only seeking a source of water and did not want conflict. The Queen gives Ender a Queen egg that she has been protecting. With the war ended, Ender is promoted to admiral, given a small ship, and left to his own devices. In a letter to Valentine, he confides that he is going into deep space, determined to start a new Formic colony with the Queen egg.
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Title: Ender's Game (film) - Wikipedia
Headings: Ender's Game
(film)
Ender's Game (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
Plot
Cast
Production
Development
Casting
Filming
Media
Soundtrack
Books
Board game
Other merchandise
Marketing
Websites
Boycott
Release
Reception
Box office
Critical response
Home media
Potential sequel
See also
References
Informational notes
Citations
Further reading
External links
Official media sites
Movie databases
Other links
Content: The Queen acknowledges Ender's role in the genocide and moves to kill him, but when Ender shows remorse, she spares his life. It is determined that the Formic were only seeking a source of water and did not want conflict. The Queen gives Ender a Queen egg that she has been protecting. With the war ended, Ender is promoted to admiral, given a small ship, and left to his own devices. In a letter to Valentine, he confides that he is going into deep space, determined to start a new Formic colony with the Queen egg. Cast
Further information: List of Ender's Game characters
Asa Butterfield as Andrew "Ender" Wiggin. Harrison Ford as Colonel Hyrum Graff. Hailee Steinfeld as Petra Arkanian
Viola Davis as Major Gwen Anderson, a psychologist who oversees the Battle School students. Ben Kingsley as Mazer Rackham, a war hero whose father was Maori.
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Title: Ender's Game (novel series) - Wikipedia
Headings: Ender's Game
(novel series)
Ender's Game (novel series)
Contents
Enderverse
Ender series
Shadow saga
Formic Wars
The First Formic War
The Second Formic War
Fleet School
Publications
Novels in the series
Publication date
Chronological order
Short stories in the series
First Meetings
Comic books in the series
Game
Manga
Audioplay
Film
Related
The Authorized Ender Companion
Ender's World: Fresh Perspectives on the SF Classic Ender's Game
Characters
Formics
See also
References
External links
Content: The series protagonist, Andrew "Ender" Wiggin, is one of the child soldiers trained at Battle School (and eventually Command School) to be the future leaders for the protection of Earth. Contents
1 Enderverse
1.1 Ender series
1.2 Shadow saga
1.3 Formic Wars
1.3.1 The First Formic War
1.3.2 The Second Formic War
1.4 Fleet School
2 Publications
2.1 Novels in the series
2.1.1 Publication date
2.1.2 Chronological order
2.2 Short stories in the series
2.2.1 First Meetings
2.3 Comic books in the series
2.4 Game
2.5 Manga
2.6 Audioplay
2.7 Film
3 Characters
3.1 Formics
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Enderverse
Ender series
Starting with Ender's Game, six novels have been released that tell the story of Ender. The first four have been described (and released as a box set) as The Ender Quartet and, together with Ender in Exile, as The Ender Quintet. Card first wrote Ender's Game as a novelette, but later expanded it into a novel. While the first novel concerned itself with armies and space warfare, Speaker for the Dead, Xenocide, and Children of the Mind are more philosophical in nature, dealing with the difficult relationship between the humans and the "Piggies" (or " Pequeninos "), and Andrew's (Ender's) attempts to stop another xenocide from happening. A War of Gifts: An Ender Story was released in October 2007. It is a parallel story set during Ender's first year in Battle School. Ender in Exile, which is both a sequel to Ender's Game and a prequel to Speaker for the Dead was released in November 2008. It involves Ender's journey to the first human colony on a former Formic world.
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Title: Ender's Game (novel series) - Wikipedia
Headings: Ender's Game
(novel series)
Ender's Game (novel series)
Contents
Enderverse
Ender series
Shadow saga
Formic Wars
The First Formic War
The Second Formic War
Fleet School
Publications
Novels in the series
Publication date
Chronological order
Short stories in the series
First Meetings
Comic books in the series
Game
Manga
Audioplay
Film
Related
The Authorized Ender Companion
Ender's World: Fresh Perspectives on the SF Classic Ender's Game
Characters
Formics
See also
References
External links
Content: A War of Gifts: An Ender Story was released in October 2007. It is a parallel story set during Ender's first year in Battle School. Ender in Exile, which is both a sequel to Ender's Game and a prequel to Speaker for the Dead was released in November 2008. It involves Ender's journey to the first human colony on a former Formic world. Because of changes Card made to a few details of the story of that first colony ship and Ender's role as governor, it serves as a replacement for the last chapter of Ender's Game. It also deals with his meeting a character from the parallel Shadow saga (effectively wrapping up a remaining plotline in the parallel series). Shadow saga
Starting with Ender's Shadow, five more novels have been released that tell the story of the people Ender left behind – this has been dubbed the Shadow saga (also known as the "Shadow Quintet"). Ender's Shadow is a parallel novel to Ender's Game, telling many of the same events from the perspective of Bean, a mostly peripheral character in Ender's Game, while the first three sequels, Shadow of the Hegemon, Shadow Puppets and Shadow of the Giant tell the story of the struggle for world dominance after the Bugger War. This involves the Battle School children, as well as Ender's brother, Peter Wiggin, and Petra Arkanian going up against Achilles de Flandres (from Poke's crew).
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Title: Ender Wiggin - Wikipedia
Headings: Ender Wiggin
Ender Wiggin
Contents
Ender's Game
Speaker for the Dead
Xenocide
Children of the Mind
Ender in Exile
References
External links
Content: Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. Find sources: " Ender Wiggin" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR
(January 2021)
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Ender Wiggin
Ender's Game character
First appearance
" Ender's Game "
Last appearance
Ender in Exile
Created by
Orson Scott Card
Portrayed by
Asa Butterfield (film)
Kirby Heyborne (audio play)
In-universe information
Alias
Speaker for the Dead, Ender the Xenocide
Occupation
Soldier, Speaker for the Dead
Family
John Paul Wiggin (father)
Theresa Wiggin (mother)
Peter Wiggin (brother)
Valentine Wiggin (sister)
Spouse
Novinha Ribeira
Children
Miro Ribeira (step-son)
Ela Ribeira (step-daughter)
Quim Ribeira (step-son)
Olhado Ribeira (step-son)
Quara Ribeira (step-daughter)
Grego Ribeira (step-son)
Andrew "Ender" Wiggin is a fictional character from Orson Scott Card 's 1985 science fiction novel Ender's Game and its sequels ( Speaker for the Dead, Xenocide, Children of the Mind, Ender in Exile ), as well as in the first part of the spin-off series, Ender's Shadow. The book series itself is an expansion, with some changes to detail, of Card's 1977 short story " Ender's Game ." In the 2013 film adaptation of Ender's Game, Ender is portrayed by Asa Butterfield . Contents
1 Ender's Game
2 Speaker for the Dead
3 Xenocide
4 Children of the Mind
5 Ender in Exile
6 References
7 External links
Ender's Game
In the first book of the series, Ender's Game, Ender is the youngest and most well rounded of three children; his parents conceived him contrary to the state's strict two-child policy. His existence was called for by a program aiming at producing commanders for humanity's war against the Formics, or "Buggers." He attends Battle School, an Earth -orbiting space station that trains similar prodigies.
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Title: Ender Wiggin - Wikipedia
Headings: Ender Wiggin
Ender Wiggin
Contents
Ender's Game
Speaker for the Dead
Xenocide
Children of the Mind
Ender in Exile
References
External links
Content: In the 2013 film adaptation of Ender's Game, Ender is portrayed by Asa Butterfield . Contents
1 Ender's Game
2 Speaker for the Dead
3 Xenocide
4 Children of the Mind
5 Ender in Exile
6 References
7 External links
Ender's Game
In the first book of the series, Ender's Game, Ender is the youngest and most well rounded of three children; his parents conceived him contrary to the state's strict two-child policy. His existence was called for by a program aiming at producing commanders for humanity's war against the Formics, or "Buggers." He attends Battle School, an Earth -orbiting space station that trains similar prodigies. He receives the same education as other children, but the military recognizes him as their best bet to be supreme commander and often manipulates its own rules to make sure Ender has the necessary technical skills and the right character for their ends. Expressly, Ender is conditioned to be entirely self-sufficient from a very young age. As a child, Ender is bullied at school for being a "Third," particularly by a bully named Stilson. After Stilson engages him in a fight, Ender beats him up so severely that the boy is hospitalized and subsequently dies, although Ender is not aware of this fact until much later. Ender is tormented by his brother Peter, a sadist who delights in killing small animals and tormenting other children, and who resents the attention Ender gets from the military.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_Wiggin
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_511518119#3_556113214
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Title: Ender Wiggin - Wikipedia
Headings: Ender Wiggin
Ender Wiggin
Contents
Ender's Game
Speaker for the Dead
Xenocide
Children of the Mind
Ender in Exile
References
External links
Content: He receives the same education as other children, but the military recognizes him as their best bet to be supreme commander and often manipulates its own rules to make sure Ender has the necessary technical skills and the right character for their ends. Expressly, Ender is conditioned to be entirely self-sufficient from a very young age. As a child, Ender is bullied at school for being a "Third," particularly by a bully named Stilson. After Stilson engages him in a fight, Ender beats him up so severely that the boy is hospitalized and subsequently dies, although Ender is not aware of this fact until much later. Ender is tormented by his brother Peter, a sadist who delights in killing small animals and tormenting other children, and who resents the attention Ender gets from the military. His only refuge is with his beloved sister Valentine, his protector, and only friend. When he is accepted into Battle School, he is brokenhearted at leaving her, but she assures him that they will always have a bond. At Battle School, Ender is exposed to significant emotional and mental anguish and even physical danger. The administration is forbidden from protecting him from harm, guaranteeing that he would never look to anybody else for help. Ender breezes through academics, his main interest being the centerpiece of the school:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_Wiggin
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_511518119#4_556114914
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Title: Ender Wiggin - Wikipedia
Headings: Ender Wiggin
Ender Wiggin
Contents
Ender's Game
Speaker for the Dead
Xenocide
Children of the Mind
Ender in Exile
References
External links
Content: His only refuge is with his beloved sister Valentine, his protector, and only friend. When he is accepted into Battle School, he is brokenhearted at leaving her, but she assures him that they will always have a bond. At Battle School, Ender is exposed to significant emotional and mental anguish and even physical danger. The administration is forbidden from protecting him from harm, guaranteeing that he would never look to anybody else for help. Ender breezes through academics, his main interest being the centerpiece of the school: a team-based three-dimensional laser tag competition in the zero-g Battle Room. He becomes a masterful player, then a masterful strategist, and is eventually assigned command of Dragon Army. He molds the group of untested and unwanted students into the most successful army in the history of the school (it is revealed in Ender's Shadow that Julian "Bean" Delphiki chose them). Ender's unprecedented success arouses his fellow commanders' jealousy, who subject him to steadily worse torment. The lead bully, Bonzo, confronts Ender in the shower and attempts to kill Ender, but fails.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_Wiggin
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_511518119#5_556116400
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Title: Ender Wiggin - Wikipedia
Headings: Ender Wiggin
Ender Wiggin
Contents
Ender's Game
Speaker for the Dead
Xenocide
Children of the Mind
Ender in Exile
References
External links
Content: a team-based three-dimensional laser tag competition in the zero-g Battle Room. He becomes a masterful player, then a masterful strategist, and is eventually assigned command of Dragon Army. He molds the group of untested and unwanted students into the most successful army in the history of the school (it is revealed in Ender's Shadow that Julian "Bean" Delphiki chose them). Ender's unprecedented success arouses his fellow commanders' jealousy, who subject him to steadily worse torment. The lead bully, Bonzo, confronts Ender in the shower and attempts to kill Ender, but fails. Ender, driven to defend himself because of the administration's lack of intervention, kills Bonzo to end the conflict but does not know it. This reinforces Ender's recurring role as the Ender of conflict, a personality trait favored by the administration. After the fight, they let Ender graduate from Battle School, never informing him that Bonzo died from his injuries. After graduating several years ahead of schedule, he is transferred to Command School on Eros. There he trains in interstellar fleet combat with holographic simulators.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_Wiggin
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_511518119#6_556117890
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Title: Ender Wiggin - Wikipedia
Headings: Ender Wiggin
Ender Wiggin
Contents
Ender's Game
Speaker for the Dead
Xenocide
Children of the Mind
Ender in Exile
References
External links
Content: Ender, driven to defend himself because of the administration's lack of intervention, kills Bonzo to end the conflict but does not know it. This reinforces Ender's recurring role as the Ender of conflict, a personality trait favored by the administration. After the fight, they let Ender graduate from Battle School, never informing him that Bonzo died from his injuries. After graduating several years ahead of schedule, he is transferred to Command School on Eros. There he trains in interstellar fleet combat with holographic simulators. After Ender masters the game under ordinary conditions, the game changes from one with direct control of ships to one where he relays commands to his friends and associates from Battle School: Julian "Bean" Delphiki, Alai, Shen, Petra Arkanian, Dink Meeker, Crazy Tom, Hot Soup, Fly Molo, Vlad, Dumper, and Carn Carby. Under the tutelage of Mazer Rackham, the legendary savior of humanity from the previous war, Ender and his trusted companions take on a grueling series of battles and emerge victorious each time, although the mounting pressure pushes Ender to the edge. The final battle takes place above a planet made by the simulator at command school. The fight is against an enemy with overwhelming numerical superiority.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_Wiggin
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_511518119#7_556119524
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Title: Ender Wiggin - Wikipedia
Headings: Ender Wiggin
Ender Wiggin
Contents
Ender's Game
Speaker for the Dead
Xenocide
Children of the Mind
Ender in Exile
References
External links
Content: After Ender masters the game under ordinary conditions, the game changes from one with direct control of ships to one where he relays commands to his friends and associates from Battle School: Julian "Bean" Delphiki, Alai, Shen, Petra Arkanian, Dink Meeker, Crazy Tom, Hot Soup, Fly Molo, Vlad, Dumper, and Carn Carby. Under the tutelage of Mazer Rackham, the legendary savior of humanity from the previous war, Ender and his trusted companions take on a grueling series of battles and emerge victorious each time, although the mounting pressure pushes Ender to the edge. The final battle takes place above a planet made by the simulator at command school. The fight is against an enemy with overwhelming numerical superiority. Ender perceives this as a grossly unfair test and resolves to win by breaking the rules. This, he thinks, would convince his instructors that he is not the man to lead the Fleet into battle with the Formics. Instead of fighting the enemy ship-to-ship, Ender penetrates their defensive perimeter and destroys the planet itself. Not until after the pandemonium that follows is he told that it was not a simulation: Instead of taking on Rackham in what they had thought was a long series of simulations, he and his classmates had been unknowingly issuing orders to real ships in real combat.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_Wiggin
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_511518119#8_556121206
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Title: Ender Wiggin - Wikipedia
Headings: Ender Wiggin
Ender Wiggin
Contents
Ender's Game
Speaker for the Dead
Xenocide
Children of the Mind
Ender in Exile
References
External links
Content: Ender perceives this as a grossly unfair test and resolves to win by breaking the rules. This, he thinks, would convince his instructors that he is not the man to lead the Fleet into battle with the Formics. Instead of fighting the enemy ship-to-ship, Ender penetrates their defensive perimeter and destroys the planet itself. Not until after the pandemonium that follows is he told that it was not a simulation: Instead of taking on Rackham in what they had thought was a long series of simulations, he and his classmates had been unknowingly issuing orders to real ships in real combat. The final battle consisted of the destruction of the Bugger homeworld and the apparent eradication of the Bugger species. Ender is hailed as a hero, but he is stricken with guilt for having unknowingly committed genocide . Valentine informs him that in the wake of the war, he would never be allowed to return to Earth due to her actions to protect him from Peter, who was becoming a major political force on Earth. He journeys with her to one of the colonies being established on the now-abandoned Bugger worlds. Once there, he discovers a fertilized pupa of a Queen Bugger, hidden in a place that the Buggers designed for him to discover by modeling it to resemble part of an interactive computer game he played during his years in the Battle School.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_Wiggin
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_511518119#9_556122911
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Title: Ender Wiggin - Wikipedia
Headings: Ender Wiggin
Ender Wiggin
Contents
Ender's Game
Speaker for the Dead
Xenocide
Children of the Mind
Ender in Exile
References
External links
Content: The final battle consisted of the destruction of the Bugger homeworld and the apparent eradication of the Bugger species. Ender is hailed as a hero, but he is stricken with guilt for having unknowingly committed genocide . Valentine informs him that in the wake of the war, he would never be allowed to return to Earth due to her actions to protect him from Peter, who was becoming a major political force on Earth. He journeys with her to one of the colonies being established on the now-abandoned Bugger worlds. Once there, he discovers a fertilized pupa of a Queen Bugger, hidden in a place that the Buggers designed for him to discover by modeling it to resemble part of an interactive computer game he played during his years in the Battle School. The buggers find out about it during his tormented dreams of them in Command School. The pupal Queen is capable of continuing the Bugger race. Through rudimentary telepathic communication with the Queen, he learned what he had begun to suspect before the war's end: The entire conflict had been a mistake, resulting in the inability of two alien species to communicate. He also learns from the Queen that the Buggers had regretted having mistakenly fought humans and forgiven Ender for destroying their world.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_511518119#10_556124537
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Title: Ender Wiggin - Wikipedia
Headings: Ender Wiggin
Ender Wiggin
Contents
Ender's Game
Speaker for the Dead
Xenocide
Children of the Mind
Ender in Exile
References
External links
Content: The buggers find out about it during his tormented dreams of them in Command School. The pupal Queen is capable of continuing the Bugger race. Through rudimentary telepathic communication with the Queen, he learned what he had begun to suspect before the war's end: The entire conflict had been a mistake, resulting in the inability of two alien species to communicate. He also learns from the Queen that the Buggers had regretted having mistakenly fought humans and forgiven Ender for destroying their world. Empathizing with the Queen, Ender promises to find her a home to grow where the humans would not annihilate the Buggers. To foster this eventual rebirth, Ender writes a book called The Hive Queen, which tells the story of the war from the Formic perspective. Ender uses the pseudonym Speaker for the Dead to author it. When Peter, who has advanced to the position of Hegemon of Earth, contacts him, the Speaker for the Dead, he writes a second novel, The Hegemon, a human parallel to the first book. The two are combined by popular culture, eventually becoming one of the founding texts of a quasi-religious practice on Earth's colonies.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_511518119#11_556126049
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Title: Ender Wiggin - Wikipedia
Headings: Ender Wiggin
Ender Wiggin
Contents
Ender's Game
Speaker for the Dead
Xenocide
Children of the Mind
Ender in Exile
References
External links
Content: Empathizing with the Queen, Ender promises to find her a home to grow where the humans would not annihilate the Buggers. To foster this eventual rebirth, Ender writes a book called The Hive Queen, which tells the story of the war from the Formic perspective. Ender uses the pseudonym Speaker for the Dead to author it. When Peter, who has advanced to the position of Hegemon of Earth, contacts him, the Speaker for the Dead, he writes a second novel, The Hegemon, a human parallel to the first book. The two are combined by popular culture, eventually becoming one of the founding texts of a quasi-religious practice on Earth's colonies. After writing the book, Ender and Valentine depart in a ship in an attempt to find a planet that would allow the Queen to grow and call their new home. Speaker for the Dead
Speaker for the Dead begins 3000 years after the events of Ender's Game. Ender is departing the planet where his sister Valentine has found a husband. He has also acquired an integrated computer by which he communicates with a powerful artificial intelligence known as Jane. Her existence is known only to Ender.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_Wiggin
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_511518119#12_556127538
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Title: Ender Wiggin - Wikipedia
Headings: Ender Wiggin
Ender Wiggin
Contents
Ender's Game
Speaker for the Dead
Xenocide
Children of the Mind
Ender in Exile
References
External links
Content: After writing the book, Ender and Valentine depart in a ship in an attempt to find a planet that would allow the Queen to grow and call their new home. Speaker for the Dead
Speaker for the Dead begins 3000 years after the events of Ender's Game. Ender is departing the planet where his sister Valentine has found a husband. He has also acquired an integrated computer by which he communicates with a powerful artificial intelligence known as Jane. Her existence is known only to Ender. He has taken the role of a Speaker for the Dead, keeping his identity as "Ender the Xenocide", who orchestrated the victory over the Formics, a secret. His books, "The Hive Queen" and "The Hegemon", in which he "spoke" for the dead Formics, was a self-critical work that was intended to portray Ender as a heartless monster who destroyed a sentient race. The name "Ender" is now considered a vile insult. Ender departs for the planet Lusitania, where a request has been made to "speak" on behalf of a researcher who has died from contact with the planet's indigenous species, the piggies. When he arrives at the planet 22 years later (relativity having aged him only slightly;
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_511518119#13_556129078
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Title: Ender Wiggin - Wikipedia
Headings: Ender Wiggin
Ender Wiggin
Contents
Ender's Game
Speaker for the Dead
Xenocide
Children of the Mind
Ender in Exile
References
External links
Content: He has taken the role of a Speaker for the Dead, keeping his identity as "Ender the Xenocide", who orchestrated the victory over the Formics, a secret. His books, "The Hive Queen" and "The Hegemon", in which he "spoke" for the dead Formics, was a self-critical work that was intended to portray Ender as a heartless monster who destroyed a sentient race. The name "Ender" is now considered a vile insult. Ender departs for the planet Lusitania, where a request has been made to "speak" on behalf of a researcher who has died from contact with the planet's indigenous species, the piggies. When he arrives at the planet 22 years later (relativity having aged him only slightly; less than two weeks) he finds that the original call for a Speaker has been rescinded. Two other requests, however, have been made to "speak" for more recent deaths. Ender discovers that both calls originated from the same family; the first from Novinha 's daughter Ela requesting someone speak for the death of Novinha's husband Marcos, and the second from her eldest son Miro, who has asked for a speaker for the researcher Libo . Ender begins to investigate the Marcos figure and has frequent contact with Novinha's family.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_514342032#0_559513117
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Title: Endowment effect - Wikipedia
Headings: Endowment effect
Endowment effect
Contents
Examples
Background
Theoretical explanations
Loss aversion
Psychological inertia
Reference-dependent accounts
Neoclassical explanations
Connection-based, or "psychological ownership" theories
Greater sensitivity to market demands for sellers
Biased information processing theories
Evolutionary arguments
Criticisms
Implications
See also
References
External links
Content: Endowment effect - Wikipedia
Endowment effect
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In psychology and behavioral economics, the endowment effect (also known as divestiture aversion and related to the mere ownership effect in social psychology) is the finding that people are more likely to retain an object they own than acquire that same object when they do not own it. The endowment theory can be defined as "an application of prospect theory positing that loss aversion associated with ownership explains observed exchange asymmetries." This is typically illustrated in two ways. In a valuation paradigm, people's maximum willingness to pay (WTP) to acquire an object is typically lower than the least amount they are willing to accept (WTA) to give up that same object when they own it—even when there is no cause for attachment, or even if the item was only obtained minutes ago. In an exchange paradigm, people given a good are reluctant to trade it for another good of similar value. For example, participants first given a Swiss chocolate bar were generally unwilling to trade it for a coffee mug, whereas participants first given the coffee mug were generally unwilling to trade it for the chocolate bar. A more controversial third paradigm used to elicit the endowment effect is the mere ownership paradigm, primarily used in experiments in psychology, marketing, and organizational behavior. In this paradigm, people who are randomly assigned to receive a good ("owners") evaluate it more positively than people who are not randomly assigned to receive the good ("controls"). The distinction between this paradigm and the first two is that it is not incentive-compatible. In other words, participants are not explicitly incentivized to reveal the extent to which they truly like or value the good.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endowment_effect
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_517567880#4_563201585
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Title: Energy in Russia - Wikipedia
Headings: Energy in Russia
Energy in Russia
Contents
Overview
Energy sources
Natural gas
Oil
Conventional oil
Oil shale
Natural bitumen and extra-heavy oil
Coal
Hydropower
Nuclear power
Renewable energy
Geothermal energy
Peat
Solar energy
Wind energy
Tidal energy
Electricity sector
Billionaires
Climate change
See also
References
Content: Russia has the world biggest natural gas reserves, mainly owned and operated by the Russian monopoly Gazprom, which produces 94% of Russia's natural gas production. In global context Gazprom holds 25% of the world's known gas reserves and produces 16% of global output. In 2011, Russia was the world's biggest natural gas producer with 677 billion cubic metres (23.9 trillion cubic feet) which accounted 20.0% of global natural gas production. It is also the biggest gas exporter with 196 billion cubic metres (6.9 trillion cubic feet). The main export markets of Russian natural gas are the European Union and the CIS. Russia supplies a quarter of the EU gas consumption, mainly via transit through Ukraine (Soyuz, Brotherhood) and Belarus ( Yamal-Europe pipeline ). The main importers are Germany (where links were developed as a result of Germany's Ostpolitik during the 1970s, and also Ukraine, Belarus, Italy, Turkey, France and Hungary . Oil
Main article: Oil industry of Russia
See also: List of countries by oil exports
Conventional oil
Russia is the largest oil producer in the non- OPEC countries, and second biggest in the world after Saudi Arabia, which it overtakes as the world's number one from time to time.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Russia
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_518076176#11_563754418
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Title: Energy policy - Wikipedia
Headings: Energy policy
Energy policy
Contents
Background
Private Energy Policy
National energy policy
Measures used to produce an energy policy
Factors within an energy policy
State, province or municipal energy policy
America
Brazil
Canada
United States
Europe
European Union
Germany
United Kingdom
The Soviet Union and Russia
Switzerland
Turkey
Asia
China
India
Thailand
Bangladesh
Oceania
Australia
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: In the United States, British thermal units (Btu), a measure of heat energy, is commonly used for comparing different types of energy to each other. In 2018, total U.S. primary energy consumption was equal to about 101,251,057,000,000,000 British thermal units (Btu), or about 101.3 quadrillion Btu. Main article: Energy policy of the United States
Europe
European Union
Main article: Energy policy of the European Union
The goal of the Southern Gas Corridor, which connects the giant Shah Deniz gas field in Azerbaijan to Europe, is to reduce Europe's dependency on Russian gas. Although the European Union has legislated, set targets, and negotiated internationally in the area of energy policy for many years, and evolved out of the European Coal and Steel Community, the concept of introducing a mandatory common European Union energy policy was only approved at the meeting of the European Council on October 27, 2005 in London. Following this the first policy proposals, Energy for a Changing World, were published by the European Commission, on January 10, 2007. The most well known energy policy objectives in the EU are 20/20/20 objectives, binding for all EU Member States. The EU is planning to increase the share of renewable energy in its final energy use to 20%, reduce greenhouse gases by 20% and increase energy efficiency by 20%. Germany
Main article:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_518399369#2_563935651
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Title: Energy policy of Russia - Wikipedia
Headings: Energy policy of Russia
Energy policy of Russia
Contents
Energy Strategy
Natural gas
Oil
Electricity
Climate change
Renewable energy
Russia and OPEC
Energy usage
Energy in foreign policy
Energy disputes
Azerbaijan and Armenia
Belarus
Czech Republic
Georgia
Lithuania
Poland
Ukraine
EU-Russia Energy Dialogue
Ratification of the Energy Charter Treaty
Controversies
Corruption
Oil-for-Food Programme
OPEC temporarily lowering the price of oil
See also
Footnotes
References
External links
Content: As percentages of the world's total reserves, Russia holds 54% of the gas, 46% of the coal, 14% of the uranium, and 13% of the oil. Russian oil production and export had increased significantly since 2000, and in 2006 temporarily exceeded Saudi Arabia's production. Since 2016, Russia is the top crude oil producer. Russia is also the world's largest energy producer. Russia is not a member of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) and presents itself as an alternative to Middle Eastern energy resources, asserting that it is in fact a "reliable energy supplier and that it only seeks to use its position as an important supplier to enhance global energy security". The Russian economy is heavily dependent on the export of natural resources such as oil and natural gas, and Russia has used these resources to its political advantage. Meanwhile, the US and other Western countries have worked to lessen the dependency of Europe on Russia and its resources. Starting in the mid-2000s, Russia and Ukraine had several disputes in which Russia threatened to cut off the supply of gas. As a great deal of Russia's gas is exported to Europe through the pipelines crossing Ukraine, those disputes affected several other European countries. Under Putin, special efforts were made to gain control over the European energy sector.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Russia
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_518399369#3_563937741
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Title: Energy policy of Russia - Wikipedia
Headings: Energy policy of Russia
Energy policy of Russia
Contents
Energy Strategy
Natural gas
Oil
Electricity
Climate change
Renewable energy
Russia and OPEC
Energy usage
Energy in foreign policy
Energy disputes
Azerbaijan and Armenia
Belarus
Czech Republic
Georgia
Lithuania
Poland
Ukraine
EU-Russia Energy Dialogue
Ratification of the Energy Charter Treaty
Controversies
Corruption
Oil-for-Food Programme
OPEC temporarily lowering the price of oil
See also
Footnotes
References
External links
Content: The Russian economy is heavily dependent on the export of natural resources such as oil and natural gas, and Russia has used these resources to its political advantage. Meanwhile, the US and other Western countries have worked to lessen the dependency of Europe on Russia and its resources. Starting in the mid-2000s, Russia and Ukraine had several disputes in which Russia threatened to cut off the supply of gas. As a great deal of Russia's gas is exported to Europe through the pipelines crossing Ukraine, those disputes affected several other European countries. Under Putin, special efforts were made to gain control over the European energy sector. Russian influence played a major role in canceling the construction of the Nabucco pipeline, which would have supplied natural gas from Azerbaijan, in favor of South Stream (though South Stream itself was also later canceled). Russia has also sought to create a Eurasian Economic Union consisting of itself and other post-Soviet countries. Contents
1 Energy Strategy
2 Natural gas
3 Oil
4 Electricity
5 Climate change
6 Renewable energy
7 Russia and OPEC
8 Energy usage
9 Energy in foreign policy
9.1 Energy disputes
9.1.1 Azerbaijan and Armenia
9.1.2 Belarus
9.1.3 Czech Republic
9.1.4 Georgia
9.1.5 Lithuania
9.1.6 Poland
9.1.7 Ukraine
9.2 EU-Russia Energy Dialogue
9.3 Ratification of the Energy Charter Treaty
10 Controversies
10.1 Corruption
10.2 Oil-for-Food Programme
10.3 OPEC temporarily lowering the price of oil
11 See also
12 Footnotes
13 References
14 External links
Energy Strategy
See also: Energy policy of the Soviet Union
The economy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was based on a system of state ownership of the means of production, collective farming, industrial manufacturing and centralized administrative planning. The economy was characterized by state control of investment, and public ownership of industrial assets.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_518399369#7_563948412
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Title: Energy policy of Russia - Wikipedia
Headings: Energy policy of Russia
Energy policy of Russia
Contents
Energy Strategy
Natural gas
Oil
Electricity
Climate change
Renewable energy
Russia and OPEC
Energy usage
Energy in foreign policy
Energy disputes
Azerbaijan and Armenia
Belarus
Czech Republic
Georgia
Lithuania
Poland
Ukraine
EU-Russia Energy Dialogue
Ratification of the Energy Charter Treaty
Controversies
Corruption
Oil-for-Food Programme
OPEC temporarily lowering the price of oil
See also
Footnotes
References
External links
Content: To that end, the long-term energy policy was to concentrate on energy safety, energy effectiveness, budget effectiveness and ecological energy security. The Energy Strategy defines the main priority of Russian energy strategy as an increase in energy efficiency (meaning decreasing of energy intensity in production and energy supply expenditures), reducing impact on the environment, sustainable development, energy development and technological development, as well as an improvement of effectiveness and competitiveness. Natural gas
See also: List of countries by natural gas proven reserves, List of countries by natural gas exports, and List of countries by natural gas production
Major Russian natural gas basins
The main natural gas producers in Russia are gas companies Gazprom, Novatek, Itera, Northgas and Rospan, and vertically integrated oil and gas companies Surgutneftegaz, TNK-BP, Rosneft and LUKOIL. Majority state-owned Gazprom has a monopoly of natural gas pipelines and has the exclusive right to export natural gas, granted by the Federal Law " On Gas Export ", which came into force on 20 July 2006. Gazprom also has control over all gas pipelines out of Central Asia, and thus controls access to the European market. Russia has used Central Asia's gas, primarily that from Turkmenistan, on occasions where it has found itself unable to meet all its delivery obligations from its own production. For example, in 2000 Gazprom allowing Turkmenistan to use its pipelines to supply gas to the Russian domestic market, to enable Gazprom to fulfil its obligations to European customers. Historically, the Medvezhye, Urengoy and Yamburg gas fields have made up the bulk of Gazprom's production. However, in the coming 10–20 years an increasing share of Gazprom's production will have to come from new fields.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_518399369#9_563953385
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Title: Energy policy of Russia - Wikipedia
Headings: Energy policy of Russia
Energy policy of Russia
Contents
Energy Strategy
Natural gas
Oil
Electricity
Climate change
Renewable energy
Russia and OPEC
Energy usage
Energy in foreign policy
Energy disputes
Azerbaijan and Armenia
Belarus
Czech Republic
Georgia
Lithuania
Poland
Ukraine
EU-Russia Energy Dialogue
Ratification of the Energy Charter Treaty
Controversies
Corruption
Oil-for-Food Programme
OPEC temporarily lowering the price of oil
See also
Footnotes
References
External links
Content: Recent developments such as Yen-Yakhinskoe, Yuzhno-Russkoye and West Pestsovoe in the Nadym-Pur-Taz area, which have all come on-stream since 2005, are relatively cost-efficient, being located close to the existing pipeline grid and other infrastructure. But they are not large enough to compensate for the decline in Gazprom's three core assets. Thus, the much larger Shtokman and Yamal developments will have to provide the bulk of new production capacity, by adding 70 and 200 BCM per year, respectively. Investments in the development of Shtokman and Yamal are forecast to account for over 40% of Gazprom's total expected capital expenditure over the next 20 years. Although Shtokman has been shelved at least for the time being due to relatively low gas prices and high costs, the project may still be resuscitated during the coming decades, depending on developments in unconventional gas and the supply–demand picture. Meanwhile, work on the largest field on the Yamal Peninsula, Bovanenkovo, is forging ahead. In any case, the complexity of these projects drives high field development costs, which in turn require a high gas price to be profitable. The Energy Strategy foresees non-Gazprom production rising from a share of 17% in 2008 to 25–30% by 2030, implying growth from 114 to about 245 BCM/year. The main export markets of Russian natural gas are the European Union and the CIS. Russia supplies a quarter of the EU gas consumption, mainly via transit through Ukraine (Soyuz, Brotherhood) and Belarus ( Yamal-Europe pipeline ).
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_518399369#10_563955689
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Title: Energy policy of Russia - Wikipedia
Headings: Energy policy of Russia
Energy policy of Russia
Contents
Energy Strategy
Natural gas
Oil
Electricity
Climate change
Renewable energy
Russia and OPEC
Energy usage
Energy in foreign policy
Energy disputes
Azerbaijan and Armenia
Belarus
Czech Republic
Georgia
Lithuania
Poland
Ukraine
EU-Russia Energy Dialogue
Ratification of the Energy Charter Treaty
Controversies
Corruption
Oil-for-Food Programme
OPEC temporarily lowering the price of oil
See also
Footnotes
References
External links
Content: Meanwhile, work on the largest field on the Yamal Peninsula, Bovanenkovo, is forging ahead. In any case, the complexity of these projects drives high field development costs, which in turn require a high gas price to be profitable. The Energy Strategy foresees non-Gazprom production rising from a share of 17% in 2008 to 25–30% by 2030, implying growth from 114 to about 245 BCM/year. The main export markets of Russian natural gas are the European Union and the CIS. Russia supplies a quarter of the EU gas consumption, mainly via transit through Ukraine (Soyuz, Brotherhood) and Belarus ( Yamal-Europe pipeline ). The main importers are Germany (where links were developed as a result of Germany's Ostpolitik during the 1970s, and also Ukraine, Belarus, Italy, Turkey, France and Hungary . In September 2009, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin said Russia would try to liberalize the domestic gas market in the near future but would maintain Gazprom's export monopoly in the medium term. Oil
See also: List of countries by proven oil reserves, List of countries by oil exports, and List of countries by oil production
Major Russian oil basins
Energy was the backbone of the Soviet economy. The 1973 oil embargo marked a turning point in Soviet society.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_518738162#6_564204733
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Title: Energy security - Wikipedia
Headings: Energy security
Energy security
Contents
Threats
Long-term security
Short-term security
Petroleum
Natural gas
Nuclear power
Renewable energy
See also
By area
References
Further reading
External links
Content: One of the possibilities include placing troops in the Caucasus region to police oil and gas pipelines. Long-term security
Long-term measures to increase energy security center on reducing dependence on any one source of imported energy, increasing the number of suppliers, exploiting native fossil fuel or renewable energy resources, and reducing overall demand through energy conservation measures. It can also involve entering into international agreements to underpin international energy trading relationships, such as the Energy Charter Treaty in Europe. All the concern coming from security threats on oil sources long term security measures will help reduce the future cost of importing and exporting fuel into and out of countries without having to worry about harm coming to the goods being transported. The impact of the 1973 oil crisis and the emergence of the OPEC cartel was a particular milestone that prompted some countries to increase their energy security. Japan, almost totally dependent on imported oil, steadily introduced the use of natural gas, nuclear power, high-speed mass transit systems, and implemented energy conservation measures. The United Kingdom began exploiting North Sea oil and gas reserves, and became a net exporter of energy into the 2000s. In other countries energy security has historically been a lower priority. The United States, for example, has continued to increase its dependency on imported oil although, following the oil price increases since 2003, the development of biofuels has been suggested as a means of addressing this. Increasing energy security is also one of the reasons behind a block on the development of natural gas imports in Sweden.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_security
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_518738162#9_564211127
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Title: Energy security - Wikipedia
Headings: Energy security
Energy security
Contents
Threats
Long-term security
Short-term security
Petroleum
Natural gas
Nuclear power
Renewable energy
See also
By area
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Many countries hold strategic petroleum reserves as a buffer against the economic and political impacts of an energy crisis. All 28 members of the International Energy Agency hold a minimum of 90 days of their oil imports, for example. The value of such reserves was demonstrated by the relative lack of disruption caused by the 2007 Russia-Belarus energy dispute, when Russia indirectly cut exports to several countries in the European Union. Due to the theories in peak oil and need to curb demand, the United States military and Department of Defense had made significant cuts, and have been making a number of attempts to come up with more efficient ways to use oil. Natural gas
Countries by natural gas proven reserves, based on data from The World Factbook, 2014
Compared to petroleum, reliance on imported natural gas creates significant short-term vulnerabilities. The gas conflicts between Ukraine and Russia of 2006 and 2009 serve as vivid examples of this. Many European countries saw an immediate drop in supply when Russian gas supplies were halted during the Russia-Ukraine gas dispute in 2006. Natural gas has been a viable source of energy in the world. Consisting of mostly methane, natural gas is produced using two methods: biogenic and thermogenic.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_518738162#11_564214314
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Title: Energy security - Wikipedia
Headings: Energy security
Energy security
Contents
Threats
Long-term security
Short-term security
Petroleum
Natural gas
Nuclear power
Renewable energy
See also
By area
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Biogenic gas comes from methanogenic organisms located in marshes and landfills, whereas thermogenic gas comes from the anaerobic decay of organic matter deep under the Earth's surface. Russia is one of the three current leading country in production of natural gas alongside USA and Saudi Arabia. One of the biggest problems currently facing natural gas providers is the ability to store and transport it. With its low density, it is difficult to build enough pipelines in North America to transport sufficient natural gas to match demand. These pipelines are reaching near capacity and even at full capacity do not produce the amount of gas needed. In the European Union, security of gas supply is protected by Regulation 2017/1938 of 25 October 2017, which concerns "measures to safeguard the security of gas supply" and took the place of the previous regulation 994/2010 on the same subject. EU policy operates on a number of regional groupings, a network of common gas security risk assessments, and a "solidarity mechanism", which would be activated in the eve
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_security
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_533664849#0_577869368
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Title: Pinworm (parasite) - Wikipedia
Headings: Pinworm (parasite)
Pinworm (parasite)
Contents
Classification
Morphology
Life cycle
Infection
Distribution
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: Pinworm (parasite) - Wikipedia
Pinworm (parasite)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Enterobius)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Species of worm
This article is about the organism. For the infection, see Pinworm infection. This article is about the nematode of the family Enterobius, known as pinworm in the US. For the different nematode known as pinworm in the rest of the world, see Strongyloides stercoralis. Pinworm
Pinworms (U.S.)/Threadworms (U.K.) ( Enterobius vermicularis )
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Nematoda
Class: Chromadorea
Order: Rhabditida
Family: Oxyuridae
Genus:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterobius
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_533664849#1_577870386
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Title: Pinworm (parasite) - Wikipedia
Headings: Pinworm (parasite)
Pinworm (parasite)
Contents
Classification
Morphology
Life cycle
Infection
Distribution
See also
Notes
References
External links
Content: Animalia
Phylum: Nematoda
Class: Chromadorea
Order: Rhabditida
Family: Oxyuridae
Genus: Enterobius
Baird, 1853
Species
The pinworm ( species Enterobius vermicularis ), also known as threadworm (in the United Kingdom and Australia) or seatworm, is a parasitic worm. It is a nematode (roundworm) and a common intestinal parasite or helminth, especially in humans. The medical condition associated with pinworm infestation is known as pinworm infection ( enterobiasis) (a type of helminthiasis) or less precisely as oxyuriasis in reference to the family Oxyuridae. Other than human, Enterobius vermicularis were reported from bonnet macaque. Other species seen in primates include Enterobius buckleyi in Orangutan and Enterobius anthropopitheci in chimpanzee.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterobius
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_534576507#1_579387446
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Title: Enterprise architecture - Wikipedia
Headings: Enterprise architecture
Enterprise architecture
Contents
Overview
Topics
The terms enterprise and architecture
Scopes
Architectural description of an enterprise
Benefits
Examples
Relationship to other disciplines
Tools
Challenges
Criticism
See also
References
External links
Content: Find sources: " Enterprise architecture" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This has too many enumerations and lists. may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure. ( June 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Enterprise architecture ( EA) is concerned with the structures and behaviors of a business, especially business roles and processes that create and use business data. It has been defined as "a well-defined practice for conducting enterprise analysis, design, planning, and implementation, using a comprehensive approach at all times, for the successful development and execution of strategy. Enterprise architecture applies architecture principles and practices to guide organizations through the business, information, process, and technology changes necessary to execute their strategies. These practices utilize the various aspects of an enterprise to identify, motivate, and achieve these changes." Practitioners of enterprise architecture, enterprise architects, are responsible for performing the analysis of business structure and processes and are often called upon to draw conclusions from the information collected to address the goals of enterprise architecture: effectiveness, efficiency, agility, and continuity of complex business operations .
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_architect
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_539011363#0_584616975
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Title: Environmental art - Wikipedia
Headings: Environmental art
Environmental art
Contents
History: landscape painting and representation
Challenging traditional sculptural forms
Entering public and urban spaces
Ecoart
Considering environmental impact
Ecological awareness and transformation
Renewable energy sculpture
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Environmental art - Wikipedia
Environmental art
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Artistic practices encompassing both historical approaches to nature in art and more recent ecological and politically motivated types of works
Genre of art engaging nature and ecology
Environmental art is a range of artistic practices encompassing both historical approaches to nature in art and more recent ecological and politically motivated types of works. Environmental art has evolved away from formal concerns, worked out with earth as a sculptural material, towards a deeper relationship to systems, processes and phenomena in relationship to social concerns. Integrated social and ecological approaches developed as an ethical, restorative stance emerged in the 1990s. Over the past ten years environmental art has become a focal point of exhibitions around the world as the social and cultural aspects of climate change come to the forefront. The term "environmental art" often encompasses "ecological" concerns but is not specific to them. It primarily celebrates an artist's connection with nature using natural materials. The concept is best understood in relationship to historic earth/Land art and the evolving field of ecological art. The field is interdisciplinary in the fact that environmental artists embrace ideas from science and philosophy. The practice encompasses traditional media, new media and critical social forms of production. The work embraces a full range of landscape/environmental conditions from the rural, to the suburban and urban as well as urban/rural industrial.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_539011363#9_584636195
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Title: Environmental art - Wikipedia
Headings: Environmental art
Environmental art
Contents
History: landscape painting and representation
Challenging traditional sculptural forms
Entering public and urban spaces
Ecoart
Considering environmental impact
Ecological awareness and transformation
Renewable energy sculpture
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: The site is now Battery Park City and the World Financial Center, a transformation from ecologic power to economic power. Andrea Polli's installation Particle Falls made particulate matter in the air visible in a way that passersby could see. For HighWaterLine Eve Mosher and others walked through neighborhoods in at-risk cities such as New York City and Miami, marking the projected flood damage which could occur as a result of climate change and talking with residents about what they were doing. Ecoart
Main article: Ecological art
Milton Becerra, NIDOS, Táchira River, Venezuela 1995. Ecological art, also known as ecoart, is an artistic practice or discipline proposing paradigms sustainable with the life forms and resources of our planet. It is composed of artists, scientists, philosophers and activists who are devoted to the practices of ecological art. Historical precedents include Earthworks, Land Art, and landscape painting/photography. Ecoart is distinguished by a focus on systems and interrelationships within our environment: the ecological, geographic, political, biological and cultural.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_539011363#10_584637874
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Title: Environmental art - Wikipedia
Headings: Environmental art
Environmental art
Contents
History: landscape painting and representation
Challenging traditional sculptural forms
Entering public and urban spaces
Ecoart
Considering environmental impact
Ecological awareness and transformation
Renewable energy sculpture
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Ecological art, also known as ecoart, is an artistic practice or discipline proposing paradigms sustainable with the life forms and resources of our planet. It is composed of artists, scientists, philosophers and activists who are devoted to the practices of ecological art. Historical precedents include Earthworks, Land Art, and landscape painting/photography. Ecoart is distinguished by a focus on systems and interrelationships within our environment: the ecological, geographic, political, biological and cultural. Ecoart creates awareness, stimulates dialogue, changes human behavior towards other species, and encourages the long-term respect for the natural systems we coexist with. It manifests as socially engaged, activist, community-based restorative or interventionist art. Ecological artist, Aviva Rahmani believes that "Ecological art is an art practice, often in collaboration with scientists, city planners, architects and others, that results in direct intervention in environmental degradation. Often, the artist is the lead agent in that practice." There are numerous approaches to ecoart including but not limited to:
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_539011363#11_584639577
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Title: Environmental art - Wikipedia
Headings: Environmental art
Environmental art
Contents
History: landscape painting and representation
Challenging traditional sculptural forms
Entering public and urban spaces
Ecoart
Considering environmental impact
Ecological awareness and transformation
Renewable energy sculpture
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Ecoart creates awareness, stimulates dialogue, changes human behavior towards other species, and encourages the long-term respect for the natural systems we coexist with. It manifests as socially engaged, activist, community-based restorative or interventionist art. Ecological artist, Aviva Rahmani believes that "Ecological art is an art practice, often in collaboration with scientists, city planners, architects and others, that results in direct intervention in environmental degradation. Often, the artist is the lead agent in that practice." There are numerous approaches to ecoart including but not limited to: representational artworks that address the environment through images and objects; remediation projects that restore polluted environments; activist projects that engage others and activate change of behaviors and/or public policy; time-based social sculptures that involves communities in monitoring their landscapes and taking a participatory role in sustainable practices; ecopoetic projects that initiate a re-envisioning and re-enchantment with the natural world, inspiring healing and co-existence with other species;
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_art
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_539011363#12_584641284
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Title: Environmental art - Wikipedia
Headings: Environmental art
Environmental art
Contents
History: landscape painting and representation
Challenging traditional sculptural forms
Entering public and urban spaces
Ecoart
Considering environmental impact
Ecological awareness and transformation
Renewable energy sculpture
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: representational artworks that address the environment through images and objects; remediation projects that restore polluted environments; activist projects that engage others and activate change of behaviors and/or public policy; time-based social sculptures that involves communities in monitoring their landscapes and taking a participatory role in sustainable practices; ecopoetic projects that initiate a re-envisioning and re-enchantment with the natural world, inspiring healing and co-existence with other species; direct-encounter artworks that involve natural phenomena such as water, weather, sunlight, or plants; pedagogical artworks that share information about environmental injustice and ecological problems such as water and soil pollution and health hazards; relational aesthetics that involve sustainable, off-the-grid, permaculture existences. There is discussion and debate among ecoartists, if ecological art should be considered a discrete discipline within the arts, distinct from environmental art. A
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_art
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_540071997#1_585565321
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Title: Environmental impact of agriculture - Wikipedia
Headings: Environmental impact of agriculture
Environmental impact of agriculture
Contents
By agricultural practice
Animal agriculture
Irrigation
Pesticides
By environmental issue
Climate change
Deforestation
Genetic engineering
Pollutants
Soil degradation
Tillage erosion
Waste
Issues by region
Sustainable agriculture
Regenerative agriculture
Techniques
Conservation tillage
Biological pest control
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: means-based", which is based on the farmer's production methods, and "effect-based", which is the impact that farming methods have on the farming system or on emissions to the environment. An example of a means-based indicator would be the quality of groundwater, that is affected by the amount of nitrogen applied to the soil. An indicator reflecting the loss of nitrate to groundwater would be effect-based. The means-based evaluation looks at farmers' practices of agriculture, and the effect-based evaluation considers the actual effects of the agricultural system. For example, the means-based analysis might look at pesticides and fertilization methods that farmers are using, and effect-based analysis would consider how much CO2 is being emitted or what the Nitrogen content of the soil is. The environmental impact of agriculture involves impacts on a variety of different factors: the soil, to water, the air, animal and soil variety, people, plants, and the food itself. Agriculture contributes to a number larger of environmental issues that cause environmental degradation including: climate change, deforestation, biodiversity loss, dead zones, genetic engineering, irrigation problems, pollutants, soil degradation, and waste. Because of agriculture's importance to global social and environmental systems, the international community has committed to increasing sustainability of food production as part of Sustainable Development Goal 2: “
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_540071997#2_585567511
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Title: Environmental impact of agriculture - Wikipedia
Headings: Environmental impact of agriculture
Environmental impact of agriculture
Contents
By agricultural practice
Animal agriculture
Irrigation
Pesticides
By environmental issue
Climate change
Deforestation
Genetic engineering
Pollutants
Soil degradation
Tillage erosion
Waste
Issues by region
Sustainable agriculture
Regenerative agriculture
Techniques
Conservation tillage
Biological pest control
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: The environmental impact of agriculture involves impacts on a variety of different factors: the soil, to water, the air, animal and soil variety, people, plants, and the food itself. Agriculture contributes to a number larger of environmental issues that cause environmental degradation including: climate change, deforestation, biodiversity loss, dead zones, genetic engineering, irrigation problems, pollutants, soil degradation, and waste. Because of agriculture's importance to global social and environmental systems, the international community has committed to increasing sustainability of food production as part of Sustainable Development Goal 2: “ End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture ". The United Nations Environment Programme 's 2021 "Making Peace with Nature" report highlighted agriculture as both a driver and an industry under threat from environmental degradation. Contents
1 By agricultural practice
1.1 Animal agriculture
1.2 Irrigation
1.3 Pesticides
2 By environmental issue
2.1 Climate change
2.2 Deforestation
2.3 Genetic engineering
2.4 Pollutants
2.5 Soil degradation
2.5.1 Tillage erosion
2.6 Waste
2.7 Issues by region
3 Sustainable agriculture
3.1 Regenerative agriculture
3.2 Techniques
3.2.1 Conservation tillage
3.2.2 Biological pest control
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
By agricultural practice
Animal agriculture
This section is an excerpt from Environmental impact of meat production [ edit]
The environmental impact of meat production varies because of the wide variety of agricultural practices employed around the world. All agricultural practices have been found to have a variety of effects on the environment. Some of the environmental effects that have been associated with meat production are pollution through fossil fuel usage, animal methane, effluent waste, and water and land consumption.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_540071997#3_585570194
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Title: Environmental impact of agriculture - Wikipedia
Headings: Environmental impact of agriculture
Environmental impact of agriculture
Contents
By agricultural practice
Animal agriculture
Irrigation
Pesticides
By environmental issue
Climate change
Deforestation
Genetic engineering
Pollutants
Soil degradation
Tillage erosion
Waste
Issues by region
Sustainable agriculture
Regenerative agriculture
Techniques
Conservation tillage
Biological pest control
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture ". The United Nations Environment Programme 's 2021 "Making Peace with Nature" report highlighted agriculture as both a driver and an industry under threat from environmental degradation. Contents
1 By agricultural practice
1.1 Animal agriculture
1.2 Irrigation
1.3 Pesticides
2 By environmental issue
2.1 Climate change
2.2 Deforestation
2.3 Genetic engineering
2.4 Pollutants
2.5 Soil degradation
2.5.1 Tillage erosion
2.6 Waste
2.7 Issues by region
3 Sustainable agriculture
3.1 Regenerative agriculture
3.2 Techniques
3.2.1 Conservation tillage
3.2.2 Biological pest control
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
By agricultural practice
Animal agriculture
This section is an excerpt from Environmental impact of meat production [ edit]
The environmental impact of meat production varies because of the wide variety of agricultural practices employed around the world. All agricultural practices have been found to have a variety of effects on the environment. Some of the environmental effects that have been associated with meat production are pollution through fossil fuel usage, animal methane, effluent waste, and water and land consumption. Meat is obtained through a variety of methods, including organic farming, free range farming, intensive livestock production, subsistence agriculture, hunting, and fishing . Nutritional value and environmental impact of animal products, compared to agriculture overall
Categories
Contribution of farmed animal product [%]
Calories
18
Proteins
37
Land use
83
Greenhouse gases
58
Water pollution
57
Air pollution
56
Freshwater withdrawals
33
Meat is considered one of the prime factors contributing to the current biodiversity loss crisis. The 2019 IPBES Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services found that industrial agriculture and overfishing are the primary drivers of the extinction, with the meat and dairy industries having a substantial impact. The 2006 report Livestock's Long Shadow, released by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, states that "the livestock sector is a major stressor on many ecosystems and on the planet as a whole. Globally it is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases (GHG) and one of the leading causal factors in the loss of biodiversity, and in developed and emerging countries it is perhaps the leading source of water pollution ."
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_540071997#8_585583546
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Title: Environmental impact of agriculture - Wikipedia
Headings: Environmental impact of agriculture
Environmental impact of agriculture
Contents
By agricultural practice
Animal agriculture
Irrigation
Pesticides
By environmental issue
Climate change
Deforestation
Genetic engineering
Pollutants
Soil degradation
Tillage erosion
Waste
Issues by region
Sustainable agriculture
Regenerative agriculture
Techniques
Conservation tillage
Biological pest control
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Irrigation with saline or high-sodium water may damage soil structure owing to the formation of alkaline soil. Pesticides
This section is an excerpt from Environmental impact of pesticides [ edit]
Preparing to spray a hazardous pesticide
Drainage of fertilizers and pesticides into a stream
How pesticides are used
The impact of pesticides consists of the effects of pesticides on non-target species. Pesticides are chemical preparations used to kill fungal or animal pests. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, because they are sprayed or spread across entire agricultural fields. Runoff can carry pesticides into aquatic environments while wind can carry them to other fields, grazing areas, human settlements and undeveloped areas, potentially affecting other species. Other problems emerge from poor production, transport and storage practices. Over time, repeated application increases pest resistance, while its effects on other species can facilitate the pest's resurgence. Each pesticide or pesticide class comes with a specific set of environmental concerns. Such undesirable effects have led many pesticides to be banned, while regulations have limited and/or reduced the use of others. The global spread of pesticide use, including the use of older/obsolete pesticides that have been banned in some jurisdictions, has increased overall.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_540780295#0_586013613
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Title: Environmental impact of pesticides - Wikipedia
Headings: Environmental impact of pesticides
Environmental impact of pesticides
Contents
Agriculture and the environment
History
Specific pesticide effects
Pesticide environmental effects
Air
Water
United States regulations
United Kingdom regulations
European Union regulations
Soil
Effect on plants
Effect on animals
Birds
Aquatic life
Amphibians
Humans
Persistent organic pollutants
Pest resistance
Pest rebound and secondary pest outbreaks
Prevalence
Eliminating pesticides
See also
References
External links
Content: Environmental impact of pesticides - Wikipedia
Environmental impact of pesticides
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Preparing to spray a hazardous pesticide
Drainage of fertilizers and pesticides into a stream
How pesticides are used
The impact of pesticides consists of the effects of pesticides on non-target species. Pesticides are chemical preparations used to kill fungal or animal pests. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, because they are sprayed or spread across entire agricultural fields. Runoff can carry pesticides into aquatic environments while wind can carry them to other fields, grazing areas, human settlements and undeveloped areas, potentially affecting other species. Other problems emerge from poor production, transport and storage practices. Over time, repeated application increases pest resistance, while its effects on other species can facilitate the pest's resurgence. Each pesticide or pesticide class comes with a specific set of environmental concerns. Such undesirable effects have led many pesticides to be banned, while regulations have limited and/or reduced the use of others. The global spread of pesticide use, including the use of older/obsolete pesticides that have been banned in some jurisdictions, has increased overall. Contents
1 Agriculture and the environment
2 History
3 Specific pesticide effects
4 Air
5 Water
5.1 United States regulations
5.2 United Kingdom regulations
5.3 European Union regulations
6 Soil
7 Effect on plants
8 Effect on animals
8.1 Birds
8.2 Aquatic life
8.3 Amphibians
8.4 Humans
9 Persistent organic pollutants
10 Pest resistance
11 Pest rebound and secondary pest outbreaks
12 Prevalence
13 Eliminating pesticides
14 See also
15 References
16 External links
Agriculture and the environment
Main article:
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_540780295#1_586016317
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Title: Environmental impact of pesticides - Wikipedia
Headings: Environmental impact of pesticides
Environmental impact of pesticides
Contents
Agriculture and the environment
History
Specific pesticide effects
Pesticide environmental effects
Air
Water
United States regulations
United Kingdom regulations
European Union regulations
Soil
Effect on plants
Effect on animals
Birds
Aquatic life
Amphibians
Humans
Persistent organic pollutants
Pest resistance
Pest rebound and secondary pest outbreaks
Prevalence
Eliminating pesticides
See also
References
External links
Content: Over time, repeated application increases pest resistance, while its effects on other species can facilitate the pest's resurgence. Each pesticide or pesticide class comes with a specific set of environmental concerns. Such undesirable effects have led many pesticides to be banned, while regulations have limited and/or reduced the use of others. The global spread of pesticide use, including the use of older/obsolete pesticides that have been banned in some jurisdictions, has increased overall. Contents
1 Agriculture and the environment
2 History
3 Specific pesticide effects
4 Air
5 Water
5.1 United States regulations
5.2 United Kingdom regulations
5.3 European Union regulations
6 Soil
7 Effect on plants
8 Effect on animals
8.1 Birds
8.2 Aquatic life
8.3 Amphibians
8.4 Humans
9 Persistent organic pollutants
10 Pest resistance
11 Pest rebound and secondary pest outbreaks
12 Prevalence
13 Eliminating pesticides
14 See also
15 References
16 External links
Agriculture and the environment
Main article: Environmental impact of agriculture
The arrival of humans in an area, to live or to conduct agriculture, necessarily has environmental impacts. These range from simple crowding out of wild plants in favor of more desirable cultivars to larger scale impacts such as reducing biodiversity by reducing food availability of native species, which can propagate across food chains. The use of agricultural chemicals such as fertilizer and pesticides magnify those impacts. While advances in agrochemistry have reduced those impacts, for example by the replacement of long-lived chemicals with those that reliably degrade, even in the best case they remain substantial. These effects are magnified by the use of older chemistries and poor management practices.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_540780295#4_586023000
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Title: Environmental impact of pesticides - Wikipedia
Headings: Environmental impact of pesticides
Environmental impact of pesticides
Contents
Agriculture and the environment
History
Specific pesticide effects
Pesticide environmental effects
Air
Water
United States regulations
United Kingdom regulations
European Union regulations
Soil
Effect on plants
Effect on animals
Birds
Aquatic life
Amphibians
Humans
Persistent organic pollutants
Pest resistance
Pest rebound and secondary pest outbreaks
Prevalence
Eliminating pesticides
See also
References
External links
Content: The common practice of incident registration is inadequate for understanding the entirety of effects. Since 1990, research interest has shifted from documenting incidents and quantifying chemical exposure to studies aimed at linking laboratory, mesocosm and field experiments. The proportion of effect-related publications has increased. Animal studies mostly focus on fish, insects, birds, amphibians and arachnids. Since 1993, the United States and the European Union have updated pesticide risk assessments, ending the use of acutely toxic organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. Newer pesticides aim at efficiency in target and minimum side effects in nontarget organisms. The phylogenetic proximity of beneficial and pest species complicates the project. One of the major challenges is to link the results from cellular studies through many levels of increasing complexity to ecosystems. The concept (borrowed from nuclear physics) of a half-life has been utilized for pesticides in plants, and certain authors maintain that pesticide risk and impact assessment models rely on and are sensitive to information describing dissipation from plants. Half-life for pesticides is explained in two NPIC fact sheets.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides
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Title: Environmental impact of pesticides - Wikipedia
Headings: Environmental impact of pesticides
Environmental impact of pesticides
Contents
Agriculture and the environment
History
Specific pesticide effects
Pesticide environmental effects
Air
Water
United States regulations
United Kingdom regulations
European Union regulations
Soil
Effect on plants
Effect on animals
Birds
Aquatic life
Amphibians
Humans
Persistent organic pollutants
Pest resistance
Pest rebound and secondary pest outbreaks
Prevalence
Eliminating pesticides
See also
References
External links
Content: Newer pesticides aim at efficiency in target and minimum side effects in nontarget organisms. The phylogenetic proximity of beneficial and pest species complicates the project. One of the major challenges is to link the results from cellular studies through many levels of increasing complexity to ecosystems. The concept (borrowed from nuclear physics) of a half-life has been utilized for pesticides in plants, and certain authors maintain that pesticide risk and impact assessment models rely on and are sensitive to information describing dissipation from plants. Half-life for pesticides is explained in two NPIC fact sheets. Known degradation pathways are through: photolysis, chemical dissociation, sorption, bioaccumulation and plant or animal metabolism. A USDA fact sheet published in 1994 lists the soil adsorption coefficient and soil half-life for then-commonly used pesticides. Specific pesticide effects
Pesticide environmental effects
Pesticide/class
Effect (s)
Organochlorine DDT / DDE
Endocrine disruptor
Thyroid disruption properties in rodents, birds, amphibians and fish
Acute mortality attributed to inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity
DDT
Egg shell thinning in raptorial birds
Carcinogen
Endocrine disruptor
DDT/ Diclofol, Dieldrin and Toxaphene
Juvenile population decline and adult mortality in wildlife reptiles
DDT/Toxaphene/ Parathion
Susceptibility to fungal infection
Triazine
Earthworms became infected with monocystid gregarines
Chlordane
Interact with vertebrate immune systems
Carbamates, the phenoxy herbicide 2,4-D, and atrazine
Interact with vertebrate immune systems
Anticholinesterase
Bird poisoning
Animal infections, disease outbreaks and higher mortality. Organophosphate
Thyroid disruption properties in rodents, birds, amphibians and fish
Acute mortality attributed to inhibition of acetylcholine esterase activity
Immunotoxicity, primarily caused by the inhibition of serine hydrolases or esterases
Oxidative damage
Modulation of signal transduction pathways
Impaired metabolic functions such as thermoregulation, water and/or food intake and behavior, impaired development, reduced reproduction and hatching success in vertebrates.
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Title: Environmental policy of the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Environmental policy of the United States
Environmental policy of the United States
Contents
Policy tools
Power delegation and policy jurisdiction
Executive branch
Legislative branch
Senate and House committee jurisdictions
History
Origins of the environmental movement
Presidential involvements
Nixon and the Environmental Decade (1970–1980)
The Ford Administration (1974-1977)
The Carter Administration (1977-1981)
The Reagan Administration (1981–1989)
The George H. W. Bush Administration (1989–1993)
The Clinton Administration (1993–2001)
The George W. Bush Administration (2001–2009)
The President’s Initiative
Global environmental policy
Campaign promise on the environment
Environmental regulation
Reducing air pollution
Bush environmental legacy
The Obama Administration (2009–2017)
The Trump Administration (2017–2021)
The Biden Administration (2021 - present)
Green New Deal proposal
Issues
Acid deposition
Ozone depletion
Hazardous wastes
Risk control policy
Impact
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Individuals Members typically take announce positions and some make the environment one of their specialties. The EPA is the concern of over half the Congressional committees . Some seventy committees and subcommittees control water quality policy, for example. Such fragmentation creates both opportunities and problems. While such a variety of committees provide enormous access for environmentalist and industry groups to lobby, the division of tasks means that no one committee or agency looks at environmental problems as a whole. Building policy consensus in Congress is rarely easy because of the diversity of interests and of members whose concerns need to be met. Senate and House committee jurisdictions
Senate
Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry
Pesticides
Committee on Appropriations
Appropriations
Committee on the Budget
Budget
Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
Oceans, Research and Development, Radiation, Toxics
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
Synthetic fuels, Conservation oversight, Energy budget, Mines, Oil shale, Outer continental shelf, Strip mining
Committee on Environment and Public Works
Air, Drinking water, Noise, Nuclear energy, Ocean dumping, Outer continental shelf, Research and development, Solid waste, Toxics, Water
Committee on Foreign Relations
International environment
Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
Interagency subject area
Committee on Labor and Human Resources
Public health
Committee on Small Business
Impact of environmental regulations on small business
House
Committee on Agriculture
Pesticides
Committee on Appropriations
Appropriations
Committee on the Budget
Budget
Committee on Oversight and Government Reform
Interagency subject area
Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs
Synthetic fuels, Conservation oversight, Energy budget, Mines, Oil shale, Outer continental shelf, Radiation ( Nuclear Regulatory Commission oversight), Strip mining
Committee on Energy and Commerce
Air, Drinking water, Noise, Radiation, Solid wa
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Title: Environmental politics - Wikipedia
Headings: Environmental politics
Environmental politics
Contents
Democratic challenges
Alternative forms of democracy for environmental policy
New materialism and environmental justice
Emerging nations
China
India
Journals
See also
References
External links
Content: Climate change complicates political ideology and practice, affecting conceptions of responsibility for future societies as well as economic systems. Material inequality between nations make technological solutions insufficient for climate change mitigation. Rather, political solutions can navigate the particularities of various facets of environmental crisis. Climate change mitigation strategies can be at odds with democratic priorities of prosperity, progress, and state sovereignty, and instead underscore a collective relationship with the environment. The international political community is presently based on liberal principles that prioritize individual freedoms and capitalist systems that make quick and ambitious climate responses difficult. Interest-group liberalism is guided by individual human priorities. Groups unable to voice their self-interest, such as minorities without suffrage, or non-humans, are not included in the political compromise. Addressing environmental crises can be impeded when citizens of liberal democracies do not see environmental problems as impacting their lives, or when they lack the education to evaluate the importance of the problem. The human benefits from environmental exploitation and protection compete. Considering the implications of ecological degradation for future human generations can give environmental concerns a basis in anthropocentric liberal democratic politics.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_politics
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Title: Environmental toxicants and fetal development - Wikipedia
Headings: Environmental toxicants and fetal development
Environmental toxicants and fetal development
Contents
Effects
Preterm birth
Structural congenital abnormality
Neurodevelopmental disorder
Toxicants and their effects
Alcohol
Tobacco smoke
Mercury
Lead
Dioxin
Air pollution
Pesticides
Benzenes
Other
Avoiding relevant environmental toxins in pregnancy
Natural gas development
Role of the placenta
See also
References
Further reading
Content: High mercury levels in newborns in Gaza are theorized to originate from war weaponry. Mercury exposure in pregnancy may also cause limb defects. Lead
Adverse effects of lead exposure in pregnancy include miscarriage, low birth weight, neurological delays, anemia, encephalopathy, paralysis, blindness,
The developing nervous system of the fetus is particularly vulnerable to lead toxicity. Neurological toxicity is observed in children of exposed women as a result of the ability of lead to cross the placental barrier. A special concern for pregnant women is that some of the bone lead accumulation is released into the blood during pregnancy. Several studies have provided evidence that even low maternal exposures to lead produce intellectual and behavioral deficits in children. Dioxin
Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds persists in the environment for a long time and are widespread, so all people have some amount of dioxins in the body. Intrauterine exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds have been associated with subtle developmental changes on the fetus. Effects on the child later in life include changes in liver function, thyroid hormone levels, white blood cell levels, and decreased performance in tests of learning and intelligence. Air pollution
Air pollution can negatively affect a pregnancy resulting in higher rates of preterm births, growth restriction, and heart and lung problems in the infant.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_toxicants_and_fetal_development
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Title: Epidemiology of cancer - Wikipedia
Headings: Epidemiology of cancer
Epidemiology of cancer
Contents
Organizations
Studies
Risk factors
Rates and mortality
India
Canada
United States
Incidence of a second cancer in survivors
Children
Infants
See also
General:
References
External links
Content: It has been proposed that the age distribution of cancer incidence can be viewed as the distribution of probability to accumulate the required number of driver events by the given age. Over a third of cancer deaths worldwide (and about 75-80% of cancers in the United States) are due to potentially modifiable risk factors. The leading modifiable risk factors worldwide are: tobacco smoking, which is strongly associated with lung cancer, mouth, and throat cancer; drinking alcohol, which is associated with a small increase in oral, esophageal, breast, liver and other cancers; a diet low in fruit and vegetables,
physical inactivity, which is associated with increased risk of colon, breast, and possibly other cancers
obesity, which is associated with colon, breast, endometrial, and possibly other cancers
sexual transmission of human papillomavirus, which causes cervical cancer and some forms of anal cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, penile cancer, rectal cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer. Men with cancer are twice as likely as women to have a modifiable risk factor for their disease. Other lifestyle and environmental factors known to affect cancer risk (either beneficially or detrimentally) include the use of exogenous hormones (e.g., hormone replacement therapy causes breast cancer ), exposure to ionizing radiation and ultraviolet radiation, and certain occupational and chemical exposures. Every year, at least 200,000 people die worldwide from cancer related to their workplace. Millions of workers run the risk of developing cancers such as pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma from inhaling asbestos fibers, or leukemia from exposure to benzene at their workplaces.
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Title: Epidemiology of cancer - Wikipedia
Headings: Epidemiology of cancer
Epidemiology of cancer
Contents
Organizations
Studies
Risk factors
Rates and mortality
India
Canada
United States
Incidence of a second cancer in survivors
Children
Infants
See also
General:
References
External links
Content: a diet low in fruit and vegetables,
physical inactivity, which is associated with increased risk of colon, breast, and possibly other cancers
obesity, which is associated with colon, breast, endometrial, and possibly other cancers
sexual transmission of human papillomavirus, which causes cervical cancer and some forms of anal cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, penile cancer, rectal cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer. Men with cancer are twice as likely as women to have a modifiable risk factor for their disease. Other lifestyle and environmental factors known to affect cancer risk (either beneficially or detrimentally) include the use of exogenous hormones (e.g., hormone replacement therapy causes breast cancer ), exposure to ionizing radiation and ultraviolet radiation, and certain occupational and chemical exposures. Every year, at least 200,000 people die worldwide from cancer related to their workplace. Millions of workers run the risk of developing cancers such as pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma from inhaling asbestos fibers, or leukemia from exposure to benzene at their workplaces. Currently, most cancer deaths caused by occupational risk factors occur in the developed world. It is estimated that approximately 20,000 cancer deaths and 40,000 new cases of cancer each year in the U.S. are attributable to occupation. Rates and mortality
New cancer diagnosis in the England in 2012
In the U.S. cancer is second only to cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death; in the UK it is the leading cause of death. In many developing countries cancer incidence (insofar as this can be measured) appears much lower, most likely because of the higher death rates due to infectious disease or injury.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_cancer
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Title: Gender equality - Wikipedia
Headings: Gender equality
Gender equality
Contents
History
Shakers
Post-war era
United Nations
Gender biases
Efforts to fight inequality
Health and safety
The effect of gender inequality on health
Violence against women
Types of VAW
Violence against trans women
Reproductive and sexual health and rights
Family planning and abortion
Investigation and prosecution of crimes against women and girls
Harmful traditional practices
Female genital mutilation
Forced marriage and child marriage
Bride price
Economy and public policy
Economic empowerment of women
Gendered arrangements of work and care
Freedom of movement
Girls' access to education
Political participation of women
Marriage, divorce and property laws and regulations
Social and ideological
Political gender equality
Gender stereotypes
Portrayal of women in the media
Statistics on women's representation in the media
Informing women of their rights
Gender mainstreaming
See also
General issues
Specific issues
Laws
Organizations and ministries
Historical anecdotal reports
Other related topics
Notes
Citations
Sources
References
External links
Content: Gender equality - Wikipedia
Gender equality
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Equality of the sexes)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Equal access for all genders to rights, resources, opportunities and protections
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A generic symbol for gender equality
Gender equality, also known as sexual equality or equality of the sexes, is the state of equal ease of access to resources and opportunities regardless of gender, including economic participation and decision-making; and the state of valuing different behaviors, aspirations and needs equally, regardless of gender. Gender equality
Gender equality is the goal, while gender neutrality and gender equity are practices and ways of thinking that help in achieving the goal. Gender parity, which is used to measure gender balance in a given situation, can aid in achieving gender equality but is not the goal in and of itself. Gender equality is more than equal representation, it is strongly tied to women's rights, and often requires policy changes. As of 2017
[update]
, the global movement for gender equality has not incorporated the proposition of genders besides women and men, or gender identities outside of the gender binary .
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Title: Ernesto Miranda - Wikipedia
Headings: Ernesto Miranda
Ernesto Miranda
Contents
Biography
Early life
Confession without rights; Miranda v. Arizona
Miranda v. Arizona
Life after Miranda v. Arizona
References
External links
Content: Ernesto Miranda - Wikipedia
Ernesto Miranda
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Subject of a United States Supreme Court case
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " Ernesto Miranda" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2009) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Ernesto Miranda
Born
Ernesto Arturo Miranda
( 1941-03-09)
March 9, 1941
Mesa, Arizona, U.S.
Died
January 31, 1976
(1976-01-31)
(aged 34)
Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.
Cause of death
Stabbing
Resting place
City of Mesa Cemetery, Arizona
Occupation
Laborer
Criminal status
Convicted June 12, 1963
overturned June 13, 1966 for tainted evidence
Convicted March 1, 1967
Conviction (s)
Kidnapping and raping an 18-year-old woman
Ernesto Arturo Miranda (March 9, 1941 – January 31, 1976) was an American criminal and laborer whose conviction on kidnapping, rape, and armed robbery charges based on his confession under police interrogation was set aside in the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Miranda v. Arizona, which ruled that criminal suspects must be informed of their right against self-incrimination and their right to consult with an attorney before being questioned by police. This warning is known as a Miranda warning . After the Supreme Court decision set aside Miranda's initial conviction, the state of Arizona tried him again. At the second trial, with his confession excluded from evidence, he was convicted. Contents
1 Biography
1.1 Early life
1.2 Confession without rights; Miranda v. Arizona
1.3 Miranda v. Arizona
1.4 Life after Miranda v. Arizona
2 References
3 External links
Biography
Early life
Ernesto Arturo Miranda was born in Mesa, Arizona, on March 9, 1941.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Miranda
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_570166854#6_618185256
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Title: Ernesto Miranda - Wikipedia
Headings: Ernesto Miranda
Ernesto Miranda
Contents
Biography
Early life
Confession without rights; Miranda v. Arizona
Miranda v. Arizona
Life after Miranda v. Arizona
References
External links
Content: After the lineup, when Miranda asked how he did, the police implied that he was positively identified, at which point he was placed under arrest, and taken to an interrogation room. After two hours of interrogation, some of which regarding another offense Miranda was separately tried and convicted for, Miranda hand-wrote a confession for the kidnapping and rape of Jameson. At the top of each sheet was the printed certification that "…this statement has been made voluntarily and of my own free will, with no threats, coercion or promises of immunity and with full knowledge of my legal rights, understanding any statement I make can and will be used against me." After unburdening himself to the officers, Miranda was taken to meet the beating victim for positive voice identification. Asked by officers, in her presence, whether this was the victim, he said, "That's the girl." The victim stated that the sound of Miranda's voice matched that of the culprit. Despite the printed statement on top of the sheets that Miranda used to write his confession on, "with full knowledge of my legal rights," he was not informed of his right to have an attorney present or of his right to remain silent when he was arrested, or before his interrogation. 73-year-old Alvin Moore was assigned to represent him at his trial. The trial took place in mid-June 1963 before Maricopa County Superior Court Judge Yale McFate. Moore objected to entering the confession by Miranda as evidence during the trial but was overruled.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Miranda
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_570166854#7_618187191
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Title: Ernesto Miranda - Wikipedia
Headings: Ernesto Miranda
Ernesto Miranda
Contents
Biography
Early life
Confession without rights; Miranda v. Arizona
Miranda v. Arizona
Life after Miranda v. Arizona
References
External links
Content: The victim stated that the sound of Miranda's voice matched that of the culprit. Despite the printed statement on top of the sheets that Miranda used to write his confession on, "with full knowledge of my legal rights," he was not informed of his right to have an attorney present or of his right to remain silent when he was arrested, or before his interrogation. 73-year-old Alvin Moore was assigned to represent him at his trial. The trial took place in mid-June 1963 before Maricopa County Superior Court Judge Yale McFate. Moore objected to entering the confession by Miranda as evidence during the trial but was overruled. Mostly because of the confession, Miranda was convicted of rape and kidnapping and sentenced to 20 to 30 years on both charges. Moore appealed to the Arizona Supreme Court, but the conviction was upheld. Filing as a pauper, Miranda submitted his plea for a writ of certiorari, or request for review of his case to the U.S. Supreme Court in June 1965. After Alvin Moore was unable to take the case because of health reasons, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) attorney Robert J. Corcoran, asked John J. Flynn, a criminal defense attorney, to serve pro bono, along with his partner, John P. Frank, and associates Paul G. Ulrich and Robert A. Jensen of the law firm Lewis & Roca in Phoenix to represent Miranda. They wrote a 2,500 word petition for certiorari that argued that Miranda's Fifth Amendment rights had been violated and sent it to the United States Supreme Court.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Miranda
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_570166854#8_618189114
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Title: Ernesto Miranda - Wikipedia
Headings: Ernesto Miranda
Ernesto Miranda
Contents
Biography
Early life
Confession without rights; Miranda v. Arizona
Miranda v. Arizona
Life after Miranda v. Arizona
References
External links
Content: Mostly because of the confession, Miranda was convicted of rape and kidnapping and sentenced to 20 to 30 years on both charges. Moore appealed to the Arizona Supreme Court, but the conviction was upheld. Filing as a pauper, Miranda submitted his plea for a writ of certiorari, or request for review of his case to the U.S. Supreme Court in June 1965. After Alvin Moore was unable to take the case because of health reasons, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) attorney Robert J. Corcoran, asked John J. Flynn, a criminal defense attorney, to serve pro bono, along with his partner, John P. Frank, and associates Paul G. Ulrich and Robert A. Jensen of the law firm Lewis & Roca in Phoenix to represent Miranda. They wrote a 2,500 word petition for certiorari that argued that Miranda's Fifth Amendment rights had been violated and sent it to the United States Supreme Court. Miranda v. Arizona
Main article: Miranda v. Arizona
In November 1965, the Supreme Court agreed to hear Miranda's case, Miranda v. Arizona, along with three other similar cases to clear all misunderstandings created by the ruling of Escobedo v. Illinois. That previous case had ruled that: Under the circumstances of this case, where a police investigation is no longer a general inquiry into an unsolved crime but has begun to focus on a particular suspect in police custody who has been refused an opportunity to consult with his counsel and who has not been warned of his constitutional right to keep silent, the accused has been denied the assistance of counsel in violation of the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments, and no statement extracted by the police during the interrogation may be used against him at a trial. Crooker v. California, 357 U.S. 433, and Cicenia v. Lagay, 357 U.S. 504, distinguished, and, to the extent that they may be inconsistent with the instant case, they are not controlling.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Miranda
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_570166854#9_618191414
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Title: Ernesto Miranda - Wikipedia
Headings: Ernesto Miranda
Ernesto Miranda
Contents
Biography
Early life
Confession without rights; Miranda v. Arizona
Miranda v. Arizona
Life after Miranda v. Arizona
References
External links
Content: Miranda v. Arizona
Main article: Miranda v. Arizona
In November 1965, the Supreme Court agreed to hear Miranda's case, Miranda v. Arizona, along with three other similar cases to clear all misunderstandings created by the ruling of Escobedo v. Illinois. That previous case had ruled that: Under the circumstances of this case, where a police investigation is no longer a general inquiry into an unsolved crime but has begun to focus on a particular suspect in police custody who has been refused an opportunity to consult with his counsel and who has not been warned of his constitutional right to keep silent, the accused has been denied the assistance of counsel in violation of the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments, and no statement extracted by the police during the interrogation may be used against him at a trial. Crooker v. California, 357 U.S. 433, and Cicenia v. Lagay, 357 U.S. 504, distinguished, and, to the extent that they may be inconsistent with the instant case, they are not controlling. 479–492. In January 1966, Flynn and Frank submitted their argument stating that Miranda's Sixth Amendment right to counsel had been violated by the Phoenix Police Department. Two weeks later the state of Arizona responded by stating that Miranda's rights had not been violated. The first day of the case was on the last day of February 1966. Because of the three other cases and other information the case had a second day of oral arguments on March 1, 1966.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Miranda
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_570166854#10_618193298
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Title: Ernesto Miranda - Wikipedia
Headings: Ernesto Miranda
Ernesto Miranda
Contents
Biography
Early life
Confession without rights; Miranda v. Arizona
Miranda v. Arizona
Life after Miranda v. Arizona
References
External links
Content: 479–492. In January 1966, Flynn and Frank submitted their argument stating that Miranda's Sixth Amendment right to counsel had been violated by the Phoenix Police Department. Two weeks later the state of Arizona responded by stating that Miranda's rights had not been violated. The first day of the case was on the last day of February 1966. Because of the three other cases and other information the case had a second day of oral arguments on March 1, 1966. John Flynn for Miranda outlined the case and then stated that Miranda had not been advised of his right to remain silent when he had been arrested and questioned, adding the Fifth Amendment argument to his case. Flynn contended that an emotionally disturbed man like Miranda, who had a limited education, should not be expected to know his Fifth Amendment right not to incriminate himself. Gary Nelson spoke for the people of Arizona, arguing that this was not a Fifth Amendment issue but just an attempt to expand the Sixth Amendment Escobedo decision. He urged the justices to clarify their position, but not to push the limits of Escobedo too far. He then told the court that forcing police to advise suspects of their rights would seriously obstruct public safety.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Miranda
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_570166854#11_618194944
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Title: Ernesto Miranda - Wikipedia
Headings: Ernesto Miranda
Ernesto Miranda
Contents
Biography
Early life
Confession without rights; Miranda v. Arizona
Miranda v. Arizona
Life after Miranda v. Arizona
References
External links
Content: John Flynn for Miranda outlined the case and then stated that Miranda had not been advised of his right to remain silent when he had been arrested and questioned, adding the Fifth Amendment argument to his case. Flynn contended that an emotionally disturbed man like Miranda, who had a limited education, should not be expected to know his Fifth Amendment right not to incriminate himself. Gary Nelson spoke for the people of Arizona, arguing that this was not a Fifth Amendment issue but just an attempt to expand the Sixth Amendment Escobedo decision. He urged the justices to clarify their position, but not to push the limits of Escobedo too far. He then told the court that forcing police to advise suspects of their rights would seriously obstruct public safety. The second day concerned arguments from related cases. Thurgood Marshall, the former NAACP attorney, was the last to argue. In his capacity as the Solicitor General, he presented the Johnson administration's view of the case: that the government did not have the resources to appoint a lawyer for every indigent person who was accused of a crime. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote the opinion in Miranda v. Arizona.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Miranda
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_570166854#12_618196540
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Title: Ernesto Miranda - Wikipedia
Headings: Ernesto Miranda
Ernesto Miranda
Contents
Biography
Early life
Confession without rights; Miranda v. Arizona
Miranda v. Arizona
Life after Miranda v. Arizona
References
External links
Content: The second day concerned arguments from related cases. Thurgood Marshall, the former NAACP attorney, was the last to argue. In his capacity as the Solicitor General, he presented the Johnson administration's view of the case: that the government did not have the resources to appoint a lawyer for every indigent person who was accused of a crime. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote the opinion in Miranda v. Arizona. The decision was in favor of Miranda. It stated that: The person in custody must, prior to interrogation, be clearly informed that he has the right to remain silent, and that anything he says will be used against him in court; he must be clearly informed that he has the right to consult with a lawyer and to have the lawyer with him during interrogation, and that, if he is indigent, a lawyer will be appointed to represent him. The opinion was released on June 13, 1966.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Miranda
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_577385720#3_626648071
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Title: Esophageal dysphagia - Wikipedia
Headings: Esophageal dysphagia
Esophageal dysphagia
Contents
Signs and symptoms
Causes
Differential diagnosis
Main article: esophageal web
Main article: achalasia
Rare causes of esophageal dysphagia not mentioned above
Diagnostic tools
Treatment
References
External links
Content: This is a complication of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease, and can be a cause of dysphagia. The stricture is about 3 to 5 mm in diameter. The blood that is visible is from the endoscope bumping into the stricture. Esophageal stricture, or narrowing of the esophagus, is usually a complication of acid reflux, most commonly due to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). These patients are usually older and have had GERD for a long time. Esophageal stricture can also be due to other causes, such as acid reflux from Zollinger–Ellison syndrome, trauma from a nasogastric tube placement, and chronic acid exposure in patients with poor esophageal motility from scleroderma. Other non-acid related causes of peptic strictures include infectious esophagitis, ingestion of chemical irritant, pill irritation, and radiation. Peptic stricture is a progressive mechanical dysphagia, meaning patients will complain of initial intolerance to solids followed by inability to tolerate liquids. When the diameter of the stricture is less than 12 mm the patient will always have dysphagia, while dysphagia is not seen when the diameter of the stricture is above 30 mm. Symptoms relating to the underlying cause of the stricture usually will also be present.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_dysphagia
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_577385720#7_626654865
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Title: Esophageal dysphagia - Wikipedia
Headings: Esophageal dysphagia
Esophageal dysphagia
Contents
Signs and symptoms
Causes
Differential diagnosis
Main article: esophageal web
Main article: achalasia
Rare causes of esophageal dysphagia not mentioned above
Diagnostic tools
Treatment
References
External links
Content: Presence of multiple rings may suggest eosinophilic esophagitis. Rings cause intermittent mechanical dysphagia, meaning patients will usually present with transient discomfort and regurgitation while swallowing solids and then liquids, depending on the constriction of the ring. Webs --- Usually squamous mucosal protrusion into the esophageal lumen, especially anterior cervical esophagus behind the cricoid area. Patients are usually asymptomatic or have intermittent dysphagia. An important association of esophageal webs is to the Plummer–Vinson syndrome in iron deficiency, in which case patients will also have anemia, koilonychia, fatigue, and other symptoms of anemia. Main article: esophageal web
Achalasia is an idiopathic motility disorder characterized by failure of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation as well as loss of peristalsis in the distal esophagus, which is mostly smooth muscle. Both of these features impair the ability of the esophagus to empty contents into the stomach. Patients usually complain of dysphagia to both solids and liquids. Dysphagia to liquids, in particular, is a characteristic of achalasia.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_dysphagia
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_577385720#8_626656518
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Title: Esophageal dysphagia - Wikipedia
Headings: Esophageal dysphagia
Esophageal dysphagia
Contents
Signs and symptoms
Causes
Differential diagnosis
Main article: esophageal web
Main article: achalasia
Rare causes of esophageal dysphagia not mentioned above
Diagnostic tools
Treatment
References
External links
Content: Main article: esophageal web
Achalasia is an idiopathic motility disorder characterized by failure of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation as well as loss of peristalsis in the distal esophagus, which is mostly smooth muscle. Both of these features impair the ability of the esophagus to empty contents into the stomach. Patients usually complain of dysphagia to both solids and liquids. Dysphagia to liquids, in particular, is a characteristic of achalasia. Other symptoms of achalasia include regurgitation, night coughing, chest pain, weight loss, and heartburn. The combination of achalasia, adrenal insufficiency, and alacrima (lack of tear production) in children is known as the triple-A (Allgrove) syndrome. In most cases the cause is unknown (idiopathic), but in some regions of the world, achalasia can also be caused by Chagas disease due to infection by Trypanosoma cruzi . Main article: achalasia
Scleroderma is a disease characterized by atrophy and sclerosis of the gut wall, most commonly of the distal esophagus (~90%).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_dysphagia
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