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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1613742975#1_3834962882
|
Title: Suicide Rates Spike in Spring, Not Winter
Headings: Suicide Rates Spike in Spring, Not Winter
Suicide Rates Spike in Spring, Not Winter
Q: What does science say about this phenomenon?
Q: How much higher is that risk?
Q: You treat patients with multiple sclerosis. Are patients with autoimmune diseases more prone to depression?
Q: Is inflammation elevated in patients with depression?
Q: Do other seasonal factors contribute to the higher rate of suicide?
Q: What happens to the suicide rate after the spring?
Q: Is the spring peak in suicide reflected in your patients who are on the Mood 24/7 app?
Q: Is the spring peak in depression affected by geographical latitude?
Q: Do climate change and pollution play a role in suicide and depression?
Q: How does the psychiatric department at Johns Hopkins handle mental health emergencies?
Suicide Prevention Lifeline
Warning Signs and What to Do
Content: In 2017, suicide was the 10th leading cause of death in the United States. More than 47,000 people took their own lives. Kaplin monitors about 300 of his patients — and with increased attention this time of year — via an app he created with Remedy Health called Mood 24/7, an automated texting service that asks patients how they’re feeling once a day. The app has about 15,000 users. “I can look it up online and see how they’re doing in real time,” he says. “ I more closely monitor those things in the spring.” Kaplin recently spoke with Dome about the seasonal nature of depression and suicide. Q: What does science say about this phenomenon? A:
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https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/articles/suicide-rates-spike-in-spring-not-winter
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1613742975#7_3834974097
|
Title: Suicide Rates Spike in Spring, Not Winter
Headings: Suicide Rates Spike in Spring, Not Winter
Suicide Rates Spike in Spring, Not Winter
Q: What does science say about this phenomenon?
Q: How much higher is that risk?
Q: You treat patients with multiple sclerosis. Are patients with autoimmune diseases more prone to depression?
Q: Is inflammation elevated in patients with depression?
Q: Do other seasonal factors contribute to the higher rate of suicide?
Q: What happens to the suicide rate after the spring?
Q: Is the spring peak in suicide reflected in your patients who are on the Mood 24/7 app?
Q: Is the spring peak in depression affected by geographical latitude?
Q: Do climate change and pollution play a role in suicide and depression?
Q: How does the psychiatric department at Johns Hopkins handle mental health emergencies?
Suicide Prevention Lifeline
Warning Signs and What to Do
Content: People who have depression from unknown causes without an autoimmune disease have elevated levels of inflammation compared with people who don’t have depression, but the levels are not nearly as high as in those with an autoimmune disease. In the case of patients with MS, we have evidence that blocking inflammation also helps treat depression. Q: Do other seasonal factors contribute to the higher rate of suicide? A: I believe that those who may have spent the winter depressed find themselves, in the spring, still depressed, but with the energy and motivation to take their own life. I also think spring is particularly tough for people who are depressed because after a largely solitary winter, those people emerge into a world full of rebirth, rejuvenation and revelry. In contrast, they feel dark and sad. Q: What happens to the suicide rate after the spring?
|
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/articles/suicide-rates-spike-in-spring-not-winter
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1613742975#8_3834976100
|
Title: Suicide Rates Spike in Spring, Not Winter
Headings: Suicide Rates Spike in Spring, Not Winter
Suicide Rates Spike in Spring, Not Winter
Q: What does science say about this phenomenon?
Q: How much higher is that risk?
Q: You treat patients with multiple sclerosis. Are patients with autoimmune diseases more prone to depression?
Q: Is inflammation elevated in patients with depression?
Q: Do other seasonal factors contribute to the higher rate of suicide?
Q: What happens to the suicide rate after the spring?
Q: Is the spring peak in suicide reflected in your patients who are on the Mood 24/7 app?
Q: Is the spring peak in depression affected by geographical latitude?
Q: Do climate change and pollution play a role in suicide and depression?
Q: How does the psychiatric department at Johns Hopkins handle mental health emergencies?
Suicide Prevention Lifeline
Warning Signs and What to Do
Content: I believe that those who may have spent the winter depressed find themselves, in the spring, still depressed, but with the energy and motivation to take their own life. I also think spring is particularly tough for people who are depressed because after a largely solitary winter, those people emerge into a world full of rebirth, rejuvenation and revelry. In contrast, they feel dark and sad. Q: What happens to the suicide rate after the spring? A: For the most part, the peak is in the spring and summer and then it goes down and down until December, when it’s the lowest. We see the fewest reported attempts and fewest new psychiatric appointments in December. Q: Is the spring peak in suicide reflected in your patients who are on the Mood 24/7 app?
|
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/articles/suicide-rates-spike-in-spring-not-winter
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1613742975#9_3834977990
|
Title: Suicide Rates Spike in Spring, Not Winter
Headings: Suicide Rates Spike in Spring, Not Winter
Suicide Rates Spike in Spring, Not Winter
Q: What does science say about this phenomenon?
Q: How much higher is that risk?
Q: You treat patients with multiple sclerosis. Are patients with autoimmune diseases more prone to depression?
Q: Is inflammation elevated in patients with depression?
Q: Do other seasonal factors contribute to the higher rate of suicide?
Q: What happens to the suicide rate after the spring?
Q: Is the spring peak in suicide reflected in your patients who are on the Mood 24/7 app?
Q: Is the spring peak in depression affected by geographical latitude?
Q: Do climate change and pollution play a role in suicide and depression?
Q: How does the psychiatric department at Johns Hopkins handle mental health emergencies?
Suicide Prevention Lifeline
Warning Signs and What to Do
Content: A: For the most part, the peak is in the spring and summer and then it goes down and down until December, when it’s the lowest. We see the fewest reported attempts and fewest new psychiatric appointments in December. Q: Is the spring peak in suicide reflected in your patients who are on the Mood 24/7 app? A: It is not, because it’s a relatively small cohort. Even though tens of thousands of people die by suicide, it is still a relatively rare thing given the millions of people who are depressed. For every 300 people who have suicidal thoughts, 30 will attempt suicide and only one of the 300 will complete suicide. When patients have commented on being suicidal, I’ve gotten them into the hospital and prevented them from harming themselves.
|
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/articles/suicide-rates-spike-in-spring-not-winter
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1613742975#10_3834979883
|
Title: Suicide Rates Spike in Spring, Not Winter
Headings: Suicide Rates Spike in Spring, Not Winter
Suicide Rates Spike in Spring, Not Winter
Q: What does science say about this phenomenon?
Q: How much higher is that risk?
Q: You treat patients with multiple sclerosis. Are patients with autoimmune diseases more prone to depression?
Q: Is inflammation elevated in patients with depression?
Q: Do other seasonal factors contribute to the higher rate of suicide?
Q: What happens to the suicide rate after the spring?
Q: Is the spring peak in suicide reflected in your patients who are on the Mood 24/7 app?
Q: Is the spring peak in depression affected by geographical latitude?
Q: Do climate change and pollution play a role in suicide and depression?
Q: How does the psychiatric department at Johns Hopkins handle mental health emergencies?
Suicide Prevention Lifeline
Warning Signs and What to Do
Content: A: It is not, because it’s a relatively small cohort. Even though tens of thousands of people die by suicide, it is still a relatively rare thing given the millions of people who are depressed. For every 300 people who have suicidal thoughts, 30 will attempt suicide and only one of the 300 will complete suicide. When patients have commented on being suicidal, I’ve gotten them into the hospital and prevented them from harming themselves. Q: Is the spring peak in depression affected by geographical latitude? A: Yes, absolutely. The peak is less pronounced closer to the equator, where there are less seasonal differences.
|
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/articles/suicide-rates-spike-in-spring-not-winter
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1613742975#11_3834981650
|
Title: Suicide Rates Spike in Spring, Not Winter
Headings: Suicide Rates Spike in Spring, Not Winter
Suicide Rates Spike in Spring, Not Winter
Q: What does science say about this phenomenon?
Q: How much higher is that risk?
Q: You treat patients with multiple sclerosis. Are patients with autoimmune diseases more prone to depression?
Q: Is inflammation elevated in patients with depression?
Q: Do other seasonal factors contribute to the higher rate of suicide?
Q: What happens to the suicide rate after the spring?
Q: Is the spring peak in suicide reflected in your patients who are on the Mood 24/7 app?
Q: Is the spring peak in depression affected by geographical latitude?
Q: Do climate change and pollution play a role in suicide and depression?
Q: How does the psychiatric department at Johns Hopkins handle mental health emergencies?
Suicide Prevention Lifeline
Warning Signs and What to Do
Content: Q: Is the spring peak in depression affected by geographical latitude? A: Yes, absolutely. The peak is less pronounced closer to the equator, where there are less seasonal differences. Some studies show more spring suicides in places farther from the equator. Q: Do climate change and pollution play a role in suicide and depression? A: There is mounting evidence that says pollution is bad for your mental health.
|
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/articles/suicide-rates-spike-in-spring-not-winter
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1613742975#12_3834983196
|
Title: Suicide Rates Spike in Spring, Not Winter
Headings: Suicide Rates Spike in Spring, Not Winter
Suicide Rates Spike in Spring, Not Winter
Q: What does science say about this phenomenon?
Q: How much higher is that risk?
Q: You treat patients with multiple sclerosis. Are patients with autoimmune diseases more prone to depression?
Q: Is inflammation elevated in patients with depression?
Q: Do other seasonal factors contribute to the higher rate of suicide?
Q: What happens to the suicide rate after the spring?
Q: Is the spring peak in suicide reflected in your patients who are on the Mood 24/7 app?
Q: Is the spring peak in depression affected by geographical latitude?
Q: Do climate change and pollution play a role in suicide and depression?
Q: How does the psychiatric department at Johns Hopkins handle mental health emergencies?
Suicide Prevention Lifeline
Warning Signs and What to Do
Content: Some studies show more spring suicides in places farther from the equator. Q: Do climate change and pollution play a role in suicide and depression? A: There is mounting evidence that says pollution is bad for your mental health. We know it’s bad for your health in general. Climate change — and the extreme weather it brings — also appears to be a factor. A number of studies say that even when you remove seasonality from the equation, with 10 hot days in a row, you have higher rates of suicide. Q: How does the psychiatric department at Johns Hopkins handle mental health emergencies?
|
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/articles/suicide-rates-spike-in-spring-not-winter
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1632441465#0_3871605989
|
Title: Velvet Mesquite Tree - Horticulture Unlimited
Headings: Velvet Mesquite Tree
Velvet Mesquite Tree
Description
Maintenance
Content: Velvet Mesquite Tree - Horticulture Unlimited
Velvet Mesquite Tree
Prosopis velutina
Characteristics
Category
Tree
Size
25' x 35'
Flower Color
Cream to Pale Yellow
Flower Season
Late Spring to Summer
Exposure
Full Sun
Water
Low
Growth Rate
Fast
Hardiness
10°F
Notes: Native to Southern Arizona
Description
Native to Southern Arizona, the velvet mesquite is a low branching, open tree with dark, almost black, shaggy bark. It grows wild along the washes, sometimes forming woods in the foothills surrounding Tucson. The velvet mesquite has gray-green, bi-pinnate leaves that are deciduous in cold weather. Multiple stems have stout thorns that can grow up to 3 inches long. Velvet mesquite tree grows to 25 feet tall with a 35 foot or greater spread. Its asymmetrical shape, multiple trunk and wide spreading crown are not conducive for use in small, space restricted areas. Pale yellow flowers appear in the late spring, clustered together in dense, pendulous spikes. These are followed by 3" to 9" long seedpods that ripen and drop to the ground during the summer. Perfect for low water use xeriscaping, velvet mesquite tree appears in large, open landscapes throughout Southern Arizona.
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https://www.horticultureunlimited.com/plant-guide/velvet-mesquite-tree/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1632441465#1_3871607539
|
Title: Velvet Mesquite Tree - Horticulture Unlimited
Headings: Velvet Mesquite Tree
Velvet Mesquite Tree
Description
Maintenance
Content: Velvet mesquite tree grows to 25 feet tall with a 35 foot or greater spread. Its asymmetrical shape, multiple trunk and wide spreading crown are not conducive for use in small, space restricted areas. Pale yellow flowers appear in the late spring, clustered together in dense, pendulous spikes. These are followed by 3" to 9" long seedpods that ripen and drop to the ground during the summer. Perfect for low water use xeriscaping, velvet mesquite tree appears in large, open landscapes throughout Southern Arizona. Maintenance
Velvet mesquite tree tolerates almost any soil type from well-drained, fertile soil to rocky, native soil. It can even be grown in a lawn as long as it is watered deeply and the soil is not too heavy. Newly planted velvet mesquite trees may require extensive staking until established, especially if an upright growth habit is desired. Velvet mesquite trees do not require supplemental fertilizer. Prune to thin, shape or raise the canopy in the late summer.
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https://www.horticultureunlimited.com/plant-guide/velvet-mesquite-tree/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1632441465#2_3871608863
|
Title: Velvet Mesquite Tree - Horticulture Unlimited
Headings: Velvet Mesquite Tree
Velvet Mesquite Tree
Description
Maintenance
Content: Maintenance
Velvet mesquite tree tolerates almost any soil type from well-drained, fertile soil to rocky, native soil. It can even be grown in a lawn as long as it is watered deeply and the soil is not too heavy. Newly planted velvet mesquite trees may require extensive staking until established, especially if an upright growth habit is desired. Velvet mesquite trees do not require supplemental fertilizer. Prune to thin, shape or raise the canopy in the late summer. Pruning this tree in spring causes rampant growth. During the first year, water velvet mesquite tree every seven to ten days. Once established, little or no additional water is required. Summertime seedpod litter may require cleanup in high traffic areas.
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https://www.horticultureunlimited.com/plant-guide/velvet-mesquite-tree/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1635276436#16_3876889988
|
Title: Family Medicine | HospitalCareers.com
Headings: Family Medicine
Family Medicine
Job Description
Responsibilities
Common Activities On The Job
Skills
Working Conditions
Salary Outlook
Content: • Advocate for Patients
During your family medicine career, you need to be an advocate for your patients. What exactly is an advocate? Advocacy is acting as someone’s voice. In the medical field, you’ll find that many of your patients “don’t know the system” so to speak. You’ll be responsible for listening to their issues and giving them a voice. Support Empower Advocate Promote ( SEAP Advocacy) reports that advocacy is the process of enabling people to express their views and concern, access information and services, defend and promote rights and responsibilities, and explore choices and options. To be a proper advocate, you have to care about your patients and empathize with what they're going through. • Practice Good Bedside Manner
When you hear “ bedside manner ”, do you think of sitting at someone’s bedside in a hospital setting? Well, that’s the literal translation, bu
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https://www.hospitalcareers.com/career-profiles/family-medicine
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1646510249#0_3901655801
|
Title: 10 Actual Fighter Jets You Can Buy For Less Money Than A New Ferrari
Headings: 10 Actual Fighter Jets You Can Buy For Less Money Than A New Ferrari
10 Actual Fighter Jets You Can Buy For Less Money Than A New Ferrari
10 North American F-86 Sabre
9 Mikoyan Gurevich MIG-21
RELATED: 10 Best Military Jet Aircraft Built Since 1950 (5 Of The Worst)
8 Mikoyan Gurevich MIG-15
7 Lockheed F-104 Starfighter
RELATED: Here Are The 15 Fastest Jets Ever Used By Military Forces
6 Northrop T-38 Talon
5 Canadair T-33 Silver Star
RELATED: The Evolution Of American Fighter Jets, Captured In Pictures
4 Folland Gnat
3 Fouga Magister
2 Aero L-39 Albatross
1 Aero L-29 Delfin
NEXT: Aces High - The 15 Greatest Fighter Aces And The Planes They Flew
Content: 10 Actual Fighter Jets You Can Buy For Less Money Than A New Ferrari
10 Actual Fighter Jets You Can Buy For Less Money Than A New Ferrari
Not only are these fighter jets faster and downright more badass than any Ferrari could ever be, but it seems they're more affordable as well. By Aaron Young Updated Apr 09, 2021
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At some point in our lives, pretty much everyone has dreamt of flying a fighter jet. In fact, if someone tells you differently, chances are they're lying — especially if they're a gearhead. Performance-wise, it really doesn't get much better than one of these incredible aircraft, which could be why several sports car interiors are inspired by fighter jets . Ever since they first emerged after WWII, they have inspired and shocked the world, even giving rise to dreams of power, freedom, and fun. Updated April 2021: Whether you're just an aviation fan or actually looking to purchase a used fighter jet, we've updated this list with new information and prices to provide you with the most accurate information possible. However, in reality, it's harder to become a fighter pilot than a professional athlete. A lot of the criteria are the same, such as the need for peak physical fitness, lightning-fast reflexes, and reaction times, as well as dedicating a lifetime to training. Add to this the IQ and eyesight requirements, and it's easy to see most people were never cut out to become a fighter pilot.
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https://www.hotcars.com/10-actual-fighter-jets-you-can-buy-for-less-money-than-a-new-ferrari/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2561599#0_2972043
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Title: DeSoto (automobile) - Wikipedia
Headings: DeSoto (automobile)
DeSoto (automobile)
Contents
1929–1942
1929–1942 gallery
1946–1960
1946–1960 gallery
1961
Termination factors
Recession
Dealer networks
Brand management and marketing
DeSoto trucks
Models
Advertising
Motorsport
See also
References
External links
Content: DeSoto (automobile) - Wikipedia
DeSoto (automobile)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Brand of automobile
DeSoto
Industry
Automobile
Successor
Chrysler Newport
Founded
1928
Founder
Walter Chrysler
Defunct
1961; 60 years ago
( 1961)
Fate
Brand discontinued
Headquarters
Highland Park, Michigan
Products
Vehicles
Parent
Chrysler
DeSoto (sometimes De Soto) was an American automobile marque that was manufactured and marketed by the DeSoto division of Chrysler from 1928 to the 1961 model year. More than two million passenger cars and trucks bore the DeSoto brand in North American markets during its existence. Contents
1 1929–1942
1.1 1929–1942 gallery
2 1946–1960
2.1 1946–1960 gallery
3 1961
4 Termination factors
4.1 Recession
4.2 Dealer networks
4.3 Brand management and marketing
5 DeSoto trucks
6 Models
7 Advertising
8 Motorsport
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
1929–1942
The DeSoto was introduced for the 1929 model year
The DeSoto make was founded by Walter Chrysler on August 4, 1928, to compete with Oldsmobile, Studebaker, Hudson and Willys in the mid-price class. Introduced for the 1929 model year, DeSoto served as a lower-priced version of Chrysler products, with Dodge and Plymouth also added to the lower end of Chrysler family in 1928. The marque was named after the Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto, who led the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States (Florida, Georgia and Alabama) and was the first documented European to have crossed the Mississippi River. The DeSoto logo featured a stylized image of the explorer. In 1929 a total of 81,065 single-model DeSotos were produced, a first-year record in the U.S. until eclipsed by the 1960 Ford Falcon. However, shortly after the DeSoto was introduced, Chrysler completed its purchase of Dodge Brothers, giving the company two mid-priced makes. Initially, the two-make strategy was relatively successful, with DeSoto priced below Dodge models.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSoto_(automobile)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2561599#1_2974645
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Title: DeSoto (automobile) - Wikipedia
Headings: DeSoto (automobile)
DeSoto (automobile)
Contents
1929–1942
1929–1942 gallery
1946–1960
1946–1960 gallery
1961
Termination factors
Recession
Dealer networks
Brand management and marketing
DeSoto trucks
Models
Advertising
Motorsport
See also
References
External links
Content: The marque was named after the Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto, who led the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States (Florida, Georgia and Alabama) and was the first documented European to have crossed the Mississippi River. The DeSoto logo featured a stylized image of the explorer. In 1929 a total of 81,065 single-model DeSotos were produced, a first-year record in the U.S. until eclipsed by the 1960 Ford Falcon. However, shortly after the DeSoto was introduced, Chrysler completed its purchase of Dodge Brothers, giving the company two mid-priced makes. Initially, the two-make strategy was relatively successful, with DeSoto priced below Dodge models. Despite the economic times, DeSoto sales were relatively healthy, equaling Dodge at around 25,000 units in 1932. In 1933, Chrysler reversed the market positions of the two marques in hopes of boosting Dodge sales. The DeSoto received Chrysler's streamlined 1934 Airflow bodies, but on a shorter wheelbase; the design proved unpopular with consumers. Unlike Chrysler, which still had more traditional models on which to fall back, DeSoto was hobbled by the Airflow design until its 1935 Airstream arrived.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSoto_(automobile)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2561599#5_2982203
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Title: DeSoto (automobile) - Wikipedia
Headings: DeSoto (automobile)
DeSoto (automobile)
Contents
1929–1942
1929–1942 gallery
1946–1960
1946–1960 gallery
1961
Termination factors
Recession
Dealer networks
Brand management and marketing
DeSoto trucks
Models
Advertising
Motorsport
See also
References
External links
Content: DeSotos sold well through the 1956 model year. That year, for the first and only time in the marque's history, it served as pace car at the Indianapolis 500. For the 1956 update, Exner gave the DeSoto soaring tailfins fitted with triple taillights, and consumers responded by buying in record numbers. The 1957 had a well-integrated design, with two variations: the smaller Firesweep body placed on the concurrent Dodge 122-inch wheelbase chassis with Dodge front fenders and the Firedome and Fireflite (and its halo model Adventurer sub-series), based on the larger 126-inch wheelbase chassis shared with Chrysler. As was conventional in the era, subsequent years within the typical three-year model block were distinguished by trim, bumper and other low-cost modifications, typically by adding bulk to bumpers and grilles, taillight changes, color choices, instrumentation and interior design changes and often additional external trim. The 1958 economic downturn hurt sales of mid-priced makes across the board, and DeSoto sales were 60% lower than those of 1957 in what would be DeSoto's worst year since 1938. Also, Ford Motor Company had introduced new mid-price competitors for the 1958 model year with the Edsel brand. The sales slide continued for 1959 and 1960 (down 40% from the already-low 1959 figures), and rumors began to circulate that DeSoto was soon to be discontinued. 1960 was the last year of DeSoto sales in Canada.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSoto_(automobile)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2561599#6_2984169
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Title: DeSoto (automobile) - Wikipedia
Headings: DeSoto (automobile)
DeSoto (automobile)
Contents
1929–1942
1929–1942 gallery
1946–1960
1946–1960 gallery
1961
Termination factors
Recession
Dealer networks
Brand management and marketing
DeSoto trucks
Models
Advertising
Motorsport
See also
References
External links
Content: As was conventional in the era, subsequent years within the typical three-year model block were distinguished by trim, bumper and other low-cost modifications, typically by adding bulk to bumpers and grilles, taillight changes, color choices, instrumentation and interior design changes and often additional external trim. The 1958 economic downturn hurt sales of mid-priced makes across the board, and DeSoto sales were 60% lower than those of 1957 in what would be DeSoto's worst year since 1938. Also, Ford Motor Company had introduced new mid-price competitors for the 1958 model year with the Edsel brand. The sales slide continued for 1959 and 1960 (down 40% from the already-low 1959 figures), and rumors began to circulate that DeSoto was soon to be discontinued. 1960 was the last year of DeSoto sales in Canada. 1946–1960 gallery
De Soto Club Coupe (1948)
1949 Custom 4-door sedan
1956 Firedome 2-door hardtop
1959 DeSoto Firedome 2-Door Sportsman
1960 DeSoto Adventurer
1961
1961 – the final DeSoto model year
By the time the 1961 DeSoto was introduced in the fall of 1960, rumors were widespread that Chrysler was moving toward terminating the brand, fueled by a reduction in model offerings for the 1960 model year. The introduction of the lower-priced Newport to the upscale Chrysler brand no doubt hastened the decision to end production of the DeSoto, which was very similar in size, styling, price and standard features. For 1961, DeSoto lost its series designations entirely, in a move reminiscent of Packard's final lineup. And, as with the final Packards, the final DeSoto was of questionable design merit. Again based on the shorter Chrysler Windsor wheelbase, the DeSoto featured a two-tiered grille (each tier with a different texture) and revised taillights.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSoto_(automobile)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2561599#7_2986498
|
Title: DeSoto (automobile) - Wikipedia
Headings: DeSoto (automobile)
DeSoto (automobile)
Contents
1929–1942
1929–1942 gallery
1946–1960
1946–1960 gallery
1961
Termination factors
Recession
Dealer networks
Brand management and marketing
DeSoto trucks
Models
Advertising
Motorsport
See also
References
External links
Content: 1946–1960 gallery
De Soto Club Coupe (1948)
1949 Custom 4-door sedan
1956 Firedome 2-door hardtop
1959 DeSoto Firedome 2-Door Sportsman
1960 DeSoto Adventurer
1961
1961 – the final DeSoto model year
By the time the 1961 DeSoto was introduced in the fall of 1960, rumors were widespread that Chrysler was moving toward terminating the brand, fueled by a reduction in model offerings for the 1960 model year. The introduction of the lower-priced Newport to the upscale Chrysler brand no doubt hastened the decision to end production of the DeSoto, which was very similar in size, styling, price and standard features. For 1961, DeSoto lost its series designations entirely, in a move reminiscent of Packard's final lineup. And, as with the final Packards, the final DeSoto was of questionable design merit. Again based on the shorter Chrysler Windsor wheelbase, the DeSoto featured a two-tiered grille (each tier with a different texture) and revised taillights. Only a two-door hardtop and a four-door hardtop were offered. The cars were trimmed similarly to the 1960 Fireflite . The final decision to discontinue DeSoto was announced on November 18, 1960, just 47 days after the 1961 models were introduced. At the time, Chrysler warehouses contained several million dollars in 1961 DeSoto parts, so the company ramped up production in order to use up the stock. The last DeSoto rolled off the line on November 30.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSoto_(automobile)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2561599#8_2988459
|
Title: DeSoto (automobile) - Wikipedia
Headings: DeSoto (automobile)
DeSoto (automobile)
Contents
1929–1942
1929–1942 gallery
1946–1960
1946–1960 gallery
1961
Termination factors
Recession
Dealer networks
Brand management and marketing
DeSoto trucks
Models
Advertising
Motorsport
See also
References
External links
Content: Only a two-door hardtop and a four-door hardtop were offered. The cars were trimmed similarly to the 1960 Fireflite . The final decision to discontinue DeSoto was announced on November 18, 1960, just 47 days after the 1961 models were introduced. At the time, Chrysler warehouses contained several million dollars in 1961 DeSoto parts, so the company ramped up production in order to use up the stock. The last DeSoto rolled off the line on November 30. Chrysler and Plymouth dealers, which had been forced to take possession of DeSotos under the terms of their franchise agreements, received no compensation from Chrysler for their unsold DeSotos at the time of the formal announcement. Making matters worse, Chrysler continued to ship the cars through December, many of which were sold at a loss by dealers eager to be rid of them. After the parts stock was exhausted, a few outstanding customer orders were filled with Chrysler Windsors. Termination factors
Despite being a successful mid-priced line for Chrysler motors for most of its life, DeSoto's failure was attributable to a combination of corporate mistakes and external factors beyond Chrysler's control. The Chrysler marque (under post-war pressures from consumers in the market) was essentially moved by customers' changing market tastes from a luxury automaker to a mid-priced brand when Chrysler itself launched the separate Imperial brand in 1954 for the 1955 model year.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSoto_(automobile)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2561599#9_2990427
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Title: DeSoto (automobile) - Wikipedia
Headings: DeSoto (automobile)
DeSoto (automobile)
Contents
1929–1942
1929–1942 gallery
1946–1960
1946–1960 gallery
1961
Termination factors
Recession
Dealer networks
Brand management and marketing
DeSoto trucks
Models
Advertising
Motorsport
See also
References
External links
Content: Chrysler and Plymouth dealers, which had been forced to take possession of DeSotos under the terms of their franchise agreements, received no compensation from Chrysler for their unsold DeSotos at the time of the formal announcement. Making matters worse, Chrysler continued to ship the cars through December, many of which were sold at a loss by dealers eager to be rid of them. After the parts stock was exhausted, a few outstanding customer orders were filled with Chrysler Windsors. Termination factors
Despite being a successful mid-priced line for Chrysler motors for most of its life, DeSoto's failure was attributable to a combination of corporate mistakes and external factors beyond Chrysler's control. The Chrysler marque (under post-war pressures from consumers in the market) was essentially moved by customers' changing market tastes from a luxury automaker to a mid-priced brand when Chrysler itself launched the separate Imperial brand in 1954 for the 1955 model year. The mid-priced market segment was already filled with brands made by rivals Ford and General Motors, plus Chrysler's own Newport model. Most DeSoto models were merged into the new Chrysler Newport in 1961. Recession
The 1958 recession seriously affected demand for mid-priced automobile makes. DeSoto sales were particularly affected, and sales failed to recover in 1959 and 1960. With falling sales, the 1959 and 1960 models were very similar to the concurrent Chryslers.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSoto_(automobile)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2561599#10_2992415
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Title: DeSoto (automobile) - Wikipedia
Headings: DeSoto (automobile)
DeSoto (automobile)
Contents
1929–1942
1929–1942 gallery
1946–1960
1946–1960 gallery
1961
Termination factors
Recession
Dealer networks
Brand management and marketing
DeSoto trucks
Models
Advertising
Motorsport
See also
References
External links
Content: The mid-priced market segment was already filled with brands made by rivals Ford and General Motors, plus Chrysler's own Newport model. Most DeSoto models were merged into the new Chrysler Newport in 1961. Recession
The 1958 recession seriously affected demand for mid-priced automobile makes. DeSoto sales were particularly affected, and sales failed to recover in 1959 and 1960. With falling sales, the 1959 and 1960 models were very similar to the concurrent Chryslers. Moreover, rumors that DeSoto would soon be discontinued did not help sales. Dealer networks
DeSoto-Plymouth dealer on 815 Penn Avenue, Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania, ca. 1930–1945
Chrysler's dealer network also had an effect on the termination of the DeSoto brand. Following World War II, Chrysler had a large number of dealers that carried two or more Chrysler makes, with DeSoto-Plymouth and Chrysler–Plymouth relationships being the most common. However, as Chrysler attempted to spin Plymouth off into standalone dealerships, existing dealers typically chose to become higher-volume Plymouth dealerships rather than taking on the slower-selling DeSoto brand, leaving the marque with a weakened dealer network and fewer outlets selling its cars.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSoto_(automobile)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2561599#11_2994175
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Title: DeSoto (automobile) - Wikipedia
Headings: DeSoto (automobile)
DeSoto (automobile)
Contents
1929–1942
1929–1942 gallery
1946–1960
1946–1960 gallery
1961
Termination factors
Recession
Dealer networks
Brand management and marketing
DeSoto trucks
Models
Advertising
Motorsport
See also
References
External links
Content: Moreover, rumors that DeSoto would soon be discontinued did not help sales. Dealer networks
DeSoto-Plymouth dealer on 815 Penn Avenue, Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania, ca. 1930–1945
Chrysler's dealer network also had an effect on the termination of the DeSoto brand. Following World War II, Chrysler had a large number of dealers that carried two or more Chrysler makes, with DeSoto-Plymouth and Chrysler–Plymouth relationships being the most common. However, as Chrysler attempted to spin Plymouth off into standalone dealerships, existing dealers typically chose to become higher-volume Plymouth dealerships rather than taking on the slower-selling DeSoto brand, leaving the marque with a weakened dealer network and fewer outlets selling its cars. DeSoto's failure to adjust to changing market trends, evidenced by its lack of a new compact car model in 1960 as GM, Ford and DeSoto's siblings Dodge and Plymouth had done, also hastened its demise. Brand management and marketing
Chrysler's brand management during the 1950s pitted each of its five marques (Plymouth, Dodge, DeSoto, Chrysler and Imperial) against one another, causing the greatest damage to DeSoto. Rather than managing the market relationship to specific price points for particular consumers, as General Motors had done successfully, Chrysler allowed its divisions to develop products targeting markets covered by their own sister divisions. Dodge was most successful when it introduced the lower-priced Dodge Dart in 1960. The Dart was advertised in comparison to the "C" car, the "F" car and the "P" car (Chevrolet, Ford, and Plymouth, respectively).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSoto_(automobile)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2561599#12_2996341
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Title: DeSoto (automobile) - Wikipedia
Headings: DeSoto (automobile)
DeSoto (automobile)
Contents
1929–1942
1929–1942 gallery
1946–1960
1946–1960 gallery
1961
Termination factors
Recession
Dealer networks
Brand management and marketing
DeSoto trucks
Models
Advertising
Motorsport
See also
References
External links
Content: DeSoto's failure to adjust to changing market trends, evidenced by its lack of a new compact car model in 1960 as GM, Ford and DeSoto's siblings Dodge and Plymouth had done, also hastened its demise. Brand management and marketing
Chrysler's brand management during the 1950s pitted each of its five marques (Plymouth, Dodge, DeSoto, Chrysler and Imperial) against one another, causing the greatest damage to DeSoto. Rather than managing the market relationship to specific price points for particular consumers, as General Motors had done successfully, Chrysler allowed its divisions to develop products targeting markets covered by their own sister divisions. Dodge was most successful when it introduced the lower-priced Dodge Dart in 1960. The Dart was advertised in comparison to the "C" car, the "F" car and the "P" car (Chevrolet, Ford, and Plymouth, respectively). While sales of the Dart increa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSoto_(automobile)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_2588125#3_3023946
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Title: DeSoto Airflow - Wikipedia
Headings: DeSoto Airflow
DeSoto Airflow
Contents
Airflow streamlining
Marketing failure
See also
References
Content: They reminded one of a Victorian era davenport (sofa). Because of the car's unibody construction, passengers rode within the frame of the car, not on top of the frame as they did with most other American makes. It also boasted a stiffer body and better weight distribution through the engine placement over the front wheels, in contrast to the common practice of placing the center of the engine's gravity just behind the front wheels. The automotive press gave the cars positive reviews for their handling and acceleration. Marketing failure
DeSoto (and Chrysler) touted all of its Airflow bodies as "futuristic" in an age of streamlining, but the public found the cars to be too different in a time of economic uncertainty. While Chrysler's cars looked better, with the Airflow bodies stretched over their longer wheelbases, the shorter 115" wheelbase of the DeSoto made the cars seem bulky. Walter P. Chrysler, who had been a strong proponent of the Airflow project, was stunned by the lack of interest in the car, which he believed pointed the way for the future of American cars. Interest in the Airflow was strong when it was introduced. Unfilled orders for it totaled 15,580 on April 30, 1934. This was 48.3% of comparable Chrysler and DeSoto shipments in 1933.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSoto_Airflow
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_11748872#2_13226806
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Title: Dealignment - Wikipedia
Headings: Dealignment
Dealignment
Contents
Partisan dealignment
Class dealignment
See also
References
Content: Prior to the 1970s there had been clear examples of partisan dealignment in the UK. For example, in the three elections which the Conservatives won in the 1950s, they received nearly 50% of the vote in those elections. However, in recent years loyalties towards the UK's main parties - the Labour Party and the Conservative Party - has reduced. This was seen in the 2019 general election when Labour lost votes to the Conservatives over the issue of Brexit. Class dealignment
Class dealignment is a process in which members of a social class no longer vote for the party that their class is aligned with. In the UK, traditionally, working class voters support Labour and middle class voters support the Conservatives. Therefore, an example of class dealignment would be if the working class began to view themselves as lower middle class . Class dealignment took place in Britain post-1960s, when people were more likely to pursue tertiary education, have professional jobs and consequently more affluence. As a result, working-class voters who would traditionally have voted Labour may instead vote Conservative or Liberal Democrat. This happens as people lose their traditional class loyalties to a particular party.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealignment
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_16001849#2_18755756
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Title: Death Valley - Wikipedia
Headings: Death Valley
Death Valley
Contents
Geology
Climate
Flooding
Ecology
History
Notable attractions and locations
In popular culture
Films
Music
Television
See also
References
External links
Content: On the afternoon of July 10, 1913, the United States Weather Bureau recorded a high temperature of 134 °F (56.7 °C) at Furnace Creek in Death Valley, which stands as the highest ambient air temperature ever recorded at the surface of the Earth. This reading, however, and several others taken in that period, a century ago, are in dispute by some modern experts. Lying mostly in Inyo County, California, near the border of California and Nevada, in the Great Basin, east of the Sierra Nevada mountains, Death Valley constitutes much of Death Valley National Park and is the principal feature of the Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve. It runs from north to south between the Amargosa Range on the east and the Panamint Range on the west; the Grapevine Mountains and the Owlshead Mountains form its northern and southern boundaries, respectively. It has an area of about 3,000 sq mi (7,800 km 2 ). The highest point in Death Valley National Park is Telescope Peak, in the Panamint Range, which has an elevation of 11,043 feet (3,366 m). Contents
1 Geology
2 Climate
2.1 Flooding
3 Ecology
4 History
5 Notable attractions and locations
6 In popular culture
6.1 Films
6.2 Music
6.3 Television
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Geology
Main article: Geology of the Death Valley area
Map showing the system of once-interconnected Pleistocene lakes in eastern California (USGS)
Death Valley is a graben —a downdropped block of land between two mountain ranges. It lies at the southern end of a geological trough, Walker Lane, which runs north to Oregon.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Valley
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_16001849#3_18757768
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Title: Death Valley - Wikipedia
Headings: Death Valley
Death Valley
Contents
Geology
Climate
Flooding
Ecology
History
Notable attractions and locations
In popular culture
Films
Music
Television
See also
References
External links
Content: It has an area of about 3,000 sq mi (7,800 km 2 ). The highest point in Death Valley National Park is Telescope Peak, in the Panamint Range, which has an elevation of 11,043 feet (3,366 m). Contents
1 Geology
2 Climate
2.1 Flooding
3 Ecology
4 History
5 Notable attractions and locations
6 In popular culture
6.1 Films
6.2 Music
6.3 Television
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Geology
Main article: Geology of the Death Valley area
Map showing the system of once-interconnected Pleistocene lakes in eastern California (USGS)
Death Valley is a graben —a downdropped block of land between two mountain ranges. It lies at the southern end of a geological trough, Walker Lane, which runs north to Oregon. The valley is bisected by a right lateral strike slip fault system, comprising the Death Valley Fault and the Furnace Creek Fault. The eastern end of the left lateral Garlock Fault intersects the Death Valley Fault. Furnace Creek and the Amargosa River flow through part of the valley and eventually disappear into the sands of the valley floor. Death Valley, California, July 3, 2017, Sentinel-2 true-color satellite image, scale 1:250,000. Death Valley also contains salt pans.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Valley
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_16001849#4_18759393
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Title: Death Valley - Wikipedia
Headings: Death Valley
Death Valley
Contents
Geology
Climate
Flooding
Ecology
History
Notable attractions and locations
In popular culture
Films
Music
Television
See also
References
External links
Content: The valley is bisected by a right lateral strike slip fault system, comprising the Death Valley Fault and the Furnace Creek Fault. The eastern end of the left lateral Garlock Fault intersects the Death Valley Fault. Furnace Creek and the Amargosa River flow through part of the valley and eventually disappear into the sands of the valley floor. Death Valley, California, July 3, 2017, Sentinel-2 true-color satellite image, scale 1:250,000. Death Valley also contains salt pans. According to current geological consensus, at various times during the middle of the Pleistocene era, which ended roughly 10,000–12,000 years ago, an inland lake, Lake Manly, formed in Death Valley. The lake was nearly 100 miles (160 km) long and 600 feet (180 m) deep, the end-basin in a chain of lakes that began with Mono Lake, in the north, and continued through basins down the Owens River Valley, through Searles and China Lakes and the Panamint Valley, to the immediate west. As the area turned to desert, the water evaporated, leaving an abundance of evaporitic salts, such as common sodium salts and borax, which were later exploited during the modern history of the region, primarily 1883 to 1907. Climate
Death Valley has a subtropical, hot desert climate ( Köppen: BWh ), with long, extremely hot summers;
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Valley
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_16001849#5_18761116
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Title: Death Valley - Wikipedia
Headings: Death Valley
Death Valley
Contents
Geology
Climate
Flooding
Ecology
History
Notable attractions and locations
In popular culture
Films
Music
Television
See also
References
External links
Content: According to current geological consensus, at various times during the middle of the Pleistocene era, which ended roughly 10,000–12,000 years ago, an inland lake, Lake Manly, formed in Death Valley. The lake was nearly 100 miles (160 km) long and 600 feet (180 m) deep, the end-basin in a chain of lakes that began with Mono Lake, in the north, and continued through basins down the Owens River Valley, through Searles and China Lakes and the Panamint Valley, to the immediate west. As the area turned to desert, the water evaporated, leaving an abundance of evaporitic salts, such as common sodium salts and borax, which were later exploited during the modern history of the region, primarily 1883 to 1907. Climate
Death Valley has a subtropical, hot desert climate ( Köppen: BWh ), with long, extremely hot summers; short, mild winters; and little rainfall. The valley is extremely dry, because it lies in the rain shadow of four major mountain ranges (including the Sierra Nevada and Panamint Range ). Moisture moving inland from the Pacific Ocean must pass eastward over the mountains to reach Death Valley; as air masses are forced upward by each range, they cool and moisture condenses, to fall as rain or snow on the western slopes.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Valley
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_16136128#3_18933328
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Title: Death Valley National Park - Wikipedia
Headings: Death Valley National Park
Death Valley National Park
Contents
Geographic setting
Climate
Human history
Early inhabitants and transient populations
Boom and bust
Early tourism
Protection and later history
Geologic history
Basement and Pahrump Group
Rifting and deposition
Compression and uplift
Stretching and lakes
Biology
Activities
See also
References
Explanatory notes
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Content: The valley later became the subject of books, radio programs, television series, and movies. Tourism expanded in the 1920s when resorts were built around Stovepipe Wells and Furnace Creek. Death Valley National Monument was declared in 1933 and the park was substantially expanded and became a national park in 1994. The natural environment of the area has been shaped largely by its geology. The valley is actually a graben with the oldest rocks being extensively metamorphosed and at least 1.7 billion years old. Ancient, warm, shallow seas deposited marine sediments until rifting opened the Pacific Ocean. Additional sedimentation occurred until a subduction zone formed off the coast. The subduction uplifted the region out of the sea and created a line of volcanoes. Later the crust started to pull apart, creating the current Basin and Range landform. Valleys filled with sediment and, during the wet times of glacial periods, with lakes, such as Lake Manly .
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_16136128#4_18934968
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Title: Death Valley National Park - Wikipedia
Headings: Death Valley National Park
Death Valley National Park
Contents
Geographic setting
Climate
Human history
Early inhabitants and transient populations
Boom and bust
Early tourism
Protection and later history
Geologic history
Basement and Pahrump Group
Rifting and deposition
Compression and uplift
Stretching and lakes
Biology
Activities
See also
References
Explanatory notes
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Content: Ancient, warm, shallow seas deposited marine sediments until rifting opened the Pacific Ocean. Additional sedimentation occurred until a subduction zone formed off the coast. The subduction uplifted the region out of the sea and created a line of volcanoes. Later the crust started to pull apart, creating the current Basin and Range landform. Valleys filled with sediment and, during the wet times of glacial periods, with lakes, such as Lake Manly . In 2013, Death Valley National Park was designated as a dark sky park by the International Dark-Sky Association. Contents
1 Geographic setting
2 Climate
3 Human history
3.1 Early inhabitants and transient populations
3.2 Boom and bust
3.3 Early tourism
3.4 Protection and later history
4 Geologic history
4.1 Basement and Pahrump Group
4.2 Rifting and deposition
4.3 Compression and uplift
4.4 Stretching and lakes
5 Biology
6 Activities
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Explanatory notes
8.2 Citations
8.3 Bibliography
9 External links
Geographic setting
There are two major valleys in the park, Death Valley and Panamint Valley. Both of these valleys were formed within the last few million years and both are bounded by north-south-trending mountain ranges. These and adjacent valleys follow the general trend of Basin and Range topography with one modification: there are parallel strike-slip faults that perpendicularly bound the central extent of Death Valley.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_16136128#7_18941826
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Title: Death Valley National Park - Wikipedia
Headings: Death Valley National Park
Death Valley National Park
Contents
Geographic setting
Climate
Human history
Early inhabitants and transient populations
Boom and bust
Early tourism
Protection and later history
Geologic history
Basement and Pahrump Group
Rifting and deposition
Compression and uplift
Stretching and lakes
Biology
Activities
See also
References
Explanatory notes
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Content: Sediment is deposited on a small and steep alluvial fan. At 282 feet (86 m) below sea level at its lowest point, Badwater Basin on Death Valley's floor is the second-lowest depression in the Western Hemisphere (behind Laguna del Carbón in Argentina ), while Mount Whitney, only 85 miles (137 km) to the west, rises to 14,505 feet (4,421 m) and is the tallest mountain in the contiguous United States. This topographic relief is the greatest elevation gradient in the contiguous United States and is the terminus point of the Great Basin 's southwestern drainage. Although the extreme lack of water in the Great Basin makes this distinction of little current practical use, it does mean that in wetter times the lake that once filled Death Valley ( Lake Manly) was the last stop for water flowing in the region, meaning the water there was saturated in dissolved materials. Thus, the salt pans in Death Valley are among the largest in the world and are rich in minerals, such as borax and various salts and hydrates. The largest salt pan in the park extends 40 miles (64 km) from the Ashford Mill Site to the Salt Creek Hills, covering some 200 square miles (520 km 2) of the valley floor. The best known playa in the park is the Racetrack, known for its moving rocks. Climate
A cross section through the highest and lowest points in Death Valley National Park
According to the Köppen climate classification system, Death Valley National Park has a Hot Desert Climate ( BWh ). The plant hardiness zone at Badwater Basin is 9b with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of 27.3 °F (-2.6 °C). Death Valley is the hottest and driest place in North America due to its lack of surface water and low relief.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_16136128#8_18944230
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Title: Death Valley National Park - Wikipedia
Headings: Death Valley National Park
Death Valley National Park
Contents
Geographic setting
Climate
Human history
Early inhabitants and transient populations
Boom and bust
Early tourism
Protection and later history
Geologic history
Basement and Pahrump Group
Rifting and deposition
Compression and uplift
Stretching and lakes
Biology
Activities
See also
References
Explanatory notes
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Content: The largest salt pan in the park extends 40 miles (64 km) from the Ashford Mill Site to the Salt Creek Hills, covering some 200 square miles (520 km 2) of the valley floor. The best known playa in the park is the Racetrack, known for its moving rocks. Climate
A cross section through the highest and lowest points in Death Valley National Park
According to the Köppen climate classification system, Death Valley National Park has a Hot Desert Climate ( BWh ). The plant hardiness zone at Badwater Basin is 9b with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of 27.3 °F (-2.6 °C). Death Valley is the hottest and driest place in North America due to its lack of surface water and low relief. It is so frequently the hottest spot in the United States that many tabulations of the highest daily temperatures in the country omit Death Valley as a matter of course. On the afternoon of July 10, 1913, the United States Weather Bureau recorded a high temperature of 134 °F (56.7 °C) at Greenland Ranch (now Furnace Creek) in Death Valley. This temperature stands as the highest ambient air temperature ever recorded at the surface of the Earth. ( A report of a temperature of 58 °C (136.4 °F) recorded in Libya in 1922 was later determined to be inaccurate.) Daily summer temperatures of 120 °F (49 °C) or greater are common, as well as below freezing nightly temperatures in the winter.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_16136128#10_18948318
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Title: Death Valley National Park - Wikipedia
Headings: Death Valley National Park
Death Valley National Park
Contents
Geographic setting
Climate
Human history
Early inhabitants and transient populations
Boom and bust
Early tourism
Protection and later history
Geologic history
Basement and Pahrump Group
Rifting and deposition
Compression and uplift
Stretching and lakes
Biology
Activities
See also
References
Explanatory notes
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Content: July is the hottest month, with an average high of 115 °F (46 °C) and an average low of 88 °F (31 °C). December is the coldest month, with an average high of 65 °F (18 °C) and an average low of 39 °F (4 °C). The record low is 15 °F (−9.4 °C). Several of the larger Death Valley springs derive their water from a regional aquifer, which extends as far east as southern Nevada and Utah. Much of the water in this aquifer has been there for many thousands of years, since the Pleistocene ice ages, when the climate was cooler and wetter. Today's drier climate does not provide enough precipitation to recharge the aquifer at the rate at which water is being withdrawn. Telescope Peak
The highest range within the park is the Panamint Range, with Telescope Peak being its highest point at 11,049 feet (3,368 m). The Death Valley region is a transitional zone in the northernmost part of the Mojave Desert and consists of five mountain ranges removed from the Pacific Ocean. Three of these are significant barriers: the Sierra Nevada, the Argus Range, and the Panamint Range.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_16136128#11_18950119
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Title: Death Valley National Park - Wikipedia
Headings: Death Valley National Park
Death Valley National Park
Contents
Geographic setting
Climate
Human history
Early inhabitants and transient populations
Boom and bust
Early tourism
Protection and later history
Geologic history
Basement and Pahrump Group
Rifting and deposition
Compression and uplift
Stretching and lakes
Biology
Activities
See also
References
Explanatory notes
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Content: Today's drier climate does not provide enough precipitation to recharge the aquifer at the rate at which water is being withdrawn. Telescope Peak
The highest range within the park is the Panamint Range, with Telescope Peak being its highest point at 11,049 feet (3,368 m). The Death Valley region is a transitional zone in the northernmost part of the Mojave Desert and consists of five mountain ranges removed from the Pacific Ocean. Three of these are significant barriers: the Sierra Nevada, the Argus Range, and the Panamint Range. Air masses tend to lose moisture as they are forced up over mountain ranges, in what climatologists call a rainshadow effect . The exaggerated rain shadow effect for the Death Valley area makes it North America 's driest spot, receiving about 1.5 inches (38 mm) of rainfall annually at Badwater, and some years fail to register any measurable rainfall. Annual average precipitation varies from 1.92 inches (49 mm) overall below sea level to over 15 inches (380 mm) in the higher mountains that surround the valley. When rain does arrive it often does so in intense storms that cause flash floods which remodel the landscape and sometimes create very shallow ephemeral lakes. Lake Badwater, March 2005
The hot, dry climate makes it difficult for soil to form.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_16136128#12_18952090
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Title: Death Valley National Park - Wikipedia
Headings: Death Valley National Park
Death Valley National Park
Contents
Geographic setting
Climate
Human history
Early inhabitants and transient populations
Boom and bust
Early tourism
Protection and later history
Geologic history
Basement and Pahrump Group
Rifting and deposition
Compression and uplift
Stretching and lakes
Biology
Activities
See also
References
Explanatory notes
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Content: Air masses tend to lose moisture as they are forced up over mountain ranges, in what climatologists call a rainshadow effect . The exaggerated rain shadow effect for the Death Valley area makes it North America 's driest spot, receiving about 1.5 inches (38 mm) of rainfall annually at Badwater, and some years fail to register any measurable rainfall. Annual average precipitation varies from 1.92 inches (49 mm) overall below sea level to over 15 inches (380 mm) in the higher mountains that surround the valley. When rain does arrive it often does so in intense storms that cause flash floods which remodel the landscape and sometimes create very shallow ephemeral lakes. Lake Badwater, March 2005
The hot, dry climate makes it difficult for soil to form. Mass wasting, the down-slope movement of loose rock, is therefore the dominant erosive force in mountainous areas, resulting in "skeletonized" ranges (mountains with very little soil on them). Sand dunes in the park, while famous, are not nearly as widespread as their fame or the dryness of the area may suggest. The Mesquite Flat dune field is the most easily accessible from t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_19137445#8_21984888
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Title: Etika - Wikipedia
Headings: Etika
Etika
Contents
Early life
Career
Modeling, streaming and YouTube career
Controversies and channel terminations
Disappearance and death
Reactions
Legacy
See also
References
External links
Content: I thought, 'oh, I'm destined for this, nothing can stop me'. Amofah discusses the effect social media had on him. On October 25, 2018, Amofah uploaded pornography to his YouTube channel EWNetwork (then titled Etika), which violated YouTube's policies and consequently led to the channel's termination. He later had his second channel EtikaFRFX terminated in April 2019 for the same reason. He was also banned from Twitch that year for using a homophobic slur during a stream. Following the termination of his EWNetwork channel, Amofah posted cryptic messages to social media, including the statement "it's my turn to die", coupled with a screenshot of his terminated account. Several of his followers felt that the messages and posts were suicidal in nature, which quickly created a panic within his following. Amofah took to social media that evening to confirm his well-being, along with other streamers who professed to having seen him safe and sound in person, so as to allay his followers' fears. He later apologized on his subreddit r/EtikaRedditNetwork. On October 29, 2018, Amofah confirmed on his Twitch stream that he purposefully deleted his channel due to the fact that he does not receive ad revenue from the channel.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Etika
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_22013300#1_24913799
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Title: Death row - Wikipedia
Headings: Death row
Death row
Contents
Etymology
United States
Death row locations
Notes:
European criticisms of death row
Other countries
See also
References
External links
Content: this usually has to be a unanimous decision. If the jury agrees on death, the defendant will remain on death row during appeal and habeas corpus procedures, which may continue for several years. Opponents of capital punishment claim that a prisoner's isolation and uncertainty over their fate constitute a form of psychological abuse and that especially long-time death row inmates are prone to develop a mental disorder, if they do not already suffer such a condition. This is referred to as the death row phenomenon. Estimations reveal that five to ten percent of all inmates on death row suffer from mental illness. Some inmates may attempt suicide. There have been some calls for a ban on the imposition of the death penalty for inmates with mental illness and also case law such as Atkins v. Virginia to further this. Executions still take place for those with clear intellectual disabilities due to poor legal representation and high standards of proof. Contents
1 Etymology
2 United States
2.1 Death row locations
3 European criticisms of death row
4 Other countries
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Etymology
Giuseppe Zangara 's sentence required prison officials to expand their waiting area, and the "death cell" became "Death Row". United States
United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute houses the male death row prisoners sentenced by the U.S. federal government
San Quentin State Prison houses the male death row prisoners sentenced by the U.S. state of California
Allan B. Polunsky Unit houses the male death row prisoners sentenced by the U.S. state of Texas
Louisiana State Penitentiary, which houses the male death row prisoners sentenced by the State of Louisiana
The Mississippi State Penitentiary, which houses male death row prisoners sentenced by the State of Mississippi
Oklahoma State Penitentiary, which houses male death row prisoners sentenced by the state of Oklahoma
In the United States, prisoners may wait many years before execution can be carried out due to the complex and time-consuming appeals procedures mandated in the jurisdiction.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_row
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_22013300#2_24916278
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Title: Death row - Wikipedia
Headings: Death row
Death row
Contents
Etymology
United States
Death row locations
Notes:
European criticisms of death row
Other countries
See also
References
External links
Content: Some inmates may attempt suicide. There have been some calls for a ban on the imposition of the death penalty for inmates with mental illness and also case law such as Atkins v. Virginia to further this. Executions still take place for those with clear intellectual disabilities due to poor legal representation and high standards of proof. Contents
1 Etymology
2 United States
2.1 Death row locations
3 European criticisms of death row
4 Other countries
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Etymology
Giuseppe Zangara 's sentence required prison officials to expand their waiting area, and the "death cell" became "Death Row". United States
United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute houses the male death row prisoners sentenced by the U.S. federal government
San Quentin State Prison houses the male death row prisoners sentenced by the U.S. state of California
Allan B. Polunsky Unit houses the male death row prisoners sentenced by the U.S. state of Texas
Louisiana State Penitentiary, which houses the male death row prisoners sentenced by the State of Louisiana
The Mississippi State Penitentiary, which houses male death row prisoners sentenced by the State of Mississippi
Oklahoma State Penitentiary, which houses male death row prisoners sentenced by the state of Oklahoma
In the United States, prisoners may wait many years before execution can be carried out due to the complex and time-consuming appeals procedures mandated in the jurisdiction. The time between sentencing and execution has increased relatively steadily between 1977 and 2010, including a 22% jump between 1989 and 1990 and a similar jump between 2008 and 2009. In 2010, a death row inmate waited an average of 178 months (roughly 15 years) between sentencing and execution. Nearly a quarter of inmates on death row in the U.S. die of natural causes while awaiting execution. There were 2,721 people on death row in the United States on October 1, 2018. Since 1977, the states of Texas (464), Virginia (108) and Oklahoma (94) have executed the most death row inmates.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_22044068#3_24939776
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Title: Death row phenomenon - Wikipedia
Headings: Death row phenomenon
Death row phenomenon
Contents
Phenomenon
Legal ramifications
See also
References
External links
Content: Since the re-institution of the death penalty in 1976 to January 1, 2017, 145 prisoners have waived their appeals and asked that the execution be carried out. In the post- Furman era, four states (Connecticut, New Mexico, Oregon, and Pennsylvania) have executed only volunteers. The theory of the death row phenomenon may be traced to 1989, when the European Court of Human Rights agreed that poor conditions on death row in Virginia should mean that a fugitive should not be extradited to the US unless the US agreed it would not execute the fugitive should he or she be convicted. Additionally, the number of years that the fugitive would be on death row was considered problematic. The case is known as Soering v. United Kingdom. Earlier, however, in 1950, a justice of the United States Supreme Court, in Solesbee v. Balkcom, remarked that the onset of insanity while awaiting execution of a death sentence is not a rare phenomenon. Often, the death row phenomenon, being a result of a prolonged stay on death row, is an unintentional result of the long procedures used in the attempt to ensure the death penalty is applied only to the guilty. Legal ramifications
As of 2013
[update]
, arguments about the death row phenomenon have never been successful in avoiding the death penalty for any person in the United States, but the Supreme Court has been aware of the theory and has mentioned it in its decisions. When serial killer Michael Bruce Ross agreed to be executed in 2005, his decision sparked controversy over whether he could legally agree to such a thing, as the death row phenomenon might have contributed to his decision. In Canada, the Supreme Court of Canada cited the death row phenomenon, along with a few other concerns about execution, to declare the risk of a prisoner being executed after he or she is extradited to another country to be a breach of fundamental justice, a legal right under Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in the Constitution of Canada.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_row_phenomenon
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_22044068#4_24942134
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Title: Death row phenomenon - Wikipedia
Headings: Death row phenomenon
Death row phenomenon
Contents
Phenomenon
Legal ramifications
See also
References
External links
Content: Earlier, however, in 1950, a justice of the United States Supreme Court, in Solesbee v. Balkcom, remarked that the onset of insanity while awaiting execution of a death sentence is not a rare phenomenon. Often, the death row phenomenon, being a result of a prolonged stay on death row, is an unintentional result of the long procedures used in the attempt to ensure the death penalty is applied only to the guilty. Legal ramifications
As of 2013
[update]
, arguments about the death row phenomenon have never been successful in avoiding the death penalty for any person in the United States, but the Supreme Court has been aware of the theory and has mentioned it in its decisions. When serial killer Michael Bruce Ross agreed to be executed in 2005, his decision sparked controversy over whether he could legally agree to such a thing, as the death row phenomenon might have contributed to his decision. In Canada, the Supreme Court of Canada cited the death row phenomenon, along with a few other concerns about execution, to declare the risk of a prisoner being executed after he or she is extradited to another country to be a breach of fundamental justice, a legal right under Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in the Constitution of Canada. The case was United States v. Burns (2001). Earlier, in 1991, some Supreme Court justices had, in Kindler v. Canada (Minister of Justice), expressed skepticism about the legal argument regarding the phenomenon, writing that the stress was not as severe a punishment as the execution itself, and writing that the prisoners themselves choose to appeal their sentences, thus being responsible for the prolonged stay on death row. In Burns, however, the Court acknowledged that the mere process of execution, including making sure that the sentence is carried out justly, "seems inevitably to provide lengthy delays, and the associated psychological trauma. This cast doubt on whether the risk of execution after extradition, as a whole, could be compatible with the principles of fundamental justice. In Jamaica, in the case Pratt v Attorney General for Jamaica, the death penalty was overturned for two prisoners by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, who had made reference to the death row phenomenon.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_row_phenomenon
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_22690810#0_25529419
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Title: Death rock - Wikipedia
Headings: Death rock
Death rock
Contents
Characteristics
History
Etymology
Origins
Emergence
Interaction
Irreconcilable differences
Revival
Artists and bands
References
External links
Content: Death rock - Wikipedia
Death rock
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Deathrock)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Not to be confused with Death metal or Death 'n' roll. Rock music subgenre
Death rock
Stylistic origins
Punk rock
shock rock
gothic rock
glam rock
horror film score
Cultural origins
Early 1980s, Los Angeles, California, United States
Derivative forms
Dark cabaret
Gothic rock
horror punk
psychobilly
Death rock (or deathrock) is a rock music subgenre incorporating horror elements and gothic theatrics. It emerged from punk rock on the West Coast of the United States in the early 1980s and overlaps with the gothic rock and horror punk genres. Notable death rock acts include Christian Death, Kommunity FK, 45 Grave, Zombina and the Skeletones, and Super Heroines. Contents
1 Characteristics
2 History
2.1 Etymology
2.2 Origins
2.3 Emergence
2.4 Interaction
2.5 Irreconcilable differences
2.6 Revival
3 Artists and bands
4 References
5 External links
Characteristics
Death rock songs usually incorporate a driving, repetitive rhythm section; the drums and bass guitar laying the foundation within a 4
4 time signature while the guitars either play simple chords or effects-driven leads to create atmosphere. Lyrics can vary, but are typically introspective and surreal, and deal with the dark themes of isolation, gloom, disillusionment, loss, life, death, etc.; as can the style, varying from harsh and dark to upbeat, melodic, and tongue-in-cheek. Death rock lyrics and other musical stylistic elements often incorporate the themes of campy horror and sci-fi films, which in turn leads some bands to adopt elements of rockabilly. Despite the similar-sounding name, death rock has no connection to death metal, which is a subgenre of heavy metal.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_30105383#12_33713859
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Title: Decision-making - Wikipedia
Headings: Decision-making
Decision-making
Contents
Overview
Problem solving vs. decision making
Characteristics of problem solving
Characteristics of decision-making
Analysis paralysis
Extinction by instinct
Extinction by instinct in a group setting
Information overload
Decision fatigue
Post-decision analysis
Neuroscience
Emotions
Decision-making techniques
Group
Individual
Steps
GOFER
DECIDE
Other
Group stages
Rational and irrational
Children, adolescents, and adults
Children
Adolescents
Adults
Cognitive and personal biases
Cognitive limitations in groups
Cognitive styles
Optimizing vs. satisficing
Intuitive vs. rational
Combinatorial vs. positional
Influence of Myers-Briggs type
General decision-making style (GDMS)
Organizational vs. individual level
See also
References
Content: thus, creating a habit of making decisions quickly and unanimously. In other words, a group stuck in groupthink are participating in the phenomenon of extinction by instinct. Information overload
Main article: Information overload
Information overload is "a gap between the volume of information and the tools we have to assimilate" it. Information used in decision making is to reduce or eliminate uncertainty. Excessive information affects problem processing and tasking, which affects decision-making. Psychologist George Armitage Miller suggests that humans’ decision making becomes inhibited because human brains can only hold a limited amount of information. Crystal C. Hall and colleagues described an "illu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision-making
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_30179835#12_33770837
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Title: Decision-making - Wikipedia
Headings: Decision-making
Decision-making
Contents
Overview
Problem solving vs. decision making
Characteristics of problem solving
Characteristics of decision-making
Analysis paralysis
Extinction by instinct
Extinction by instinct in a group setting
Information overload
Decision fatigue
Post-decision analysis
Neuroscience
Emotions
Decision-making techniques
Group
Individual
Steps
GOFER
DECIDE
Other
Group stages
Rational and irrational
Children, adolescents, and adults
Children
Adolescents
Adults
Cognitive and personal biases
Cognitive limitations in groups
Cognitive styles
Optimizing vs. satisficing
Intuitive vs. rational
Combinatorial vs. positional
Influence of Myers-Briggs type
General decision-making style (GDMS)
Organizational vs. individual level
See also
References
Content: According to Irving L. Janis, groupthink is when members in a group become more involved in the “value of the group (and their being part of it) higher than anything else”; thus, creating a habit of making decisions quickly and unanimously. In other words, a group stuck in groupthink are participating in the phenomenon of extinction by instinct. Information overload
Main article: Information overload
Information overload is "a gap between the volume of information and the tools we have to assimilate" it. Information used in decision making is to reduce or eliminate uncertainty. Excessive information affects problem processing and tasking, which affects decision-making. Psychologist George Armitage Miller suggests that humans’ decision making becomes inhibited because human brains can only hold a limited amount of information. Crystal C. Hall and colleagues described
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision-making_process
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_32458870#0_36451496
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Title: Decolonisation of Africa - Wikipedia
Headings: Decolonisation of Africa
Decolonisation of Africa
Contents
Background
Causes
External causes
Internal causes
Economic legacy
Social legacy
Language
Law
Transition to independence
British Empire
Ghana
Winds of Change
French colonial empire
Conflict
Algeria
French Community
Timeline
Timeline notes
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Decolonisation of Africa - Wikipedia
Decolonisation of Africa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
1950s–70s independence of African colonies from Western European powers
An animated map shows the order of independence of African nations, 1950–2011
The decolonisation of Africa took place in the mid-to-late 1950s to 1975, with sudden and radical regime changes on the continent as colonial governments made the transition to independent states. The process was often quite disorganised, and marred with violence, political turmoil, widespread unrest, and organised revolts in both northern and sub-Saharan countries including the Algerian War in French Algeria, the Angolan War of Independence in Portuguese Angola, the Congo Crisis in the Belgian Congo, the Mau Mau Uprising in British Kenya, and the Nigerian Civil War in the secessionist state of Biafra. Contents
1 Background
2 Causes
2.1 External causes
2.2 Internal causes
3 Economic legacy
4 Social legacy
4.1 Language
4.2 Law
5 Transition to independence
6 British Empire
6.1 Ghana
6.2 Winds of Change
7 French colonial empire
7.1 Conflict
7.2 Algeria
7.3 French Community
8 Timeline
8.1 Timeline notes
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Background
European control in 1939
Belgian
Italian
British
Portuguese
French
Spanish
Independent
The " Scramble for Africa " between 1870 and 1900 ended with almost all of Africa being controlled by a small number of European states. Racing to secure as much land as possible while avoiding conflict amongst themselves, the partition of Africa was confirmed in the Berlin Agreement of 1885, with little regard to local differences. By 1905, control of almost all African soil was claimed by Western European governments, with the only exceptions being Liberia (which had been settled by African-American former slaves) and Ethiopia (then occupied by Italy in 1936). Britain and France had the largest holdings, but Germany, Spain, Italy, Belgium, and Portugal also had colonies. As a result of colonialism and imperialism, a majority of Africa lost sovereignty and control of natural resources such as gold and rubber. The introduction of imperial policies surfacing around local economies led to the failing of local economies due to an exploitation of resources and cheap labor. Progress towards independence was slow up until the mid-20th century. By 1977, 54 African countries had seceded from European colonial rulers.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_32458870#5_36462397
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Title: Decolonisation of Africa - Wikipedia
Headings: Decolonisation of Africa
Decolonisation of Africa
Contents
Background
Causes
External causes
Internal causes
Economic legacy
Social legacy
Language
Law
Transition to independence
British Empire
Ghana
Winds of Change
French colonial empire
Conflict
Algeria
French Community
Timeline
Timeline notes
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: For early African nationalists, decolonisation was a moral imperative around which a political power base could be assembled. In the 1930s, the colonial powers had cultivated, sometimes inadvertently, a small elite of local African leaders educated in Western universities, where they became familiar with and fluent in ideas such as self-determination. Although independence was not encouraged, arrangements between these leaders and the colonial powers developed, and such figures as Jomo Kenyatta ( Kenya ), Kwame Nkrumah ( Gold Coast, now Ghana ), Julius Nyerere ( Tanganyika, now Tanzania ), Léopold Sédar Senghor ( Senegal ), Nnamdi Azikiwe ( Nigeria ), and Félix Houphouët-Boigny ( Côte d'Ivoire) came to lead the struggles for African nationalism . During the second world war, some local African industry and towns expanded when U-boats patrolling the Atlantic Ocean reduced raw material transportation to Europe. Over time, urban communities, industries and trade unions grew, improving literacy and education, leading to pro-independence newspaper establishments. By 1945 the Fifth Pan-African Congress demanded the end of colonialism, and delegates included future presidents of Ghana, Kenya, Malawi and national activists. Economic legacy
There is an extensive body of literature that has examined the legacy of colonialism and colonial institutions on economic outcomes in Africa, with numerous studies showing disputed economic effects of colonialism. The economic legacy of colonialism is difficult to quantify and is disputed. Modernisation theory posits that colonial powers built infrastructure to integrate Africa into the world economy, however, this was built mainly for extraction purposes. African economies were structured to benefit the coloniser and any surplus was likely to be ‘drained’, thereby stifling capital accumulation.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_32458870#6_36464897
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Title: Decolonisation of Africa - Wikipedia
Headings: Decolonisation of Africa
Decolonisation of Africa
Contents
Background
Causes
External causes
Internal causes
Economic legacy
Social legacy
Language
Law
Transition to independence
British Empire
Ghana
Winds of Change
French colonial empire
Conflict
Algeria
French Community
Timeline
Timeline notes
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: By 1945 the Fifth Pan-African Congress demanded the end of colonialism, and delegates included future presidents of Ghana, Kenya, Malawi and national activists. Economic legacy
There is an extensive body of literature that has examined the legacy of colonialism and colonial institutions on economic outcomes in Africa, with numerous studies showing disputed economic effects of colonialism. The economic legacy of colonialism is difficult to quantify and is disputed. Modernisation theory posits that colonial powers built infrastructure to integrate Africa into the world economy, however, this was built mainly for extraction purposes. African economies were structured to benefit the coloniser and any surplus was likely to be ‘drained’, thereby stifling capital accumulation. Dependency theory suggests that most African economies continued to occupy a subordinate position in the world economy after independence with a reliance on primary commodities such as copper in Zambia and tea in Kenya. Despite this continued reliance and unfair trading terms, a meta-analysis of 18 African countries found that a third of countries experienced increased economic growth post-independence. Social legacy
Language
Scholars including Dellal (2013), Miraftab (2012) and Bamgbose (2011) have argued that Africa's linguistic diversity has been eroded. Language has been used by western colonial powers to divide territories and create new identities which has led to conflicts and tensions between African nations. Law
In the immediate post-independence period, African countries largely retained colonial legislation.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_32458870#9_36471061
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Title: Decolonisation of Africa - Wikipedia
Headings: Decolonisation of Africa
Decolonisation of Africa
Contents
Background
Causes
External causes
Internal causes
Economic legacy
Social legacy
Language
Law
Transition to independence
British Empire
Ghana
Winds of Change
French colonial empire
Conflict
Algeria
French Community
Timeline
Timeline notes
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them." This agreement became the post-WWII stepping stone toward independence as nationalism grew throughout Africa. Consumed with post-war debt, European powers were no longer able to afford the resources needed to maintain control of their African colonies. This allowed for African nationalists to negotiate decolonisation very quickly and with minimal casualties. Some territories, however, saw great death tolls as a result of their fight for independence. British Empire
British Empire by 1959
Ghana
Main article: History of Ghana
On 6 March 1957, Ghana (formerly the Gold Coast) became the second sub-Saharan African country to gain its independence from European colonisation. Starting in 1945 Pan-African Congress, Gold Coast's British- and American-educated independence leader Kwame Nkrumah made his focus clear. In the conference's declaration, he wrote, "we believe in the rights of all peoples to govern themselves. We affirm the right of all colonial peoples to control their own destiny.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_39788746#3_44806315
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Title: Defacement (The Death of Michael Stewart) - Wikipedia
Headings: Defacement (The Death of Michael Stewart)
Defacement (The Death of Michael Stewart)
Contents
Background
Analysis
Exhibitions
See also
References
Further reading
Content: Analysis
Defacement depicts two pink-faced policemen in blue uniform, one with sharp predator teeth, with batons clobbering a black silhouette. The word "¿DEFACEMENT©?" is written above them. The shadowy figure is Stewart, but it could also represent any black man who has been brutalized by the police. The tags of graffiti artists Daze and Zephyr are on the artwork. While Stewart was still in a coma, artist David Wojnarowicz created a flyer for a rally protesting Stewart's then "near-murder" in Union Square on September 26, 1983. The flyer portrays the officers with skeletal faces beating a handcuffed black man with batons. It was taped all around downtown which may have inspired Basquiat's Defacement painting. In the years since Defacement was created, it has taken critical resonance with the Black Lives Matter movement. Exhibitions
Defacement was never sold and it's seldom displayed in public.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_39788746#4_44807679
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Title: Defacement (The Death of Michael Stewart) - Wikipedia
Headings: Defacement (The Death of Michael Stewart)
Defacement (The Death of Michael Stewart)
Contents
Background
Analysis
Exhibitions
See also
References
Further reading
Content: While Stewart was still in a coma, artist David Wojnarowicz created a flyer for a rally protesting Stewart's then "near-murder" in Union Square on September 26, 1983. The flyer portrays the officers with skeletal faces beating a handcuffed black man with batons. It was taped all around downtown which may have inspired Basquiat's Defacement painting. In the years since Defacement was created, it has taken critical resonance with the Black Lives Matter movement. Exhibitions
Defacement was never sold and it's seldom displayed in public. It is owned by Nina Clemente, Keith Haring's goddaughter and daughter of the Italian painter Francesco Clement. In 2016, Chaédria LaBouvier, an independent curator, partnered with her alma mater Williams College Museum of Art in Massachusetts to bring the painting to the campus. It hung in the Reading Room, which is part of the college's first library. In 2019, LaBouvier organized Basquiat's 'Defacement': The Untold Story at the Guggenheim Museum in New York.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defacement_(The_Death_of_Michael_Stewart)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_39799685#0_44828363
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Title: Vandalism - Wikipedia
Headings: Vandalism
Vandalism
Contents
Etymology
As a crime
Examples
Political
Motives
Reaction of authorities
Cybervandalism
Defacement
As art
Graphic design
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
See also
Content: Vandalism - Wikipedia
Vandalism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Defacement (vandalism))
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about physical vandalism. For the vandalism-related policy on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia: Vandalism. For other uses, see Vandalism (disambiguation). Deliberate damage or defacement of an object or structure
Vandalised facade and bicycle in Hamburg
Shopping cart, thrown into a polluted waterway, Netherlands
Vandalism is the action involving deliberate destruction of or damage to public or private property. The term includes property damage, such as graffiti and defacement directed towards any property without permission of the owner. The term finds its roots in an Enlightenment view that the Germanic Vandals were a uniquely destructive people. Contents
1 Etymology
2 As a crime
2.1 Examples
2.2 Political
2.3 Motives
2.4 Reaction of authorities
2.5 Cybervandalism
3 Defacement
4 As art
4.1 Graphic design
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 External links
10 See also
Etymology
The Vandals sacking Rome
The Vandals, an ancient Germanic people, are associated with senseless destruction as a result of their sack of Rome under King Genseric in 455. During the Enlightenment, Rome was idealized, while the Goths and Vandals were blamed for its destruction. The Vandals may not have been any more destructive than other invaders of ancient times, but they did inspire British poet John Dryden to write, Till Goths, and Vandals, a rude Northern race, Did all the matchless Monuments deface (1694).
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_39799685#1_44830409
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Title: Vandalism - Wikipedia
Headings: Vandalism
Vandalism
Contents
Etymology
As a crime
Examples
Political
Motives
Reaction of authorities
Cybervandalism
Defacement
As art
Graphic design
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
See also
Content: The term includes property damage, such as graffiti and defacement directed towards any property without permission of the owner. The term finds its roots in an Enlightenment view that the Germanic Vandals were a uniquely destructive people. Contents
1 Etymology
2 As a crime
2.1 Examples
2.2 Political
2.3 Motives
2.4 Reaction of authorities
2.5 Cybervandalism
3 Defacement
4 As art
4.1 Graphic design
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 External links
10 See also
Etymology
The Vandals sacking Rome
The Vandals, an ancient Germanic people, are associated with senseless destruction as a result of their sack of Rome under King Genseric in 455. During the Enlightenment, Rome was idealized, while the Goths and Vandals were blamed for its destruction. The Vandals may not have been any more destructive than other invaders of ancient times, but they did inspire British poet John Dryden to write, Till Goths, and Vandals, a rude Northern race, Did all the matchless Monuments deface (1694). However, the Vandals did intentionally damage statues, which may be why their name is associated with the vandalism of art. The term Vandalisme was coined in 1794 by Henri Grégoire, bishop of Blois, to describe the destruction of artwork following the French Revolution. The term was quickly adopted across Europe. This new use of the term was important in colouring the perception of the Vandals from later Late Antiquity, popularising the pre-existing idea that they were a barbaric group with a taste for destruction. Historically, vandalism has been justified by painter Gustave Courbet as destruction of monuments symbolizing "war and conquest".
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_39799685#2_44832539
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Title: Vandalism - Wikipedia
Headings: Vandalism
Vandalism
Contents
Etymology
As a crime
Examples
Political
Motives
Reaction of authorities
Cybervandalism
Defacement
As art
Graphic design
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
See also
Content: However, the Vandals did intentionally damage statues, which may be why their name is associated with the vandalism of art. The term Vandalisme was coined in 1794 by Henri Grégoire, bishop of Blois, to describe the destruction of artwork following the French Revolution. The term was quickly adopted across Europe. This new use of the term was important in colouring the perception of the Vandals from later Late Antiquity, popularising the pre-existing idea that they were a barbaric group with a taste for destruction. Historically, vandalism has been justified by painter Gustave Courbet as destruction of monuments symbolizing "war and conquest". Therefore, it is often done as an expression of contempt, creativity, or both. Gustave Courbet 's attempt, during the 1871 Paris Commune, to dismantle the Vendôme column, a symbol of the past Napoleon III authoritarian Empire, was one of the most celebrated events of vandalism. Nietzsche himself would meditate after the Commune on the "fight against culture", taking as example the intentional burning of the Tuileries Palace on 23 May 1871. " The criminal fight against culture is only the reverse side of a criminal culture" wrote Klossowski after quoting Nietzsche. In a proposal to the International Conference for Unification of Criminal Law held in Madrid in 1933, Raphael Lemkin envisaged the creation of two new international crimes (delicta juris gentium ): the crime of barbarity, consisting in the extermination of racial, religious, or social collectivities, and the crime of vandalism, consisting in the destruction of cultural and artistic works of these groups.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_39799685#3_44834634
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Title: Vandalism - Wikipedia
Headings: Vandalism
Vandalism
Contents
Etymology
As a crime
Examples
Political
Motives
Reaction of authorities
Cybervandalism
Defacement
As art
Graphic design
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
See also
Content: Therefore, it is often done as an expression of contempt, creativity, or both. Gustave Courbet 's attempt, during the 1871 Paris Commune, to dismantle the Vendôme column, a symbol of the past Napoleon III authoritarian Empire, was one of the most celebrated events of vandalism. Nietzsche himself would meditate after the Commune on the "fight against culture", taking as example the intentional burning of the Tuileries Palace on 23 May 1871. " The criminal fight against culture is only the reverse side of a criminal culture" wrote Klossowski after quoting Nietzsche. In a proposal to the International Conference for Unification of Criminal Law held in Madrid in 1933, Raphael Lemkin envisaged the creation of two new international crimes (delicta juris gentium ): the crime of barbarity, consisting in the extermination of racial, religious, or social collectivities, and the crime of vandalism, consisting in the destruction of cultural and artistic works of these groups. The proposal was not accepted. As a crime
Vandalized shooting stand in Germany
Vandalism on a street sign
Private citizens commit vandalism when they willfully damage or deface the property of others or the commons. Some vandalism may qualify as culture jamming or sniggling: it is thought by some to be artistic in nature even though carried out illegally or without the property owner's permission. Examples include at least some graffiti art, billboard "liberation", and possibly crop circles.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defacement_(vandalism)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_39799685#4_44836573
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Title: Vandalism - Wikipedia
Headings: Vandalism
Vandalism
Contents
Etymology
As a crime
Examples
Political
Motives
Reaction of authorities
Cybervandalism
Defacement
As art
Graphic design
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
See also
Content: The proposal was not accepted. As a crime
Vandalized shooting stand in Germany
Vandalism on a street sign
Private citizens commit vandalism when they willfully damage or deface the property of others or the commons. Some vandalism may qualify as culture jamming or sniggling: it is thought by some to be artistic in nature even though carried out illegally or without the property owner's permission. Examples include at least some graffiti art, billboard "liberation", and possibly crop circles. Criminal vandalism takes many forms. Graffiti on public property is common in many inner cities as part of a gang culture, where they might be used as territorial markers. More serious forms of vandalism that may take place during public unrest such as rioting can involve the willful destruction of public and private property. Vandalism per se is sometimes considered one of the less serious common crimes, but it can become quite serious and distressing when committed extensively, violently, or as an expression of hatred and intimidation. In response, local governments have adopted various legal measures to prevent vandalism, but research has shown that the conventional strategies employed by the government in response to at least unapproved graffiti are not the most effective.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defacement_(vandalism)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_39799685#5_44838312
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Title: Vandalism - Wikipedia
Headings: Vandalism
Vandalism
Contents
Etymology
As a crime
Examples
Political
Motives
Reaction of authorities
Cybervandalism
Defacement
As art
Graphic design
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
See also
Content: Criminal vandalism takes many forms. Graffiti on public property is common in many inner cities as part of a gang culture, where they might be used as territorial markers. More serious forms of vandalism that may take place during public unrest such as rioting can involve the willful destruction of public and private property. Vandalism per se is sometimes considered one of the less serious common crimes, but it can become quite serious and distressing when committed extensively, violently, or as an expression of hatred and intimidation. In response, local governments have adopted various legal measures to prevent vandalism, but research has shown that the conventional strategies employed by the government in response to at least unapproved graffiti are not the most effective. Examples
Examples of vandalism include salting lawns, cutting trees without permission, egg throwing, breaking windows, arson, spraying paint on others' properties, tagging, placing glue into locks, tire slashing, keying (scratching) paint, throwing shoes on power lines or similar structures, ransacking a property, flooding a house by clogging a sink and leaving the water running, and pulling up plants from the roots without permission. Political
Armand Călinescu 's memorial with the bronze plaque stolen and the name of the assassin written over. In elections, opposing candidates' supporters may engage in "political vandalism" — the act of defacing opponents' political posters, bumper stickers, billboards, and other street marketing material. Although the nature of this material is temporary, its effect can be long-lasting as it may reflect both negatively and positively on the candidate whose material is being vandalized as well as on the presumed candidate whose supporters are engaging in the vandalism. In addition, activists may use the tactic of property destruction as means of protest, e.g. by smashing the windows of banks, shops and government institutions and setting fire to cars.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defacement_(vandalism)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_39799685#6_44840792
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Title: Vandalism - Wikipedia
Headings: Vandalism
Vandalism
Contents
Etymology
As a crime
Examples
Political
Motives
Reaction of authorities
Cybervandalism
Defacement
As art
Graphic design
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
See also
Content: Examples
Examples of vandalism include salting lawns, cutting trees without permission, egg throwing, breaking windows, arson, spraying paint on others' properties, tagging, placing glue into locks, tire slashing, keying (scratching) paint, throwing shoes on power lines or similar structures, ransacking a property, flooding a house by clogging a sink and leaving the water running, and pulling up plants from the roots without permission. Political
Armand Călinescu 's memorial with the bronze plaque stolen and the name of the assassin written over. In elections, opposing candidates' supporters may engage in "political vandalism" — the act of defacing opponents' political posters, bumper stickers, billboards, and other street marketing material. Although the nature of this material is temporary, its effect can be long-lasting as it may reflect both negatively and positively on the candidate whose material is being vandalized as well as on the presumed candidate whose supporters are engaging in the vandalism. In addition, activists may use the tactic of property destruction as means of protest, e.g. by smashing the windows of banks, shops and government institutions and setting fire to cars. This often takes place during riots but can also happen as a stand-alone event, e.g. by animal rights activists destroying property owned by farmers, hunters, biotech companies, and research facilities and setting free animals (which is sometimes referred to as eco-terrorism by opponents). Vandalism is also a common tactic of black blocs . Motives
Actions of this kind can be ascribed to anger or envy, or to spontaneous, opportunistic behaviour, possibly for peer acceptance or bravado in gang cultures, or disgruntlement with the target (victim) person or society. Opportunistic vandalism of this nature may also be filmed, the mentality of which can be akin to happy slapping. The large-scale prevalence of gang graffiti in some inner cities has almost made it acceptable to the societies based there, so much so that it may go unnoticed, or not be removed, possibly because it may be a fruitless endeavour, to be graffitied on once again.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defacement_(vandalism)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_39799685#7_44843430
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Title: Vandalism - Wikipedia
Headings: Vandalism
Vandalism
Contents
Etymology
As a crime
Examples
Political
Motives
Reaction of authorities
Cybervandalism
Defacement
As art
Graphic design
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
See also
Content: This often takes place during riots but can also happen as a stand-alone event, e.g. by animal rights activists destroying property owned by farmers, hunters, biotech companies, and research facilities and setting free animals (which is sometimes referred to as eco-terrorism by opponents). Vandalism is also a common tactic of black blocs . Motives
Actions of this kind can be ascribed to anger or envy, or to spontaneous, opportunistic behaviour, possibly for peer acceptance or bravado in gang cultures, or disgruntlement with the target (victim) person or society. Opportunistic vandalism of this nature may also be filmed, the mentality of which can be akin to happy slapping. The large-scale prevalence of gang graffiti in some inner cities has almost made it acceptable to the societies based there, so much so that it may go unnoticed, or not be removed, possibly because it may be a fruitless endeavour, to be graffitied on once again. Greed can motivate vandalism as can some political ideologies, wish to draw attention to problems, frustration, even playfulness. Youngsters, the most common vandals, frequently experience low status and boredom. Vandalism enables powerless people to attack those above them, take control and frighten others. Unpunished vandalism can provide relief which reinforces the behaviour. Vandalism by one person can lead to imitation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defacement_(vandalism)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_60817935#3_68878530
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Title: Democracy and Education - Wikipedia
Headings: Democracy and Education
Democracy and Education
Democracy and Education
Contents
Synopsis
Reception
Legacy
See also
References
External links
Content: In the post-Cold War period, however, progressive education had reemerged in many school reform and education theory circles as a thriving field of inquiry learning and inquiry-based science . Some find it cumbersome that Dewey's philosophical anthropology, unlike Egan, Vico, Ernst Cassirer, Claude Lévi-Strauss, and Nietzsche, does not account for the origin of thought of the modern mind in the aesthetic, more precisely the myth, but instead in the original occupations and industries of ancient people, and eventually in the history of science. A criticism of this approach is that it does not account for the origin of cultural institutions, which can be accounted for by the aesthetic. Language and its development, in Dewey's philosophical anthropology, have not a central role but are instead a consequence of the cognitive capacity. Legacy
‹ The template below ( POV) is being considered for merging. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. › The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. ( March 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
While Dewey's educational theories have enjoyed a broad popularity during his lifetime and after, they have a troubled history of implementation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_and_Education
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_74675446#1_80747818
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Title: Modesty - Wikipedia
Headings: Modesty
Modesty
Contents
Body
Modesty in medical settings
Main article: Modesty in medical settings
In dress
Generally accepted Western norms
Gender differences
Traditional indigenous
Religious traditions
Buddhism
Christianity
Anabaptists
Catholicism
Methodists
Quakers
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Hinduism
Temples
Current trends
Islam
Women
Men
Judaism
Women
Men
Cross-cultural and non-religious
In the arts
See also
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Content: Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: " Modesty" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Modesty, sculpture by Louis-Léopold Chambard, 1861
Recreation on a California beach in the first decade of the 20th century
Modesty, sometimes known as demureness, is a mode of dress and deportment which intends to avoid the encouraging of sexual attraction in others. The word "modesty" comes from the Latin word modestus which means "keeping within measure". Standards of modesty are culturally and context dependent and vary widely. In this use, it may be considered inappropriate or immodest to reveal certain parts of the body. In some societies, modesty may involve women covering their bodies completely and not talking to men who are not immediate family members; in others, a fairly revealing but one-piece bathing costume is considered modest while other women wear bikinis. In some countries, exposure of the body in breach of community standards of modesty is also considered to be public indecency, and public nudity is generally illegal in most of the world and regarded as indecent exposure.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demure
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_74675446#2_80749825
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Title: Modesty - Wikipedia
Headings: Modesty
Modesty
Contents
Body
Modesty in medical settings
Main article: Modesty in medical settings
In dress
Generally accepted Western norms
Gender differences
Traditional indigenous
Religious traditions
Buddhism
Christianity
Anabaptists
Catholicism
Methodists
Quakers
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Hinduism
Temples
Current trends
Islam
Women
Men
Judaism
Women
Men
Cross-cultural and non-religious
In the arts
See also
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Content: Standards of modesty are culturally and context dependent and vary widely. In this use, it may be considered inappropriate or immodest to reveal certain parts of the body. In some societies, modesty may involve women covering their bodies completely and not talking to men who are not immediate family members; in others, a fairly revealing but one-piece bathing costume is considered modest while other women wear bikinis. In some countries, exposure of the body in breach of community standards of modesty is also considered to be public indecency, and public nudity is generally illegal in most of the world and regarded as indecent exposure. For example, Stephen Gough, a lone man attempting to walk naked from south to north in the United Kingdom, was repeatedly imprisoned. However, nudity is at times tolerated in some societies; for example by Digambara monks in India, who renounce clothing for ascetic reasons, and during a World Naked Bike Ride. In semi-public contexts standards of modesty vary. Nudity may be acceptable in public single-sex changing rooms at swimming baths, for example, or for mass medical examination of people for military service.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demure
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_74675446#3_80751691
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Title: Modesty - Wikipedia
Headings: Modesty
Modesty
Contents
Body
Modesty in medical settings
Main article: Modesty in medical settings
In dress
Generally accepted Western norms
Gender differences
Traditional indigenous
Religious traditions
Buddhism
Christianity
Anabaptists
Catholicism
Methodists
Quakers
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Hinduism
Temples
Current trends
Islam
Women
Men
Judaism
Women
Men
Cross-cultural and non-religious
In the arts
See also
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Content: For example, Stephen Gough, a lone man attempting to walk naked from south to north in the United Kingdom, was repeatedly imprisoned. However, nudity is at times tolerated in some societies; for example by Digambara monks in India, who renounce clothing for ascetic reasons, and during a World Naked Bike Ride. In semi-public contexts standards of modesty vary. Nudity may be acceptable in public single-sex changing rooms at swimming baths, for example, or for mass medical examination of people for military service. In private, standards again depend upon the circumstances. A person who would never disrobe in the presence of a physician of the opposite sex in a social context might unquestioningly do so for a medical examination; others might allow examination, but only by a person of the same sex. Contents
1 Body
2 Modesty in medical settings
3 In dress
3.1 Generally accepted Western norms
3.2 Gender differences
4 Traditional indigenous
5 Religious traditions
5.1 Buddhism
5.2 Christianity
5.2.1 Anabaptists
5.2.2 Catholicism
5.2.3 Methodists
5.2.4 Quakers
5.2.5 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
5.3 Hinduism
5.3.1 Temples
5.3.2 Current trends
5.4 Islam
5.4.1 Women
5.4.2 Men
5.5 Judaism
5.5.1 Women
5.5.2 Men
5.6 Cross-cultural and non-religious
6 In the arts
7 See also
8 Notes
9 Bibliography
10 External links
Body
1868 diagram from Harper's Bazaar showing proper girls' skirt lengths increasing as they grow up. Standards of modesty discourage or forbid exposure of parts of the body, varying between societies, which may include areas of skin, the hair, undergarments, and intimate parts.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_74675446#8_80762588
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Title: Modesty - Wikipedia
Headings: Modesty
Modesty
Contents
Body
Modesty in medical settings
Main article: Modesty in medical settings
In dress
Generally accepted Western norms
Gender differences
Traditional indigenous
Religious traditions
Buddhism
Christianity
Anabaptists
Catholicism
Methodists
Quakers
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Hinduism
Temples
Current trends
Islam
Women
Men
Judaism
Women
Men
Cross-cultural and non-religious
In the arts
See also
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Content: In dress
Orthodox pilgrim in the Laure of Kiev-Perchesk. Pilgrims have to wear modest clothes and women and girls must cover their hair when entering a church or monastery
Three Ukrainian men, wearing trunks and briefs, attract attention for immodesty relative to the local norm in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. Most discussion of modesty involves clothing. The criteria for acceptable modesty and decency have relaxed continuously in much of the world since the nineteenth century, with shorter, form-fitting, and more revealing clothing and swimsuits, more for women than men. Most people wear clothes that they consider not to be unacceptably immodest for their religion, culture, generation, occasion, and the people present. Some wear clothes which they consider immodest, due to exhibitionism, the desire to create an erotic impact, or for publicity . Generally accepted Western norms
Appropriate modesty depends on context and place. For example, in single-sex public changing rooms, nudity is often acceptable. In Western and some other societies, there are differences of opinion as to how much body exposure is acceptable in public. In contemporary Western society, the extent to which a woman may expose cleavage depends on social, cultural and regional context.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demure
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_74675446#9_80764561
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Title: Modesty - Wikipedia
Headings: Modesty
Modesty
Contents
Body
Modesty in medical settings
Main article: Modesty in medical settings
In dress
Generally accepted Western norms
Gender differences
Traditional indigenous
Religious traditions
Buddhism
Christianity
Anabaptists
Catholicism
Methodists
Quakers
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Hinduism
Temples
Current trends
Islam
Women
Men
Judaism
Women
Men
Cross-cultural and non-religious
In the arts
See also
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Content: Some wear clothes which they consider immodest, due to exhibitionism, the desire to create an erotic impact, or for publicity . Generally accepted Western norms
Appropriate modesty depends on context and place. For example, in single-sex public changing rooms, nudity is often acceptable. In Western and some other societies, there are differences of opinion as to how much body exposure is acceptable in public. In contemporary Western society, the extent to which a woman may expose cleavage depends on social, cultural and regional context. Women's swimsuits and bikinis commonly may reveal the tops and sides of the breasts, or they may be topless as is common on the beaches of French Riviera. Displaying cleavage is considered permissible in many settings, and is even a sign of elegance and sophistication on many formal social occasions, but it may be considered inappropriate in settings such as workplaces, churches and schools. Showing the nipples or areolae is almost always considered toplessness or partial nudity. However, in some circumstances partial breast exposure may be officially sanctioned in church, as in 2014 newly elected Pope Francis drew world-wide commentary when he encouraged mothers to breastfeed in church if their babies were hungry. In private homes, the standards of modesty apply selectively.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demure
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_74675446#10_80766594
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Title: Modesty - Wikipedia
Headings: Modesty
Modesty
Contents
Body
Modesty in medical settings
Main article: Modesty in medical settings
In dress
Generally accepted Western norms
Gender differences
Traditional indigenous
Religious traditions
Buddhism
Christianity
Anabaptists
Catholicism
Methodists
Quakers
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Hinduism
Temples
Current trends
Islam
Women
Men
Judaism
Women
Men
Cross-cultural and non-religious
In the arts
See also
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Content: Women's swimsuits and bikinis commonly may reveal the tops and sides of the breasts, or they may be topless as is common on the beaches of French Riviera. Displaying cleavage is considered permissible in many settings, and is even a sign of elegance and sophistication on many formal social occasions, but it may be considered inappropriate in settings such as workplaces, churches and schools. Showing the nipples or areolae is almost always considered toplessness or partial nudity. However, in some circumstances partial breast exposure may be officially sanctioned in church, as in 2014 newly elected Pope Francis drew world-wide commentary when he encouraged mothers to breastfeed in church if their babies were hungry. In private homes, the standards of modesty apply selectively. For instance, nudity among close family members in the home can take place, especially in the bedroom and bathroom, and wearing of only undergarments in the home is common. In many cultures it is not acceptable to bare the buttocks in public; deliberately doing so is sometimes intended as an insult. In public, Western standards of decency expect people to cover their genitalia, and women to cover their breasts. In the early twenty-first century, public breastfeeding has become increasingly acceptable, sometimes protected by law.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demure
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_74675446#11_80768618
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Title: Modesty - Wikipedia
Headings: Modesty
Modesty
Contents
Body
Modesty in medical settings
Main article: Modesty in medical settings
In dress
Generally accepted Western norms
Gender differences
Traditional indigenous
Religious traditions
Buddhism
Christianity
Anabaptists
Catholicism
Methodists
Quakers
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Hinduism
Temples
Current trends
Islam
Women
Men
Judaism
Women
Men
Cross-cultural and non-religious
In the arts
See also
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Content: For instance, nudity among close family members in the home can take place, especially in the bedroom and bathroom, and wearing of only undergarments in the home is common. In many cultures it is not acceptable to bare the buttocks in public; deliberately doing so is sometimes intended as an insult. In public, Western standards of decency expect people to cover their genitalia, and women to cover their breasts. In the early twenty-first century, public breastfeeding has become increasingly acceptable, sometimes protected by law. President Barack Obama's health care bill from 2010 provides additional support to nursing mothers, requiring employers to provide a private and shielded space for employees to use in order to nurse. Since the 1980s it has become more common for young women in Western societies to wear clothing that bared the midriff, "short shorts," backless tops, sheer and other styles considered to be immodest. Gender differences
Modesty in dress is a relative cultural concept, even in the West, as seen above in the plain dress of Amish women on an American beach in 2007. Men and women are subject to different standards of modesty in dress. While both men and women, in Western culture, are generally expected to keep their genitals covered at all times, women are also expected to keep their breasts covered.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demure
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_85619614#3_92656249
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Title: Department of Justice appointments by Donald Trump - Wikipedia
Headings: Department of Justice appointments by Donald Trump
Department of Justice appointments by Donald Trump
Contents
Color key
Appointments
See also: United States Attorneys appointed by Donald Trump
Previous officeholders
References
Content: Jesse Panuccio
February 2017
May 22, 2017
February 21, 2018
May 3, 2019
Principal Deputy Associate Attorney General
February 2017
May 14, 2019
Assistant Attorney General
(Criminal Division)
Brian Benczkowski
July 16, 2018
July 3, 2020
Deputy Assistant Attorney General
(Antitrust Division)
Donald Kempf Jr.
2017
2018
Resigned over an investigation into his misconduct. United States Attorneys
Various
March 10, 2017
Main article: 2017 dismissal of U.S. attorneys
On March 10, 2017, Attorney General Jeff Sessions requested the resignations of 46 United States Attorneys. Trump declined to accept the resignations of Dana Boente, who was serving as Acting Deputy Attorney General, and Rod Rosenstein, whom Trump had selected to become Deputy Attorney General. Trump also allowed Deirdre M. Daly and Richard S. Hartunian to remain in office for a period of several months until they completed 20 years of service at the Justice Department. U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York
Preet Bharara
August 13, 2009
March 11, 2017
Bharara refused to resign and was fired. Geoffrey Berman
January 5, 2018
June 20, 2020
On June 19, Barr announced that Berman was stepping down, Craig Carpenito would be acting U.S. Attorney, and Jay Clayton would be nominated as Berman's permanent replacement. Berman countered that he had no intention to resign. He agreed to leave after Barr relented and named Audrey Strauss to be acting U.S. Attorney, preserving the integrity of SDNY. U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia
Jessie K. Liu
September 24, 2017
January 31, 2020
Trump nominated Liu to be Under Secretary of the Treasury for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence, then withdrew the nomination on February 11, 2020.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Justice_appointments_by_Donald_Trump
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_85619614#4_92658533
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Title: Department of Justice appointments by Donald Trump - Wikipedia
Headings: Department of Justice appointments by Donald Trump
Department of Justice appointments by Donald Trump
Contents
Color key
Appointments
See also: United States Attorneys appointed by Donald Trump
Previous officeholders
References
Content: U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York
Preet Bharara
August 13, 2009
March 11, 2017
Bharara refused to resign and was fired. Geoffrey Berman
January 5, 2018
June 20, 2020
On June 19, Barr announced that Berman was stepping down, Craig Carpenito would be acting U.S. Attorney, and Jay Clayton would be nominated as Berman's permanent replacement. Berman countered that he had no intention to resign. He agreed to leave after Barr relented and named Audrey Strauss to be acting U.S. Attorney, preserving the integrity of SDNY. U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia
Jessie K. Liu
September 24, 2017
January 31, 2020
Trump nominated Liu to be Under Secretary of the Treasury for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence, then withdrew the nomination on February 11, 2020. Assistant
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Justice_appointments_by_Donald_Trump
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_88172194#9_95640118
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Title: Depression in childhood and adolescence - Wikipedia
Headings: Depression in childhood and adolescence
Depression in childhood and adolescence
Contents
Base rates and prevalence
Suicidal intent
Risk factor
Comorbidity
Social causes
Diagnosis
Assessment
Correlation between adolescent depression and adulthood obesity
Correlation between child depression and adolescent cardiac risks
Distinction from major depressive disorder in adults
Treatment
Talk therapy
Cognitive therapy
Behavioral therapy
Interpersonal therapy
Family therapy
Antidepressants
History
Controversies
Legitimacy as a diagnosis
Diagnosis controversy
Measurement reliability
Treatment issues
References
Content: Adolescents with depression are also likely to have a family history of depression, though the correlation is not as high as it is for children. Comorbidity
There is also a substantial comorbidity rate with depression in children with anxiety disorder, conduct disorder, and impaired social functioning. Particularly, there is a high comorbidity rate with anxiety, ranging from 15.9% to 75%. Conduct disorders also have a significant comorbidity with depression in children and adolescents, with a rate of 23% in one longitudinal study. Beyond other clinical disorders, there is also an association between depression in childhood and poor psychosocial and academic outcomes, as well as a higher risk for substance abuse and suicide. The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities during adolescence may vary by race and ethnicity. Social causes
Adolescents are engaged in a search for identity and meaning in their lives. They have also been regarded as a unique group with a wide range of difficulties and problems in their transition to adulthood. Academic pressure, intrapersonal and interpersonal difficulties, death of loved ones, illnesses, and loss of relationships have shown to be significant stressors in young people. While it is a normal part of development in adolescence to often experience distressing and disabling emotions, there is an increasing incidence of mental illness globally, mainly because of the breakdown in traditional social and family structures.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_in_childhood_and_adolescence
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_88172194#10_95642497
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Title: Depression in childhood and adolescence - Wikipedia
Headings: Depression in childhood and adolescence
Depression in childhood and adolescence
Contents
Base rates and prevalence
Suicidal intent
Risk factor
Comorbidity
Social causes
Diagnosis
Assessment
Correlation between adolescent depression and adulthood obesity
Correlation between child depression and adolescent cardiac risks
Distinction from major depressive disorder in adults
Treatment
Talk therapy
Cognitive therapy
Behavioral therapy
Interpersonal therapy
Family therapy
Antidepressants
History
Controversies
Legitimacy as a diagnosis
Diagnosis controversy
Measurement reliability
Treatment issues
References
Content: The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities during adolescence may vary by race and ethnicity. Social causes
Adolescents are engaged in a search for identity and meaning in their lives. They have also been regarded as a unique group with a wide range of difficulties and problems in their transition to adulthood. Academic pressure, intrapersonal and interpersonal difficulties, death of loved ones, illnesses, and loss of relationships have shown to be significant stressors in young people. While it is a normal part of development in adolescence to often experience distressing and disabling emotions, there is an increasing incidence of mental illness globally, mainly because of the breakdown in traditional social and family structures. Depression is usually a response to life events such as relationship or financial problems, physical illness, bereavement, etc. Some people can become depressed for no obvious reason and their suffering is just as real as those reacting from life events. Psychological makeup can also play a role in vulnerability to depression. People who have low self-esteem, who constantly view themselves and the world with pessimism, or are readily overwhelmed by stress may be especially prone to depression. Community surveys find that women are more likely than men to say they are under stress.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_in_childhood_and_adolescence
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_95344938#0_104077072
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Title: Descriptive research - Wikipedia
Headings: Descriptive research
Descriptive research
Contents
Social science research
Descriptive science
Descriptive versus design sciences
See also
References
External links
Content: Descriptive research - Wikipedia
Descriptive research
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Descriptive research is used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied. It does not answer questions about how/when/why the characteristics occurred. Rather it addresses the "what" question (what are the characteristics of the population or situation being studied?). The characteristics used to describe the situation or population are usually some kind of categorical scheme also known as descriptive categories. For example, the periodic table categorizes the elements. Scientists use knowledge about the nature of electrons, protons and neutrons to devise this categorical scheme. We now take for granted the periodic table, yet it took descriptive research to devise it. Descriptive research generally precedes explanatory research. For example, over time the periodic table's description of the elements allowed scientists to explain chemical reaction and make sound prediction when elements were combined. Hence, descriptive research cannot describe what caused a situation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_research
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_95344938#1_104078615
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Title: Descriptive research - Wikipedia
Headings: Descriptive research
Descriptive research
Contents
Social science research
Descriptive science
Descriptive versus design sciences
See also
References
External links
Content: Scientists use knowledge about the nature of electrons, protons and neutrons to devise this categorical scheme. We now take for granted the periodic table, yet it took descriptive research to devise it. Descriptive research generally precedes explanatory research. For example, over time the periodic table's description of the elements allowed scientists to explain chemical reaction and make sound prediction when elements were combined. Hence, descriptive research cannot describe what caused a situation. Thus, descriptive research cannot be used as the basis of a causal relationship, where one variable affects another. In other words, descriptive research can be said to have a low requirement for internal validity . The description is used for frequencies, averages and other statistical calculations. Often the best approach, prior to writing descriptive research, is to conduct a survey investigation. Qualitative research often has the aim of description and researchers may follow-up with examinations of why the observations exist and what the implications of the findings are.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_research
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_95344938#2_104080108
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Title: Descriptive research - Wikipedia
Headings: Descriptive research
Descriptive research
Contents
Social science research
Descriptive science
Descriptive versus design sciences
See also
References
External links
Content: Thus, descriptive research cannot be used as the basis of a causal relationship, where one variable affects another. In other words, descriptive research can be said to have a low requirement for internal validity . The description is used for frequencies, averages and other statistical calculations. Often the best approach, prior to writing descriptive research, is to conduct a survey investigation. Qualitative research often has the aim of description and researchers may follow-up with examinations of why the observations exist and what the implications of the findings are. Contents
1 Social science research
2 Descriptive science
3 Descriptive versus design sciences
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Social science research
In addition, the conceptualizing of descriptive research (categorization or taxonomy) precedes the hypotheses of explanatory research. ( For a discussion of how the underlying conceptualization of exploratory research, descriptive research and explanatory research fit together, see: Conceptual framework .) Descriptive research can be statistical research. The main goal of this type of research is to describe the data and characteristics about what is being studied.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_research
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_95344938#4_104083205
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Title: Descriptive research - Wikipedia
Headings: Descriptive research
Descriptive research
Contents
Social science research
Descriptive science
Descriptive versus design sciences
See also
References
External links
Content: The idea behind this type of research is to study frequencies, averages, and other statistical calculations. Although this research is highly accurate, it does not gather the causes behind a situation. Descriptive research is mainly done when a researcher wants to gain a better understanding of a topic. That is, analysis of the past as opposed to the future. Descriptive research is the exploration of the existing certain phenomena. The details of the facts won't be known. The existing phenomena's facts are not known to the person. Descriptive science
Descriptive science is a category of science that involves descriptive research; that is, observing, recording, describing, and classifying phenomena. Descriptive research is sometimes contrasted with hypothesis-driven research, which is focused on testing a particular hypothesis by means of experimentation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_research
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_95344938#5_104084475
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Title: Descriptive research - Wikipedia
Headings: Descriptive research
Descriptive research
Contents
Social science research
Descriptive science
Descriptive versus design sciences
See also
References
External links
Content: The details of the facts won't be known. The existing phenomena's facts are not known to the person. Descriptive science
Descriptive science is a category of science that involves descriptive research; that is, observing, recording, describing, and classifying phenomena. Descriptive research is sometimes contrasted with hypothesis-driven research, which is focused on testing a particular hypothesis by means of experimentation. David A. Grimaldi and Michael S. Engel suggest that descriptive science in biology is currently undervalued and misunderstood: "Descriptive" in science is a pejorative, almost always preceded by "merely," and typically applied to the array of classical -ologies and -omies: anatomy, archaeology, astronomy, embryology, morphology, paleontology, taxonomy, botany, cartography, stratigraphy, and the various disciplines of zoology, to name a few. [...] First, an organism, object, or substance is not described in a vacuum, but rather in comparison with other organisms, objects, and substances. [...] Second, descriptive science is not necessarily low-tech science, and high tech is not necessarily better. [...]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_research
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_104505295#1_115157129
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Title: Determinism - Wikipedia
Headings: Determinism
Determinism
Contents
Varieties
Causal determinism
Nomological determinism
Necessitarianism
Predeterminism
Biological determinism
Fatalism
Theological determinism
Logical determinism
Adequate determinism
Many-worlds
Philosophical varieties
Determinism in nature/nurture controversy
Determinism and prediction
Structural determinism
With free will
With the soul
With ethics and morality
History
Western tradition
Newtonian mechanics
Eastern tradition
Buddhism
Modern scientific perspective
Generative processes
Compatibility with the existence of science
Mathematical models
Quantum and classical mechanics
Day-to-day physics
Quantum realm
Other matters of quantum determinism
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Content: The opposite of determinism is some kind of indeterminism (otherwise called nondeterminism) or randomness. Determinism is often contrasted with free will, although some philosophers claim that the two are compatible. Determinism often is taken to mean causal determinism, which in physics is known as cause-and-effect. It is the concept that events within a given paradigm are bound by causality in such a way that any state (of an object or event) is completely determined by prior states. This meaning can be distinguished from other varieties of determinism mentioned below. Other debates often concern the scope of determined systems, with some maintaining that the entire universe is a single determinate system and others identifying other more limited determinate systems (or multiverse ). Numerous historical debates involve many philosophical positions and varieties of determinism. They include debates concerning determinism and free will, technically denoted as compatibilistic (allowing the two to coexist) and incompatibilistic (denying their coexistence is a possibility). Determinism should not be confused with self-determination of human actions by reasons, motives, and desires. Determinism is about interactions which affect our cognitive processes in our life.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_104505295#2_115159419
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Title: Determinism - Wikipedia
Headings: Determinism
Determinism
Contents
Varieties
Causal determinism
Nomological determinism
Necessitarianism
Predeterminism
Biological determinism
Fatalism
Theological determinism
Logical determinism
Adequate determinism
Many-worlds
Philosophical varieties
Determinism in nature/nurture controversy
Determinism and prediction
Structural determinism
With free will
With the soul
With ethics and morality
History
Western tradition
Newtonian mechanics
Eastern tradition
Buddhism
Modern scientific perspective
Generative processes
Compatibility with the existence of science
Mathematical models
Quantum and classical mechanics
Day-to-day physics
Quantum realm
Other matters of quantum determinism
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Content: Other debates often concern the scope of determined systems, with some maintaining that the entire universe is a single determinate system and others identifying other more limited determinate systems (or multiverse ). Numerous historical debates involve many philosophical positions and varieties of determinism. They include debates concerning determinism and free will, technically denoted as compatibilistic (allowing the two to coexist) and incompatibilistic (denying their coexistence is a possibility). Determinism should not be confused with self-determination of human actions by reasons, motives, and desires. Determinism is about interactions which affect our cognitive processes in our life. It is about the cause and the result of what we have done in our life. Cause and result are always bounded together in our cognitive processes. It assumes that if an observer has sufficient information about an object or human being, that such an observer might be able to predict every consequent move of that object or human being. Determinism rarely requires that perfect prediction be practically possible. Contents
1 Varieties
1.1 Causal determinism
1.1.1 Nomological determinism
1.1.2 Necessitarianism
1.2 Predeterminism
1.2.1 Biological determinism
1.3 Fatalism
1.4 Theological determinism
1.5 Logical determinism
1.6 Adequate determinism
1.7 Many-worlds
1.8 Philosophical varieties
1.8.1 Determinism in nature/nurture controversy
1.8.2 Determinism and prediction
2 Structural determinism
2.1 With free will
2.2 With the soul
2.3 With ethics and morality
3 History
3.1 Western tradition
3.1.1 Newtonian mechanics
3.2 Eastern tradition
3.2.1 Buddhism
4 Modern scientific perspective
4.1 Generative processes
4.2 Compatibility with the existence of science
4.3 Mathematical models
4.4 Quantum and classical mechanics
4.4.1 Day-to-day physics
4.4.2 Quantum realm
4.4.3 Other matters of quantum determinism
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Notes
6.2 Bibliography
7 Further reading
8 External links
Varieties
"Determinism" may commonly refer to any of the following viewpoints.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_104505295#3_115162547
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Title: Determinism - Wikipedia
Headings: Determinism
Determinism
Contents
Varieties
Causal determinism
Nomological determinism
Necessitarianism
Predeterminism
Biological determinism
Fatalism
Theological determinism
Logical determinism
Adequate determinism
Many-worlds
Philosophical varieties
Determinism in nature/nurture controversy
Determinism and prediction
Structural determinism
With free will
With the soul
With ethics and morality
History
Western tradition
Newtonian mechanics
Eastern tradition
Buddhism
Modern scientific perspective
Generative processes
Compatibility with the existence of science
Mathematical models
Quantum and classical mechanics
Day-to-day physics
Quantum realm
Other matters of quantum determinism
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Content: It is about the cause and the result of what we have done in our life. Cause and result are always bounded together in our cognitive processes. It assumes that if an observer has sufficient information about an object or human being, that such an observer might be able to predict every consequent move of that object or human being. Determinism rarely requires that perfect prediction be practically possible. Contents
1 Varieties
1.1 Causal determinism
1.1.1 Nomological determinism
1.1.2 Necessitarianism
1.2 Predeterminism
1.2.1 Biological determinism
1.3 Fatalism
1.4 Theological determinism
1.5 Logical determinism
1.6 Adequate determinism
1.7 Many-worlds
1.8 Philosophical varieties
1.8.1 Determinism in nature/nurture controversy
1.8.2 Determinism and prediction
2 Structural determinism
2.1 With free will
2.2 With the soul
2.3 With ethics and morality
3 History
3.1 Western tradition
3.1.1 Newtonian mechanics
3.2 Eastern tradition
3.2.1 Buddhism
4 Modern scientific perspective
4.1 Generative processes
4.2 Compatibility with the existence of science
4.3 Mathematical models
4.4 Quantum and classical mechanics
4.4.1 Day-to-day physics
4.4.2 Quantum realm
4.4.3 Other matters of quantum determinism
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Notes
6.2 Bibliography
7 Further reading
8 External links
Varieties
"Determinism" may commonly refer to any of the following viewpoints. Causal determinism
Causal determinism, sometimes synonymous with historical determinism (a sort of path dependence ), is "the idea that every event is necessitated by antecedent events and conditions together with the laws of nature." However, it is a broad enough term to consider that: ...one's deliberations, choices, and actions will often be necessary links in the causal chain that brings something about. In other words, even though our deliberations, choices, and actions are themselves determined like everything else, it is still the case, according to causal determinism, that the occurrence or existence of yet other things depends upon our deliberating, choosing and acting in a certain way. Causal determinism proposes that there is an unbroken chain of prior occurrences stretching back to the origin of the universe.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_104505295#5_115168315
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Title: Determinism - Wikipedia
Headings: Determinism
Determinism
Contents
Varieties
Causal determinism
Nomological determinism
Necessitarianism
Predeterminism
Biological determinism
Fatalism
Theological determinism
Logical determinism
Adequate determinism
Many-worlds
Philosophical varieties
Determinism in nature/nurture controversy
Determinism and prediction
Structural determinism
With free will
With the soul
With ethics and morality
History
Western tradition
Newtonian mechanics
Eastern tradition
Buddhism
Modern scientific perspective
Generative processes
Compatibility with the existence of science
Mathematical models
Quantum and classical mechanics
Day-to-day physics
Quantum realm
Other matters of quantum determinism
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Content: The relation between events may not be specified, nor the origin of that universe. Causal determinists believe that there is nothing in the universe that is uncaused or self-caused . Causal determinism has also been considered more generally as the idea that everything that happens or exists is caused by antecedent conditions. In the case of nomological determinism, these conditions are considered events also, implying that the future is determined completely by preceding events—a combination of prior states of the universe and the laws of nature. Yet they can also be considered metaphysical of origin (such as in the case of theological determinism). Many philosophical theories of determinism frame themselves with the idea that reality follows a sort of predetermined path. Nomological determinism
Nomological determinism, generally synonymous with physical determinism (its opposite being physical indeterminism ), the most common form of causal determinism, is the notion that the past and the present dictate the future entirely and necessarily by rigid natural laws, that every occurrence results inevitably from prior events. Nomological determinism is sometimes illustrated by the thought experiment of Laplace's demon. Nomological determinism is sometimes called scientific determinism, although that is a misnomer. Necessitarianism
Necessitarianism is closely related to the causal determinism described above.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_104505295#6_115170759
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Title: Determinism - Wikipedia
Headings: Determinism
Determinism
Contents
Varieties
Causal determinism
Nomological determinism
Necessitarianism
Predeterminism
Biological determinism
Fatalism
Theological determinism
Logical determinism
Adequate determinism
Many-worlds
Philosophical varieties
Determinism in nature/nurture controversy
Determinism and prediction
Structural determinism
With free will
With the soul
With ethics and morality
History
Western tradition
Newtonian mechanics
Eastern tradition
Buddhism
Modern scientific perspective
Generative processes
Compatibility with the existence of science
Mathematical models
Quantum and classical mechanics
Day-to-day physics
Quantum realm
Other matters of quantum determinism
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Content: Many philosophical theories of determinism frame themselves with the idea that reality follows a sort of predetermined path. Nomological determinism
Nomological determinism, generally synonymous with physical determinism (its opposite being physical indeterminism ), the most common form of causal determinism, is the notion that the past and the present dictate the future entirely and necessarily by rigid natural laws, that every occurrence results inevitably from prior events. Nomological determinism is sometimes illustrated by the thought experiment of Laplace's demon. Nomological determinism is sometimes called scientific determinism, although that is a misnomer. Necessitarianism
Necessitarianism is closely related to the causal determinism described above. It is a metaphysical principle that denies all mere possibility; there is exactly one way for the world to be. Leucippus claimed there were no uncaused events, and that everything occurs for a reason and by necessity. Predeterminism
Predeterminism is the idea that all events are determined in advance. The concept is often argued by invoking causal determinism, implying that there is an unbroken chain of prior occurrences stretching back to the origin of the universe.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_109146946#3_120009738
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Title: Development-induced displacement - Wikipedia
Headings: Development-induced displacement
Development-induced displacement
Contents
Types of displacement
Effects
Policy and mitigation
See also
References
Content: Three Gorges Dam in China – A hydroelectric dam on China's Yangtze River constructed between 1994 and 2006, which displaced over 1.4 million people through primary and secondary displacement. Sardar Sarovar Dam in India – The largest dam in the Narmada Valley Project, which displaced over 40,000 people. The dam was the subject of protest by environment groups and tribal groups during the 1980s and 1990s. Ahafo Mine in Ghana – An open-pit mine which displaced approximately 10,000 people in 2005 and 2006. Most of the displaced were subsistence farmers, but the mining company, Newmont, denied them compensation for loss of land. Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in India – Between 1999 and 2003, 24 villages were displaced to reintroduce the Asiatic Lion to the area. Resettlement and enforcement of forest boundaries disrupted social and economic ties between the displaced and the host community. Pacific Park /Atlantic Yards in the US – A mixed-use development in New York City that began construction on 2010, involving eminent domain, the destruction of 12 buildings, and several lawsuits. Effects
It has been estimated that fifteen million people each year are forced to leave their homes as a result of public and private development projects and that number continues to increase as countries move from developing to developed nations. Compensation and rehabilitation policies designed to mitigate effects of displacement are often unsuccessful.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development-induced_displacement
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_109146946#4_120011621
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Title: Development-induced displacement - Wikipedia
Headings: Development-induced displacement
Development-induced displacement
Contents
Types of displacement
Effects
Policy and mitigation
See also
References
Content: Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in India – Between 1999 and 2003, 24 villages were displaced to reintroduce the Asiatic Lion to the area. Resettlement and enforcement of forest boundaries disrupted social and economic ties between the displaced and the host community. Pacific Park /Atlantic Yards in the US – A mixed-use development in New York City that began construction on 2010, involving eminent domain, the destruction of 12 buildings, and several lawsuits. Effects
It has been estimated that fifteen million people each year are forced to leave their homes as a result of public and private development projects and that number continues to increase as countries move from developing to developed nations. Compensation and rehabilitation policies designed to mitigate effects of displacement are often unsuccessful. This is largely due to corruption of street level bureaucrats, underestimation of the value of resources, failure of planners to recognize the intricacies of the existing social and economic systems of the displaced and lack of involvement of displaced persons in the planning process. Communities and individuals are most often only compensated monetarily, without proper mechanisms for addressing their grievances or political support to improve their livelihoods. When land is used as compensation, it is often inadequate in terms of size, location and natural resources. Land tenure laws may also prevent resettlement policy from being effective. Poor and indigenous people are mostly affected by displacement as they have few political and monetary resources.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development-induced_displacement
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_136970666#11_151260822
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Title: Diesel multiple unit - Wikipedia
Headings: Diesel multiple unit
Diesel multiple unit
Contents
Design
Types by transmission
Diesel–mechanical
Diesel–hydraulic
Diesel–electric
Advantages and disadvantages
Around the world
Europe
Belgium
Croatia
Czech Republic
Estonia
Germany
Ireland
Romania
Slovakia
United Kingdom
North America
Canada
Costa Rica
United States
Asia/Australasia
Australia
Bangladesh
India
Indonesia
Japan
Malaysia
Philippines
South Korea
Sri Lanka
Taiwan
Manufacturers
See also
References
Content: DMUs in service as of 2021 include the Adtranz Class 612 tilting train ("Regio Swinger"), the Alstom Coradia LINT (Classes 620-623, 640 and 648), the Siemens Desiro (Class 642) and the Bombardier Talent (Class 643/644). From 2001-2016 there was even a DMU version of DB's high-speed Intercity Express, the Class 605 ICE TD . Ireland
Iarnród Éireann DMU 2751 at Limerick Colbert station, 2006
Main article: Multiple Units of Ireland
In the Republic of Ireland the Córas Iompair Éireann (CIÉ), which controlled the republic's railways between 1945 and 1986, introduced DMUs in the mid-1950s and they were the first diesel trains on many main lines. Romania
Romanian Class 77 Malaxa DMU in Campulung Est in 2006
DMUs are used mostly on shorter and less frequently travelled routes in remote and often poorer areas like Banat and Bukovina. The national railway company CFR uses Malaxa class 77 and 78 DMUs locally built between the 1920s and 50s and refurbished in the 70s. It also uses a smaller number of other newer DMUs. Main DMU in use is the Class 96 Siemens Desiro aka Săgeata Albastră (Blue Arrow). Slovakia
ZSSK Class 813
In the present, several types of DMUs operate in Slovakia. Was the most common type in Slovakia is a Class 812 ZSSK based on the ČD Class 8
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_140462861#0_154868622
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Title: Diffuse esophageal spasm - Wikipedia
Headings: Diffuse esophageal spasm
Diffuse esophageal spasm
Contents
Signs and symptoms
Causes
Diagnosis
Treatment
Procedures
Epidemiology
See also
References
External links
Content: Diffuse esophageal spasm - Wikipedia
Diffuse esophageal spasm
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Medical condition
Diffuse esophageal spasm
Other names
Distal esophageal spasm
Specialty
Gastroenterology
Frequency
1 per 100,000 people per year
Diffuse esophageal spasm ( DES ), also known as distal esophageal spasm, is a condition characterized by uncoordinated contractions of the esophagus, which may cause difficulty swallowing ( dysphagia) or regurgitation. In some cases, it may cause symptoms such as chest pain, similar to heart disease. In many cases, the cause of DES remains unknown. Certain abnormalities on x-ray imaging are commonly observed in DES, such as a "corkscrew esophagus" or "rosary bead esophagus", although these findings are not unique to this condition. Specialized testing called manometry can be performed to evaluate the motor function of the esophagus, which can help identify abnormal patterns of muscle contraction within the esophagus that are suggestive of DES. The treatment of DES consists primarily of medications, such as acid suppressing agents (like proton-pump inhibitors ), calcium channel blockers, hyoscine butylbromide, or nitrates. In only extremely rare cases, surgery may be considered. People with DES have higher incidences of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), neuromuscular diseases, and degenerative neurological disorders. Contents
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Causes
3 Diagnosis
4 Treatment
4.1 Procedures
5 Epidemiology
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Signs and symptoms
DES manifests as intermittent difficulty swallowing solid foods and liquids (dysphagia), and atypical chest pain. The chest pain may appear similar to cardiac chest pain (angina pectoris), so investigating the possible existence of heart disease is often indicated.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_esophageal_spasm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_143855488#5_159319648
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Title: Digital citizen - Wikipedia
Headings: Digital citizen
Digital citizen
Contents
Types of digital participation
Developed states and developing countries
Other forms of digital divide
Engagement of youth
Limits on the use of data
Three principles of digital citizenship
Digital citizenship in education
See also
References
External links
Content: One of the primary advantages of participating in online debates through digital citizenship is that it incorporates social inclusion. In a report on civic engagement, citizen-powered democracy can be initiated either through information shared through the web, direct communication signals made by the state toward the public, and social media tactics from both private and public companies. In fact, it was found that the community-based nature of social media platforms allow individuals to feel more socially included and informed about political issues that peers have also been found to engage with, otherwise known as a "second-order effect." Two types of opportunities rise as a result, the first being the ability to lower barriers that can make exchanges much easier. In addition, they have the chance to participate in transformative disruption, giving people who have a historically lower political engagement to mobilize in a much easier and convenient fashion. Nonetheless, there are several challenges that face the presence of digital technologies in political participation. Both current as well as potential challenges can create significant risks for democratic processes. Not only is digital technology still seen as relatively ambiguous, it was also seen to have "less inclusivity in democratic life." Demographic groups differ considerably in the use of technology, and thus, one group could potentially be more represented than another as a result of digital participation. Another primary challenge consists in the ideology of a " filter bubble " effect.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_citizen
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_144727268#0_160289978
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Title: Digital journalism - Wikipedia
Headings: Digital journalism
Digital journalism
Contents
Overview
History
Reports of Facebook interfering in journalism
Impact on readers
Impact on publishers
Implications on traditional Journalism
Work outside traditional press
Blogs
Citizen journalism
News collections
See also
References
Sources
Content: Digital journalism - Wikipedia
Digital journalism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the academic journal, see Digital Journalism (journal). "Internet news" redirects here. For the Usenet forums, see Usenet newsgroup. Journalism
News
Writing style
Ethics
code of ethics
Objectivity
News values
Attribution
Defamation
Sensationalism
Editorial independence
Journalism school
Index of journalism articles
Areas
Arts
Business
Data
Entertainment
Environment
Fashion
Medicine
Music
Politics
Science
Sports
Technology
Trade
Traffic
Weather
World
Genres
Advocacy
Analytic
Blogging
Broadcast
Churnalism
Citizen
Civic
Collaborative
Comics-based
Community
Data
Database
Digital/Online
Explanatory
Fact-checking
Gonzo
Immersion
Interpretive
Investigative
Muckraking
Multimedia
Narrative
New Journalism
Non-profit
Opinion
Peace
Photojournalism
Press release
Scientific
Sensor
Underground
Video
Visual
Watchdog
Social impact
Fake news
Fourth Estate
Fifth Estate
Freedom of the press
Infotainment
Media bias
Public relations
Press service
Propaganda model
Yellow journalism
News media
Newspapers
Magazines
TV and radio
Internet
News agencies
Alternative media
Roles
Journalists (reporters)
Columnist
Blogger
Editor
Copy editor
Meteorologist
News presenter
Photographer
Pundit / commentator
Journalism portal
Category: Journalism
v
t
e
Digital journalism, also known as online journalism, is a contemporary form of journalism where editorial content is distributed via the Internet, as opposed to publishing via print or broadcast. What constitutes digital journalism is debated by scholars; however, the primary product of journalism, which is news and features on current affairs, is presented solely or in combination as text, audio, video, or some interactive forms like newsgames, and disseminated through digital media technology. Fewer barriers to entry, lowered distribution costs, and diverse computer networking technologies have led to the widespread practice of digital journalism. It has democratized the flow of information that was previously controlled by traditional media including newspapers, magazines, radio, and television. Some have asserted that a greater degree of creativity can be exercised with digital journalism when compared to traditional journalism and traditional media.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_journalism
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_144727268#1_160292939
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Title: Digital journalism - Wikipedia
Headings: Digital journalism
Digital journalism
Contents
Overview
History
Reports of Facebook interfering in journalism
Impact on readers
Impact on publishers
Implications on traditional Journalism
Work outside traditional press
Blogs
Citizen journalism
News collections
See also
References
Sources
Content: What constitutes digital journalism is debated by scholars; however, the primary product of journalism, which is news and features on current affairs, is presented solely or in combination as text, audio, video, or some interactive forms like newsgames, and disseminated through digital media technology. Fewer barriers to entry, lowered distribution costs, and diverse computer networking technologies have led to the widespread practice of digital journalism. It has democratized the flow of information that was previously controlled by traditional media including newspapers, magazines, radio, and television. Some have asserted that a greater degree of creativity can be exercised with digital journalism when compared to traditional journalism and traditional media. The digital aspect may be central to the journalistic message and remains, to some extent, within the creative control of the writer, editor, and/or publisher. It has been acknowledged that reports of its growth have tended to be exaggerated. In fact, a 2019 Pew survey showed of 16% decline of time spent on online news sites since 2016. Contents
1 Overview
2 History
2.1 Reports of Facebook interfering in journalism
3 Impact on readers
4 Impact on publishers
5 Implications on traditional Journalism
6 Work outside traditional press
7 Blogs
8 Citizen journalism
9 News collections
10 See also
11 References
12 Sources
Overview
There is no absolute agreement as to what constitutes digital journalism. Mu Lin argues that, “Web and mobile platforms demand us to adopt a platform-free mindset for an all-inclusive production approach – create the [digital] contents first, then distribute via appropriate platforms."
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_journalism
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_149364235#7_165313181
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Title: Dillon Reservoir - Wikipedia
Headings: Dillon Reservoir
Dillon Reservoir
Contents
History
Tourism
Weather
Geography
Security issues
Water use
Service area
See also
References
External links
Content: The original church building is now a museum operated by the local Historical Society with many Dillon artifacts of the late 1800s and early 1900s. Also, 327 graves were moved to a new 39-acre cemetery northeast of the new town site. Several buildings ended up in neighboring towns. Antler’s Café and Bar and the Kremmling Store were moved to Frisco. The Hamilton–Dillon Hotel was moved to Breckenridge. The Mint Bar, Old Dillon Inn, Wildwood Bar, the post office and a general store were moved to what later became Silverthorne. Most of the rest of Old Dillon’s homes and buildings were demolished. Once cleared, the valley was ready for the reservoir, which was completed in 1963. After its third move, Dillon’s population shrank to 57 people, smaller than Breckenridge, Silverthorne, or Frisco. Tourism
During ski season, thousands of people flock to the Dillon Reservoir area.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillon_Reservoir
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_166440898#2_185472436
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Title: Disaster - Wikipedia
Headings: Disaster
Disaster
Contents
Etymology
Classification
Natural disasters
Human-made disasters
Responses
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Content: A classic example is an earthquake that causes a tsunami, resulting in coastal flooding. Some manufactured disasters have been ascribed to nature. Some researchers also differentiate between recurring events such as seasonal flooding, and those considered unpredictable. Natural disasters
Main article: Natural disaster
Haiti earthquake damage
Driving through flash flood
A natural disaster is a natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. Various phenomena like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, tsunamis, cyclones, wildfires, and pandemics are all natural hazards that kill thousands of people and destroy billions of dollars of habitat and property each year. However, the rapid growth of the world's population and its increased concentration often in hazardous environments has escalated both the frequency and severity of disasters. With the tropical climate and unstable landforms, coupled with deforestation, unplanned growth proliferation, non-engineered constructions make the disaster-prone areas more vulnerable. Developing countries suffer more or less chronically from natural disasters due to ineffective communication combined with insufficient budgetary allocation for disaster prevention and management . Human-made disasters
Main article:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_172399722#11_191640726
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Title: Diseases of affluence - Wikipedia
Headings: Diseases of affluence
Diseases of affluence
Contents
Main instances
Causes
Diabetes mellitus
Prevalence in countries of affluence
Risk factors
In developing countries
Cardiovascular disease
Risk factors
Prevalence in countries of affluence
Alzheimer's disease and other dementias
Prevalence in countries of affluence
Risk factors in countries of affluence
Mental illness
Prevalence of mental illness
Cancer
Prevalence in countries of affluence
Risk factors
Allergies/autoimmune diseases
See also
General
References
Further reading
Content: More affluent people are typically more educated and have tools to counter unhealthy foods, such as access to healthy food, physical trainers, and parks and fitness centers. Risk factors
Obesity and being overweight is one of the main risk factors of type 2 diabetes. Other risk factors include lack of physical activity, genetic predisposition, being over 45 years old, tobacco use, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. In United States, the prevalence of obesity was 39.8% in adults and 18.5% in children and adolescents in 2015–2016. In Australia in 2014–2015, 2 out 3 adults or 63% were overweight or obese. Also, 2 out of 3 adults did little or no exercise. According to the World Health Organization, Europe had the 2nd highest proportion of overweight or obese people in 2014 behind the Americas. In developing countries
According to WHO the prevalence of diabetes is rising more in the middle and low income countries. Over the next 25 years, the number of people with diabetes in developing countries will increase by over 150%. Diabetes is typically seen in people above the retirement age in developed countries, but in developing countries people in the age of 35-64 are mostly affected.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseases_of_affluence
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_172399722#12_191642731
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Title: Diseases of affluence - Wikipedia
Headings: Diseases of affluence
Diseases of affluence
Contents
Main instances
Causes
Diabetes mellitus
Prevalence in countries of affluence
Risk factors
In developing countries
Cardiovascular disease
Risk factors
Prevalence in countries of affluence
Alzheimer's disease and other dementias
Prevalence in countries of affluence
Risk factors in countries of affluence
Mental illness
Prevalence of mental illness
Cancer
Prevalence in countries of affluence
Risk factors
Allergies/autoimmune diseases
See also
General
References
Further reading
Content: Also, 2 out of 3 adults did little or no exercise. According to the World Health Organization, Europe had the 2nd highest proportion of overweight or obese people in 2014 behind the Americas. In developing countries
According to WHO the prevalence of diabetes is rising more in the middle and low income countries. Over the next 25 years, the number of people with diabetes in developing countries will increase by over 150%. Diabetes is typically seen in people above the retirement age in developed countries, but in developing countries people in the age of 35-64 are mostly affected. Although, diabetes is considered a disease of affluence affecting the developed countries, there is more loss of life and premature death among people with diabetes in the developing countries. Asia accounts for 60% of the world's diabetic popula
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseases_of_affluence
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_178867428#4_198577375
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Title: Disorderly conduct - Wikipedia
Headings: Disorderly conduct
Disorderly conduct
Contents
United States
Definitions
Federal
Interpretation
China
Criminal law
Administrative law
Taiwan
Criminal law
Administrative law
See also
References
External links
Content: But exactly what constitutes "tumultuous conduct", "unreasonable noise", or "disrupt [ing] a lawful assembly" are matters that are far harder to decide, and as such disorderly conduct statutes give police officers and other authorities fairly broad discretion to arrest people whose activities they find undesirable for a wide variety of reasons. Potential punishments include a jail term, fine, probation, restraining orders, or community service . In some jurisdictions wearing a mask in public may constitute disorderly conduct. Federal
The federal regulations about disorderly conduct: (a) A person commits disorderly conduct when, with intent to cause public alarm, nuisance, jeopardy or violence, or knowingly or recklessly creating a risk thereof, such person commits any of the following prohibited acts: (1) Engages in fighting or threatening, or in violent behavior. (2) Uses language, an utterance, or gesture, or engages in a display or act that is obscene, physically threatening or menacing, or done in a manner that is likely to inflict injury or incite an immediate breach of the peace. (3) Makes noise that is unreasonable, considering the nature and purpose of the actor's conduct, location, time of day or night, and other factors that would govern the conduct of a reasonably prudent person under the circumstances. (4) Creates or maintains a hazardous or physically offensive condition. (b) The regulations contained in this section apply, regardless of land ownership, on all lands and waters within a park area that are under the legislative jurisdiction of the United States.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disorderly_conduct
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_182996197#1_203538546
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Title: Market distortion - Wikipedia
Headings: Market distortion
Market distortion
See also
References
Content: More generally, a measure of distortion is the deviation between the market price of a good and its marginal social cost, that is, the difference between the marginal rate of substitution in consumption and the marginal rate of transformation in production. Such a deviation may result from government regulation, monopoly tariffs and import quotas, which in theory may give rise to rent seeking. Other sources of distortions are uncorrected externalities, different tax rates on goods or income, inflation, and incomplete information. Each of these may lead to a net loss in social surplus. In the context of markets, "perfect competition" means: all participants have complete information,
there are no entry or exit barriers to the market,
there are no transaction costs or subsidies affecting the market,
all firms have constant returns to scale, and
all market participants are independent rational actors. Many different kinds of events, actions, policies, or beliefs can bring about a market distortion. For example: almost all types of taxes and subsidies, but especially excise or ad valorem taxes/subsidies,
asymmetric information or uncertainty among market participants,
any policy or action that restricts information critical to the market,
monopoly, oligopoly, or monopsony powers of market participants,
criminal coercion or subversion of legal contracts,
illiquidity of the market (lack of buyers, sellers, product, or money ),
collusion among market participants,
mass non-rational behavior by market participants,
price supports or subsidies,
failure of government to provide a stable currency,
failure of government to enforce the Rule of Law,
failure of government to protect property rights,
failure of government to regulate non-competitive market behavior,
stifling or corrupt government regulation. nonconvex consumer preference sets
market externalities
natural factors that impede competition between firms, such as occurs in land markets
See also
Deadweight loss
Excess burden of taxation
Government failure
Imperfect competition
Land value tax
Lump-sum tax
Market failure
Optimal tax
Laffer Curve
Welfare economics
References
^ Alan Deardorff. "
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion_(economics)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_182996197#2_203541044
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Title: Market distortion - Wikipedia
Headings: Market distortion
Market distortion
See also
References
Content: all participants have complete information,
there are no entry or exit barriers to the market,
there are no transaction costs or subsidies affecting the market,
all firms have constant returns to scale, and
all market participants are independent rational actors. Many different kinds of events, actions, policies, or beliefs can bring about a market distortion. For example: almost all types of taxes and subsidies, but especially excise or ad valorem taxes/subsidies,
asymmetric information or uncertainty among market participants,
any policy or action that restricts information critical to the market,
monopoly, oligopoly, or monopsony powers of market participants,
criminal coercion or subversion of legal contracts,
illiquidity of the market (lack of buyers, sellers, product, or money ),
collusion among market participants,
mass non-rational behavior by market participants,
price supports or subsidies,
failure of government to provide a stable currency,
failure of government to enforce the Rule of Law,
failure of government to protect property rights,
failure of government to regulate non-competitive market behavior,
stifling or corrupt government regulation. nonconvex consumer preference sets
market externalities
natural factors that impede competition between firms, such as occurs in land markets
See also
Deadweight loss
Excess burden of taxation
Government failure
Imperfect competition
Land value tax
Lump-sum tax
Market failure
Optimal tax
Laffer Curve
Welfare economics
References
^ Alan Deardorff. " Distortion ", Deardorff's Glossary of International Economics. ^ Stephen D. Williamson (2010). " Sources of Social Inefficiencies," Macroeconomics, 3rd Edition. ^ Agnar Sandmo (2008). " Pigouvian taxes."
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion_(economics)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_207645817#0_229188173
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Title: Does exactly what it says on the tin - Wikipedia
Headings: Does exactly what it says on the tin
Does exactly what it says on the tin
References
Content: Does exactly what it says on the tin - Wikipedia
Does exactly what it says on the tin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
English phrase
" It does exactly what it says on the tin " was originally an advertising slogan in the United Kingdom, which then became a common idiomatic phrase. It colloquially means that the name of something is an accurate description of its qualities. It is akin to the previously existing phrases "by name and by nature" and "it lives up to its name". It originated in a series of television advertisements by the woodstain and wood-dye manufacturer Ronseal, initiated in 1994 and still being broadcast as of 2016
[update]
. The slogan was created by Liz Whiston and Dave Shelton at the London advertising agency HHCL. The idea of the phrase was to emphasise that the company's products would act and last for the amount of time exactly as described on the tin can. The word tin is generally used even when the product is sold in a different type of container, although box is also sometimes used. The expression soon entered common usage in the UK. The phrase is also commonly known and used in Ireland. The Ronseal advertising campaign has also been shown there, and UK television is widely available in Ireland.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Does_exactly_what_it_says_on_the_tin
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_211765460#0_234177141
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Title: Dole Food Company - Wikipedia
Headings: Dole Food Company
Dole Food Company
Contents
History
Operations
Management
Products
Headquarters
Legacy
Mascot
Advertising
Food safety
2005 E. coli outbreak
2006 E. coli outbreak
2007 E. coli recall
2012 Salmonella recall
June 2012 Listeria recall
August 2012 Listeria recall
2014 Listeria recall
2015 Salmonella recall
2016 Listeriosis outbreak
Criticism and controversies
Legal cases
Hawaii
Labor relations
Labeling of genetically engineered foods in California
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Dole Food Company - Wikipedia
Dole Food Company
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
American agricultural multinational corporation
Dole Food Company, Inc.
Type
Private
Industry
Agribusiness
Founded
June 2, 1851; 169 years ago
( 1851-06-02)
Kingdom of Hawaii
Founder
Samuel Northrup Castle
Amos Starr Cooke
Headquarters
Westlake Village, California
,
U.S.
Key people
David H. Murdock
Chairman
Carl McCann
Deputy Chairman
Johan Lindén
President, COO, CEO
Products
Fruit
Vegetables
Other food products
Revenue
US$4.566 billion (2019)
Net income
$173.8 million (2019)
Number of employees
36,000 (2018)
Website
www .dole .com
Dole Food Company, Inc. (previously named Standard Fruit Company) is an American agricultural multinational corporation headquartered in Westlake Village, California. The company is the largest producer of fruit and vegetables in the world, operating with 74,300 full-time and seasonal employees who are responsible for over 300 products in 90 countries. Dole markets such food items as bananas, pineapples, grapes, strawberries, salads, and other fresh and frozen fruits and juices. Dole owns a shipping line, Dole Ocean Cargo Express. Dole's chairman founded the Dole Nutrition Institute, a nutritional research and education foundation. Contents
1 History
2 Operations
2.1 Management
2.2 Products
2.3 Headquarters
3 Legacy
4 Mascot
5 Advertising
6 Food safety
6.1 2005 E. coli outbreak
6.2 2006 E. coli outbreak
6.3 2007 E. coli recall
6.4 2012 Salmonella recall
6.5 June 2012 Listeria recall
6.6 August 2012 Listeria recall
6.7 2014 Listeria recall
6.8 2015 Salmonella recall
6.9 2016 Listeriosis outbreak
7 Criticism and controversies
7.1 Legal cases
7.2 Hawaii
7.3 Labor relations
7.4 Labeling of genetically engineered foods in California
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
History
Main article: Standard Fruit Company
Hawaiian Pineapple Company and American Can Company factory in 1914 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map
Dole Plantation on Oahu, Hawaii. The company traces its origin to the 1851 establishment of Castle & Cooke by missionaries Samuel Northrup Castle and Amos Starr Cooke. Castle & Cooke rapidly became one of the largest companies in Hawaii, investing in shipping, railroad construction, sugar production and seafood packing.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dole_Food_Company
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_211765460#3_234184971
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Title: Dole Food Company - Wikipedia
Headings: Dole Food Company
Dole Food Company
Contents
History
Operations
Management
Products
Headquarters
Legacy
Mascot
Advertising
Food safety
2005 E. coli outbreak
2006 E. coli outbreak
2007 E. coli recall
2012 Salmonella recall
June 2012 Listeria recall
August 2012 Listeria recall
2014 Listeria recall
2015 Salmonella recall
2016 Listeriosis outbreak
Criticism and controversies
Legal cases
Hawaii
Labor relations
Labeling of genetically engineered foods in California
References
Further reading
External links
Content: In 1976, it acquired Bud Antle Inc., a California-based lettuce and celery farmer; it was renamed Dole Fresh Vegetables in 1989. The company was renamed "The Dole Food Company, Inc" in 1991. Castle & Cooke Inc, a real estate company, was spun off in 1995; it is currently operating as a subsidiary of Flexi-Van Leasing, Inc. Dole's Waialua Sugar Mill closed in 1996. Dole acquired Coastal Berry in 2004 and SunnyRidge Farms in 2011 to enter the berry business. Dole freighter sailing out of San Juan, Puerto Rico
It was then the third largest producer and U.S. importer of bananas. Dole and Chiquita remain the top two U.S. banana companies as of 2011. In 2011, the company reported $7.2 billion in annual revenue. Dole operates plantations throughout Central and South America, and in the Asia-Pacific region, with plantations in the Philippines and two packing plants in Thailand, Hua Hin and Chumphon.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dole_Food_Company
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_211765460#4_234186637
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Title: Dole Food Company - Wikipedia
Headings: Dole Food Company
Dole Food Company
Contents
History
Operations
Management
Products
Headquarters
Legacy
Mascot
Advertising
Food safety
2005 E. coli outbreak
2006 E. coli outbreak
2007 E. coli recall
2012 Salmonella recall
June 2012 Listeria recall
August 2012 Listeria recall
2014 Listeria recall
2015 Salmonella recall
2016 Listeriosis outbreak
Criticism and controversies
Legal cases
Hawaii
Labor relations
Labeling of genetically engineered foods in California
References
Further reading
External links
Content: Dole acquired Coastal Berry in 2004 and SunnyRidge Farms in 2011 to enter the berry business. Dole freighter sailing out of San Juan, Puerto Rico
It was then the third largest producer and U.S. importer of bananas. Dole and Chiquita remain the top two U.S. banana companies as of 2011. In 2011, the company reported $7.2 billion in annual revenue. Dole operates plantations throughout Central and South America, and in the Asia-Pacific region, with plantations in the Philippines and two packing plants in Thailand, Hua Hin and Chumphon. Dole's factory in Chumphon, Thailand was permanently shut down in 2020. As part of a major restructuring in 2012, Dole agreed to sell its worldwide packaged foods and Asian fresh produce businesses to Japanese trading house Itochu for $1.7 billion in cash. The transaction paid down a large amount of Dole's debt and refocused the company's business on fresh fruit and vegetables. The businesses acquired by Itochu continue to use the Dole brand and are owned by Dole International Holdings, a Tokyo-based subsidiary of Itochu. In August 2013, Dole announced that CEO David Murdock would acquire the outstanding stock of the company for $1.2 billion.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dole_Food_Company
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_216099709#11_239154876
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Title: Domestic roof construction - Wikipedia
Headings: Domestic roof construction
Domestic roof construction
Contents
Overview
Construction of a rafter roof
Construction of a truss roof
Design loads
Roof covering
Ventilation and insulation
Gallery
See also
References
External links
Content: this can lead to serious structural damage, wet or dry rot, as well as ruining the insulation in the roof spec. Condensation within the roof space is much more of a problem today due to: much less fortuitous ventilation due to tighter building envelopes with high performance windows and door and no chimneys leading. This tighter envelope means the air temperature in buildings has risen, the warmer the air in the building is, the more water vapour the air can carry. As the occupied part of the building has become warmer, the roof space has become colder, with high performance insulation and roofing membranes leading to a cold roof space. When the warm, moist air from below rises into the cold roof space; condensation begins as the air temperature drops to the ‘dew point’ or as the warm air comes into contact with any of the cold surfaces in the roof. Most building materials are permeable to water vapour; brick, concrete, plaster, wood and insulation all can fall victim to interstitial condensation, this is why UK Building Regulations require roofs to be ventilated, either by the use of soffit vents, ridge vents, or replacement ventilation slates or tiles. A common method of ventilating a roof is to make openings in the soffit and ridge to allow natural air flow.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_roof_construction
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_241175876#0_265953977
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Title: Massachusetts Bay Colony - Wikipedia
Headings: Massachusetts Bay Colony
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Contents
History
Plymouth Colony
Cape Ann settlement
Legal formation of the colony
Colonial history
Confrontation with England
Revocation of the charter
Unifications and restoration
Life
Marriage and family life
Government
Laws and judiciary
Notable criminal prosecutions
New England Confederation
Economy and trade
Demographics
Geography
Boundaries
Timeline of settlement
See also
References
Bibliography
Online primary sources
External links
Content: Massachusetts Bay Colony - Wikipedia
Massachusetts Bay Colony
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Dorchester Company)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
English possession in North America between 1628 and 1684
The Colony of Massachusetts Bay
Massachusetts Bay Colony
1629–1686
1689–1691
Flag
Colonial Seal
Map of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Status
Disestablished
Capital
Salem, Charlestown, Boston
Common languages
English, Massachusett, Mi'kmaq
Religion
Congregationalism
Government
Puritan theocracy and Self-governing colony
Governor
• 1629–1631
John Endecott (first)
• 1689–1692
Simon Bradstreet (last)
Legislature
Great and General Court or Assembly of Massachusetts Bay
• Upper House ( de facto)
Council of Assistants
• Lower House ( de facto)
Assembly
Historical era
British colonization of the Americas
Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640)
• Charter Issued
1629
• Revocation of the Royal Charter
1684
• Dominion of New England established
1686
• Dominion dissolved
1689
• Massachusetts Charter for the Province of Massachusetts Bay
1691
• Disestablished, reorganized as the Province of Massachusetts Bay
1686
1689–1691
Currency
Pound sterling
Massachusetts pound, pine tree shilling
Succeeded by
Dominion of New England
Province of Massachusetts Bay
Today part of
Massachusetts
Maine
New Hampshire
The Massachusetts Bay Colony (1628–1691), more formally The Colony of Massachusetts Bay, was an English settlement on the east coast of America around the Massachusetts Bay, the northernmost of the several colonies later reorganized as the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The lands of the settlement were in southern New England, with initial settlements on two natural harbors and surrounding land about 15.4 miles (24.8 km) apart—the areas around Salem and Boston, north of the previously established Plymouth Colony. The territory nominally administered by the Massachusetts Bay Colony covered much of central New England, including portions of Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, and Connecticut. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was founded by the owners of the Massachusetts Bay Company, including investors in the failed Dorchester Company which had established a short-lived settlement on Cape Ann in 1623. The colony began in 1628 and was the company's second attempt at colonization. It was successful, with about 20,000 people migrating to New England in the 1630s. The population was strongly Puritan, and governed largely by a small group of leaders strongly influenced by Puritan teachings. Its governors were elected by an the electorate limited to freemen who had been formally admitted to the local church. As a consequence, the colonial leadership showed little tolerance for other religious views, including Anglican, Quaker, and Baptist theologies. The colonists initially had good relationships with the local Indians, but frictions developed which led to the Pequot War (1636–38) and then to King Philip's War (1675–78), after which most of the Indians in southern New England made peace treaties with the colonists (apart from the Pequot tribe, whose survivors were largely absorbed into the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes following the Pequot War).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester_Company
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_17_263633837#3_292423755
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Title: The History of Mexico (mural) - Wikipedia
Headings: The History of Mexico
(mural)
The History of Mexico (mural)
Contents
The artist: Diego Rivera
Background for the mural
Description of the mural
North wall
West (main) wall
South wall
Interpretation
References
Content: The murals were supported by the Mexican government. Even though Rivera's painting was sponsored by the Mexican government he always rebelled against authority of any kind. His paintings were highly political and rejected capitalism and glorified the indigenous cultures of Mexico including the Aztecs and the Zapotecs. His first important mural was Creation. It took a year to complete and covers 1000 square feet. Creation contains 20 foot high figures concerned with the history of religion. In addition to murals, Rivera was a prolific painter. The main subjects of his paintings were Cubist portraits of human figures, self-portraits, native Mexican culture and traditions, flowers and nature, landscapes, and scenes from everyday life. Background for the mural
Rivera was a leader in a government-sponsored mural project in the 1920s, soon after the official end of the Mexican Revolution. The project was intended to not only justify the revolution, but to promote the current government as the guarantor of the new life promised by the revolution.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Diego_Rivera
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