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75,520,394 | Boyd Exell | Boyd Exell (born July 29, 1972, in Bega) is an Australian horse driver, trainer, judge and horse owner who specializes in four-in-hand driving. He has held the title of world champion in four-in-hand driving ten times since the 2010 FEI World Equestrian Games. He was a judge for the Fédération Équestre Internationale (FEI) from 2010 to 2020, and Deputy Chair of the FEI Driving Committee from 2012 to 2014. Exell has been stationed in the Netherlands since 2015 after spending 20 years in the UK. He travels to Australia, the US and around Europe holding clinics (training events).
Boyd Exell became individual world champion for the first time at the 2010 World Equestrian Games in Kentucky. He was able to repeat this success at the 2012 World Championships in Germany with the same team.
In August 2013, Exell's top horse died. Bill 22 was a brown Orlov Trotter born in 1992. He had reached the age of 21 and was considered the fastest four-in-hand leader (front horse) in the world at the time. Boyd Exell's success story began in 2008 with Bill 22, winning a bronze medal at the World Championships in the Netherlands. Together they won four World Cup Finals in a row, from 2009 to 2012. In 2013, Exell placed second in the World Cup Finals in France with Bill 22 in the team. Boyd had taken over Bill 22 from driver Michael Freund in 2007, with whom he had won five World Cup Finals starting with a 2002 victory in Sweden.
In 2014, Exell won the title of individual world champion at the World Equestrian Games in France. In 2016 he became individual world champion again in Netherlands. In 2018 he defended his world championship title again in North Carolina, and in Italy in 2022.
In 2023, Boyd Exell won his 10th World Cup Finals. At his prior win, the last qualifier before the Finals competition, the announcer declared Exell "number one in the world, more titles than any other driver in history."
Boyd Exell was awarded an Order of Australia in the 2014 Queen's Birthday Honours list for services to equestrian sports. In 2017, Boyd Exell was inducted into the Equestrian Australia Hall of Fame in recognition of his achievements in carriage driving. Equestrian Australia named him the International Athlete of the Year in 2010, 2013 2014, 2015, and 2016. In 2015, the FEI honored Exell with the Best Athlete award.
In 2014, his team of horses was named IRT International Horse of the Year. The team of five geldings were aged 7 to 20 years old; two were KWPNs.
"It's hard to find reliable leaders who are honest and forward. Horses at the back need to be honest, reliable powerful and hard-working – but the ones at the front that need to be brave and independent are harder to get... chasing the perfect team is like chasing the pot of the gold at the end of the rainbow." —Boyd Exell
As of December 2023, FEI ranked Boyd Exell number 1 worldwide for Driving World Cup Standings, Driving World Cup Qualification Standings, and Driving World Ranking - Four-in-Hand. | [
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"text": "Boyd Exell (born July 29, 1972, in Bega) is an Australian horse driver, trainer, judge and horse owner who specializes in four-in-hand driving. He has held the title of world champion in four-in-hand driving ten times since the 2010 FEI World Equestrian Games. He was a judge for the Fédération Équestre Internationale (FEI) from 2010 to 2020, and Deputy Chair of the FEI Driving Committee from 2012 to 2014. Exell has been stationed in the Netherlands since 2015 after spending 20 years in the UK. He travels to Australia, the US and around Europe holding clinics (training events).",
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"text": "Boyd Exell became individual world champion for the first time at the 2010 World Equestrian Games in Kentucky. He was able to repeat this success at the 2012 World Championships in Germany with the same team.",
"title": "Career"
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"text": "In August 2013, Exell's top horse died. Bill 22 was a brown Orlov Trotter born in 1992. He had reached the age of 21 and was considered the fastest four-in-hand leader (front horse) in the world at the time. Boyd Exell's success story began in 2008 with Bill 22, winning a bronze medal at the World Championships in the Netherlands. Together they won four World Cup Finals in a row, from 2009 to 2012. In 2013, Exell placed second in the World Cup Finals in France with Bill 22 in the team. Boyd had taken over Bill 22 from driver Michael Freund in 2007, with whom he had won five World Cup Finals starting with a 2002 victory in Sweden.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2014, Exell won the title of individual world champion at the World Equestrian Games in France. In 2016 he became individual world champion again in Netherlands. In 2018 he defended his world championship title again in North Carolina, and in Italy in 2022.",
"title": "Career"
},
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"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 2023, Boyd Exell won his 10th World Cup Finals. At his prior win, the last qualifier before the Finals competition, the announcer declared Exell \"number one in the world, more titles than any other driver in history.\"",
"title": "Career"
},
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"text": "Boyd Exell was awarded an Order of Australia in the 2014 Queen's Birthday Honours list for services to equestrian sports. In 2017, Boyd Exell was inducted into the Equestrian Australia Hall of Fame in recognition of his achievements in carriage driving. Equestrian Australia named him the International Athlete of the Year in 2010, 2013 2014, 2015, and 2016. In 2015, the FEI honored Exell with the Best Athlete award.",
"title": "Accolades"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 2014, his team of horses was named IRT International Horse of the Year. The team of five geldings were aged 7 to 20 years old; two were KWPNs.",
"title": "Accolades"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "\"It's hard to find reliable leaders who are honest and forward. Horses at the back need to be honest, reliable powerful and hard-working – but the ones at the front that need to be brave and independent are harder to get... chasing the perfect team is like chasing the pot of the gold at the end of the rainbow.\" —Boyd Exell",
"title": "Accolades"
},
{
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"text": "As of December 2023, FEI ranked Boyd Exell number 1 worldwide for Driving World Cup Standings, Driving World Cup Qualification Standings, and Driving World Ranking - Four-in-Hand.",
"title": "Accolades"
}
] | Boyd Exell is an Australian horse driver, trainer, judge and horse owner who specializes in four-in-hand driving. He has held the title of world champion in four-in-hand driving ten times since the 2010 FEI World Equestrian Games. He was a judge for the Fédération Équestre Internationale (FEI) from 2010 to 2020, and Deputy Chair of the FEI Driving Committee from 2012 to 2014. Exell has been stationed in the Netherlands since 2015 after spending 20 years in the UK. He travels to Australia, the US and around Europe holding clinics. | 2023-12-09T01:24:09Z | 2023-12-14T12:04:49Z | [
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75,520,398 | Patrick van der Hoeff | Patrick van der Hoeff (born 16 October, 1975) is a Dutch politician representing the Party for Freedom (PVV). He has been a member of the Provincial Council of Zeeland since 2019 and a member of the House of Representatives since 6 December 2023.
Van der Hoeff was born in Sas van Gent and worked as a supermarket manager before his political career. He was elected as a member of the Provincial Council of Zeeland on behalf of the PVV in 2019. He was one of 37 PVV politicians elected to the House of Representatives in 2023. He has also been a municipal councilor in Terneuzen since 2015. | [
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] | Patrick van der Hoeff is a Dutch politician representing the Party for Freedom (PVV). He has been a member of the Provincial Council of Zeeland since 2019 and a member of the House of Representatives since 6 December 2023. Van der Hoeff was born in Sas van Gent and worked as a supermarket manager before his political career. He was elected as a member of the Provincial Council of Zeeland on behalf of the PVV in 2019. He was one of 37 PVV politicians elected to the House of Representatives in 2023. He has also been a municipal councilor in Terneuzen since 2015. | 2023-12-09T01:25:10Z | 2023-12-28T01:51:30Z | [
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75,520,407 | Diction coach | A diction coach or diction instructor is a professional specialized in teaching proper pronunciation and articulation of spoken language and sung lyrics. They focus on voice modulation, accent reduction, clarity, and effective verbal expression. The primary goal of a diction teacher is to enhance an individual's verbal communication, ensuring that their voice is clear, understandable, and suitable for specific contexts.
Diction teachers are typically qualified professionals with a background in linguistics, phonetics, and also acting or singing. They possess skills in understanding language structure and phonology, along with a solid knowledge of voice control techniques and breathing exercises.
The training of a diction teacher often includes specific courses on applied phonetics, prosody, and speech analysis. Many also have practical experience in drama, public speaking, or vocal performance, providing a practical and applied perspective.
Diction instructors help students overcome challenges related to pronunciation and language articulation. Lessons may range from specific pronunciation exercises to techniques for controlling breathing and vocal tone.
Additionally, diction teachers may work with students on other aspects of verbal communication, such as stress management, posture, and the appropriate use of language in specific contexts, such as singing, public presentations or job interviews.
The diction teacher plays a strong role in shaping and refining an individual's voice, contributing to more effective communication and confident verbal presence.
Diction teachers are sought after in various contexts, including universities, drama and music schools, opera and theatre companies, corporate training institutes, and communication studios. They provide support to those looking to improve their voice and verbal communication to achieve greater effectiveness in their professional and personal lives. | [
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"text": "A diction coach or diction instructor is a professional specialized in teaching proper pronunciation and articulation of spoken language and sung lyrics. They focus on voice modulation, accent reduction, clarity, and effective verbal expression. The primary goal of a diction teacher is to enhance an individual's verbal communication, ensuring that their voice is clear, understandable, and suitable for specific contexts.",
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"text": "Diction teachers are typically qualified professionals with a background in linguistics, phonetics, and also acting or singing. They possess skills in understanding language structure and phonology, along with a solid knowledge of voice control techniques and breathing exercises.",
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"title": "Role and responsibilities"
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"text": "Additionally, diction teachers may work with students on other aspects of verbal communication, such as stress management, posture, and the appropriate use of language in specific contexts, such as singing, public presentations or job interviews.",
"title": "Role and responsibilities"
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"text": "The diction teacher plays a strong role in shaping and refining an individual's voice, contributing to more effective communication and confident verbal presence.",
"title": "Role and responsibilities"
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"text": "Diction teachers are sought after in various contexts, including universities, drama and music schools, opera and theatre companies, corporate training institutes, and communication studios. They provide support to those looking to improve their voice and verbal communication to achieve greater effectiveness in their professional and personal lives.",
"title": "Practical applications"
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] | A diction coach or diction instructor is a professional specialized in teaching proper pronunciation and articulation of spoken language and sung lyrics. They focus on voice modulation, accent reduction, clarity, and effective verbal expression. The primary goal of a diction teacher is to enhance an individual's verbal communication, ensuring that their voice is clear, understandable, and suitable for specific contexts. | 2023-12-09T01:27:07Z | 2023-12-18T19:45:14Z | [
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75,520,425 | 2024 Rhode Island FC season | The 2024 Rhode Island FC season will be the first ever season for Rhode Island FC. The club will make its debut in the USL Championship, the second tier of professional soccer in the United States and Canada.
On November 20, 2023, Rhode Island FC announced that the Bermuda Football Association would host the team for a week of training from February 23 to 28, 2024. The partnership was spurred by Khano Smith, Rhode Island's manager and a former Bermuda national football team player.
All times in Eastern Time Zone. | [
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"title": "Competitions"
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"text": "All times in Eastern Time Zone.",
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] | The 2024 Rhode Island FC season will be the first ever season for Rhode Island FC. The club will make its debut in the USL Championship, the second tier of professional soccer in the United States and Canada. | 2023-12-09T01:30:42Z | 2023-12-31T15:42:03Z | [
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75,520,433 | 2019 LST Spring | The 2019 LST Spring is the professional League of Legends tournament for the Southeast Asia region. The best teams from 4 minor regions participate to determine which team is the best in the region.
4 teams from 4 countries/areas
As of this edit, this article uses content from "Garena Premier League", which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, but not under the GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed. | [
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] | The 2019 LST Spring is the professional League of Legends tournament for the Southeast Asia region. The best teams from 4 minor regions participate to determine which team is the best in the region. | 2023-12-09T01:32:24Z | 2023-12-20T15:38:18Z | [
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75,520,443 | Robert E. Raiche | Robert E. Raiche (born February 18, 1937) is an American politician. He served as a Democratic member for the Hillsborough 34th district of the New Hampshire House of Representatives.
Raiche attended Nathaniel Hawthorne College, the University of New Hampshire and Franklin Pierce Law Center.
Raiche served in the New Hampshire House of Representatives from 1965 to 1972. | [
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"text": "Raiche served in the New Hampshire House of Representatives from 1965 to 1972.",
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] | Robert E. Raiche is an American politician. He served as a Democratic member for the Hillsborough 34th district of the New Hampshire House of Representatives. | 2023-12-09T01:34:23Z | 2023-12-09T01:57:16Z | [
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75,520,444 | Roger Brackins | Roger Brackins, also known as Gene St. Clair, is an American visual artist and painter from Cleveland, Ohio. Based in Columbus, Ohio, he is known for his colorful portraits and paintings exploring African American identity. Brackins has been involved with a number of public art and mural projects and has exhibited work across the United States, including at the Cincinnati Art Museum.
Brackins is a self-taught artist who began painting in 2018. His influences include Jean-Michel Basquiat, Kerry James Marshall, and Jordan Casteel. | [
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"text": "Roger Brackins, also known as Gene St. Clair, is an American visual artist and painter from Cleveland, Ohio. Based in Columbus, Ohio, he is known for his colorful portraits and paintings exploring African American identity. Brackins has been involved with a number of public art and mural projects and has exhibited work across the United States, including at the Cincinnati Art Museum.",
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] | Roger Brackins, also known as Gene St. Clair, is an American visual artist and painter from Cleveland, Ohio. Based in Columbus, Ohio, he is known for his colorful portraits and paintings exploring African American identity. Brackins has been involved with a number of public art and mural projects and has exhibited work across the United States, including at the Cincinnati Art Museum. Brackins is a self-taught artist who began painting in 2018. His influences include Jean-Michel Basquiat, Kerry James Marshall, and Jordan Casteel. | 2023-12-09T01:34:25Z | 2023-12-09T20:15:50Z | [
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75,520,456 | Teeth of the Sea | Teeth of the Sea is a British psychedelic experimental rock band. The original members of the band were Sam Barton, Mike Bourne, John Hirst and Jimmy Martin. "Orphaned by the Ocean" was the band's first release in 2009 followed by "Your Mercury" a year later. Subsequently John Hirst left the band and was replaced by Mat Colegate.
In 2011 they supported Sea Power. Since 2017 they have been a trio with the departure of Colegate. Later work has seen a move to more drone and ambient styles. They have performed live soundtracks at the Science Museum, London and played records and presented on BBC Radio 6 Music. | [
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"text": "Teeth of the Sea is a British psychedelic experimental rock band. The original members of the band were Sam Barton, Mike Bourne, John Hirst and Jimmy Martin. \"Orphaned by the Ocean\" was the band's first release in 2009 followed by \"Your Mercury\" a year later. Subsequently John Hirst left the band and was replaced by Mat Colegate.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "In 2011 they supported Sea Power. Since 2017 they have been a trio with the departure of Colegate. Later work has seen a move to more drone and ambient styles. They have performed live soundtracks at the Science Museum, London and played records and presented on BBC Radio 6 Music.",
"title": ""
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] | Teeth of the Sea is a British psychedelic experimental rock band. The original members of the band were Sam Barton, Mike Bourne, John Hirst and Jimmy Martin.
"Orphaned by the Ocean" was the band's first release in 2009 followed by "Your Mercury" a year later. Subsequently John Hirst left the band and was replaced by Mat Colegate. In 2011 they supported Sea Power.
Since 2017 they have been a trio with the departure of Colegate. Later work has seen a move to more drone and ambient styles. They have performed live soundtracks at the Science Museum, London and played records and presented on BBC Radio 6 Music. | 2023-12-09T01:37:05Z | 2024-01-01T00:36:21Z | [
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75,520,475 | Diethofencarb | Diethofencarb is a carbamate fungicide which is used to control Botryis infections on a variety of fruit and vegetable crops. | [
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"text": "Diethofencarb is a carbamate fungicide which is used to control Botryis infections on a variety of fruit and vegetable crops.",
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] | Diethofencarb is a carbamate fungicide which is used to control Botryis infections on a variety of fruit and vegetable crops. | 2023-12-09T01:40:06Z | 2023-12-09T20:53:34Z | [
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75,520,495 | Nova Scotia Education Reform Act 2018 | The Nova Scotia Education Reform Act 2018 (Bill 72) was an act of educational administrative reform passed by the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia in March 2018. The act dissolved Nova Scotia's seven English language School Boards and replaced them with Regional Centres for Education. This shifted responsibility for educational services in Nova Scotia from locally elected boards to a council of administrators appointed directly by the Minister of Education.
Bill 72 was passed at a time of significant tension between elected school board members and the Nova Scotia Teacher's Union (NSTU), and the Liberal Government of Premier Stephen McNeil. Funding for educational services, responsibilities and working conditions of teachers, and jurisdiction over educational policies were the principle issues behind the conflict.
Over the course of 2016 contract negotiations between the NSTU and Provincial Government repeatedly broke down, culminating in Minister of Education Karen Casey closing all public schools for a day. The union followed with work to rule action for several weeks. Premier McNeil rejected the NSTU's position as financially impractical, while Union President Liette Ducette cited lack of effective attendance and student discipline policies as contributing factors in the job action. In early February 2017 the members of the NSTU rejected a draft collective agreement presented to them by Minister Casey. In response, the McNeill Government announced its intentions to enforce a contract on the union.
The enforced contract, known as Bill 75, ended the union's work-to-rule action and imposed most of the conditions contained in the draft agreement rejected earlier. In response, the NSTU engaged in a one day strike action, the first in the union's 122 year history. The bill was seen as controversial and possibly illegal and was rejected by both opposition parties, but as McNeil held a majority government Bill 75 was passed by the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia on February 21, 2017.
In voting against it, Leader of the Opposition Jamie Baillie stated that “By his reckless actions, the premier has committed the taxpayers of Nova Scotia to years of legal challenges and millions of dollars in legal costs.” Baillie pointed out that similar bills in British Columbia and Ontario had been overturned, resulting in millions of dollars in lawsuits.
The union immediately challenged Bill 75 in court. Although premier McNeil stated his confidence in its legality, in June 2022 Nova Scotia Supreme Court Justice John Keith ruled the bill was unconstitutional, its implementation "terribly wrong," and that it weakened the union's ability to be involved in classroom improvements. A poll of the Nova Scotia public in 2018 found that 66% of Nova Scotians felt that Bill 75 had a negative impact on public education in the province.
Seven months after passing Bill 75, the McNeil Government hired educational consultant Avis Glaze to review the administration of schools in Nova Scotia. In January 2018 she released her suggestions in "Raise the Bar: A Coherent and Responsive Education Administrative System for Nova Scotia" ("The Glaze Report"). The report suggested several changes to the administration of educational services, the most significant of which was that the province's seven English language locally elected school boards be dissolved and replaced with new administrative bodies managed directly by the province. To offset loss of local involvement in education, responsibility for student assessment would be removed from the Department of Education and entrusted to a newly formed Student Progress Assessment Office (SPAO), which would report directly to the public.
Apart from dissolving elected boards and establishing an SPAO, Glaze also suggested that Principals and Vice-Principals no longer be permitted in the teacher's union. Newly appointed Minster of Education Zach Churchill indicated in January 2018 that his government would accept Glaze's recommendations.
The Education Reform Act 2018 (Bill 72) was passed in April of that year.
In April 2018 locally elected English school boards in Nova Scotia were dissolved and replaced with provincially run centres for education, and administrators were removed from the NSTU. The Student Progress Assessment Office (SPAO) was never formed.
PISA assessment scores in Nova Scotia were significantly lower in 2022 compared to 2018. Various factors, such as Covid-19 disruptions, contributed to a general reduction in PISA scores globally, but Nova Scotia declined more than the Canadian average, with students achieving 24 fewer points on math tests, the second greatest drop in the country. | [
{
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"text": "The Nova Scotia Education Reform Act 2018 (Bill 72) was an act of educational administrative reform passed by the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia in March 2018. The act dissolved Nova Scotia's seven English language School Boards and replaced them with Regional Centres for Education. This shifted responsibility for educational services in Nova Scotia from locally elected boards to a council of administrators appointed directly by the Minister of Education.",
"title": ""
},
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"title": "Background"
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"text": "Over the course of 2016 contract negotiations between the NSTU and Provincial Government repeatedly broke down, culminating in Minister of Education Karen Casey closing all public schools for a day. The union followed with work to rule action for several weeks. Premier McNeil rejected the NSTU's position as financially impractical, while Union President Liette Ducette cited lack of effective attendance and student discipline policies as contributing factors in the job action. In early February 2017 the members of the NSTU rejected a draft collective agreement presented to them by Minister Casey. In response, the McNeill Government announced its intentions to enforce a contract on the union.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The enforced contract, known as Bill 75, ended the union's work-to-rule action and imposed most of the conditions contained in the draft agreement rejected earlier. In response, the NSTU engaged in a one day strike action, the first in the union's 122 year history. The bill was seen as controversial and possibly illegal and was rejected by both opposition parties, but as McNeil held a majority government Bill 75 was passed by the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia on February 21, 2017.",
"title": "Bill 75"
},
{
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"text": "In voting against it, Leader of the Opposition Jamie Baillie stated that “By his reckless actions, the premier has committed the taxpayers of Nova Scotia to years of legal challenges and millions of dollars in legal costs.” Baillie pointed out that similar bills in British Columbia and Ontario had been overturned, resulting in millions of dollars in lawsuits.",
"title": "Bill 75"
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{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The union immediately challenged Bill 75 in court. Although premier McNeil stated his confidence in its legality, in June 2022 Nova Scotia Supreme Court Justice John Keith ruled the bill was unconstitutional, its implementation \"terribly wrong,\" and that it weakened the union's ability to be involved in classroom improvements. A poll of the Nova Scotia public in 2018 found that 66% of Nova Scotians felt that Bill 75 had a negative impact on public education in the province.",
"title": "Bill 75"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Seven months after passing Bill 75, the McNeil Government hired educational consultant Avis Glaze to review the administration of schools in Nova Scotia. In January 2018 she released her suggestions in \"Raise the Bar: A Coherent and Responsive Education Administrative System for Nova Scotia\" (\"The Glaze Report\"). The report suggested several changes to the administration of educational services, the most significant of which was that the province's seven English language locally elected school boards be dissolved and replaced with new administrative bodies managed directly by the province. To offset loss of local involvement in education, responsibility for student assessment would be removed from the Department of Education and entrusted to a newly formed Student Progress Assessment Office (SPAO), which would report directly to the public.",
"title": "The Glaze Report"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Apart from dissolving elected boards and establishing an SPAO, Glaze also suggested that Principals and Vice-Principals no longer be permitted in the teacher's union. Newly appointed Minster of Education Zach Churchill indicated in January 2018 that his government would accept Glaze's recommendations.",
"title": "The Glaze Report"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The Education Reform Act 2018 (Bill 72) was passed in April of that year.",
"title": "The Glaze Report"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In April 2018 locally elected English school boards in Nova Scotia were dissolved and replaced with provincially run centres for education, and administrators were removed from the NSTU. The Student Progress Assessment Office (SPAO) was never formed.",
"title": "Bill 72"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "PISA assessment scores in Nova Scotia were significantly lower in 2022 compared to 2018. Various factors, such as Covid-19 disruptions, contributed to a general reduction in PISA scores globally, but Nova Scotia declined more than the Canadian average, with students achieving 24 fewer points on math tests, the second greatest drop in the country.",
"title": "Bill 72"
}
] | The Nova Scotia Education Reform Act 2018 was an act of educational administrative reform passed by the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia in March 2018. The act dissolved Nova Scotia's seven English language School Boards and replaced them with Regional Centres for Education. This shifted responsibility for educational services in Nova Scotia from locally elected boards to a council of administrators appointed directly by the Minister of Education. | 2023-12-09T01:43:18Z | 2023-12-24T15:08:17Z | [
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75,520,507 | Hedeby 1 | The Hedeby 1, also known as the Ship from Haithabu Harbour, was a Viking longship that was excavated from the harbor of Hedeby, a Viking trading center located near the southern end of the Jutland Peninsula, now in the Schleswig-Flensburg district of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
It was one of three ships that were pulled up from the harbor of Hedeby with the initial discovery of the ship being in 1953 when a diving team recovered timbers from the floor of the harbor. Excavation would not continue until 1979 when a group of archaeologists under the direction of Ole-Crumlin Pedersen picked up the project and finished the excavation. To do so the team built a temporary dam around the site and pumped the water out from around the site. To dig up the items without both injuring the items and themselves a system of beams and planks were used to cross the bottom of the harbor's floor. This excavation proved much more successful finding parts of the keel (a structural beam that runs down the middle the length of the boat) as well as parts of the frame of the port side and floor of the ship all of which showed ample signs of having been burnt.
After pulling up the frame and thorough testing of the parts of the ship recovered it was found that the ship proved an important discovery due to its construction. Evidence suggests that the ship originated from the Hedeby area with further evidence suggesting that it was built in the town itself due to the type of wood that was used in its construction correlating with trees in the area. Hedeby the town during the time was under the rule of Svein Forkbeard who we know from a rune stone located in the town, retook the town in 982CE. It is important to note as well that who had previously had control of the town is contested with sources saying it was either the Holy Roman Empire and Otto II or it was taken over by Swedish King Erik the Victorious. This knowledge plus further testing of the planks recovered from the ship showed that the ship was built sometime in 985CE. The builder of the ship is not known, but due to the higher quality materials and construction of the ship it is suggested that the ship was built for some type of Danish royal with further evidence suggesting that it was built for the Danish king. For the actual construction of the ship, It was a skeid style longship (Norse: Skeið meaning, that which cuts through the water) meaning that it was a larger ship meant for transporting troops typically used for war. The ship measured overall at a length of 30.9 metres (101 ft 5 in) and a width of 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in) making it the narrowest longship ever found. The ship was very skillfully built using planks that were made of radially cloven oak wood and in some cases, they were more than 10 m (33 ft) long. Over the length of the ship there were 35 frames which allowed for up to 31 pairs of oars between 54 to 62 rowers. Due to the type of materials used as well as the fact that much of its construction when compared to other ships crafted from the time such as the Ladby and Skuldelev ships the quality of the Hedeby 1 was more luxurious, gaining it the description of a longship of royal standard. Evidence further shows that this was often a common occurrence for royal ships to be larger than most longship as those of high standing of the Viking age would often compete with one another about who had the longest and most magnificently decorated warships. This type of royal ship was one of a kind due to its abnormal length and width, as such its construction has been an important insight into how ships of the upper-class in Danish society were built in the late 10 century-early 11 century.
It was not just the construction that was important for historians either though as the destruction of the ship played a major role in the decline of Hedeby, the town proper. The town of Hedeby was a significant commercial center of the Viking age and acted as an important transit highway for most of the Baltic Sea. As such, the town was constantly under attack from various groups such as the Holy Roman Empire or Sweden, who both wanted the town for its strategic advantage. The Hedeby 1 ship lasted for about 10-20 years, having been used fairly frequently as told by the wear and tear found on the ship. During the time of its life Hedeby was flourishing as a trading town It eventually met its end sometime between the years 990 and 1010 as it was used as a fire ship (a large wooden vessel set on fire to be used against enemy ships during a ramming) in an attack on the town of Hedeby. It is not known who exactly attacked the town, but evidence from Skaldic verse and rune stones shows that the town was raided on multiple occasions due to its economic and strategic value. This raid happened sometime around 990 to 1010 and with the destruction of the ship and harbor marking a downturn for the trading town of Hedeby. Due to both its constant attacking, as well as a need for deeper harbors due to a shift to larger ships, most of the functions of Hedeby steadily started to be moved to the nearby town of Schleswig. Hedeby would finally meet its end in 1049 when the Norwegian king Harald Hardruler attacked and burned the city down. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Hedeby 1, also known as the Ship from Haithabu Harbour, was a Viking longship that was excavated from the harbor of Hedeby, a Viking trading center located near the southern end of the Jutland Peninsula, now in the Schleswig-Flensburg district of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "It was one of three ships that were pulled up from the harbor of Hedeby with the initial discovery of the ship being in 1953 when a diving team recovered timbers from the floor of the harbor. Excavation would not continue until 1979 when a group of archaeologists under the direction of Ole-Crumlin Pedersen picked up the project and finished the excavation. To do so the team built a temporary dam around the site and pumped the water out from around the site. To dig up the items without both injuring the items and themselves a system of beams and planks were used to cross the bottom of the harbor's floor. This excavation proved much more successful finding parts of the keel (a structural beam that runs down the middle the length of the boat) as well as parts of the frame of the port side and floor of the ship all of which showed ample signs of having been burnt.",
"title": "Discovery of the ship"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "After pulling up the frame and thorough testing of the parts of the ship recovered it was found that the ship proved an important discovery due to its construction. Evidence suggests that the ship originated from the Hedeby area with further evidence suggesting that it was built in the town itself due to the type of wood that was used in its construction correlating with trees in the area. Hedeby the town during the time was under the rule of Svein Forkbeard who we know from a rune stone located in the town, retook the town in 982CE. It is important to note as well that who had previously had control of the town is contested with sources saying it was either the Holy Roman Empire and Otto II or it was taken over by Swedish King Erik the Victorious. This knowledge plus further testing of the planks recovered from the ship showed that the ship was built sometime in 985CE. The builder of the ship is not known, but due to the higher quality materials and construction of the ship it is suggested that the ship was built for some type of Danish royal with further evidence suggesting that it was built for the Danish king. For the actual construction of the ship, It was a skeid style longship (Norse: Skeið meaning, that which cuts through the water) meaning that it was a larger ship meant for transporting troops typically used for war. The ship measured overall at a length of 30.9 metres (101 ft 5 in) and a width of 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in) making it the narrowest longship ever found. The ship was very skillfully built using planks that were made of radially cloven oak wood and in some cases, they were more than 10 m (33 ft) long. Over the length of the ship there were 35 frames which allowed for up to 31 pairs of oars between 54 to 62 rowers. Due to the type of materials used as well as the fact that much of its construction when compared to other ships crafted from the time such as the Ladby and Skuldelev ships the quality of the Hedeby 1 was more luxurious, gaining it the description of a longship of royal standard. Evidence further shows that this was often a common occurrence for royal ships to be larger than most longship as those of high standing of the Viking age would often compete with one another about who had the longest and most magnificently decorated warships. This type of royal ship was one of a kind due to its abnormal length and width, as such its construction has been an important insight into how ships of the upper-class in Danish society were built in the late 10 century-early 11 century.",
"title": "Construction "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "It was not just the construction that was important for historians either though as the destruction of the ship played a major role in the decline of Hedeby, the town proper. The town of Hedeby was a significant commercial center of the Viking age and acted as an important transit highway for most of the Baltic Sea. As such, the town was constantly under attack from various groups such as the Holy Roman Empire or Sweden, who both wanted the town for its strategic advantage. The Hedeby 1 ship lasted for about 10-20 years, having been used fairly frequently as told by the wear and tear found on the ship. During the time of its life Hedeby was flourishing as a trading town It eventually met its end sometime between the years 990 and 1010 as it was used as a fire ship (a large wooden vessel set on fire to be used against enemy ships during a ramming) in an attack on the town of Hedeby. It is not known who exactly attacked the town, but evidence from Skaldic verse and rune stones shows that the town was raided on multiple occasions due to its economic and strategic value. This raid happened sometime around 990 to 1010 and with the destruction of the ship and harbor marking a downturn for the trading town of Hedeby. Due to both its constant attacking, as well as a need for deeper harbors due to a shift to larger ships, most of the functions of Hedeby steadily started to be moved to the nearby town of Schleswig. Hedeby would finally meet its end in 1049 when the Norwegian king Harald Hardruler attacked and burned the city down.",
"title": "Decline of Hedeby"
}
] | The Hedeby 1, also known as the Ship from Haithabu Harbour, was a Viking longship that was excavated from the harbor of Hedeby, a Viking trading center located near the southern end of the Jutland Peninsula, now in the Schleswig-Flensburg district of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. | 2023-12-09T01:45:25Z | 2023-12-26T20:01:51Z | [
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75,520,525 | Graham Nicholson | Graham Nicholson is an American football kicker for the Miami RedHawks. He was named the 2023 Lou Groza Award winner, which is awarded to the nation's best kicker. | [
{
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"text": "Graham Nicholson is an American football kicker for the Miami RedHawks. He was named the 2023 Lou Groza Award winner, which is awarded to the nation's best kicker.",
"title": ""
}
] | Graham Nicholson is an American football kicker for the Miami RedHawks. He was named the 2023 Lou Groza Award winner, which is awarded to the nation's best kicker. | 2023-12-09T01:47:51Z | 2023-12-29T06:04:37Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Nicholson |
75,520,539 | Salvelinus tolmachoffi | Salvelinus tolmachoffi, also known as Yessey lake charr, is a freshwater species of fish in the salmon family. It is endemic to Lake Yessey of the Khatanga river basin of the arctic Russia. In 2007, the fish was listed as endangered by IUCN due to over-fishing and poor management of the water body.
Yessey lake charr can grow to a recorded maximum length of 37.0 cm (14.6 inches). The fish lives at or near the bottom of the lake.
The head and back of the fish are blue-black, while the sides of the body are dark-gray with a golden tint and the belly is pale yellow. There are numerous red spots on the sides of the body. The species feed on gammarus, copepods, chironomid larvae, and fish.
Yessey lake charr spawn in autumn, from the second half of October to December, in coastal areas with depths of 2.5 - 4 m. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Salvelinus tolmachoffi, also known as Yessey lake charr, is a freshwater species of fish in the salmon family. It is endemic to Lake Yessey of the Khatanga river basin of the arctic Russia. In 2007, the fish was listed as endangered by IUCN due to over-fishing and poor management of the water body.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Yessey lake charr can grow to a recorded maximum length of 37.0 cm (14.6 inches). The fish lives at or near the bottom of the lake.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The head and back of the fish are blue-black, while the sides of the body are dark-gray with a golden tint and the belly is pale yellow. There are numerous red spots on the sides of the body. The species feed on gammarus, copepods, chironomid larvae, and fish.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Yessey lake charr spawn in autumn, from the second half of October to December, in coastal areas with depths of 2.5 - 4 m.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "Description"
}
] | Salvelinus tolmachoffi, also known as Yessey lake charr, is a freshwater species of fish in the salmon family. It is endemic to Lake Yessey of the Khatanga river basin of the arctic Russia. In 2007, the fish was listed as endangered by IUCN due to over-fishing and poor management of the water body. | 2023-12-09T01:49:57Z | 2023-12-16T02:48:09Z | [
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75,520,545 | Citadel of Parma | The Citadel of Parma (Italian: Cittadella di Parma) is a pentagonal fortress built in the Emilian city in the last years of the 16th century.
The structure was erected at the behest of the Duke of Parma and Piacenza Alessandro Farnese and entrusted to the engineers Giovanni Antonio Stirpio de' Brunelli and Genesio Bresciani with the collaboration of Smeraldo Smeraldi. To build it, the Maggiore canal was diverted, whose course was joined with that of the Comune canal up to the Porta Nuova (today's Barriera Farini).
Created for defensive purposes, and for this reason equipped with ramparts and moats, it was later used as barracks, as a prison for political crimes and as a place for executions. Between the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the fortress, which retains its original pentagonal shape, was renovated and used as a public park, with spaces dedicated to sports and children's activities.
The structure has five bastions. The main entrance, characterized by a monumental facade in Angera stone, is to the north, while the other, the Porta del Soccorso, is to the south. The main entrance gate, designed by Simone Moschino and built by Giambattista Carra in 1596, has been preserved without later modifications.
Alessandro Farnese, who in his youth had the opportunity to learn from his father Ottavio the art of war and from the duchy's commissioner of war and artillery Francesco De Marchi (1504-1576) the principles of fortifications, decided in 1589 to build one in Parma, even though he was convinced that "the loyalty of a city was obtained not by building citadels, but by pulling them down." It was the duke himself who drew the outline of the fortress, who drew inspiration for its design from the one built by Francesco Paciotto in Antwerp. On whether he would have his plans followed to the letter, the duke was adamant, so much so that he prevented his son Ranuccio from intervening in its realization. The Citadel thus became a symbol of Parma's renewal, surpassing in prestige the Parco Ducale built by Ottavio Farnese precisely to give it greater dignity than other cities, including Piacenza.
However, upon the death of Pope Paul III, the Papal States abandoned their favorable attitude toward the construction of the Citadel. The duke nevertheless decided to proceed with the construction, partly in light of the tension with neighboring states and to resist possible invasions. Nonetheless, the Citadel was never used for defensive purposes and was soon converted into a prison, causing speculation that the duke had conceived it as a repressive tool.
In order to choose the site for the fortress, the conformation of the land was studied, looking for land that could provide materials to build it, and the arrangement of the surrounding waterways, so as to facilitate the operation of the moats. The choice thus fell on the southern part of the city, between Porta Nuova and the Stradella rampart.
The Antwerp fortress was reproduced to scale, with a smaller size due to reasons probably related to limited financial resources or location. The fortress was thus leaned against the walls, causing work to begin close to the Renaissance perimeter of the city. To follow the project, however, the bastions of Stradella and Porta Nuova were torn down. The latter, commissioned by Ottavio Farnese in 1573, was rebuilt along the perimeter of the new walls.
The choice of the pentagonal shape adopted for the citadel of Parma has its roots in the long debate that took place during the 15th and 16th centuries about what was the right number of bastions to give the structure for better defensibility for strategic purposes. The maintenance of a radiocentric shape, consistent with the Renaissance conception of the city, and the pursuit of features of extreme functionality of the complex were the two main causes that led to the choice of the pentagonal shape for the construction of citadels. The study of fortifications, in which every single technical-geometric element is carefully dosed in order to achieve the most suitable shape and size, sees the maintenance of a physical centrality as a necessary element to be able to reconcile and mold the shape of the fortress with the characteristics of the surrounding territory. Hence the choice of a five-sided, elongated shape rather than an equilateral one. In the second half of the century, after several realizations, the pentagonal shape would be chosen, as in the Fortezza da Basso in Florence (1533) and the Cittadella Farnesiana in Piacenza (1547), designed by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger.
Sangallo's signature feature, found in the palace-fortress of Caprarola, lies in his ability to combine aesthetics and functionality, civil and military architecture. With the passage of time, it is possible to note the improvement of military town planning in the sixteenth century, as evidenced also by the outer wall of Castel Sant'Angelo, designed by Francesco Laparelli and begun in 1562. Moreover, although the search for precise geometries is noticeable, it is possible to observe a desire to abandon a certain formal closure in favor of a figurative openness toward the medieval structure and the study of urban structure marked by the presence of the river.
The construction of the Citadel entailed several non-negligible consequences for the city of Parma, both environmentally, socially and economically. First of all, the enormous space required for the construction of the complex, together with the need to keep the outer perimeter of the structure (the so-called tagliate) free, so as not to leave any possible shelters for the enemy in case of siege, led to the demolition of numerous buildings, from the simple dwellings of the population to the highest level buildings up to even religious ones. The urban structure of the city was affected quite a bit, even in the following centuries; likewise, the very role of the city itself was also profoundly altered, with an anticipation of the city's later urban and economic decline, similar to what also happened in Antwerp, where the entrenchment of military units within the citadel caused such tension that it drove away trade, thus displacing markets and financial transfers, contributing therefore to the city's impoverishment.
The citadel historically had only two entrances, located one in the northern part of the complex, facing the city, and the other in the southern part, facing what was then the countryside. The entrance facing the city was crowned by a gate of monumental character, while the one facing the outside was called the "Relief Gate." Consistent with what is reported in a notarial act of 1596, the design of the main gate was said to have been conceived by Simone Moschino, in line with the criteria for the construction of monumental entrances to cities or citadels in the 16th century. The gate stands today without its original appearance being substantially affected, except for the upper part, made of brick, the only modification made over time. The construction time of this gate was rather long: when completed, it turned out to be divided into three bays communicating through a series of rooms intended for the guard and control units; on the upper floor, meanwhile, was located the castellan's dwelling, spaced from the facade by means of a corridor leading to the observation posts. The original plan also called for the installation of four embrasures, which were never really integrated into the structure. The "Relief Gate," by contrast, underwent substantial reconstruction in the aftermath of World War II, thus appearing much simpler and more approximate when compared to the original design, which saw it enriched by more refined and complex designs, with granite moldings and the two monumental cannons placed to the side of the entrance.
Work on the construction of the citadel began in 1591, under the supervision of the ducal engineer Giovanni Antonio Stirpio de' Brunelli. Prince Ranuccio, on the other hand, personally took care of the financial aspect, while Count Cosimo Tagliaferri, "doctor of laws," attended to the administrative part. However, since Duke Alessandro was in Flanders at the time of the construction, it is not certain whether or not Ranuccio faithfully followed the directives left to him by his father. On the other hand, some documents attest to the difficulties related to some problems that arose during the construction of the citadel, which prolonged the construction time beyond what was expected. First of all, already at the beginning of the works, a substantial disagreement emerged between Brunelli and the ducal officials, who imposed restrictions related to the construction time. In addition, the meddling of Alessandro Farnese's administrators caused several problems in the technical sphere as well: this led to a long series of mutual accusations between those in charge of the project, as attested in the two letters sent by the ducal secretary Pico to Duke Alessandro in which, in addition to strongly expressing the intention of wanting to equip the fortress with guards and artillery, Brunelli is basically accused.
Seeking at all costs to complete the work, he did not hesitate to make decisions discordant with the will of the city community and, at times, of Alessandro himself. Disagreements between Brunelli and the administrators grew as time went on, to the point that it became a recurring practice, in order to discredit his opponent, to deliberately allow him to make design mistakes. In this climate, it ended up that in 1592 Brunelli was sent back to Flanders on the express order of the duke, who appointed Bresciani in his place, joined by Smeraldo Smeraldi, thus stabilizing the situation.
Smeraldo Smeraldi is credited with many designs of the fortress. Stirpio himself drew on his expertise by providing solutions to various problems with particular effort. Among Smeraldi's most important designs are: the plan of the fortress (which includes measurements of some of its elements), a survey of the outline of the Citadel and the city walls, and a section of the moats and ramparts.
From the beginning, the construction of the Citadel required a huge financial effort, inevitably attracting various interests throughout the area. Alessandro intended to entrust his household with the economic burden of building the fortress; moreover, the realization of such an ambitious project at the same time gave employment to many citizens, and this also unintentionally contributed to limiting the riots that arose during the periods of major famine. However, several frauds occurred during the course of the work, concerning very often the quality of the materials, sometimes really bad, or the labor, with work being sloppy or even not performed. Such events fell under indictment on both Stirpio and Smeraldi.
Over the centuries the Citadel underwent several transformations. The first were arranged by the dukes Odoardo and Ranuccio II Farnese, who decided on the restoration of the walls and the strengthening of the arsenals, as well as increasing the armaments for its defense. Their successors Francesco and Antonio, on the other hand, limited themselves to perfecting the defensive system and the internal control system, but did not intervene massively. The refinement, however, proved to be in vain: after Antonio's death, the Citadel was stormed by several foreign powers, and during this period leaded guardhouses were installed on the ramparts, underground guardhouses were organized ready to counterattack the enemy from ten sorties, facilities were built to house the military, and a house was built for the priest. Warehouses for use in case of siege and prisons were also built inside the Citadel. In the castellan's apartment next to the entrance, guardhouses equipped with five batteries of cannons were installed.
In 1747, on the other hand, it was a survey by engineer Borelli that raised the need for interventions on the ramparts and curtains: conservation defects were found in the faces of the Bastions of San Francesco, Sant'Alessandro, Santa Maria and San Giovanni and in the curtain between the latter two. The scholar Emilio Casa, who discussed the condition of the Citadel from 1734 to the duchy of Charles III, also described a building, probably a cult building: its existence is also confirmed by the oldest maps of the Citadel.
In the 19th century, some ramparts collapsed and were rebuilt, thus the occasion was taken to raise the walls and make them less easy to storm. Between 1842 and 1859, moreover, two barracks and a warehouse reserved for artillery and trailing materials were built in the fortress, effectively transforming the Citadel from a defensive structure into a barracks, a function to which it had in fact been permanently destined since the Treaty of Aachen in 1748, except for the Napoleonic interlude (1802-1814) and the first part of the second Habsburg rule over the Duchy. During the rule of Marie Louise and Adam Neipperg the fortress housed an infantry regiment and its parades.
Starting in 1818, the Citadel became home to the Military College, which was later renamed the Military School and relocated. Subsequently, the fortress underwent significant modifications: Charles-René de Bombelles had a barracks built there that was higher than the walls, and Charles III had a drawbridge and some trenches built, which – combined with the continuous transit of artillery pieces and military units – earned it the new name arranged by Charles III, "War Square." The last changes were finally made after World War II: first the barracks were demolished and then, as a result of the city's expansion, the moat was reduced.
The Citadel was restored in 2009 at the request of the City of Parma, with a project carried out by Studio Canali. The project, which aimed to introduce services for citizens inside the historic structure while protecting its architectural aspects threatened by vegetation, focused on the static consolidation of the ramparts and the conservative restoration of the atriums leaning against the two monumental gates.
The restoration, which could count on funding of 2.2 million euros, started with the care of the gardens, which cover more than 120000 m² between the part inside the walls and the one outside, through pruning works, planting of new trees and landscaping of the lawns. In a second phase, some synthetic soccer fields and a basketball court were to be built in the lower part of the Citadel, but this has not happened yet. In the upper part of the ramparts, the use of which for jogging is frequent, the time championship system was installed, through which citadel-goers can consult their activity data on a scoreboard.
The last step of the project was the installation of a bar, toilets and changing rooms at the youth hostel, the creation of an area equipped with children's games in the central part and the removal of architectural barriers in the northeast rampart area.
On an annual basis, the Citadel park hosts the Art and Creativity Day, an event in which various students, from the city's leading high schools, come together to display and admire some of the various types of work they have created, such as paintings, drawings, comics, photographs, sculptures, and body painting. Through this experience, it is possible for the children to showcase their skills and abilities in the artistic context. In parallel, musical performances are held, with DJ sets and concerts also organized by the students. At the end of the day, a jury of students and professors eventually awards prizes to those who are judged the best.
In late spring each year, the park also hosts an amusement park. The City of Parma, with the stated goal of "filling public spaces instead of desertifying them," organizes a theme day there for charitable purposes. | [
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"text": "The structure was erected at the behest of the Duke of Parma and Piacenza Alessandro Farnese and entrusted to the engineers Giovanni Antonio Stirpio de' Brunelli and Genesio Bresciani with the collaboration of Smeraldo Smeraldi. To build it, the Maggiore canal was diverted, whose course was joined with that of the Comune canal up to the Porta Nuova (today's Barriera Farini).",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Created for defensive purposes, and for this reason equipped with ramparts and moats, it was later used as barracks, as a prison for political crimes and as a place for executions. Between the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the fortress, which retains its original pentagonal shape, was renovated and used as a public park, with spaces dedicated to sports and children's activities.",
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{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The structure has five bastions. The main entrance, characterized by a monumental facade in Angera stone, is to the north, while the other, the Porta del Soccorso, is to the south. The main entrance gate, designed by Simone Moschino and built by Giambattista Carra in 1596, has been preserved without later modifications.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Alessandro Farnese, who in his youth had the opportunity to learn from his father Ottavio the art of war and from the duchy's commissioner of war and artillery Francesco De Marchi (1504-1576) the principles of fortifications, decided in 1589 to build one in Parma, even though he was convinced that \"the loyalty of a city was obtained not by building citadels, but by pulling them down.\" It was the duke himself who drew the outline of the fortress, who drew inspiration for its design from the one built by Francesco Paciotto in Antwerp. On whether he would have his plans followed to the letter, the duke was adamant, so much so that he prevented his son Ranuccio from intervening in its realization. The Citadel thus became a symbol of Parma's renewal, surpassing in prestige the Parco Ducale built by Ottavio Farnese precisely to give it greater dignity than other cities, including Piacenza.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "However, upon the death of Pope Paul III, the Papal States abandoned their favorable attitude toward the construction of the Citadel. The duke nevertheless decided to proceed with the construction, partly in light of the tension with neighboring states and to resist possible invasions. Nonetheless, the Citadel was never used for defensive purposes and was soon converted into a prison, causing speculation that the duke had conceived it as a repressive tool.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In order to choose the site for the fortress, the conformation of the land was studied, looking for land that could provide materials to build it, and the arrangement of the surrounding waterways, so as to facilitate the operation of the moats. The choice thus fell on the southern part of the city, between Porta Nuova and the Stradella rampart.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The Antwerp fortress was reproduced to scale, with a smaller size due to reasons probably related to limited financial resources or location. The fortress was thus leaned against the walls, causing work to begin close to the Renaissance perimeter of the city. To follow the project, however, the bastions of Stradella and Porta Nuova were torn down. The latter, commissioned by Ottavio Farnese in 1573, was rebuilt along the perimeter of the new walls.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The choice of the pentagonal shape adopted for the citadel of Parma has its roots in the long debate that took place during the 15th and 16th centuries about what was the right number of bastions to give the structure for better defensibility for strategic purposes. The maintenance of a radiocentric shape, consistent with the Renaissance conception of the city, and the pursuit of features of extreme functionality of the complex were the two main causes that led to the choice of the pentagonal shape for the construction of citadels. The study of fortifications, in which every single technical-geometric element is carefully dosed in order to achieve the most suitable shape and size, sees the maintenance of a physical centrality as a necessary element to be able to reconcile and mold the shape of the fortress with the characteristics of the surrounding territory. Hence the choice of a five-sided, elongated shape rather than an equilateral one. In the second half of the century, after several realizations, the pentagonal shape would be chosen, as in the Fortezza da Basso in Florence (1533) and the Cittadella Farnesiana in Piacenza (1547), designed by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Sangallo's signature feature, found in the palace-fortress of Caprarola, lies in his ability to combine aesthetics and functionality, civil and military architecture. With the passage of time, it is possible to note the improvement of military town planning in the sixteenth century, as evidenced also by the outer wall of Castel Sant'Angelo, designed by Francesco Laparelli and begun in 1562. Moreover, although the search for precise geometries is noticeable, it is possible to observe a desire to abandon a certain formal closure in favor of a figurative openness toward the medieval structure and the study of urban structure marked by the presence of the river.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The construction of the Citadel entailed several non-negligible consequences for the city of Parma, both environmentally, socially and economically. First of all, the enormous space required for the construction of the complex, together with the need to keep the outer perimeter of the structure (the so-called tagliate) free, so as not to leave any possible shelters for the enemy in case of siege, led to the demolition of numerous buildings, from the simple dwellings of the population to the highest level buildings up to even religious ones. The urban structure of the city was affected quite a bit, even in the following centuries; likewise, the very role of the city itself was also profoundly altered, with an anticipation of the city's later urban and economic decline, similar to what also happened in Antwerp, where the entrenchment of military units within the citadel caused such tension that it drove away trade, thus displacing markets and financial transfers, contributing therefore to the city's impoverishment.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The citadel historically had only two entrances, located one in the northern part of the complex, facing the city, and the other in the southern part, facing what was then the countryside. The entrance facing the city was crowned by a gate of monumental character, while the one facing the outside was called the \"Relief Gate.\" Consistent with what is reported in a notarial act of 1596, the design of the main gate was said to have been conceived by Simone Moschino, in line with the criteria for the construction of monumental entrances to cities or citadels in the 16th century. The gate stands today without its original appearance being substantially affected, except for the upper part, made of brick, the only modification made over time. The construction time of this gate was rather long: when completed, it turned out to be divided into three bays communicating through a series of rooms intended for the guard and control units; on the upper floor, meanwhile, was located the castellan's dwelling, spaced from the facade by means of a corridor leading to the observation posts. The original plan also called for the installation of four embrasures, which were never really integrated into the structure. The \"Relief Gate,\" by contrast, underwent substantial reconstruction in the aftermath of World War II, thus appearing much simpler and more approximate when compared to the original design, which saw it enriched by more refined and complex designs, with granite moldings and the two monumental cannons placed to the side of the entrance.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Work on the construction of the citadel began in 1591, under the supervision of the ducal engineer Giovanni Antonio Stirpio de' Brunelli. Prince Ranuccio, on the other hand, personally took care of the financial aspect, while Count Cosimo Tagliaferri, \"doctor of laws,\" attended to the administrative part. However, since Duke Alessandro was in Flanders at the time of the construction, it is not certain whether or not Ranuccio faithfully followed the directives left to him by his father. On the other hand, some documents attest to the difficulties related to some problems that arose during the construction of the citadel, which prolonged the construction time beyond what was expected. First of all, already at the beginning of the works, a substantial disagreement emerged between Brunelli and the ducal officials, who imposed restrictions related to the construction time. In addition, the meddling of Alessandro Farnese's administrators caused several problems in the technical sphere as well: this led to a long series of mutual accusations between those in charge of the project, as attested in the two letters sent by the ducal secretary Pico to Duke Alessandro in which, in addition to strongly expressing the intention of wanting to equip the fortress with guards and artillery, Brunelli is basically accused.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Seeking at all costs to complete the work, he did not hesitate to make decisions discordant with the will of the city community and, at times, of Alessandro himself. Disagreements between Brunelli and the administrators grew as time went on, to the point that it became a recurring practice, in order to discredit his opponent, to deliberately allow him to make design mistakes. In this climate, it ended up that in 1592 Brunelli was sent back to Flanders on the express order of the duke, who appointed Bresciani in his place, joined by Smeraldo Smeraldi, thus stabilizing the situation.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Smeraldo Smeraldi is credited with many designs of the fortress. Stirpio himself drew on his expertise by providing solutions to various problems with particular effort. Among Smeraldi's most important designs are: the plan of the fortress (which includes measurements of some of its elements), a survey of the outline of the Citadel and the city walls, and a section of the moats and ramparts.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "From the beginning, the construction of the Citadel required a huge financial effort, inevitably attracting various interests throughout the area. Alessandro intended to entrust his household with the economic burden of building the fortress; moreover, the realization of such an ambitious project at the same time gave employment to many citizens, and this also unintentionally contributed to limiting the riots that arose during the periods of major famine. However, several frauds occurred during the course of the work, concerning very often the quality of the materials, sometimes really bad, or the labor, with work being sloppy or even not performed. Such events fell under indictment on both Stirpio and Smeraldi.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Over the centuries the Citadel underwent several transformations. The first were arranged by the dukes Odoardo and Ranuccio II Farnese, who decided on the restoration of the walls and the strengthening of the arsenals, as well as increasing the armaments for its defense. Their successors Francesco and Antonio, on the other hand, limited themselves to perfecting the defensive system and the internal control system, but did not intervene massively. The refinement, however, proved to be in vain: after Antonio's death, the Citadel was stormed by several foreign powers, and during this period leaded guardhouses were installed on the ramparts, underground guardhouses were organized ready to counterattack the enemy from ten sorties, facilities were built to house the military, and a house was built for the priest. Warehouses for use in case of siege and prisons were also built inside the Citadel. In the castellan's apartment next to the entrance, guardhouses equipped with five batteries of cannons were installed.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "In 1747, on the other hand, it was a survey by engineer Borelli that raised the need for interventions on the ramparts and curtains: conservation defects were found in the faces of the Bastions of San Francesco, Sant'Alessandro, Santa Maria and San Giovanni and in the curtain between the latter two. The scholar Emilio Casa, who discussed the condition of the Citadel from 1734 to the duchy of Charles III, also described a building, probably a cult building: its existence is also confirmed by the oldest maps of the Citadel.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "In the 19th century, some ramparts collapsed and were rebuilt, thus the occasion was taken to raise the walls and make them less easy to storm. Between 1842 and 1859, moreover, two barracks and a warehouse reserved for artillery and trailing materials were built in the fortress, effectively transforming the Citadel from a defensive structure into a barracks, a function to which it had in fact been permanently destined since the Treaty of Aachen in 1748, except for the Napoleonic interlude (1802-1814) and the first part of the second Habsburg rule over the Duchy. During the rule of Marie Louise and Adam Neipperg the fortress housed an infantry regiment and its parades.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "Starting in 1818, the Citadel became home to the Military College, which was later renamed the Military School and relocated. Subsequently, the fortress underwent significant modifications: Charles-René de Bombelles had a barracks built there that was higher than the walls, and Charles III had a drawbridge and some trenches built, which – combined with the continuous transit of artillery pieces and military units – earned it the new name arranged by Charles III, \"War Square.\" The last changes were finally made after World War II: first the barracks were demolished and then, as a result of the city's expansion, the moat was reduced.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "The Citadel was restored in 2009 at the request of the City of Parma, with a project carried out by Studio Canali. The project, which aimed to introduce services for citizens inside the historic structure while protecting its architectural aspects threatened by vegetation, focused on the static consolidation of the ramparts and the conservative restoration of the atriums leaning against the two monumental gates.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "The restoration, which could count on funding of 2.2 million euros, started with the care of the gardens, which cover more than 120000 m² between the part inside the walls and the one outside, through pruning works, planting of new trees and landscaping of the lawns. In a second phase, some synthetic soccer fields and a basketball court were to be built in the lower part of the Citadel, but this has not happened yet. In the upper part of the ramparts, the use of which for jogging is frequent, the time championship system was installed, through which citadel-goers can consult their activity data on a scoreboard.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "The last step of the project was the installation of a bar, toilets and changing rooms at the youth hostel, the creation of an area equipped with children's games in the central part and the removal of architectural barriers in the northeast rampart area.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "On an annual basis, the Citadel park hosts the Art and Creativity Day, an event in which various students, from the city's leading high schools, come together to display and admire some of the various types of work they have created, such as paintings, drawings, comics, photographs, sculptures, and body painting. Through this experience, it is possible for the children to showcase their skills and abilities in the artistic context. In parallel, musical performances are held, with DJ sets and concerts also organized by the students. At the end of the day, a jury of students and professors eventually awards prizes to those who are judged the best.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "In late spring each year, the park also hosts an amusement park. The City of Parma, with the stated goal of \"filling public spaces instead of desertifying them,\" organizes a theme day there for charitable purposes.",
"title": "History"
}
] | The Citadel of Parma is a pentagonal fortress built in the Emilian city in the last years of the 16th century. The structure was erected at the behest of the Duke of Parma and Piacenza Alessandro Farnese and entrusted to the engineers Giovanni Antonio Stirpio de' Brunelli and Genesio Bresciani with the collaboration of Smeraldo Smeraldi. To build it, the Maggiore canal was diverted, whose course was joined with that of the Comune canal up to the Porta Nuova. Created for defensive purposes, and for this reason equipped with ramparts and moats, it was later used as barracks, as a prison for political crimes and as a place for executions. Between the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the fortress, which retains its original pentagonal shape, was renovated and used as a public park, with spaces dedicated to sports and children's activities. The structure has five bastions. The main entrance, characterized by a monumental facade in Angera stone, is to the north, while the other, the Porta del Soccorso, is to the south. The main entrance gate, designed by Simone Moschino and built by Giambattista Carra in 1596, has been preserved without later modifications. | 2023-12-09T01:50:22Z | 2023-12-09T02:05:33Z | [
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75,520,549 | Arnadal Church | Arnadal Church (Norwegian: Arnadal kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Sandefjord Municipality in Vestfold county, Norway. It is located in the village of Fossnes. It is the church for the Arnadal parish which is part of the Sandefjord prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Tunsberg. The white, wooden church was built in a long church design in 1882 using plans drawn up by the architect Henrik Nissen. The church seats about 185 people.
The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1398, but the church was not built that year. The original church was likely built in the 13th century, on a site about 50 metres (160 ft) west of the present church building. Not much is known about the old church. In 1620-1622, the old church was deemed to be in poor condition so plans were made for a new church. The old church was torn down and a new church was rebuilt on the same site, being completed in 1623.
By the late 1800s, the old church was in poor condition and in need of replacement. A new building was constructed in 1881-1882 on a site about 50 metres (160 ft) to the east. After the new building was completed, the old church was torn down. The church was designed by the architect Henrik Nissen. It was consecrated by the bishop on 26 April 1882. It is a timber-framed wooden long church. The church has a bell tower on the west end of the nave which is drawn somewhat into the body of the building, and a straight-ended choir that is surrounded by vestries (which were extended in 1979 and 1981). An addition was built to the north of the nave which includes several other rooms. The church was extensively restored in the 1950s according to plans by Einar Rivå and rededicated in the autumn of 1956. Historically, the church name was sometimes spelled "Arendal Church" until 1952 when it formally changed its name to "Arnadal" to avoid confusion with the churches in the nearby town of Arendal in Agder. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Arnadal Church (Norwegian: Arnadal kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Sandefjord Municipality in Vestfold county, Norway. It is located in the village of Fossnes. It is the church for the Arnadal parish which is part of the Sandefjord prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Tunsberg. The white, wooden church was built in a long church design in 1882 using plans drawn up by the architect Henrik Nissen. The church seats about 185 people.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1398, but the church was not built that year. The original church was likely built in the 13th century, on a site about 50 metres (160 ft) west of the present church building. Not much is known about the old church. In 1620-1622, the old church was deemed to be in poor condition so plans were made for a new church. The old church was torn down and a new church was rebuilt on the same site, being completed in 1623.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "By the late 1800s, the old church was in poor condition and in need of replacement. A new building was constructed in 1881-1882 on a site about 50 metres (160 ft) to the east. After the new building was completed, the old church was torn down. The church was designed by the architect Henrik Nissen. It was consecrated by the bishop on 26 April 1882. It is a timber-framed wooden long church. The church has a bell tower on the west end of the nave which is drawn somewhat into the body of the building, and a straight-ended choir that is surrounded by vestries (which were extended in 1979 and 1981). An addition was built to the north of the nave which includes several other rooms. The church was extensively restored in the 1950s according to plans by Einar Rivå and rededicated in the autumn of 1956. Historically, the church name was sometimes spelled \"Arendal Church\" until 1952 when it formally changed its name to \"Arnadal\" to avoid confusion with the churches in the nearby town of Arendal in Agder.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Arnadal Church is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Sandefjord Municipality in Vestfold county, Norway. It is located in the village of Fossnes. It is the church for the Arnadal parish which is part of the Sandefjord prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Tunsberg. The white, wooden church was built in a long church design in 1882 using plans drawn up by the architect Henrik Nissen. The church seats about 185 people. | 2023-12-09T01:50:50Z | 2023-12-09T12:19:25Z | [
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75,520,554 | Hyperspeed (disambiguation) | Hyper Speed or variations may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Hyper Speed or variations may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Hyper Speed or variations may refer to: Hyperspeed, a 1991 videogame
Hyper Speed GranDoll, 1997 original animation video
Hypersonic speed
Hyperspeed glitch, a videogame term
Backwards longjump (BLJ), a Super Mario 64 glitch | 2023-12-09T01:51:34Z | 2023-12-26T19:41:33Z | [
"Template:Disambiguation"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperspeed_(disambiguation) |
75,520,555 | Individual Neutral Athletes at the 2024 Summer Olympics | Individual Neutral Athletes is the name used to represent approved Russian and Belarusian athletes at the 2024 Summer Olympics, after the International Olympic Committee (IOC) banned the nations' previous designations due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine since 2022. The IOC country code is AIN, after the French name Athlètes Individuels Neutres.
The delegation is disallowed from using the neutral Olympic flag and Olympic anthem, and instead is required to use a white flag depicting a colorless AIN emblem assigned by the IOC. The IOC states that they will decide on a different neutral anthem "at a later date."
While the flag uses the singular wording "Individual Neutral Athlete", the IOC uses the plural wording "Individual Neutral Athletes" in prose.
Individual neutral athletes must be approved by each sport's international federation, and an IF (such as World Athletics) may decide not to approve any individual neutral athletes for their sport.
Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, its third violation of the Olympic Truce, the IOC banned Russia and Belarus and recommended that other international sporting organizers do the same on 28 February 2022. Accordingly, Russian and Belarusian athletes were banned from the 2022 Winter Paralympics.
On 25 January 2023, the IOC published a statement supporting the idea that Russian and Belarusian athletes could be allowed to compete as neutrals, as long as they did not "actively" support the war and as long as Russian and Belarusian flags, anthems, colors, and names were disallowed (thus banning the alternate designations used by Russia in 2018 and 2020).
On 28 March 2023, the IOC introduced the AIN name and narrowed the requirements down to individual athletes, disallowing any teams of Russian and Belarusian athletes from competing. For events organized by international federations other than the IOC, the IOC recommended to use no flag at all (or if not possible, the event's flag, the IF's flag, or the letters "AIN") and the event's anthem or the IF's anthem. Federations that did not have French as an official language still used the AIN name. The IOC also donated $5 million (USD) to the National Olympic Committee of Ukraine.
On 22 September 2023, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) banned the Russian flag and anthem from international sporting events for a second time due to Russian legislation and RUSADA failing to comply with the World Anti-Doping Code, overlapping with the Olympic Truce ban. WADA announced that the ban would not be lifted until "the non-conformities related to national legislation are corrected in full."
On 12 October 2023, the IOC suspended the Russian Olympic Committee until further notice, overlapping with the other two bans, due to its violation of the Olympic Charter due to annexing the Olympic Councils of Kherson, Zaporizhzhia, Donetsk, and Luhansk into the Russian Olympic Committee. The Russian Olympic Committee responded that the IOC had not issued a similar suspension after the Russian Olympic Committee annexed a sporting entity in Crimea in 2014, to which the IOC replied "this argument was a little bit, 'Why did you not sanction us already, earlier?'."
On 8 December 2023, the IOC published the AIN flag, officially stated that it would apply to the Paris 2024 games, and stipulated that official medal tables and tallies would exclude any AIN collective results.
Ukrainian officials have criticized the IOC for not banning Russia despite it thrice violating the Olympic Truce, while others have alternately criticized the IOC for applying rules against Russia that do not get applied against other countries.
In particular, the requirement that athletes must not actively support the war has been described as "ineffectual". For example, Russian IOC member Yelena Isinbayeva was cleared as "not linked with the Russian military and not supporting the invasion", despite being pictured in military uniform and receiving military promotions, and despite pro-Russian citizens expressing anger at Isinbayeva after she claimed in defense that she had "never been in the service of the armed forces".
A compromise suggestion by Poland, where Russians and Belarusians could compete if they were dissidents, was not acted upon by the IOC.
An argument by the IOC that Russia should not be punished any more harshly than FR Yugoslavia in 1992 has been called deceptive by Ukraine. The IOC has compared Russia to FR Yugoslavia in 1992, arguing that FR Yugoslavia was allowed to compete as neutrals despite being under internationally-binding United Nations sanctions, therefore Russia (which is not under internationally-binding sanctions) should be allowed to compete as neutrals. Ukraine counters that FR Yugoslavia did not break the Olympic Truce, and that Russia has the power to veto its own sanctions at the United Nations. Ukraine also counters that apartheid South Africa was banned outright from the Olympics for 28 years with no complaint from the IOC about banning athletes "because of their passport".
Ukraine has also called deceptive the IOC statement that it should not act on the Russian invasion of Ukraine any differently from other ongoing armed conflicts. The IOC argues that other ongoing armed conflicts have not seen their belligerents banned from the Olympics; in response, Ukraine has countered that almost all of the ones listed by the IOC do not involve two different nations as belligerents, and of the ones that do, none have broken the Olympic Truce except Russia.
Conversely, political professor Jules Boykoff has stated that Israel's annexations of Palestine's territory violate the Olympic Charter in the same way as Russia.
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
Three Individual Neutral Athletes qualified as riders for the road race events after securing the quotas through the UCI Nation Ranking.
Individual Neutral Athlete rowers qualified boats in each of the following classes through the 2023 World Rowing Championships in Belgrade, Serbia.
Individual Neutral Athlete swimmers achieved the entry standards in the following events for Paris 2024 (a maximum of two swimmers under the Olympic Qualifying Time (OST) and potentially at the Olympic Consideration Time (OCT)):
Individual Neutral Athlete qualified one athlete to compete at the games. Vladislav Larin qualified for Paris 2024 by virtue of finishing within the top one in the WT Grand Slam Series Rankings in his respective division.
Individual Neutral Athlete qualified six wrestlers for each of the following classes into the Olympic competition. All of them qualified for the games by virtue of top five results through the 2023 World Championships in Belgrade, Serbia.
Key: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Individual Neutral Athletes is the name used to represent approved Russian and Belarusian athletes at the 2024 Summer Olympics, after the International Olympic Committee (IOC) banned the nations' previous designations due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine since 2022. The IOC country code is AIN, after the French name Athlètes Individuels Neutres.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The delegation is disallowed from using the neutral Olympic flag and Olympic anthem, and instead is required to use a white flag depicting a colorless AIN emblem assigned by the IOC. The IOC states that they will decide on a different neutral anthem \"at a later date.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "While the flag uses the singular wording \"Individual Neutral Athlete\", the IOC uses the plural wording \"Individual Neutral Athletes\" in prose.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Individual neutral athletes must be approved by each sport's international federation, and an IF (such as World Athletics) may decide not to approve any individual neutral athletes for their sport.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, its third violation of the Olympic Truce, the IOC banned Russia and Belarus and recommended that other international sporting organizers do the same on 28 February 2022. Accordingly, Russian and Belarusian athletes were banned from the 2022 Winter Paralympics.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On 25 January 2023, the IOC published a statement supporting the idea that Russian and Belarusian athletes could be allowed to compete as neutrals, as long as they did not \"actively\" support the war and as long as Russian and Belarusian flags, anthems, colors, and names were disallowed (thus banning the alternate designations used by Russia in 2018 and 2020).",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "On 28 March 2023, the IOC introduced the AIN name and narrowed the requirements down to individual athletes, disallowing any teams of Russian and Belarusian athletes from competing. For events organized by international federations other than the IOC, the IOC recommended to use no flag at all (or if not possible, the event's flag, the IF's flag, or the letters \"AIN\") and the event's anthem or the IF's anthem. Federations that did not have French as an official language still used the AIN name. The IOC also donated $5 million (USD) to the National Olympic Committee of Ukraine.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "On 22 September 2023, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) banned the Russian flag and anthem from international sporting events for a second time due to Russian legislation and RUSADA failing to comply with the World Anti-Doping Code, overlapping with the Olympic Truce ban. WADA announced that the ban would not be lifted until \"the non-conformities related to national legislation are corrected in full.\"",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "On 12 October 2023, the IOC suspended the Russian Olympic Committee until further notice, overlapping with the other two bans, due to its violation of the Olympic Charter due to annexing the Olympic Councils of Kherson, Zaporizhzhia, Donetsk, and Luhansk into the Russian Olympic Committee. The Russian Olympic Committee responded that the IOC had not issued a similar suspension after the Russian Olympic Committee annexed a sporting entity in Crimea in 2014, to which the IOC replied \"this argument was a little bit, 'Why did you not sanction us already, earlier?'.\"",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "On 8 December 2023, the IOC published the AIN flag, officially stated that it would apply to the Paris 2024 games, and stipulated that official medal tables and tallies would exclude any AIN collective results.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Ukrainian officials have criticized the IOC for not banning Russia despite it thrice violating the Olympic Truce, while others have alternately criticized the IOC for applying rules against Russia that do not get applied against other countries.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "In particular, the requirement that athletes must not actively support the war has been described as \"ineffectual\". For example, Russian IOC member Yelena Isinbayeva was cleared as \"not linked with the Russian military and not supporting the invasion\", despite being pictured in military uniform and receiving military promotions, and despite pro-Russian citizens expressing anger at Isinbayeva after she claimed in defense that she had \"never been in the service of the armed forces\".",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "A compromise suggestion by Poland, where Russians and Belarusians could compete if they were dissidents, was not acted upon by the IOC.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "An argument by the IOC that Russia should not be punished any more harshly than FR Yugoslavia in 1992 has been called deceptive by Ukraine. The IOC has compared Russia to FR Yugoslavia in 1992, arguing that FR Yugoslavia was allowed to compete as neutrals despite being under internationally-binding United Nations sanctions, therefore Russia (which is not under internationally-binding sanctions) should be allowed to compete as neutrals. Ukraine counters that FR Yugoslavia did not break the Olympic Truce, and that Russia has the power to veto its own sanctions at the United Nations. Ukraine also counters that apartheid South Africa was banned outright from the Olympics for 28 years with no complaint from the IOC about banning athletes \"because of their passport\".",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Ukraine has also called deceptive the IOC statement that it should not act on the Russian invasion of Ukraine any differently from other ongoing armed conflicts. The IOC argues that other ongoing armed conflicts have not seen their belligerents banned from the Olympics; in response, Ukraine has countered that almost all of the ones listed by the IOC do not involve two different nations as belligerents, and of the ones that do, none have broken the Olympic Truce except Russia.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Conversely, political professor Jules Boykoff has stated that Israel's annexations of Palestine's territory violate the Olympic Charter in the same way as Russia.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.",
"title": "Competitors"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "Three Individual Neutral Athletes qualified as riders for the road race events after securing the quotas through the UCI Nation Ranking.",
"title": "Cycling"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "Individual Neutral Athlete rowers qualified boats in each of the following classes through the 2023 World Rowing Championships in Belgrade, Serbia.",
"title": "Rowing"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "Individual Neutral Athlete swimmers achieved the entry standards in the following events for Paris 2024 (a maximum of two swimmers under the Olympic Qualifying Time (OST) and potentially at the Olympic Consideration Time (OCT)):",
"title": "Swimming"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "Individual Neutral Athlete qualified one athlete to compete at the games. Vladislav Larin qualified for Paris 2024 by virtue of finishing within the top one in the WT Grand Slam Series Rankings in his respective division.",
"title": "Taekwondo"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "Individual Neutral Athlete qualified six wrestlers for each of the following classes into the Olympic competition. All of them qualified for the games by virtue of top five results through the 2023 World Championships in Belgrade, Serbia.",
"title": "Wrestling"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "Key:",
"title": "Wrestling"
}
] | Individual Neutral Athletes is the name used to represent approved Russian and Belarusian athletes at the 2024 Summer Olympics, after the International Olympic Committee (IOC) banned the nations' previous designations due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine since 2022. The IOC country code is AIN, after the French name Athlètes Individuels Neutres. The delegation is disallowed from using the neutral Olympic flag and Olympic anthem, and instead is required to use a white flag depicting a colorless AIN emblem assigned by the IOC. The IOC states that they will decide on a different neutral anthem "at a later date." While the flag uses the singular wording "Individual Neutral Athlete", the IOC uses the plural wording "Individual Neutral Athletes" in prose. Individual neutral athletes must be approved by each sport's international federation, and an IF may decide not to approve any individual neutral athletes for their sport. | 2023-12-09T01:52:10Z | 2023-12-28T19:46:26Z | [
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75,520,556 | Papyrus Chester Beatty VIII | The Papyrus Chester Beatty VIII (also signed as P.Chest.Beatty VIII, VH 304, Rahlfs 966, LDAB 3084) is a fragment of a septuagint manuscript that contains parts of the biblical Book of Jeremiah. Palaeographically it has been dated to the late second, early third century CE.
It was written in codex form on papyrus, in 48 lines per page. The text contains Jeremiah 4:30–5:1; 5:9–13; 5:13–14; 5:23–24. Turner dated the manuscript to the fourth century CE.
This manuscript contains the contraction κς to represent the title κύριος, written in nomina sacra.
Currently is saved in Dublin, at the Chester Beatty Library. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Papyrus Chester Beatty VIII (also signed as P.Chest.Beatty VIII, VH 304, Rahlfs 966, LDAB 3084) is a fragment of a septuagint manuscript that contains parts of the biblical Book of Jeremiah. Palaeographically it has been dated to the late second, early third century CE.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "It was written in codex form on papyrus, in 48 lines per page. The text contains Jeremiah 4:30–5:1; 5:9–13; 5:13–14; 5:23–24. Turner dated the manuscript to the fourth century CE.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "This manuscript contains the contraction κς to represent the title κύριος, written in nomina sacra.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Currently is saved in Dublin, at the Chester Beatty Library.",
"title": "Description"
}
] | The Papyrus Chester Beatty VIII is a fragment of a septuagint manuscript that contains parts of the biblical Book of Jeremiah. Palaeographically it has been dated to the late second, early third century CE. | 2023-12-09T01:52:42Z | 2023-12-25T23:33:52Z | [
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75,520,605 | Atzmona attack | The Atzmona Massacre was a terrorist attack that took place on the night of March 7, 2002 at the Otzem Pre-Military Preparatory School in the Israeli settlement of Atzmona in the Gaza Strip in which five of the seminary students were killed and twenty-three were injured.
The attack took place during the month of March 2002 in which many attacks occurred throughout Israel and a total of 135 Israelis were killed. This month was called by many the "Black March". The multitude of security incidents that occurred there, centered on the Park Hotel attack, led to the launch of Operation Defensive Shield to eradicate nests of terrorism in the West Bank.
On March 7, 2002, at around 11:30 p.m., a terrorist from the Jebaliya refugee camp, armed with an automatic weapon, entered the Atzmona settlement in the southern Gaza Strip. He entered the settlement from the territory of the neighboring Arab village of Hamuasi, cutting a passage in the barbed wire that surrounded Atzmona. Then he went to the building of training courses for military service (“mekhina kdam-tsvait”). Having entered a room intended for classes on the study of religious texts, the terrorist opened fire from a Kalashnikov assault rifle at students studying in the building and threw several grenades. After that, he ran out into the street and started shooting at passers-by and houses. He continued until he was eliminated by one of the residents of the settlement, an Israeli Defense Forces soldier. From the moment the attack began until the militant's death, 10 to 20 minutes has passed, during which time he managed to shoot 9 machine gun magazines and throw 7 grenades.
The attack killed five Israelis and injured 23 people were injured, four seriously. The wounded were evacuated to Soroka Hospital in Beer Sheva.
The Izz ad-Din al-Qassam organization (the military wing of the Hamas movement) took responsibility for the attack. The terrorist was identified as 19-year-old (according to other sources, 17-year-old) Muhammad Fathi Farhat, a native of Gaza.
The day after the Atzmona massacre, the Israel Defense Forces carried out major operations in the Gaza Strip in search of other militants. IDF operations killed 16 Palestinians in two villages near Khan Younis in the southern part of the strip, including the head of the area's security agency, General Ahmad Mufrij, who became the highest-ranking Palestinian security official killed since the start of the Al-Aqsa intifada. Four more Palestinians were killed by fire from Israeli ships and helicopters in a police station north of Gaza.
It subsequently turned out that the ideological training of the future suicide bomber was conducted by his own mother, Maryam Muhammad Yusif Farhat, now better known as Umm Nidal. On the eve of the terrorist attack, she filmed a video with Muhammad in which she blessed his future actions and which was made public after his death. In addition to Muhammad Farhat, two more sons of Umm-Nidal died in the process of preparing hostile actions against Israel - the eldest son, Nidal, during the preparation of a terrorist attack (he and five other Hamas members worked on the creation of an unmanned aerial vehicle filled with explosives), and third son Ruad in a car carrying a Qassam missile and fired upon by Israeli soldiers. During the first intifada, Farhat hid one of the commanders of the Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades, Imad Akel, in her home for 14 months. Muhammad Farhat, who witnessed Akel and his associates preparing actions against the Israelis, became his student and member of the Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades at the age of seven. Later in an interview, Maryam Farhat talked about how she fostered a love of jihad in her sons, who fully joined the military wing of Hamas. In September 2002, the IDF destroyed the Farhat family's home in Gaza as part of efforts to prevent future terrorist attacks. In 2006, Umm Nidal, after the death of Ruad, who declared that she wanted to see her other four sons as martyrs, was elected as a deputy of the Palestinian Legislative Council from Hamas.
More than 10 years later, during Operation Iron Swords on November 13, 2023, the IDF eliminated Muhammad Khamis Dababsheh, the former head of Hamas military intelligence, who took part in organizing the terrorist attack, and during 2022-2023 was the secretary of the Hamas Politburo. On December 3, 2023, the IDF killed Wissam Farhat, commander of the Hamas Shejaiya battalion, who planned the Atzmona attack and was involved in other terrorist attacks.
31°47′19″N 35°13′20″E / 31.7887°N 35.2223°E / 31.7887; 35.2223 | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Atzmona Massacre was a terrorist attack that took place on the night of March 7, 2002 at the Otzem Pre-Military Preparatory School in the Israeli settlement of Atzmona in the Gaza Strip in which five of the seminary students were killed and twenty-three were injured.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The attack took place during the month of March 2002 in which many attacks occurred throughout Israel and a total of 135 Israelis were killed. This month was called by many the \"Black March\". The multitude of security incidents that occurred there, centered on the Park Hotel attack, led to the launch of Operation Defensive Shield to eradicate nests of terrorism in the West Bank.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On March 7, 2002, at around 11:30 p.m., a terrorist from the Jebaliya refugee camp, armed with an automatic weapon, entered the Atzmona settlement in the southern Gaza Strip. He entered the settlement from the territory of the neighboring Arab village of Hamuasi, cutting a passage in the barbed wire that surrounded Atzmona. Then he went to the building of training courses for military service (“mekhina kdam-tsvait”). Having entered a room intended for classes on the study of religious texts, the terrorist opened fire from a Kalashnikov assault rifle at students studying in the building and threw several grenades. After that, he ran out into the street and started shooting at passers-by and houses. He continued until he was eliminated by one of the residents of the settlement, an Israeli Defense Forces soldier. From the moment the attack began until the militant's death, 10 to 20 minutes has passed, during which time he managed to shoot 9 machine gun magazines and throw 7 grenades.",
"title": "Massacre"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The attack killed five Israelis and injured 23 people were injured, four seriously. The wounded were evacuated to Soroka Hospital in Beer Sheva.",
"title": "Massacre"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The Izz ad-Din al-Qassam organization (the military wing of the Hamas movement) took responsibility for the attack. The terrorist was identified as 19-year-old (according to other sources, 17-year-old) Muhammad Fathi Farhat, a native of Gaza.",
"title": "Circumstances and further events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The day after the Atzmona massacre, the Israel Defense Forces carried out major operations in the Gaza Strip in search of other militants. IDF operations killed 16 Palestinians in two villages near Khan Younis in the southern part of the strip, including the head of the area's security agency, General Ahmad Mufrij, who became the highest-ranking Palestinian security official killed since the start of the Al-Aqsa intifada. Four more Palestinians were killed by fire from Israeli ships and helicopters in a police station north of Gaza.",
"title": "Circumstances and further events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "It subsequently turned out that the ideological training of the future suicide bomber was conducted by his own mother, Maryam Muhammad Yusif Farhat, now better known as Umm Nidal. On the eve of the terrorist attack, she filmed a video with Muhammad in which she blessed his future actions and which was made public after his death. In addition to Muhammad Farhat, two more sons of Umm-Nidal died in the process of preparing hostile actions against Israel - the eldest son, Nidal, during the preparation of a terrorist attack (he and five other Hamas members worked on the creation of an unmanned aerial vehicle filled with explosives), and third son Ruad in a car carrying a Qassam missile and fired upon by Israeli soldiers. During the first intifada, Farhat hid one of the commanders of the Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades, Imad Akel, in her home for 14 months. Muhammad Farhat, who witnessed Akel and his associates preparing actions against the Israelis, became his student and member of the Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades at the age of seven. Later in an interview, Maryam Farhat talked about how she fostered a love of jihad in her sons, who fully joined the military wing of Hamas. In September 2002, the IDF destroyed the Farhat family's home in Gaza as part of efforts to prevent future terrorist attacks. In 2006, Umm Nidal, after the death of Ruad, who declared that she wanted to see her other four sons as martyrs, was elected as a deputy of the Palestinian Legislative Council from Hamas.",
"title": "Circumstances and further events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "More than 10 years later, during Operation Iron Swords on November 13, 2023, the IDF eliminated Muhammad Khamis Dababsheh, the former head of Hamas military intelligence, who took part in organizing the terrorist attack, and during 2022-2023 was the secretary of the Hamas Politburo. On December 3, 2023, the IDF killed Wissam Farhat, commander of the Hamas Shejaiya battalion, who planned the Atzmona attack and was involved in other terrorist attacks.",
"title": "Circumstances and further events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "31°47′19″N 35°13′20″E / 31.7887°N 35.2223°E / 31.7887; 35.2223",
"title": "References"
}
] | The Atzmona Massacre was a terrorist attack that took place on the night of March 7, 2002 at the Otzem Pre-Military Preparatory School in the Israeli settlement of Atzmona in the Gaza Strip in which five of the seminary students were killed and twenty-three were injured. | 2023-12-09T02:05:15Z | 2023-12-27T20:02:23Z | [
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75,520,649 | Edoardo Santini | Edoardo Santini (born circa 2002) is an Italian former model and current Catholic seminarian.
Santini dreamed of being a dancer, swimmer, or actor as a young man. He considered the priesthood as a child. He has lived in Castel Fiorentino and in Tuscany.
In 2019, Santini entered and won a pageant sponsored by the fashion group ABE. At 17 years old he was declared to be "Italy's Most Handsome Man." The contest led to contracts as a model and 11,000 followers on Instagram.
In 2022, Santini went to live with two priests, which he called "the most beautiful experience of my life." After a year, he asked Archbishop Giuseppe Betori to enter into a year long preparatory course with the intention of entering the seminary at its conclusion.
On November 23, 2023, Santini released a video on social media announcing his decision and that we was serving two parishes in the Archdiocese of Florence. He also said attending World Youth Day 2023 in Portugal was a turning point in his life. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Edoardo Santini (born circa 2002) is an Italian former model and current Catholic seminarian.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Santini dreamed of being a dancer, swimmer, or actor as a young man. He considered the priesthood as a child. He has lived in Castel Fiorentino and in Tuscany.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 2019, Santini entered and won a pageant sponsored by the fashion group ABE. At 17 years old he was declared to be \"Italy's Most Handsome Man.\" The contest led to contracts as a model and 11,000 followers on Instagram.",
"title": "Most handsome man in Italy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2022, Santini went to live with two priests, which he called \"the most beautiful experience of my life.\" After a year, he asked Archbishop Giuseppe Betori to enter into a year long preparatory course with the intention of entering the seminary at its conclusion.",
"title": "Seminarian"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "On November 23, 2023, Santini released a video on social media announcing his decision and that we was serving two parishes in the Archdiocese of Florence. He also said attending World Youth Day 2023 in Portugal was a turning point in his life.",
"title": "Seminarian"
}
] | Edoardo Santini is an Italian former model and current Catholic seminarian. | 2023-12-09T02:15:57Z | 2023-12-15T07:07:40Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoardo_Santini |
75,520,654 | J. Edwin Larson | J. Edwin Larson (June 27, 1900 – January 24, 1965) was an American politician. He served as a Democratic member of the Florida House of Representatives. He also served as a member for the 29th district of the Florida Senate. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "J. Edwin Larson (June 27, 1900 – January 24, 1965) was an American politician. He served as a Democratic member of the Florida House of Representatives. He also served as a member for the 29th district of the Florida Senate.",
"title": ""
}
] | J. Edwin Larson was an American politician. He served as a Democratic member of the Florida House of Representatives. He also served as a member for the 29th district of the Florida Senate. | 2023-12-09T02:16:46Z | 2023-12-13T09:45:24Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edwin_Larson |
75,520,660 | Malawi women's national football team results | This article lists the results and fixtures for the Malawi women's national football team.
Nicknamed the "Scorchers" the team represents Malawi in women's association football. its governed by the Football Association of Malawi (FAM) and it competes as a member of the Confederation of African Football (CAF). The national team's first international activity was in 2002 when they participated in the inaugural 2002 COSAFA Women's Championship in Zimbabwe. the Malawian first game was a 0–8 loss to Zambia. the team currently (as of 25 August 2023) ranks 158th in the FIFA Women's World Ranking.
The team's largest win was against Seychelles team with a score of 17–0. This win occurred in two matches on September 25 and 28, 2023, both hosted in Blantyre.
The following table shows Malawi' all-time official international record per opponent: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "This article lists the results and fixtures for the Malawi women's national football team.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Nicknamed the \"Scorchers\" the team represents Malawi in women's association football. its governed by the Football Association of Malawi (FAM) and it competes as a member of the Confederation of African Football (CAF). The national team's first international activity was in 2002 when they participated in the inaugural 2002 COSAFA Women's Championship in Zimbabwe. the Malawian first game was a 0–8 loss to Zambia. the team currently (as of 25 August 2023) ranks 158th in the FIFA Women's World Ranking.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The team's largest win was against Seychelles team with a score of 17–0. This win occurred in two matches on September 25 and 28, 2023, both hosted in Blantyre.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The following table shows Malawi' all-time official international record per opponent:",
"title": "Record per opponent"
}
] | This article lists the results and fixtures for the Malawi women's national football team. Nicknamed the "Scorchers" the team represents Malawi in women's association football. its governed by the Football Association of Malawi (FAM) and it competes as a member of the Confederation of African Football (CAF). The national team's first international activity was in 2002 when they participated in the inaugural 2002 COSAFA Women's Championship in Zimbabwe. the Malawian first game was a 0–8 loss to Zambia. the team currently ranks 158th in the FIFA Women's World Ranking. The team's largest win was against Seychelles team with a score of 17–0. This win occurred in two matches on September 25 and 28, 2023, both hosted in Blantyre. | 2023-12-09T02:17:50Z | 2023-12-31T06:45:04Z | [
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75,520,667 | Social-Democratic Workingmen's Party of North America | The Social-Democratic Workingmen's Party of North America (SDWP or SDWPNA) was a Lassallist socialist party.
In 1868, German-speaking members of the International Workingmen's Association in America (IWA) in New York City create the Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein (ADAV, General German Labor Association). Around this core, in 1874, dissident Lassallean members of the IWA split and created the Social-Democratic Workingmen's Party, shortly before the Philadelphia IWA collapsed. The SDWP claimed 1500 members, mostly German immigrants in New York City. 90% of its members were foreign-born workers. SDWP founders included Pyotr Lavrov and Adolph Strasser, who served as its executive secretary.
In the 1874 elections, the SDWP performed horribly. This encouraged Marxists within the organization to promote trade union membership over electoral participation, which they won at the 1875 convention. In turn, these results enabled the 1876 merger.
In 1876, the SDWP merged with three other socialist organizations to create the Workingmen's Party of the United States (WPUS), which would become the Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP).
Although the SDWP's platform contained no explicit reference to democracy, its successor the Socialist Labor Party would be the first US political party to demand initiatives as a plank in their party platform.
If dated from the formation of the ADAV, the SDWP was the second socialist party created in the world, after the General German Workers' Association of Ferdinand Lassalle. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Social-Democratic Workingmen's Party of North America (SDWP or SDWPNA) was a Lassallist socialist party.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "In 1868, German-speaking members of the International Workingmen's Association in America (IWA) in New York City create the Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein (ADAV, General German Labor Association). Around this core, in 1874, dissident Lassallean members of the IWA split and created the Social-Democratic Workingmen's Party, shortly before the Philadelphia IWA collapsed. The SDWP claimed 1500 members, mostly German immigrants in New York City. 90% of its members were foreign-born workers. SDWP founders included Pyotr Lavrov and Adolph Strasser, who served as its executive secretary.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In the 1874 elections, the SDWP performed horribly. This encouraged Marxists within the organization to promote trade union membership over electoral participation, which they won at the 1875 convention. In turn, these results enabled the 1876 merger.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1876, the SDWP merged with three other socialist organizations to create the Workingmen's Party of the United States (WPUS), which would become the Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP).",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Although the SDWP's platform contained no explicit reference to democracy, its successor the Socialist Labor Party would be the first US political party to demand initiatives as a plank in their party platform.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "If dated from the formation of the ADAV, the SDWP was the second socialist party created in the world, after the General German Workers' Association of Ferdinand Lassalle.",
"title": "History"
}
] | The Social-Democratic Workingmen's Party of North America was a Lassallist socialist party. | 2023-12-09T02:19:49Z | 2023-12-11T23:02:14Z | [
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75,520,669 | Medellin plane crash of 1935 | The Medellin plane crash of 1935 was an accident involving two Ford 5-AT-B Trimotor aircraft at Olaya Herrera Airport in Medellín, Colombia on June 24, 1935, killing all but 3 of the 20 people involved.
The first aircraft (F-31) was under the command of Captain Ernesto Samper Mendoza (Great-uncle of Colombian President Ernesto Samper) and a First Officer. While the second plane consisted of Captain Hans Ulrich Thom and First Officer Hartmann Fuerst.
The SACO F-31 plane was scheduled to take off from Olaya Herrera Airport in Medellín, Colombia at 2:51 pm on June 24, 1935, on a scheduled flight to Bogotá, Colombia, carrying 2 crew and 11 passengers including famous Argentine singer Carlos Gardel and his entourage. F-31 started accelerating down the runway, when it suddenly started to swerve before losing control. It veered off the runway and collided with a taxiing aircraft (C-31, nicknamed Manizales), an explosion followed which engulfed both planes in flames. All passengers and crew on the taxiing C-31 were killed in the accident, while only 3 aboard F-31 survived with various injuries. Carlos Gardel was killed in the crash.
The Ford 5-AT-B Trimotors involved were built in 1928 and 1932 respectively. The aircrafts were in use of Servicio Aéreo Colombiano - SACO and SCADTA at the time of the accident.
Both aircraft were destroyed in the accident, while all but three of the 20 occupants of the flights were killed. An investigation of the accident revealed that the SACO F-31 flight lost control following strong lateral winds in combination with irregularities in the surface of the runway, that led the left main gear to leave the ground before rotation. A funeral procession was held for Gardel in Buenos Aires while a memorial was erected for him at the airport. The last survivor of the disaster Josep Plaja Gasch Joe, died on September 11, 1982. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Medellin plane crash of 1935 was an accident involving two Ford 5-AT-B Trimotor aircraft at Olaya Herrera Airport in Medellín, Colombia on June 24, 1935, killing all but 3 of the 20 people involved.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The first aircraft (F-31) was under the command of Captain Ernesto Samper Mendoza (Great-uncle of Colombian President Ernesto Samper) and a First Officer. While the second plane consisted of Captain Hans Ulrich Thom and First Officer Hartmann Fuerst.",
"title": "Crew"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The SACO F-31 plane was scheduled to take off from Olaya Herrera Airport in Medellín, Colombia at 2:51 pm on June 24, 1935, on a scheduled flight to Bogotá, Colombia, carrying 2 crew and 11 passengers including famous Argentine singer Carlos Gardel and his entourage. F-31 started accelerating down the runway, when it suddenly started to swerve before losing control. It veered off the runway and collided with a taxiing aircraft (C-31, nicknamed Manizales), an explosion followed which engulfed both planes in flames. All passengers and crew on the taxiing C-31 were killed in the accident, while only 3 aboard F-31 survived with various injuries. Carlos Gardel was killed in the crash.",
"title": "Accident"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Ford 5-AT-B Trimotors involved were built in 1928 and 1932 respectively. The aircrafts were in use of Servicio Aéreo Colombiano - SACO and SCADTA at the time of the accident.",
"title": "Aircraft"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Both aircraft were destroyed in the accident, while all but three of the 20 occupants of the flights were killed. An investigation of the accident revealed that the SACO F-31 flight lost control following strong lateral winds in combination with irregularities in the surface of the runway, that led the left main gear to leave the ground before rotation. A funeral procession was held for Gardel in Buenos Aires while a memorial was erected for him at the airport. The last survivor of the disaster Josep Plaja Gasch Joe, died on September 11, 1982.",
"title": "Aftermath"
}
] | The Medellin plane crash of 1935 was an accident involving two Ford 5-AT-B Trimotor aircraft at Olaya Herrera Airport in Medellín, Colombia on June 24, 1935, killing all but 3 of the 20 people involved. | 2023-12-09T02:19:56Z | 2023-12-16T04:23:36Z | [
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75,520,685 | Le Snak | Le Snak was a cheese and cracker snack, which had two compartments, one for the crackers, and one for a cheddar cheese spread which the crackers would be dunked into. Manufactured by Bluebird, it was available exclusively in Australia and New Zealand. It had no connection with France despite the French-sounding name. In Australia Le Snak is made by Uncle Tobys.
It was marketed as cheap and convenient, and was popular with students and office workers. Some consider Le Snak to be an "iconic lunchbox item".
Le Snak was launched in 1988. In June 2022, PepsiCo announced that they would discontinue Le Snak due to a lack of demand. Production ended in May. Bluebird said that the reason for this was "consumers' taste preferences have changed".
In August 2022, the Australian Uncle Tobys Le Snak created a marmite flavour. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Le Snak was a cheese and cracker snack, which had two compartments, one for the crackers, and one for a cheddar cheese spread which the crackers would be dunked into. Manufactured by Bluebird, it was available exclusively in Australia and New Zealand. It had no connection with France despite the French-sounding name. In Australia Le Snak is made by Uncle Tobys.",
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},
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},
{
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"text": "Le Snak was launched in 1988. In June 2022, PepsiCo announced that they would discontinue Le Snak due to a lack of demand. Production ended in May. Bluebird said that the reason for this was \"consumers' taste preferences have changed\".",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In August 2022, the Australian Uncle Tobys Le Snak created a marmite flavour.",
"title": "History"
}
] | Le Snak was a cheese and cracker snack, which had two compartments, one for the crackers, and one for a cheddar cheese spread which the crackers would be dunked into. Manufactured by Bluebird, it was available exclusively in Australia and New Zealand. It had no connection with France despite the French-sounding name. In Australia Le Snak is made by Uncle Tobys. It was marketed as cheap and convenient, and was popular with students and office workers. Some consider Le Snak to be an "iconic lunchbox item". | 2023-12-09T02:25:48Z | 2023-12-09T02:51:29Z | [
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75,520,690 | Elizabeth Macpherson | Elizabeth Jane Macpherson is a New Zealand academic, of Pākehā descent and is a full professor at the University of Canterbury, specialising in indigenous water rights in Australasia and Latin America. She was awarded a Rutherford Discovery Fellowship in 2023 to work on the legal frameworks around blue carbon.
Macpherson completed Master of Arts and LLB degrees at Victoria University of Wellington, and a PhD at the University of Melbourne. Macpherson then joined the faculty of the University of Canterbury, rising to full professor in 2024. She is a principal investigator in the Sustainable Seas National Science Challenge, where she researches ecosystem-based water management policy and climate maladaptation.
In 2019, Macpherson published the book Indigenous Water Rights in Law and Regulation: Lessons from Comparative Experience through Cambridge University Press. The book is regarded as the "first comprehensive examination of laws and policies around the world that protect Indigenous peoples’ rights to use and regulate water". It has been used in judicial and government inquiries, and was awarded the 2020 Law and Society Association of Australia and NZ prize for most outstanding book.
Macpherson was award an Early Career Research Excellence award by the Royal Society Te Apārangi in 2021, for her work on "exploring opportunities for Indigenous peoples' water rights in laws and policies around the world".
In 2022 Macpherson's article Can Western water law become more ‘relational’? A survey of comparative laws affecting water across Australasia and the Americas” won the New Zealand Legal Research Foundation Sir Ian Barker Published Article Award.
In 2023, Macpherson was awarded a Rutherford Discovery Fellowship to work on the legal frameworks around blue carbon. On awarding the fellowship, the Royal Society said that "her research has a real-world impact on some of the most pressing socio-environmental challenges of our time".
Also in 2023, Macpherson won the University of Canterbury Advancing Sustainability Research Award, for "her contribution to environmental and natural resources law, and her focus on addressing global environmental challenges". Macpherson responded that "this is not just a recognition of my research but of Indigenous peoples who are leading legal innovations on issues of sustainability both internationally and locally". | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Elizabeth Jane Macpherson is a New Zealand academic, of Pākehā descent and is a full professor at the University of Canterbury, specialising in indigenous water rights in Australasia and Latin America. She was awarded a Rutherford Discovery Fellowship in 2023 to work on the legal frameworks around blue carbon.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Macpherson completed Master of Arts and LLB degrees at Victoria University of Wellington, and a PhD at the University of Melbourne. Macpherson then joined the faculty of the University of Canterbury, rising to full professor in 2024. She is a principal investigator in the Sustainable Seas National Science Challenge, where she researches ecosystem-based water management policy and climate maladaptation.",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 2019, Macpherson published the book Indigenous Water Rights in Law and Regulation: Lessons from Comparative Experience through Cambridge University Press. The book is regarded as the \"first comprehensive examination of laws and policies around the world that protect Indigenous peoples’ rights to use and regulate water\". It has been used in judicial and government inquiries, and was awarded the 2020 Law and Society Association of Australia and NZ prize for most outstanding book.",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Macpherson was award an Early Career Research Excellence award by the Royal Society Te Apārangi in 2021, for her work on \"exploring opportunities for Indigenous peoples' water rights in laws and policies around the world\".",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 2022 Macpherson's article Can Western water law become more ‘relational’? A survey of comparative laws affecting water across Australasia and the Americas” won the New Zealand Legal Research Foundation Sir Ian Barker Published Article Award.",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 2023, Macpherson was awarded a Rutherford Discovery Fellowship to work on the legal frameworks around blue carbon. On awarding the fellowship, the Royal Society said that \"her research has a real-world impact on some of the most pressing socio-environmental challenges of our time\".",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Also in 2023, Macpherson won the University of Canterbury Advancing Sustainability Research Award, for \"her contribution to environmental and natural resources law, and her focus on addressing global environmental challenges\". Macpherson responded that \"this is not just a recognition of my research but of Indigenous peoples who are leading legal innovations on issues of sustainability both internationally and locally\".",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Elizabeth Jane Macpherson is a New Zealand academic, of Pākehā descent and is a full professor at the University of Canterbury, specialising in indigenous water rights in Australasia and Latin America. She was awarded a Rutherford Discovery Fellowship in 2023 to work on the legal frameworks around blue carbon. | 2023-12-09T02:26:36Z | 2023-12-15T21:39:04Z | [
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75,520,693 | Timeline of Cuiabá history | The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.",
"title": ""
}
] | The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil. | 2023-12-09T02:27:05Z | 2023-12-22T15:08:00Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Cuiab%C3%A1_history |
75,520,710 | 2024 Clube de Regatas do Flamengo season | The 2024 season is Clube de Regatas do Flamengo's 129th year of existence, their 113th football season, and their 54th in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, having never been relegated from the top division. In addition to the 2024 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Flamengo will also compete in the CONMEBOL Copa Libertadores, the Copa do Brasil, and the Campeonato Carioca, the top tier of Rio de Janeiro's state football.
Supplier: Adidas Sponsors: Banco BRB (Main sponsor) / Mercado Livre (Back of the shirt) / Assist Card (Lower back) / Pixbet (Shoulder) / Sil Cabos (Sleeves) / TIM (Numbers) / ABC da Construção (Shorts)
Source: Competitions
Goals, assists and red cards are shown.
The draw for the group stage will be held on March 2024 on the CONMEBOL headquarters in Luque, Paraguay.
Goals, assists and red cards are shown.
Goals, assists and red cards are shown.
As Flamengo will participate in the 2024 Copa Libertadores, the club entered the Copa do Brasil in the third round.
Goals, assists and red cards are shown.
List of currently full members of the professional team, youth players are also often used.
Transfer canceled
Source: Playmaker, Soccerway, FBRef
Players in italics have left the club before the end of the season. Denotes two way player, youth and professional team.
Includes only penalty kicks taken during matches.
Includes only penalty kicks saves during matches.
Appearances and goals while playing for Flamengo.
Includes all competition home matches in the 2024 season. Attendances recorded represent actual gate attendance, not paid attendance. | [
{
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"text": "The 2024 season is Clube de Regatas do Flamengo's 129th year of existence, their 113th football season, and their 54th in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, having never been relegated from the top division. In addition to the 2024 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Flamengo will also compete in the CONMEBOL Copa Libertadores, the Copa do Brasil, and the Campeonato Carioca, the top tier of Rio de Janeiro's state football.",
"title": ""
},
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"title": "Competitions"
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"title": "Competitions"
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"text": "The draw for the group stage will be held on March 2024 on the CONMEBOL headquarters in Luque, Paraguay.",
"title": "Competitions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Goals, assists and red cards are shown.",
"title": "Competitions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Goals, assists and red cards are shown.",
"title": "Competitions"
},
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"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "As Flamengo will participate in the 2024 Copa Libertadores, the club entered the Copa do Brasil in the third round.",
"title": "Competitions"
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"text": "Goals, assists and red cards are shown.",
"title": "Competitions"
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"title": "Roster"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Transfer canceled",
"title": "Transfers and loans"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Source: Playmaker, Soccerway, FBRef",
"title": "Statistics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Players in italics have left the club before the end of the season. Denotes two way player, youth and professional team.",
"title": "Statistics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Includes only penalty kicks taken during matches.",
"title": "Statistics"
},
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"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Includes only penalty kicks saves during matches.",
"title": "Statistics"
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"title": "Statistics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "Includes all competition home matches in the 2024 season. Attendances recorded represent actual gate attendance, not paid attendance.",
"title": "Statistics"
}
] | The 2024 season is Clube de Regatas do Flamengo's 129th year of existence, their 113th football season, and their 54th in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, having never been relegated from the top division. In addition to the 2024 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Flamengo will also compete in the CONMEBOL Copa Libertadores, the Copa do Brasil, and the Campeonato Carioca, the top tier of Rio de Janeiro's state football. | 2023-12-09T02:33:52Z | 2023-12-25T19:03:01Z | [
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75,520,740 | Boyalı, Varto | Boyalı is a village in the Varto District, Muş Province, in east Turkey.
Boyalı and the plateau used for animal husbandry are located on the Akdoğan Mountains.
There is a primary school in the village. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Boyalı is a village in the Varto District, Muş Province, in east Turkey.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Boyalı and the plateau used for animal husbandry are located on the Akdoğan Mountains.",
"title": "Geology and geography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "There is a primary school in the village.",
"title": "Education"
}
] | Boyalı is a village in the Varto District, Muş Province, in east Turkey. | 2023-12-09T02:38:55Z | 2023-12-10T01:17:04Z | [
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75,520,742 | Russell Dumais | Russell Dumais is an American politician. He serves as a Republican member for the Belknap 6th district of the New Hampshire House of Representatives.
Category:Living people Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Place of birth missing (living people) Category:Republican Party members of the New Hampshire House of Representatives Category:21st-century American politicians | [
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"text": "Russell Dumais is an American politician. He serves as a Republican member for the Belknap 6th district of the New Hampshire House of Representatives.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "Category:Living people Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Place of birth missing (living people) Category:Republican Party members of the New Hampshire House of Representatives Category:21st-century American politicians",
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{
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"title": "References"
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] | Russell Dumais is an American politician. He serves as a Republican member for the Belknap 6th district of the New Hampshire House of Representatives. | 2023-12-09T02:39:08Z | 2023-12-09T02:42:08Z | [
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75,520,778 | Ascarina diffusa | Ascarina diffusa is a species of flowering plant in the family Chloranthaceae. It is native to the tropical Pacific, ranging from the Bismarck Archipelago through the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, and the Samoan Islands to the Cook Islands.
On Rarotonga in the Cook Islands, Ascarina diffusa is a characteristic tree of cloud forests above 400 meters elevation, becoming dominant or co-dominant with Metrosideros collina in higher and wetter cloud forest areas. | [
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"text": "Ascarina diffusa is a species of flowering plant in the family Chloranthaceae. It is native to the tropical Pacific, ranging from the Bismarck Archipelago through the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, and the Samoan Islands to the Cook Islands.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "On Rarotonga in the Cook Islands, Ascarina diffusa is a characteristic tree of cloud forests above 400 meters elevation, becoming dominant or co-dominant with Metrosideros collina in higher and wetter cloud forest areas.",
"title": ""
}
] | Ascarina diffusa is a species of flowering plant in the family Chloranthaceae. It is native to the tropical Pacific, ranging from the Bismarck Archipelago through the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, and the Samoan Islands to the Cook Islands. On Rarotonga in the Cook Islands, Ascarina diffusa is a characteristic tree of cloud forests above 400 meters elevation, becoming dominant or co-dominant with Metrosideros collina in higher and wetter cloud forest areas. | 2023-12-09T02:44:09Z | 2023-12-09T02:46:49Z | [
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75,520,784 | Derince, Varto | Derince is a village in the Varto District, Muş Province, in east Turkey.
Derince and the plateau used for animal husbandry are located on the Akdoğan Mountains. | [
{
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"text": "Derince is a village in the Varto District, Muş Province, in east Turkey.",
"title": ""
},
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"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Derince and the plateau used for animal husbandry are located on the Akdoğan Mountains.",
"title": "Geology and geography"
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] | Derince is a village in the Varto District, Muş Province, in east Turkey. | 2023-12-09T02:45:06Z | 2023-12-10T01:16:49Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derince,_Varto |
75,520,828 | Calah Lane | Calah Francie Lane (born on April 20th, 2009) is an American actress, singer, and dancer. She was born in Houston, Texas and started performing as an actress as a 4-year old. She had many minor parts in commercials, short movies and TV series, before being cast as the young Laurel in the TV drama This Is Us (2021). Her breakthrough was her role as main character Noodle opposite Timothée Chalamet in the Warner Bros. production Wonka (2023), directed by Paul King. On December 13, 2023, it was announced Calah Lane was nominated for a 2023 Critics' Choice Award in the category Best Young Actor/Actress. | [
{
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"text": "Calah Francie Lane (born on April 20th, 2009) is an American actress, singer, and dancer. She was born in Houston, Texas and started performing as an actress as a 4-year old. She had many minor parts in commercials, short movies and TV series, before being cast as the young Laurel in the TV drama This Is Us (2021). Her breakthrough was her role as main character Noodle opposite Timothée Chalamet in the Warner Bros. production Wonka (2023), directed by Paul King. On December 13, 2023, it was announced Calah Lane was nominated for a 2023 Critics' Choice Award in the category Best Young Actor/Actress.",
"title": ""
},
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] | Calah Francie Lane is an American actress, singer, and dancer. She was born in Houston, Texas and started performing as an actress as a 4-year old. She had many minor parts in commercials, short movies and TV series, before being cast as the young Laurel in the TV drama This Is Us (2021). Her breakthrough was her role as main character Noodle opposite Timothée Chalamet in the Warner Bros. production Wonka (2023), directed by Paul King. On December 13, 2023, it was announced Calah Lane was nominated for a 2023 Critics' Choice Award in the category Best Young Actor/Actress. | 2023-12-09T02:52:59Z | 2023-12-31T03:06:35Z | [
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75,520,838 | Ünaldı, Varto | Ünaldı is a village in the Varto District, Muş Province, in east Turkey. Ünaldı is located near Lake Hamurpet.
Ünaldı and the plateau used for animal husbandry are located on the Akdoğan Mountains. | [
{
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"text": "Ünaldı is a village in the Varto District, Muş Province, in east Turkey. Ünaldı is located near Lake Hamurpet.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "Ünaldı and the plateau used for animal husbandry are located on the Akdoğan Mountains.",
"title": "Geology and geography"
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] | Ünaldı is a village in the Varto District, Muş Province, in east Turkey. Ünaldı is located near Lake Hamurpet. | 2023-12-09T02:54:11Z | 2023-12-10T01:16:34Z | [
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75,520,860 | Geeta Aiyer | Geeta Aiyer is an entrepreneur, business leader, social activist, and philanthropist, best known as founder and president of Boston Common Asset Management, a sustainable investment firm.
Aiyer was born in Chennai, India in 1958.
Aiyer moved to America in 1983 to attend Harvard Business School. She was the second Indian woman to attend to attend the school and graduated with an MBA in finance in 1985. Aiyer also has a BA with honors as well as an MA degree from Delhi University, India.
After graduating from Harvard, Aiyer started with Cambridge Associates as a consultant. She also founded the company East India Spice, her first entrepreneurial venture.
In 1988, Aiyer became an analyst and portfolio manager at the United States Trust Company of Boston. She advised executives of the Albertsons supermarket chain after they had lost a $108 million lawsuit over denying female employees advancement opportunities. Aiyer "demonstrated to Albertsons that unfair employment practices were a financial liability", resulting in the company making a commitment to gender equity moving forward.
In 1994, Aiyer founded Walden Capital Management, using the revenues made from running her first company. Aiyer cites pursuing "dual goals of financial return and social change on behalf her clients" as a driving principal behind establishing a firm focused on responsible investment.
From 1998 to 2002, Aiyer was preseident of Walden Asset Management.
In 2003, Aiyer founded Boston Common Asset Management as an employee-owned sustainable investment firm. Aiyer has served as its president since 2003, overseeing $5 billion in assets under management. Boston Common is known for practicing ethical investing, making investments in line with environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) goals.
Boston Common joined a group of other impact investors to pressure the Washington Redskins to change the name of their football team due to racial concerns over their name, a campaign that ran over the course of 12 years. The team complied in 2020 after the police killing of George Floyd. Aiyer remarked: "There comes a tipping point when, after a company has been fighting you, they suddenly let go because it becomes obvious to them that it’s not worth continuing the fight."
Aiyer founded the nonprofit organization Direct Action for Women Now (DAWN), which advocates for victims of gender based violence in India. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Geeta Aiyer is an entrepreneur, business leader, social activist, and philanthropist, best known as founder and president of Boston Common Asset Management, a sustainable investment firm.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "Aiyer was born in Chennai, India in 1958.",
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"text": "Aiyer moved to America in 1983 to attend Harvard Business School. She was the second Indian woman to attend to attend the school and graduated with an MBA in finance in 1985. Aiyer also has a BA with honors as well as an MA degree from Delhi University, India.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
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"text": "After graduating from Harvard, Aiyer started with Cambridge Associates as a consultant. She also founded the company East India Spice, her first entrepreneurial venture.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
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"text": "In 1988, Aiyer became an analyst and portfolio manager at the United States Trust Company of Boston. She advised executives of the Albertsons supermarket chain after they had lost a $108 million lawsuit over denying female employees advancement opportunities. Aiyer \"demonstrated to Albertsons that unfair employment practices were a financial liability\", resulting in the company making a commitment to gender equity moving forward.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 1994, Aiyer founded Walden Capital Management, using the revenues made from running her first company. Aiyer cites pursuing \"dual goals of financial return and social change on behalf her clients\" as a driving principal behind establishing a firm focused on responsible investment.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "From 1998 to 2002, Aiyer was preseident of Walden Asset Management.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In 2003, Aiyer founded Boston Common Asset Management as an employee-owned sustainable investment firm. Aiyer has served as its president since 2003, overseeing $5 billion in assets under management. Boston Common is known for practicing ethical investing, making investments in line with environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) goals.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Boston Common joined a group of other impact investors to pressure the Washington Redskins to change the name of their football team due to racial concerns over their name, a campaign that ran over the course of 12 years. The team complied in 2020 after the police killing of George Floyd. Aiyer remarked: \"There comes a tipping point when, after a company has been fighting you, they suddenly let go because it becomes obvious to them that it’s not worth continuing the fight.\"",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Aiyer founded the nonprofit organization Direct Action for Women Now (DAWN), which advocates for victims of gender based violence in India.",
"title": "Activism"
}
] | Geeta Aiyer is an entrepreneur, business leader, social activist, and philanthropist, best known as founder and president of Boston Common Asset Management, a sustainable investment firm. | 2023-12-09T02:59:22Z | 2023-12-10T19:39:35Z | [
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"Template:Reflist",
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"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:Short description"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geeta_Aiyer |
75,520,917 | Fred G. Sullivan | Fred G. Sullivan (November 14, 1945 – April 18, 1996) was an American filmmaker and academic administrator. Known by the nickname "Adirondack Fred", he is remembered primarily for his autobiographical film The Beer-Drinker's Guide to Fitness and Filmmaking.
Sullivan was born in Glens Falls, New York and attended St. Mary's Academy, now called St. Mary-St. Alphonsus Regional Catholic School. He received degrees in history from Fordham University and filmmaking at Boston University. While at BU, he made a film titled Of Rivers and Men, which served as his thesis. Depicting the scenery of and threats to the Adirondack Mountains, the film has been credited with helping to spur legal protection for Adirondack Park. After completing the film, Sullivan remained in the Adirondacks, settling with his wife, Polly, in Saranac Lake.
Sullivan's first feature, Cold River, a drama based on a novel by William Judson about orphaned children surviving a winter in the wilderness, was the first full-length film made in the Adirondacks in 50 years; Sullivan explained that his intent was to depict the "real danger and uncertainty and challenge" in the region's dense forests. Cold River received poor reviews and few showings, however, and was described as "the worst wilderness film of the year" in The Baltimore Sun.
Stung from his experience with Cold River, Sullivan abandoned such serious themes and turned to comedy in his second and last film, The Beer-Drinker's Guide to Fitness and Filmmaking. The film combines footage of Sullivan's family life and mockumentary-style interviews with his friends and neighbors with scenes depicting his fantasies, many of which (such as one of his getting whipped by a man shouting quotations from negative reviews) mock the failure of Cold River. Originally released with the title Sullivan's Pavilion, the movie was retitled after a sluggish opening and released in 1988. This time, Sullivan managed to score a seven-week run at a theater in Burlington, Vermont, where Beer-Drinker's Guide did well enough to earn a two-week run at the Bleecker Street Cinema in New York. The film was well received; Janet Maslin described it in The New York Times as "a real delight." Noting that the film expresses Sullivan's doubts about "whether he's got what it takes" to be a good filmmaker, Maslin says, "It's nice to be able to report that he does."
Beer-Drinker's Guide depicts Sullivan's struggle to raise a family, now including two children, with the money earned from filmmaking, and he eventually took on a full-time job at Paul Smith's College, on whose campus he had filmed parts of Cold River. Promoted to Director of Development at Paul Smith's, he was participating in a basketball game there when he suffered a fatal heart attack at the age of 50. Sullivan had written about his plans for a sequel to Beer-Drinker's Guide, an attempt to pin down the nature of "Adirondack humor," but the film was never made. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Fred G. Sullivan (November 14, 1945 – April 18, 1996) was an American filmmaker and academic administrator. Known by the nickname \"Adirondack Fred\", he is remembered primarily for his autobiographical film The Beer-Drinker's Guide to Fitness and Filmmaking.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Sullivan was born in Glens Falls, New York and attended St. Mary's Academy, now called St. Mary-St. Alphonsus Regional Catholic School. He received degrees in history from Fordham University and filmmaking at Boston University. While at BU, he made a film titled Of Rivers and Men, which served as his thesis. Depicting the scenery of and threats to the Adirondack Mountains, the film has been credited with helping to spur legal protection for Adirondack Park. After completing the film, Sullivan remained in the Adirondacks, settling with his wife, Polly, in Saranac Lake.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Sullivan's first feature, Cold River, a drama based on a novel by William Judson about orphaned children surviving a winter in the wilderness, was the first full-length film made in the Adirondacks in 50 years; Sullivan explained that his intent was to depict the \"real danger and uncertainty and challenge\" in the region's dense forests. Cold River received poor reviews and few showings, however, and was described as \"the worst wilderness film of the year\" in The Baltimore Sun.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Stung from his experience with Cold River, Sullivan abandoned such serious themes and turned to comedy in his second and last film, The Beer-Drinker's Guide to Fitness and Filmmaking. The film combines footage of Sullivan's family life and mockumentary-style interviews with his friends and neighbors with scenes depicting his fantasies, many of which (such as one of his getting whipped by a man shouting quotations from negative reviews) mock the failure of Cold River. Originally released with the title Sullivan's Pavilion, the movie was retitled after a sluggish opening and released in 1988. This time, Sullivan managed to score a seven-week run at a theater in Burlington, Vermont, where Beer-Drinker's Guide did well enough to earn a two-week run at the Bleecker Street Cinema in New York. The film was well received; Janet Maslin described it in The New York Times as \"a real delight.\" Noting that the film expresses Sullivan's doubts about \"whether he's got what it takes\" to be a good filmmaker, Maslin says, \"It's nice to be able to report that he does.\"",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Beer-Drinker's Guide depicts Sullivan's struggle to raise a family, now including two children, with the money earned from filmmaking, and he eventually took on a full-time job at Paul Smith's College, on whose campus he had filmed parts of Cold River. Promoted to Director of Development at Paul Smith's, he was participating in a basketball game there when he suffered a fatal heart attack at the age of 50. Sullivan had written about his plans for a sequel to Beer-Drinker's Guide, an attempt to pin down the nature of \"Adirondack humor,\" but the film was never made.",
"title": "Late life and death"
}
] | Fred G. Sullivan was an American filmmaker and academic administrator. Known by the nickname "Adirondack Fred", he is remembered primarily for his autobiographical film The Beer-Drinker's Guide to Fitness and Filmmaking. | 2023-12-09T03:10:19Z | 2023-12-13T04:58:35Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite book"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_G._Sullivan |
75,520,918 | The Wumpus Search Engine | The Wumpus search engine is an information retrieval system developed by Stefan Büttcher at the University of Waterloo for the purpose of researching various aspects of information retrieval, particularly within dynamic text collections in multi-user environments. Wumpus is named after the mythical creature from the early computer game Hunt the Wumpus, symbolizing the engine's capacity to navigate through and retrieve information from complex and extensive text collections.
Wumpus is engineered to handle the challenges posed by indexing dynamic text collections, such as those found in file system search, also known as desktop search. In this context, the text collections are subject to continuous change, and the frequency of index updates is expected to surpass the number of search queries from users. This characteristic distinguishes Wumpus from traditional search engines, where search queries usually outnumber index updates.
Wumpus can operate in two main modes:
This flexibility makes Wumpus a versatile tool for both individual and collaborative research projects focusing on search technologies and indexing strategies.
A notable feature of Wumpus is its scalability. The engine has been successfully deployed on expansive text databases, managing collections that amass to hundreds of gigabytes and consist of tens of millions of documents without compromising on performance or efficiency.
Further information on Wumpus, including its development, features, and applications, can be found in a range of resources provided by the developers: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Wumpus search engine is an information retrieval system developed by Stefan Büttcher at the University of Waterloo for the purpose of researching various aspects of information retrieval, particularly within dynamic text collections in multi-user environments. Wumpus is named after the mythical creature from the early computer game Hunt the Wumpus, symbolizing the engine's capacity to navigate through and retrieve information from complex and extensive text collections.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Wumpus is engineered to handle the challenges posed by indexing dynamic text collections, such as those found in file system search, also known as desktop search. In this context, the text collections are subject to continuous change, and the frequency of index updates is expected to surpass the number of search queries from users. This characteristic distinguishes Wumpus from traditional search engines, where search queries usually outnumber index updates.",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Wumpus can operate in two main modes:",
"title": "Usage"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "This flexibility makes Wumpus a versatile tool for both individual and collaborative research projects focusing on search technologies and indexing strategies.",
"title": "Usage"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "A notable feature of Wumpus is its scalability. The engine has been successfully deployed on expansive text databases, managing collections that amass to hundreds of gigabytes and consist of tens of millions of documents without compromising on performance or efficiency.",
"title": "Scalability"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Further information on Wumpus, including its development, features, and applications, can be found in a range of resources provided by the developers:",
"title": "Documentation and resources"
}
] | The Wumpus search engine is an information retrieval system developed by Stefan Büttcher at the University of Waterloo for the purpose of researching various aspects of information retrieval, particularly within dynamic text collections in multi-user environments. Wumpus is named after the mythical creature from the early computer game Hunt the Wumpus, symbolizing the engine's capacity to navigate through and retrieve information from complex and extensive text collections. | 2023-12-09T03:10:42Z | 2023-12-24T18:37:04Z | [
"Template:Article for deletion/dated",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wumpus_Search_Engine |
75,520,925 | Ministry of Cultural Affairs of Bangladesh | #Redirect Ministry of Cultural Affairs (Bangladesh) | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "#Redirect Ministry of Cultural Affairs (Bangladesh)",
"title": ""
}
] | #Redirect Ministry of Cultural Affairs (Bangladesh) | 2023-12-09T03:11:46Z | 2023-12-09T03:11:46Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Cultural_Affairs_of_Bangladesh |
75,520,934 | Frank Fiscalini | Frank Fiscalini (November 26, 1922 – December 8, 2023) was an American politician and educator. He served on the San Jose City Council as Vice Mayor and led the East Side Union High School District as superintendent for more than 20 years.
Frank Fiscalini was born in San Bernardino, California, on November 26, 1922. His parents were immigrants from Northern Italy and had six other children. He attended San Bernardino High School before moving to the Bay Area in 1942 to attend Santa Clara University where he played baseball. He enlisted in the army during World War II, but would return to and graduate from SCU. He later earned a master's degree in education from Stanford University and doctorate of education development and management from University of Northern Colorado.
Fiscalini was as teacher at Bellarmine College Preparatory before moving to James Lick High School in 1952 in the East Side Union High School District as one of the founding teachers. He served as the district's first superintendent from 1956 to 1982, during which the district added 10 new schools. Sal Pizarro of The Mercury News credited him with "essentially building" the district.
After that, he became the CEO of the Alexian Brothers hospital system and worked there for five years. Fiscalini also led the restoration of Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph in San Jose and helped found Opera San José, serving as its board president, leading to his nickname, "San Jose’s own Renaissance Man".
In 1990, he ran in the San Jose Mayoral election, winning a plurality in the first round, but narrowly lost the runoff to Susan Hammer. He then ran for San Jose City Council in 1992 and served two terms, during which he served as vice mayor.
Fiscalini met his wife, Joan, at San Bernardino Valley College and married her after he returned from service during World War II. They had four children.
Fiscalini turned 100 in 2022, which was marked by a car parade of vintage Ford Model A’s. He died on December 8, 2023, at the age of 101. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Frank Fiscalini (November 26, 1922 – December 8, 2023) was an American politician and educator. He served on the San Jose City Council as Vice Mayor and led the East Side Union High School District as superintendent for more than 20 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Frank Fiscalini was born in San Bernardino, California, on November 26, 1922. His parents were immigrants from Northern Italy and had six other children. He attended San Bernardino High School before moving to the Bay Area in 1942 to attend Santa Clara University where he played baseball. He enlisted in the army during World War II, but would return to and graduate from SCU. He later earned a master's degree in education from Stanford University and doctorate of education development and management from University of Northern Colorado.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Fiscalini was as teacher at Bellarmine College Preparatory before moving to James Lick High School in 1952 in the East Side Union High School District as one of the founding teachers. He served as the district's first superintendent from 1956 to 1982, during which the district added 10 new schools. Sal Pizarro of The Mercury News credited him with \"essentially building\" the district.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "After that, he became the CEO of the Alexian Brothers hospital system and worked there for five years. Fiscalini also led the restoration of Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph in San Jose and helped found Opera San José, serving as its board president, leading to his nickname, \"San Jose’s own Renaissance Man\".",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1990, he ran in the San Jose Mayoral election, winning a plurality in the first round, but narrowly lost the runoff to Susan Hammer. He then ran for San Jose City Council in 1992 and served two terms, during which he served as vice mayor.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Fiscalini met his wife, Joan, at San Bernardino Valley College and married her after he returned from service during World War II. They had four children.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Fiscalini turned 100 in 2022, which was marked by a car parade of vintage Ford Model A’s. He died on December 8, 2023, at the age of 101.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Frank Fiscalini was an American politician and educator. He served on the San Jose City Council as Vice Mayor and led the East Side Union High School District as superintendent for more than 20 years. | 2023-12-09T03:13:46Z | 2023-12-10T18:55:14Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Fiscalini |
75,520,941 | Triple'S Kediri | Triple'S Kediri is an Indonesian football club based in the Kediri Regency, East Java. They currently compete in the Liga 3 East Java zone. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Triple'S Kediri is an Indonesian football club based in the Kediri Regency, East Java. They currently compete in the Liga 3 East Java zone.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Triple'S Kediri is an Indonesian football club based in the Kediri Regency, East Java. They currently compete in the Liga 3 East Java zone. | 2023-12-09T03:15:55Z | 2023-12-13T11:36:26Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple%27S_Kediri |
75,520,953 | 1853 Georgia gubernatorial election | The 1853 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on 3 October 1853 in order to elect the Governor of Georgia. Southern Rights nominee and former United States Senator from Georgia Herschel V. Johnson defeated Unionist nominee and former Attorney General of Georgia Charles J. Jenkins by a slim margin.
On election day, 3 October 1853, Southern Rights nominee Herschel V. Johnson won the election by a margin of 510 votes against his opponent Unionist nominee Charles J. Jenkins, thereby gaining Southern Rights control over the office of Governor. Johnson was sworn in as the 41st Governor of Georgia on 9 November 1853. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 1853 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on 3 October 1853 in order to elect the Governor of Georgia. Southern Rights nominee and former United States Senator from Georgia Herschel V. Johnson defeated Unionist nominee and former Attorney General of Georgia Charles J. Jenkins by a slim margin.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "On election day, 3 October 1853, Southern Rights nominee Herschel V. Johnson won the election by a margin of 510 votes against his opponent Unionist nominee Charles J. Jenkins, thereby gaining Southern Rights control over the office of Governor. Johnson was sworn in as the 41st Governor of Georgia on 9 November 1853.",
"title": "General election"
}
] | The 1853 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on 3 October 1853 in order to elect the Governor of Georgia. Southern Rights nominee and former United States Senator from Georgia Herschel V. Johnson defeated Unionist nominee and former Attorney General of Georgia Charles J. Jenkins by a slim margin. | 2023-12-09T03:19:08Z | 2023-12-17T01:50:29Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1853_Georgia_gubernatorial_election |
75,520,973 | Ime Archibong | Ime Archibong (born January 1, 1982) is an American businessperson. He is the Vice President of Product Management and Head of Messenger Product at Meta Platforms. He is one of the highest-ranking Black executives at Meta. In 2015, The Registry recognized him as one of the 40 Under 40: Tech Diversity in Silicon Valley.
Ime Archibong was born on January 1, 1982, in Kansas City, Kansas. His parents are university professors and first-generation immigrants from Nigeria. They lived in North Carolina for most of his upbringing.
Archibong has described how his parents wanted him to become a doctor or a lawyer. In an interview with Fast Company, Archibong told Nikita Richardson:
Archibong attended Yale University, where he double-majored in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and obtained his Bachelor of Science degree. He was on Yale's varsity basketball team from 1999 to 2003, where he was team captain.
After starting off his career at IBM, Archibong attended business school at Stanford University. There, he obtained his Master of Business Administration degree.
Archibong decided on a career in tech after his undergrad. He worked as a software engineer for IBM where he worked on storage research technology. He discovered that his interests lie in the business and strategy aspects of a company and shifted his goals. He pursued his MBA and obtained roles in Corporate Strategy and Advanced Technology Business Development at IBM.
In 2010, Archibong left IBM and joined the Facebook team as manager of strategic partnerships. His first role at the company was in leading a global team that would build partnerships with various business partners.
Archibong has spearheaded Facebook's New Product Experimentation division since its launch in 2019. The team is tasked with creating new apps for Meta. According to CNBC, Archibong is revered by his higher-ups at Meta, including Mark Zuckerberg, for his ability to innovate, “For nearly a decade, Zuckerberg has turned to Archibong anytime he’s come up with ideas for special projects at Facebook.“
He helped create Internet.org, a product of Meta and an initiative that plans to connect the world to the internet.
As of March 2023, Archibong holds the titles of Vice President of Product Management and Head of Product at Messenger.
He is a member of the board of directors at Capital One. He is also “a listed inventor on more than a dozen patents.“
Archibong is on the team of several nonprofit organizations, including Grace Science Foundation, Unreasonable, Live In Peace, GLIDE, and Girl Effect.
In 2016, Archibong participated in the Presidential Leadership Scholars program, which aimed to “help some of the most promising leaders in America reach their potential and create positive change.“
During the uprising of the Black Lives Matter movement in 2020, Archibong spoke to the Facebook team on his experience as a Black man in America. He notably made public posts on his personal Facebook regarding the same. He was considered the “unofficial leader” of the Black employee base.
Archibong has played a role in several nonprofit organizations, including Management Leadership for Tomorrow, which focus on increasing diversity in the tech industry and on supporting underserved professionals.
He has used his position at Meta to push for diversity and inclusion. He played a role in creating a resource group for Black employees and the Black Community Summit, a two-day event held for the company's Black employees. Currently, he has a team working on products that focus on racial justice. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ime Archibong (born January 1, 1982) is an American businessperson. He is the Vice President of Product Management and Head of Messenger Product at Meta Platforms. He is one of the highest-ranking Black executives at Meta. In 2015, The Registry recognized him as one of the 40 Under 40: Tech Diversity in Silicon Valley.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Ime Archibong was born on January 1, 1982, in Kansas City, Kansas. His parents are university professors and first-generation immigrants from Nigeria. They lived in North Carolina for most of his upbringing.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
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"text": "Archibong has described how his parents wanted him to become a doctor or a lawyer. In an interview with Fast Company, Archibong told Nikita Richardson:",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Archibong attended Yale University, where he double-majored in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and obtained his Bachelor of Science degree. He was on Yale's varsity basketball team from 1999 to 2003, where he was team captain.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "After starting off his career at IBM, Archibong attended business school at Stanford University. There, he obtained his Master of Business Administration degree.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Archibong decided on a career in tech after his undergrad. He worked as a software engineer for IBM where he worked on storage research technology. He discovered that his interests lie in the business and strategy aspects of a company and shifted his goals. He pursued his MBA and obtained roles in Corporate Strategy and Advanced Technology Business Development at IBM.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 2010, Archibong left IBM and joined the Facebook team as manager of strategic partnerships. His first role at the company was in leading a global team that would build partnerships with various business partners.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Archibong has spearheaded Facebook's New Product Experimentation division since its launch in 2019. The team is tasked with creating new apps for Meta. According to CNBC, Archibong is revered by his higher-ups at Meta, including Mark Zuckerberg, for his ability to innovate, “For nearly a decade, Zuckerberg has turned to Archibong anytime he’s come up with ideas for special projects at Facebook.“",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "He helped create Internet.org, a product of Meta and an initiative that plans to connect the world to the internet.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "As of March 2023, Archibong holds the titles of Vice President of Product Management and Head of Product at Messenger.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "He is a member of the board of directors at Capital One. He is also “a listed inventor on more than a dozen patents.“",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Archibong is on the team of several nonprofit organizations, including Grace Science Foundation, Unreasonable, Live In Peace, GLIDE, and Girl Effect.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "In 2016, Archibong participated in the Presidential Leadership Scholars program, which aimed to “help some of the most promising leaders in America reach their potential and create positive change.“",
"title": "Activism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "During the uprising of the Black Lives Matter movement in 2020, Archibong spoke to the Facebook team on his experience as a Black man in America. He notably made public posts on his personal Facebook regarding the same. He was considered the “unofficial leader” of the Black employee base.",
"title": "Activism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Archibong has played a role in several nonprofit organizations, including Management Leadership for Tomorrow, which focus on increasing diversity in the tech industry and on supporting underserved professionals.",
"title": "Activism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "He has used his position at Meta to push for diversity and inclusion. He played a role in creating a resource group for Black employees and the Black Community Summit, a two-day event held for the company's Black employees. Currently, he has a team working on products that focus on racial justice.",
"title": "Activism"
}
] | Ime Archibong is an American businessperson. He is the Vice President of Product Management and Head of Messenger Product at Meta Platforms. He is one of the highest-ranking Black executives at Meta. In 2015, The Registry recognized him as one of the 40 Under 40: Tech Diversity in Silicon Valley. | 2023-12-09T03:24:10Z | 2023-12-31T23:11:54Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ime_Archibong |
75,520,981 | Seringia adenolasia | Seringia adenolasia is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae and is endemic to northern Australia. It is a sticky, aromatic densely hairy shrub with egg-shaped to lance-shaped leaves sometimes with toothed edges, and creamy-pink or purple flowers, usually in groups of up to 5.
Seringia adenolasia is a sticky, aromatic shrub that typically grows up to 3 m (9.8 ft) high and 1 m (3 ft 3 in) wide, its branchlets, upper leaf surfaces and flower stalks densely covered with star-shaped hairs and many short, glandular hairs. The leaves are egg-shaped to lance-shaped, 25–115 mm (0.98–4.53 in) long and 10–60 mm (0.39–2.36 in) wide on a petiole 2–12 mm (0.079–0.472 in) long, with narrow triangular to egg-shaped stipules 2–8 mm (0.079–0.315 in) long at the base. The base of the leaves is heart-shaped, the lower surface white, and the edges sometimes with 2 or 3 lobes 2–8 mm (0.079–0.315 in) long. The flowers are creamy-pink or purple, about 13 mm (0.51 in) wide, borne in groups of up to 5 on a peduncle 5–15 mm (0.20–0.59 in) long, each flower on a pedicel 5–15 mm (0.20–0.59 in) long with elliptic bracts 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) long at the base. The five sepals are 4–9 mm (0.16–0.35 in) long and densely hairy. The petals and staminodes are tiny, and the anthers are yellow. Flowering occurs from February to September, and the fruit is a globe-shaped capsule, 10–12 mm (0.39–0.47 in) in diameter and covered with soft bristles.
Seringia adenolasia was first formally described in 1877 by Ferdinand von Mueller in his Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae from speciments collected by William Edington Armit. The specific epithet (adenolasia) means "hairy gland".
This fire-bush grows in open woodland on rocky hills and escarpmentsin northern Queensland and in Kakadu and Nitmiluk National Parks in the Northern Territory. | [
{
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"text": "Seringia adenolasia is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae and is endemic to northern Australia. It is a sticky, aromatic densely hairy shrub with egg-shaped to lance-shaped leaves sometimes with toothed edges, and creamy-pink or purple flowers, usually in groups of up to 5.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Seringia adenolasia is a sticky, aromatic shrub that typically grows up to 3 m (9.8 ft) high and 1 m (3 ft 3 in) wide, its branchlets, upper leaf surfaces and flower stalks densely covered with star-shaped hairs and many short, glandular hairs. The leaves are egg-shaped to lance-shaped, 25–115 mm (0.98–4.53 in) long and 10–60 mm (0.39–2.36 in) wide on a petiole 2–12 mm (0.079–0.472 in) long, with narrow triangular to egg-shaped stipules 2–8 mm (0.079–0.315 in) long at the base. The base of the leaves is heart-shaped, the lower surface white, and the edges sometimes with 2 or 3 lobes 2–8 mm (0.079–0.315 in) long. The flowers are creamy-pink or purple, about 13 mm (0.51 in) wide, borne in groups of up to 5 on a peduncle 5–15 mm (0.20–0.59 in) long, each flower on a pedicel 5–15 mm (0.20–0.59 in) long with elliptic bracts 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) long at the base. The five sepals are 4–9 mm (0.16–0.35 in) long and densely hairy. The petals and staminodes are tiny, and the anthers are yellow. Flowering occurs from February to September, and the fruit is a globe-shaped capsule, 10–12 mm (0.39–0.47 in) in diameter and covered with soft bristles.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Seringia adenolasia was first formally described in 1877 by Ferdinand von Mueller in his Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae from speciments collected by William Edington Armit. The specific epithet (adenolasia) means \"hairy gland\".",
"title": "Taxonomy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "This fire-bush grows in open woodland on rocky hills and escarpmentsin northern Queensland and in Kakadu and Nitmiluk National Parks in the Northern Territory.",
"title": "Distribution and habitat"
}
] | Seringia adenolasia is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae and is endemic to northern Australia. It is a sticky, aromatic densely hairy shrub with egg-shaped to lance-shaped leaves sometimes with toothed edges, and creamy-pink or purple flowers, usually in groups of up to 5. | 2023-12-09T03:25:36Z | 2023-12-22T22:21:54Z | [
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75,520,989 | Westham, Dorset | Westham is a suburb and electoral ward in Weymouth, Dorset.
Westham Bridge was opened in 1921. In 2021, Westham Bridge Cycle Shelter was removed.
The Westham ward elects members to Dorset Council. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Westham is a suburb and electoral ward in Weymouth, Dorset.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Westham Bridge was opened in 1921. In 2021, Westham Bridge Cycle Shelter was removed.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Westham ward elects members to Dorset Council.",
"title": "Politics"
}
] | Westham is a suburb and electoral ward in Weymouth, Dorset. | 2023-12-09T03:26:11Z | 2023-12-13T07:52:08Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westham,_Dorset |
75,521,025 | Safechuck v. MJJ Productions | Safechuck v. MJJ Productions, Inc. is a lawsuit in the California state courts which led to a 2023 ruling by the California Courts of Appeal holding that a corporation enabling child abuse by one of its employees is not freed from its affirmative duty to warn and protect such vulnerable children simply because the perpetrator was the corporation’s sole owner.
The plaintiffs in the consolidated case were two individuals who claimed that in the 1980s and 1990s the defendant corporations, owned by the famous pop star Jackson, enabled and "operated a sophisticated public child sexual abuse procurement and facilitation organization, designed to locate, attract, lure, and seduce victims." The plainitffs asserted that they were repeatedly victimized as vulnerable children by Jackson with the full complicity of the defendant corporations. The abuse, they alleged, was enabled by staff who were paid to retrieve, care for the children, and deliver them to Jackson as part of the abuse. The lower court threw out the claims, stating that the companies had no legal duty to protect the boys from abuse.
The corporate defendants' assertion that they lacked control over Jackson and the plaintiffs' well-being due to his status as their sole shareholder was dismissed by the appellate court..
The appellate court sent the two cases back down to the trial court for further proceedings | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Safechuck v. MJJ Productions, Inc. is a lawsuit in the California state courts which led to a 2023 ruling by the California Courts of Appeal holding that a corporation enabling child abuse by one of its employees is not freed from its affirmative duty to warn and protect such vulnerable children simply because the perpetrator was the corporation’s sole owner.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The plaintiffs in the consolidated case were two individuals who claimed that in the 1980s and 1990s the defendant corporations, owned by the famous pop star Jackson, enabled and \"operated a sophisticated public child sexual abuse procurement and facilitation organization, designed to locate, attract, lure, and seduce victims.\" The plainitffs asserted that they were repeatedly victimized as vulnerable children by Jackson with the full complicity of the defendant corporations. The abuse, they alleged, was enabled by staff who were paid to retrieve, care for the children, and deliver them to Jackson as part of the abuse. The lower court threw out the claims, stating that the companies had no legal duty to protect the boys from abuse.",
"title": "Background and procedural history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The corporate defendants' assertion that they lacked control over Jackson and the plaintiffs' well-being due to his status as their sole shareholder was dismissed by the appellate court..",
"title": "Ruling"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The appellate court sent the two cases back down to the trial court for further proceedings",
"title": "Current status"
}
] | Safechuck v. MJJ Productions, Inc. is a lawsuit in the California state courts which led to a 2023 ruling by the California Courts of Appeal holding that a corporation enabling child abuse by one of its employees is not freed from its affirmative duty to warn and protect such vulnerable children simply because the perpetrator was the corporation’s sole owner. | 2023-12-09T03:35:16Z | 2023-12-09T16:14:38Z | [
"Template:Short description",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safechuck_v._MJJ_Productions |
75,521,028 | Greg Gasparato | Greg Gasparato is an American football coach who is currently the interim head coach for the Troy Trojans.
On December 8, 2023, after Jon Sumrall was announced to be the next head coach at Tulane University, Troy Athletic Director Brent Jones named Coach Gasparato as the interim head coach for the Troy Trojan's bowl game against Duke. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Greg Gasparato is an American football coach who is currently the interim head coach for the Troy Trojans.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "On December 8, 2023, after Jon Sumrall was announced to be the next head coach at Tulane University, Troy Athletic Director Brent Jones named Coach Gasparato as the interim head coach for the Troy Trojan's bowl game against Duke.",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Greg Gasparato is an American football coach who is currently the interim head coach for the Troy Trojans. | 2023-12-09T03:36:07Z | 2023-12-30T03:27:13Z | [
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75,521,031 | Meşeiçi, Bulanık | Meşeiçi is a village in the Bulanık District, Muş Province, in east Turkey.
Meşeiçi consists of 2 Mezra: Ürünlü, and Beşevler. Meşeiçi and the plateau used for animal husbandry are located on the Akdoğan Mountains.
There is a primary school in the village. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Meşeiçi is a village in the Bulanık District, Muş Province, in east Turkey.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Meşeiçi consists of 2 Mezra: Ürünlü, and Beşevler. Meşeiçi and the plateau used for animal husbandry are located on the Akdoğan Mountains.",
"title": "Geology and geography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "There is a primary school in the village.",
"title": "Education"
}
] | Meşeiçi is a village in the Bulanık District, Muş Province, in east Turkey. | 2023-12-09T03:36:19Z | 2023-12-10T01:16:17Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%9Fei%C3%A7i,_Bulan%C4%B1k |
75,521,041 | 2002 Harrow London Borough Council election | Elections for Harrow London Borough Council in London were held on 2 May 2002. It was a part of the wider 2002 London local elections. The
Conservatives won 50.4% of the vote in the district. The turnout was 31.5%. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Elections for Harrow London Borough Council in London were held on 2 May 2002. It was a part of the wider 2002 London local elections. The",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Conservatives won 50.4% of the vote in the district. The turnout was 31.5%.",
"title": ""
}
] | Elections for Harrow London Borough Council in London were held on 2 May 2002. It was a part of the wider 2002 London local elections. The Conservatives won 50.4% of the vote in the district. The turnout was 31.5%. | 2023-12-09T03:39:24Z | 2023-12-14T09:47:34Z | [
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75,521,044 | George B. Williamson | George B. Williamson (born January 28, 1946) is an American politician. He served as a member of the Georgia House of Representatives.
Williamson was born in Dougherty County, Georgia. He attended Georgia State University.
Williamson served in the Georgia House of Representatives from 1975 to 1980. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "George B. Williamson (born January 28, 1946) is an American politician. He served as a member of the Georgia House of Representatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Williamson was born in Dougherty County, Georgia. He attended Georgia State University.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Williamson served in the Georgia House of Representatives from 1975 to 1980.",
"title": "Life and career"
}
] | George B. Williamson is an American politician. He served as a member of the Georgia House of Representatives. | 2023-12-09T03:40:14Z | 2023-12-09T04:19:29Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._Williamson |
75,521,046 | 2023 All-SEC football team | The 2023 All-SEC football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) chosen by the Associated Press (AP) and the conference coaches for the 2023 Southeastern Conference football season.
Alabama won the conference, defeating Georgia 27–24 in the SEC Championship.
LSU quarterback Jayden Daniels was voted the conference's Offensive Player of the Year (AP and Coaches). Mississippi State linebacker Nathaniel Watson was selected the Defensive Player of the Year from the AP vote, while Alabama outside linebacker Dallas Turner was selected from the Coaches vote. Alabama placekicker/punter Will Reichard was named the SEC Special Teams Player of the Year. Alabama defensive back Caleb Downs was voted SEC Newcomer/Freshman of the Year (AP and Coaches). Eliah Drinkwitz of Missouri was voted SEC Coach of the Year (AP and Coaches).
Bold = Consensus first-team selection by both the coaches and AP
AP = Associated Press
Coaches = Selected by the SEC coaches | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023 All-SEC football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) chosen by the Associated Press (AP) and the conference coaches for the 2023 Southeastern Conference football season.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Alabama won the conference, defeating Georgia 27–24 in the SEC Championship.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "LSU quarterback Jayden Daniels was voted the conference's Offensive Player of the Year (AP and Coaches). Mississippi State linebacker Nathaniel Watson was selected the Defensive Player of the Year from the AP vote, while Alabama outside linebacker Dallas Turner was selected from the Coaches vote. Alabama placekicker/punter Will Reichard was named the SEC Special Teams Player of the Year. Alabama defensive back Caleb Downs was voted SEC Newcomer/Freshman of the Year (AP and Coaches). Eliah Drinkwitz of Missouri was voted SEC Coach of the Year (AP and Coaches).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Bold = Consensus first-team selection by both the coaches and AP",
"title": "Key"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "AP = Associated Press",
"title": "Key"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Coaches = Selected by the SEC coaches",
"title": "Key"
}
] | The 2023 All-SEC football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) chosen by the Associated Press (AP) and the conference coaches for the 2023 Southeastern Conference football season. Alabama won the conference, defeating Georgia 27–24 in the SEC Championship. LSU quarterback Jayden Daniels was voted the conference's Offensive Player of the Year. Mississippi State linebacker Nathaniel Watson was selected the Defensive Player of the Year from the AP vote, while Alabama outside linebacker Dallas Turner was selected from the Coaches vote. Alabama placekicker/punter Will Reichard was named the SEC Special Teams Player of the Year. Alabama defensive back Caleb Downs was voted SEC Newcomer/Freshman of the Year. Eliah Drinkwitz of Missouri was voted SEC Coach of the Year. | 2023-12-09T03:40:20Z | 2023-12-17T17:53:05Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_All-SEC_football_team |
75,521,104 | John C. Brown (disambiguation) | John C. Brown (1827–1889) was a Confederate general and Tennessee governor. John C. Brown may also refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "John C. Brown (1827–1889) was a Confederate general and Tennessee governor. John C. Brown may also refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | John C. Brown (1827–1889) was a Confederate general and Tennessee governor. John C. Brown may also refer to: John C. Brown (1844–1900), American politician
John Cameron Brown (1843–?), Canadian political figure in New Brunswick
John Campbell Brown (1947–2019), Scottish astronomer
John Carter Brown (1797–1874), American book collector and antiquarian
John Crawford Brown (1805–1867), Scottish landscape painter
John Crosby Brown (1838–1909), American banker; partner in Brown Bros. & Co.
John Croumbie Brown (1808–1895), Scottish missionary and forestry pioneer in South Africa
John Cunningham Brown (1844–1929), Irish-born political figure in British Columbia | 2023-12-09T03:55:02Z | 2023-12-10T18:30:22Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Brown_(disambiguation) |
75,521,112 | Gulliver's Tavern | Gulliver’s Tavern, formerly known as the Dolphin Inn, is a historic pub in the Kinson area of Bournemouth, Dorset, England. It is believed to be the oldest pub in the town.
The pub was built in 1750 as a public house and stables known as the Dolphin and Chequer. The tavern stands on Wimborne Road, which historically linked the towns of Wimborne Minster and Christchurch together.
In 1988, it became a Grade II listed building by Historic England. In 1993 the pub was renamed the Gulliver’s Tavern after the local smuggler Sir Isaac Gulliver (1745-1822). His ghost has been said to haunt the pub. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Gulliver’s Tavern, formerly known as the Dolphin Inn, is a historic pub in the Kinson area of Bournemouth, Dorset, England. It is believed to be the oldest pub in the town.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The pub was built in 1750 as a public house and stables known as the Dolphin and Chequer. The tavern stands on Wimborne Road, which historically linked the towns of Wimborne Minster and Christchurch together.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1988, it became a Grade II listed building by Historic England. In 1993 the pub was renamed the Gulliver’s Tavern after the local smuggler Sir Isaac Gulliver (1745-1822). His ghost has been said to haunt the pub.",
"title": "History"
}
] | Gulliver’s Tavern, formerly known as the Dolphin Inn, is a historic pub in the Kinson area of Bournemouth, Dorset, England. It is believed to be the oldest pub in the town. | 2023-12-09T03:58:29Z | 2023-12-28T20:04:06Z | [
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75,521,116 | Bev Lawton | Beverley-Anne Lawton ONZM (née Singe) is a New Zealand academic, and is a full professor at Victoria University of Wellington, specialising in women's health, especially maternal health and the prevention of cervical cancer.
Lawton is Māori, of Ngāti Porou descent, and grew up in a bicultural family in Wellington. She wanted to join the police, but was too short, so trained as a GP instead. She graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree from Victoria University of Wellington in 1978, and then studied medicine at the University of Otago, graduating MB ChB in 1983.
Lawton worked as a general practitioner in Newtown for seventeen years, where, prompted by a lack of support for menopausal women, she co-founded the Wellington Women's Menopause Clinic. She published a guide to the menopause in 2013. Lawton has also worked to better coordinate maternal healthcare and wraparound services, addressing issues such as transport, immunisation, power and oral health. Lawton noticed significant differences in care during her time as a GP, saying in a 2022 interview:
"Women get treated differently than men. The man steps up and he's going to have the cardiac investigation if he's white and middle class. Not only do women get treated differently, Māori get treated differently, so if you're a Māori woman your life expectancy, your recovery from a heart attack, is the worst. You're more likely to die ... I always think it's a double-double. Not only are you Māori, you're female and that's like two strikes."
Lawton joined the faculty of the University of Otago, Wellington, and then later transferred to Victoria University of Wellington, rising to full professor. Lawton is the founder and director of Te Tātai Hauora o Hine, the National Centre for Women’s Health Research Aotearoa at Victoria University, the aim of which is to do research into preventable death and harm to women. Describing the centre's work, Lawton says "you shouldn't have to suffer cervical cancer ... This is the right of every woman to be well. We need to put it in strength-based language". Lawton's work led to district health boards (now Te Whatu Ora) collecting statistics on maternal mortality, through the Severe Maternal Mortality monitoring programme.
Lawton is an advocate for self-screening for HPV for cervical cancer prevention. Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of death in Māori women, and yet research had shown that Māori and Pasifika women were less likely to have smear tests. This means self-testing for HPV is an accessibility and equity issue, with Lawton's research showing that under-screened or never-screened Māori women were more than three times as likely to self-test than get a Pap test.
When New Zealand's first Women's Health Strategy was released in 2023, Lawton was critical that it missed the opportunity to take some easy actions, like making contraception and cervical screening free. She commented that "this strategy seems more like guidelines, and we need to know that this is not going to just sit in the cupboard".
Lawton was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit in the 2004 New Year Honours, for services to women's health. In 2017, she was made a Distinguished Fellow of the Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners.
In 2020, Lawton was awarded the Royal Australia and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Māori Women’s Health Award. In 2021, she won the Innovation, Science and Health category of the Women of Influence awards. The award recognised her contribution to women's health, noting that she had been congratulated in parliament by Ayesha Verrall for her and her team's input into the process to get Government support for self-testing for cervical cancer screening.
In 2023, Lawton was awarded the Royal Society Te Apārangi's Beaven Medal, which is awarded for excellence in translational health research. She also co-leads the team that won the 2023 HRC’s Te Tohu Rapuora Medal for outstanding leadership, excellence and contribution to Māori health. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Beverley-Anne Lawton ONZM (née Singe) is a New Zealand academic, and is a full professor at Victoria University of Wellington, specialising in women's health, especially maternal health and the prevention of cervical cancer.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Lawton is Māori, of Ngāti Porou descent, and grew up in a bicultural family in Wellington. She wanted to join the police, but was too short, so trained as a GP instead. She graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree from Victoria University of Wellington in 1978, and then studied medicine at the University of Otago, graduating MB ChB in 1983.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Lawton worked as a general practitioner in Newtown for seventeen years, where, prompted by a lack of support for menopausal women, she co-founded the Wellington Women's Menopause Clinic. She published a guide to the menopause in 2013. Lawton has also worked to better coordinate maternal healthcare and wraparound services, addressing issues such as transport, immunisation, power and oral health. Lawton noticed significant differences in care during her time as a GP, saying in a 2022 interview:",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "\"Women get treated differently than men. The man steps up and he's going to have the cardiac investigation if he's white and middle class. Not only do women get treated differently, Māori get treated differently, so if you're a Māori woman your life expectancy, your recovery from a heart attack, is the worst. You're more likely to die ... I always think it's a double-double. Not only are you Māori, you're female and that's like two strikes.\"",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Lawton joined the faculty of the University of Otago, Wellington, and then later transferred to Victoria University of Wellington, rising to full professor. Lawton is the founder and director of Te Tātai Hauora o Hine, the National Centre for Women’s Health Research Aotearoa at Victoria University, the aim of which is to do research into preventable death and harm to women. Describing the centre's work, Lawton says \"you shouldn't have to suffer cervical cancer ... This is the right of every woman to be well. We need to put it in strength-based language\". Lawton's work led to district health boards (now Te Whatu Ora) collecting statistics on maternal mortality, through the Severe Maternal Mortality monitoring programme.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Lawton is an advocate for self-screening for HPV for cervical cancer prevention. Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of death in Māori women, and yet research had shown that Māori and Pasifika women were less likely to have smear tests. This means self-testing for HPV is an accessibility and equity issue, with Lawton's research showing that under-screened or never-screened Māori women were more than three times as likely to self-test than get a Pap test.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "When New Zealand's first Women's Health Strategy was released in 2023, Lawton was critical that it missed the opportunity to take some easy actions, like making contraception and cervical screening free. She commented that \"this strategy seems more like guidelines, and we need to know that this is not going to just sit in the cupboard\".",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Lawton was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit in the 2004 New Year Honours, for services to women's health. In 2017, she was made a Distinguished Fellow of the Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners.",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In 2020, Lawton was awarded the Royal Australia and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Māori Women’s Health Award. In 2021, she won the Innovation, Science and Health category of the Women of Influence awards. The award recognised her contribution to women's health, noting that she had been congratulated in parliament by Ayesha Verrall for her and her team's input into the process to get Government support for self-testing for cervical cancer screening.",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In 2023, Lawton was awarded the Royal Society Te Apārangi's Beaven Medal, which is awarded for excellence in translational health research. She also co-leads the team that won the 2023 HRC’s Te Tohu Rapuora Medal for outstanding leadership, excellence and contribution to Māori health.",
"title": "Honours and awards"
}
] | Beverley-Anne Lawton is a New Zealand academic, and is a full professor at Victoria University of Wellington, specialising in women's health, especially maternal health and the prevention of cervical cancer. | 2023-12-09T03:58:51Z | 2023-12-31T06:22:26Z | [
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75,521,120 | Zuṭṭ | Zuṭṭ (also as Zatt and Zott) is an Arabicised form of Jat. Originally inhabitants of lower Indus Valley, Jats were present in Mesopotamia since as early as 5th century AD, although their main migration occurred after the establishment of Umayyad Caliphate. They were one of the prominent ethnic groups in lower Iraq during Islamic Golden Age, supplying mercenary soldiers to the Muslim states. Their mention fades from Muslim chronicles after 11th century.
At the time of Umayyad conquest of Sindh in the early 8th century, Zutt (Jats) dominated regions of Makran and Turan (including Qiqan, modern Kalat), as well as land as far as west bank of Indus river, where cities of Mansura and Multan were located. This vast region, known as bilād al-Zāt (land of the Jats) to Muslim geographers, was mainly populated by Jats, who safeguarded the trade routes and caravans in their region between Mansura and Karman.
The commercial activities of Zutt lead to their settlements in Arabia. They were evidently present in Arabia before the advent of Islam, mainly around Persian gulf and are known to have interacted with Prophet Muhammad. As Imam Bukhari narrated, Prophet Muhammad compared Moses with them in physique, and stated him to be of brown complexion, straight hair and tall stature, resembling Zutt. On another occasion, when Aisha fell ill, her nephew sent for a Zutt physician to treat her. Some of them participated in Ridda Wars against Muslims.
Sassanid emperor Bahram V (431 – 38) is said to have adopted a policy of tribal resettlement in the coastal regions. Due to it, a number of Zutt migrated, often with great herds of water buffalo, to the marshland of southern Iraq where they introduced large-scale rice farming. They may have came in the search of pastures there, and their presence is indicated by a canal called Nahr al-Zuṭṭ in Iraq, as well as a district called Zutt in Khuzistan or Bahrain. They also inhabited the city of Haumat al-Zutt in Khuzistan.
Last Sassanid emperor, Yazdegerd III, called Zutt from Sind to help in his war against Arabs. They fought as mercenary cavalry men for the Sassanian Empire, later defecting to the side of Muslims. When Muslims besieged the city of Ahwaz in Iran in 640, Zutt put up a strong resistance in the defence of the city along with Persian Aswaran. Later, as did Aswaran, who were known as Asawira during the caliphate period, they settled in Basra as allies of Banu Tamim.
Zutt formed a large population of the garrison town of Basra, where their support was actively sought by the Arab tribes in the inter-tribal warfare. The treasury of Basra was guarded by 40 or 400 Zutt soldiers during the reign of Ali under their chief Abu Salama al-Zutti, who were, according to the version narrated by Abu Mikhnaf, killed while protecting bayt al-mal when rebels under Talha and Zubayr occupied the city. Zutt regiments had fought along with Ali at the battle of Camel in 656 under their chief, Ali bin Danūr.
In 670, a large number of Zutt, along with Aswaran, were moved into coastal cities of Syria, such as Antioch, Beirut and Tripoli, replacing earlier Greek population, and a quarter in Antioch came to be known after them. This was an attempt by Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I to ward off any possible naval invasion by Byzantine Empire. During this period, the role of Zutt and the associated groups seems to guard the governors of different provinces, as well as to suppress revolts. They also acted as special troops to guard provincial treasuries. Zutt had been in Mesopotamia for long enough that they were considered distinct from Sindhis or Indians. In Iraq and elsewhere, they had their separate units under their own leaders, giving them a status of distinct sub-tribe in the Muslim society.
After the conquest of Sindh in 712, a second influx of Zutt occurred from Makran into Iraq. As a nomadic pastoral community, they did not originally profess Hinduism and instead followed their tribal religion. Zutt were barely integrated into the Hindu society of Sindh, and as they were always prone to rebellion, Brahman dynasty had imposed discriminatory measures upon them, which were maintained by Arabs, and in some cases, even intensified after a long series of rebellions. Four thousand Zutt became captive of Muslims during the early Muslim incursions into Makran, and later they participated as auxiliaries in the conquest of Sindh. The two chief tribal groupings in Sindh at the time of Arab conquest were Zutt and Meds. Unlike Jats, however, Meds were seafaring people. Some of them carried piracy in the Indian Ocean as Bawarij. The incident in which they captured two treasure ships coming from Ceylon to Basra became casus belli for the Umayyad invasion of Sindh.
Zutt were, in fact, not the only people from Indus Valley who had permanently settled into Mesopotamia. The other groups included Sāyabija, Andāghar and Qayqāniyya, who were at times considered as part of Jats, and sometimes described separately. Muslim accounts describe these soldiers as originally inhabitants of Sind. An important sub-group of Zutt were Qayqaniyya, who inhabited the region of Qayqan ( also known as Qiqān, modern Kalat). Many of them had been taken as captives between 659 and 664 by Abd Allah bin Sawwar al-Abdi to Iraq, who was appointed as governor of regions surrounding Sindh. He was himself killed in one of the wars against Qiqani Zutt in 667 and Qiqan was re-conquered by them. Always armed with arrows, whether cavalry or infantry, these Zutt Qayqaniyya units were master archers of the caliphate, and acted as auxiliary group for shurta. Qiqaniyya as well as Bukhariyya, an Iranian unit of soldiers, were sent to suppress revolt of Zayd ibn Ali in 740 by Umayyad Caliphate. Another group associated with Zutt was that of Qufs, or "mountain dwellers", who were dark-skinned soldiers from Kerman. They had been recruited by Sassanids as auxiliaries and later, actively supported Arabs against Sassanids. However, they had married among Persians and had assimilated to the Persian culture.
Jats (with their very name being synonymous with dromedary-men or cameleers) in Makran reportedly reared fine-quality camels which were in demand as far as Khurasan, and tall Qīqāni horses, which were presented to Mu'awiya I. In Basra, they manufactured a distinct variety of cloth called zuttī or zuttiyah. In the first half of 8th century, many of them were settled with herds of buffalo in the regions of Massisa and Amanus (present-day Turkey) to combat the large number of lions found there.
The position of Zutt as mercenary soldiers remained stable for some time after the Abbasid revolution and establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate. They still formed part of the armed forces of Basra during the governorship of Abbasid Sulayman bin Ali. During the Abbasid civil war (809 – 813), al-Sāri ibn al-Hakam al-Zutti gained control of the lower Egypt, including the capital city of Fustat in 813 and ruled it till his death in 820. He was a Zutt soldier of abna’ al-dawla, the elite Khurasani troops of Abbasid caliphate. His two sons, Abu Nāsr (r. 820–822) and Ubāydallah (r. 822–826) succeeded him as the emirs of Egypt. During this period, Egypt was independent from the Abbasids. Ubaydallah's reign came to an end in 826, when al-Ma'mun sought to achieve control over the country by dispatching to it the Tahirid general Abdallah ibn Tahir. Ubaydullah chose to fight against him, but his forces were defeated and he was forced into exile in Samarra, where he died in 865. According to the Arabist Thierry Bianquis, the succession of al-Sari by his sons signals the first attempt at creating an autonomous dynasty ruling Egypt, heralding the more successful Tulunids and Ikhshidids. Zutt were probably also involved in Thomas the Slav's revolt against the Byzantine Empire in 821–23.
Jats produced a number of well-known people during Islamic Golden Age. Famous theologian, Abu Hanifa, who was the founder of Hanafi school of thought, was one of them. His grandfather, named Zuttā, was brought as captive by Muslim armies in the late 7th century to lower Iraq. Other Zutt scholars include Ibn Ulayya, who was from Qayqan, and al-Awza'i. As they were earliest of the people from Indus Valley to have interacted with Muslims, "Zutt" became a general term for the people from Sind and Multan who were living in Syria, which included scholars and governors like Ibn al-A'rabi, Ibn Shahak and Abu al-Khasib. During this period, Zutt increasingly intermingled with other non-Arab foreign people in Basra, a cosmopolitan port at the time. They, along with Sayabija and Zanj, were designated as one of the Black peoples (Arabic: as-swadan) by Arabs. Grandfather of al-Jahiz, the famous 9th century author, was reportedly a black cameleer. The term Black, however, was apparently applied to Berbers and Indians as well.
As the central power of caliphate broke down after the mid-9th century, Zutt came to be viewed as outlaws and brigands instead of allies. Zutt, Asawira and other troops were effectively demilitarized at the start of century. Some of Zutt later turned into Banu Sasan, who were members of what C. E. Bosworth calls "Islamic Underworld". The Qiqaniyya, who had reputation as sea-faring people, turned to piracy along the coast of Baluchistan and Makran. The continued political suppression, as well as relative weakness of Abbasid control after the devastating civil war, encouraged the Zutt living in lower Iraq to rise in rebellion in 820 under the leadership of Muhammad ibn Uthman. Early Abbasid efforts to defeat Zutt proved unsuccessful, and they continued to levy taxes over caravans and to raid neighbouring regions of Basra. After the defeat of Ahmad bin Sa'd al-Bahili, Abbasids sent a large force of more than 10,000 under their general Ujayf ibn Anbasa in 834 to Wasit, which was a stronghold of Zutt. Abbasid forces blocked the waterways to the Iraqi marshes and thus cut down the communication lines of Zutt. The war continued for nine months, and included amphibious operations, until Zutt leaders agreed to surrender. They were ultimately deported to a village at the Byzantine frontier of Cilicia in 835. In 855, Byzantine army made an unexpected raid on the city of Anazarbus (`Ain Zarbah) and took many of them to Constantinople.
The Zutt rebellion lasted for 14 years before finally being put down. Al-Tabari, a 9th-century historian, quoted a long poem by a Zutt poet when they were being deported to Cilicia. in it, poet taunted people of Baghdad, where caliph was based, for their cowardice as they could not defeat Zutt and had to employ Turkic slave-soldiers against them. The poet held these Turks in military posts in low regard and instead glorified austerity of the Zutt.
Zutt also participated in the later Zanj and Qarmatian rebellions against the caliphate, with Abu Hatim al-Zutti being one of the major Qarmatian Da'is. Becoming active in 907, Abu Hatim prohibited his followers to slaughter animals and so they came to be known as Baqliyya, or "Green Grocers". They were a major sub-sect of Qarmatians in lower Iraq and staged multiple uprisings against the Abbasids. A certain Abū al-Faraj Muḥammad al-Zutti was a Buyid minister in Baghdad in 990. Zutt, along with Turks and Daylamis, formed part of army of Buyid prince Abu Nasr Shah-Firuz, ruler of Fasa, when he waged war against Baha' al-Dawla for the control of province of Fars in 1000 AD. They were described as most numerous and bravest of the warriors of Fars by Abbasid vizier al-Rudhrawari. Little is known about them any further, although they seem to have gained certain degree of notoriety along with Kurd and Bedouin tribes.
Abbasid caliphate itself disintegrated after the anarchy at Samarra, and the regions of Makran, Sind and Multan became independent under Ma'danids, Hābbarids and Munābbihids, respectively. Owing to these developments, the movement of Jats into Iraq ceased. During the same period, Jats left Makran and moved upward to the fertile but thinly populated Punjab plains, which, since 16th century, have been dominated by them.
Afterwards, Jats lost their distinct identity in the Mesopotamia that they had previously. The 19th century Dutch orientalist De Goeje attempted to link Zutt with Romani of Europe. However, there is no evidence of any direct relation between the two groups, as Romani language does not contain any significant Arabic loan words, and his thesis remains unproven. Similarly, the identification of Zutt or Jats, who were northwestern Indo-Aryans, with the present day Dom people (also called Nawar) is also spurious, as Dom are speakers of central Indo-Aryan Domari language, and migrated from central India instead. However, the term Zott has persisted in Arab countries, albeit in a pejorative way, to describe them because of their Indian origins. More probably, Zutt later became what are now known as Marsh Arabs of Iraq. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zuṭṭ (also as Zatt and Zott) is an Arabicised form of Jat. Originally inhabitants of lower Indus Valley, Jats were present in Mesopotamia since as early as 5th century AD, although their main migration occurred after the establishment of Umayyad Caliphate. They were one of the prominent ethnic groups in lower Iraq during Islamic Golden Age, supplying mercenary soldiers to the Muslim states. Their mention fades from Muslim chronicles after 11th century.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "At the time of Umayyad conquest of Sindh in the early 8th century, Zutt (Jats) dominated regions of Makran and Turan (including Qiqan, modern Kalat), as well as land as far as west bank of Indus river, where cities of Mansura and Multan were located. This vast region, known as bilād al-Zāt (land of the Jats) to Muslim geographers, was mainly populated by Jats, who safeguarded the trade routes and caravans in their region between Mansura and Karman.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The commercial activities of Zutt lead to their settlements in Arabia. They were evidently present in Arabia before the advent of Islam, mainly around Persian gulf and are known to have interacted with Prophet Muhammad. As Imam Bukhari narrated, Prophet Muhammad compared Moses with them in physique, and stated him to be of brown complexion, straight hair and tall stature, resembling Zutt. On another occasion, when Aisha fell ill, her nephew sent for a Zutt physician to treat her. Some of them participated in Ridda Wars against Muslims.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Sassanid emperor Bahram V (431 – 38) is said to have adopted a policy of tribal resettlement in the coastal regions. Due to it, a number of Zutt migrated, often with great herds of water buffalo, to the marshland of southern Iraq where they introduced large-scale rice farming. They may have came in the search of pastures there, and their presence is indicated by a canal called Nahr al-Zuṭṭ in Iraq, as well as a district called Zutt in Khuzistan or Bahrain. They also inhabited the city of Haumat al-Zutt in Khuzistan.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Last Sassanid emperor, Yazdegerd III, called Zutt from Sind to help in his war against Arabs. They fought as mercenary cavalry men for the Sassanian Empire, later defecting to the side of Muslims. When Muslims besieged the city of Ahwaz in Iran in 640, Zutt put up a strong resistance in the defence of the city along with Persian Aswaran. Later, as did Aswaran, who were known as Asawira during the caliphate period, they settled in Basra as allies of Banu Tamim.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Zutt formed a large population of the garrison town of Basra, where their support was actively sought by the Arab tribes in the inter-tribal warfare. The treasury of Basra was guarded by 40 or 400 Zutt soldiers during the reign of Ali under their chief Abu Salama al-Zutti, who were, according to the version narrated by Abu Mikhnaf, killed while protecting bayt al-mal when rebels under Talha and Zubayr occupied the city. Zutt regiments had fought along with Ali at the battle of Camel in 656 under their chief, Ali bin Danūr.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 670, a large number of Zutt, along with Aswaran, were moved into coastal cities of Syria, such as Antioch, Beirut and Tripoli, replacing earlier Greek population, and a quarter in Antioch came to be known after them. This was an attempt by Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I to ward off any possible naval invasion by Byzantine Empire. During this period, the role of Zutt and the associated groups seems to guard the governors of different provinces, as well as to suppress revolts. They also acted as special troops to guard provincial treasuries. Zutt had been in Mesopotamia for long enough that they were considered distinct from Sindhis or Indians. In Iraq and elsewhere, they had their separate units under their own leaders, giving them a status of distinct sub-tribe in the Muslim society.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "After the conquest of Sindh in 712, a second influx of Zutt occurred from Makran into Iraq. As a nomadic pastoral community, they did not originally profess Hinduism and instead followed their tribal religion. Zutt were barely integrated into the Hindu society of Sindh, and as they were always prone to rebellion, Brahman dynasty had imposed discriminatory measures upon them, which were maintained by Arabs, and in some cases, even intensified after a long series of rebellions. Four thousand Zutt became captive of Muslims during the early Muslim incursions into Makran, and later they participated as auxiliaries in the conquest of Sindh. The two chief tribal groupings in Sindh at the time of Arab conquest were Zutt and Meds. Unlike Jats, however, Meds were seafaring people. Some of them carried piracy in the Indian Ocean as Bawarij. The incident in which they captured two treasure ships coming from Ceylon to Basra became casus belli for the Umayyad invasion of Sindh.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Zutt were, in fact, not the only people from Indus Valley who had permanently settled into Mesopotamia. The other groups included Sāyabija, Andāghar and Qayqāniyya, who were at times considered as part of Jats, and sometimes described separately. Muslim accounts describe these soldiers as originally inhabitants of Sind. An important sub-group of Zutt were Qayqaniyya, who inhabited the region of Qayqan ( also known as Qiqān, modern Kalat). Many of them had been taken as captives between 659 and 664 by Abd Allah bin Sawwar al-Abdi to Iraq, who was appointed as governor of regions surrounding Sindh. He was himself killed in one of the wars against Qiqani Zutt in 667 and Qiqan was re-conquered by them. Always armed with arrows, whether cavalry or infantry, these Zutt Qayqaniyya units were master archers of the caliphate, and acted as auxiliary group for shurta. Qiqaniyya as well as Bukhariyya, an Iranian unit of soldiers, were sent to suppress revolt of Zayd ibn Ali in 740 by Umayyad Caliphate. Another group associated with Zutt was that of Qufs, or \"mountain dwellers\", who were dark-skinned soldiers from Kerman. They had been recruited by Sassanids as auxiliaries and later, actively supported Arabs against Sassanids. However, they had married among Persians and had assimilated to the Persian culture.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Jats (with their very name being synonymous with dromedary-men or cameleers) in Makran reportedly reared fine-quality camels which were in demand as far as Khurasan, and tall Qīqāni horses, which were presented to Mu'awiya I. In Basra, they manufactured a distinct variety of cloth called zuttī or zuttiyah. In the first half of 8th century, many of them were settled with herds of buffalo in the regions of Massisa and Amanus (present-day Turkey) to combat the large number of lions found there.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The position of Zutt as mercenary soldiers remained stable for some time after the Abbasid revolution and establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate. They still formed part of the armed forces of Basra during the governorship of Abbasid Sulayman bin Ali. During the Abbasid civil war (809 – 813), al-Sāri ibn al-Hakam al-Zutti gained control of the lower Egypt, including the capital city of Fustat in 813 and ruled it till his death in 820. He was a Zutt soldier of abna’ al-dawla, the elite Khurasani troops of Abbasid caliphate. His two sons, Abu Nāsr (r. 820–822) and Ubāydallah (r. 822–826) succeeded him as the emirs of Egypt. During this period, Egypt was independent from the Abbasids. Ubaydallah's reign came to an end in 826, when al-Ma'mun sought to achieve control over the country by dispatching to it the Tahirid general Abdallah ibn Tahir. Ubaydullah chose to fight against him, but his forces were defeated and he was forced into exile in Samarra, where he died in 865. According to the Arabist Thierry Bianquis, the succession of al-Sari by his sons signals the first attempt at creating an autonomous dynasty ruling Egypt, heralding the more successful Tulunids and Ikhshidids. Zutt were probably also involved in Thomas the Slav's revolt against the Byzantine Empire in 821–23.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Jats produced a number of well-known people during Islamic Golden Age. Famous theologian, Abu Hanifa, who was the founder of Hanafi school of thought, was one of them. His grandfather, named Zuttā, was brought as captive by Muslim armies in the late 7th century to lower Iraq. Other Zutt scholars include Ibn Ulayya, who was from Qayqan, and al-Awza'i. As they were earliest of the people from Indus Valley to have interacted with Muslims, \"Zutt\" became a general term for the people from Sind and Multan who were living in Syria, which included scholars and governors like Ibn al-A'rabi, Ibn Shahak and Abu al-Khasib. During this period, Zutt increasingly intermingled with other non-Arab foreign people in Basra, a cosmopolitan port at the time. They, along with Sayabija and Zanj, were designated as one of the Black peoples (Arabic: as-swadan) by Arabs. Grandfather of al-Jahiz, the famous 9th century author, was reportedly a black cameleer. The term Black, however, was apparently applied to Berbers and Indians as well.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "As the central power of caliphate broke down after the mid-9th century, Zutt came to be viewed as outlaws and brigands instead of allies. Zutt, Asawira and other troops were effectively demilitarized at the start of century. Some of Zutt later turned into Banu Sasan, who were members of what C. E. Bosworth calls \"Islamic Underworld\". The Qiqaniyya, who had reputation as sea-faring people, turned to piracy along the coast of Baluchistan and Makran. The continued political suppression, as well as relative weakness of Abbasid control after the devastating civil war, encouraged the Zutt living in lower Iraq to rise in rebellion in 820 under the leadership of Muhammad ibn Uthman. Early Abbasid efforts to defeat Zutt proved unsuccessful, and they continued to levy taxes over caravans and to raid neighbouring regions of Basra. After the defeat of Ahmad bin Sa'd al-Bahili, Abbasids sent a large force of more than 10,000 under their general Ujayf ibn Anbasa in 834 to Wasit, which was a stronghold of Zutt. Abbasid forces blocked the waterways to the Iraqi marshes and thus cut down the communication lines of Zutt. The war continued for nine months, and included amphibious operations, until Zutt leaders agreed to surrender. They were ultimately deported to a village at the Byzantine frontier of Cilicia in 835. In 855, Byzantine army made an unexpected raid on the city of Anazarbus (`Ain Zarbah) and took many of them to Constantinople.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "The Zutt rebellion lasted for 14 years before finally being put down. Al-Tabari, a 9th-century historian, quoted a long poem by a Zutt poet when they were being deported to Cilicia. in it, poet taunted people of Baghdad, where caliph was based, for their cowardice as they could not defeat Zutt and had to employ Turkic slave-soldiers against them. The poet held these Turks in military posts in low regard and instead glorified austerity of the Zutt.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Zutt also participated in the later Zanj and Qarmatian rebellions against the caliphate, with Abu Hatim al-Zutti being one of the major Qarmatian Da'is. Becoming active in 907, Abu Hatim prohibited his followers to slaughter animals and so they came to be known as Baqliyya, or \"Green Grocers\". They were a major sub-sect of Qarmatians in lower Iraq and staged multiple uprisings against the Abbasids. A certain Abū al-Faraj Muḥammad al-Zutti was a Buyid minister in Baghdad in 990. Zutt, along with Turks and Daylamis, formed part of army of Buyid prince Abu Nasr Shah-Firuz, ruler of Fasa, when he waged war against Baha' al-Dawla for the control of province of Fars in 1000 AD. They were described as most numerous and bravest of the warriors of Fars by Abbasid vizier al-Rudhrawari. Little is known about them any further, although they seem to have gained certain degree of notoriety along with Kurd and Bedouin tribes.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Abbasid caliphate itself disintegrated after the anarchy at Samarra, and the regions of Makran, Sind and Multan became independent under Ma'danids, Hābbarids and Munābbihids, respectively. Owing to these developments, the movement of Jats into Iraq ceased. During the same period, Jats left Makran and moved upward to the fertile but thinly populated Punjab plains, which, since 16th century, have been dominated by them.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Afterwards, Jats lost their distinct identity in the Mesopotamia that they had previously. The 19th century Dutch orientalist De Goeje attempted to link Zutt with Romani of Europe. However, there is no evidence of any direct relation between the two groups, as Romani language does not contain any significant Arabic loan words, and his thesis remains unproven. Similarly, the identification of Zutt or Jats, who were northwestern Indo-Aryans, with the present day Dom people (also called Nawar) is also spurious, as Dom are speakers of central Indo-Aryan Domari language, and migrated from central India instead. However, the term Zott has persisted in Arab countries, albeit in a pejorative way, to describe them because of their Indian origins. More probably, Zutt later became what are now known as Marsh Arabs of Iraq.",
"title": "History"
}
] | Zuṭṭ is an Arabicised form of Jat. Originally inhabitants of lower Indus Valley, Jats were present in Mesopotamia since as early as 5th century AD, although their main migration occurred after the establishment of Umayyad Caliphate. They were one of the prominent ethnic groups in lower Iraq during Islamic Golden Age, supplying mercenary soldiers to the Muslim states. Their mention fades from Muslim chronicles after 11th century. | 2023-12-09T04:00:23Z | 2023-12-26T18:27:18Z | [
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75,521,122 | James C. Brown | James C. Brown (July 2, 1868 – April 17, 1937) was an Ontario farmer and political figure. He represented Middlesex North in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1919 to 1923 as a United Farmers of Ontario member.
He was born in East Williams Township, Middlesex County, Ontario, the son of William Brown and Fanny McMurry. In 1891, he married Christina McKellar. He was also president and director for the local telephone company. Brown lived near Parkhill. He died in 1937. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "James C. Brown (July 2, 1868 – April 17, 1937) was an Ontario farmer and political figure. He represented Middlesex North in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1919 to 1923 as a United Farmers of Ontario member.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He was born in East Williams Township, Middlesex County, Ontario, the son of William Brown and Fanny McMurry. In 1891, he married Christina McKellar. He was also president and director for the local telephone company. Brown lived near Parkhill. He died in 1937.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
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] | James C. Brown was an Ontario farmer and political figure. He represented Middlesex North in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1919 to 1923 as a United Farmers of Ontario member. He was born in East Williams Township, Middlesex County, Ontario, the son of William Brown and Fanny McMurry. In 1891, he married Christina McKellar. He was also president and director for the local telephone company. Brown lived near Parkhill. He died in 1937. | 2023-12-09T04:01:32Z | 2023-12-17T21:39:49Z | [
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75,521,123 | Johns Hopkins–Lancet Commission | The Johns Hopkins–Lancet Commission on Drug Policy and Health was a commission organized by the Johns Hopkins University and The Lancet, a peer-reviewed medical journal. The commission delivered its report in 2016, finding that the drug prohibition's harms to public health far outweighed its benefits. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Johns Hopkins–Lancet Commission on Drug Policy and Health was a commission organized by the Johns Hopkins University and The Lancet, a peer-reviewed medical journal. The commission delivered its report in 2016, finding that the drug prohibition's harms to public health far outweighed its benefits.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Johns Hopkins–Lancet Commission on Drug Policy and Health was a commission organized by the Johns Hopkins University and The Lancet, a peer-reviewed medical journal. The commission delivered its report in 2016, finding that the drug prohibition's harms to public health far outweighed its benefits. | 2023-12-09T04:01:37Z | 2023-12-09T16:30:46Z | [
"Template:Cite book",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins%E2%80%93Lancet_Commission |
75,521,131 | True Whig Party (Australia) | The True Whig Party was an Australian joke party, formed by satirist Alan Fitzgerald.
In 1966, frustrated with the lack of power that the Australian Capital Territory Advisory Council had, Alan Fitzgerald announced he was forming the True Whig Party. He called on voters to write his or his party's names on ballot papers for the Division of Australian Capital Territory at the 1966 federal election.
Hearing that many voters had done so, Fitzgerald decided to stand for the Advisory Council at the September 1967 election. The party's platform was "to do nothing", parodying the model of local politicians. Fitzgerald refused to make a campaign speech, later describing his silence as "meaningful". One of the party's campaign promises was to build service stations on Mugga Way in the suburb of Red Hill.
Fitzgerald was subsequently elected, recieving the third highest primary vote behind Labor and the Liberal Party. Although elected on a joke platform, Fitzgerald carried out his duties on the Advisory Council in a serious fashion.
In May 1970, he joined the Australia Party and contested the federal ACT by-election. The True Whig Party was disbanded around this time and Fitzgerald contested the 1970 Advisory Council election for the Australia Party, being re-elected with 21% of the vote (ahead of the Liberal Party). | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The True Whig Party was an Australian joke party, formed by satirist Alan Fitzgerald.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In 1966, frustrated with the lack of power that the Australian Capital Territory Advisory Council had, Alan Fitzgerald announced he was forming the True Whig Party. He called on voters to write his or his party's names on ballot papers for the Division of Australian Capital Territory at the 1966 federal election.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Hearing that many voters had done so, Fitzgerald decided to stand for the Advisory Council at the September 1967 election. The party's platform was \"to do nothing\", parodying the model of local politicians. Fitzgerald refused to make a campaign speech, later describing his silence as \"meaningful\". One of the party's campaign promises was to build service stations on Mugga Way in the suburb of Red Hill.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Fitzgerald was subsequently elected, recieving the third highest primary vote behind Labor and the Liberal Party. Although elected on a joke platform, Fitzgerald carried out his duties on the Advisory Council in a serious fashion.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In May 1970, he joined the Australia Party and contested the federal ACT by-election. The True Whig Party was disbanded around this time and Fitzgerald contested the 1970 Advisory Council election for the Australia Party, being re-elected with 21% of the vote (ahead of the Liberal Party).",
"title": "History"
}
] | The True Whig Party was an Australian joke party, formed by satirist Alan Fitzgerald. | 2023-12-09T04:02:57Z | 2023-12-09T13:01:17Z | [
"Template:Infobox political party",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Defunct Australian political parties"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Whig_Party_(Australia) |
75,521,134 | World School Athletics Championship | The World School Athletics Championship is a sport of athletics international championship for under-18 athletes, part of the International School Sport Federation ISF World Schools Championships. With some exceptions, it has been held on a biennial basis since its inception in 1971.
Athletes are represented by both their school and their country. Some nations such as Nigeria hold trials races to decide their teams, while others choose teams by selection. The event was formerly known as the NSSF World School Athletics Championship.
The championships have been held 26 times since 1973. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The World School Athletics Championship is a sport of athletics international championship for under-18 athletes, part of the International School Sport Federation ISF World Schools Championships. With some exceptions, it has been held on a biennial basis since its inception in 1971.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Athletes are represented by both their school and their country. Some nations such as Nigeria hold trials races to decide their teams, while others choose teams by selection. The event was formerly known as the NSSF World School Athletics Championship.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The championships have been held 26 times since 1973.",
"title": "Editions"
}
] | The World School Athletics Championship is a sport of athletics international championship for under-18 athletes, part of the International School Sport Federation ISF World Schools Championships. With some exceptions, it has been held on a biennial basis since its inception in 1971. Athletes are represented by both their school and their country. Some nations such as Nigeria hold trials races to decide their teams, while others choose teams by selection. The event was formerly known as the NSSF World School Athletics Championship. | 2023-12-09T04:03:16Z | 2023-12-22T09:33:14Z | [
"Template:Infobox sporting event organization",
"Template:Flagg",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_School_Athletics_Championship |
75,521,139 | 1855 Georgia gubernatorial election | The 1855 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on 1 October 1855 in order to elect the Governor of Georgia. Democratic nominee and incumbent Governor Herschel V. Johnson was re-elected against Know Nothing nominee Garnett Andrews and Temperance nominee B. H. Overby.
On election day, 1 October 1855, Democratic nominee Herschel V. Johnson won re-election by a margin of 10,778 votes against his foremost opponent Know Nothing nominee Garnett Andrews, thereby gaining Democratic control over the office of Governor. Johnson was sworn in for his second term on 9 November 1855. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 1855 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on 1 October 1855 in order to elect the Governor of Georgia. Democratic nominee and incumbent Governor Herschel V. Johnson was re-elected against Know Nothing nominee Garnett Andrews and Temperance nominee B. H. Overby.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "On election day, 1 October 1855, Democratic nominee Herschel V. Johnson won re-election by a margin of 10,778 votes against his foremost opponent Know Nothing nominee Garnett Andrews, thereby gaining Democratic control over the office of Governor. Johnson was sworn in for his second term on 9 November 1855.",
"title": "General election"
}
] | The 1855 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on 1 October 1855 in order to elect the Governor of Georgia. Democratic nominee and incumbent Governor Herschel V. Johnson was re-elected against Know Nothing nominee Garnett Andrews and Temperance nominee B. H. Overby. | 2023-12-09T04:03:56Z | 2023-12-17T20:11:05Z | [
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"Template:Election box total no change",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1855_Georgia_gubernatorial_election |
75,521,141 | Keelavasal, Madurai | Keelavasal (Keellhavaasal) is a neighborhood in Madurai of Tamil Nadu state in the peninsular India.
It is located with the geographic coordinates of 9°55′08.0″N 78°07′35.4″E / 9.918889°N 78.126500°E / 9.918889; 78.126500 in Madurai.
To curb on-road parking at Keelavasal and its surrounding areas, Madurai Corporation has planned to initiate Public-private Partnership Program parking system that will considerably reduce traffic jams.
Under Mass Rapid Transit system, Madurai Metrolite project that has been planned to connect Tirumangalam and Othakadai will have a station at Keelavasal.
There is an educational institution named St. Mary's Higher Secondary School for boys situated on East Veli street at Keelavasal.
Keelavasal has a historical palace viz., Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal built by King Thirumalai Nayakkar, the then ruler of Madurai.
There is a Hindu temple viz., Thenthiruvalavaya Swamy temple in Keelavasal, which is maintained by the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu.
Also there is a Christian Catholic Church namely St. Mary's Cathedral, which was built in the year 1841, on East Veli Street in Keelavasal.
Keelavasal area falls under the Madurai South Assembly constituency.Also, this area belongs to Madurai Lok Sabha constituency. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Keelavasal (Keellhavaasal) is a neighborhood in Madurai of Tamil Nadu state in the peninsular India.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "It is located with the geographic coordinates of 9°55′08.0″N 78°07′35.4″E / 9.918889°N 78.126500°E / 9.918889; 78.126500 in Madurai.",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "To curb on-road parking at Keelavasal and its surrounding areas, Madurai Corporation has planned to initiate Public-private Partnership Program parking system that will considerably reduce traffic jams.",
"title": "Transport"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Under Mass Rapid Transit system, Madurai Metrolite project that has been planned to connect Tirumangalam and Othakadai will have a station at Keelavasal.",
"title": "Transport"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "There is an educational institution named St. Mary's Higher Secondary School for boys situated on East Veli street at Keelavasal.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Keelavasal has a historical palace viz., Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal built by King Thirumalai Nayakkar, the then ruler of Madurai.",
"title": "Historical importance"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "There is a Hindu temple viz., Thenthiruvalavaya Swamy temple in Keelavasal, which is maintained by the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu.",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Also there is a Christian Catholic Church namely St. Mary's Cathedral, which was built in the year 1841, on East Veli Street in Keelavasal.",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Keelavasal area falls under the Madurai South Assembly constituency.Also, this area belongs to Madurai Lok Sabha constituency.",
"title": "Politics"
}
] | Keelavasal (Keellhavaasal) is a neighborhood in Madurai of Tamil Nadu state in the peninsular India. | 2023-12-09T04:04:39Z | 2023-12-13T05:09:14Z | [
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"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
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"Template:Infobox settlement",
"Template:Coord"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelavasal,_Madurai |
75,521,143 | Extra Ordinary Man | Extra Ordinary Man is a 2023 Indian Telugu-language action comedy film written and directed by Vakkantham Vamsi. It is produced by Sreshth Movies and Ruchira Entertainments. It stars Nithiin and Sreeleela. The film was released theatrically on 8 December 2023, and received mixed to negative reviews from critics.
Abhinay aka Abhi, a junior artist with a goal of becoming a mainstream actor, fails in multiple attempts. He then becomes the CEO of his lover Likitha's company. Unexpectedly, he confronts a criminal named Nero in a film-like scenario and challenges him to defeat him. The rest of the story revolves around his actions and Nero's reactions to his plans.
The principal photography of the film started in June 2023. The filming was completed in 60 days and wrapped up in August 2023.
The music and background score is composed by Harris Jayaraj. The audio rights were acquired by Aditya Music. The first single, "Danger Pilla", was released on the 2 August.
Extra Ordinary Man was expected to be released theatrically on 23 December 2023, but preponed to 8 December 2023.
Raghu Bandi of Indian Express gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "Vakkantham Vamshi’s writing is poor, illogical and hardly entertains. His direction is equally lacklustre." NTV gave 2/5 stars and wrote "The story needs breathing space for all the elements to flourish. Some things look over cooked and over stretched to the level of feeling cringe at every moment. An ordinary routine film in pursuit of becoming Extra Ordinary became silly and pointless."
In her negative review, Neeshita Nyayapati of Hindustan Times called it "most ridiculous film of 2023". BVS Prakash of Deccan Chronicle wrote "After disasters like ‘Maestro’ and ‘Macherla Niyojikavargam’, young actor Nithin has again chosen a lackluster plot ‘Extra’ Ordinary Man which falls flat on its face. It neither boasts of a novel plot nor has an interesting narration." Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of The Hindu wrote the film "is sometimes smart, sometimes silly and overstretched, but ensures plenty of laughs". | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Extra Ordinary Man is a 2023 Indian Telugu-language action comedy film written and directed by Vakkantham Vamsi. It is produced by Sreshth Movies and Ruchira Entertainments. It stars Nithiin and Sreeleela. The film was released theatrically on 8 December 2023, and received mixed to negative reviews from critics.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Abhinay aka Abhi, a junior artist with a goal of becoming a mainstream actor, fails in multiple attempts. He then becomes the CEO of his lover Likitha's company. Unexpectedly, he confronts a criminal named Nero in a film-like scenario and challenges him to defeat him. The rest of the story revolves around his actions and Nero's reactions to his plans.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The principal photography of the film started in June 2023. The filming was completed in 60 days and wrapped up in August 2023.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The music and background score is composed by Harris Jayaraj. The audio rights were acquired by Aditya Music. The first single, \"Danger Pilla\", was released on the 2 August.",
"title": "Soundtrack"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Extra Ordinary Man was expected to be released theatrically on 23 December 2023, but preponed to 8 December 2023.",
"title": "Release"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Raghu Bandi of Indian Express gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote \"Vakkantham Vamshi’s writing is poor, illogical and hardly entertains. His direction is equally lacklustre.\" NTV gave 2/5 stars and wrote \"The story needs breathing space for all the elements to flourish. Some things look over cooked and over stretched to the level of feeling cringe at every moment. An ordinary routine film in pursuit of becoming Extra Ordinary became silly and pointless.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In her negative review, Neeshita Nyayapati of Hindustan Times called it \"most ridiculous film of 2023\". BVS Prakash of Deccan Chronicle wrote \"After disasters like ‘Maestro’ and ‘Macherla Niyojikavargam’, young actor Nithin has again chosen a lackluster plot ‘Extra’ Ordinary Man which falls flat on its face. It neither boasts of a novel plot nor has an interesting narration.\" Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of The Hindu wrote the film \"is sometimes smart, sometimes silly and overstretched, but ensures plenty of laughs\".",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | Extra Ordinary Man is a 2023 Indian Telugu-language action comedy film written and directed by Vakkantham Vamsi. It is produced by Sreshth Movies and Ruchira Entertainments. It stars Nithiin and Sreeleela. The film was released theatrically on 8 December 2023, and received mixed to negative reviews from critics. | 2023-12-09T04:04:44Z | 2023-12-28T16:22:16Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_Ordinary_Man |
75,521,167 | Postings list | The postings list is a data structure commonly used in information retrieval (IR) systems to store indexing information about a corpus. It is central to the design and efficiency of search engines and database management systems that need to retrieve information rapidly.
At the bare minimum, a postings list is associated with a term from a document and records the places where that term appears. Each term found in documents within a corpus is mapped to a corresponding postings list containing information such as the documents the term appears in and often the positions within those documents.
A postings list consists of posting elements, sometimes referred to as postings. Each posting typically contains:
The exact structure of a postings list can vary based on its application, with some using linked lists, arrays, or more complex data structures like skip lists to optimize for different types of searches.
During a search query, the IR system retrieves postings lists for each term in the query to determine which documents contain the terms and how relevant those documents could be based on the frequency and positions of the terms.
Some variants of postings lists include: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The postings list is a data structure commonly used in information retrieval (IR) systems to store indexing information about a corpus. It is central to the design and efficiency of search engines and database management systems that need to retrieve information rapidly.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "At the bare minimum, a postings list is associated with a term from a document and records the places where that term appears. Each term found in documents within a corpus is mapped to a corresponding postings list containing information such as the documents the term appears in and often the positions within those documents.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "A postings list consists of posting elements, sometimes referred to as postings. Each posting typically contains:",
"title": "Structure"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The exact structure of a postings list can vary based on its application, with some using linked lists, arrays, or more complex data structures like skip lists to optimize for different types of searches.",
"title": "Structure"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "During a search query, the IR system retrieves postings lists for each term in the query to determine which documents contain the terms and how relevant those documents could be based on the frequency and positions of the terms.",
"title": "Structure"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Some variants of postings lists include:",
"title": "Variants"
}
] | The postings list is a data structure commonly used in information retrieval (IR) systems to store indexing information about a corpus. It is central to the design and efficiency of search engines and database management systems that need to retrieve information rapidly. At the bare minimum, a postings list is associated with a term from a document and records the places where that term appears. Each term found in documents within a corpus is mapped to a corresponding postings list containing information such as the documents the term appears in and often the positions within those documents. | 2023-12-09T04:10:24Z | 2023-12-13T01:52:02Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite book"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postings_list |
75,521,170 | Dumlusu | Dumlusu is a village in the Muş District, Muş Province, in east Turkey.
Dumlusu and the plateau used for animal husbandry are located on the Otluk Mountains.
There is a primary school in the village. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Dumlusu is a village in the Muş District, Muş Province, in east Turkey.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Dumlusu and the plateau used for animal husbandry are located on the Otluk Mountains.",
"title": "Geology and geography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "There is a primary school in the village.",
"title": "Education"
}
] | Dumlusu is a village in the Muş District, Muş Province, in east Turkey. | 2023-12-09T04:10:48Z | 2023-12-09T04:25:07Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Muş-geo-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox Turkey place"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumlusu |
75,521,172 | Robert C. Smith (disambiguation) | Robert C. Smith, better known as Bob Smith (born 1941) is an American politician. Robert C. Smith may also refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Robert C. Smith, better known as Bob Smith (born 1941) is an American politician. Robert C. Smith may also refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Robert C. Smith, better known as Bob Smith is an American politician. Robert C. Smith may also refer to: Robert C. Smith, political science professor at San Francisco State University
Robert Cross Smith (1795–1832), English astrologer
Robert Curtis Smith (1930–2010), American Piedmont blues singer, guitarist and songwriter | 2023-12-09T04:11:29Z | 2023-12-09T04:11:29Z | [
"Template:Hndis"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Smith_(disambiguation) |
75,521,182 | 2022–23 Southern Miss Lady Eagles basketball team | The 2022–23 Southern Miss Lady Eagles basketball team represented the University of Southern Mississippi during the 2022–23 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The team was led by nineteenth-year head coach Joye Lee-McNelis, and played their home games at the Reed Green Coliseum in Hattiesburg, Mississippi as a member of the Sun Belt Conference.
The Lady Eagles finished as co-conference regular season champions with a record of 21–10 overall and 13–5 in conference play.
The Lady Eagles finished 18–12 and 9–8 in conference-play for the 2021–22 basketball season. They lost in the conference tournament quarterfinal to Middle Tennessee, 50–70, and were unable to secure a bid into the NCAA tournament.
In March 2022, Southern Miss, as well as C-USA members Old Dominion and Marshall, announced that they would be joining the Sun Belt Conference effective July 1, 2022 to compete as full-time members for the 2022–23 season. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2022–23 Southern Miss Lady Eagles basketball team represented the University of Southern Mississippi during the 2022–23 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The team was led by nineteenth-year head coach Joye Lee-McNelis, and played their home games at the Reed Green Coliseum in Hattiesburg, Mississippi as a member of the Sun Belt Conference.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Lady Eagles finished as co-conference regular season champions with a record of 21–10 overall and 13–5 in conference play.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Lady Eagles finished 18–12 and 9–8 in conference-play for the 2021–22 basketball season. They lost in the conference tournament quarterfinal to Middle Tennessee, 50–70, and were unable to secure a bid into the NCAA tournament.",
"title": "Previous season"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In March 2022, Southern Miss, as well as C-USA members Old Dominion and Marshall, announced that they would be joining the Sun Belt Conference effective July 1, 2022 to compete as full-time members for the 2022–23 season.",
"title": "Previous season"
}
] | The 2022–23 Southern Miss Lady Eagles basketball team represented the University of Southern Mississippi during the 2022–23 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The team was led by nineteenth-year head coach Joye Lee-McNelis, and played their home games at the Reed Green Coliseum in Hattiesburg, Mississippi as a member of the Sun Belt Conference. The Lady Eagles finished as co-conference regular season champions with a record of 21–10 overall and 13–5 in conference play. | 2023-12-09T04:13:30Z | 2023-12-14T03:10:08Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Southern_Miss_Lady_Eagles_basketball_team |
75,521,193 | Bad Dürrenberg burial | The Bad Dürrenberg burial is a 9000 year old Mesolithic double burial of a woman and baby that was discovered in 1934 near Bad Dürrenberg, Germany.
The grave was discovered on 4 May 1934 while cutting a trench for a water pipe in a park near the town of Bad Dürrenberg. It was excavated in one day directed by W. Henning, a conservator at the Halle State Museum of Prehistory. No photographs were taken of the burial due to time pressure. The only records are written descriptions and a sketch plan which do not record the exact positioning of the bodies and objects.
The double burial contained the skeletal remains of an adult woman aged 30–40 years and a 6-8 month old infant. Radiocarbon dating of human and animal bone yielded a date of 7000-6800 BC, placing the interment in the Mesolithic period. The woman was buried in a sitting position with flexed arms and legs. The baby was positioned between her legs. The grave was filled with powdered red ochre. It contained an "exceptional number" of grave goods, including 50 pierced animal teeth, and microlith blades stored in a crane bone. The woman has been interpreted as a shaman, based on the presence of a portion of roe deer skull with antlers that was presumably attached to headwear.
The woman had an incompletely formed atlas vertebra and associated malformations of the foramen magnum and vertebral arteries. This may have caused neuropathological conditions, such as abnormal sensations, ataxia, or induced rapid eye movement (nystagmus) or double vision.
Genetic analysis revealed she likely had a "relatively dark skin complexion, dark, straight hair and blue eyes". The baby boy she was buried with was found to be a fourth or fifth degree genetic relative with a shared mitochondrial haplogroup; she may have been a direct relative, such as his great-great-grandmother, or she may have been an aunt or cousin several generations removed. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Bad Dürrenberg burial is a 9000 year old Mesolithic double burial of a woman and baby that was discovered in 1934 near Bad Dürrenberg, Germany.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The grave was discovered on 4 May 1934 while cutting a trench for a water pipe in a park near the town of Bad Dürrenberg. It was excavated in one day directed by W. Henning, a conservator at the Halle State Museum of Prehistory. No photographs were taken of the burial due to time pressure. The only records are written descriptions and a sketch plan which do not record the exact positioning of the bodies and objects.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The double burial contained the skeletal remains of an adult woman aged 30–40 years and a 6-8 month old infant. Radiocarbon dating of human and animal bone yielded a date of 7000-6800 BC, placing the interment in the Mesolithic period. The woman was buried in a sitting position with flexed arms and legs. The baby was positioned between her legs. The grave was filled with powdered red ochre. It contained an \"exceptional number\" of grave goods, including 50 pierced animal teeth, and microlith blades stored in a crane bone. The woman has been interpreted as a shaman, based on the presence of a portion of roe deer skull with antlers that was presumably attached to headwear.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The woman had an incompletely formed atlas vertebra and associated malformations of the foramen magnum and vertebral arteries. This may have caused neuropathological conditions, such as abnormal sensations, ataxia, or induced rapid eye movement (nystagmus) or double vision.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Genetic analysis revealed she likely had a \"relatively dark skin complexion, dark, straight hair and blue eyes\". The baby boy she was buried with was found to be a fourth or fifth degree genetic relative with a shared mitochondrial haplogroup; she may have been a direct relative, such as his great-great-grandmother, or she may have been an aunt or cousin several generations removed.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Bad Dürrenberg burial is a 9000 year old Mesolithic double burial of a woman and baby that was discovered in 1934 near Bad Dürrenberg, Germany. The grave was discovered on 4 May 1934 while cutting a trench for a water pipe in a park near the town of Bad Dürrenberg. It was excavated in one day directed by W. Henning, a conservator at the Halle State Museum of Prehistory. No photographs were taken of the burial due to time pressure. The only records are written descriptions and a sketch plan which do not record the exact positioning of the bodies and objects. The double burial contained the skeletal remains of an adult woman aged 30–40 years and a 6-8 month old infant. Radiocarbon dating of human and animal bone yielded a date of 7000-6800 BC, placing the interment in the Mesolithic period. The woman was buried in a sitting position with flexed arms and legs. The baby was positioned between her legs. The grave was filled with powdered red ochre. It contained an "exceptional number" of grave goods, including 50 pierced animal teeth, and microlith blades stored in a crane bone. The woman has been interpreted as a shaman, based on the presence of a portion of roe deer skull with antlers that was presumably attached to headwear. The woman had an incompletely formed atlas vertebra and associated malformations of the foramen magnum and vertebral arteries. This may have caused neuropathological conditions, such as abnormal sensations, ataxia, or induced rapid eye movement (nystagmus) or double vision. Genetic analysis revealed she likely had a "relatively dark skin complexion, dark, straight hair and blue
eyes". The baby boy she was buried with was found to be a fourth or fifth degree genetic relative with a shared mitochondrial haplogroup; she may have been a direct relative, such as his great-great-grandmother, or she may have been an aunt or cousin several generations removed. | 2023-12-09T04:17:18Z | 2023-12-20T03:51:21Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_D%C3%BCrrenberg_burial |
75,521,209 | Bournemouth Daily Echo building | The Bournemouth Daily Echo building is a historic landmark and Grade II listed building in Bournemouth, England. The office building is located on Richmond Hill next door to the Sacred Heart Church.
The building was built in 1932 by Seal and Hardy as offices for the Bournemouth Echo newspaper. The designs are in the Art Deco architecture with maritime features in an Egyptian sandstone colour. In 2021, the building was redeveloped into a larger office space. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Bournemouth Daily Echo building is a historic landmark and Grade II listed building in Bournemouth, England. The office building is located on Richmond Hill next door to the Sacred Heart Church.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The building was built in 1932 by Seal and Hardy as offices for the Bournemouth Echo newspaper. The designs are in the Art Deco architecture with maritime features in an Egyptian sandstone colour. In 2021, the building was redeveloped into a larger office space.",
"title": "History"
}
] | The Bournemouth Daily Echo building is a historic landmark and Grade II listed building in Bournemouth, England. The office building is located on Richmond Hill next door to the Sacred Heart Church. | 2023-12-09T04:22:52Z | 2023-12-09T17:55:07Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth_Daily_Echo_building |
75,521,226 | List of Chinese films of 2021 | The following is a list of Chinese films scheduled for release in 2021.
These are the top 10 grossing Chinese films that were released in China in 2021: | [
{
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"text": "The following is a list of Chinese films scheduled for release in 2021.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "These are the top 10 grossing Chinese films that were released in China in 2021:",
"title": "Highest-grossing films"
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] | The following is a list of Chinese films scheduled for release in 2021. | 2023-12-09T04:26:56Z | 2023-12-11T02:55:16Z | [
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"Template:Chinese film list",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2021 |
75,521,238 | 2024 USL Championship season | The 2024 USL Championship season will be the 14th season of the USL Championship and the seventh season under Division II sanctioning. The 2024 season will have 24 teams participating in two conferences during the regular season. Conference realignment will see Memphis 901 FC and FC Tulsa join the Western Conference, while expansion sides North Carolina FC and Rhode Island FC will join the Eastern Conference. Phoenix Rising FC are the defending league champions and the Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC are the defending Players' Shield winners.
Expansion clubs:
Departing clubs:
The teams will play a balanced 34-game schedule. Each team will play their conference opponents twice, and play one game each with the teams in the opposite conference. The top 8 teams in each conference will make the playoffs. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2024 USL Championship season will be the 14th season of the USL Championship and the seventh season under Division II sanctioning. The 2024 season will have 24 teams participating in two conferences during the regular season. Conference realignment will see Memphis 901 FC and FC Tulsa join the Western Conference, while expansion sides North Carolina FC and Rhode Island FC will join the Eastern Conference. Phoenix Rising FC are the defending league champions and the Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC are the defending Players' Shield winners.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Expansion clubs:",
"title": "Teams"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Departing clubs:",
"title": "Teams"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The teams will play a balanced 34-game schedule. Each team will play their conference opponents twice, and play one game each with the teams in the opposite conference. The top 8 teams in each conference will make the playoffs.",
"title": "Regular season"
}
] | The 2024 USL Championship season will be the 14th season of the USL Championship and the seventh season under Division II sanctioning. The 2024 season will have 24 teams participating in two conferences during the regular season. Conference realignment will see Memphis 901 FC and FC Tulsa join the Western Conference, while expansion sides North Carolina FC and Rhode Island FC will join the Eastern Conference. Phoenix Rising FC are the defending league champions and the Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC are the defending Players' Shield winners. | 2023-12-09T04:29:42Z | 2023-12-27T04:47:07Z | [
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75,521,240 | GRSI model | What is dark matter? What is dark energy?
The GRSI model is an attempt to explain astrophysical and cosmological observations without dark matter, dark energy or modifying the laws of gravity as they are currently established. This model is an alternative to Lambda-CDM, the standard model of cosmology.
The model was proposed in a series of articles, the first dating from 2003. The basic point is that since within General Relativity, gravitational fields couple to each other, this can effectively increase the gravitational interaction between massive objects. The additional gravitational strength then avoid the need for dark matter. This field coupling is the origin of General Relativity's non-linear behavior. It can be understood, in particle language, as gravitons interacting with each other (despite being massless) because they carry energy-momentum.
A natural implication of this model is its explanation of the accelerating expansion of the universe without resorting to dark energy. The increased binding energy within a galaxy requires, by energy conservation, a weakening of gravitational attraction outside said galaxy. This mimics the repulsion of dark energy.
The GRSI model is inspired from the Strong Nuclear Force, where a comparable phenomenon occurs. The interaction between gluons emitted by static or nearly static quarks dramatically strengthens quark-quark interaction, ultimately leading to quark confinement on the one hand (analogous to the need of stronger gravity to explain away dark matter) and the suppression of the Strong Nuclear Force outside hadrons (analogous to the repulsion of dark energy that balances gravitational attraction at large scales.) Two other parallel phenomena are the Tully-Fisher relation in galaxy dynamics that is analogous to the Regge trajectories emerging from the strong force. In both cases, the phenomenological formulas describing these observations are similar, albeit with different numerical factors.
These parallels are expected from a theoretical point of view: General Relativity and the Strong Interaction Lagrangians have the same form. The validity of the GRSI model then simply hinges on whether the coupling of the gravitational fields is large enough so that the same effects that occur in hadrons also occur in very massive systems. This coupling is effectively given by G M / L {\displaystyle {\sqrt {GM/L}}} , where G {\displaystyle G} is the gravitational constant, M {\displaystyle M} is the mass of the system, and L {\displaystyle L} is a characteristic length of the system. The claim of the GRSI proponents, based either on lattice calculations, a background-field model. or the coincidental phenomenologies in galactic or hadronic dynamics mentioned in the previous paragraph, is that G M / L {\displaystyle {\sqrt {GM/L}}} is indeed sufficiently large for large systems such as galaxies.
The main observations that appear to require dark matter and/or dark energy can be explained within this model. Namely,
Additionally, the model explains observations that are currently challenging to understand within Lambda-CDM:
Finally, the model made a prediction that the amount of missing mass (i.e., the dark mass in dark matter approaches) in elliptical galaxies correlates with the ellipticity of the galaxies. This was tested and verified. | [
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"text": "The GRSI model is an attempt to explain astrophysical and cosmological observations without dark matter, dark energy or modifying the laws of gravity as they are currently established. This model is an alternative to Lambda-CDM, the standard model of cosmology.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "The model was proposed in a series of articles, the first dating from 2003. The basic point is that since within General Relativity, gravitational fields couple to each other, this can effectively increase the gravitational interaction between massive objects. The additional gravitational strength then avoid the need for dark matter. This field coupling is the origin of General Relativity's non-linear behavior. It can be understood, in particle language, as gravitons interacting with each other (despite being massless) because they carry energy-momentum.",
"title": "History and description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "A natural implication of this model is its explanation of the accelerating expansion of the universe without resorting to dark energy. The increased binding energy within a galaxy requires, by energy conservation, a weakening of gravitational attraction outside said galaxy. This mimics the repulsion of dark energy.",
"title": "History and description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The GRSI model is inspired from the Strong Nuclear Force, where a comparable phenomenon occurs. The interaction between gluons emitted by static or nearly static quarks dramatically strengthens quark-quark interaction, ultimately leading to quark confinement on the one hand (analogous to the need of stronger gravity to explain away dark matter) and the suppression of the Strong Nuclear Force outside hadrons (analogous to the repulsion of dark energy that balances gravitational attraction at large scales.) Two other parallel phenomena are the Tully-Fisher relation in galaxy dynamics that is analogous to the Regge trajectories emerging from the strong force. In both cases, the phenomenological formulas describing these observations are similar, albeit with different numerical factors.",
"title": "History and description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "These parallels are expected from a theoretical point of view: General Relativity and the Strong Interaction Lagrangians have the same form. The validity of the GRSI model then simply hinges on whether the coupling of the gravitational fields is large enough so that the same effects that occur in hadrons also occur in very massive systems. This coupling is effectively given by G M / L {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {GM/L}}} , where G {\\displaystyle G} is the gravitational constant, M {\\displaystyle M} is the mass of the system, and L {\\displaystyle L} is a characteristic length of the system. The claim of the GRSI proponents, based either on lattice calculations, a background-field model. or the coincidental phenomenologies in galactic or hadronic dynamics mentioned in the previous paragraph, is that G M / L {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {GM/L}}} is indeed sufficiently large for large systems such as galaxies.",
"title": "History and description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The main observations that appear to require dark matter and/or dark energy can be explained within this model. Namely,",
"title": "List of topics studied in the Model"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Additionally, the model explains observations that are currently challenging to understand within Lambda-CDM:",
"title": "List of topics studied in the Model"
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{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Finally, the model made a prediction that the amount of missing mass (i.e., the dark mass in dark matter approaches) in elliptical galaxies correlates with the ellipticity of the galaxies. This was tested and verified.",
"title": "List of topics studied in the Model"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "",
"title": "List of topics studied in the Model"
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] | The GRSI model is an attempt to explain astrophysical and cosmological observations without dark matter, dark energy or modifying the laws of gravity as they are currently established. This model is an alternative to Lambda-CDM, the standard model of cosmology. | 2023-12-09T04:30:04Z | 2023-12-29T23:44:57Z | [
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75,521,250 | 1967 Australian Capital Territory general election | The 1967 Australian Capital Territory general election was held in September 1967 to elect all eight members of the Advisory Council, the main elected representative body of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT).
The election was contested by the True Whig Party, a joke party formed by satirist Alan Fitzgerald in 1966. Although standing on a joke platform and promising to "do nothing", Fitzgerald was elected with the third highest primary vote behind Labor and the Liberal Party.
Prior to the election, the ACT Progress and Welfare Council had dissolved, and incumbent member Jim Pead stood as an independent candidate.
The Liberal Party returned to having representation on the council, having not won any seats in 1964. | [
{
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"text": "The 1967 Australian Capital Territory general election was held in September 1967 to elect all eight members of the Advisory Council, the main elected representative body of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The election was contested by the True Whig Party, a joke party formed by satirist Alan Fitzgerald in 1966. Although standing on a joke platform and promising to \"do nothing\", Fitzgerald was elected with the third highest primary vote behind Labor and the Liberal Party.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Prior to the election, the ACT Progress and Welfare Council had dissolved, and incumbent member Jim Pead stood as an independent candidate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Liberal Party returned to having representation on the council, having not won any seats in 1964.",
"title": "Results"
}
] | The 1967 Australian Capital Territory general election was held in September 1967 to elect all eight members of the Advisory Council, the main elected representative body of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The election was contested by the True Whig Party, a joke party formed by satirist Alan Fitzgerald in 1966. Although standing on a joke platform and promising to "do nothing", Fitzgerald was elected with the third highest primary vote behind Labor and the Liberal Party. Prior to the election, the ACT Progress and Welfare Council had dissolved, and incumbent member Jim Pead stood as an independent candidate. | 2023-12-09T04:33:50Z | 2023-12-10T00:16:06Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Australian_Capital_Territory_general_election |
75,521,280 | William W. Joscelyn | William W. Joscelyn (July 1, 1926 – December 1, 2015) was an American politician. He served as a Democratic member for the Belknap 2nd district of the New Hampshire House of Representatives.
Joscelyn was a postal carrier.
Joscelyn served in the New Hampshire House of Representatives from 1990 to 1992 and again from 1998 to 2000.
Joscelyn died in December 2015, at the age of 89.
Category:1926 births Category:2015 deaths Category:Democratic Party members of the New Hampshire House of Representatives Category:20th-century American politicians | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "William W. Joscelyn (July 1, 1926 – December 1, 2015) was an American politician. He served as a Democratic member for the Belknap 2nd district of the New Hampshire House of Representatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"title": "Life and career"
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"text": "Joscelyn served in the New Hampshire House of Representatives from 1990 to 1992 and again from 1998 to 2000.",
"title": "Life and career"
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{
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"title": "Life and career"
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{
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"text": "Category:1926 births Category:2015 deaths Category:Democratic Party members of the New Hampshire House of Representatives Category:20th-century American politicians",
"title": "References"
},
{
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"text": "",
"title": "References"
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] | William W. Joscelyn was an American politician. He served as a Democratic member for the Belknap 2nd district of the New Hampshire House of Representatives. | 2023-12-09T04:40:21Z | 2023-12-09T14:31:25Z | [
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75,521,301 | Vultures (Kanye West and Ty Dolla Sign album) | Vultures is the upcoming debut studio album by the American hip hop superduo ¥$, composed of Kanye West and Ty Dolla Sign. It is scheduled to be released on January 12, 2024. The album features potential guest appearances from Lil Baby, Charlie Wilson, Freddie Gibbs, Quavo, Playboi Carti, Chris Brown, Rich the Kid, Future, India Love, Nicki Minaj, Bump J, Lil Durk, Lil Wayne, Bad Bunny, Kodak Black, Young Thug, Kid Cudi and West's daughter North. Production was handled by West and Ty Dolla Sign, among others. It serves as a follow-up to both artists' respective 2021 albums, Donda and Cheers to the Best Memories, and also marks their first independent studio album. It is West's first project since his series of antisemitic statements made in late 2022, as well as his latest music project since his unfinished demo album Donda 2 (2022).
Vultures was teased throughout late 2023 under the placeholder title ¥$, with several listening events being announced in promotion, including a multi-stadium listening event and a concert in Reggio Emilia, Italy, all of which were canceled. The title track, which features Bump J and Lil Durk, was released on November 22 as the lead single. The album's first tracklist was revealed on December 8. Two days later, West previewed the album for fans at a restaurant in Wynwood, Florida, where he revealed the album's title and its release date. On December 12, West and Ty Dolla Sign held a listening event titled "Vultures Rave", the first in a series of these events; the raves feature certain guest artists who are potentially featured on the album. The album faced repeated delays after failing to meet its originally scheduled release date of December 15, reportedly due to sample clearance issues.
On August 25, 2023, NBC News reported that West had been working on music throughout the summer and planned to release a new album, saying "new music is imminent." On October 13, 2023, Billboard reported that West and Ty Dolla Sign were planning to release a collaborative album and were shopping it to record labels for distribution. The labels had been distancing themselves from West due to his widely publicized antisemitic comments in late 2022. The album had seemingly been delayed because Universal Music Group, the parent company of Def Jam Recordings, West's previous label, stated that they were no longer working with him. In October, West and Ty Dolla Sign were spotted in recording studios in Italy alongside other artists. A joint concert at RCF Arena in Reggio Emilia, Italy was reportedly planned for October 20 but was delayed by a week and then cancelled.
In an Instagram post on October 23, Ty Dolla Sign confirmed the album's existence and also announced a "multi stadium listening event" to be held on November 3 in promotion of the album, similar to listening parties West hosted during the release of his tenth studio album, Donda (2021). The post contained a black background with white text that displayed "¥$". Leading up to the events, West and Ty Dolla Sign were spotted in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, leading some fans to speculate that the events would take place there. The events were cancelled, with the duo's plans to release the album that night being scrapped. Fans likened the repeated delays and cancellations to Yandhi, an album by West that was supposed to be released in 2018 before being delayed a year and eventually released under a different name as Jesus Is King (2019).
During a performance in early November 2023, Ty Dolla Sign stated that he had just flown in from Saudi Arabia, where he was working with West on their upcoming album, and said that it was "coming real soon". Videos of the two recording with American rapper Lil Baby in Saudi Arabia also surfaced online. Images picturing West working in a "desolate setting surrounded by little except chairs and tents" were released as well. British record producer Fred Again played snippets of a song by West and Ty Dolla Sign at a club, seemingly from their collaborative project. On November 17, DJ Pharris previewed the title track, lead, and only single of the album, which features American rappers Bump J and Lil Durk, on his radio show, WPWX Power 92 Chicago, which was released five days later, marking the first collaborative effort by West and Ty Dolla Sign as ¥$.
Ty posted a hand-written tracklist for the project to his Instagram account on December 8, 2023. Later that night, West previewed the opening track, "Everybody", which included a sample from the Backstreet Boys song "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)". On December 10, Ty Dolla Sign announced a listening event entitled Vultures Rave to be held in Sunrise, Florida on December 12. That same day, American rapper Playboi Carti revealed West had invited him to perform at the Vultures Rave. Later on December 10, West played songs from the album at a restaurant in Wynwood, Florida revealing features from American singer Chris Brown and rappers Future and Young Thug. At the event, West revealed the title of the album—Vultures— and said it would be released on December 15. At the Vultures Rave, West played 10 tracks from Vultures, along with guests Chris Brown, Offset, Kodak Black, Lil Durk, Bump J, Freddie Gibbs and West's daughter North. Technical difficulties prevented them from previewing more songs from the album. West faced criticism for wearing a black hooded outfit at the Vultures Rave, with several commentators noting its similarity to traditional Ku Klux Klan uniforms. West has previously evoked Ku Klux Klan imagery for his single "Black Skinhead" (2013), though Trace William Cowen of Complex noted that context of the imagery has since changed because of West's 2022 praise for Adolf Hitler. Calos de Loera of the Los Angeles Times opined that West's outfit served to amplify his antisemitic remarks and other inflammatory beliefs.
On December 13, media outlets reported that the Backstreet Boys interpolation in the first track of Vultures wasn't authorized. The following day West sent a text message to Nicki Minaj asking her for permission to include "New Body" on the album; during an Instagram Live stream, she rejected West's request, saying "why would I put out a song that's been out for three years?" In response to Minaj's statements, West said "I made that girl rewrite her verse three times for 'Monster'. I supported her career. So I don't know what it is." The album was available to pre-save on streaming services but was removed one day before release, reportedly due to credit issues. On December 15, XXL reported that an additional listening event would be held in Saudi Arabia and that the album would now be releasing on December 31. On December 21, representatives for West confirmed to Billboard that the release of Vultures had been further delayed to January 12, 2024.
The cover art for Vultures consists of an 1835 painting by German artist Caspar David Friedrich, Landscape with Graves, with the album title and the subtitle "Volume 1" displayed in a black Gregorian font. An image originally believed to be the album's cover artwork, consisting of a monochromatic version of Landscape with Graves centered on a black background with the album's title displayed in white Gregorian font, was revealed on December 11, 2023, when Playboi Carti posted an iMessage exchange between him and Ye where he was sent that version.
The final cover art was revealed on December 12, 2023, by Ty Dolla Sign in an Instagram post. Writing for HipHopDX, Sam Moore described the cover as being "linked to Nazism", noting Friedrich's status as a favorite artist of Adolf Hitler; Moore further observed that the cover's typography was reminiscent of that used by Burzum, a black metal band founded by the neo-Nazi Varg Vikernes and previously sampled on West and Gucci Mane's "Pussy Print" in 2016. The Burzum comparison and Hitler's adoration of Friedrich was also reported on by The Guardian and The Independent. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Vultures is the upcoming debut studio album by the American hip hop superduo ¥$, composed of Kanye West and Ty Dolla Sign. It is scheduled to be released on January 12, 2024. The album features potential guest appearances from Lil Baby, Charlie Wilson, Freddie Gibbs, Quavo, Playboi Carti, Chris Brown, Rich the Kid, Future, India Love, Nicki Minaj, Bump J, Lil Durk, Lil Wayne, Bad Bunny, Kodak Black, Young Thug, Kid Cudi and West's daughter North. Production was handled by West and Ty Dolla Sign, among others. It serves as a follow-up to both artists' respective 2021 albums, Donda and Cheers to the Best Memories, and also marks their first independent studio album. It is West's first project since his series of antisemitic statements made in late 2022, as well as his latest music project since his unfinished demo album Donda 2 (2022).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Vultures was teased throughout late 2023 under the placeholder title ¥$, with several listening events being announced in promotion, including a multi-stadium listening event and a concert in Reggio Emilia, Italy, all of which were canceled. The title track, which features Bump J and Lil Durk, was released on November 22 as the lead single. The album's first tracklist was revealed on December 8. Two days later, West previewed the album for fans at a restaurant in Wynwood, Florida, where he revealed the album's title and its release date. On December 12, West and Ty Dolla Sign held a listening event titled \"Vultures Rave\", the first in a series of these events; the raves feature certain guest artists who are potentially featured on the album. The album faced repeated delays after failing to meet its originally scheduled release date of December 15, reportedly due to sample clearance issues.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On August 25, 2023, NBC News reported that West had been working on music throughout the summer and planned to release a new album, saying \"new music is imminent.\" On October 13, 2023, Billboard reported that West and Ty Dolla Sign were planning to release a collaborative album and were shopping it to record labels for distribution. The labels had been distancing themselves from West due to his widely publicized antisemitic comments in late 2022. The album had seemingly been delayed because Universal Music Group, the parent company of Def Jam Recordings, West's previous label, stated that they were no longer working with him. In October, West and Ty Dolla Sign were spotted in recording studios in Italy alongside other artists. A joint concert at RCF Arena in Reggio Emilia, Italy was reportedly planned for October 20 but was delayed by a week and then cancelled.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In an Instagram post on October 23, Ty Dolla Sign confirmed the album's existence and also announced a \"multi stadium listening event\" to be held on November 3 in promotion of the album, similar to listening parties West hosted during the release of his tenth studio album, Donda (2021). The post contained a black background with white text that displayed \"¥$\". Leading up to the events, West and Ty Dolla Sign were spotted in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, leading some fans to speculate that the events would take place there. The events were cancelled, with the duo's plans to release the album that night being scrapped. Fans likened the repeated delays and cancellations to Yandhi, an album by West that was supposed to be released in 2018 before being delayed a year and eventually released under a different name as Jesus Is King (2019).",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "During a performance in early November 2023, Ty Dolla Sign stated that he had just flown in from Saudi Arabia, where he was working with West on their upcoming album, and said that it was \"coming real soon\". Videos of the two recording with American rapper Lil Baby in Saudi Arabia also surfaced online. Images picturing West working in a \"desolate setting surrounded by little except chairs and tents\" were released as well. British record producer Fred Again played snippets of a song by West and Ty Dolla Sign at a club, seemingly from their collaborative project. On November 17, DJ Pharris previewed the title track, lead, and only single of the album, which features American rappers Bump J and Lil Durk, on his radio show, WPWX Power 92 Chicago, which was released five days later, marking the first collaborative effort by West and Ty Dolla Sign as ¥$.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Ty posted a hand-written tracklist for the project to his Instagram account on December 8, 2023. Later that night, West previewed the opening track, \"Everybody\", which included a sample from the Backstreet Boys song \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\". On December 10, Ty Dolla Sign announced a listening event entitled Vultures Rave to be held in Sunrise, Florida on December 12. That same day, American rapper Playboi Carti revealed West had invited him to perform at the Vultures Rave. Later on December 10, West played songs from the album at a restaurant in Wynwood, Florida revealing features from American singer Chris Brown and rappers Future and Young Thug. At the event, West revealed the title of the album—Vultures— and said it would be released on December 15. At the Vultures Rave, West played 10 tracks from Vultures, along with guests Chris Brown, Offset, Kodak Black, Lil Durk, Bump J, Freddie Gibbs and West's daughter North. Technical difficulties prevented them from previewing more songs from the album. West faced criticism for wearing a black hooded outfit at the Vultures Rave, with several commentators noting its similarity to traditional Ku Klux Klan uniforms. West has previously evoked Ku Klux Klan imagery for his single \"Black Skinhead\" (2013), though Trace William Cowen of Complex noted that context of the imagery has since changed because of West's 2022 praise for Adolf Hitler. Calos de Loera of the Los Angeles Times opined that West's outfit served to amplify his antisemitic remarks and other inflammatory beliefs.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "On December 13, media outlets reported that the Backstreet Boys interpolation in the first track of Vultures wasn't authorized. The following day West sent a text message to Nicki Minaj asking her for permission to include \"New Body\" on the album; during an Instagram Live stream, she rejected West's request, saying \"why would I put out a song that's been out for three years?\" In response to Minaj's statements, West said \"I made that girl rewrite her verse three times for 'Monster'. I supported her career. So I don't know what it is.\" The album was available to pre-save on streaming services but was removed one day before release, reportedly due to credit issues. On December 15, XXL reported that an additional listening event would be held in Saudi Arabia and that the album would now be releasing on December 31. On December 21, representatives for West confirmed to Billboard that the release of Vultures had been further delayed to January 12, 2024.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The cover art for Vultures consists of an 1835 painting by German artist Caspar David Friedrich, Landscape with Graves, with the album title and the subtitle \"Volume 1\" displayed in a black Gregorian font. An image originally believed to be the album's cover artwork, consisting of a monochromatic version of Landscape with Graves centered on a black background with the album's title displayed in white Gregorian font, was revealed on December 11, 2023, when Playboi Carti posted an iMessage exchange between him and Ye where he was sent that version.",
"title": "Cover art"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The final cover art was revealed on December 12, 2023, by Ty Dolla Sign in an Instagram post. Writing for HipHopDX, Sam Moore described the cover as being \"linked to Nazism\", noting Friedrich's status as a favorite artist of Adolf Hitler; Moore further observed that the cover's typography was reminiscent of that used by Burzum, a black metal band founded by the neo-Nazi Varg Vikernes and previously sampled on West and Gucci Mane's \"Pussy Print\" in 2016. The Burzum comparison and Hitler's adoration of Friedrich was also reported on by The Guardian and The Independent.",
"title": "Cover art"
}
] | Vultures is the upcoming debut studio album by the American hip hop superduo ¥$, composed of Kanye West and Ty Dolla Sign. It is scheduled to be released on January 12, 2024. The album features potential guest appearances from Lil Baby, Charlie Wilson, Freddie Gibbs, Quavo, Playboi Carti, Chris Brown, Rich the Kid, Future, India Love, Nicki Minaj, Bump J, Lil Durk, Lil Wayne, Bad Bunny, Kodak Black, Young Thug, Kid Cudi and West's daughter North. Production was handled by West and Ty Dolla Sign, among others. It serves as a follow-up to both artists' respective 2021 albums, Donda and Cheers to the Best Memories, and also marks their first independent studio album. It is West's first project since his series of antisemitic statements made in late 2022, as well as his latest music project since his unfinished demo album Donda 2 (2022). Vultures was teased throughout late 2023 under the placeholder title ¥$, with several listening events being announced in promotion, including a multi-stadium listening event and a concert in Reggio Emilia, Italy, all of which were canceled. The title track, which features Bump J and Lil Durk, was released on November 22 as the lead single. The album's first tracklist was revealed on December 8. Two days later, West previewed the album for fans at a restaurant in Wynwood, Florida, where he revealed the album's title and its release date. On December 12, West and Ty Dolla Sign held a listening event titled "Vultures Rave", the first in a series of these events; the raves feature certain guest artists who are potentially featured on the album. The album faced repeated delays after failing to meet its originally scheduled release date of December 15, reportedly due to sample clearance issues. | 2023-12-09T04:43:18Z | 2023-12-31T13:26:24Z | [
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75,521,304 | Imani Duncan-Price | Grace Imani Duncan-Price (born July 1976) is former senator of Jamaica, who sat on the government benches under the People's National Party. A former beauty queen, Imani was crowned Miss Jamaica World 1995, and represented Jamaica at the 1995 Miss World Pageant, in Sun City, South Africa. | [
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] | Grace Imani Duncan-Price is former senator of Jamaica, who sat on the government benches under the People's National Party. A former beauty queen, Imani was crowned Miss Jamaica World 1995, and represented Jamaica at the 1995 Miss World Pageant, in Sun City, South Africa. | 2023-12-09T04:43:38Z | 2023-12-11T08:06:13Z | [
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75,521,343 | Samaram Garasiya | Samaram Garasiya is an Indian politician currently serving as a member of the 16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly. He is a member of the Bhartiya Janta Party and represents the Pindwara-Abu Assembly constituency in Sirohi district.
He previously served as a member of the 12th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly, the 14th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly, and the 15th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly, also representing Pindwara-Abu Assembly constituency.
Following the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, he was elected as an MLA from the Pindwara-Abu Assembly constituency, defeating Leelaram Grasiya, the candidate from the Indian National Congress (INC), by a margin of 13,094 votes. | [
{
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] | Samaram Garasiya is an Indian politician currently serving as a member of the 16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly. He is a member of the Bhartiya Janta Party and represents the Pindwara-Abu Assembly constituency in Sirohi district. He previously served as a member of the 12th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly, the 14th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly, and the 15th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly, also representing Pindwara-Abu Assembly constituency. | 2023-12-09T04:49:54Z | 2023-12-14T14:06:49Z | [
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75,521,347 | Caesalpinia lutea | Caesalpinia lutea which is often called Yellow peacock flower a spices from Caesalpinia genus. It is often said that Caesalpinia pulcherrima and Caesalpinia lutea are same plant but they have different characteristics. C. pulcherrima is commonly known as pride of Barbados or red bird of paradise for its's vibrant flowers. On the other hand C. lutea known as Yellow Poinciana has yellow flowers and is a separate species.
Typically, cultivated peacock flowers grow to a height of 8 to 12 feet, even after having frozen solid the previous winter. The leaves are fern-like, doubly compound, and have numerous small, oval leaflets. The stem, branches, and petioles are covered with sharp spines. In tropical areas, the blooms are borne in terminal clusters that are 8 to 10 inches tall for the most of the year, with the exception of late summer and fall when frosts occur. Typical legumes, the fruits are flat and 3-4" long, and when ripe, they burst open loudly to reveal little brown beans inside. incredibly simple to grow on well-drained, alkaline to acidic soils.
Caesalpinia lutea, toptropicals.com | [
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] | Caesalpinia lutea which is often called Yellow peacock flower a spices from Caesalpinia genus. It is often said that Caesalpinia pulcherrima and Caesalpinia lutea are same plant but they have different characteristics. C. pulcherrima is commonly known as pride of Barbados or red bird of paradise for its's vibrant flowers. On the other hand C. lutea known as Yellow Poinciana has yellow flowers and is a separate species. Typically, cultivated peacock flowers grow to a height of 8 to 12 feet, even after having frozen solid the previous winter. The leaves are fern-like, doubly compound, and have numerous small, oval leaflets. The stem, branches, and petioles are covered with sharp spines. In tropical areas, the blooms are borne in terminal clusters that are 8 to 10 inches tall for the most of the year, with the exception of late summer and fall when frosts occur. Typical legumes, the fruits are flat and 3-4" long, and when ripe, they burst open loudly to reveal little brown beans inside. incredibly simple to grow on well-drained, alkaline to acidic soils. | 2023-12-09T04:50:25Z | 2023-12-09T15:47:19Z | [
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75,521,357 | List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 601 | This is a list of all the United States Supreme Court cases from volume 601 of the United States Reports: | [
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] | This is a list of all the United States Supreme Court cases from volume 601 of the United States Reports: | 2023-12-09T04:52:21Z | 2023-12-09T04:52:21Z | [
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75,521,365 | Walter Spilsbury | Walter Spilsbury is an American politician. He serves as a Republican member for the Sullivan 3rd district of the New Hampshire House of Representatives.
Category:Living people Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Place of birth missing (living people) Category:Republican Party members of the New Hampshire House of Representatives Category:21st-century American politicians | [
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] | Walter Spilsbury is an American politician. He serves as a Republican member for the Sullivan 3rd district of the New Hampshire House of Representatives. | 2023-12-09T04:54:03Z | 2023-12-09T05:00:32Z | [
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75,521,376 | Charlotte Wrangberg | Britt Charlotte Wrangberg (born 17 June 1959) is a Swedish journalist and diplomat who became the incumbent ambassador to Denmark since 2020, Greece from 2013 to 2017, and Argentina from 2010 to 2013.
Wrangberg spent her early years mostly in Denmark, attended school in Lund, and was raised in Skåne. As a journalist at Kvällsposten in Malmö, she covered the discussion leading up to the decision to build the Öresund Bridge. After that, she switched from covering foreign affairs to working on foreign policy.
Wrangberg held positions at the embassies in Madrid, Mexico City, and Pretoria. She has also worked in the Africa Unit, the Consular and Civil Affairs Unit, and the European Union Unit of the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA). She served as ambassador from 2010 to 2013 in Asunción and Montevideo, then from 2013 to 2017 in Athens. Wrangberg oversaw protocol at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 2017 until 2020. She moved to Denmark as an ambassador in September 2020 after serving as the Foreign Ministry's chief of protocol.
On 8 October 2015, Wrangberg met with the Alternate Foreign Minister for European Affairs, Nikos Xydakis, in the Foreign Ministry to address matters of common and European concern. Both parties mentioned the good cooperation between their countries throughout the meeting, which was held in a cordial environment. She concluded by expressing the personal interest of Swedish Prime Minister Stefan Löfvén in labor relations and social policy matters.
On 7 May 2020, the Swedish government named Wrangberg ambassador to Copenhagen. September marks her start of her new role. On 9 September, Wrangberg presented her the credentials after beginning work earlier on the 1st and working for the Danish Queen Margrethe II. She has spent the first portion of that time getting to know the embassy's personnel and procedures, and at this point she was beginning to orient herself more externally and make connections with the outside world. | [
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"text": "On 8 October 2015, Wrangberg met with the Alternate Foreign Minister for European Affairs, Nikos Xydakis, in the Foreign Ministry to address matters of common and European concern. Both parties mentioned the good cooperation between their countries throughout the meeting, which was held in a cordial environment. She concluded by expressing the personal interest of Swedish Prime Minister Stefan Löfvén in labor relations and social policy matters.",
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"title": "Diplomatic career"
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] | Britt Charlotte Wrangberg is a Swedish journalist and diplomat who became the incumbent ambassador to Denmark since 2020, Greece from 2013 to 2017, and Argentina from 2010 to 2013. | 2023-12-09T04:57:22Z | 2023-12-09T04:57:22Z | [
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75,521,402 | Richard Doviak | Richard James Doviak is an American engineer and university professor, pioneer of weather radar. He worked for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration at the National Severe Storms Laboratory developing the NEXRAD radar array using reflectivity, the Doppler effect and the dual polarization to detect precipitation and its movement in clouds. He is also the co-author with Dusan S. Zrnic of the reference book “Doppler Radar and Weather Observations” about modern weather radar and its use. Richard Doviak was at the forefront of transforming meteorology through his work.
Richard was born on December 24, 1933 to John and Victoria Doviak. He grew up in New Jersey, where he studied through high school. He then attended Fairleigh Dickinson University, in the same state, before continuing at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute from New York State and received his bachelor's degree in 1956. Thanks to a scholarship, he then completed a master's degree and then a doctorate in electrical engineering at the University of Pennsylvania (UoP), obtained in 1963..
Doviak then served as Assistant Professor of Electromagnetic Theory, Wave Propagation, and Scattering in Turbulent Media at UoP from 1963 to 1971. He was also a principal investigator at the Valley Forge Research Center from 1967, conducting experiments measuring the forward scattering and backscattering of electromagnetic waves in the cloudless troposphere.
He moved to Oklahoma in 1972 to direct the weather radar program at the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) in Norman, Oklahoma. There he directed the Doppler weather radar project from 1971 to 1987 which led to the development of the NEXRAD network, covering the entire United States since 1990, and which is an essential tool for detection of dangerous meteorological phenomena. His team also developed the first-ever real-time Doppler velocity radar display in 1972.
Doviak later participated in the development of the Polarimetric Weather Radar which he considered the most significant advance in his field during his term at NSSL. This technology, added during the 2010s to NEXRAD, provides National Weather Service forecasters with a measurement of the size and shape of targets like hail. While at the NSSL, he became an assistant professor with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the School of Meteorology at the University of Oklahoma.< ref name=IEEE/>
He never retired but continued to write articles, to speak at conferences around the world, and advise generations of meteorologists at the University of Oklahoma. For example, shortly before his death, Doviak completed a project with scientists in Hong Kong studying the detection of lightning.. He died of cancer on March 12, 2021 at the age of 87. His funeral took place at Saint-Thomas More Roman Catholic Parish in Norman, Oklahoma.
He has published, as author or co-author, numerous scientific articles in more than 20 journals covering his interests in the fields of geosciences, engineering, physics, and meteorology. His best known book is “Doppler Radar and Weather Observations”, co-written with Dusan S. Zrnic, which has become a reference in the field. He was guest editor for a special issue of the IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (TGRS) in 1979, on the topic of radar meteorology; associate editor of the Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology of the AMS from 1984 to 1988, and of Applied Meteorology from 1977 to 1980; finally editor-in-chief of the TGRS from 1988 to 1991.
Dr. Doviak was a member of the American Meteorological Society (AMS) and the Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies (CIMMS) at the University of Oklahoma. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 1988 and of the AMS in 1999.
He has received the following awards:
He also won a gold medal at the Oklahoma Senior Olympics in cycling. | [
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"text": "Doviak then served as Assistant Professor of Electromagnetic Theory, Wave Propagation, and Scattering in Turbulent Media at UoP from 1963 to 1971. He was also a principal investigator at the Valley Forge Research Center from 1967, conducting experiments measuring the forward scattering and backscattering of electromagnetic waves in the cloudless troposphere.",
"title": "Biography"
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"text": "He moved to Oklahoma in 1972 to direct the weather radar program at the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) in Norman, Oklahoma. There he directed the Doppler weather radar project from 1971 to 1987 which led to the development of the NEXRAD network, covering the entire United States since 1990, and which is an essential tool for detection of dangerous meteorological phenomena. His team also developed the first-ever real-time Doppler velocity radar display in 1972.",
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"text": "Doviak later participated in the development of the Polarimetric Weather Radar which he considered the most significant advance in his field during his term at NSSL. This technology, added during the 2010s to NEXRAD, provides National Weather Service forecasters with a measurement of the size and shape of targets like hail. While at the NSSL, he became an assistant professor with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the School of Meteorology at the University of Oklahoma.< ref name=IEEE/>",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
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"text": "He never retired but continued to write articles, to speak at conferences around the world, and advise generations of meteorologists at the University of Oklahoma. For example, shortly before his death, Doviak completed a project with scientists in Hong Kong studying the detection of lightning.. He died of cancer on March 12, 2021 at the age of 87. His funeral took place at Saint-Thomas More Roman Catholic Parish in Norman, Oklahoma.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
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"text": "He has published, as author or co-author, numerous scientific articles in more than 20 journals covering his interests in the fields of geosciences, engineering, physics, and meteorology. His best known book is “Doppler Radar and Weather Observations”, co-written with Dusan S. Zrnic, which has become a reference in the field. He was guest editor for a special issue of the IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (TGRS) in 1979, on the topic of radar meteorology; associate editor of the Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology of the AMS from 1984 to 1988, and of Applied Meteorology from 1977 to 1980; finally editor-in-chief of the TGRS from 1988 to 1991.",
"title": "Publications"
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"text": "Dr. Doviak was a member of the American Meteorological Society (AMS) and the Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies (CIMMS) at the University of Oklahoma. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 1988 and of the AMS in 1999.",
"title": "Recognition and affiliations"
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{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "He has received the following awards:",
"title": "Recognition and affiliations"
},
{
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"text": "He also won a gold medal at the Oklahoma Senior Olympics in cycling.",
"title": "Recognition and affiliations"
}
] | Richard James Doviak is an American engineer and university professor, pioneer of weather radar. He worked for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration at the National Severe Storms Laboratory developing the NEXRAD radar array using reflectivity, the Doppler effect and the dual polarization to detect precipitation and its movement in clouds. He is also the co-author with Dusan S. Zrnic of the reference book “Doppler Radar and Weather Observations” about modern weather radar and its use. Richard Doviak was at the forefront of transforming meteorology through his work. | 2023-12-09T05:02:26Z | 2023-12-10T00:56:54Z | [
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75,521,418 | Thanh Cong Dinh | Thanh Cong Dinh (born June 27, 1998), also known as Paul Dinh or THANH, is a Vietnamese American inventor and music producer who was born in Hanoi, Vietnam. Thanh is best known internationally for his innovative cornea 3D printing research and his song "Soju on Sunday".
Thanh immigrated to Tallahassee, Florida in his early childhood where he attended James S. Rickards High School and graduated from Lincoln High School. Thanh earned his bachelor's degree in biological sciences at Florida State University in 2016. He went to the Florida A&M University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Public Health to obtain his master's degree and is currently pursuing his doctorate in pharmaceutical sciences. He began his research with 3D bioprinting corneas collaborating with CELLINK and BICO Group, the first Swedish European Innovation Council-funded unicorn biotech startup credited with marketing the world's first universal bio-ink. His research expanded on the technology of researchers at New Castle University who were the first in the world to 3D bioprint human corneas.
Thanh and his research team in the Dr. Mandip Sachdeva Laboratory at FAMU were the first in the United States of America to 3D print human corneas in high production to potentially address the global shortage of corneal transplants. Thanh is co-inventor of one 3D printing patent (U.S. Patent No. 11,306,930) and is researching medical cannabis in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. Thanh's 3D printed cornea research has been published on USA Today, CBS News, Forbes, and the Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. His music has been discovered on Spotify's New Music Vietnam, This is keshi, This is Joji, and This is 88rising editorial playlists where he as gained over 2,000,000 streams. | [
{
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"title": ""
},
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"title": "Early life and education"
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"text": "Thanh and his research team in the Dr. Mandip Sachdeva Laboratory at FAMU were the first in the United States of America to 3D print human corneas in high production to potentially address the global shortage of corneal transplants. Thanh is co-inventor of one 3D printing patent (U.S. Patent No. 11,306,930) and is researching medical cannabis in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. Thanh's 3D printed cornea research has been published on USA Today, CBS News, Forbes, and the Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. His music has been discovered on Spotify's New Music Vietnam, This is keshi, This is Joji, and This is 88rising editorial playlists where he as gained over 2,000,000 streams.",
"title": "Accomplishments"
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] | Thanh Cong Dinh, also known as Paul Dinh or THANH, is a Vietnamese American inventor and music producer who was born in Hanoi, Vietnam. Thanh is best known internationally for his innovative cornea 3D printing research and his song "Soju on Sunday". | 2023-12-09T05:04:35Z | 2023-12-27T03:28:19Z | [
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75,521,443 | Vincent Barwa | Vincent Barwa (born October 18, 1953) is an Indian prelate of the Catholic Church who serves as the Bishop of Simdega from 2008.
Bishop Vincent Barwa was born on October 18, 1953 in a small village of Rengairh, Simdega district of Jharkhand state. He was ordained priest on may 2, 1984, and was ordained Bishop on November 8, 1998. On September 9, 2004, Pope John Paul ll appointed him auxiliary Bishop of Ranchi. Pope Benedict XVI nominated him Bishop of Simdega on February 11, 2008. | [
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"text": "Vincent Barwa (born October 18, 1953) is an Indian prelate of the Catholic Church who serves as the Bishop of Simdega from 2008.",
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},
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"text": "Bishop Vincent Barwa was born on October 18, 1953 in a small village of Rengairh, Simdega district of Jharkhand state. He was ordained priest on may 2, 1984, and was ordained Bishop on November 8, 1998. On September 9, 2004, Pope John Paul ll appointed him auxiliary Bishop of Ranchi. Pope Benedict XVI nominated him Bishop of Simdega on February 11, 2008.",
"title": "Early life"
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] | Vincent Barwa is an Indian prelate of the Catholic Church who serves as the Bishop of Simdega from 2008. | 2023-12-09T05:12:17Z | 2023-12-15T04:09:33Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Barwa |
75,521,451 | Izhar Shah Arif Shah | Izhar Shah bin Arif Shah is a Malaysian politician who served as Member of Penang State Legislative Assembly for Seberang Jaya since August 2023. He is a member of Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), a component party of Perikatan Nasional (PN). He is the son of former MLA for Seberang Jaya, Arif Shah Omar Shah. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Izhar Shah bin Arif Shah is a Malaysian politician who served as Member of Penang State Legislative Assembly for Seberang Jaya since August 2023. He is a member of Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), a component party of Perikatan Nasional (PN). He is the son of former MLA for Seberang Jaya, Arif Shah Omar Shah.",
"title": ""
}
] | Izhar Shah bin Arif Shah is a Malaysian politician who served as Member of Penang State Legislative Assembly for Seberang Jaya since August 2023. He is a member of Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), a component party of Perikatan Nasional (PN). He is the son of former MLA for Seberang Jaya, Arif Shah Omar Shah. | 2023-12-09T05:14:40Z | 2023-12-09T05:14:40Z | [
"Template:Infobox AM",
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"Template:Portal bar",
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"Template:Malay name"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izhar_Shah_Arif_Shah |
75,521,453 | Leuconostoc lactis | Leuconostoc spp. are Gram-positive, non-motile, obligate heterofermentative cocci, that are also nutritionally fastidious and require a nutrient rich environment to grow. Leuconostoc lactis is a species of lactic acid bacteria that performs fermentation in acidic conditions, like those found in dairy products such as cheese and yogurt, and tend to culture best at moderate temperatures around 30°C. L. lactis typically produces volatile butter-like compounds that are typically used in fermented dairy products, as well as dextran-like exopolysaccharide in sourdough.
L. lactis is a Gram-positive, non-motile, lactic acid bacterium that thrive best in acidic conditions and moderate temperatures. L. lactis is capable of acidifying culture media through lactose fermentation to pH levels of 4.0-4.1, and milk to levels below 5.4. The availability of citrate to co-metabolize with lactose allows for L. lactis to maintain an intercellular pH of above 6.0 when lactose concentrations are high. The maintenance of higher pH within the bacterial cell is important for the function of lactate dehydrogenase, and the Km for pyruvate and NADH, as well as the Vmax of the enzyme decreases by up to 30 fold as the intercellular pH drops from 8.0-5.0.
Due to the acidic conditions that arise from the cultivation of the bacteria, L. lactis is often a starter culture for the fermentation of dairy products into products like cheese and sour cream. L. lactis is one of the most commonly found bacterial cultures in regions like Romania that heavily depend on fermented dairy products.
Certain subspecies of L. lactis have the potential to produce glycosyltransferase, which allows for a variety of oligosaccharides and gluco-oligosaccharides to be produced. These macromolecules can be recognized and responded to by mammalian immune systems. These oligosaccharides have been found to increase several notable immune response factors, such as phosphorylated P38, ERK1/2, and JNK.
L. lactis is found in a variety of fermenting vegetable and dairy products. The bacteria can also become an opportunistic pathogen with intrinsic resistance to traditional antibiotics like vancomycin and teicoplanin. There has been at least one recorded case of a 4 year old patient presenting an acute fever with no other symptoms. Blood culture revealed L. lactis infection and the administered treatment consisted of intravenous ceftriaxone and gentamicin, and subsequent oral amoxicillin. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Leuconostoc spp. are Gram-positive, non-motile, obligate heterofermentative cocci, that are also nutritionally fastidious and require a nutrient rich environment to grow. Leuconostoc lactis is a species of lactic acid bacteria that performs fermentation in acidic conditions, like those found in dairy products such as cheese and yogurt, and tend to culture best at moderate temperatures around 30°C. L. lactis typically produces volatile butter-like compounds that are typically used in fermented dairy products, as well as dextran-like exopolysaccharide in sourdough.",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "L. lactis is a Gram-positive, non-motile, lactic acid bacterium that thrive best in acidic conditions and moderate temperatures. L. lactis is capable of acidifying culture media through lactose fermentation to pH levels of 4.0-4.1, and milk to levels below 5.4. The availability of citrate to co-metabolize with lactose allows for L. lactis to maintain an intercellular pH of above 6.0 when lactose concentrations are high. The maintenance of higher pH within the bacterial cell is important for the function of lactate dehydrogenase, and the Km for pyruvate and NADH, as well as the Vmax of the enzyme decreases by up to 30 fold as the intercellular pH drops from 8.0-5.0.",
"title": "Microbiology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Due to the acidic conditions that arise from the cultivation of the bacteria, L. lactis is often a starter culture for the fermentation of dairy products into products like cheese and sour cream. L. lactis is one of the most commonly found bacterial cultures in regions like Romania that heavily depend on fermented dairy products.",
"title": "Microbiology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Certain subspecies of L. lactis have the potential to produce glycosyltransferase, which allows for a variety of oligosaccharides and gluco-oligosaccharides to be produced. These macromolecules can be recognized and responded to by mammalian immune systems. These oligosaccharides have been found to increase several notable immune response factors, such as phosphorylated P38, ERK1/2, and JNK.",
"title": "Pathology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "L. lactis is found in a variety of fermenting vegetable and dairy products. The bacteria can also become an opportunistic pathogen with intrinsic resistance to traditional antibiotics like vancomycin and teicoplanin. There has been at least one recorded case of a 4 year old patient presenting an acute fever with no other symptoms. Blood culture revealed L. lactis infection and the administered treatment consisted of intravenous ceftriaxone and gentamicin, and subsequent oral amoxicillin.",
"title": "Pathology"
}
] | 2023-12-09T05:15:00Z | 2023-12-10T03:18:41Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuconostoc_lactis |
|
75,521,480 | Saraya al-Salam | Saraya al-Salam (Arabic: سرايا السلام) is an Iraqi Shia militia formed in 2014. They are a part of the Popular Mobilization Forces and are a partial revival of the Mahdi Army.
They were formed by Muqtada al-Sadr, to protect Shia shrines from the Islamic State. In June 2014, these Peace Companies marched in Sadr City, a slum in Baghdad infamous for being the prime Mahdi Army center of operations during the Iraq War. In addition to guarding shrines, the Peace Companies participated in offensive operations such as the recapture of Jurf Al Nasr in October 2014. They suspended their activities temporarily in February 2015, but were active in the Second Battle of Tikrit in March. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Saraya al-Salam (Arabic: سرايا السلام) is an Iraqi Shia militia formed in 2014. They are a part of the Popular Mobilization Forces and are a partial revival of the Mahdi Army.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "They were formed by Muqtada al-Sadr, to protect Shia shrines from the Islamic State. In June 2014, these Peace Companies marched in Sadr City, a slum in Baghdad infamous for being the prime Mahdi Army center of operations during the Iraq War. In addition to guarding shrines, the Peace Companies participated in offensive operations such as the recapture of Jurf Al Nasr in October 2014. They suspended their activities temporarily in February 2015, but were active in the Second Battle of Tikrit in March.",
"title": "History"
}
] | Saraya al-Salam is an Iraqi Shia militia formed in 2014. They are a part of the Popular Mobilization Forces and are a partial revival of the Mahdi Army. | 2023-12-09T05:20:36Z | 2023-12-29T20:23:42Z | [
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Infobox war faction",
"Template:Lang-ar",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraya_al-Salam |
75,521,502 | Aleksander Valsiner | Aleksander Valsiner (February 18, 1903 – October 5, 1972) was an Estonian educator.
Valsiner was born in Sarapiku (now part of the village of Vaiatu in the Governorate of Estonia, Russian Empire), the son of Kustav Valsiner (1873–1946) and Elisabeth Valsiner (née Jürgens, 1869–?). He graduated from Tapa High School in 1922 and studied at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Tartu from 1922 to 1924 and then at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences from 1924 to 1929. He was a member of the Raimla Student Association [et] (ÜS Raimla) for a short time (1926–1929).
Valsiner worked as a teacher at Kõnnu Primary School in Saaremaa (1929–1931), Saaremaa General High School, and Kuressaare Maritime School [et]. From 1938 to 1940, he was a teacher at Tallinn Teacher Training College [et]. From 1940 to 1950, he worked as the deputy minister of education of the Estonian SSR, from 1950 to 1959 as the director of the Estonian SSR Teacher Training Institute [et], and from 1959 to 1965 as the director of the Estonian SSR Pedagogy Research Institute [et].
From 1949 to 1950, Valsiner studied at the Higher Party School at the CPSU Central Committee [ru] in Moscow.
Valsiner married Silja (Vassilissa) Liisi Ennemuist (1914–1958), with whom he had a son, the Estonian American psychologist Jaan Valsiner. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Aleksander Valsiner (February 18, 1903 – October 5, 1972) was an Estonian educator.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Valsiner was born in Sarapiku (now part of the village of Vaiatu in the Governorate of Estonia, Russian Empire), the son of Kustav Valsiner (1873–1946) and Elisabeth Valsiner (née Jürgens, 1869–?). He graduated from Tapa High School in 1922 and studied at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Tartu from 1922 to 1924 and then at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences from 1924 to 1929. He was a member of the Raimla Student Association [et] (ÜS Raimla) for a short time (1926–1929).",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Valsiner worked as a teacher at Kõnnu Primary School in Saaremaa (1929–1931), Saaremaa General High School, and Kuressaare Maritime School [et]. From 1938 to 1940, he was a teacher at Tallinn Teacher Training College [et]. From 1940 to 1950, he worked as the deputy minister of education of the Estonian SSR, from 1950 to 1959 as the director of the Estonian SSR Teacher Training Institute [et], and from 1959 to 1965 as the director of the Estonian SSR Pedagogy Research Institute [et].",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "From 1949 to 1950, Valsiner studied at the Higher Party School at the CPSU Central Committee [ru] in Moscow.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Valsiner married Silja (Vassilissa) Liisi Ennemuist (1914–1958), with whom he had a son, the Estonian American psychologist Jaan Valsiner.",
"title": "Family"
}
] | Aleksander Valsiner was an Estonian educator. | 2023-12-09T05:25:23Z | 2023-12-14T11:58:49Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Valsiner |
75,521,507 | Afaratu (surname) | Afaratu is the one of Maluku surnames from Tanimbar Islands. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Afaratu is the one of Maluku surnames from Tanimbar Islands.",
"title": ""
}
] | Afaratu
is the one of Maluku surnames from Tanimbar Islands. | 2023-12-09T05:26:43Z | 2023-12-21T11:25:56Z | [
"Template:Orphan",
"Template:Infobox Fam Tanimbar",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afaratu_(surname) |
75,521,509 | 2nd Infinity Forum | InFinity Forum 2.0 also called 2nd InFinity Forum, is the second edition of the International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA)'s financial technology (FinTech) summit. It was held on December 9, 2023, in Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City), Gujarat, India.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed the second Infinity Forum. According to the PMO statement, the event is expected to attract over 300 Chief Experience Officers (CXOs), indicating a high level of online interaction from the Indian audience as well as a worldwide audience that spans more than 20 nations. Representatives from the United States, United Kingdom, Singapore, South Africa, United Arab Emirates, Australia, and Germany are among the notable participants.
The Infinity Forum is an annual event organized by the International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA) to promote dialogue and collaboration within the global FinTech ecosystem. The second edition, "InFinity Forum 2.0: GIFT-IFSC: Nerve Centre for New Age Global Financial Services," occurred in GIFT City, India. This event served as a precursor to the 2024 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit. The virtual keynote address will be given by India's Prime Minister, Narendra Modi. Other notable speakers at the event include Nirmala Srinivasan, India's Finance Minister; Gujarat Chief Minister, Bhupendra Patel; and Ashwini Vaishnav, India's Minister for Railways, Communications, Electronics, and Information Technology, among others. The event was attended by the presence of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who delivered a keynote address highlighting the government's commitment to fostering innovation and growth in the FinTech sector. He emphasized the significance of GIFT-IFSC as a catalyst for driving financial inclusion and technological advancements in India. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "InFinity Forum 2.0 also called 2nd InFinity Forum, is the second edition of the International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA)'s financial technology (FinTech) summit. It was held on December 9, 2023, in Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City), Gujarat, India.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed the second Infinity Forum. According to the PMO statement, the event is expected to attract over 300 Chief Experience Officers (CXOs), indicating a high level of online interaction from the Indian audience as well as a worldwide audience that spans more than 20 nations. Representatives from the United States, United Kingdom, Singapore, South Africa, United Arab Emirates, Australia, and Germany are among the notable participants.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Infinity Forum is an annual event organized by the International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA) to promote dialogue and collaboration within the global FinTech ecosystem. The second edition, \"InFinity Forum 2.0: GIFT-IFSC: Nerve Centre for New Age Global Financial Services,\" occurred in GIFT City, India. This event served as a precursor to the 2024 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit. The virtual keynote address will be given by India's Prime Minister, Narendra Modi. Other notable speakers at the event include Nirmala Srinivasan, India's Finance Minister; Gujarat Chief Minister, Bhupendra Patel; and Ashwini Vaishnav, India's Minister for Railways, Communications, Electronics, and Information Technology, among others. The event was attended by the presence of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who delivered a keynote address highlighting the government's commitment to fostering innovation and growth in the FinTech sector. He emphasized the significance of GIFT-IFSC as a catalyst for driving financial inclusion and technological advancements in India.",
"title": "Background"
}
] | InFinity Forum 2.0 also called 2nd InFinity Forum, is the second edition of the International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA)'s financial technology (FinTech) summit. It was held on December 9, 2023, in Gujarat International Finance Tec-City, Gujarat, India. Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed the second Infinity Forum. According to the PMO statement, the event is expected to attract over 300 Chief Experience Officers (CXOs), indicating a high level of online interaction from the Indian audience as well as a worldwide audience that spans more than 20 nations. Representatives from the United States, United Kingdom, Singapore, South Africa, United Arab Emirates, Australia, and Germany are among the notable participants. | 2023-12-09T05:26:57Z | 2023-12-21T07:19:41Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Infinity_Forum |
75,521,522 | Cosmic coincidence | In cosmology, the cosmic coincidence is the observation that at the present epoch of the universe's evolution, the energy densities associated with dark matter and dark energy are of the same order of magnitude, leading to their comparable effects on the dynamics of the cosmos. This coincidence is puzzling because these energies have vastly different effects on the universe's expansion—dark matter tends to slow down expansion through gravitational attraction, while dark energy seems to accelerate it. The observed similarity in the magnitudes of these two components' energy densities at this particular epoch in the universe's history raises questions about whether there might be some underlying physical connection or shared origin between dark matter and dark energy. Indeed, some theories attempt to explain this coincidence by proposing that they are different manifestations of the same fundamental force or field. The GRSI model is one such example. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "In cosmology, the cosmic coincidence is the observation that at the present epoch of the universe's evolution, the energy densities associated with dark matter and dark energy are of the same order of magnitude, leading to their comparable effects on the dynamics of the cosmos. This coincidence is puzzling because these energies have vastly different effects on the universe's expansion—dark matter tends to slow down expansion through gravitational attraction, while dark energy seems to accelerate it. The observed similarity in the magnitudes of these two components' energy densities at this particular epoch in the universe's history raises questions about whether there might be some underlying physical connection or shared origin between dark matter and dark energy. Indeed, some theories attempt to explain this coincidence by proposing that they are different manifestations of the same fundamental force or field. The GRSI model is one such example.",
"title": ""
}
] | In cosmology, the cosmic coincidence is the observation that at the present epoch of the universe's evolution, the energy densities associated with dark matter and dark energy are of the same order of magnitude, leading to their comparable effects on the dynamics of the cosmos. This coincidence is puzzling because these energies have vastly different effects on the universe's expansion—dark matter tends to slow down expansion through gravitational attraction, while dark energy seems to accelerate it. The observed similarity in the magnitudes of these two components' energy densities at this particular epoch in the universe's history raises questions about whether there might be some underlying physical connection or shared origin between dark matter and dark energy. Indeed, some theories attempt to explain this coincidence by proposing that they are different manifestations of the same fundamental force or field. The GRSI model is one such example. | 2023-12-09T05:29:23Z | 2023-12-14T03:55:33Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite journal"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_coincidence |
75,521,559 | Opus Two | Opus Two is an American violin and piano chamber music ensemble featuring violinist William Terwilliger and pianist Andrew Cooperstock. They are known for their contributions to the violin-piano duo repertoire and their performances and recordings of original American music for violin and piano.
Opus Two performs and records in many styles including classical, Broadway theatre, and Latin. Their performances have highlighted original music written for piano and violin by American composers such as Aaron Copland, Leonard Bernstein, George Gershwin and Lowell Liebermann as well as arrangements of American music written by or for the duo. They frequently collaborate with Broadway music director [[Eric Stern]], who's known for his arrangements of music for Broadway. Broadway arrangements for Opus Two include Stephen Sondheim's A Little Night Music: Suite for Violin and Piano, Suite from George Gershwin's Girl Crazy and Four Moments from Leonard Bernstein's Candide. Their performances and recordings have featured guest performances by noted musicians such as Broadway sopranos Ashley Brown and Marin Mazzie, cellist Andrés Díaz and the Ying Quartet.
Terwilliger and Cooperstock have been performing together since 1993, when they won the United States Information Agency’s Artistic Ambassador Auditions, which resulted in a 30-concert tour of Latin America and the Caribbean where they presented music by American composers. Since then, Opus Two has performed throughout the United States at venues that have included Carnegie Hall and Lincoln Center. Internationally they have performed throughout South America, Europe, Africa, Australia, and Asia with engagements across China, Korea, Japan, and the Russian Far East. In 2011, Opus Two were guests of the U.S. Department of State in residence at the University of Ghana and the National Symphony Orchestra Ghana. In 2013 Opus Two performed throughout Peru as guests of the United States Embassy. The Department of State has also sponsored the Duo in tours of France, Switzerland, Germany, Ukraine and Australia.
Arrangements commissioned and premiered by Opus Two include:
Andrew Cooperstock is a professor of Piano at the University of Colorado, Boulder College of Music. He holds degrees from The Juilliard School, the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music, and the Peabody Conservatory. He is a Steinway artist. He has served as Program Director of the Saarburg (Germany) International Music Festival and School.
William Terwilliger is a professor of Violin at the University of South Carolina School of Music. He earned his doctoral degree from the Eastman School of Music.
Cooperstock and Terwilliger have given master classes at leading music conservatories and schools including The Juilliard School, the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music, and the Butler School of Music at the University of Texas at Austin, and in France, England, Germany, Sweden, Latvia, Ukraine, China, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan, Russia, Peru, Bolivia and Ghana, among others. They have served as Artist Faculty members at summer festivals including Brevard Music Center (NC), Round Top Festival Institute (TX), and Rocky Ridge. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Opus Two is an American violin and piano chamber music ensemble featuring violinist William Terwilliger and pianist Andrew Cooperstock. They are known for their contributions to the violin-piano duo repertoire and their performances and recordings of original American music for violin and piano.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Opus Two performs and records in many styles including classical, Broadway theatre, and Latin. Their performances have highlighted original music written for piano and violin by American composers such as Aaron Copland, Leonard Bernstein, George Gershwin and Lowell Liebermann as well as arrangements of American music written by or for the duo. They frequently collaborate with Broadway music director [[Eric Stern]], who's known for his arrangements of music for Broadway. Broadway arrangements for Opus Two include Stephen Sondheim's A Little Night Music: Suite for Violin and Piano, Suite from George Gershwin's Girl Crazy and Four Moments from Leonard Bernstein's Candide. Their performances and recordings have featured guest performances by noted musicians such as Broadway sopranos Ashley Brown and Marin Mazzie, cellist Andrés Díaz and the Ying Quartet.",
"title": "Performances"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Terwilliger and Cooperstock have been performing together since 1993, when they won the United States Information Agency’s Artistic Ambassador Auditions, which resulted in a 30-concert tour of Latin America and the Caribbean where they presented music by American composers. Since then, Opus Two has performed throughout the United States at venues that have included Carnegie Hall and Lincoln Center. Internationally they have performed throughout South America, Europe, Africa, Australia, and Asia with engagements across China, Korea, Japan, and the Russian Far East. In 2011, Opus Two were guests of the U.S. Department of State in residence at the University of Ghana and the National Symphony Orchestra Ghana. In 2013 Opus Two performed throughout Peru as guests of the United States Embassy. The Department of State has also sponsored the Duo in tours of France, Switzerland, Germany, Ukraine and Australia.",
"title": "Performances"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Arrangements commissioned and premiered by Opus Two include:",
"title": "Performances"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Andrew Cooperstock is a professor of Piano at the University of Colorado, Boulder College of Music. He holds degrees from The Juilliard School, the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music, and the Peabody Conservatory. He is a Steinway artist. He has served as Program Director of the Saarburg (Germany) International Music Festival and School.",
"title": "Teaching careers"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "William Terwilliger is a professor of Violin at the University of South Carolina School of Music. He earned his doctoral degree from the Eastman School of Music.",
"title": "Teaching careers"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Cooperstock and Terwilliger have given master classes at leading music conservatories and schools including The Juilliard School, the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music, and the Butler School of Music at the University of Texas at Austin, and in France, England, Germany, Sweden, Latvia, Ukraine, China, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan, Russia, Peru, Bolivia and Ghana, among others. They have served as Artist Faculty members at summer festivals including Brevard Music Center (NC), Round Top Festival Institute (TX), and Rocky Ridge.",
"title": "Teaching careers"
}
] | Opus Two is an American violin and piano chamber music ensemble featuring violinist William Terwilliger and pianist Andrew Cooperstock. They are known for their contributions to the violin-piano duo repertoire and their performances and recordings of original American music for violin and piano. | 2023-12-09T05:35:51Z | 2023-12-18T18:16:39Z | [
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"Template:Infobox musical artist",
"Template:Citation needed",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_Two |
75,521,567 | Young Motion powered by Resa GP team | The Young Motion powered by Resa GP team is a Dutch motocross racing team that competes in the Motocross World Championship and the Dutch Masters of Motocross in the MX2 class. The team is owned by Young Motion, a video agency from the Netherlands, which aims to help young privateers to make the next step
Founded in 2022 to compete at the Grand Prix level under the name Powered by Young Motion, the team started their first season by supporting Glen Meier in MX2 and Jens Walvoort and Meico Vettik in the European championship. Vettik impressed with a podium result and 11 overall after missing 3 races, while Meier scored the first world championship points for the team.
In 2023 the team expanded and set up a partnership with Resa Racing, a Yamaha dealer, to take care of the technical aspects of the team. The teamname was changed to Young Motion powered by Resa to reflect this. Riders were GP veteran Petr Polak and Dutch rookies Raf Meuwissen and Mike Bolink. Meuwissen was replaced during the season by French rider Saad Soulimani. Polak scored 23 points while Mike Bolink finished 10 overall in the Dutch Masters.
For 2024 the team dropped the association with Yamaha while continuing the partnership with Resa Racing. The team signed three Scandinavian riders for the MX2 class in Sampo Rainio, Arvid Lüning and Filip Olsson. They will compete in the majority of the European Grand Prix, the Dutch Masters and the Swedish and Finnish championship.
All riders except Mike Bolink raced in the MX2 class | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Young Motion powered by Resa GP team is a Dutch motocross racing team that competes in the Motocross World Championship and the Dutch Masters of Motocross in the MX2 class. The team is owned by Young Motion, a video agency from the Netherlands, which aims to help young privateers to make the next step",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Founded in 2022 to compete at the Grand Prix level under the name Powered by Young Motion, the team started their first season by supporting Glen Meier in MX2 and Jens Walvoort and Meico Vettik in the European championship. Vettik impressed with a podium result and 11 overall after missing 3 races, while Meier scored the first world championship points for the team.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 2023 the team expanded and set up a partnership with Resa Racing, a Yamaha dealer, to take care of the technical aspects of the team. The teamname was changed to Young Motion powered by Resa to reflect this. Riders were GP veteran Petr Polak and Dutch rookies Raf Meuwissen and Mike Bolink. Meuwissen was replaced during the season by French rider Saad Soulimani. Polak scored 23 points while Mike Bolink finished 10 overall in the Dutch Masters.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "For 2024 the team dropped the association with Yamaha while continuing the partnership with Resa Racing. The team signed three Scandinavian riders for the MX2 class in Sampo Rainio, Arvid Lüning and Filip Olsson. They will compete in the majority of the European Grand Prix, the Dutch Masters and the Swedish and Finnish championship.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "All riders except Mike Bolink raced in the MX2 class",
"title": "Complete racing results"
}
] | The Young Motion powered by Resa GP team is a Dutch motocross racing team that competes in the Motocross World Championship and the Dutch Masters of Motocross in the MX2 class. The team is owned by Young Motion, a video agency from the Netherlands, which aims to help young privateers to make the next step Founded in 2022 to compete at the Grand Prix level under the name Powered by Young Motion, the team started their first season by supporting Glen Meier in MX2 and Jens Walvoort and Meico Vettik in the European championship. Vettik impressed with a podium result and 11th overall after missing 3 races, while Meier scored the first world championship points for the team. In 2023 the team expanded and set up a partnership with Resa Racing, a Yamaha dealer, to take care of the technical aspects of the team. The teamname was changed to Young Motion powered by Resa to reflect this. Riders were GP veteran Petr Polak and Dutch rookies Raf Meuwissen and Mike Bolink. Meuwissen was replaced during the season by French rider Saad Soulimani. Polak scored 23 points while Mike Bolink finished 10th overall in the Dutch Masters. For 2024 the team dropped the association with Yamaha while continuing the partnership with Resa Racing. The team signed three Scandinavian riders for the MX2 class in Sampo Rainio, Arvid Lüning and Filip Olsson. They will compete in the majority of the European Grand Prix, the Dutch Masters and the Swedish and Finnish championship. | 2023-12-09T05:36:41Z | 2023-12-19T05:46:53Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Motion_powered_by_Resa_GP_team |
75,521,597 | Claypool Hill Mall | Claypool Hill Mall is a regional shopping mall located in Tazewell County, Virginia, United States. It is anchored by Belk.
The Claypool Hill Mall broke ground in 1981, at the intersection of U.S. Route 19 and U.S. Route 460. Located on approximately 25 acres of land, planned anchors called for a 55,552 square foot Kmart store, a then unnamed 41,586 square foot department store, a 28,875 square foot Piggly Wiggly, and a 10,125 square foot space for a drug store. Inline mall space would amount to 75,625 square feet, and have room for 38 shops. The developer for the property was Paul Buskill, and Claypool Hill Associates.
The mall opened its doors on March 18, 1982, with anchors Kmart, Leggetts, and Piggly Wiggly. Popular names occupying the new shopping center included Sidney's, Hickory Farms, and Kinney Shoes. The mall was built as to "provide a natural effect and feel of the outdoors," by having live plants and garden beds present throughout the mall, in addition to 3 fountains. Also notable in the mall was a community room, with space for 400 people.
Leggetts wouldn't have their grand opening until August 18, 1982. With roughly 34,000 square feet of retail space, it would have room for 43 departments of merchandise, and employ 72 people.
In 1994, Food City would break ground on a 33,562 square foot grocery store on the mall property. Expected opening was slated for June 1995.
Leggett would officially become Belk at the Claypool Hill Mall in January 1997, with the old signage being taken down for the new Belk insignia. All 31 Leggett Stores were acquired by Belk and underwent this name change, but the stores would resume operations as normal.
Stores shown off in a 1998 flyer for the mall included Disc Jockey, Dollar General, Merle Norman, Regis, Belk, Sears, and Shoe Show, among others.
The mall would sell from its owner of over 10 years, Ruby Clifton, to a group known as C&J Associates in September, 1999, for an undisclosed amount. The group, headquartered in Bristol, Virginia, operated 6 retail centers at the time of purchase, including the mall. The C & J in their name stood for the owners, Tim Carter and Steve Johnson.
In September, 2000, a couple from nearby Richlands, Virginia announced that they would be opening a multiplex cinema at the mall. Featuring reclining love-seat style seating, and a 2000 square foot arcade, the theater was scheduled to open on November 1, 2000.
On April 28, 2001, it was announced that Dixie Pottery would join the mall. Expected opening was May 1, and it would be their second location in the company's 44-year history.
At the start of 2016, it was announced that the Kmart location, operating under the name Big Kmart, would be closing in April. The store employed 50 people, and the liquidation sale would start on January 24, 2016.
In March 2023 it was announced that Belk would switch to an outlet style location, offering discounted items that come from other Belk stores across the nation.
Belk is stated to be one of the final remaining tenants occupying the mall. | [
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"text": "Claypool Hill Mall is a regional shopping mall located in Tazewell County, Virginia, United States. It is anchored by Belk.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "The Claypool Hill Mall broke ground in 1981, at the intersection of U.S. Route 19 and U.S. Route 460. Located on approximately 25 acres of land, planned anchors called for a 55,552 square foot Kmart store, a then unnamed 41,586 square foot department store, a 28,875 square foot Piggly Wiggly, and a 10,125 square foot space for a drug store. Inline mall space would amount to 75,625 square feet, and have room for 38 shops. The developer for the property was Paul Buskill, and Claypool Hill Associates.",
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"text": "The mall opened its doors on March 18, 1982, with anchors Kmart, Leggetts, and Piggly Wiggly. Popular names occupying the new shopping center included Sidney's, Hickory Farms, and Kinney Shoes. The mall was built as to \"provide a natural effect and feel of the outdoors,\" by having live plants and garden beds present throughout the mall, in addition to 3 fountains. Also notable in the mall was a community room, with space for 400 people.",
"title": "History"
},
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"text": "Leggetts wouldn't have their grand opening until August 18, 1982. With roughly 34,000 square feet of retail space, it would have room for 43 departments of merchandise, and employ 72 people.",
"title": "History"
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"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Leggett would officially become Belk at the Claypool Hill Mall in January 1997, with the old signage being taken down for the new Belk insignia. All 31 Leggett Stores were acquired by Belk and underwent this name change, but the stores would resume operations as normal.",
"title": "History"
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"title": "History"
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{
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"text": "The mall would sell from its owner of over 10 years, Ruby Clifton, to a group known as C&J Associates in September, 1999, for an undisclosed amount. The group, headquartered in Bristol, Virginia, operated 6 retail centers at the time of purchase, including the mall. The C & J in their name stood for the owners, Tim Carter and Steve Johnson.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In September, 2000, a couple from nearby Richlands, Virginia announced that they would be opening a multiplex cinema at the mall. Featuring reclining love-seat style seating, and a 2000 square foot arcade, the theater was scheduled to open on November 1, 2000.",
"title": "History"
},
{
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"text": "On April 28, 2001, it was announced that Dixie Pottery would join the mall. Expected opening was May 1, and it would be their second location in the company's 44-year history.",
"title": "History"
},
{
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"text": "At the start of 2016, it was announced that the Kmart location, operating under the name Big Kmart, would be closing in April. The store employed 50 people, and the liquidation sale would start on January 24, 2016.",
"title": "History"
},
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"text": "In March 2023 it was announced that Belk would switch to an outlet style location, offering discounted items that come from other Belk stores across the nation.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Belk is stated to be one of the final remaining tenants occupying the mall.",
"title": "History"
}
] | Claypool Hill Mall is a regional shopping mall located in Tazewell County, Virginia, United States. It is anchored by Belk. | 2023-12-09T05:41:35Z | 2023-12-11T18:45:53Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claypool_Hill_Mall |
75,521,598 | Malaysian Special Forces Selection | The Special Forces Selection is the recruitment, selection, and training process for candidates of the Special forces units in Malaysia. This selection process is not limited only to the special forces of the Malaysian Armed Forces but also includes the Royal Malaysian Police, the Malaysian Coast Guard, and the Johor Military Forces, which is a private army of the state of Johor. Currently, there are four training centres, also known as commando schools, and one non-commando school in Malaysia that conduct special forces selection.
In contrast to the United Kingdom Special Forces Selection, which originally had separate selections before being merged in the late 1990s, the Malaysian Armed Forces Special Forces Selection started as one before the Royal Malaysian Navy and Royal Malaysian Air Force initiated their own special forces selection processes in the mid-1980s.
The Malaysian Army, which has the largest special forces among other service branches, conducts the selection process three times a year.
The Malaysian Special Forces Selection typically involves two courses before candidates graduate from the selection and are awarded the beret according to their units and a combat knife. Depending on their commando school, graduates may also be awarded a special forces lanyard and insignia.
Years prior to the independence of Malaya from the United Kingdom in 1957 and the formation of Malaysia in 1963, during World War II, the region now known as Malaysia witnessed the introduction of modern special forces. Force 136, the Far East branch of the Special Operations Executive (SOE), established a forward operating base in Kuala Kangsar, Perak. Citizens from various regions, including British Malaya, the Raj of Sarawak, North Borneo, and Southern Siam, such as Chin Phui Kong, Ibrahim Ismail, and Tunku Osman, underwent special forces training at the British Commando School under SOE.
The principles and expertise acquired during that training period continue to influence and shape the development of special forces in Malaysia today.
Following the conclusion of World War II, Malaya and Borneo found themselves embroiled in a new conflict against communism. The Malayan Emergency, which commenced in 1948, posed a challenge for the Malayan British Military Administration (BMA) due to the guerrilla tactics employed by the enemy, who had received training from Force 136 during World War II. The existing military and police forces in Malaya, being versed in conventional warfare, struggled to make headway against the communist armed forces.
To address this issue, the BMA formed a unit known as the Ferret Force, comprising former Force 136 agents and local volunteers from the military and police forces. Colonel John Davis led this unit. As the situation continued to deteriorate, General Sir John Harding, the commander-in-chief of the Far East Land Forces, enlisted the expertise of Major Mike "Mad Mike" Calvert. Major Calvert, a former Chindits and Force 136 agent with experience in Burma, was tasked with assessing the situation in Malaya.
In 1950, Major Calvert established a special forces unit called the Malayan Scouts. Subsequently, Ferret Force was reorganised and became A Squadron, Malayan Scouts. The Malayan Scouts underwent another transformation in 1958 when they were renamed the 22 Special Air Service.
The Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation began in 1963 when Indonesia, then under a pro-communist government, attacked Malaysia. At that time, Malaysia, having recently formed, had a small military force and relied on military assistance from the Commonwealth Nations. In early 1965, Abdul Razak Hussein, the Minister of Defence at the time, instructed the Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) to establish an experimental special forces unit by recruiting members from various branches within the MAF. General Tunku Osman, the Chief of Defence Forces at that time and a former Force 136 agent, desired that the task force be trained as commandos, similar to his own experiences during World War II. Seeking assistance, the Malaysian Armed Forces approached 40 Commando, based in Singapore at the time, to conduct the selection process and provide training for the task force. Initially named the Malaysian Special Service Unit, it later became known as Gerak Khas in Malay.
The Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation officially ended in 1966, but Malaysia faced a second communist armed conflict that began in 1968. On 13 May 1969, racial riots erupted in major cities in Malaysia, resulting in several casualties. In response to the incident's racial tensions, the Special Branch, the police intelligence unit, collaborated with the Malaysian Special Service Unit to apprehend leaders of gangsters and triads who played a role behind the scenes.
Recognising the need for special forces within the Royal Malaysian Police (RMP), the RMP established a special forces task force in 1969, with the first selection process taking place in October of that year. The task force went by various names, such as Task Force, Charlie Force, and Special Project Team. Over time, the task force evolved into a permanent police unit and officially adopted the name Pasukan Polis Hutan 69, translated as Police Field Force 69, or Jungle Squad 69 in English. It was placed under the Police Field Force, now known as the General Operations Force. Presently, the squad is known as 69 Commando, or VAT 69 for short.
In response to the growing presence of communism, the emergence of gangster groups, and triads in major cities, especially Kuala Lumpur, during the 1970s, the RMP establishing a police tactical unit on 1 January 1975. This unit, named the Special Actions Unit, underwent specialised training to carry out counterterrorism operations, covert missions, and to serve as an assault team for the RMP in urban areas. To enhance their capabilities, counterterrorism instructors from the 22 Special Air Service were brought to Malaysia to train the Special Actions Unit in counterterrorism tactics, building raids, and sniper operations. On 20 October 1997, the RMP amalgamated the VAT 69 Commando and the Special Actions Unit, establishing a unified special operations command. Consequently, these two units are recognised as the true special forces within the RMP.
Due to the ongoing armed conflict with communists, which showed no signs of near resolution, and with the aim of saving costs associated with sending military personnel overseas for special operations training, the Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) established the Special Warfare Training Centre (SWTC) on 1 August 1976, at Sungai Udang Camp in Malacca. The training centre was placed under the management of the Malaysian Army. During this period, the Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) and the Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) still lacked their own special forces. Officers, sailors, or airmen from these branches could volunteer for Gerak Khas selection to become a special forces soldier, commonly referred to today as an 'operator'. Even after the RMN and RMAF established their own special forces in 1977 and 1980, the SWTC remained the sole commando school conducting special forces selection for the entire MAF.
The term Commando School is used for training centres that offer selection courses, officially known as Basic Commando Courses (Malay: Kursus Asas Komando), for Special Forces in Malaysia. The term 'Commando' in Malaysia is used to signify the ability of a unit or individual trained in small unit tactics, guerrilla warfare, and jungle warfare mastery. Although in the present day, the term 'Commando' is highly associated with special forces units in Malaysia, the status of 'commando' was not exclusive to special forces in the past.
For example, during the Malayan Emergency, the British conferred the status of 'Commando' upon the Senoi Praqq, a manhunt and tracker unit that functioned as an auxiliary team for the Special Air Service, and the Sarawak Rangers, a manhunt and tracker unit embedded with the Royal Marines Commando. Likewise, in 1972, amid the Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989), the Malaysian government granted the 'Commando' status to the Tiger Platoon of the 9 RAMD, a long-range reconnaissance patrol.
The four commando schools are:
The Special Warfare Training Centre (SWTC), located at Sungai Udang Camp in Malacca, is the oldest special operations training centre in Malaysia. Established on 1 August 1976, as the Malaysian Armed Forces Special Warfare Training Centre (Malay: Pusat Latihan Peperangan Khas Angkatan Tentera Malaysia), this school operates under the administration of the Malaysian Army Training and Doctrine Command. One of the objectives of the establishment of SWTC is to conduct Basic Commando Courses, taking over from the 1st Malaysian Special Service Regiment, so they can focus on functioning as a combat unit.
In the past, the Basic Commando Course at the SWTC served as the primary special forces selection for all branches of the Malaysian Armed Forces. However, in 1985, the Royal Malaysian Navy initiated its own Special Forces Selection at Lumut Naval Base, leading to SWTC undergoing a transformation and changing its name to the Malaysian Army Special Warfare Training Centre.
Established on 1 March 2018, the RMAF Combat Training School, or Sekolah Latihan Tempur TUDM in Malay, is located at RMAF Bukit Ibam Air Base in Pahang. Operating under the Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF), the school has offered the Basic Commando Course since its inception. Before the school's establishment, the RMAF conducted its own Basic Commando Course since the late 1993 at various locations, including the Air Force Academy, RMAF Jugra Air Base in Selangor, and RMAF Kuantan Air Base in Pahang.
Established on 1 October 2021, KD Panglima Garang is a Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) shore establishment located inside RMN Lumut Naval Base in Perak. Also known as the Naval Special Forces Training Centre, it boasts various facilities, including a mock oil platform for Naval Special Forces (PASKAL) training. Despite the recent establishment of the RMN's special operations training centre, RMN has conducted its own Basic Commando Course since 1985 at RMN Lumut Naval Base, sharing training facilities with other RMN units.
The Pusat Latihan Unit Komando 69 Pasukan Gerak Khas (lit. Training Centre for the 69 Commando Unit, Special Operations Force) is a special forces training centre that belongs to the Royal Malaysian Police, currently under construction. Situated inside the VAT 69 Commando Headquarters at Hulu Kinta in Perak, it marks a shift from VAT 69 Commando's previous headquarters at the General Operations Force's (GOF) Northern Brigade's garrison. Since 1978, VAT 69 Commando has been conducting its Basic Commando Course at the GOF Northern Brigade in Hulu Kinta and the Commando 69 Outdoor Training Camp Headquarters (Malay: Markas Kem Latihan Luar Komando 69) in Terong, Perak.
Operating primarily in urban environments, the Special Actions Unit is distinct from commando units. Consequently, its special forces selection process differs from that of other special forces units in Malaysia.
The Pusat Latihan Unit Tindakhas, or Special Actions Unit Training Centre in English, is a special forces training centre under the Royal Malaysian Police and is currently in the construction phase. It is located inside the 4th Battalion of the General Operations Force's garrison at Semenyih in Selangor. Since its establishment in 1975, the Special Actions Unit has been conducting its own selection at various locations, including the GOF Northern Brigade, PULAPOL, and Bukit Aman.
Aspiring individuals must follow this pipeline to serve in the following units, all conducted at Commando schools:
This course is known by various names, including 'Warm-up for the Basic Commando Course (Malay: Pemanasan Kursus Asas Komando)', 'STAR Pre-Basic Commando Course (Malay: Kursus Pra Asas Komando STAR)', 'PASKAL Warm-up Stage (Malay: Peringkat Pemanasan PASKAL)', and several others. Regardless of its name, this four-week course aims to physically and mentally prepare candidates for upcoming phases in their special forces pipeline. It maintains a less strict atmosphere, occasionally allowing candidates permission to leave the camp on weekends.
Throughout this course, candidates are instructed on optimal techniques for physical training to minimise the risk of injuries during the basic commando course. They also receive training in swimming fundamentals, and a crucial component is the requirement to pass a physical test at the course's conclusion. Examples of the final tests include:
The objective of this two-week phase is to familiarise sailors, whether from the navy or coast guard, as well as policemen, with infantry skills, small unit tactics and jungle warfare. This is crucial because, unlike the Malaysian Army or Royal Malaysian Air Force, which recruits potential commandos from infantry and air force infantry units, the navy, coast guard, and police do not undergo similar training. For instance, naval and coast guard officers and sailors have their own distinctive naval ratings when in their original units. Similarly, policemen primarily focus on law enforcement duties in their original units. In this course, they receive a crash course on what to expect if they become special forces operators. When compared to the United Kingdom Special Forces Selection, this course is equivalent to the SAS Infantry Skills Course, which is optional only for candidates not from infantry units.
This three-week phase is specifically designed for special forces engaged in maritime operations. Candidates undergo physical conditioning exercises and must successfully pass a water competency test, akin to the requirements for candidates in the U.S. Navy SEALs and SWCC. In the final week, they need to pass the following tests:
The Malaysian Armed Forces conduct the Basic Commando Course, known as Kursus Asas Komando in Malay, over 12 weeks, making it the most challenging course. The course runs for 12 consecutive weeks without any rest days between phases. On average, candidates get approximately 3 hours of sleep per night from the beginning to the end of the course.
Despite its name incorporating the term 'Commando,' this course is comparable to the condensed version of the pre-2000 United Kingdom Special Forces Selection, which lasted 15 weeks. The term 'Commando' originates from the World War II British Commando. This course differs from the post-2003 United Kingdom Special Forces Selection, where the updated programme extends to 26 weeks after the inclusion of various special operations techniques.
40 Commando supervised the Basic Commando Course in 1965, which initially spanned 12 weeks before extending to 24 weeks, following the establishment of the 1st Malaysian Special Service Regiment (now known as the 21st Commando Regiment) in 1970. However, in the 1980s, the course was streamlined back to its current 12-week duration. All special forces, except those from the Royal Malaysian Police, attend the course at all commando schools within the Malaysian Armed Forces.
While all courses generally follow the same curriculum and phases, the Royal Malaysian Air Force Basic Commando Course differs in its designation of phases as modules. Additionally, they separate the sea phase into the 'Sea Module' and the 'Dark Water Module'. The phases include:
Organised over five weeks, this phase stands as the crucial level for testing and enhancing candidates' physical and mental resilience. Candidates undergo constant physical endurance and exercise, engaging in theories and practical applications of weapon handling, explosives handling, tactics and stratagem implementation, field medical procedures, rappelling and abseiling, as well as honing map-reading skills. At the end of each week, candidates are required to undergo several series of loaded marches, with distances progressively increasing from 4.8 kilometres (3.0 mi), 8 kilometres (5.0 mi), 11.2 kilometres (7.0 mi), 14 kilometres (8.7 mi), and 16 kilometres (9.9 mi).
If they fail to reach the end under the specified time limits, the instructors withdraw them from the Basic Commando Course.
This two-week jungle training is a favourite among the candidates. It provides exposure to practical training and field skills, including guarding and patrolling, establishing bases, survival techniques, and small unit tactics (section/troop) combat. For instance, candidates learn about poisonous and edible plants, trap-setting, and identifying drinkable water sources from plants.
During this phase, all candidates endure a challenging combat-loaded march carrying a 17 kilograms (37 lb) load, aiming to reach the target 160 kilometres (99 mi) away within three days. Those who succeed in this march proceed to spend seven days in a swampy area without access to food supplies or proper clothing. They are provided only with their underwear and rifle, and they are required to share a machete. This phase serves as a practical application of all survival lessons taught in previous phases.
The sea training spans two weeks, during which candidates engage in practical exercises involving small craft marine navigation, long-range silent rowing, and beach raids using rigid-hulled inflatable boats (RIB), rigid raider craft, and kayaks. Upon completion of the training, they undertake a 160 kilometres (99 mi) journey along the Straits of Malacca using rigid raider craft, conducted under the cover of night to simulate infiltration into the objective area by sea.
For the Royal Malaysian Air Force Basic Commando Course, this phase is split into two modules known as the 'Sea Module' and the 'Dark Water Module'.
This phase exposes candidates to real special forces operations, requiring them to apply all they have learned and endured in the previous phases. Candidates are deployed in groups, tasked with infiltrating 100 kilometres (62 mi) into the operation area by rowing RIB. In the operation area, candidates must locate and identify the enemy and their assets before planning, organising, and launching a raid in the enemy's territory. Once they achieve their objective, they need to escape and report to several agents at designated checkpoints. They must know how to contact their agents and evade instructors acting as enemies who control that area. If caught, candidates will be tortured and abused. Captured candidates will be marked and released to continue their journey until they reach the last checkpoint. Candidates can be caught more than once. The total distance candidates cover during their escape is almost 240 kilometres (150 mi), and they must cover this distance within 5 days.
Known as Kursus Asas Komando 69 in Malay or Basic 69 Commando Course in English, this course spans 20 weeks. It is conducted twice a year and currently takes place at the General Operations Force's (GOF) Northern Brigade's garrison and the Commando 69 Outdoor Training Camp Headquarters while awaiting the completion of the Pusat Latihan Unit Komando 69 Pasukan Gerak Khas.
Originally, VAT 69 candidates underwent a similar Basic Commando Course as the military, lasting for 12 weeks. However, due to a low number of police personnel passing the course, in January 2019, the then-Commander of VAT 69, SAC Abdul Razak Mohd Yusoff SP, aimed to adjust VAT 69's selection program to be less rigorous without compromising special forces standards. This adjustment aimed to allow for more graduates to fill the larger spots left by retired and departing commandos.
According to Abdul Razak, as mentioned in an interview with Utusan Malaysia, at that time, the lowest number of policemen graduating from the basic commando course was only 9 graduates from hundreds of initial applications, while they needed to fill around 80 spots every year left by retired and departing commandos. To address this issue, VAT 69 restructured their selection process, incorporating additional special operations skills such as small unit tactics, special operations marksmanship, and demolition techniques. As a result, their Basic Commando Course, starting in July 2019, was extended to 20 weeks. Since the adjustment to the selection process in 2019, the number of graduates from the Basic 69 Commando Course has approached 30.
The Royal Malaysian Police implemented the following new components for the Basic Commando Course:
During the initial phase, candidates undergo training in four distinct environments. The first part takes place at the camp within the General Operations Force's (GOF) Northern Brigade's garrison. Here, candidates delve into theoretical aspects related to special operations, including map reading, infiltration, and survival techniques. Subsequently, candidates transition to the jungle environment before proceeding to the swamp area and sea.
In the second phase, candidates receive instruction on operating as small units. They must master jungle warfare, guerrilla warfare, weaponry, explosives, manhunting, communication, and field medical skills. Additionally, candidates learn how to create booby traps, handle explosives, and employ various demolition techniques.
The final phase, known as the Final Mission Execution phase, subjects candidates to comprehensive testing across all the skills and lessons acquired in the preceding phases. This phase is similar to the Escape and Evasion Phase from the Military Basic Commando Course.
The Special Actions Unit's selection process is similar to that of other special forces in Malaysia. Candidates must undergo a preparatory course and a main selection course before being bestowed with the Bordeaux-coloured beret. Although the Special Actions Unit received training from the British Special Air Services during its establishment in 1975, it is the only Special Forces unit in Malaysia not considered to have 'Commando' status due to their focus on urban operations rather than jungle environments like other special forces.
The main selection course for the Special Actions Unit, officially known as Kursus Asas UTK in Malay and Basic Special Actions Unit Course in English, lasts for 13 weeks and is divided into three stages:
The first stage, also known as the camp phase, is conducted at the Malaysian Police Training Centre. Candidates undergo rigorous physical exercises while simultaneously learning theory about weapon handling and marksmanship, basic rope training, basic first aid, unarmed combat, and basic close-quarters combat.
The second stage, also known as the Jungle Phase, typically takes place at the 6th Battalion of the General Operations Force's garrison located in Bakri, Johor. Candidates engage in challenging physical exercises while learning jungle survival theory before implementing the practical aspects in nearby jungles. Despite the Special Actions Unit's specialisation not being in jungle warfare, candidates must understand how to operate in jungle environments, as they may need to conduct raids on locations situated at the jungle's edge near major cities.
In this final stage, conducted at Bukit Aman in Kuala Lumpur, candidates undergo strenuous physical exercises while receiving extensive training on raiding and bodyguarding. They are taught theory on raiding cars, buildings, buses, trains, and aeroplanes in classes before executing the raid exercises at locations such as Malayan Railways' locomotive depot, and Kuala Lumpur International Airport.
Upon completing the Basic Commando Course or the Basic Special Actions Unit Course, candidates need to undergo one last task in front of VIPs, instructors, visitors, and the friends and family of the candidates before the graduation ceremony. The nature of the task varies depending on the commando school they attend. They then proceed to the graduation ceremony, where they will be awarded a beret based on the school they attended. Additionally, they may receive a lanyard and a combat knife. For the Coast Guard Special Task and Rescue (STAR) and JMF Elite Forces, there are two graduation ceremonies—one after completing the Basic Commando Course at any school and another after completing their Compulsory Advanced Training. Below are the final tasks they need to perform and the berets they will receive:
This additional course is mandatory for special forces before officially completing the selection process. Currently, only the Coast Guard Special Task and Rescue (STAR) and JMF Elite Forces have compulsory advanced training. Both of these mandatory advanced training programmes are conducted after their graduation from Commando School. For the Coast Guard STAR, the attainment of the scarlet red beret and STAR Insignia is contingent upon successfully completing this course. Similarly, for JMF Elite Forces, the completion of this training earns them the Special Operations Insignia.
After graduating, individuals still need to attend various special operations courses before being granted operational status. Importantly, these courses are not conducted consecutively, and graduates have resting periods between them. Depending on the availability of class slots, the fastest time to complete all courses, from the beginning of their Basic Commando Course or Basic Special Actions Unit Course until receiving operational status, is two years. | [
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"text": "The Special Forces Selection is the recruitment, selection, and training process for candidates of the Special forces units in Malaysia. This selection process is not limited only to the special forces of the Malaysian Armed Forces but also includes the Royal Malaysian Police, the Malaysian Coast Guard, and the Johor Military Forces, which is a private army of the state of Johor. Currently, there are four training centres, also known as commando schools, and one non-commando school in Malaysia that conduct special forces selection.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "In contrast to the United Kingdom Special Forces Selection, which originally had separate selections before being merged in the late 1990s, the Malaysian Armed Forces Special Forces Selection started as one before the Royal Malaysian Navy and Royal Malaysian Air Force initiated their own special forces selection processes in the mid-1980s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Malaysian Army, which has the largest special forces among other service branches, conducts the selection process three times a year.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Malaysian Special Forces Selection typically involves two courses before candidates graduate from the selection and are awarded the beret according to their units and a combat knife. Depending on their commando school, graduates may also be awarded a special forces lanyard and insignia.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Years prior to the independence of Malaya from the United Kingdom in 1957 and the formation of Malaysia in 1963, during World War II, the region now known as Malaysia witnessed the introduction of modern special forces. Force 136, the Far East branch of the Special Operations Executive (SOE), established a forward operating base in Kuala Kangsar, Perak. Citizens from various regions, including British Malaya, the Raj of Sarawak, North Borneo, and Southern Siam, such as Chin Phui Kong, Ibrahim Ismail, and Tunku Osman, underwent special forces training at the British Commando School under SOE.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The principles and expertise acquired during that training period continue to influence and shape the development of special forces in Malaysia today.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Following the conclusion of World War II, Malaya and Borneo found themselves embroiled in a new conflict against communism. The Malayan Emergency, which commenced in 1948, posed a challenge for the Malayan British Military Administration (BMA) due to the guerrilla tactics employed by the enemy, who had received training from Force 136 during World War II. The existing military and police forces in Malaya, being versed in conventional warfare, struggled to make headway against the communist armed forces.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "To address this issue, the BMA formed a unit known as the Ferret Force, comprising former Force 136 agents and local volunteers from the military and police forces. Colonel John Davis led this unit. As the situation continued to deteriorate, General Sir John Harding, the commander-in-chief of the Far East Land Forces, enlisted the expertise of Major Mike \"Mad Mike\" Calvert. Major Calvert, a former Chindits and Force 136 agent with experience in Burma, was tasked with assessing the situation in Malaya.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In 1950, Major Calvert established a special forces unit called the Malayan Scouts. Subsequently, Ferret Force was reorganised and became A Squadron, Malayan Scouts. The Malayan Scouts underwent another transformation in 1958 when they were renamed the 22 Special Air Service.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation began in 1963 when Indonesia, then under a pro-communist government, attacked Malaysia. At that time, Malaysia, having recently formed, had a small military force and relied on military assistance from the Commonwealth Nations. In early 1965, Abdul Razak Hussein, the Minister of Defence at the time, instructed the Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) to establish an experimental special forces unit by recruiting members from various branches within the MAF. General Tunku Osman, the Chief of Defence Forces at that time and a former Force 136 agent, desired that the task force be trained as commandos, similar to his own experiences during World War II. Seeking assistance, the Malaysian Armed Forces approached 40 Commando, based in Singapore at the time, to conduct the selection process and provide training for the task force. Initially named the Malaysian Special Service Unit, it later became known as Gerak Khas in Malay.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation officially ended in 1966, but Malaysia faced a second communist armed conflict that began in 1968. On 13 May 1969, racial riots erupted in major cities in Malaysia, resulting in several casualties. In response to the incident's racial tensions, the Special Branch, the police intelligence unit, collaborated with the Malaysian Special Service Unit to apprehend leaders of gangsters and triads who played a role behind the scenes.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Recognising the need for special forces within the Royal Malaysian Police (RMP), the RMP established a special forces task force in 1969, with the first selection process taking place in October of that year. The task force went by various names, such as Task Force, Charlie Force, and Special Project Team. Over time, the task force evolved into a permanent police unit and officially adopted the name Pasukan Polis Hutan 69, translated as Police Field Force 69, or Jungle Squad 69 in English. It was placed under the Police Field Force, now known as the General Operations Force. Presently, the squad is known as 69 Commando, or VAT 69 for short.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "In response to the growing presence of communism, the emergence of gangster groups, and triads in major cities, especially Kuala Lumpur, during the 1970s, the RMP establishing a police tactical unit on 1 January 1975. This unit, named the Special Actions Unit, underwent specialised training to carry out counterterrorism operations, covert missions, and to serve as an assault team for the RMP in urban areas. To enhance their capabilities, counterterrorism instructors from the 22 Special Air Service were brought to Malaysia to train the Special Actions Unit in counterterrorism tactics, building raids, and sniper operations. On 20 October 1997, the RMP amalgamated the VAT 69 Commando and the Special Actions Unit, establishing a unified special operations command. Consequently, these two units are recognised as the true special forces within the RMP.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Due to the ongoing armed conflict with communists, which showed no signs of near resolution, and with the aim of saving costs associated with sending military personnel overseas for special operations training, the Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) established the Special Warfare Training Centre (SWTC) on 1 August 1976, at Sungai Udang Camp in Malacca. The training centre was placed under the management of the Malaysian Army. During this period, the Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) and the Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) still lacked their own special forces. Officers, sailors, or airmen from these branches could volunteer for Gerak Khas selection to become a special forces soldier, commonly referred to today as an 'operator'. Even after the RMN and RMAF established their own special forces in 1977 and 1980, the SWTC remained the sole commando school conducting special forces selection for the entire MAF.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "The term Commando School is used for training centres that offer selection courses, officially known as Basic Commando Courses (Malay: Kursus Asas Komando), for Special Forces in Malaysia. The term 'Commando' in Malaysia is used to signify the ability of a unit or individual trained in small unit tactics, guerrilla warfare, and jungle warfare mastery. Although in the present day, the term 'Commando' is highly associated with special forces units in Malaysia, the status of 'commando' was not exclusive to special forces in the past.",
"title": "Commando schools"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "For example, during the Malayan Emergency, the British conferred the status of 'Commando' upon the Senoi Praqq, a manhunt and tracker unit that functioned as an auxiliary team for the Special Air Service, and the Sarawak Rangers, a manhunt and tracker unit embedded with the Royal Marines Commando. Likewise, in 1972, amid the Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989), the Malaysian government granted the 'Commando' status to the Tiger Platoon of the 9 RAMD, a long-range reconnaissance patrol.",
"title": "Commando schools"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "The four commando schools are:",
"title": "Commando schools"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "The Special Warfare Training Centre (SWTC), located at Sungai Udang Camp in Malacca, is the oldest special operations training centre in Malaysia. Established on 1 August 1976, as the Malaysian Armed Forces Special Warfare Training Centre (Malay: Pusat Latihan Peperangan Khas Angkatan Tentera Malaysia), this school operates under the administration of the Malaysian Army Training and Doctrine Command. One of the objectives of the establishment of SWTC is to conduct Basic Commando Courses, taking over from the 1st Malaysian Special Service Regiment, so they can focus on functioning as a combat unit.",
"title": "Commando schools"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "In the past, the Basic Commando Course at the SWTC served as the primary special forces selection for all branches of the Malaysian Armed Forces. However, in 1985, the Royal Malaysian Navy initiated its own Special Forces Selection at Lumut Naval Base, leading to SWTC undergoing a transformation and changing its name to the Malaysian Army Special Warfare Training Centre.",
"title": "Commando schools"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "Established on 1 March 2018, the RMAF Combat Training School, or Sekolah Latihan Tempur TUDM in Malay, is located at RMAF Bukit Ibam Air Base in Pahang. Operating under the Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF), the school has offered the Basic Commando Course since its inception. Before the school's establishment, the RMAF conducted its own Basic Commando Course since the late 1993 at various locations, including the Air Force Academy, RMAF Jugra Air Base in Selangor, and RMAF Kuantan Air Base in Pahang.",
"title": "Commando schools"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "Established on 1 October 2021, KD Panglima Garang is a Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) shore establishment located inside RMN Lumut Naval Base in Perak. Also known as the Naval Special Forces Training Centre, it boasts various facilities, including a mock oil platform for Naval Special Forces (PASKAL) training. Despite the recent establishment of the RMN's special operations training centre, RMN has conducted its own Basic Commando Course since 1985 at RMN Lumut Naval Base, sharing training facilities with other RMN units.",
"title": "Commando schools"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "The Pusat Latihan Unit Komando 69 Pasukan Gerak Khas (lit. Training Centre for the 69 Commando Unit, Special Operations Force) is a special forces training centre that belongs to the Royal Malaysian Police, currently under construction. Situated inside the VAT 69 Commando Headquarters at Hulu Kinta in Perak, it marks a shift from VAT 69 Commando's previous headquarters at the General Operations Force's (GOF) Northern Brigade's garrison. Since 1978, VAT 69 Commando has been conducting its Basic Commando Course at the GOF Northern Brigade in Hulu Kinta and the Commando 69 Outdoor Training Camp Headquarters (Malay: Markas Kem Latihan Luar Komando 69) in Terong, Perak.",
"title": "Commando schools"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "Operating primarily in urban environments, the Special Actions Unit is distinct from commando units. Consequently, its special forces selection process differs from that of other special forces units in Malaysia.",
"title": "Other special forces training centre"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "The Pusat Latihan Unit Tindakhas, or Special Actions Unit Training Centre in English, is a special forces training centre under the Royal Malaysian Police and is currently in the construction phase. It is located inside the 4th Battalion of the General Operations Force's garrison at Semenyih in Selangor. Since its establishment in 1975, the Special Actions Unit has been conducting its own selection at various locations, including the GOF Northern Brigade, PULAPOL, and Bukit Aman.",
"title": "Other special forces training centre"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "Aspiring individuals must follow this pipeline to serve in the following units, all conducted at Commando schools:",
"title": "Special forces selection (Commando)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "This course is known by various names, including 'Warm-up for the Basic Commando Course (Malay: Pemanasan Kursus Asas Komando)', 'STAR Pre-Basic Commando Course (Malay: Kursus Pra Asas Komando STAR)', 'PASKAL Warm-up Stage (Malay: Peringkat Pemanasan PASKAL)', and several others. Regardless of its name, this four-week course aims to physically and mentally prepare candidates for upcoming phases in their special forces pipeline. It maintains a less strict atmosphere, occasionally allowing candidates permission to leave the camp on weekends.",
"title": "Preparatory course"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "Throughout this course, candidates are instructed on optimal techniques for physical training to minimise the risk of injuries during the basic commando course. They also receive training in swimming fundamentals, and a crucial component is the requirement to pass a physical test at the course's conclusion. Examples of the final tests include:",
"title": "Preparatory course"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "The objective of this two-week phase is to familiarise sailors, whether from the navy or coast guard, as well as policemen, with infantry skills, small unit tactics and jungle warfare. This is crucial because, unlike the Malaysian Army or Royal Malaysian Air Force, which recruits potential commandos from infantry and air force infantry units, the navy, coast guard, and police do not undergo similar training. For instance, naval and coast guard officers and sailors have their own distinctive naval ratings when in their original units. Similarly, policemen primarily focus on law enforcement duties in their original units. In this course, they receive a crash course on what to expect if they become special forces operators. When compared to the United Kingdom Special Forces Selection, this course is equivalent to the SAS Infantry Skills Course, which is optional only for candidates not from infantry units.",
"title": "Pre-Basic Commando Course"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "This three-week phase is specifically designed for special forces engaged in maritime operations. Candidates undergo physical conditioning exercises and must successfully pass a water competency test, akin to the requirements for candidates in the U.S. Navy SEALs and SWCC. In the final week, they need to pass the following tests:",
"title": "Water Competency Training"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "The Malaysian Armed Forces conduct the Basic Commando Course, known as Kursus Asas Komando in Malay, over 12 weeks, making it the most challenging course. The course runs for 12 consecutive weeks without any rest days between phases. On average, candidates get approximately 3 hours of sleep per night from the beginning to the end of the course.",
"title": "Basic Commando Course (Military)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "Despite its name incorporating the term 'Commando,' this course is comparable to the condensed version of the pre-2000 United Kingdom Special Forces Selection, which lasted 15 weeks. The term 'Commando' originates from the World War II British Commando. This course differs from the post-2003 United Kingdom Special Forces Selection, where the updated programme extends to 26 weeks after the inclusion of various special operations techniques.",
"title": "Basic Commando Course (Military)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "40 Commando supervised the Basic Commando Course in 1965, which initially spanned 12 weeks before extending to 24 weeks, following the establishment of the 1st Malaysian Special Service Regiment (now known as the 21st Commando Regiment) in 1970. However, in the 1980s, the course was streamlined back to its current 12-week duration. All special forces, except those from the Royal Malaysian Police, attend the course at all commando schools within the Malaysian Armed Forces.",
"title": "Basic Commando Course (Military)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "While all courses generally follow the same curriculum and phases, the Royal Malaysian Air Force Basic Commando Course differs in its designation of phases as modules. Additionally, they separate the sea phase into the 'Sea Module' and the 'Dark Water Module'. The phases include:",
"title": "Basic Commando Course (Military)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "Organised over five weeks, this phase stands as the crucial level for testing and enhancing candidates' physical and mental resilience. Candidates undergo constant physical endurance and exercise, engaging in theories and practical applications of weapon handling, explosives handling, tactics and stratagem implementation, field medical procedures, rappelling and abseiling, as well as honing map-reading skills. At the end of each week, candidates are required to undergo several series of loaded marches, with distances progressively increasing from 4.8 kilometres (3.0 mi), 8 kilometres (5.0 mi), 11.2 kilometres (7.0 mi), 14 kilometres (8.7 mi), and 16 kilometres (9.9 mi).",
"title": "Basic Commando Course (Military)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "If they fail to reach the end under the specified time limits, the instructors withdraw them from the Basic Commando Course.",
"title": "Basic Commando Course (Military)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "This two-week jungle training is a favourite among the candidates. It provides exposure to practical training and field skills, including guarding and patrolling, establishing bases, survival techniques, and small unit tactics (section/troop) combat. For instance, candidates learn about poisonous and edible plants, trap-setting, and identifying drinkable water sources from plants.",
"title": "Basic Commando Course (Military)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "During this phase, all candidates endure a challenging combat-loaded march carrying a 17 kilograms (37 lb) load, aiming to reach the target 160 kilometres (99 mi) away within three days. Those who succeed in this march proceed to spend seven days in a swampy area without access to food supplies or proper clothing. They are provided only with their underwear and rifle, and they are required to share a machete. This phase serves as a practical application of all survival lessons taught in previous phases.",
"title": "Basic Commando Course (Military)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"text": "The sea training spans two weeks, during which candidates engage in practical exercises involving small craft marine navigation, long-range silent rowing, and beach raids using rigid-hulled inflatable boats (RIB), rigid raider craft, and kayaks. Upon completion of the training, they undertake a 160 kilometres (99 mi) journey along the Straits of Malacca using rigid raider craft, conducted under the cover of night to simulate infiltration into the objective area by sea.",
"title": "Basic Commando Course (Military)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"text": "For the Royal Malaysian Air Force Basic Commando Course, this phase is split into two modules known as the 'Sea Module' and the 'Dark Water Module'.",
"title": "Basic Commando Course (Military)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"text": "This phase exposes candidates to real special forces operations, requiring them to apply all they have learned and endured in the previous phases. Candidates are deployed in groups, tasked with infiltrating 100 kilometres (62 mi) into the operation area by rowing RIB. In the operation area, candidates must locate and identify the enemy and their assets before planning, organising, and launching a raid in the enemy's territory. Once they achieve their objective, they need to escape and report to several agents at designated checkpoints. They must know how to contact their agents and evade instructors acting as enemies who control that area. If caught, candidates will be tortured and abused. Captured candidates will be marked and released to continue their journey until they reach the last checkpoint. Candidates can be caught more than once. The total distance candidates cover during their escape is almost 240 kilometres (150 mi), and they must cover this distance within 5 days.",
"title": "Basic Commando Course (Military)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"text": "Known as Kursus Asas Komando 69 in Malay or Basic 69 Commando Course in English, this course spans 20 weeks. It is conducted twice a year and currently takes place at the General Operations Force's (GOF) Northern Brigade's garrison and the Commando 69 Outdoor Training Camp Headquarters while awaiting the completion of the Pusat Latihan Unit Komando 69 Pasukan Gerak Khas.",
"title": "Basic Commando Course (Royal Malaysian Police)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"text": "Originally, VAT 69 candidates underwent a similar Basic Commando Course as the military, lasting for 12 weeks. However, due to a low number of police personnel passing the course, in January 2019, the then-Commander of VAT 69, SAC Abdul Razak Mohd Yusoff SP, aimed to adjust VAT 69's selection program to be less rigorous without compromising special forces standards. This adjustment aimed to allow for more graduates to fill the larger spots left by retired and departing commandos.",
"title": "Basic Commando Course (Royal Malaysian Police)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"text": "According to Abdul Razak, as mentioned in an interview with Utusan Malaysia, at that time, the lowest number of policemen graduating from the basic commando course was only 9 graduates from hundreds of initial applications, while they needed to fill around 80 spots every year left by retired and departing commandos. To address this issue, VAT 69 restructured their selection process, incorporating additional special operations skills such as small unit tactics, special operations marksmanship, and demolition techniques. As a result, their Basic Commando Course, starting in July 2019, was extended to 20 weeks. Since the adjustment to the selection process in 2019, the number of graduates from the Basic 69 Commando Course has approached 30.",
"title": "Basic Commando Course (Royal Malaysian Police)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"text": "The Royal Malaysian Police implemented the following new components for the Basic Commando Course:",
"title": "Basic Commando Course (Royal Malaysian Police)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"text": "During the initial phase, candidates undergo training in four distinct environments. The first part takes place at the camp within the General Operations Force's (GOF) Northern Brigade's garrison. Here, candidates delve into theoretical aspects related to special operations, including map reading, infiltration, and survival techniques. Subsequently, candidates transition to the jungle environment before proceeding to the swamp area and sea.",
"title": "Basic Commando Course (Royal Malaysian Police)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"text": "In the second phase, candidates receive instruction on operating as small units. They must master jungle warfare, guerrilla warfare, weaponry, explosives, manhunting, communication, and field medical skills. Additionally, candidates learn how to create booby traps, handle explosives, and employ various demolition techniques.",
"title": "Basic Commando Course (Royal Malaysian Police)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"text": "The final phase, known as the Final Mission Execution phase, subjects candidates to comprehensive testing across all the skills and lessons acquired in the preceding phases. This phase is similar to the Escape and Evasion Phase from the Military Basic Commando Course.",
"title": "Basic Commando Course (Royal Malaysian Police)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"text": "The Special Actions Unit's selection process is similar to that of other special forces in Malaysia. Candidates must undergo a preparatory course and a main selection course before being bestowed with the Bordeaux-coloured beret. Although the Special Actions Unit received training from the British Special Air Services during its establishment in 1975, it is the only Special Forces unit in Malaysia not considered to have 'Commando' status due to their focus on urban operations rather than jungle environments like other special forces.",
"title": "Special forces selection (Special Actions Unit)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"text": "The main selection course for the Special Actions Unit, officially known as Kursus Asas UTK in Malay and Basic Special Actions Unit Course in English, lasts for 13 weeks and is divided into three stages:",
"title": "Special forces selection (Special Actions Unit)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"text": "The first stage, also known as the camp phase, is conducted at the Malaysian Police Training Centre. Candidates undergo rigorous physical exercises while simultaneously learning theory about weapon handling and marksmanship, basic rope training, basic first aid, unarmed combat, and basic close-quarters combat.",
"title": "Special forces selection (Special Actions Unit)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"text": "The second stage, also known as the Jungle Phase, typically takes place at the 6th Battalion of the General Operations Force's garrison located in Bakri, Johor. Candidates engage in challenging physical exercises while learning jungle survival theory before implementing the practical aspects in nearby jungles. Despite the Special Actions Unit's specialisation not being in jungle warfare, candidates must understand how to operate in jungle environments, as they may need to conduct raids on locations situated at the jungle's edge near major cities.",
"title": "Special forces selection (Special Actions Unit)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"text": "In this final stage, conducted at Bukit Aman in Kuala Lumpur, candidates undergo strenuous physical exercises while receiving extensive training on raiding and bodyguarding. They are taught theory on raiding cars, buildings, buses, trains, and aeroplanes in classes before executing the raid exercises at locations such as Malayan Railways' locomotive depot, and Kuala Lumpur International Airport.",
"title": "Special forces selection (Special Actions Unit)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"text": "Upon completing the Basic Commando Course or the Basic Special Actions Unit Course, candidates need to undergo one last task in front of VIPs, instructors, visitors, and the friends and family of the candidates before the graduation ceremony. The nature of the task varies depending on the commando school they attend. They then proceed to the graduation ceremony, where they will be awarded a beret based on the school they attended. Additionally, they may receive a lanyard and a combat knife. For the Coast Guard Special Task and Rescue (STAR) and JMF Elite Forces, there are two graduation ceremonies—one after completing the Basic Commando Course at any school and another after completing their Compulsory Advanced Training. Below are the final tasks they need to perform and the berets they will receive:",
"title": "Graduation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"text": "This additional course is mandatory for special forces before officially completing the selection process. Currently, only the Coast Guard Special Task and Rescue (STAR) and JMF Elite Forces have compulsory advanced training. Both of these mandatory advanced training programmes are conducted after their graduation from Commando School. For the Coast Guard STAR, the attainment of the scarlet red beret and STAR Insignia is contingent upon successfully completing this course. Similarly, for JMF Elite Forces, the completion of this training earns them the Special Operations Insignia.",
"title": "Compulsory advanced training"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"text": "After graduating, individuals still need to attend various special operations courses before being granted operational status. Importantly, these courses are not conducted consecutively, and graduates have resting periods between them. Depending on the availability of class slots, the fastest time to complete all courses, from the beginning of their Basic Commando Course or Basic Special Actions Unit Course until receiving operational status, is two years.",
"title": "Continuation training"
}
] | The Special Forces Selection is the recruitment, selection, and training process for candidates of the Special forces units in Malaysia. This selection process is not limited only to the special forces of the Malaysian Armed Forces but also includes the Royal Malaysian Police, the Malaysian Coast Guard, and the Johor Military Forces, which is a private army of the state of Johor. Currently, there are four training centres, also known as commando schools, and one non-commando school in Malaysia that conduct special forces selection. In contrast to the United Kingdom Special Forces Selection, which originally had separate selections before being merged in the late 1990s, the Malaysian Armed Forces Special Forces Selection started as one before the Royal Malaysian Navy and Royal Malaysian Air Force initiated their own special forces selection processes in the mid-1980s. The Malaysian Army, which has the largest special forces among other service branches, conducts the selection process three times a year. The Malaysian Special Forces Selection typically involves two courses before candidates graduate from the selection and are awarded the beret according to their units and a combat knife. Depending on their commando school, graduates may also be awarded a special forces lanyard and insignia. | 2023-12-09T05:41:39Z | 2023-12-26T15:55:34Z | [
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75,521,604 | ICBC Credit Suisse Asset Management | ICBC Credit Suisse Asset Management (ICBCCS; Chinese: 工銀瑞信基金管理; pinyin: Gōngyín Ruìxìn Jījīn Guǎnlǐ) is a Chinese asset management company founded in 2005. It is currently a joint venture (JV) between Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) and Credit suisse.
ICBCCS was founded in June 2005 as a Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor by Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Credit suisse and COSCO. They held stakes of 55%, 25% and 20% respectively. ICBCCS officially launched on July 5, 2005, and on July 26, it launched its first equity fund, The Core Value Equity Fund which raised $530 million. Prior to this banks such as ICBC were only allowed to sell third-party funds.
In its first year of operation, ICBCCS had some initial setbacks where it saw a 51% drop in assets under management from $493 million to $240 million in the first quarter of 2006. Analysts blamed ICBC which was believed to have encouraged its 370,000 employees and its clients to invest in ICBCCS funds. Demand for equity mutual funds in China had fallen sharply since mid-2004 due to poor stock market returns. However afterwards ICBCCS had become quite profitable.
In September 2009, battered by losses because of falling shipping rates, COSCO sold its 20% stake in ICBCCS for $37.8 million in order to raise cash. The sale of the stake was conducted through the China Beijing Equity Exchange from September 29 to November 3. According to the pilot rules for bank JV ownership and management in China at the time, only state-owned commercial banks with experience in managing asset management companies could bid to acquire a fund management company. In addition the buyer would be required to be vetted by the China Securities Regulatory Commission, China Banking Regulatory Commission and People's Bank of China. As a result, the bidding list was quite restricted and there were not many bidders. By October that year, it was determined that ICBC would be acquiring COSCO's stake. The acquisition was seen as a sign of consolidation in the industry of China where domestic companies were acquiring more control from their foreign partners over their JVs. On November 16, 2011, the deal was completed with ICBC acquiring 20% of ICBCCS from COSCO and 5% from Credit Suisse which increased ICBC's stake in ICBCCS to 80%.
In February 2012, ICBCCS launched its international arm in Hong Kong. It was named ICBC Credit Suisse Asset Management (International) and was licensed by the Securities and Futures Commission.
In July 2023, after the Acquisition of Credit Suisse by UBS, it was announced by UBS that it had halted plans to set up a new fund unit in China and instead decided to maintain ownership over ICBCCS. China regulations stated that any company can own no more than two fund management firms in the market. UBS had already two firms in China which were ICBCCS and another JV, UBS SDIC Fund Management. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "ICBC Credit Suisse Asset Management (ICBCCS; Chinese: 工銀瑞信基金管理; pinyin: Gōngyín Ruìxìn Jījīn Guǎnlǐ) is a Chinese asset management company founded in 2005. It is currently a joint venture (JV) between Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) and Credit suisse.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "ICBCCS was founded in June 2005 as a Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor by Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Credit suisse and COSCO. They held stakes of 55%, 25% and 20% respectively. ICBCCS officially launched on July 5, 2005, and on July 26, it launched its first equity fund, The Core Value Equity Fund which raised $530 million. Prior to this banks such as ICBC were only allowed to sell third-party funds.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In its first year of operation, ICBCCS had some initial setbacks where it saw a 51% drop in assets under management from $493 million to $240 million in the first quarter of 2006. Analysts blamed ICBC which was believed to have encouraged its 370,000 employees and its clients to invest in ICBCCS funds. Demand for equity mutual funds in China had fallen sharply since mid-2004 due to poor stock market returns. However afterwards ICBCCS had become quite profitable.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In September 2009, battered by losses because of falling shipping rates, COSCO sold its 20% stake in ICBCCS for $37.8 million in order to raise cash. The sale of the stake was conducted through the China Beijing Equity Exchange from September 29 to November 3. According to the pilot rules for bank JV ownership and management in China at the time, only state-owned commercial banks with experience in managing asset management companies could bid to acquire a fund management company. In addition the buyer would be required to be vetted by the China Securities Regulatory Commission, China Banking Regulatory Commission and People's Bank of China. As a result, the bidding list was quite restricted and there were not many bidders. By October that year, it was determined that ICBC would be acquiring COSCO's stake. The acquisition was seen as a sign of consolidation in the industry of China where domestic companies were acquiring more control from their foreign partners over their JVs. On November 16, 2011, the deal was completed with ICBC acquiring 20% of ICBCCS from COSCO and 5% from Credit Suisse which increased ICBC's stake in ICBCCS to 80%.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In February 2012, ICBCCS launched its international arm in Hong Kong. It was named ICBC Credit Suisse Asset Management (International) and was licensed by the Securities and Futures Commission.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In July 2023, after the Acquisition of Credit Suisse by UBS, it was announced by UBS that it had halted plans to set up a new fund unit in China and instead decided to maintain ownership over ICBCCS. China regulations stated that any company can own no more than two fund management firms in the market. UBS had already two firms in China which were ICBCCS and another JV, UBS SDIC Fund Management.",
"title": "History"
}
] | ICBC Credit Suisse Asset Management is a Chinese asset management company founded in 2005. It is currently a joint venture (JV) between Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) and Credit suisse. | 2023-12-09T05:44:04Z | 2023-12-22T12:58:19Z | [
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75,521,611 | G6522 Yan'an–Xi'an Expressway | The G6522 Yan'an–Xi'an Expressway (Chinese: 延安至西安高速公路), also referred to as the Yanxi Expressway (Chinese: 延西高速公路), is an expressway in Shaanxi, China that connects the cities of Yan'an and Xi'an.
The expressway starts in Ansai District, Yan'an and passes through Fuxian, Luochuan, Yijun, Tongchuan, and the end point is in Weiyang District, Xi'an.
The Xitong Expressway starts from the Luxiaozhai Interchange of the Xi'an Ring Expressway, passes through Weiyang District, Gaoling District, Jingyang County, Sanyuan County to Tongchuan New District, with a total length of 62.8 kilometers. Construction started in January 2009 and was officially opened to traffic on 8 December 2011.
Referred to as the Tonghuang Expressway, it starts from Tongchuan New District, passes through Yaozhou District, Wangyi District, Yintai District, and Yijun County of Tongchuan, and ends in Huangling County, Yan'an, with a total length of 102.2 kilometers. Construction started in April 2010 and opened to traffic on 17 October 2015.
The Huangyan Expressway starts from Yatou Village, Yijun County, Tongchuan, passes through Huangling County, Fu County, and Ganquan County, Yan'an, and ends at the south side of Yanhewan Town, Ansai County, Yan'an, with a total length of 153.909 kilometers. It was completed and opened to traffic on 12 September 2016. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The G6522 Yan'an–Xi'an Expressway (Chinese: 延安至西安高速公路), also referred to as the Yanxi Expressway (Chinese: 延西高速公路), is an expressway in Shaanxi, China that connects the cities of Yan'an and Xi'an.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The expressway starts in Ansai District, Yan'an and passes through Fuxian, Luochuan, Yijun, Tongchuan, and the end point is in Weiyang District, Xi'an.",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Xitong Expressway starts from the Luxiaozhai Interchange of the Xi'an Ring Expressway, passes through Weiyang District, Gaoling District, Jingyang County, Sanyuan County to Tongchuan New District, with a total length of 62.8 kilometers. Construction started in January 2009 and was officially opened to traffic on 8 December 2011.",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Referred to as the Tonghuang Expressway, it starts from Tongchuan New District, passes through Yaozhou District, Wangyi District, Yintai District, and Yijun County of Tongchuan, and ends in Huangling County, Yan'an, with a total length of 102.2 kilometers. Construction started in April 2010 and opened to traffic on 17 October 2015.",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The Huangyan Expressway starts from Yatou Village, Yijun County, Tongchuan, passes through Huangling County, Fu County, and Ganquan County, Yan'an, and ends at the south side of Yanhewan Town, Ansai County, Yan'an, with a total length of 153.909 kilometers. It was completed and opened to traffic on 12 September 2016.",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | The G6522 Yan'an–Xi'an Expressway, also referred to as the Yanxi Expressway, is an expressway in Shaanxi, China that connects the cities of Yan'an and Xi'an. | 2023-12-09T05:45:41Z | 2023-12-12T12:43:40Z | [
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75,521,634 | Hibiscus archboldianus | Hibiscus archboldianus is a species of Hibiscus. It is a tree, which when mature has a height of anywhere between 8 and 50 meters tall, and primarily harvested for its fiber. It inhabits Australasia, New Guinea, and New Britain. | [
{
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"text": "Hibiscus archboldianus is a species of Hibiscus. It is a tree, which when mature has a height of anywhere between 8 and 50 meters tall, and primarily harvested for its fiber. It inhabits Australasia, New Guinea, and New Britain.",
"title": ""
}
] | Hibiscus archboldianus is a species of Hibiscus. It is a tree, which when mature has a height of anywhere between 8 and 50 meters tall, and primarily harvested for its fiber. It inhabits Australasia, New Guinea, and New Britain. | 2023-12-09T05:54:17Z | 2023-12-10T03:19:15Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscus_archboldianus |
75,521,643 | Autumn and Winter Landscapes | Autumn and Winter Landscapes (Japanese: 紙本墨画秋冬山水図, Romaji: Shihon Bokuga Shūtō Sansuizu) is a Japanese ink painting created by Sesshū Tōyō, a Zen monk and prominent landscape painter during the Muromachi period.Currently held at the Tokyo National Museum, it is considered a masterpiece of Chinese-style landscape painting, and was designated National Treasure on 31 March 1953.
In 1468, at the age of 48, Sesshū embarked on a trip to Ming China to study contemporary modes and styles of landscape paintings. Though initially studying under the auspices of Tenshō Shūbun and Josetsu, the expedition and visits to vast regions and cities from Beijing and Ningbo helped expanded and developed the styles that would be utilized in Autumn and Winter Landscapes.
As a Zen monk, Sesshū's expeditions involved observation and contemplation of nature, and thus, the paintings were designed to provoke ambiance of the seasonal landscapes. He modelled his painting style based upon the works of Xia Gui, with the use of splattered ink (hatsuboku).
The Autumn Landscape depicts a river flowing up the scroll with a tall building in the distance. The space in the top portion of the painting accentuates the subtle mountain background and the autumn sky. On the bottom left, two people are engaged in conversation at the bottom, and the upper half of the painting has an infinite expanse.
In a feature about the piece Yomiuri Shimbun, by Cultural Affairs Agency specialist Minoru Watada, the Autumn Landscape could have been "Summer Landscape" or a "Spring Landscape", the latter of which, claims that the depiction of an ume tree is a motif characteristic of the Spring season.
Winter Landscape contrasts with the infinite expanse of Autumn Landscape with its depiction of a cliffside in winter, and a solitary figure climbing towards a distant building. The jagged vertical line at the center conveys the texture of the cliff and its size as well as dimension with respect to the field of vision, as well as providing a recession into the background space. Trees in the background are barren to evoke the sense of winter.
The use of greyscale in the painting, provides dimension to the winter landscape and the snow, with the whites conveying the snow, and the greys to accentuate texture, shadow, and slush from the snow melt. The background also blurred as to convey falling snow.
A regular fixture of the Tokyo National Museum, it was first acquired in 1936, transferred from Manshu-in, a Tendai monastery in Sakyō-ku, Kyoto. In 1939, the paintings, along with many designated National Treasures were displayed abroad at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, in the Ausstellung Altjapanischer Kunst exhibit of 1939 as a result of Germany–Japan relations with the Anti-Comintern Pact. In 1953, its designation as National Treasure makes it among Sesshū's six works to receive that designation. It received additional conservation work in 1976 with the paintings receiving a new mounting and box.
The works are exhibited in regular rotations as part of the Tokyo National Museum's Permanent Collection, in addition to travelling in retrospectives on Sesshū and masterpieces of Japanese art. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Autumn and Winter Landscapes (Japanese: 紙本墨画秋冬山水図, Romaji: Shihon Bokuga Shūtō Sansuizu) is a Japanese ink painting created by Sesshū Tōyō, a Zen monk and prominent landscape painter during the Muromachi period.Currently held at the Tokyo National Museum, it is considered a masterpiece of Chinese-style landscape painting, and was designated National Treasure on 31 March 1953.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In 1468, at the age of 48, Sesshū embarked on a trip to Ming China to study contemporary modes and styles of landscape paintings. Though initially studying under the auspices of Tenshō Shūbun and Josetsu, the expedition and visits to vast regions and cities from Beijing and Ningbo helped expanded and developed the styles that would be utilized in Autumn and Winter Landscapes.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "As a Zen monk, Sesshū's expeditions involved observation and contemplation of nature, and thus, the paintings were designed to provoke ambiance of the seasonal landscapes. He modelled his painting style based upon the works of Xia Gui, with the use of splattered ink (hatsuboku).",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Autumn Landscape depicts a river flowing up the scroll with a tall building in the distance. The space in the top portion of the painting accentuates the subtle mountain background and the autumn sky. On the bottom left, two people are engaged in conversation at the bottom, and the upper half of the painting has an infinite expanse.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In a feature about the piece Yomiuri Shimbun, by Cultural Affairs Agency specialist Minoru Watada, the Autumn Landscape could have been \"Summer Landscape\" or a \"Spring Landscape\", the latter of which, claims that the depiction of an ume tree is a motif characteristic of the Spring season.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Winter Landscape contrasts with the infinite expanse of Autumn Landscape with its depiction of a cliffside in winter, and a solitary figure climbing towards a distant building. The jagged vertical line at the center conveys the texture of the cliff and its size as well as dimension with respect to the field of vision, as well as providing a recession into the background space. Trees in the background are barren to evoke the sense of winter.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The use of greyscale in the painting, provides dimension to the winter landscape and the snow, with the whites conveying the snow, and the greys to accentuate texture, shadow, and slush from the snow melt. The background also blurred as to convey falling snow.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "A regular fixture of the Tokyo National Museum, it was first acquired in 1936, transferred from Manshu-in, a Tendai monastery in Sakyō-ku, Kyoto. In 1939, the paintings, along with many designated National Treasures were displayed abroad at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, in the Ausstellung Altjapanischer Kunst exhibit of 1939 as a result of Germany–Japan relations with the Anti-Comintern Pact. In 1953, its designation as National Treasure makes it among Sesshū's six works to receive that designation. It received additional conservation work in 1976 with the paintings receiving a new mounting and box.",
"title": "Exhibition History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The works are exhibited in regular rotations as part of the Tokyo National Museum's Permanent Collection, in addition to travelling in retrospectives on Sesshū and masterpieces of Japanese art.",
"title": "Exhibition History"
}
] | Autumn and Winter Landscapes is a Japanese ink painting created by Sesshū Tōyō, a Zen monk and prominent landscape painter during the Muromachi period.Currently held at the Tokyo National Museum, it is considered a masterpiece of Chinese-style landscape painting, and was designated National Treasure on 31 March 1953. | 2023-12-09T05:57:27Z | 2023-12-26T16:20:02Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_and_Winter_Landscapes |
75,521,675 | Sandra Elkin | Sandra Elkin (October 16, 1938 – November 8, 2023) was an American television talk show host. She was the producer and host of the pioneering PBS program Woman, a half-hour public affairs show focused on women's issues. A native of Vermont, she pursued a degree in theatre, where she met her husband, theatre director Saul Elkin. Together, they moved to Buffalo, New York where Elkin sent in a suggestion to WNED-TV in 1972 for a woman focused talk show that addressed women's issues, serious topics such as rape and abortion, and would conduct discussions with supporters of the women's liberation movement. She was the producer and host of the show Woman for five years until its cancellation in 1977. She would go on to be a literary and software agent before spending her later years as a photographer.
Born to Mr. and Mrs. John Marotti in Rutland, Vermont, Elkin attended Rutland High School, where she directed a play that won state prizes and was submitted to the New England Drama Festival. She continued her education at Green Mountain College and Columbia University where she obtained a degree in theatre. She and her husband moved to Buffalo, New York in 1969.
In early 1972, Elkin wrote to the program director at WNED-TV, John Hutchinson, suggesting a show for women and about women. He agreed with her plan within two weeks and made her a producer for the show. Elkin came up with a list of topics that she as a woman was concerned about and established what the first thirty episodes would be focused on. Though she noted that women writing into the show afterwards with their own suggestions meant she'd never have to think up topics on her own ever again. The show's basic discussion of topics for women, such as contraception, menopause, and sexual health, also helped women understand things about themselves and what similar things other women were facing, causing them to write to Elkin about their own experiences, with the simple knowledge about topics previously undiscussed being acknowledged by her viewers as "radicalizing" them towards pushing for women's rights issues.
Officially starting her show Woman in October 1972 at a local Buffalo television station, it became regionally famous, which led to the show being picked up by the Eastern Educational Network. The show was later moved to PBS in 1974, expanding its reach to a national level, and was broadcast on other major networks, including WFSU-TV. The program focused on topics including women's studies, raising awareness of women's issues, discussing mother-daughter relationships, and broaching difficult subjects including rape and sex discrimination. Since the show began before the expansion of the women's rights movements in the 1970s, Elkin chose to interview women who were outspoken and would be "outrageous" in their questioning of the current state of women's rights. Though, overall, she desired to convey practical information in her show, which is why she chose a serious moderator tone in her interviews and avoided the "talk show games" trying to trip up interviewees used by other programs.
From the second season of the show onward, Elkin moved from being a producer to the host of the show. During the summer of 1975, she conducted a cross-country trip to interview women across the United States to look for "feminist consciousness" in various locations. Impressed with the level of such discussions happening even in small communities, she noted that in addition to the men who opposed women's equality, it was the "upper, middle class white suburban housewife" that proved a concern due to their lack of involvement or action for their own rights, since they had the "most to lose" from standing up to their husbands. Elkin additionally said that she considered feminism to be closely associated with humanism, though thought it was too soon for the women's movement to focus on that broader topic before accomplishing more urgent goals. She found lesbianism to be a possible topic of focus in the short term, along with wanting more focus on the economic inequality facing older women.
The show's large number of guests included popular and well known proponents of women's rights, such as Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, Dorothy Pitman Hughes, and Susan Brownmiller. Elkin also made a note of having on women and others who were generally considered "enemies" toward feminism and the women's rights movements, including Phyllis Schlafly, Midge Decter, and George Gilder, wanting their perspectives on the same topics that feminists frequently discussed. By 1977, over 200 PBS stations were airing the show across the United States. In May of that year, she traveled to El Paso, Texas to attend the National Organization for Women south central regional conference as the featured speaker, where she discussed women's health politics.
During June 1977, however, it was announced that the Woman series would not be renewed by PBS for the following season set to air at the end of 1977. It was stated by WNED-TV President J. Michael Collins that the show and the station had asked for an expanded budget for the season so more filmed segments and less studio shows, including potential documentary episodes, could be done. But PBS refused and demanded all producers do only studio shows, which was complied with. Then, during contract renewal, Woman was passed over for a different women's show that was instead given higher production values in their contract for a more magazine segment format.
She also wrote a monthly column for Working Woman.
Afterwards, Elkin moved to Manhattan where she continued separate television producing and worked as a literary agent. She established a literary agency in 1979 with Barbara Seaman and began working on an assigned book for Doubleday. In the early 1980's, she changed from being a literary agent to working as an agent for software developers, forming the company Electronic Media Associates with Maureen Whalen.
Elkin would later decide to pursue a career in photography in 2001. She decided to go on a world tour to work on a portrait portfolio titled "Women of the Globe". She returned to New York by 2008 and heard from many of her friends their concerns about threats to democracy. To investigate this, she went across Vermont and interviewed town clerks responsible for the voting process, specifically 19 women representative of this group. She then put together an audiovisual exhibit with the photos and interviews titled "Women Town Clerks of Vermont – Reflections on Democracy" with the financial assistance of the company Green Screen Graphics, as the arts councils of Vermont and New York refused to extend financing for the project. She continued to tour the exhibition across Vermont in 2011, including at the Vermont Folklife Center.
On October 13, 1976, Elkin was among those women honored by the State University of Buffalo for their professional achievements and community service.
Elkin first met her husband, actor and theatre director Saul Elkin, while performing at the Green Mountain summer stock where Saul was the play season director. They lived in Buffalo, New York and had two sons. Together with her husband, they conducted theatre performances through the University of Buffalo theatre department, including staging plays at Delaware Park. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Sandra Elkin (October 16, 1938 – November 8, 2023) was an American television talk show host. She was the producer and host of the pioneering PBS program Woman, a half-hour public affairs show focused on women's issues. A native of Vermont, she pursued a degree in theatre, where she met her husband, theatre director Saul Elkin. Together, they moved to Buffalo, New York where Elkin sent in a suggestion to WNED-TV in 1972 for a woman focused talk show that addressed women's issues, serious topics such as rape and abortion, and would conduct discussions with supporters of the women's liberation movement. She was the producer and host of the show Woman for five years until its cancellation in 1977. She would go on to be a literary and software agent before spending her later years as a photographer.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Born to Mr. and Mrs. John Marotti in Rutland, Vermont, Elkin attended Rutland High School, where she directed a play that won state prizes and was submitted to the New England Drama Festival. She continued her education at Green Mountain College and Columbia University where she obtained a degree in theatre. She and her husband moved to Buffalo, New York in 1969.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In early 1972, Elkin wrote to the program director at WNED-TV, John Hutchinson, suggesting a show for women and about women. He agreed with her plan within two weeks and made her a producer for the show. Elkin came up with a list of topics that she as a woman was concerned about and established what the first thirty episodes would be focused on. Though she noted that women writing into the show afterwards with their own suggestions meant she'd never have to think up topics on her own ever again. The show's basic discussion of topics for women, such as contraception, menopause, and sexual health, also helped women understand things about themselves and what similar things other women were facing, causing them to write to Elkin about their own experiences, with the simple knowledge about topics previously undiscussed being acknowledged by her viewers as \"radicalizing\" them towards pushing for women's rights issues.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Officially starting her show Woman in October 1972 at a local Buffalo television station, it became regionally famous, which led to the show being picked up by the Eastern Educational Network. The show was later moved to PBS in 1974, expanding its reach to a national level, and was broadcast on other major networks, including WFSU-TV. The program focused on topics including women's studies, raising awareness of women's issues, discussing mother-daughter relationships, and broaching difficult subjects including rape and sex discrimination. Since the show began before the expansion of the women's rights movements in the 1970s, Elkin chose to interview women who were outspoken and would be \"outrageous\" in their questioning of the current state of women's rights. Though, overall, she desired to convey practical information in her show, which is why she chose a serious moderator tone in her interviews and avoided the \"talk show games\" trying to trip up interviewees used by other programs.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "From the second season of the show onward, Elkin moved from being a producer to the host of the show. During the summer of 1975, she conducted a cross-country trip to interview women across the United States to look for \"feminist consciousness\" in various locations. Impressed with the level of such discussions happening even in small communities, she noted that in addition to the men who opposed women's equality, it was the \"upper, middle class white suburban housewife\" that proved a concern due to their lack of involvement or action for their own rights, since they had the \"most to lose\" from standing up to their husbands. Elkin additionally said that she considered feminism to be closely associated with humanism, though thought it was too soon for the women's movement to focus on that broader topic before accomplishing more urgent goals. She found lesbianism to be a possible topic of focus in the short term, along with wanting more focus on the economic inequality facing older women.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The show's large number of guests included popular and well known proponents of women's rights, such as Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, Dorothy Pitman Hughes, and Susan Brownmiller. Elkin also made a note of having on women and others who were generally considered \"enemies\" toward feminism and the women's rights movements, including Phyllis Schlafly, Midge Decter, and George Gilder, wanting their perspectives on the same topics that feminists frequently discussed. By 1977, over 200 PBS stations were airing the show across the United States. In May of that year, she traveled to El Paso, Texas to attend the National Organization for Women south central regional conference as the featured speaker, where she discussed women's health politics.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "During June 1977, however, it was announced that the Woman series would not be renewed by PBS for the following season set to air at the end of 1977. It was stated by WNED-TV President J. Michael Collins that the show and the station had asked for an expanded budget for the season so more filmed segments and less studio shows, including potential documentary episodes, could be done. But PBS refused and demanded all producers do only studio shows, which was complied with. Then, during contract renewal, Woman was passed over for a different women's show that was instead given higher production values in their contract for a more magazine segment format.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "She also wrote a monthly column for Working Woman.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Afterwards, Elkin moved to Manhattan where she continued separate television producing and worked as a literary agent. She established a literary agency in 1979 with Barbara Seaman and began working on an assigned book for Doubleday. In the early 1980's, she changed from being a literary agent to working as an agent for software developers, forming the company Electronic Media Associates with Maureen Whalen.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Elkin would later decide to pursue a career in photography in 2001. She decided to go on a world tour to work on a portrait portfolio titled \"Women of the Globe\". She returned to New York by 2008 and heard from many of her friends their concerns about threats to democracy. To investigate this, she went across Vermont and interviewed town clerks responsible for the voting process, specifically 19 women representative of this group. She then put together an audiovisual exhibit with the photos and interviews titled \"Women Town Clerks of Vermont – Reflections on Democracy\" with the financial assistance of the company Green Screen Graphics, as the arts councils of Vermont and New York refused to extend financing for the project. She continued to tour the exhibition across Vermont in 2011, including at the Vermont Folklife Center.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "On October 13, 1976, Elkin was among those women honored by the State University of Buffalo for their professional achievements and community service.",
"title": "Awards and honors"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Elkin first met her husband, actor and theatre director Saul Elkin, while performing at the Green Mountain summer stock where Saul was the play season director. They lived in Buffalo, New York and had two sons. Together with her husband, they conducted theatre performances through the University of Buffalo theatre department, including staging plays at Delaware Park.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Sandra Elkin was an American television talk show host. She was the producer and host of the pioneering PBS program Woman, a half-hour public affairs show focused on women's issues. A native of Vermont, she pursued a degree in theatre, where she met her husband, theatre director Saul Elkin. Together, they moved to Buffalo, New York where Elkin sent in a suggestion to WNED-TV in 1972 for a woman focused talk show that addressed women's issues, serious topics such as rape and abortion, and would conduct discussions with supporters of the women's liberation movement. She was the producer and host of the show Woman for five years until its cancellation in 1977. She would go on to be a literary and software agent before spending her later years as a photographer. | 2023-12-09T06:08:26Z | 2023-12-11T12:49:45Z | [
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75,521,696 | Sheikh Ahmadullah | Ahmadullah, better known as Sheikh Ahmadullah (Bengali: শায়খ আহমাদুল্লাহ), is a Bangladeshi Islamic figure, negotiator and social activist. He founded and serves as chairman of the As Sunnah Foundation. He has participated in the invitation work of various international programs including Japan, India and the United Arab Emirates. He also founded IQA.info, an Islamic question and answer website. He is currently serving as Khatib of Bhumipalli Jame Masjid, Narayanganj.
Ahmadullah was born on December 15, 1981, in Bashikpur village of Sadar Upazila of Lakshmipur District. His father is Muhammad Delwar Hussain and his mother is Mosammat Delwara Begum. Ahmadullah's father was a businessman. He was the second of six siblings. Ahmadullah himself has three sons and a daughter.
Ahmadullah received early childhood education from his father, mother and uncle. After that, he studied in Bashikpur Primary School of his village till class three. After that, he learned Urdu language in the first three congregations of Noorani at Danapur Qoumi Madrasa in Harinarayanpur near Maijdee and Chandraganj Boyalia Qoumi Madrasa in Lakshmipur. He then enrolled in Faizul Uloom Qaumi Madrasa in Hatiya, where he studied Mizan Nahbemi under Shagrid of Mufti Faizullah Mufti Saiful Islam. This teacher changed his name from Ahmad Hussain to Ahmadullah.
When the Hatiya region was damaged by the 1988 floods, Ahmadullah left Noakhali and joined Darul Uloom Hathazari in Chittagong. In this madrasa he was the shakhred and servant of Mufti Shahidullah. He was also a classmate of Zakaria Abdullah and Anas Madani in this madrasah.
After completing his education, he joined Darur Rashad Mirpur Qaumi Madrasa as a teacher in 2003, while serving as Imam and Khatib at Baitul Falah Jame Masjid in nearby Mirpur. He left Dhaka in 2009 and traveled to Saudi Arabia and joined West Dammam Islami Dawah Centre under the Ministry of Religion as a translator and preacher. After working there for 10 years, he returned to Bangladesh on the advice of Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir. After coming to the country, he established a charitable organization called As Sunnah Foundation. He is also serving as the chairman of As-Sunnah Foundation and also as Khatib of Bhumipalli Jame Masjid in Narayanganj.
In addition to discussing Islam on YouTube, he has written articles and books in newspapers and magazines. His book Dua and Zikr of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) has been distributed free of charge in more than three lakh copies. Besides, he has written hundreds of articles on Dawah and research in Bengali and Arabic languages.
List of books written by him: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ahmadullah, better known as Sheikh Ahmadullah (Bengali: শায়খ আহমাদুল্লাহ), is a Bangladeshi Islamic figure, negotiator and social activist. He founded and serves as chairman of the As Sunnah Foundation. He has participated in the invitation work of various international programs including Japan, India and the United Arab Emirates. He also founded IQA.info, an Islamic question and answer website. He is currently serving as Khatib of Bhumipalli Jame Masjid, Narayanganj.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Ahmadullah was born on December 15, 1981, in Bashikpur village of Sadar Upazila of Lakshmipur District. His father is Muhammad Delwar Hussain and his mother is Mosammat Delwara Begum. Ahmadullah's father was a businessman. He was the second of six siblings. Ahmadullah himself has three sons and a daughter.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Ahmadullah received early childhood education from his father, mother and uncle. After that, he studied in Bashikpur Primary School of his village till class three. After that, he learned Urdu language in the first three congregations of Noorani at Danapur Qoumi Madrasa in Harinarayanpur near Maijdee and Chandraganj Boyalia Qoumi Madrasa in Lakshmipur. He then enrolled in Faizul Uloom Qaumi Madrasa in Hatiya, where he studied Mizan Nahbemi under Shagrid of Mufti Faizullah Mufti Saiful Islam. This teacher changed his name from Ahmad Hussain to Ahmadullah.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "When the Hatiya region was damaged by the 1988 floods, Ahmadullah left Noakhali and joined Darul Uloom Hathazari in Chittagong. In this madrasa he was the shakhred and servant of Mufti Shahidullah. He was also a classmate of Zakaria Abdullah and Anas Madani in this madrasah.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "After completing his education, he joined Darur Rashad Mirpur Qaumi Madrasa as a teacher in 2003, while serving as Imam and Khatib at Baitul Falah Jame Masjid in nearby Mirpur. He left Dhaka in 2009 and traveled to Saudi Arabia and joined West Dammam Islami Dawah Centre under the Ministry of Religion as a translator and preacher. After working there for 10 years, he returned to Bangladesh on the advice of Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir. After coming to the country, he established a charitable organization called As Sunnah Foundation. He is also serving as the chairman of As-Sunnah Foundation and also as Khatib of Bhumipalli Jame Masjid in Narayanganj.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In addition to discussing Islam on YouTube, he has written articles and books in newspapers and magazines. His book Dua and Zikr of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) has been distributed free of charge in more than three lakh copies. Besides, he has written hundreds of articles on Dawah and research in Bengali and Arabic languages.",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "List of books written by him:",
"title": "Bibliography"
}
] | Ahmadullah, better known as Sheikh Ahmadullah, is a Bangladeshi Islamic figure, negotiator and social activist. He founded and serves as chairman of the As Sunnah Foundation. He has participated in the invitation work of various international programs including Japan, India and the United Arab Emirates. He also founded IQA.info, an Islamic question and answer website. He is currently serving as Khatib of Bhumipalli Jame Masjid, Narayanganj. | 2023-12-09T06:13:51Z | 2023-12-10T19:42:52Z | [
"Template:Infobox religious biography",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:YouTube",
"Template:Facebook",
"Template:Short description"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Ahmadullah |
75,521,708 | Orren | Orren is the name of: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Orren is the name of:",
"title": ""
}
] | Orren is the name of: Orren Bennett, American soldier who fought in the American Civil War
Orren D. Casselman (1861–1950), Ontario merchant and political figure
Orren C. Moore (1839–1893), U.S. Representative from New Hampshire
Orren Stephenson, Australian rules footballer
Orren R. Whiddon (1935–2016), lieutenant general in the United States Army | 2023-12-09T06:18:39Z | 2023-12-09T06:18:39Z | [
"Template:Given name"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orren |
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