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75,522,980 | 2 States (soundtrack) | 2 States is the soundtrack to the 2014 film of the same name directed by Abhishek Varman based on Chetan Bhagat's novel 2 States: The Story of My Marriage. Starring Arjun Kapoor and Alia Bhatt, the film produced by Dharma Productions and Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment. The film's soundtrack consisted of seven songs composed by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy, who had recurringly composed for Dharma Productions' films, and had lyrics written by Amitabh Bhattacharya. Varman wanted the trio to score the film in the first place in order to create a romantic album that "has soul and young energy" and have a longer shelf-life.
The soundtrack was released by T-Series on 16 March 2014 to generally positive reviews from critics. Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy won Filmfare and IIFA awards for his work in the film, while the album itself received accolades in several ceremonies. The song "Mast Magan" enjoyed widespread commercial success, with other tracks being declared as chartbusters.
2 States' soundtrack was preceded by three singles, that were released along with the music videos accompanying. The track "Offo" was sung by Aditi Singh Sharma and Amitabh Bhattacharya, was the first to be released on 7 March 2014. The second song "Locha-E-Ulfat" was released on 13 March, and the third song "Mast Magan" was released on 15 March, while its music video was released later. In an interview with Bollywood Hungama, the leading lady of the film Alia Bhatt stated that the song is one of her personal favorites from the film. The soundtrack was released through digital platforms on 16 March 2014. Post-release, the tracks "Iski Uski" and "Chandaaniya" were released on 3 and 9 April.
Vipin Nair of Music Aloud gave 7.5 out of 10 stars calling it "not as brilliant as Shankar Ehsaan Loy’s last few soundtracks, but still one of the better works they have produced for Dharma Productions." In her 3-star review, Purva Khole of Bollywood Life wrote "Though this album isn’t one of the best ones by Shankar Ehsaan Loy, it is a relief to see the trio back in action". Aishwarya of Koimoi rated 3.5 out of 5 saying "If the past few releases did not stand up to your expectations in Hindi Film music, this is worth the try to bring a fanatic’s faith back on. For once, the entire album can be judged without selective prejudice."
Joginder Tuteja of Rediff.com wrote "Last year, Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy had done quite well with Bhaag Milkha Bhaag. With the score of 2 States, they make a re-entry into the Karan-Sajid camp. Amitabh Bhattacharya has written some interesting lyrics. With aggressive promotion and its inherent good quality, the music of 2 States should do well." In a mixed review, Sankhayan Ghosh of The Indian Express rated two-and-a-half out of five saying "While this (Hulla) and Locha-e-Ulfat will sit atop any favourite list this year, the remaining songs of 2 States have their moments but still fall short of the composers’ talent." Rajiv Vijayakar of Bollywood Hungama said that "Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy's score is unusual and fresh in many aspects". Bryan Durham of The Times of India rated 4 out of 5 saying "With three tracks on the Top 20 chart and quite a few songs that are sure to find place in your personal playlists, SEL’s music has found its winning groove." | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "2 States is the soundtrack to the 2014 film of the same name directed by Abhishek Varman based on Chetan Bhagat's novel 2 States: The Story of My Marriage. Starring Arjun Kapoor and Alia Bhatt, the film produced by Dharma Productions and Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment. The film's soundtrack consisted of seven songs composed by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy, who had recurringly composed for Dharma Productions' films, and had lyrics written by Amitabh Bhattacharya. Varman wanted the trio to score the film in the first place in order to create a romantic album that \"has soul and young energy\" and have a longer shelf-life.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The soundtrack was released by T-Series on 16 March 2014 to generally positive reviews from critics. Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy won Filmfare and IIFA awards for his work in the film, while the album itself received accolades in several ceremonies. The song \"Mast Magan\" enjoyed widespread commercial success, with other tracks being declared as chartbusters.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "2 States' soundtrack was preceded by three singles, that were released along with the music videos accompanying. The track \"Offo\" was sung by Aditi Singh Sharma and Amitabh Bhattacharya, was the first to be released on 7 March 2014. The second song \"Locha-E-Ulfat\" was released on 13 March, and the third song \"Mast Magan\" was released on 15 March, while its music video was released later. In an interview with Bollywood Hungama, the leading lady of the film Alia Bhatt stated that the song is one of her personal favorites from the film. The soundtrack was released through digital platforms on 16 March 2014. Post-release, the tracks \"Iski Uski\" and \"Chandaaniya\" were released on 3 and 9 April.",
"title": "Release"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Vipin Nair of Music Aloud gave 7.5 out of 10 stars calling it \"not as brilliant as Shankar Ehsaan Loy’s last few soundtracks, but still one of the better works they have produced for Dharma Productions.\" In her 3-star review, Purva Khole of Bollywood Life wrote \"Though this album isn’t one of the best ones by Shankar Ehsaan Loy, it is a relief to see the trio back in action\". Aishwarya of Koimoi rated 3.5 out of 5 saying \"If the past few releases did not stand up to your expectations in Hindi Film music, this is worth the try to bring a fanatic’s faith back on. For once, the entire album can be judged without selective prejudice.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Joginder Tuteja of Rediff.com wrote \"Last year, Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy had done quite well with Bhaag Milkha Bhaag. With the score of 2 States, they make a re-entry into the Karan-Sajid camp. Amitabh Bhattacharya has written some interesting lyrics. With aggressive promotion and its inherent good quality, the music of 2 States should do well.\" In a mixed review, Sankhayan Ghosh of The Indian Express rated two-and-a-half out of five saying \"While this (Hulla) and Locha-e-Ulfat will sit atop any favourite list this year, the remaining songs of 2 States have their moments but still fall short of the composers’ talent.\" Rajiv Vijayakar of Bollywood Hungama said that \"Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy's score is unusual and fresh in many aspects\". Bryan Durham of The Times of India rated 4 out of 5 saying \"With three tracks on the Top 20 chart and quite a few songs that are sure to find place in your personal playlists, SEL’s music has found its winning groove.\"",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | 2 States is the soundtrack to the 2014 film of the same name directed by Abhishek Varman based on Chetan Bhagat's novel 2 States: The Story of My Marriage. Starring Arjun Kapoor and Alia Bhatt, the film produced by Dharma Productions and Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment. The film's soundtrack consisted of seven songs composed by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy, who had recurringly composed for Dharma Productions' films, and had lyrics written by Amitabh Bhattacharya. Varman wanted the trio to score the film in the first place in order to create a romantic album that "has soul and young energy" and have a longer shelf-life. The soundtrack was released by T-Series on 16 March 2014 to generally positive reviews from critics. Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy won Filmfare and IIFA awards for his work in the film, while the album itself received accolades in several ceremonies. The song "Mast Magan" enjoyed widespread commercial success, with other tracks being declared as chartbusters. | 2023-12-09T11:52:11Z | 2023-12-31T00:55:54Z | [
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75,523,021 | Gochgarishan | Gochgarishan or Goch borani refers to the beginning of autumn according to the Azerbaijani folk calendar.
In Azerbaijan, pastoralists refer to the beginning of autumn as "gochgarishan". During this month, sheep that have been previously bred are released into the herd, taking into account that breeding coincides with the last month of winter (boz ay). Sheep are released into the herd within the first 5–10 days of autumn. This period experiences cooler weather, heavy rainfall, and strong winds. The snow that falls on the mountains during this time is referred to as "boranlı qar" (snowstorm snow). Hence, "gochgarishan" is also called "goch borani" due to these weather conditions.
Historically, the month of "gochgarishan" has been marked with significance. This is the time when the herds are assessed, and sick, old, or unproductive sheep are removed from the herd. Shepherds determine the date when the sheep will be released into the herd. According to tradition, this day should fall on a Friday.
A ceremony is held to inspect the sheep that will be released into the herd. Young rams, with marked foreheads, engage in mock battles. The best rams' owners are presented with gifts. The chosen rams are brought to the shepherds. Shepherds welcome guests and offer flatbread as a meal. Those who dance well perform the "yalli" dance. Afterwards, the sheep are released into the herd.
Shepherds oversee the mating of the sheep. It's believed that if a white ewe approaches the ram as it's being released into the herd, it foretells a cold and snowy winter. If a red ewe approaches, it suggests a mild winter, and a black ewe predicts a calm winter. The sheep remain in the herd until the last month of autumn.
In the traditions of Azerbaijani people in Ighdır, the "Goch gatımı" ceremony has become a customary practice. Towards the end of autumn, several well-bred sheep are released into the herd. These sheep are adorned beforehand, painted with natural dyes obtained from local plants or with henna, and decorated with sugar, beads, and apples. To ensure both female and male offspring, a representation of a girl and a boy is placed on the back of the ram. It's believed that hanging apples or pomegranates on the ram's horns will result in the birth of twin lambs. Additionally, herd owners treat the community with halva and dried apricots as part of the festivities.
The Autumn Equinox (pakta) symbolizes equal day and night. In Azerbaijani folk belief, the Moon and the Sun are portrayed as lovers. Their love is eternal, yet they can never unite. However, on the day when night and day are equal, they can see each other's faces. Despite this, they still lose sight of each other without being able to meet. In Azerbaijani villages, various games and celebrations take place on this night. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Gochgarishan or Goch borani refers to the beginning of autumn according to the Azerbaijani folk calendar.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In Azerbaijan, pastoralists refer to the beginning of autumn as \"gochgarishan\". During this month, sheep that have been previously bred are released into the herd, taking into account that breeding coincides with the last month of winter (boz ay). Sheep are released into the herd within the first 5–10 days of autumn. This period experiences cooler weather, heavy rainfall, and strong winds. The snow that falls on the mountains during this time is referred to as \"boranlı qar\" (snowstorm snow). Hence, \"gochgarishan\" is also called \"goch borani\" due to these weather conditions.",
"title": "Duration"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Historically, the month of \"gochgarishan\" has been marked with significance. This is the time when the herds are assessed, and sick, old, or unproductive sheep are removed from the herd. Shepherds determine the date when the sheep will be released into the herd. According to tradition, this day should fall on a Friday.",
"title": "Duration"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "A ceremony is held to inspect the sheep that will be released into the herd. Young rams, with marked foreheads, engage in mock battles. The best rams' owners are presented with gifts. The chosen rams are brought to the shepherds. Shepherds welcome guests and offer flatbread as a meal. Those who dance well perform the \"yalli\" dance. Afterwards, the sheep are released into the herd.",
"title": "Duration"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Shepherds oversee the mating of the sheep. It's believed that if a white ewe approaches the ram as it's being released into the herd, it foretells a cold and snowy winter. If a red ewe approaches, it suggests a mild winter, and a black ewe predicts a calm winter. The sheep remain in the herd until the last month of autumn.",
"title": "Duration"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In the traditions of Azerbaijani people in Ighdır, the \"Goch gatımı\" ceremony has become a customary practice. Towards the end of autumn, several well-bred sheep are released into the herd. These sheep are adorned beforehand, painted with natural dyes obtained from local plants or with henna, and decorated with sugar, beads, and apples. To ensure both female and male offspring, a representation of a girl and a boy is placed on the back of the ram. It's believed that hanging apples or pomegranates on the ram's horns will result in the birth of twin lambs. Additionally, herd owners treat the community with halva and dried apricots as part of the festivities.",
"title": "Duration"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The Autumn Equinox (pakta) symbolizes equal day and night. In Azerbaijani folk belief, the Moon and the Sun are portrayed as lovers. Their love is eternal, yet they can never unite. However, on the day when night and day are equal, they can see each other's faces. Despite this, they still lose sight of each other without being able to meet. In Azerbaijani villages, various games and celebrations take place on this night.",
"title": "İntersecting periods"
}
] | Gochgarishan or Goch borani refers to the beginning of autumn according to the Azerbaijani folk calendar. | 2023-12-09T12:00:00Z | 2024-01-01T01:04:22Z | [
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75,523,023 | Libya–Portugal relations | Libya–Portugal relations are the bilateral relations between Libya and Republic of Portugal. The two countries are members of the United Nations.
The present-day areas of Libya and Portugal were part of the trade routes of the Phoenicians , who lived here between the 10th and 4th centuries BC. BC also maintained their own bases. Later, both areas belonged to the Roman Empire as Libya superior and Libya inferior (Libya) or as the province of Lusitania and the province of Hispania ulterior (Portugal) . At the beginning of the 5th century, the Vandals invaded Portugal and ruled there for some time. They then moved on to North Africa until they captured Libya in 450.
From 641 onwards, Arabs conquered what is now Libya and in 711 what is now Portugal. Both areas then belonged to the Arab Empire until Portugal became an independent kingdom during its Reconquista in 1139. Since the late 15th century, the corsairs of Tripoli expanded their pirate attacks to further and further areas of the Mediterranean and into the Atlantic. They also regularly attacked Portuguese towns and ships of the Portuguese Navy and merchant fleet. In doing so, they also hindered the trade routes of the Portuguese Empire , as well as those of the emerging maritime powers Spain and England. Spain finally conquered Tripoli in 1510 and gave the city to the Order of St. John in 1530 . The Portuguese, who traditionally played an important role in the Order of St. John, also worked there. In 1551 the Ottomans conquered Libya. Tripoli remained a stronghold of the corsairs, who, in addition to Portugal and Spain, caused problems especially for the new sea powers France, the Netherlands and England until the early 19th century. However, the activities of the Libyan corsairs had declined since the bombardment of Tripoli (1728) and finally came to a complete standstill at the beginning of the 19th century.
From 1911 Libya became an Italian colony , after the Second World War (1939–1945) it came under British occupation and became independent as the Kingdom of Libya in 1951 . In 1969, the officer Muammar al-Gaddafi came to power in a bloodless coup and transformed the country into an Arab socialist state. The semi-fascist Estado Novo regime in Portugal, which had been established since 1932, did not enter into any relations with Libya.
Only after the fall of the dictatorship as a result of the Carnation Revolution in 1974 did Portugal's foreign policy undergo a realignment. In 1975, Libya and Portugal established diplomatic relations.
On November 3, 1976, both states signed a cultural agreement, a trade agreement and an agreement on economic, scientific and technical cooperation in the Portuguese capital Lisbon. A representative of Portugal was accredited for the first time in the Libyan capital Tripoli on April 4, 1989, but Portugal has not yet opened its own embassy there. On June 14, 2003, Libya and Portugal signed a mutual investment protection and promotion agreement in Sirte , followed on December 9, 2007 in Lisbon by an agreement on economic cooperation and a cooperation agreement in the areas of education, science, technology, higher education, language, culture, youth , sports and media. On August 3, 2007, Portugal opened its own embassy in Tripoli for the first time. In the wake of the Arab Spring, there were also mass protests in Libya, which ultimately led to the civil war in Libya in 2011 . NATO , of which Portugal is a founding member, was then a key force in the military intervention in Libya in 2011 . However, Portugal did not participate directly.
On July 28, 2011, Portugal recognized the National Transitional Council. In connection with the civil war in Libya since 2014, Portugal left its embassy in Tripoli vacant from April 4, 2014, and since then Portugal's ambassador to Tunisia has represented Portuguese interests in Libya.
Bilateral trade is still comparatively low, but since the decline in the exchange of goods as a result of the civil war in Libya in 2011, trade has now started to grow again. In 2016, the trade volume between Libya and Portugal amounted to 36.6 million euros (2012: 420.4 million), with a trade balance surplus in favor of Portugal of 34.0 million euros (2012: 377.6 million). in favor of Libya). This placed Libya in 88th place as a buyer and 143rd as a supplier in Portuguese foreign trade, while Portugal was in 41st place as a buyer and 32nd as a supplier in Libya's foreign trade. 43 Portuguese companies exported to Libya in 2016 (2012: 110).
In 2016, Portugal exported goods worth 35.3 million euros to Libya ( 2015 : 19.6 million , 2014 : 24.4 million; 2013 : 49.6 million; 2012 : 21.4 million), Of these, 74.1% were machinery and equipment, 11.4% were chemical-pharmaceutical products, 7.3% were foodstuffs, 2.3% were agricultural products and 2.0% were metal goods. During the same period, Libya delivered goods worth 1.3 million euros to Portugal ( 2015 : 8.4 million, 2014 : 1.2 million; 2013 : 104.3 million; 2012 : 399.0 million). , of which 60% are chemical-pharmaceutical products, 39.9% metal goods, and 0.1% paper and cellulose. The Portuguese Chamber of Foreign Trade AICEP maintains a contact office at the Portuguese Embassy in the Libyan capital Tripoli, and there is also a department for Libya in the Arab-Portuguese Chamber of Commerce in Lisbon, the Câmara de Comércio e Indústria Àrabe Portuguesa.
The Libyan and Portuguese national football teams have not yet met (as of February 2020).
Libyan players also occasionally play for Portuguese clubs, including internationals such as Jamal Mohammed , who has played for several teams in Portugal. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Libya–Portugal relations are the bilateral relations between Libya and Republic of Portugal. The two countries are members of the United Nations.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The present-day areas of Libya and Portugal were part of the trade routes of the Phoenicians , who lived here between the 10th and 4th centuries BC. BC also maintained their own bases. Later, both areas belonged to the Roman Empire as Libya superior and Libya inferior (Libya) or as the province of Lusitania and the province of Hispania ulterior (Portugal) . At the beginning of the 5th century, the Vandals invaded Portugal and ruled there for some time. They then moved on to North Africa until they captured Libya in 450.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "From 641 onwards, Arabs conquered what is now Libya and in 711 what is now Portugal. Both areas then belonged to the Arab Empire until Portugal became an independent kingdom during its Reconquista in 1139. Since the late 15th century, the corsairs of Tripoli expanded their pirate attacks to further and further areas of the Mediterranean and into the Atlantic. They also regularly attacked Portuguese towns and ships of the Portuguese Navy and merchant fleet. In doing so, they also hindered the trade routes of the Portuguese Empire , as well as those of the emerging maritime powers Spain and England. Spain finally conquered Tripoli in 1510 and gave the city to the Order of St. John in 1530 . The Portuguese, who traditionally played an important role in the Order of St. John, also worked there. In 1551 the Ottomans conquered Libya. Tripoli remained a stronghold of the corsairs, who, in addition to Portugal and Spain, caused problems especially for the new sea powers France, the Netherlands and England until the early 19th century. However, the activities of the Libyan corsairs had declined since the bombardment of Tripoli (1728) and finally came to a complete standstill at the beginning of the 19th century.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "From 1911 Libya became an Italian colony , after the Second World War (1939–1945) it came under British occupation and became independent as the Kingdom of Libya in 1951 . In 1969, the officer Muammar al-Gaddafi came to power in a bloodless coup and transformed the country into an Arab socialist state. The semi-fascist Estado Novo regime in Portugal, which had been established since 1932, did not enter into any relations with Libya.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Only after the fall of the dictatorship as a result of the Carnation Revolution in 1974 did Portugal's foreign policy undergo a realignment. In 1975, Libya and Portugal established diplomatic relations.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On November 3, 1976, both states signed a cultural agreement, a trade agreement and an agreement on economic, scientific and technical cooperation in the Portuguese capital Lisbon. A representative of Portugal was accredited for the first time in the Libyan capital Tripoli on April 4, 1989, but Portugal has not yet opened its own embassy there. On June 14, 2003, Libya and Portugal signed a mutual investment protection and promotion agreement in Sirte , followed on December 9, 2007 in Lisbon by an agreement on economic cooperation and a cooperation agreement in the areas of education, science, technology, higher education, language, culture, youth , sports and media. On August 3, 2007, Portugal opened its own embassy in Tripoli for the first time. In the wake of the Arab Spring, there were also mass protests in Libya, which ultimately led to the civil war in Libya in 2011 . NATO , of which Portugal is a founding member, was then a key force in the military intervention in Libya in 2011 . However, Portugal did not participate directly.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "On July 28, 2011, Portugal recognized the National Transitional Council. In connection with the civil war in Libya since 2014, Portugal left its embassy in Tripoli vacant from April 4, 2014, and since then Portugal's ambassador to Tunisia has represented Portuguese interests in Libya.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Bilateral trade is still comparatively low, but since the decline in the exchange of goods as a result of the civil war in Libya in 2011, trade has now started to grow again. In 2016, the trade volume between Libya and Portugal amounted to 36.6 million euros (2012: 420.4 million), with a trade balance surplus in favor of Portugal of 34.0 million euros (2012: 377.6 million). in favor of Libya). This placed Libya in 88th place as a buyer and 143rd as a supplier in Portuguese foreign trade, while Portugal was in 41st place as a buyer and 32nd as a supplier in Libya's foreign trade. 43 Portuguese companies exported to Libya in 2016 (2012: 110).",
"title": "Trade"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In 2016, Portugal exported goods worth 35.3 million euros to Libya ( 2015 : 19.6 million , 2014 : 24.4 million; 2013 : 49.6 million; 2012 : 21.4 million), Of these, 74.1% were machinery and equipment, 11.4% were chemical-pharmaceutical products, 7.3% were foodstuffs, 2.3% were agricultural products and 2.0% were metal goods. During the same period, Libya delivered goods worth 1.3 million euros to Portugal ( 2015 : 8.4 million, 2014 : 1.2 million; 2013 : 104.3 million; 2012 : 399.0 million). , of which 60% are chemical-pharmaceutical products, 39.9% metal goods, and 0.1% paper and cellulose. The Portuguese Chamber of Foreign Trade AICEP maintains a contact office at the Portuguese Embassy in the Libyan capital Tripoli, and there is also a department for Libya in the Arab-Portuguese Chamber of Commerce in Lisbon, the Câmara de Comércio e Indústria Àrabe Portuguesa.",
"title": "Trade"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The Libyan and Portuguese national football teams have not yet met (as of February 2020).",
"title": "Sports"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Libyan players also occasionally play for Portuguese clubs, including internationals such as Jamal Mohammed , who has played for several teams in Portugal.",
"title": "Sports"
}
] | Libya–Portugal relations are the bilateral relations between Libya and Republic of Portugal. The two countries are members of the United Nations. | 2023-12-09T12:00:18Z | 2023-12-09T20:46:21Z | [
"Template:Infobox Bilateral relations",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Portugal_relations |
75,523,032 | 2023 All Japan University Football Championship | The 2023 All Japan University Football Championship (第72回 全日本大学サッカー選手権大会; All Japan 72nd University Football Championship) is the 72nd edition of the referred annually contested cup for universities across Japan. As usual, the tournament is contested by 24 universities on a knockout-stage format. The Toin University of Yokohama are the current champions, winning 3–2 past Niigata University of Health and Welfare on the 2022 championship final.
The venues and their locations are as follows:
In parentheses: Each university's performance at the regional qualifying series.
The participating teams and match-ups were disclosed on 21 November 2023. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023 All Japan University Football Championship (第72回 全日本大学サッカー選手権大会; All Japan 72nd University Football Championship) is the 72nd edition of the referred annually contested cup for universities across Japan. As usual, the tournament is contested by 24 universities on a knockout-stage format. The Toin University of Yokohama are the current champions, winning 3–2 past Niigata University of Health and Welfare on the 2022 championship final.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The venues and their locations are as follows:",
"title": "Venues"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In parentheses: Each university's performance at the regional qualifying series.",
"title": "Participating clubs"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The participating teams and match-ups were disclosed on 21 November 2023.",
"title": "Schedule"
}
] | The 2023 All Japan University Football Championship is the 72nd edition of the referred annually contested cup for universities across Japan. As usual, the tournament is contested by 24 universities on a knockout-stage format. The Toin University of Yokohama are the current champions, winning 3–2 past Niigata University of Health and Welfare on the 2022 championship final. | 2023-12-09T12:02:37Z | 2023-12-24T17:18:24Z | [
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75,523,057 | 2020 Gold Coast City Council election | The 2020 Gold Coast City Council election was held on 28 March 2020 to elect a mayor and 14 councillors in the City of Gold Coast, a local government area in Queensland, Australia. It was held in concurrent with the Queensland local elections.
Incumbent mayor Tom Tate was re-elected with more than 66% of the vote after preference distribution. The Queensland Greens, Civil Liberties & Motorists Party and Animal Justice Party formally endorsed candidates, while Labor and the Liberal Nationals did not (although several members contested as independents).
Division 4 councillor Cameron Caldwell was elected to the House of Representatives as the member for Fadden at a by-election in July 2023.
On 22 August 2023, Division 7 councillor Ryan Bayldon-Lumsden was charged by Queensland Police with the murder of his stepfather, 58-year-old Robert Lumsden. He was suspended as a councillor on 15 September 2023 until the 2024 local elections. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2020 Gold Coast City Council election was held on 28 March 2020 to elect a mayor and 14 councillors in the City of Gold Coast, a local government area in Queensland, Australia. It was held in concurrent with the Queensland local elections.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Incumbent mayor Tom Tate was re-elected with more than 66% of the vote after preference distribution. The Queensland Greens, Civil Liberties & Motorists Party and Animal Justice Party formally endorsed candidates, while Labor and the Liberal Nationals did not (although several members contested as independents).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Division 4 councillor Cameron Caldwell was elected to the House of Representatives as the member for Fadden at a by-election in July 2023.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "On 22 August 2023, Division 7 councillor Ryan Bayldon-Lumsden was charged by Queensland Police with the murder of his stepfather, 58-year-old Robert Lumsden. He was suspended as a councillor on 15 September 2023 until the 2024 local elections.",
"title": "Aftermath"
}
] | The 2020 Gold Coast City Council election was held on 28 March 2020 to elect a mayor and 14 councillors in the City of Gold Coast, a local government area in Queensland, Australia. It was held in concurrent with the Queensland local elections. Incumbent mayor Tom Tate was re-elected with more than 66% of the vote after preference distribution. The Queensland Greens, Civil Liberties & Motorists Party and Animal Justice Party formally endorsed candidates, while Labor and the Liberal Nationals did not. | 2023-12-09T12:07:55Z | 2023-12-30T07:30:38Z | [
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75,523,064 | Will Haydon-Wood | Will Haydon-Wood (born 27 October 2000) is an English rugby union player who plays for Exeter Chiefs as a fly half.
Hayden-Wood is from Neston, on the Wirral, and played his junior rugby at Caldy RFC before moving to Sedbergh School when he was 13 years-old. He then joined the academy at Newcastle Falcons. In 2019, he joined Tynedale RFC on loan from Newcastle.
Haydon-Wood made his debut for Newcastle Falcons in the European Challenge Cup away to Castres Olympique in December 2020. He made his made his Rugby Premiership debut against Exeter Chiefs in May 2021. During the 2021-22 season he made thirteen appearances for Newcastle, but joined Premiership rivals Wasps RFC in April 2022.
He made his debut appearance for Wasps in the Rugby Premiership against Northampton Saints, however soon afterwards Wasps were liquidated due to financial issues. In October 2022, he signed for French side RC Massy for the duration of the 2022-23 season.
He signed for Exeter Chiefs prior to the start of the 2023-24 season.
He has played for England U20. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Will Haydon-Wood (born 27 October 2000) is an English rugby union player who plays for Exeter Chiefs as a fly half.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Hayden-Wood is from Neston, on the Wirral, and played his junior rugby at Caldy RFC before moving to Sedbergh School when he was 13 years-old. He then joined the academy at Newcastle Falcons. In 2019, he joined Tynedale RFC on loan from Newcastle.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Haydon-Wood made his debut for Newcastle Falcons in the European Challenge Cup away to Castres Olympique in December 2020. He made his made his Rugby Premiership debut against Exeter Chiefs in May 2021. During the 2021-22 season he made thirteen appearances for Newcastle, but joined Premiership rivals Wasps RFC in April 2022.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "He made his debut appearance for Wasps in the Rugby Premiership against Northampton Saints, however soon afterwards Wasps were liquidated due to financial issues. In October 2022, he signed for French side RC Massy for the duration of the 2022-23 season.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "He signed for Exeter Chiefs prior to the start of the 2023-24 season.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "He has played for England U20.",
"title": "International career"
}
] | Will Haydon-Wood is an English rugby union player who plays for Exeter Chiefs as a fly half. | 2023-12-09T12:08:42Z | 2023-12-11T12:26:24Z | [
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75,523,091 | Salvelinus vasiljevae | Salvelinus vasiljevae, commonly known as Sakhalinian char, is a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family. It is found in the wider Sakhalin region from Nevelskoy Strait and the Amur river basin.
Sakhalinian char can reach a recorded maximum length of 25.0 cm (9.8 inches). The fish is semi-anadromous, migrating up river to spawn in the middle of summer and autumn. The fish are omnivorous, feeding on fish, aerial and aquatic insects and their larvae, amphipods, on insectivorous mammals and mice. The species usually reside in rapid current and sandy or pebbled bottom in holes (up to 1.5-2 meters). | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Salvelinus vasiljevae, commonly known as Sakhalinian char, is a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family. It is found in the wider Sakhalin region from Nevelskoy Strait and the Amur river basin.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Sakhalinian char can reach a recorded maximum length of 25.0 cm (9.8 inches). The fish is semi-anadromous, migrating up river to spawn in the middle of summer and autumn. The fish are omnivorous, feeding on fish, aerial and aquatic insects and their larvae, amphipods, on insectivorous mammals and mice. The species usually reside in rapid current and sandy or pebbled bottom in holes (up to 1.5-2 meters).",
"title": "Description"
}
] | Salvelinus vasiljevae, commonly known as Sakhalinian char, is a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family. It is found in the wider Sakhalin region from Nevelskoy Strait and the Amur river basin. | 2023-12-09T12:21:18Z | 2023-12-14T20:31:17Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvelinus_vasiljevae |
75,523,122 | Alfredo De La Vega | Alfredo De La Vega (born 1911–1912 in Los Angeles, died September 24, 1987, in West Hollywood, California) was a wealthy businessman, real estate manager and frequent host of Hollywood celebrities.
He was born in Hancock Park, the son of a prominent Mexican family which socialized with the families of many motion picture stars. Starting off in business in the insurance industry, where he worked for many years, De La Vega later owned a number of large apartment buildings and ran them through his own company.
Residing in one of them, the La Fontaine building at Crescent Heights and Fountain in West Holywood, De La Vega was known in social circles for his extravagant dinner parties in his apartment there.
At age 75, De La Vega was killed there while an assistant listened via intercom from the building's basement office of De La Vega Management Company. Police reported that he had been shot at least twice in the abdomen and that a small revolver was found near the body.
Another assistant said the door of De La Vega's large apartment was open, left thus by a houseboy and an overnight guest who left at 9:30 a.m.
According to TV sleuth Dominick Dunne, who knew De La Vega and was familiar with the scene of his death, it must have been a homicide. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Alfredo De La Vega (born 1911–1912 in Los Angeles, died September 24, 1987, in West Hollywood, California) was a wealthy businessman, real estate manager and frequent host of Hollywood celebrities.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He was born in Hancock Park, the son of a prominent Mexican family which socialized with the families of many motion picture stars. Starting off in business in the insurance industry, where he worked for many years, De La Vega later owned a number of large apartment buildings and ran them through his own company.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Residing in one of them, the La Fontaine building at Crescent Heights and Fountain in West Holywood, De La Vega was known in social circles for his extravagant dinner parties in his apartment there.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "At age 75, De La Vega was killed there while an assistant listened via intercom from the building's basement office of De La Vega Management Company. Police reported that he had been shot at least twice in the abdomen and that a small revolver was found near the body.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Another assistant said the door of De La Vega's large apartment was open, left thus by a houseboy and an overnight guest who left at 9:30 a.m.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "According to TV sleuth Dominick Dunne, who knew De La Vega and was familiar with the scene of his death, it must have been a homicide.",
"title": ""
}
] | Alfredo De La Vega was a wealthy businessman, real estate manager and frequent host of Hollywood celebrities. He was born in Hancock Park, the son of a prominent Mexican family which socialized with the families of many motion picture stars. Starting off in business in the insurance industry, where he worked for many years, De La Vega later owned a number of large apartment buildings and ran them through his own company. Residing in one of them, the La Fontaine building at Crescent Heights and Fountain in West Holywood, De La Vega was known in social circles for his extravagant dinner parties in his apartment there. At age 75, De La Vega was killed there while an assistant listened via intercom from the building's basement office of De La Vega Management Company. Police reported that he had been shot at least twice in the abdomen and that a small revolver was found near the body. Another assistant said the door of De La Vega's large apartment was open, left thus by a houseboy and an overnight guest who left at 9:30 a.m. According to TV sleuth Dominick Dunne, who knew De La Vega and was familiar with the scene of his death, it must have been a homicide. | 2023-12-09T12:28:13Z | 2023-12-11T05:48:17Z | [
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75,523,139 | St. Martin, Oestrich | St. Martin is the name of a Catholic church and former parish in Oestrich, Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis, Germany. It was built as a hall church from 1508 in late-Gothic style. It was destroyed in the Thirty Years' War and rebuilt in simpler style, but restored to its Gothic appearance in 1894.
The parish was merged in 2015 to St. Peter und Paul in Eltville. It is part of the Diocese of Limburg.
The present building was preceded by a church in Romanesque style from the first half of the 12th century; its tower was preserved and became part of the new building in late-Gothic style, begun in 1508. The southern hall from this period is still extant. The church was dedicated to Martin of Tours.
The church burned down during the Thirty Years' War in 1633 or 1635. After the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, the church was rebuilt in simpler form, without vaults. The previous Gothic hall was restored in 1893/94, including a star vault and a Gothic Revival organ balcony instead of a Baroque one. The sacristy was enlarged, and two chapels were added.
In 2015 the parish was merged, along with other parishes, to St. Peter und Paul [de] in Eltville. It is part of the Diocese of Limburg.
Services from St. Martin were broadcast live by ZDF on 4 July 2021 and on 11 June 2023.
The organ was built by the organ builder Förster & Nicolaus from Lich in 1981. The instrument has 26 stops on two manuals and a pedalboard. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "St. Martin is the name of a Catholic church and former parish in Oestrich, Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis, Germany. It was built as a hall church from 1508 in late-Gothic style. It was destroyed in the Thirty Years' War and rebuilt in simpler style, but restored to its Gothic appearance in 1894.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "The parish was merged in 2015 to St. Peter und Paul in Eltville. It is part of the Diocese of Limburg.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "The present building was preceded by a church in Romanesque style from the first half of the 12th century; its tower was preserved and became part of the new building in late-Gothic style, begun in 1508. The southern hall from this period is still extant. The church was dedicated to Martin of Tours.",
"title": "Building"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The church burned down during the Thirty Years' War in 1633 or 1635. After the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, the church was rebuilt in simpler form, without vaults. The previous Gothic hall was restored in 1893/94, including a star vault and a Gothic Revival organ balcony instead of a Baroque one. The sacristy was enlarged, and two chapels were added.",
"title": "Building"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 2015 the parish was merged, along with other parishes, to St. Peter und Paul [de] in Eltville. It is part of the Diocese of Limburg.",
"title": "Building"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Services from St. Martin were broadcast live by ZDF on 4 July 2021 and on 11 June 2023.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The organ was built by the organ builder Förster & Nicolaus from Lich in 1981. The instrument has 26 stops on two manuals and a pedalboard.",
"title": "Organ"
}
] | St. Martin is the name of a Catholic church and former parish in Oestrich, Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis, Germany. It was built as a hall church from 1508 in late-Gothic style. It was destroyed in the Thirty Years' War and rebuilt in simpler style, but restored to its Gothic appearance in 1894. The parish was merged in 2015 to St. Peter und Paul in Eltville. It is part of the Diocese of Limburg. | 2023-12-09T12:32:47Z | 2023-12-18T17:37:10Z | [
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75,523,151 | International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals | The International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals (often shortened to ISGOTT) is a standard code of practice for the safe operation of Oil tankers and Oil terminals. Published by Witherbys, it is a joint publication produced by the International Chamber of Shipping (ICS), the Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF), and the International Association of Ports and Harbors (IAPH).
It was first published in 1978. ISGOTT has its roots in the late 1960s and early 1970s when the shipping industry recognised the need for comprehensive guidelines to ensure the safety of oil tankers and terminals. During this time, there were increasing concerns about the safety and environmental risks associated with the transportation and handling of oil. In response to these concerns, the ICS and OCIMF collaborated to develop a guide that would establish standardised safety practices for the industry. The guide aimed to address various aspects of safety, including cargo handling, emergency response, personnel safety, and environmental protection. Over the years, ISGOTT has undergone several revisions and updates to incorporate advancements in technology, changes in regulations, and improvements in industry best practices.
A sixth edition of ISGOTT was published in June 2020.
The publication provides information to ship-owners, seafarers and oil companies on best practice operating practices, national and international legislation, occupational safety and health and ship design relating to oil tankers and Oil terminals.
The collaborative effort between ICS, OCIMF and IAPH in developing ISGOTT emphasises the importance of cooperation between shipping companies and oil companies to establish and promote international safety standards. The guide has become a widely recognised and respected resource in the maritime and oil industries, providing a common framework for safe operations. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals (often shortened to ISGOTT) is a standard code of practice for the safe operation of Oil tankers and Oil terminals. Published by Witherbys, it is a joint publication produced by the International Chamber of Shipping (ICS), the Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF), and the International Association of Ports and Harbors (IAPH).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "It was first published in 1978. ISGOTT has its roots in the late 1960s and early 1970s when the shipping industry recognised the need for comprehensive guidelines to ensure the safety of oil tankers and terminals. During this time, there were increasing concerns about the safety and environmental risks associated with the transportation and handling of oil. In response to these concerns, the ICS and OCIMF collaborated to develop a guide that would establish standardised safety practices for the industry. The guide aimed to address various aspects of safety, including cargo handling, emergency response, personnel safety, and environmental protection. Over the years, ISGOTT has undergone several revisions and updates to incorporate advancements in technology, changes in regulations, and improvements in industry best practices.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "A sixth edition of ISGOTT was published in June 2020.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The publication provides information to ship-owners, seafarers and oil companies on best practice operating practices, national and international legislation, occupational safety and health and ship design relating to oil tankers and Oil terminals.",
"title": "Content"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The collaborative effort between ICS, OCIMF and IAPH in developing ISGOTT emphasises the importance of cooperation between shipping companies and oil companies to establish and promote international safety standards. The guide has become a widely recognised and respected resource in the maritime and oil industries, providing a common framework for safe operations.",
"title": "Content"
}
] | The International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals is a standard code of practice for the safe operation of Oil tankers and Oil terminals. Published by Witherbys, it is a joint publication produced by the International Chamber of Shipping (ICS), the Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF), and the International Association of Ports and Harbors (IAPH). | 2023-12-09T12:35:43Z | 2023-12-22T20:11:37Z | [
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75,523,182 | Libya–Suriname relations | Brazil–Libya relations are the bilateral relations between Libya and Republic of Suriname. The two countries are members of the Group of 77 and the United Nations.
After the December murders of 1982, the Netherlands suspended development cooperation with Suriname, which put the country in financial distress. As early as January 1983, a payment of approximately 60 million guilders was not made and Suriname could not expect any financial support from South America. During this time, Libya and Suriname became closer and held talks in Brussels, where both countries had an embassy. The Libyan leader, Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, was willing to supply Suriname with oil at a lower price than on the world market. In exchange, he wanted to import rice from Suriname and gain political influence in Suriname, which he had been interested in for some time. While Bouterse was visiting Libya in mid-March 1983, he and Qadhafi signed a cooperation agreement. The need for contact with Libya disappeared somewhat after ties with Brazil were strengthened. For Brazil, this move was mainly intended to keep Suriname out of the sphere of influence of undesirable countries such as Cuba, Grenada and Libya. Internally it divided the parties that supported Bouterse, the PALU and RVP. At the beginning of February 1985, a Surinamese delegation including Henk Herrenberg and Ivan Graanoogst was on a trade mission in Libya. At the beginning of March 1985, Bouterse was back in Libya and signed a number of contracts to deepen cooperation. Libya signed for, among other things, exploration for oil fields in Suriname and a loan of 30 million dollars. Gaddafi's Bedouin tent had impressed Bouterse. Back in his own country, he ordered the construction of an Indian tent to receive foreign guests. In 1985, Libyan soldiers came to train Surinamese soldiers. They also appeared in Guyana and maintained contacts with a group of people in French Guiana who were striving for independence. The presence of the military caused great concern in France and the United States . After the American bombing of the Libyan capital Tripoli on April 15, 1986, Bouterse reacted with shock and asked the Non-Aligned Movement to mediate. In an interview with Reuters around August 1, 1986, Bouterse made it known that he wanted to take a step back if the Surinamese people so wished. He further said: “One of the most important things I have learned in the past six years is to avoid getting caught in the firing line of the East-West conflict.” Nevertheless, Libyans were also active in Suriname afterwards and Libya supplied Bell helicopters to Suriname for use in the Internal War against the Jungle Command. In August 1987, Bouterse visited Libya again. While Foreign Minister Henk Heidweiller had previously accompanied him during his visit to Ghana, he did not come to Libya, which was interpreted as a sign that there was no agreement on good relations with Libya. US Ambassador Robert Barbour warned Bouterse at that time in an open letter to respect the results of the November 25 parliamentary elections .
Democratically elected President Ramsewak Shankar was installed on January 25, 1988. In September of that year, a senior Libyan diplomat announced that his country would like to strengthen relations with Suriname.
In early March 2011, during the first Bouterse cabinet, Suriname supported a motion to remove Libya from the United Nations Human Rights Council . Foreign Minister Winston Lackin indicated that this position had been taken jointly within CARICOM. At that time, the First Libyan Civil War was already underway, which ended with the death of Gaddafi. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Brazil–Libya relations are the bilateral relations between Libya and Republic of Suriname. The two countries are members of the Group of 77 and the United Nations.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "After the December murders of 1982, the Netherlands suspended development cooperation with Suriname, which put the country in financial distress. As early as January 1983, a payment of approximately 60 million guilders was not made and Suriname could not expect any financial support from South America. During this time, Libya and Suriname became closer and held talks in Brussels, where both countries had an embassy. The Libyan leader, Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, was willing to supply Suriname with oil at a lower price than on the world market. In exchange, he wanted to import rice from Suriname and gain political influence in Suriname, which he had been interested in for some time. While Bouterse was visiting Libya in mid-March 1983, he and Qadhafi signed a cooperation agreement. The need for contact with Libya disappeared somewhat after ties with Brazil were strengthened. For Brazil, this move was mainly intended to keep Suriname out of the sphere of influence of undesirable countries such as Cuba, Grenada and Libya. Internally it divided the parties that supported Bouterse, the PALU and RVP. At the beginning of February 1985, a Surinamese delegation including Henk Herrenberg and Ivan Graanoogst was on a trade mission in Libya. At the beginning of March 1985, Bouterse was back in Libya and signed a number of contracts to deepen cooperation. Libya signed for, among other things, exploration for oil fields in Suriname and a loan of 30 million dollars. Gaddafi's Bedouin tent had impressed Bouterse. Back in his own country, he ordered the construction of an Indian tent to receive foreign guests. In 1985, Libyan soldiers came to train Surinamese soldiers. They also appeared in Guyana and maintained contacts with a group of people in French Guiana who were striving for independence. The presence of the military caused great concern in France and the United States . After the American bombing of the Libyan capital Tripoli on April 15, 1986, Bouterse reacted with shock and asked the Non-Aligned Movement to mediate. In an interview with Reuters around August 1, 1986, Bouterse made it known that he wanted to take a step back if the Surinamese people so wished. He further said: “One of the most important things I have learned in the past six years is to avoid getting caught in the firing line of the East-West conflict.” Nevertheless, Libyans were also active in Suriname afterwards and Libya supplied Bell helicopters to Suriname for use in the Internal War against the Jungle Command. In August 1987, Bouterse visited Libya again. While Foreign Minister Henk Heidweiller had previously accompanied him during his visit to Ghana, he did not come to Libya, which was interpreted as a sign that there was no agreement on good relations with Libya. US Ambassador Robert Barbour warned Bouterse at that time in an open letter to respect the results of the November 25 parliamentary elections .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Democratically elected President Ramsewak Shankar was installed on January 25, 1988. In September of that year, a senior Libyan diplomat announced that his country would like to strengthen relations with Suriname.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In early March 2011, during the first Bouterse cabinet, Suriname supported a motion to remove Libya from the United Nations Human Rights Council . Foreign Minister Winston Lackin indicated that this position had been taken jointly within CARICOM. At that time, the First Libyan Civil War was already underway, which ended with the death of Gaddafi.",
"title": "History"
}
] | Brazil–Libya relations are the bilateral relations between Libya and Republic of Suriname. The two countries are members of the Group of 77 and the United Nations. | 2023-12-09T12:43:41Z | 2023-12-14T13:23:08Z | [
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75,523,184 | The Hoo, Willingdon and Jevington | The Hoo is an Neoclassical country house in Willingdon, in the Wealden District of East Sussex, England. It was designed by Edwin Lutyens in 1902 for Alexander Wedderburn, a wealthy lawyer. Considered one of Lutyens' best houses, it is a Grade I listed building. The gardens, which had input from Gertrude Jekyll, are designated at Grade I on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England.
Media related to The Hoo, Willingdon and Jevington at Wikimedia Commons | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Hoo is an Neoclassical country house in Willingdon, in the Wealden District of East Sussex, England. It was designed by Edwin Lutyens in 1902 for Alexander Wedderburn, a wealthy lawyer. Considered one of Lutyens' best houses, it is a Grade I listed building. The gardens, which had input from Gertrude Jekyll, are designated at Grade I on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"title": "History and description"
},
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"title": "References"
},
{
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"text": "Media related to The Hoo, Willingdon and Jevington at Wikimedia Commons",
"title": "External links"
}
] | The Hoo is an Neoclassical country house in Willingdon, in the Wealden District of East Sussex, England. It was designed by Edwin Lutyens in 1902 for Alexander Wedderburn, a wealthy lawyer. Considered one of Lutyens' best houses, it is a Grade I listed building. The gardens, which had input from Gertrude Jekyll, are designated at Grade I on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England. | 2023-12-09T12:44:18Z | 2023-12-10T11:03:30Z | [
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75,523,206 | Abu al-Haris | In the Mandaean calendar, Abu al-Haris (Arabic: أبو الهريس) is a Mandaean religious feast day celebrated on the 1st day of Sarṭana, which is the 6th month of the Mandaean calendar. Abu al-Haris is celebrated by Mandaeans as a day of remembrance commemorating the drowned people of Noah's flood. Grains and cereals are eaten as part of a special lofani (ritual meal). | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "In the Mandaean calendar, Abu al-Haris (Arabic: أبو الهريس) is a Mandaean religious feast day celebrated on the 1st day of Sarṭana, which is the 6th month of the Mandaean calendar. Abu al-Haris is celebrated by Mandaeans as a day of remembrance commemorating the drowned people of Noah's flood. Grains and cereals are eaten as part of a special lofani (ritual meal).",
"title": ""
}
] | In the Mandaean calendar, Abu al-Haris is a Mandaean religious feast day celebrated on the 1st day of Sarṭana, which is the 6th month of the Mandaean calendar. Abu al-Haris is celebrated by Mandaeans as a day of remembrance commemorating the drowned people of Noah's flood. Grains and cereals are eaten as part of a special lofani. | 2023-12-09T12:49:55Z | 2023-12-09T13:04:11Z | [
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75,523,237 | Libya–Poland relations | Libya–Poland relations are the bilateral relations between Libya and Republic of Poland. The two countries are members of the United Nations.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 December 1963.
Poland at the mid-2000s like the rest of West countries started to turn its eyes back on Libya after almost 20 years of absence. At the beginning of the civil war, the Polish government was not eager to participate in any military action in Libya, but called the other members of NATO and European Union to use other ways, but prime minister Donald Tusk assured that Poland would take part in some "community activities." At the same time, Polish NGOs started the preparations to help eastern Libya. The position of government concern Libya has not changed with the beginning of Military intervention in Libya.
The diplomatic relations with NTC were established during the visit of Polish FM Radosław Sikorski to Benghazi on 11 May, when he announced the recognition of the NTC as "rightful interlocutor for the international community (...) in Libya" Poland was the only country that opened its embassy in Benghazi. On 8 July, the Minister noticed the Polish recognition of NTC as the "legitimate government of the Libyan people". Poland was also member of Libya Contact Group, where it offered to launch humanitarian help and training for state officials and new law and order services. There are unofficial reports that Poland was sending weapons and officers of Polish Special Forces. Ahmed El-Mallul, a Libyan surgeon in Poland, was a mediator between the NTC and the Polish government. On 15 September Poland reopened its embassy in Tripoli and started to prepare ground for humanitarian help, which arrived on 3 October in Misrata Also Libyan representatives were in Poland at the parliamentary elections on 6–11 October 2011. Next visit of foreign minister took place on 24 October in Tripoli. Three days later Libyan decedents decided to strengthen bilateral relations and notify Polish MFA about upgrading its Economic Cooperation Bureau in Warsaw to the rank of Embassy and establish a joint Libyan-Polish commission headed by its Ministers of Foreign Affairs. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Libya–Poland relations are the bilateral relations between Libya and Republic of Poland. The two countries are members of the United Nations.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 December 1963.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Poland at the mid-2000s like the rest of West countries started to turn its eyes back on Libya after almost 20 years of absence. At the beginning of the civil war, the Polish government was not eager to participate in any military action in Libya, but called the other members of NATO and European Union to use other ways, but prime minister Donald Tusk assured that Poland would take part in some \"community activities.\" At the same time, Polish NGOs started the preparations to help eastern Libya. The position of government concern Libya has not changed with the beginning of Military intervention in Libya.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The diplomatic relations with NTC were established during the visit of Polish FM Radosław Sikorski to Benghazi on 11 May, when he announced the recognition of the NTC as \"rightful interlocutor for the international community (...) in Libya\" Poland was the only country that opened its embassy in Benghazi. On 8 July, the Minister noticed the Polish recognition of NTC as the \"legitimate government of the Libyan people\". Poland was also member of Libya Contact Group, where it offered to launch humanitarian help and training for state officials and new law and order services. There are unofficial reports that Poland was sending weapons and officers of Polish Special Forces. Ahmed El-Mallul, a Libyan surgeon in Poland, was a mediator between the NTC and the Polish government. On 15 September Poland reopened its embassy in Tripoli and started to prepare ground for humanitarian help, which arrived on 3 October in Misrata Also Libyan representatives were in Poland at the parliamentary elections on 6–11 October 2011. Next visit of foreign minister took place on 24 October in Tripoli. Three days later Libyan decedents decided to strengthen bilateral relations and notify Polish MFA about upgrading its Economic Cooperation Bureau in Warsaw to the rank of Embassy and establish a joint Libyan-Polish commission headed by its Ministers of Foreign Affairs.",
"title": "History"
}
] | Libya–Poland relations are the bilateral relations between Libya and Republic of Poland. The two countries are members of the United Nations. | 2023-12-09T12:59:34Z | 2023-12-11T11:38:06Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Poland_relations |
75,523,241 | Ida May Schottenfels | Ida May Schottenfels (December 21, 1869 – March 11, 1942) was an American mathematician and university professor.
She was a student at the University of Chicago, earning a master's degree in mathematics in 1896. In 1910, she was appointed as head of the mathematics department at the University of Toledo. She was cited as one of the most "active" women mathematicians of the time. From 1891 to 1906 she gave 17 lectures at meetings of the American Mathematical Society and published three papers. She presented her paper "On a set of generators for certain substitution and Galois field groups" at the 1904 AMS meeting.
In group theory, Schottenfels was the first mathematician to prove that there exist two non-isomorphic simple groups of the same order, by demonstrating that there are two non-isomorphic simple groups of order 20,160. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ida May Schottenfels (December 21, 1869 – March 11, 1942) was an American mathematician and university professor.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "She was a student at the University of Chicago, earning a master's degree in mathematics in 1896. In 1910, she was appointed as head of the mathematics department at the University of Toledo. She was cited as one of the most \"active\" women mathematicians of the time. From 1891 to 1906 she gave 17 lectures at meetings of the American Mathematical Society and published three papers. She presented her paper \"On a set of generators for certain substitution and Galois field groups\" at the 1904 AMS meeting.",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In group theory, Schottenfels was the first mathematician to prove that there exist two non-isomorphic simple groups of the same order, by demonstrating that there are two non-isomorphic simple groups of order 20,160.",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Ida May Schottenfels was an American mathematician and university professor. | 2023-12-09T13:00:19Z | 2023-12-26T15:08:40Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_May_Schottenfels |
75,523,244 | Lucjan Rudnicki (politician) | Lucjan Rudnicki (January 2, 1882 in Sulejów, Congress Poland - June 8, 1968 in Warsaw, Polish People's Republic) was a Polish writer, member of the PPS, SDKPiL, and KPP, and a deputy of the 1st term of the Sejm of the Polish People's Republic. Usually wrote under the pen names of "Ludwik", "Mały", "Krawiec", and "Kazimierz Lubiński".
He was the eldest of 9 children of Wojciech (1853–1899) and Klementyna née Okrasińska (1858–1939). After completing elementary school in Sulejów in 1895, he began working as a bricklayer and carpenter. In 1898, he moved to Łódź, where he worked in the Heinzl and Kunitzer factories there. From 1898 to 1906, he participated in illegal anti-Tsarist and revolutionary activities led by the Polish Socialist Party, for which he was imprisoned twice and exiled to the Arkhangelsk Governorate for 3 years. He escaped from there and lived under an assumed name.
In March 1905, he participated in the 7th Congress of the PPS. In 1907, he switched from PPS to SDKPiL. He was active in the Warsaw Committee of SDKPiL. During World War I, he opposed the Germans and was interned from 1916 to 1918 in Szczypiorno, Havelberg, and Modlin. From December 1918 to August 1938, he was a member of the Communist Party of Poland (KPP). In the first half of 1919, on behalf of KPRP, he belonged to the Warsaw Council of Workers' Delegates, for which he was imprisoned in Modlin. In the mid-1920s, he published articles critical of the activities of PPS and Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie" in socialist papers. In 1933, he returned to Sulejów. In January 1942, he joined the PPR. He collaborated with the People's Guard (GL) and Union of Youth Struggle (ZWM). From January to May 1945, he was the mayor of Sulejów and the secretary of the PPR City Committee in that city.
After World War II, he mainly focused on literary work. In December 1948, he was a delegate to the 1st Congress of the PZPR, and in March 1954, to the 3rd Congress of the PZPR. In November 1949, he became a member of the Nationwide Committee for the Celebration of the 70th Birthday of Joseph Stalin. From 1952 to 1956, he served as a deputy of the 1st term of the Sejm of the Polish People's Republic. In 1957, he was a co-founder and member of the Board of the Association of Atheists and Freethinkers.
In 1951, he received the Silver Badge for Recipients of the 2nd Degree State Award.
He was buried in the Avenue of the Distinguished at the Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw (Section A28-Tuje-20).
He was married to Maria Szukiewicz-Rudnicka, an activist in the socialist and communist movement, and a participant in the 1905 Revolution, and the assassination attempt on the Warsaw Governor-General Georgi Skalon, recognized as Righteous Among the Nations. They had three children: Kazimierz (1908–1924), Elżbieta (1910–1931), and Konrad (1926–2013), a professor at the Jagiellonian University, an astronomer, and a cleric of the Mariavite Church.
The literary output of Lucjan Rudnicki is not fully known because some unpublished works were destroyed in 1939.
The street in the Warsaw district of Bielany that bore the name of Lucjan Rudnicki was renamed in 2017 (to General Klemens Stanisław Rudnicki Street). Similarly, the name of the street in Sulejów was changed in 2018 from Lucjan Rudnicki to General Stefan Grot-Rowecki.
A primary school in Warsaw's Ursynów district was also named after Lucjan Rudnicki; since 2019, the school has been named after Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz. Until 1992, Lucjan Rudnicki was also the patron of Primary School No. 40 in Poznań | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Lucjan Rudnicki (January 2, 1882 in Sulejów, Congress Poland - June 8, 1968 in Warsaw, Polish People's Republic) was a Polish writer, member of the PPS, SDKPiL, and KPP, and a deputy of the 1st term of the Sejm of the Polish People's Republic. Usually wrote under the pen names of \"Ludwik\", \"Mały\", \"Krawiec\", and \"Kazimierz Lubiński\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He was the eldest of 9 children of Wojciech (1853–1899) and Klementyna née Okrasińska (1858–1939). After completing elementary school in Sulejów in 1895, he began working as a bricklayer and carpenter. In 1898, he moved to Łódź, where he worked in the Heinzl and Kunitzer factories there. From 1898 to 1906, he participated in illegal anti-Tsarist and revolutionary activities led by the Polish Socialist Party, for which he was imprisoned twice and exiled to the Arkhangelsk Governorate for 3 years. He escaped from there and lived under an assumed name.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In March 1905, he participated in the 7th Congress of the PPS. In 1907, he switched from PPS to SDKPiL. He was active in the Warsaw Committee of SDKPiL. During World War I, he opposed the Germans and was interned from 1916 to 1918 in Szczypiorno, Havelberg, and Modlin. From December 1918 to August 1938, he was a member of the Communist Party of Poland (KPP). In the first half of 1919, on behalf of KPRP, he belonged to the Warsaw Council of Workers' Delegates, for which he was imprisoned in Modlin. In the mid-1920s, he published articles critical of the activities of PPS and Polish People's Party \"Wyzwolenie\" in socialist papers. In 1933, he returned to Sulejów. In January 1942, he joined the PPR. He collaborated with the People's Guard (GL) and Union of Youth Struggle (ZWM). From January to May 1945, he was the mayor of Sulejów and the secretary of the PPR City Committee in that city.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "After World War II, he mainly focused on literary work. In December 1948, he was a delegate to the 1st Congress of the PZPR, and in March 1954, to the 3rd Congress of the PZPR. In November 1949, he became a member of the Nationwide Committee for the Celebration of the 70th Birthday of Joseph Stalin. From 1952 to 1956, he served as a deputy of the 1st term of the Sejm of the Polish People's Republic. In 1957, he was a co-founder and member of the Board of the Association of Atheists and Freethinkers.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1951, he received the Silver Badge for Recipients of the 2nd Degree State Award.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "He was buried in the Avenue of the Distinguished at the Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw (Section A28-Tuje-20).",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "He was married to Maria Szukiewicz-Rudnicka, an activist in the socialist and communist movement, and a participant in the 1905 Revolution, and the assassination attempt on the Warsaw Governor-General Georgi Skalon, recognized as Righteous Among the Nations. They had three children: Kazimierz (1908–1924), Elżbieta (1910–1931), and Konrad (1926–2013), a professor at the Jagiellonian University, an astronomer, and a cleric of the Mariavite Church.",
"title": "Private life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The literary output of Lucjan Rudnicki is not fully known because some unpublished works were destroyed in 1939.",
"title": "Literary work"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The street in the Warsaw district of Bielany that bore the name of Lucjan Rudnicki was renamed in 2017 (to General Klemens Stanisław Rudnicki Street). Similarly, the name of the street in Sulejów was changed in 2018 from Lucjan Rudnicki to General Stefan Grot-Rowecki.",
"title": "Modern-day legacy after the fall of the Polish People's Republic"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "A primary school in Warsaw's Ursynów district was also named after Lucjan Rudnicki; since 2019, the school has been named after Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz. Until 1992, Lucjan Rudnicki was also the patron of Primary School No. 40 in Poznań",
"title": "Modern-day legacy after the fall of the Polish People's Republic"
}
] | Lucjan Rudnicki was a Polish writer, member of the PPS, SDKPiL, and KPP, and a deputy of the 1st term of the Sejm of the Polish People's Republic. Usually wrote under the pen names of "Ludwik", "Mały", "Krawiec", and "Kazimierz Lubiński". | 2023-12-09T13:02:11Z | 2023-12-26T15:51:31Z | [
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75,523,249 | Wildlife of Brunei | The flora and fauna of Brunei Darussalam is one of its primary draws. Tropical evergreen rainforest makes up the majority of the country's natural vegetation. 81% of the land is covered by forests, with 59% being primary forests and 22% being secondary forests and plantations. With an estimated 2,000 species of trees, Brunei is home to an estimated 15,000 different species of vascular plants. Brunei's mammal and bird populations are comparable to those of Sumatra, the Malaysian Peninsula, and Borneo as a whole.
As far as Asian countries go, Brunei was the first to ban shark finning. Dog beating and wildlife trafficking are Brunei's two most urgent animal law concerns. Like many other Asian nations, the nation has certain animal-related legislation, but enforcement of them is still lax.
A wide variety of wildlife can be found in Brunei's forests, including 500 species of marine fish and invertebrates, 622 bird species, 121 species of mammals, 182 species of amphibians and reptiles, and some native species like the Nycticebus borneanus, Bronchocela cristatella, Bornean Sun Bear, and Pelobatrachus nasutus. Proboscis monkeys and ground squirrels are examples of endemic species. The nation is home to two different species of crocodiles: the false gharial and the estuary crocodile. The varied range of freshwater species found in Brunei includes small torrential streams, estuaries with highly acidic environments, and alkaline waters.
In Brunei, several mammal species, including the Asian elephant, banteng, long-footed treeshrew, orangutan, and otter civet, are classified as Critically Endangered or Endangered, while the bay cat, clouded leopard, dugong, flat-headed Cat, smooth-coated otter, marbled cat, pig-tailed macaque, and proboscis monkey are listed as Vulnerable, according to the 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals.
The rainforest of Brunei is a habitat to numerous hornbills, barbets, sunbirds, spiderhunters, leafbirds, trogons, and floor-dwelling species including pheasants, pittas, and wren-babblers. The riverine and coastal habitats, which comprise freshwater marshes and mangroves are significant locations. Birds are numerous on the hillsides of Brunei, which border the Malaysian state of Sarawak. However, accessing some of these regions can be difficult, particularly during the monsoon season.
One of the oldest rainforests in the world, Temburong is home to rainforests that date back more than 150 million years. Many plant and animal species, some of which are unique to Brunei and Borneo, can be found in abundance in the woodlands. Of the country's total land area, 72% is covered by forest, and 41% is legally protected. Over 70% of Brunei is made up of lush, verdant jungles that have been kept out of human grasp for as long as they have been.
The greatest remaining intact mangroves in northern Borneo are found in the coastal mangroves. In Brunei Bay, they make up one of the biggest areas of comparatively untouched mangroves in eastern Asia, along with those in nearby nations. Although less so than in other nations in the region, mangrove resources are utilized for a variety of uses. With more than 50% live coral cover, the 45 square kilometres (17 sq mi) coral reef along the coast is most famous for the rare co-occurrence of a very distinctive suite of hard and soft corals and gorgonian sea fans.
Brunei boasts 400 species of reef-building coral, with the majority of its peat swamp forests situated along the Belait River basin in the west and seasonally flooded areas in the middle reaches of the Tutong River, all maintaining nearly perfect conditions. The limited exploitation of these forests is attributed to the population residing along the shore and the predominant role of hydrocarbon fossil fuels in the nation's development and economy; clear-cutting is prohibited, and timber exportation is not allowed, while the Forestry Department strictly regulates wood harvest for domestic use.
Ecosystem threats in the country includes land development, pollution, encroachment, climate change and invasive alien species. Meanwhile threats to the species includes poaching, collection and invasive alien species. These risks are fueled by a number of factors, including economic expansion, the desire for products and services, the demand for exotic meat, traditional and herbal medicines, wild ornamental plants, and tourism in pristine places. These have resulted in the loss of species, habitat, ecosystem fragmentation, inland water pollution, and ecological benefits. There are also new dangers to biodiversity, such climate change. Numerous species are obtained to provide the global demand for meat, pets, luxury goods, medicines, and zoos.
Forest reserves comprise all designated protected areas. The principal habitat categories are generally well-represented within the protected areas system, with the exception of swamp forest habitats. As of right now, Brunei Darussalam's forest reserves are managed using sustainable management techniques in accordance with the ideas for forest development and conservation presented in the Strategic Plan for Forestry. Organisations (such as government ministries, NGOs, and higher education institutions) have undertaken a number of initiatives to advance collaboration and exchange programs for biodiversity education and awareness-raising. These initiatives include the organisation of seminars and conferences aimed at exchanging knowledge and expertise on biodiversity research and management, among other topics.
Field gene banks and arboretums are repositories of agricultural biodiversity and rice varieties. As part of the genebanks' efforts, the community was also given free seedlings of native fruit species. The Brunei National Herbarium has the only specimens of the country's flora. As part of its yearly conservation program, the Forestry Department of the Government of Brunei plants trees. In only one year, the government pledged to plant 60,000 trees around the nation. Projects like this one that restore biodiversity are allotted land, and as part of the project, free seedlings were distributed to the local population.
An NGO called Brunei Biodiversity & Natural History Society (BruWILD) is dedicated to preserving biodiversity by action and education. Through its rescue operations and educational initiatives, BruWILD significantly contributed to the preservation of Brunei's wildlife and increased public understanding of the value of environmental sustainability. To commemorate World Environment Day in June 2017, the High Commission for Canada collaborated with BruWILD and The Collective.
In order to provide training for wildlife rescue and rehabilitation in Brunei, the International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council (IWRC) and BruWILD have partnered. 30 participants, including members of BruWILD, the Wildlife Division (Ministry of Primary Resources and Tourism), Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD), and International School Brunei (ISB), will be taught courses by IWRC instructors during their 25–30 July 2016 trip to Brunei. The courses would be held in the Faculty of Science laboratories at UBD.
Temburong is renowned for its varied animals, waterfalls, and primary forests. One of Southeast Asia's best-preserved rainforests, Ulu Temburong National Park, is located in this area, alongside an underground cavern network in the Batu Apoi Forest Reserve.
The China State Construction Engineering Corporation (CSCEC) completed the Sultan Haji Omar Ali Saifuddien Bridge (Temburong Bridge) project inside the rural Temburong District that is primarily unoccupied and covered in virgin forest. Situated in the center of the district, the easternmost region of Brunei, which is home to endemic fauna and indigenous vegetation, the company had to move forward with the megaproject while taking care to ensure that the natural landscape was damaged as little as possible. Additionally, workers have been told to record any wildlife encounters they may come across. Furthermore, eco-friendly practices are promoted, and trainings and inspections were carried out to guarantee that the flora and fauna are not affected. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The flora and fauna of Brunei Darussalam is one of its primary draws. Tropical evergreen rainforest makes up the majority of the country's natural vegetation. 81% of the land is covered by forests, with 59% being primary forests and 22% being secondary forests and plantations. With an estimated 2,000 species of trees, Brunei is home to an estimated 15,000 different species of vascular plants. Brunei's mammal and bird populations are comparable to those of Sumatra, the Malaysian Peninsula, and Borneo as a whole.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "As far as Asian countries go, Brunei was the first to ban shark finning. Dog beating and wildlife trafficking are Brunei's two most urgent animal law concerns. Like many other Asian nations, the nation has certain animal-related legislation, but enforcement of them is still lax.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "A wide variety of wildlife can be found in Brunei's forests, including 500 species of marine fish and invertebrates, 622 bird species, 121 species of mammals, 182 species of amphibians and reptiles, and some native species like the Nycticebus borneanus, Bronchocela cristatella, Bornean Sun Bear, and Pelobatrachus nasutus. Proboscis monkeys and ground squirrels are examples of endemic species. The nation is home to two different species of crocodiles: the false gharial and the estuary crocodile. The varied range of freshwater species found in Brunei includes small torrential streams, estuaries with highly acidic environments, and alkaline waters.",
"title": "Terrestrial fauna"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In Brunei, several mammal species, including the Asian elephant, banteng, long-footed treeshrew, orangutan, and otter civet, are classified as Critically Endangered or Endangered, while the bay cat, clouded leopard, dugong, flat-headed Cat, smooth-coated otter, marbled cat, pig-tailed macaque, and proboscis monkey are listed as Vulnerable, according to the 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals.",
"title": "Terrestrial fauna"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The rainforest of Brunei is a habitat to numerous hornbills, barbets, sunbirds, spiderhunters, leafbirds, trogons, and floor-dwelling species including pheasants, pittas, and wren-babblers. The riverine and coastal habitats, which comprise freshwater marshes and mangroves are significant locations. Birds are numerous on the hillsides of Brunei, which border the Malaysian state of Sarawak. However, accessing some of these regions can be difficult, particularly during the monsoon season.",
"title": "Terrestrial fauna"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "One of the oldest rainforests in the world, Temburong is home to rainforests that date back more than 150 million years. Many plant and animal species, some of which are unique to Brunei and Borneo, can be found in abundance in the woodlands. Of the country's total land area, 72% is covered by forest, and 41% is legally protected. Over 70% of Brunei is made up of lush, verdant jungles that have been kept out of human grasp for as long as they have been.",
"title": "Terrestrial flora"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The greatest remaining intact mangroves in northern Borneo are found in the coastal mangroves. In Brunei Bay, they make up one of the biggest areas of comparatively untouched mangroves in eastern Asia, along with those in nearby nations. Although less so than in other nations in the region, mangrove resources are utilized for a variety of uses. With more than 50% live coral cover, the 45 square kilometres (17 sq mi) coral reef along the coast is most famous for the rare co-occurrence of a very distinctive suite of hard and soft corals and gorgonian sea fans.",
"title": "Terrestrial flora"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Brunei boasts 400 species of reef-building coral, with the majority of its peat swamp forests situated along the Belait River basin in the west and seasonally flooded areas in the middle reaches of the Tutong River, all maintaining nearly perfect conditions. The limited exploitation of these forests is attributed to the population residing along the shore and the predominant role of hydrocarbon fossil fuels in the nation's development and economy; clear-cutting is prohibited, and timber exportation is not allowed, while the Forestry Department strictly regulates wood harvest for domestic use.",
"title": "Terrestrial flora"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Ecosystem threats in the country includes land development, pollution, encroachment, climate change and invasive alien species. Meanwhile threats to the species includes poaching, collection and invasive alien species. These risks are fueled by a number of factors, including economic expansion, the desire for products and services, the demand for exotic meat, traditional and herbal medicines, wild ornamental plants, and tourism in pristine places. These have resulted in the loss of species, habitat, ecosystem fragmentation, inland water pollution, and ecological benefits. There are also new dangers to biodiversity, such climate change. Numerous species are obtained to provide the global demand for meat, pets, luxury goods, medicines, and zoos.",
"title": "Conservation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Forest reserves comprise all designated protected areas. The principal habitat categories are generally well-represented within the protected areas system, with the exception of swamp forest habitats. As of right now, Brunei Darussalam's forest reserves are managed using sustainable management techniques in accordance with the ideas for forest development and conservation presented in the Strategic Plan for Forestry. Organisations (such as government ministries, NGOs, and higher education institutions) have undertaken a number of initiatives to advance collaboration and exchange programs for biodiversity education and awareness-raising. These initiatives include the organisation of seminars and conferences aimed at exchanging knowledge and expertise on biodiversity research and management, among other topics.",
"title": "Conservation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Field gene banks and arboretums are repositories of agricultural biodiversity and rice varieties. As part of the genebanks' efforts, the community was also given free seedlings of native fruit species. The Brunei National Herbarium has the only specimens of the country's flora. As part of its yearly conservation program, the Forestry Department of the Government of Brunei plants trees. In only one year, the government pledged to plant 60,000 trees around the nation. Projects like this one that restore biodiversity are allotted land, and as part of the project, free seedlings were distributed to the local population.",
"title": "Conservation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "An NGO called Brunei Biodiversity & Natural History Society (BruWILD) is dedicated to preserving biodiversity by action and education. Through its rescue operations and educational initiatives, BruWILD significantly contributed to the preservation of Brunei's wildlife and increased public understanding of the value of environmental sustainability. To commemorate World Environment Day in June 2017, the High Commission for Canada collaborated with BruWILD and The Collective.",
"title": "Conservation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "In order to provide training for wildlife rescue and rehabilitation in Brunei, the International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council (IWRC) and BruWILD have partnered. 30 participants, including members of BruWILD, the Wildlife Division (Ministry of Primary Resources and Tourism), Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD), and International School Brunei (ISB), will be taught courses by IWRC instructors during their 25–30 July 2016 trip to Brunei. The courses would be held in the Faculty of Science laboratories at UBD.",
"title": "Conservation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Temburong is renowned for its varied animals, waterfalls, and primary forests. One of Southeast Asia's best-preserved rainforests, Ulu Temburong National Park, is located in this area, alongside an underground cavern network in the Batu Apoi Forest Reserve.",
"title": "Conservation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "The China State Construction Engineering Corporation (CSCEC) completed the Sultan Haji Omar Ali Saifuddien Bridge (Temburong Bridge) project inside the rural Temburong District that is primarily unoccupied and covered in virgin forest. Situated in the center of the district, the easternmost region of Brunei, which is home to endemic fauna and indigenous vegetation, the company had to move forward with the megaproject while taking care to ensure that the natural landscape was damaged as little as possible. Additionally, workers have been told to record any wildlife encounters they may come across. Furthermore, eco-friendly practices are promoted, and trainings and inspections were carried out to guarantee that the flora and fauna are not affected.",
"title": "Conservation"
}
] | The flora and fauna of Brunei Darussalam is one of its primary draws. Tropical evergreen rainforest makes up the majority of the country's natural vegetation. 81% of the land is covered by forests, with 59% being primary forests and 22% being secondary forests and plantations. With an estimated 2,000 species of trees, Brunei is home to an estimated 15,000 different species of vascular plants. Brunei's mammal and bird populations are comparable to those of Sumatra, the Malaysian Peninsula, and Borneo as a whole. As far as Asian countries go, Brunei was the first to ban shark finning. Dog beating and wildlife trafficking are Brunei's two most urgent animal law concerns. Like many other Asian nations, the nation has certain animal-related legislation, but enforcement of them is still lax. | 2023-12-09T13:03:32Z | 2023-12-16T02:46:04Z | [
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75,523,268 | Broken Hearts Trip | Broken Hearts Trip is a 2023 Philippine LGBT comedy film starring Christian Bables, directed by Lemuel Lorca under BMC Films and Smart Films. The film revolves around a reality show participated by five LGBT people who seeks to move on from their past love lives.
A gay man (Christian Bables), hosts The Broken Hearts Trip, a reality television show featuring five LGBT contestants (Teejay Marquez, Marvin Yap, Petite, Iyah Mina, and Andoy Ranay). The host is joined by two people who serve as his co-"judgers" (Tart Carlos and Jaclyn Jose). The five participants have one thing in common, they are brokenhearted, and are given a chance to heal from their bad experience through trips to various tourist destinations across the Philippines.
The five contestants must avoid falling in love. The last gay man or trans woman standing is promised to win a million pesoes.
Broken Heart's Trip is a co-production by BMC Films and Smart Films. It was directed by Lemuel Lorca. Lex Bonife did the story while Archie del Mundo did the screenplay. The film revolves around five LGBT characters.
Principal photography took place in several locations across the Philippines such as Mount Banahaw in Lobo, Batangas, Kawasan Falls in Cebu, Pagudpud in Ilocos Norte, and a river in Magdalena, Laguna for whitewater rafting.
Broken Heart's Trip premiered in cinemas in the Philippines on December 25, 2023, as one of the official entries of the 2023 Metro Manila Film Festival. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Broken Hearts Trip is a 2023 Philippine LGBT comedy film starring Christian Bables, directed by Lemuel Lorca under BMC Films and Smart Films. The film revolves around a reality show participated by five LGBT people who seeks to move on from their past love lives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "A gay man (Christian Bables), hosts The Broken Hearts Trip, a reality television show featuring five LGBT contestants (Teejay Marquez, Marvin Yap, Petite, Iyah Mina, and Andoy Ranay). The host is joined by two people who serve as his co-\"judgers\" (Tart Carlos and Jaclyn Jose). The five participants have one thing in common, they are brokenhearted, and are given a chance to heal from their bad experience through trips to various tourist destinations across the Philippines.",
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"text": "Broken Heart's Trip is a co-production by BMC Films and Smart Films. It was directed by Lemuel Lorca. Lex Bonife did the story while Archie del Mundo did the screenplay. The film revolves around five LGBT characters.",
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},
{
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"text": "Principal photography took place in several locations across the Philippines such as Mount Banahaw in Lobo, Batangas, Kawasan Falls in Cebu, Pagudpud in Ilocos Norte, and a river in Magdalena, Laguna for whitewater rafting.",
"title": "Production"
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"text": "Broken Heart's Trip premiered in cinemas in the Philippines on December 25, 2023, as one of the official entries of the 2023 Metro Manila Film Festival.",
"title": "Release"
}
] | Broken Hearts Trip is a 2023 Philippine LGBT comedy film starring Christian Bables, directed by Lemuel Lorca under BMC Films and Smart Films. The film revolves around a reality show participated by five LGBT people who seeks to move on from their past love lives. | 2023-12-09T13:07:22Z | 2023-12-29T06:42:31Z | [
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75,523,282 | Fatiha El-Ghorri | Fatiha El-Ghorri is a British Moroccan comedian and writer. Born in Hackney, London, she has been appearing on British television since 2020, including as a cast member of the second series of the Dave comedy game show Outsiders in 2022.
El-Ghorri's family are from the town of Larache in Morocco. She was born in the London borough of Hackney, where she grew up as one of thirteen siblings. Her father died when she was six years old.
Before beginning her career, El-Ghorri was married and divorced twice.
El-Ghorri is Muslim and wears a hijab; she has spoken publicly about "smashing the stereotypes people have of Muslim, hijabi women". She is also bilingual, speaking English and Dārija, the Moroccan dialect of Arabic.
Around 2015, following her second divorce, El-Ghorri began a course on comedy writing and performance which she found through the online platform Meetup. She went on to pursue a career in stand-up comedy; by 2019 she had been a finalist in Funny Women in London and the Max Turner Prize, and toured as part of the Super Muslim Comedy Tour alongside Esther Manito and Abdullah Afzal. El-Ghorri has performed around the UK, in venues such as the Royal Albert Hall, and in Dubai. In 2023, she began a solo Work in Progress tour across the UK.
On television, El-Ghorri performed her stand-up on Jonathan Ross' Comedy Club on ITV in 2020, and on The Russell Howard Hour on Sky Max in 2021. She has also become a frequent guest on panel shows and talk shows, including Sorry, I Didn't Know and The Jonathan Ross Show in 2021, Big Zuu's Big Eats in 2022, and Guessable and Alan Davies: As Yet Untitled in 2023. El-Ghorri was one of six comedian cast members on the second series of the survival-themed game show Outsiders, hosted by David Mitchell.
El-Ghorri has also made several notable appearances on podcasts, including Off Menu with Ed Gamble and James Acaster and The Guilty Feminist. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Fatiha El-Ghorri is a British Moroccan comedian and writer. Born in Hackney, London, she has been appearing on British television since 2020, including as a cast member of the second series of the Dave comedy game show Outsiders in 2022.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "El-Ghorri's family are from the town of Larache in Morocco. She was born in the London borough of Hackney, where she grew up as one of thirteen siblings. Her father died when she was six years old.",
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"text": "Before beginning her career, El-Ghorri was married and divorced twice.",
"title": "Early and personal life"
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"text": "El-Ghorri is Muslim and wears a hijab; she has spoken publicly about \"smashing the stereotypes people have of Muslim, hijabi women\". She is also bilingual, speaking English and Dārija, the Moroccan dialect of Arabic.",
"title": "Early and personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Around 2015, following her second divorce, El-Ghorri began a course on comedy writing and performance which she found through the online platform Meetup. She went on to pursue a career in stand-up comedy; by 2019 she had been a finalist in Funny Women in London and the Max Turner Prize, and toured as part of the Super Muslim Comedy Tour alongside Esther Manito and Abdullah Afzal. El-Ghorri has performed around the UK, in venues such as the Royal Albert Hall, and in Dubai. In 2023, she began a solo Work in Progress tour across the UK.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On television, El-Ghorri performed her stand-up on Jonathan Ross' Comedy Club on ITV in 2020, and on The Russell Howard Hour on Sky Max in 2021. She has also become a frequent guest on panel shows and talk shows, including Sorry, I Didn't Know and The Jonathan Ross Show in 2021, Big Zuu's Big Eats in 2022, and Guessable and Alan Davies: As Yet Untitled in 2023. El-Ghorri was one of six comedian cast members on the second series of the survival-themed game show Outsiders, hosted by David Mitchell.",
"title": "Career"
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"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "El-Ghorri has also made several notable appearances on podcasts, including Off Menu with Ed Gamble and James Acaster and The Guilty Feminist.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Fatiha El-Ghorri is a British Moroccan comedian and writer. Born in Hackney, London, she has been appearing on British television since 2020, including as a cast member of the second series of the Dave comedy game show Outsiders in 2022. | 2023-12-09T13:11:56Z | 2023-12-09T20:40:29Z | [
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75,523,290 | Priidu Puusepp | Priidu Puusepp (until 1936 Friedrich Puusepp, February 11, 1887 – November 1, 1972) was an Estonian educator and linguist.
Priidu Puusepp was born in Võru, the son of Gustav Puusepp (1858–1905), a tailor, and Emma Amalie Puusepp (née Hermann, 1864–1925). In 1905, he graduated from a teacher training program in Valga.
From 1905 to 1914, Puusepp was a teacher in the rural schools of Võru County and Pärnu County. His teaching career was interrupted by service in the Imperial Russian Army from 1914 to 1917. From 1917 to 1920 he taught at Võru High School, from 1922 to 1932 at Tallinn Teacher Training College [et], and from 1932 to 1944 at Elementary School No. 16 in Tartu. In 1940, Puusepp was certified as a secondary and vocational school teacher of Estonian language and literature by the University of Tartu. From 1946 to 1953 he taught in the Russian language department of the University of Tartu.
Puusepp wrote 32 language textbooks for schools with a combined print run of one million. Several of them were used as basic textbooks for decades.
Puusepp studied Russian grammar and synonymy, publishing Vene keele rektsioone (Russian Case Government), Vene keele sünonüüme (Russian Synonyms), and other works. He prepared an extensive manuscript for his Vene-eesti fraseoloogilise sõnaraamatu (Russian–Estonian Phraseological Dictionary), which, however, has not been published. As a theater enthusiast, he published articles on stage art. | [
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"text": "Priidu Puusepp (until 1936 Friedrich Puusepp, February 11, 1887 – November 1, 1972) was an Estonian educator and linguist.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "Priidu Puusepp was born in Võru, the son of Gustav Puusepp (1858–1905), a tailor, and Emma Amalie Puusepp (née Hermann, 1864–1925). In 1905, he graduated from a teacher training program in Valga.",
"title": "Early life and education"
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{
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"text": "From 1905 to 1914, Puusepp was a teacher in the rural schools of Võru County and Pärnu County. His teaching career was interrupted by service in the Imperial Russian Army from 1914 to 1917. From 1917 to 1920 he taught at Võru High School, from 1922 to 1932 at Tallinn Teacher Training College [et], and from 1932 to 1944 at Elementary School No. 16 in Tartu. In 1940, Puusepp was certified as a secondary and vocational school teacher of Estonian language and literature by the University of Tartu. From 1946 to 1953 he taught in the Russian language department of the University of Tartu.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Puusepp wrote 32 language textbooks for schools with a combined print run of one million. Several of them were used as basic textbooks for decades.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Puusepp studied Russian grammar and synonymy, publishing Vene keele rektsioone (Russian Case Government), Vene keele sünonüüme (Russian Synonyms), and other works. He prepared an extensive manuscript for his Vene-eesti fraseoloogilise sõnaraamatu (Russian–Estonian Phraseological Dictionary), which, however, has not been published. As a theater enthusiast, he published articles on stage art.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Priidu Puusepp was an Estonian educator and linguist. | 2023-12-09T13:14:41Z | 2023-12-10T06:10:25Z | [
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75,523,295 | Samheng Boros | Samheng Boros (Khmer: សំហេង បុរស) is a Cambodian politician and a Minister attached to the Prime Minister. He previously served as a Secretary of State of Ministry of Social Affairs, Veterans and Youth Rehabilitation (2018–2022). In June 2022, he was appointed as the Minister for the first time in his political career.
Samheng Boros began his first career as a staff at Ministry of Social Affairs Veterans and Youth Rehabilitation (MoSVY) in 2002. He became a General Director of Administration and Finance General Directorate in 2012 and kept promoting as Under Secretary of State (2015–2018). He previously served as to be a Secretary of State at MoSVY (2018–2022).
Boros is a son of Ith Samheng, a member of the Cambodian National Assembly. He is a sibling of Samheng Bora, a Secretary of State at the Ministry of Commerce.
For social responsibility, he is a member of Permanent Committee of Union of Youth Federations of Cambodia, which Hun Many is the President of the organization. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Samheng Boros (Khmer: សំហេង បុរស) is a Cambodian politician and a Minister attached to the Prime Minister. He previously served as a Secretary of State of Ministry of Social Affairs, Veterans and Youth Rehabilitation (2018–2022). In June 2022, he was appointed as the Minister for the first time in his political career.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Samheng Boros began his first career as a staff at Ministry of Social Affairs Veterans and Youth Rehabilitation (MoSVY) in 2002. He became a General Director of Administration and Finance General Directorate in 2012 and kept promoting as Under Secretary of State (2015–2018). He previously served as to be a Secretary of State at MoSVY (2018–2022).",
"title": "Early life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Boros is a son of Ith Samheng, a member of the Cambodian National Assembly. He is a sibling of Samheng Bora, a Secretary of State at the Ministry of Commerce.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "For social responsibility, he is a member of Permanent Committee of Union of Youth Federations of Cambodia, which Hun Many is the President of the organization.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Samheng Boros is a Cambodian politician and a Minister attached to the Prime Minister. He previously served as a Secretary of State of Ministry of Social Affairs, Veterans and Youth Rehabilitation (2018–2022). In June 2022, he was appointed as the Minister for the first time in his political career. | 2023-12-09T13:17:08Z | 2023-12-31T07:08:25Z | [
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75,523,338 | Libya–Lithuania relations | Libya–Lithuania relations are the bilateral relations between Libya and Republic of Lithuania. The two countries are members of the Arab League and the United Nations.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 June 2008.
Libya recognized the independence of Lithuania in 3 September 1991, second on the African continent after PAR . in 6 September 1991 Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi sent a telegram in which, addressing the Chairman of the Republic of Lithuania Vytautas Landsbergis , he congratulated Lithuania on declaring independence from the "so-called Soviet Union", noting in the telegram parallels between the Soviet occupation and the Ottoman rule in Libya.
However, bilateral relations between the states were established only in 11 June 2008, after Lithuania's permanent representative to the United Nations, Ambassador Dalius Čekuolis , and Libya's permanent representative to the UN, Ambassador Dziadala A.Etalhi, signed a joint communique establishing diplomatic relations between Lithuania and Libya on behalf of the Governments of both countries in New York ( USA ). October 27-29 of the same year. a delegation of Lithuanian diplomats and businessmen led by State Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania Deividas Matulionis visited Libya in order to establish closer political and business relations. During the visit, a memorandum of understanding was signed regarding bilateral consultations between the Lithuanian and Libyan foreign ministries. A draft of the intergovernmental agreement on investment promotion and protection was handed over to Libya, and meetings were held with officials of the foreign relations structures of the Libyan Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Parliament.
in 2010 the countries exchanged diplomatic representatives. Ambassador Abdulhafed Gaduras residing in Rome was accredited for Lithuania, and Petras Zapolskas , also residing in Rome, was accredited for Libya (he presented the credentials in 2010). [7] However, the Libyan ambassador in 2012 recalled from the position of ambassador to Italy (and thus also to Lithuania), despite the fact that a year earlier he had switched to the side of Muammar Gaddafi's opponents. It is not known about Libyan ambassadors accredited to Lithuania since that time.
In 2011, after the civil war started in Libya, Lithuanian Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Egidijus Meilunas declared Lithuania's readiness to contribute to the solution of the Libyan crisis at an extraordinary meeting of the Council of Foreign Affairs of the European Union on March 10 in Brussels. 22 February 2011 Lithuanian Foreign Minister Audronius Ažubalis , who at the time also held the position of Chairman of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe , condemned the "repression against civilians" in Libya, carried out by the "Government of Muammar el Gaddafi" and expressed his "condolences to the families of the victims", urging both sides of the conflict to "start a dialogue". . Lithuania approved in 17 March 2011 for Resolution 1973 adopted by the United Nations Security Council , which provides requirements and sanctions for Muammar Gaddafi's regime and measures to be used by the international community to solve problems in Libya, and actively joined the NATO and EU discussions on the means of implementing this resolution.
in 20 June 2011 Abduraham ash algam, the representative of the National Transitional Council of Libya at the United Nations, and Abdulhafed Gadur , the ambassador accredited to Lithuania, visited Vilnius, where they met with Asta Skaisgiryte Liauškiene , the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania . The vice-minister noted that Lithuania "condemns the continuing violations of human rights in Libya" and "expresses concern about the worsening humanitarian situation" and mentioned that Lithuania has contributed to the provision of humanitarian aid to the Libyan population.
in 2017 Guests from Libya participated in the events of Arab Culture Days held in Vilnius , Kaunas , Rukla and Visaginas.
in 2018 according to data, trade turnover between Lithuania and Libya reached 39.12 million. euros.
The trade balance is dominated by exports from Lithuania to Libya.
Exports amount to 39.12 million euro Imports amount to 1.0 thousand. euros. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Libya–Lithuania relations are the bilateral relations between Libya and Republic of Lithuania. The two countries are members of the Arab League and the United Nations.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 June 2008.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Libya recognized the independence of Lithuania in 3 September 1991, second on the African continent after PAR . in 6 September 1991 Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi sent a telegram in which, addressing the Chairman of the Republic of Lithuania Vytautas Landsbergis , he congratulated Lithuania on declaring independence from the \"so-called Soviet Union\", noting in the telegram parallels between the Soviet occupation and the Ottoman rule in Libya.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "However, bilateral relations between the states were established only in 11 June 2008, after Lithuania's permanent representative to the United Nations, Ambassador Dalius Čekuolis , and Libya's permanent representative to the UN, Ambassador Dziadala A.Etalhi, signed a joint communique establishing diplomatic relations between Lithuania and Libya on behalf of the Governments of both countries in New York ( USA ). October 27-29 of the same year. a delegation of Lithuanian diplomats and businessmen led by State Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania Deividas Matulionis visited Libya in order to establish closer political and business relations. During the visit, a memorandum of understanding was signed regarding bilateral consultations between the Lithuanian and Libyan foreign ministries. A draft of the intergovernmental agreement on investment promotion and protection was handed over to Libya, and meetings were held with officials of the foreign relations structures of the Libyan Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Parliament.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "in 2010 the countries exchanged diplomatic representatives. Ambassador Abdulhafed Gaduras residing in Rome was accredited for Lithuania, and Petras Zapolskas , also residing in Rome, was accredited for Libya (he presented the credentials in 2010). [7] However, the Libyan ambassador in 2012 recalled from the position of ambassador to Italy (and thus also to Lithuania), despite the fact that a year earlier he had switched to the side of Muammar Gaddafi's opponents. It is not known about Libyan ambassadors accredited to Lithuania since that time.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 2011, after the civil war started in Libya, Lithuanian Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Egidijus Meilunas declared Lithuania's readiness to contribute to the solution of the Libyan crisis at an extraordinary meeting of the Council of Foreign Affairs of the European Union on March 10 in Brussels. 22 February 2011 Lithuanian Foreign Minister Audronius Ažubalis , who at the time also held the position of Chairman of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe , condemned the \"repression against civilians\" in Libya, carried out by the \"Government of Muammar el Gaddafi\" and expressed his \"condolences to the families of the victims\", urging both sides of the conflict to \"start a dialogue\". . Lithuania approved in 17 March 2011 for Resolution 1973 adopted by the United Nations Security Council , which provides requirements and sanctions for Muammar Gaddafi's regime and measures to be used by the international community to solve problems in Libya, and actively joined the NATO and EU discussions on the means of implementing this resolution.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "in 20 June 2011 Abduraham ash algam, the representative of the National Transitional Council of Libya at the United Nations, and Abdulhafed Gadur , the ambassador accredited to Lithuania, visited Vilnius, where they met with Asta Skaisgiryte Liauškiene , the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania . The vice-minister noted that Lithuania \"condemns the continuing violations of human rights in Libya\" and \"expresses concern about the worsening humanitarian situation\" and mentioned that Lithuania has contributed to the provision of humanitarian aid to the Libyan population.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "in 2017 Guests from Libya participated in the events of Arab Culture Days held in Vilnius , Kaunas , Rukla and Visaginas.",
"title": "Educational, scientific and technological exchange and cultural cooperation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "in 2018 according to data, trade turnover between Lithuania and Libya reached 39.12 million. euros.",
"title": "Trade"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The trade balance is dominated by exports from Lithuania to Libya.",
"title": "Trade"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Exports amount to 39.12 million euro Imports amount to 1.0 thousand. euros.",
"title": "Trade"
}
] | Libya–Lithuania relations are the bilateral relations between Libya and Republic of Lithuania. The two countries are members of the Arab League and the United Nations. | 2023-12-09T13:25:31Z | 2023-12-09T20:29:47Z | [
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75,523,339 | Chief of the Reich Chancellery | The Chief of the Reich Chancellery (German: Chef der Reichskanzlei) was the highest-ranking official of the Reich Chancellery and the principal assistant of the Chancellor of Germany. | [
{
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"text": "The Chief of the Reich Chancellery (German: Chef der Reichskanzlei) was the highest-ranking official of the Reich Chancellery and the principal assistant of the Chancellor of Germany.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Chief of the Reich Chancellery was the highest-ranking official of the Reich Chancellery and the principal assistant of the Chancellor of Germany. | 2023-12-09T13:25:44Z | 2023-12-28T01:50:27Z | [
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75,523,397 | People in Places | People in Places (Spanish: Gente en sitios) is a 2013 Spanish low-budget comedy film written and directed by Juan Cavestany [es].
The plot concerns about a series of anecdotal and fragmentary vignettes featuring an overarching link to the theme of Spain in crisis.
The film is an Apaches Entertainment and JCPC production. Cavestany shot the film with the camera in hand. He had the collaboration of more than 80 actors and the participation of people who happened to pass by the shooting.
The film premiered in the 'Vanguard' slate of the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival. The festival run also included screenings in the 'Zabaltegi' section of the San Sebastián International Film Festival and the Sitges Film Festival. It was released theatrically in Spain on 20 December 2013.
Jonathan Holland of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that the film is "inevitably patchy" but "interest rarely flags" because of "Cavestany's sincere, unpretentious attempt to get his ideas across in a novel way".
Andrea G. Bermejo of Cinemanía rated the film 4 out of 5 stars, deeming it to be "a book of disturbing stories that you see".
Eulàlia Iglesias of Ara rated the film 4 out of 5 stars, deeming it to be "a film outside the traditional orbits to portray a country that has lost its center of gravity". | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "People in Places (Spanish: Gente en sitios) is a 2013 Spanish low-budget comedy film written and directed by Juan Cavestany [es].",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The plot concerns about a series of anecdotal and fragmentary vignettes featuring an overarching link to the theme of Spain in crisis.",
"title": "Plot"
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{
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"text": "The film is an Apaches Entertainment and JCPC production. Cavestany shot the film with the camera in hand. He had the collaboration of more than 80 actors and the participation of people who happened to pass by the shooting.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The film premiered in the 'Vanguard' slate of the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival. The festival run also included screenings in the 'Zabaltegi' section of the San Sebastián International Film Festival and the Sitges Film Festival. It was released theatrically in Spain on 20 December 2013.",
"title": "Release"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Jonathan Holland of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that the film is \"inevitably patchy\" but \"interest rarely flags\" because of \"Cavestany's sincere, unpretentious attempt to get his ideas across in a novel way\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Andrea G. Bermejo of Cinemanía rated the film 4 out of 5 stars, deeming it to be \"a book of disturbing stories that you see\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Eulàlia Iglesias of Ara rated the film 4 out of 5 stars, deeming it to be \"a film outside the traditional orbits to portray a country that has lost its center of gravity\".",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | People in Places is a 2013 Spanish low-budget comedy film written and directed by Juan Cavestany. | 2023-12-09T13:40:37Z | 2023-12-09T14:04:07Z | [
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75,523,402 | Om Sunar | This sandbox is in the article namespace. Either move this page into your userspace, or remove the {{User sandbox}} template. | [
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75,523,413 | Karlskrona Residence | 56°09′29″N 15°35′33″E / 56.15806°N 15.59250°E / 56.15806; 15.59250 The county residence in Karlskrona (Swedish: länsresidenset i Karlskrona) is the formal residence of the County Governor of Blekinge County, Sweden. It is located in central Karlskrona.
The residence is the most recently built among the formal residences of Swedish county governors. It was built in 1911 and stylistically somewhat inspired by contemporary English architecture. The building replaced an earlier residence, in another part of the city, which had been bought by the state in 1832. The current residence was erected on a plot of land owned by Prince Oscar Bernadotte. A renovation of the building was carried out 2001–2002. | [
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"text": "56°09′29″N 15°35′33″E / 56.15806°N 15.59250°E / 56.15806; 15.59250 The county residence in Karlskrona (Swedish: länsresidenset i Karlskrona) is the formal residence of the County Governor of Blekinge County, Sweden. It is located in central Karlskrona.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The residence is the most recently built among the formal residences of Swedish county governors. It was built in 1911 and stylistically somewhat inspired by contemporary English architecture. The building replaced an earlier residence, in another part of the city, which had been bought by the state in 1832. The current residence was erected on a plot of land owned by Prince Oscar Bernadotte. A renovation of the building was carried out 2001–2002.",
"title": ""
}
] | The county residence in Karlskrona is the formal residence of the County Governor of Blekinge County, Sweden. It is located in central Karlskrona. The residence is the most recently built among the formal residences of Swedish county governors. It was built in 1911 and stylistically somewhat inspired by contemporary English architecture. The building replaced an earlier residence, in another part of the city, which had been bought by the state in 1832. The current residence was erected on a plot of land owned by Prince Oscar Bernadotte. A renovation of the building was carried out 2001–2002. | 2023-12-09T13:45:25Z | 2023-12-09T13:52:36Z | [
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75,523,416 | 2024 in Haiti | Events in the year 2024 in Haiti. | [
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"text": "Events in the year 2024 in Haiti.",
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] | Events in the year 2024 in Haiti. | 2023-12-09T13:47:57Z | 2023-12-09T14:20:03Z | [
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75,523,454 | Slaný Speedway Stadium | Slaný Speedway Stadium (Czech: Stadion ploché dráhy Slaný) is a speedway track in Slaný, Czech Republic. The track is located on the Netovická road in the southeastern area of the town. The stadium hosts the speedway team AK Slaný.
The stadium was constructed throughout 1948 and 1949 and opened on 13 August 1950. Major reconstructions took place in 1958 and 1974, the latter when FIM regulations required a cinder/shale track. In-between the stadium hosted arguably what was its most significant event, the final of the 1962 Speedway World Team Cup, which attracted a crowd of 35,000.
Further major events took place at the track when the final of the Speedway Under-21 World Championship was held in 1981 and 1988 respectively.
In 1986, the width of the track increased allowing six riders to race and in 1988 a grandstand opened which featured VIP areas and seating for 1,000 spectators. The 2002 Speedway Under-21 World Championship was hosted at the stadium and was won by Czech rider Lukáš Dryml and in 2003 Krzysztof Kasprzak won the Individual Speedway European Championship.
The track record was broken by Robert Kościecha, who recorded 67.94 seconds on 23 June 2010. | [
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"title": "History"
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"text": "Further major events took place at the track when the final of the Speedway Under-21 World Championship was held in 1981 and 1988 respectively.",
"title": "History"
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{
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"text": "In 1986, the width of the track increased allowing six riders to race and in 1988 a grandstand opened which featured VIP areas and seating for 1,000 spectators. The 2002 Speedway Under-21 World Championship was hosted at the stadium and was won by Czech rider Lukáš Dryml and in 2003 Krzysztof Kasprzak won the Individual Speedway European Championship.",
"title": "History"
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"title": "History"
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{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
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] | Slaný Speedway Stadium is a speedway track in Slaný, Czech Republic. The track is located on the Netovická road in the southeastern area of the town. The stadium hosts the speedway team AK Slaný. | 2023-12-09T14:00:09Z | 2023-12-10T12:17:29Z | [
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75,523,463 | Family of Two | Family of Two (A Mother and Son Story) is a 2023 Philippine drama film written by Mel Mendoza-del Rosario and directed by Nuel Crisostomo Naval. Starring Sharon Cuneta and Alden Richards, the film revolves around a worried son who seeks to find a man as a partner for his single mother.
A film produced by Cineko Productions, it was released on December 25, 2023, and it is one of the entries for the 49th Metro Manila Film Festival.
Family of Two was produced under Cineko Productions. Nuel Naval is the director while Mel Medoza-del Rosario is the writer. The film was already in post-production by September 2023.
Family of Two premiered in cinemas in the Philippines on December 25, 2023, as one of the official entries of the 2023 Metro Manila Film Festival. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Family of Two (A Mother and Son Story) is a 2023 Philippine drama film written by Mel Mendoza-del Rosario and directed by Nuel Crisostomo Naval. Starring Sharon Cuneta and Alden Richards, the film revolves around a worried son who seeks to find a man as a partner for his single mother.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "Family of Two was produced under Cineko Productions. Nuel Naval is the director while Mel Medoza-del Rosario is the writer. The film was already in post-production by September 2023.",
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{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Family of Two premiered in cinemas in the Philippines on December 25, 2023, as one of the official entries of the 2023 Metro Manila Film Festival.",
"title": "Release"
}
] | Family of Two is a 2023 Philippine drama film written by Mel Mendoza-del Rosario and directed by Nuel Crisostomo Naval. Starring Sharon Cuneta and Alden Richards, the film revolves around a worried son who seeks to find a man as a partner for his single mother. A film produced by Cineko Productions, it was released on December 25, 2023, and it is one of the entries for the 49th Metro Manila Film Festival. | 2023-12-09T14:02:12Z | 2023-12-31T10:44:43Z | [
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75,523,467 | Teijirō Furukawa | Teijirō Furukawa (古川 貞二郎, Furukawa Teijirō, 11 September 1934 – 5 September 2022) was a Japanese official who served as Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary from 1995 to 2003. As such he was the senior bureaucrat under five Prime Ministers. Before that he served as Administrative Vice Minister of Health and Welfare from 1993 to 1994.
Teijirō Furukawa was born on September 11, 1934, to a family of farmers in Kasuga Village in Saga Prefecture. After attending high school in Saga, Furukawa enrolled in Saga University, but after one year he transferred to Kyushu University, where he studied law. Furukawa failed the national civil service examination while in university.
After graduating in 1958, Furukawa began working for the Nagasaki Prefectural Government. In September the following year he passed the national civil service examination and in January 1960 he joined the Ministry of Health and Welfare.
Furukawa held several position within the ministry before being seconded to the Cabinet Secretariat in June 1986, as Chief Cabinet Counsellor (首席内閣参事官, Shuseki Naikaku Sanjikan). In this position he was involved in preparations for the funeral of Emperor Shōwa and the changeover to the Heisei era.
Furukawa returned to the Ministry as chief of the Children and Families Bureau in June 1989. In June the following year he was appointed chief secretary of the Minister's Secretariat and in July 1992 he became chief of the Insurance Bureau. In June 1993 Furukawa was appointed Administrative Vice Minister of Health and Welfare. He retired in September 1994.
In February 1995 Furukawa was appointed Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary for administrative affairs, to succeed Nobuo Ishihara who was retiring to run in the 1995 Tokyo gubernatorial election. Immediately after his appointment Furukawa was in charge of inter-ministerial coordination for recovery after the Great Hanshin earthquake. He the oversaw the planning and implementation of the 2001 central government reform and the building of the new Prime Minister's Office from 1999 to 2002.
He retired in September 2003, having served five Prime Ministers: Tomiichi Murayama, Ryutaro Hashimoto, Keizo Obuchi, Yoshiro Mori and Junichiro Koizumi. His tenure of eight years and seven months was the longest in history until Kazuhiro Sugita set a new record in July 2021.
Teijirō Furukawa died of sepsis on September 5, 2022, in a Tokyo hospital at the age of 87. | [
{
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"text": "Teijirō Furukawa (古川 貞二郎, Furukawa Teijirō, 11 September 1934 – 5 September 2022) was a Japanese official who served as Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary from 1995 to 2003. As such he was the senior bureaucrat under five Prime Ministers. Before that he served as Administrative Vice Minister of Health and Welfare from 1993 to 1994.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Teijirō Furukawa was born on September 11, 1934, to a family of farmers in Kasuga Village in Saga Prefecture. After attending high school in Saga, Furukawa enrolled in Saga University, but after one year he transferred to Kyushu University, where he studied law. Furukawa failed the national civil service examination while in university.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
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"text": "After graduating in 1958, Furukawa began working for the Nagasaki Prefectural Government. In September the following year he passed the national civil service examination and in January 1960 he joined the Ministry of Health and Welfare.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Furukawa held several position within the ministry before being seconded to the Cabinet Secretariat in June 1986, as Chief Cabinet Counsellor (首席内閣参事官, Shuseki Naikaku Sanjikan). In this position he was involved in preparations for the funeral of Emperor Shōwa and the changeover to the Heisei era.",
"title": "Bureaucratic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Furukawa returned to the Ministry as chief of the Children and Families Bureau in June 1989. In June the following year he was appointed chief secretary of the Minister's Secretariat and in July 1992 he became chief of the Insurance Bureau. In June 1993 Furukawa was appointed Administrative Vice Minister of Health and Welfare. He retired in September 1994.",
"title": "Bureaucratic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In February 1995 Furukawa was appointed Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary for administrative affairs, to succeed Nobuo Ishihara who was retiring to run in the 1995 Tokyo gubernatorial election. Immediately after his appointment Furukawa was in charge of inter-ministerial coordination for recovery after the Great Hanshin earthquake. He the oversaw the planning and implementation of the 2001 central government reform and the building of the new Prime Minister's Office from 1999 to 2002.",
"title": "Bureaucratic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "He retired in September 2003, having served five Prime Ministers: Tomiichi Murayama, Ryutaro Hashimoto, Keizo Obuchi, Yoshiro Mori and Junichiro Koizumi. His tenure of eight years and seven months was the longest in history until Kazuhiro Sugita set a new record in July 2021.",
"title": "Bureaucratic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Teijirō Furukawa died of sepsis on September 5, 2022, in a Tokyo hospital at the age of 87.",
"title": "Bureaucratic career"
}
] | Teijirō Furukawa was a Japanese official who served as Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary from 1995 to 2003. As such he was the senior bureaucrat under five Prime Ministers. Before that he served as Administrative Vice Minister of Health and Welfare from 1993 to 1994. | 2023-12-09T14:04:04Z | 2023-12-09T19:24:57Z | [
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75,523,487 | Alejandro Moro Cañas | Alejandro Moro Cañas (born 7 December 2000) is a Spanish tennis player.
Moro Cañas has a career high ATP singles ranking of 230 achieved on 23 October 2023. He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of 419 achieved on 17 July 2023.
Moro Cañas won his first professional title at an ITF M25 tournament in Portugal. He reached his second singles final in another tournament in Portugal two months later, losing to Paul Jubb in straight sets. He started the 2022 season as a runner-up in two tournaments in February, losing in the finals in ITF tournaments in Spain and Portugal. He received a wildcard into qualifying at the Madrid Masters 1000 tournament, where he defeated world number 47 Francisco Cerúndolo before losing in the final round of qualifiers to Lorenzo Musetti. He won his first clay court title in Vic, Spain before losing in a hard court final in Bakio. He reached his fifth final of the 2022 season in Antalya, Turkey, defeating Timo Stodder. He only reached one final in 2023, a doubles ITF final in Spain, losing with partner John Echeverría to fellow Spaniards Íñigo Cervantes and Oriol Roca Batalla. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Alejandro Moro Cañas (born 7 December 2000) is a Spanish tennis player.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Moro Cañas has a career high ATP singles ranking of 230 achieved on 23 October 2023. He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of 419 achieved on 17 July 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Moro Cañas won his first professional title at an ITF M25 tournament in Portugal. He reached his second singles final in another tournament in Portugal two months later, losing to Paul Jubb in straight sets. He started the 2022 season as a runner-up in two tournaments in February, losing in the finals in ITF tournaments in Spain and Portugal. He received a wildcard into qualifying at the Madrid Masters 1000 tournament, where he defeated world number 47 Francisco Cerúndolo before losing in the final round of qualifiers to Lorenzo Musetti. He won his first clay court title in Vic, Spain before losing in a hard court final in Bakio. He reached his fifth final of the 2022 season in Antalya, Turkey, defeating Timo Stodder. He only reached one final in 2023, a doubles ITF final in Spain, losing with partner John Echeverría to fellow Spaniards Íñigo Cervantes and Oriol Roca Batalla.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Alejandro Moro Cañas is a Spanish tennis player. Moro Cañas has a career high ATP singles ranking of 230 achieved on 23 October 2023. He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of 419 achieved on 17 July 2023. | 2023-12-09T14:10:47Z | 2023-12-13T01:12:34Z | [
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75,523,488 | Zonitoides kirbyi | Zonitoides kirbyi is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Gastrodontidae.
This species was found In Schulze Cave approximately 28 miles northeast of Rocksprings, Edwards County, Texas, USA. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zonitoides kirbyi is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Gastrodontidae.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "This species was found In Schulze Cave approximately 28 miles northeast of Rocksprings, Edwards County, Texas, USA.",
"title": "Distribution"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
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] | Zonitoides kirbyi is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Gastrodontidae. | 2023-12-09T14:10:55Z | 2023-12-09T14:21:40Z | [
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75,523,493 | Ibrahim Ghosheh | Ibrahim Ghosheh (1936–2021) was a Palestinian civil engineer. He was a member of the Muslim Brotherhood and joined the Hamas in 1989. He served as the latter's spokesperson between 1992 and 1999.
Ghosheh was born in the Saadia neighborhood of Jerusalem on 26 November 1936. He was a graduate of the Rashidiya School in Jerusalem. His family had to leave Jerusalem during the Nakba in 1948, and they settled in Jericho.
Ghosheh obtained a degree in civil engineering in 1961 from the Cairo University. During his university studies he became a member of the Palestinian Students’ League.
Following his graduation Ghosheh worked in the Jordan Valley as an engineer (1961-62). Between 1962 and 1966 he worked in the Kuwait municipality. He settled in Jordan in 1966 and was employed as an engineer in the Khaled Dam project until 1971. He worked in the Kuwait Towers project for one year from 1971 to 1972. Next, he worked as the manager of the King Talal Dam in Jordan between 1972 and 1978. He was a freelance engineer from 1978 to 1989.
Ghosheh was affiliated with the Palestinian branches of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood from 1950s. He was elected as the head of the Muslim Brotherhood faction in the Jordanian Engineers Association in 1973.
Ghosheh joined the Hamas in 1989. He was named as the head of its information service and spokesman in late 1992 based in Amman. He was also a member of the Hamas political bureau which was established in Amman in 1996. While serving in these posts Ghosheh also acted as the envoy of Hamas to Tunisia, Syria and other Arab countries. He was arrested by the Jordanian security forces and detained for a short time in 1997.
The Jordanian government issued an arrest warrant for Ghosheh and other leading Hamas figures living in Jordan such as Khaled Mashal, Mousa Abu Marzook, and Sami Khater at the end of August 1999. They were arrested at Amman airport on 22 September 1999 when they were returning from an official visit to Tehran, Iran. They were detained on the charge of being members of the illegal group, namely Hamas. Later Mashal and Ghosheh were also charged with possessing weapons and raising funds for Hamas. They started a hunger strike immediately after their arrest.
Ghosheh, Mashal and Khater were deported to Qatar on 22 November 1999. Ghosheh's tenure as the spokesperson of Hamas ended in 1999. Ghosheh could return to Jordan in the summer of 2001 on the condition that he stopped his political connections with Hamas within Jordan. However, his return was not welcomed by the Jordanians, and he had to stay at the airport for two weeks before his entry to the country was allowed.
Ghosheh was part of the reformist-activist group within Hamas who supported the practical jihadist activities. He was among the critics of the military activity of the Muslim Brotherhood. He did not support the participation of the Hamas in the 2006 legislative election claiming that it might weaken the resistance among the Hamas cadres. He also added that if Hamas leaders Ahmed Yassin and Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi were alive, Hamas would not take part in the election.
Ghosheh published a book entitled Al-Mi’dhanah al-Hamra’: Sirah Dhatiyah (Arabic: The Red Minaret: Memoirs of Ibrahim Ghusheh) in 2008. It was the first autobiography of a Hamas leader who was residing abroad. He declared in the book that his affiliation with the Muslim Brotherhood movement began while he was attending the seventh grade in Jerusalem.
Ghosheh died in Amman on 26 August 2021 at age 84. Funeral prayers for him were held at the University of Jordan Mosque, Amman, and he was buried in the Amman's Shafa Badran cemetery. Hamas leaders, including Ismail Haniyeh and Khaled Mashal, attended his funeral ceremony with the permission of the Jordanian King Abdullah. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ibrahim Ghosheh (1936–2021) was a Palestinian civil engineer. He was a member of the Muslim Brotherhood and joined the Hamas in 1989. He served as the latter's spokesperson between 1992 and 1999.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Ghosheh was born in the Saadia neighborhood of Jerusalem on 26 November 1936. He was a graduate of the Rashidiya School in Jerusalem. His family had to leave Jerusalem during the Nakba in 1948, and they settled in Jericho.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Ghosheh obtained a degree in civil engineering in 1961 from the Cairo University. During his university studies he became a member of the Palestinian Students’ League.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Following his graduation Ghosheh worked in the Jordan Valley as an engineer (1961-62). Between 1962 and 1966 he worked in the Kuwait municipality. He settled in Jordan in 1966 and was employed as an engineer in the Khaled Dam project until 1971. He worked in the Kuwait Towers project for one year from 1971 to 1972. Next, he worked as the manager of the King Talal Dam in Jordan between 1972 and 1978. He was a freelance engineer from 1978 to 1989.",
"title": "Career and activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Ghosheh was affiliated with the Palestinian branches of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood from 1950s. He was elected as the head of the Muslim Brotherhood faction in the Jordanian Engineers Association in 1973.",
"title": "Career and activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Ghosheh joined the Hamas in 1989. He was named as the head of its information service and spokesman in late 1992 based in Amman. He was also a member of the Hamas political bureau which was established in Amman in 1996. While serving in these posts Ghosheh also acted as the envoy of Hamas to Tunisia, Syria and other Arab countries. He was arrested by the Jordanian security forces and detained for a short time in 1997.",
"title": "Career and activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The Jordanian government issued an arrest warrant for Ghosheh and other leading Hamas figures living in Jordan such as Khaled Mashal, Mousa Abu Marzook, and Sami Khater at the end of August 1999. They were arrested at Amman airport on 22 September 1999 when they were returning from an official visit to Tehran, Iran. They were detained on the charge of being members of the illegal group, namely Hamas. Later Mashal and Ghosheh were also charged with possessing weapons and raising funds for Hamas. They started a hunger strike immediately after their arrest.",
"title": "Career and activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Ghosheh, Mashal and Khater were deported to Qatar on 22 November 1999. Ghosheh's tenure as the spokesperson of Hamas ended in 1999. Ghosheh could return to Jordan in the summer of 2001 on the condition that he stopped his political connections with Hamas within Jordan. However, his return was not welcomed by the Jordanians, and he had to stay at the airport for two weeks before his entry to the country was allowed.",
"title": "Career and activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Ghosheh was part of the reformist-activist group within Hamas who supported the practical jihadist activities. He was among the critics of the military activity of the Muslim Brotherhood. He did not support the participation of the Hamas in the 2006 legislative election claiming that it might weaken the resistance among the Hamas cadres. He also added that if Hamas leaders Ahmed Yassin and Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi were alive, Hamas would not take part in the election.",
"title": "Views and work"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Ghosheh published a book entitled Al-Mi’dhanah al-Hamra’: Sirah Dhatiyah (Arabic: The Red Minaret: Memoirs of Ibrahim Ghusheh) in 2008. It was the first autobiography of a Hamas leader who was residing abroad. He declared in the book that his affiliation with the Muslim Brotherhood movement began while he was attending the seventh grade in Jerusalem.",
"title": "Views and work"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Ghosheh died in Amman on 26 August 2021 at age 84. Funeral prayers for him were held at the University of Jordan Mosque, Amman, and he was buried in the Amman's Shafa Badran cemetery. Hamas leaders, including Ismail Haniyeh and Khaled Mashal, attended his funeral ceremony with the permission of the Jordanian King Abdullah.",
"title": "Death"
}
] | Ibrahim Ghosheh (1936–2021) was a Palestinian civil engineer. He was a member of the Muslim Brotherhood and joined the Hamas in 1989. He served as the latter's spokesperson between 1992 and 1999. | 2023-12-09T14:11:50Z | 2023-12-19T12:22:48Z | [
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75,523,495 | Timur Nasirov | Timur Nasirov is a US-based entrepreneur known as the founder of Gourmet Concept; a wine company based in Uzbekistan.
Timur holds a bachelor's degree in Radio Frequency Engineering from Tashkent University of Information Technologies (2004). He also holds a Master of Engineering - MEng in Telecommunication and Engineering from Tashkent University of Information Technologies (2006) and an MBA from University of California, Berkeley's Haas School of Business (2023).
Timur began his business career by establishing a bar while pursuing his Master's in engineering at Tashkent University of Information Technologies. He currently imports different brands of wine into Uzbekistan and has succeeded in introducing international brands such as Red Bull, Baron Rothschild, Planeta, and Paulaner to the Uzbek market.
In 2013, Timur founded "Gourmet Concept", a wine company based in Uzbekistan. He serves as a member of the advisory board for the Uzbekistan Venture Capital Association.
Timur resides in San Diego, California, with his wife and three children. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Timur Nasirov is a US-based entrepreneur known as the founder of Gourmet Concept; a wine company based in Uzbekistan.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Timur holds a bachelor's degree in Radio Frequency Engineering from Tashkent University of Information Technologies (2004). He also holds a Master of Engineering - MEng in Telecommunication and Engineering from Tashkent University of Information Technologies (2006) and an MBA from University of California, Berkeley's Haas School of Business (2023).",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Timur began his business career by establishing a bar while pursuing his Master's in engineering at Tashkent University of Information Technologies. He currently imports different brands of wine into Uzbekistan and has succeeded in introducing international brands such as Red Bull, Baron Rothschild, Planeta, and Paulaner to the Uzbek market.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2013, Timur founded \"Gourmet Concept\", a wine company based in Uzbekistan. He serves as a member of the advisory board for the Uzbekistan Venture Capital Association.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Timur resides in San Diego, California, with his wife and three children.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Timur Nasirov is a US-based entrepreneur known as the founder of Gourmet Concept; a wine company based in Uzbekistan. | 2023-12-09T14:12:22Z | 2023-12-31T22:46:22Z | [
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75,523,508 | Louisville Twin Study | The Louisville Twin Study is a longitudinal twin study which was started in 1957 at the University of Louisville by Frank Falkner. It started with 885 twins that were born in metropolitan Louisville, Kentucky and these were randomly selected to cover the full demographic spectrum of its population. The main phase of activity was in the first 40 years and the participants were repeatedly tested at different ages throughout that period. Hundreds of papers were then published from this data. In 2014, the data was digitised and further efforts have been made to contact and study the surviving subjects. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Louisville Twin Study is a longitudinal twin study which was started in 1957 at the University of Louisville by Frank Falkner. It started with 885 twins that were born in metropolitan Louisville, Kentucky and these were randomly selected to cover the full demographic spectrum of its population. The main phase of activity was in the first 40 years and the participants were repeatedly tested at different ages throughout that period. Hundreds of papers were then published from this data. In 2014, the data was digitised and further efforts have been made to contact and study the surviving subjects.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Louisville Twin Study is a longitudinal twin study which was started in 1957 at the University of Louisville by Frank Falkner. It started with 885 twins that were born in metropolitan Louisville, Kentucky and these were randomly selected to cover the full demographic spectrum of its population. The main phase of activity was in the first 40 years and the participants were repeatedly tested at different ages throughout that period. Hundreds of papers were then published from this data. In 2014, the data was digitised and further efforts have been made to contact and study the surviving subjects. | 2023-12-09T14:15:38Z | 2023-12-09T15:53:56Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_Twin_Study |
75,523,535 | So Damn Easy Going | So Damn Easy Going (Swedish: Så jävla easy going) is a 2022 Swedish comedy-drama film directed by Christoffer Sandler.
Joanna (Nikki Hanseblad) has ADHD but has various ways to self medicate.
So Damn Easy Going at IMDb | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "So Damn Easy Going (Swedish: Så jävla easy going) is a 2022 Swedish comedy-drama film directed by Christoffer Sandler.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Joanna (Nikki Hanseblad) has ADHD but has various ways to self medicate.",
"title": "Plot"
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{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "So Damn Easy Going at IMDb",
"title": "External links"
}
] | So Damn Easy Going is a 2022 Swedish comedy-drama film directed by Christoffer Sandler. | 2023-12-09T14:20:57Z | 2023-12-09T14:20:57Z | [
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75,523,538 | Aw-barre Refugee Camp | Aw-barre Refugee camp is located in the Fafan Zone of the Somali Region of Ethiopia. It was established in 2007 by the Ethiopian Administration for Refugee and Returnee Affairs and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to accommodate Somali refugees seeking international protection and asylum in Ethiopia.
Due to the reported influx of Somali refugees to Hart Sheik in late 2006, the Ethiopian Administration for Refugee and Returnee Affairs, in collaboration with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), established a new refugee camp at Awbare on 13 July 2007.
As of November 2020, the population of Aw-barre Refugee Camp amounted to 11,523 individuals, with an additional 1,868 households. The camp is predominantly inhabited by the Gadabuursi sub-clan, which belongs to the Dir clan family. As of November 2020, the camp had 11,604 refugees with 5,420 males and 6184 females. The camp had 312 durable shelters as of January 2018.
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) provides humanitarian assistance to the refugees and asylum seekers at Aw-barre Refugee Camp. The organization has set up a standard registration system to keep track of the refugees and asylum seekers.
As of January 2018, the camp had 1 primary, 3 EECD, one Government secondary, 2 ABE, and one vocational center, 1 Youth center. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Aw-barre Refugee camp is located in the Fafan Zone of the Somali Region of Ethiopia. It was established in 2007 by the Ethiopian Administration for Refugee and Returnee Affairs and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to accommodate Somali refugees seeking international protection and asylum in Ethiopia.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Due to the reported influx of Somali refugees to Hart Sheik in late 2006, the Ethiopian Administration for Refugee and Returnee Affairs, in collaboration with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), established a new refugee camp at Awbare on 13 July 2007.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "As of November 2020, the population of Aw-barre Refugee Camp amounted to 11,523 individuals, with an additional 1,868 households. The camp is predominantly inhabited by the Gadabuursi sub-clan, which belongs to the Dir clan family. As of November 2020, the camp had 11,604 refugees with 5,420 males and 6184 females. The camp had 312 durable shelters as of January 2018.",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) provides humanitarian assistance to the refugees and asylum seekers at Aw-barre Refugee Camp. The organization has set up a standard registration system to keep track of the refugees and asylum seekers.",
"title": "Humanitarian Response"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "As of January 2018, the camp had 1 primary, 3 EECD, one Government secondary, 2 ABE, and one vocational center, 1 Youth center.",
"title": "Services"
}
] | Aw-barre Refugee camp is located in the Fafan Zone of the Somali Region of Ethiopia. It was established in 2007 by the Ethiopian Administration for Refugee and Returnee Affairs and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to accommodate Somali refugees seeking international protection and asylum in Ethiopia. | 2023-12-09T14:22:06Z | 2023-12-14T08:55:03Z | [
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75,523,540 | 2023 Women's World Floorball Championships | The 2023 Women's World Floorball Championships was the 14th edition of this competition. It was held from 2 to 10 December 2023 in Singapore, marking the first time that it was not in Europe since 2005. Sweden were the 8-time defending champion, and they made it nine with a 6–4 win over Finland in the final.
Thirteen nations returned from 2021. Italy and Thailand both failed to qualify after receiving wildcards for 2021, while Russia is currently banned from taking part due to the war in Ukraine. Those returning are Australia and Japan after withdrawing from 2021, while France is making their World Championship debut.
Two arenas are used, OCBC Arena and Singapore Indoor stadium, both within the Singapore Sports Hub.
The draw took place on 6 April 2023 in the Park Royal in Singapore.
Times are SGT (UTC+8). | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023 Women's World Floorball Championships was the 14th edition of this competition. It was held from 2 to 10 December 2023 in Singapore, marking the first time that it was not in Europe since 2005. Sweden were the 8-time defending champion, and they made it nine with a 6–4 win over Finland in the final.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Thirteen nations returned from 2021. Italy and Thailand both failed to qualify after receiving wildcards for 2021, while Russia is currently banned from taking part due to the war in Ukraine. Those returning are Australia and Japan after withdrawing from 2021, while France is making their World Championship debut.",
"title": "Qualification"
},
{
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"text": "Two arenas are used, OCBC Arena and Singapore Indoor stadium, both within the Singapore Sports Hub.",
"title": "Venues"
},
{
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"text": "The draw took place on 6 April 2023 in the Park Royal in Singapore.",
"title": "Draw"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Times are SGT (UTC+8).",
"title": "Preliminary round"
}
] | The 2023 Women's World Floorball Championships was the 14th edition of this competition. It was held from 2 to 10 December 2023 in Singapore, marking the first time that it was not in Europe since 2005. Sweden were the 8-time defending champion, and they made it nine with a 6–4 win over Finland in the final. | 2023-12-09T14:22:35Z | 2023-12-31T16:55:25Z | [
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75,523,545 | Tehran (upcoming film) | Tehran is an upcoming Indian Hindi- language thriller Action film directed by Arun Gopalan and produced by Dinesh Vijan. It stars John Abraham, Manushi Chhillar, Madhurima Tuli, Hadi Khanjanpour, Allon Sylvain and others. The movie is claimed to be based on true events.
Principal photography commenced in July 2022. Filming wrapped in October 2022.
The movie was announced on 11 July 2022 by the makers through an announcement video featuring the first look of John Abraham from the movie.
On 19 July 2022 Manushi Chhillar was announced as the leading female actor of the movie. Manushi joined the casting in July 2022.
Filming began on 11 July 2022 in Iran. The second schedule began in August 2022 and the third schedule began in September. Filming wrapped up in October 2022. The movie is extensively shot in Glasgow, Mumbai and Delhi. Glasgow World reported that following Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, Main Solah Baras Ki, Yeh Hai Jalwa, Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta and Bell Bottom, Glasgow again brought Bollywood to shot movies there.
Tehran is scheduled to theatrically released on 26 April 2024. | [
{
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"title": ""
},
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"text": "Principal photography commenced in July 2022. Filming wrapped in October 2022.",
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"text": "The movie was announced on 11 July 2022 by the makers through an announcement video featuring the first look of John Abraham from the movie.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
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"text": "On 19 July 2022 Manushi Chhillar was announced as the leading female actor of the movie. Manushi joined the casting in July 2022.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Filming began on 11 July 2022 in Iran. The second schedule began in August 2022 and the third schedule began in September. Filming wrapped up in October 2022. The movie is extensively shot in Glasgow, Mumbai and Delhi. Glasgow World reported that following Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, Main Solah Baras Ki, Yeh Hai Jalwa, Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta and Bell Bottom, Glasgow again brought Bollywood to shot movies there.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Tehran is scheduled to theatrically released on 26 April 2024.",
"title": "Release"
}
] | Tehran is an upcoming Indian Hindi- language thriller Action film directed by Arun Gopalan and produced by Dinesh Vijan. It stars John Abraham, Manushi Chhillar, Madhurima Tuli, Hadi Khanjanpour, Allon Sylvain and others. The movie is claimed to be based on true events. | 2023-03-20T15:18:08Z | 2023-12-31T22:37:12Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_(upcoming_film) |
75,523,552 | 2024 Vancouver FC season | The 2024 Vancouver FC season is the second season in the history of Vancouver FC. In addition to the Canadian Premier League, the club will compete in the Canadian Championship.
As of December 9, 2023
Vancouver FC selected the following players in the 2024 CPL–U Sports Draft. Draft picks are not automatically signed to the team roster. Only those who are signed to a contract will be listed as transfers in. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2024 Vancouver FC season is the second season in the history of Vancouver FC. In addition to the Canadian Premier League, the club will compete in the Canadian Championship.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "As of December 9, 2023",
"title": "Current squad"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Vancouver FC selected the following players in the 2024 CPL–U Sports Draft. Draft picks are not automatically signed to the team roster. Only those who are signed to a contract will be listed as transfers in.",
"title": "Transfers"
}
] | The 2024 Vancouver FC season is the second season in the history of Vancouver FC. In addition to the Canadian Premier League, the club will compete in the Canadian Championship. | 2023-12-09T14:27:38Z | 2023-12-15T18:59:41Z | [
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75,523,553 | National Liberation Struggle of the Buryat people | National Liberation Struggle of the Buryat people - centuries-long social and military confrontation of ethnic Buryats against the Russian Empire, which actually colonized the region. In modern history - rallies and actions against the policy of the Russian Federation (in particular, against discrimination of the Buryat people on national and linguistic grounds).
The Moscow state began the conquest of the Buryat lands in the early 17th century. Russian conquerors of Eastern Siberia regarded this region as a source of income for the Moscow treasury rich in raw materials and furs. The construction of the Krasnoyarsk ostrog by the Russians opened their way up the Kanna River. The ostrog became one of the bridgeheads for further full-scale invasive actions.
Throughout the first third of the 17th century, the Buryats successfully repelled Russian attacks and prevented the Cossacks from advancing into their lands. The strong military-political alliance of the Ekhirites and Bulagats, whom the Cossacks called "big brothers" in the documentation, had a clear governance structure and an elected military leadership. It is known about the coalition of Buryat and Evenk princes Irkinei, Mukotei and Bolkei, who united to repel the attacks of Russian invaders.
In 1629 Cossacks almost simultaneously made two large campaigns along the Angara from both outposts of Russian colonization - from Yenisei and Krasnoyarsk ostrog. Quoting the chronicles, both detachments "committing robberies and violence on the way, reached the Angara River to the mouth of the Oka River".
After several hard battles with the Buryats, the Cossacks still managed to impose yasak on a number of remote western Buryat uluses. Later Russian historians called these events "the voluntary entry of the Buryats into Russian subjection".
Refusing to pay tribute to Moscow, Buryat leaders organized a series of uprisings. In 1634, the Buryat prince Kogonya and his men slaughtered almost the entire detachment of the Pentecostal Vasily Dunayev, who had come to the Bratsky ostrog to collect yasak. Because of the constant clashes between tsarist detachments sent to "subdue the unruly Buryats" and local uluses, the Bratsk stockaded town was burned to the ground three times, but it was rebuilt each time, as it was a key point for the Russians in the logistics of collecting tribute, the slave trade and the transportation of stolen cattle. Russian chronicles of that period described how Cossacks enslaved Buryat women and children, tortured captured men and took the sons of Buryat warlords as hostages.
By the time Peter the Great came to power, Russian-Buryat relations were extremely strained, and rebellions were constantly breaking out in the region. After the Russian-Chinese border was drawn in 1729, Mongolian-speaking ethnic groups, including the Buryats, found themselves cut off from the bulk of the Mongols. The Buryat people fell under the complete control of the Russian government for many years.
Beginning in the 19th century, there was a strong cultural and linguistic pressure on the Buryats; this was partly due to the increase in the Russian population, which began to move en masse into Buryat ethnic territories (by the beginning of World War I, the Buryats had lost more than half of their lands in favor of colonists). The Russian government decided to abolish the "steppe administration" and replace it with volost administration; Russian administration and courts were also introduced, which abolished the Buryat self-government that had existed for centuries. Together with the Russian expropriation of ancestral lands and traditional nomadic pastures of the Buryats, this caused resentment among the local population, supported by the Buddhist clergy.
At first, the protests were peaceful and manifested themselves in writing petitions to the Tsar, as well as in attempts to gain an audience with him. Nicholas II refused meetings with representatives of Buryatia and rejected all petitions, after which the Buryats began to boycott the volost authorities. Speeches of Buryat activists led to the fact that on February 5, 1904, on the territory of five Buryat alien administrations (in a huge part of modern Buryatia) was introduced a state of increased security, and repressions against the Buryat nobility and clergy began. All this, together with attempts to force the Buryats to convert from Buddhism to Orthodoxy, only intensified the protest mood, and the loss of the Russo-Japanese War to Russia signaled to the Buryats the instability of the tsarist government. Open talks began either about Buryatia's independence or the unification of the Mongol-speaking peoples. During this period, the scholar-philologist and socio-political figure Tsyben Zhamtsaranovich Zhamtsarano wrote a number of scientific works on the national statehood of Mongols and Buryats. In 1905, against the backdrop of the all-imperial anti-Tsar rebellion, a Buryat congress is held in Chita, demanding self-government and linguistic freedom for Buryatia.
From March 1917, Buryat intellectuals organized a series of conferences in Petrograd, Chita, Irkutsk and Verkhneudinsk (present-day Ulan-Ude). Representatives of the Buryat administrative districts of Irkutsk and Transbaikal regions were invited. These conferences culminated in the first All-Buryat Congress on April 23–25, 1917 in Chita, where activists advocated a self-governing Buryat Autonomous Oblast with an elected body of Buryats.
The State of Buryat-Mongolia formed by the decision of the Congress existed until 1920. Its supreme body of state power was the Buryat-Mongol People's Duma. In addition, the theocratic Balagat State emerged in the region. Also in 1919, the so-called Pan-Mongolian movement supported by ataman Grigory Semyonov gained popularity, and some representatives of Inner Mongolia joined it. Pan-Mongolists planned to create a state on the territories of Russia (Buryatia) and on Mongolian lands included in China. In 1919, the 1st Pan-Mongolist conference was held in Chita.
By 1923, however, the Soviet army had seized these territories, partly because some Buryat leaders were attracted by the Bolshevik promises of self-determination and territorial autonomy for Buryatia. In 1923, the Bolsheviks established the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the RSFSR. By the 30th, it was part of the East Siberian Krai, later divided among five administrative units. Around this period, total industrialization began in Buryatia, and with it aggressive Russification. Thus, the official vertical Mongolian script was banned and the Cyrillic alphabet was introduced, causing many traditional literary written forms of the Buryat-Mongol language to be excluded from use.
In 1929, an uprising caused by collectivization and Bolshevik oppression of Buddhism was suppressed in Buryatia. In 1937–38, repressions against the Buryat intelligentsia and clergy began. In particular, Elbek-Dorzhii Rinchinovich Rinchino, a prominent Buryat socio-political, state and military figure, one of the ideologists of the national movement of the Buryat people, was arrested in the case of "Buryat anti-Soviet nationalism-panmongolism," which was soon accused of practically the entire leadership of Soviet Buryatia. Most of the repressed were shot or sent to camps.
On July 7, 1958, due to the growing influence of Communist China on Mongolian-speaking peoples, the Buryat-Mongol ASSR was renamed the Buryat ASSR by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. During Brezhnev's time, a policy of creating a "unified Soviet nation" was actively pursued, with most schools in Buryatia switching to exclusively Russian as the language of instruction.
A new wave of national revival in Buryatia occurred during the perestroika period in the 1980s. Organizations emerged with the aim of uniting the Buryat territories and reviving the native language and culture; the issues of autonomy and self-determination of the region were also raised. Such organizations were the Geser political association, the People's Front, the Buryat-Mongolian People's Party, the Nageden National Unity Movement, and others.
In 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Buryat ASSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Buryat Soviet Socialist Republic. Buryatia renounced the status of autonomy and proclaimed state sovereignty on its territory. The supremacy of the Constitution and laws of the Buryat SSR was proclaimed in the republic. After the democratic reforms of 1991, a number of non-governmental organizations returned to advocating the ideas of pan-Mongolism ("Movement for National Unity Naegedel" and "Buryat-Mongol People's Party"). On March 27, 1992, the Supreme Soviet of Buryatia passes a law renaming the Buryat SSR into the Republic of Buryatia. Buryatia becomes a republic within the Russian Federation. The republic retains considerable autonomy, with a separate legislative body and its own president. However, the autonomy was limited during the first years of Vladimir Putin's rule. First, on April 24, 2002, Law No. 1004-II "On Recognition of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Republic of Buryatia" was adopted. Then the law of 2004, according to which regional governors and presidents should be appointed rather than directly elected.
In 2014, in connection with Russia's invasion of Ukraine, activists and supporters of the Buryat national movement repeatedly condemned the illegality of Russia's actions. They categorically objected to sending soldiers from the territory of Buryatia and Siberia to participate in illegal military actions.
By 2016, many Buryat activists had emigrated and formed the Buryat Democratic Movement outside the Russian Federation. With the outbreak of Russia's full-scale war against Ukraine in 2022, the Buryat Democratic Movement (in exile) was one of the first to issue an official statement in support of Ukraine and condemned the illegality of Russia's actions and military aggression.
Buryat emigration formed a consolidated movement, Buryats Against War, from which emerged the Free Buryatia Foundation, which includes activists in the EU, USA and Mongolia, as well as groups that remained underground in Buryatia.
In 2020, the Buryat Democratic Movement (in exile) officially appealed to the President of the Russian Federation (RF) with a demand to restore the Republic of Buryatia to its 1937 borders and to take the necessary actions to rehabilitate the Buryat nation and the Republic of Buryatia. The demand was based on the current legislation of the federation and the obligations assumed by the RF to comply with international legal norms, as well as archival historical documents. This appeal was ignored.
Together with other peoples oppressed on the territory of the Russian Federation, the Buryats joined the League of Free Nations based in Europe.
In 2022–23, due to mobilization and the mass departure of men of conscription age abroad, many villages were left without vital professions. Due to the war unleashed by Russia, the image of the Buryat for the international community acquired extremely negative associations. After the tragedy in Bucha, the negative image of a Buryat soldier in the uniform of the Russian Armed Forces became entrenched in the world press. A huge number of funerals of soldiers killed in the war in Ukraine were recorded in the republic.
All this has activated a new wave of protests in the Russian Federation (mainly anti-war and anti-mobilization) and in other countries. The protests are actively suppressed by the Russian authorities, the number of protests is carefully concealed by the censored media.
With the formation of the Buryats' own republic in 1923, the Buryat-Mongolian language was declared the official language. The Buryats officially used their own vertical Mongolian script, which ignored dialectal differences of the Buryats due to the fact that the written Mongolian classical language was used in writing. But in 1933 this font was banned and replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet.
Buryat was listed by UNESCO in the Red Book of Endangered Languages with the label "severely endangered". In Buryatia there are no records and TV channels in Buryat, and the capital of the region has only two schools with instruction in Buryat. According to the 2010 All-Russian Census, only 13.7% of the population in the Republic of Buryatia speaks Buryat (23.6% in 2002). Among ethnic Buryats, over the past ten years the number of native language speakers has fallen from 81.4% to 43.6%. Defending the right to their own language is one of the important elements of the Buryat national liberation struggle.
Researchers note the consolidating role of Buddhism for the national identity, linguistic and religious revival of the Buryats. The Buryat traditional sangha openly declares its goals of preserving and developing national culture.
In the modern Russian Federation and abroad, there are a significant number of activists working to revitalize the Buryat language, culture and independence. Many activists have been forced to leave Russia due to political persecution. For example, Vladimir Khamutayev, Doctor of Historical Sciences, who emigrated to the United States in 2015, called it the persecution of the authorities as the main reason for changing the country. The reason is the book he wrote, "Buryatia's Accession to Russia: History, Law, Politics," which refutes the myth of Buryatia's voluntary accession to Russia. Another political emigrant was Bulat Shagzhin, who published books on Buryat culture and organized Buryat language schools for adults. His textbook "History of the Buryats" was banned from publication, and Bulat himself was accused of allegedly collaborating with U.S. representatives to plan a color revolution.
Marina Khanhalaeva, a former opera singer, is now one of the activists of the independence movement of Buryatia Tusgaar Buryaad Mongolia. In her speeches she emphasizes the problem of colonization of Buryatia by Russia, and speaks of the long tradition of using Buryat men as soldiers in wars for Russia's imperial interests from Tsarist times to the present day. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "National Liberation Struggle of the Buryat people - centuries-long social and military confrontation of ethnic Buryats against the Russian Empire, which actually colonized the region. In modern history - rallies and actions against the policy of the Russian Federation (in particular, against discrimination of the Buryat people on national and linguistic grounds).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Moscow state began the conquest of the Buryat lands in the early 17th century. Russian conquerors of Eastern Siberia regarded this region as a source of income for the Moscow treasury rich in raw materials and furs. The construction of the Krasnoyarsk ostrog by the Russians opened their way up the Kanna River. The ostrog became one of the bridgeheads for further full-scale invasive actions.",
"title": "History of Russia's conquest of Buryatia"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Throughout the first third of the 17th century, the Buryats successfully repelled Russian attacks and prevented the Cossacks from advancing into their lands. The strong military-political alliance of the Ekhirites and Bulagats, whom the Cossacks called \"big brothers\" in the documentation, had a clear governance structure and an elected military leadership. It is known about the coalition of Buryat and Evenk princes Irkinei, Mukotei and Bolkei, who united to repel the attacks of Russian invaders.",
"title": "History of Russia's conquest of Buryatia"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1629 Cossacks almost simultaneously made two large campaigns along the Angara from both outposts of Russian colonization - from Yenisei and Krasnoyarsk ostrog. Quoting the chronicles, both detachments \"committing robberies and violence on the way, reached the Angara River to the mouth of the Oka River\".",
"title": "History of Russia's conquest of Buryatia"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "After several hard battles with the Buryats, the Cossacks still managed to impose yasak on a number of remote western Buryat uluses. Later Russian historians called these events \"the voluntary entry of the Buryats into Russian subjection\".",
"title": "History of Russia's conquest of Buryatia"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Refusing to pay tribute to Moscow, Buryat leaders organized a series of uprisings. In 1634, the Buryat prince Kogonya and his men slaughtered almost the entire detachment of the Pentecostal Vasily Dunayev, who had come to the Bratsky ostrog to collect yasak. Because of the constant clashes between tsarist detachments sent to \"subdue the unruly Buryats\" and local uluses, the Bratsk stockaded town was burned to the ground three times, but it was rebuilt each time, as it was a key point for the Russians in the logistics of collecting tribute, the slave trade and the transportation of stolen cattle. Russian chronicles of that period described how Cossacks enslaved Buryat women and children, tortured captured men and took the sons of Buryat warlords as hostages.",
"title": "History of Russia's conquest of Buryatia"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "By the time Peter the Great came to power, Russian-Buryat relations were extremely strained, and rebellions were constantly breaking out in the region. After the Russian-Chinese border was drawn in 1729, Mongolian-speaking ethnic groups, including the Buryats, found themselves cut off from the bulk of the Mongols. The Buryat people fell under the complete control of the Russian government for many years.",
"title": "History of Russia's conquest of Buryatia"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Beginning in the 19th century, there was a strong cultural and linguistic pressure on the Buryats; this was partly due to the increase in the Russian population, which began to move en masse into Buryat ethnic territories (by the beginning of World War I, the Buryats had lost more than half of their lands in favor of colonists). The Russian government decided to abolish the \"steppe administration\" and replace it with volost administration; Russian administration and courts were also introduced, which abolished the Buryat self-government that had existed for centuries. Together with the Russian expropriation of ancestral lands and traditional nomadic pastures of the Buryats, this caused resentment among the local population, supported by the Buddhist clergy.",
"title": "History of Russia's conquest of Buryatia"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "At first, the protests were peaceful and manifested themselves in writing petitions to the Tsar, as well as in attempts to gain an audience with him. Nicholas II refused meetings with representatives of Buryatia and rejected all petitions, after which the Buryats began to boycott the volost authorities. Speeches of Buryat activists led to the fact that on February 5, 1904, on the territory of five Buryat alien administrations (in a huge part of modern Buryatia) was introduced a state of increased security, and repressions against the Buryat nobility and clergy began. All this, together with attempts to force the Buryats to convert from Buddhism to Orthodoxy, only intensified the protest mood, and the loss of the Russo-Japanese War to Russia signaled to the Buryats the instability of the tsarist government. Open talks began either about Buryatia's independence or the unification of the Mongol-speaking peoples. During this period, the scholar-philologist and socio-political figure Tsyben Zhamtsaranovich Zhamtsarano wrote a number of scientific works on the national statehood of Mongols and Buryats. In 1905, against the backdrop of the all-imperial anti-Tsar rebellion, a Buryat congress is held in Chita, demanding self-government and linguistic freedom for Buryatia.",
"title": "History of Russia's conquest of Buryatia"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "From March 1917, Buryat intellectuals organized a series of conferences in Petrograd, Chita, Irkutsk and Verkhneudinsk (present-day Ulan-Ude). Representatives of the Buryat administrative districts of Irkutsk and Transbaikal regions were invited. These conferences culminated in the first All-Buryat Congress on April 23–25, 1917 in Chita, where activists advocated a self-governing Buryat Autonomous Oblast with an elected body of Buryats.",
"title": "Soviet period"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The State of Buryat-Mongolia formed by the decision of the Congress existed until 1920. Its supreme body of state power was the Buryat-Mongol People's Duma. In addition, the theocratic Balagat State emerged in the region. Also in 1919, the so-called Pan-Mongolian movement supported by ataman Grigory Semyonov gained popularity, and some representatives of Inner Mongolia joined it. Pan-Mongolists planned to create a state on the territories of Russia (Buryatia) and on Mongolian lands included in China. In 1919, the 1st Pan-Mongolist conference was held in Chita.",
"title": "Soviet period"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "By 1923, however, the Soviet army had seized these territories, partly because some Buryat leaders were attracted by the Bolshevik promises of self-determination and territorial autonomy for Buryatia. In 1923, the Bolsheviks established the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the RSFSR. By the 30th, it was part of the East Siberian Krai, later divided among five administrative units. Around this period, total industrialization began in Buryatia, and with it aggressive Russification. Thus, the official vertical Mongolian script was banned and the Cyrillic alphabet was introduced, causing many traditional literary written forms of the Buryat-Mongol language to be excluded from use.",
"title": "Soviet period"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "In 1929, an uprising caused by collectivization and Bolshevik oppression of Buddhism was suppressed in Buryatia. In 1937–38, repressions against the Buryat intelligentsia and clergy began. In particular, Elbek-Dorzhii Rinchinovich Rinchino, a prominent Buryat socio-political, state and military figure, one of the ideologists of the national movement of the Buryat people, was arrested in the case of \"Buryat anti-Soviet nationalism-panmongolism,\" which was soon accused of practically the entire leadership of Soviet Buryatia. Most of the repressed were shot or sent to camps.",
"title": "Soviet period"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "On July 7, 1958, due to the growing influence of Communist China on Mongolian-speaking peoples, the Buryat-Mongol ASSR was renamed the Buryat ASSR by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. During Brezhnev's time, a policy of creating a \"unified Soviet nation\" was actively pursued, with most schools in Buryatia switching to exclusively Russian as the language of instruction.",
"title": "Soviet period"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "A new wave of national revival in Buryatia occurred during the perestroika period in the 1980s. Organizations emerged with the aim of uniting the Buryat territories and reviving the native language and culture; the issues of autonomy and self-determination of the region were also raised. Such organizations were the Geser political association, the People's Front, the Buryat-Mongolian People's Party, the Nageden National Unity Movement, and others.",
"title": "Soviet period"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "In 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Buryat ASSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Buryat Soviet Socialist Republic. Buryatia renounced the status of autonomy and proclaimed state sovereignty on its territory. The supremacy of the Constitution and laws of the Buryat SSR was proclaimed in the republic. After the democratic reforms of 1991, a number of non-governmental organizations returned to advocating the ideas of pan-Mongolism (\"Movement for National Unity Naegedel\" and \"Buryat-Mongol People's Party\"). On March 27, 1992, the Supreme Soviet of Buryatia passes a law renaming the Buryat SSR into the Republic of Buryatia. Buryatia becomes a republic within the Russian Federation. The republic retains considerable autonomy, with a separate legislative body and its own president. However, the autonomy was limited during the first years of Vladimir Putin's rule. First, on April 24, 2002, Law No. 1004-II \"On Recognition of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Republic of Buryatia\" was adopted. Then the law of 2004, according to which regional governors and presidents should be appointed rather than directly elected.",
"title": "Under the control of the Russian Federation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "In 2014, in connection with Russia's invasion of Ukraine, activists and supporters of the Buryat national movement repeatedly condemned the illegality of Russia's actions. They categorically objected to sending soldiers from the territory of Buryatia and Siberia to participate in illegal military actions.",
"title": "Under the control of the Russian Federation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "By 2016, many Buryat activists had emigrated and formed the Buryat Democratic Movement outside the Russian Federation. With the outbreak of Russia's full-scale war against Ukraine in 2022, the Buryat Democratic Movement (in exile) was one of the first to issue an official statement in support of Ukraine and condemned the illegality of Russia's actions and military aggression.",
"title": "Under the control of the Russian Federation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "Buryat emigration formed a consolidated movement, Buryats Against War, from which emerged the Free Buryatia Foundation, which includes activists in the EU, USA and Mongolia, as well as groups that remained underground in Buryatia.",
"title": "Under the control of the Russian Federation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "In 2020, the Buryat Democratic Movement (in exile) officially appealed to the President of the Russian Federation (RF) with a demand to restore the Republic of Buryatia to its 1937 borders and to take the necessary actions to rehabilitate the Buryat nation and the Republic of Buryatia. The demand was based on the current legislation of the federation and the obligations assumed by the RF to comply with international legal norms, as well as archival historical documents. This appeal was ignored.",
"title": "Under the control of the Russian Federation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "Together with other peoples oppressed on the territory of the Russian Federation, the Buryats joined the League of Free Nations based in Europe.",
"title": "Under the control of the Russian Federation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "In 2022–23, due to mobilization and the mass departure of men of conscription age abroad, many villages were left without vital professions. Due to the war unleashed by Russia, the image of the Buryat for the international community acquired extremely negative associations. After the tragedy in Bucha, the negative image of a Buryat soldier in the uniform of the Russian Armed Forces became entrenched in the world press. A huge number of funerals of soldiers killed in the war in Ukraine were recorded in the republic.",
"title": "Under the control of the Russian Federation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "All this has activated a new wave of protests in the Russian Federation (mainly anti-war and anti-mobilization) and in other countries. The protests are actively suppressed by the Russian authorities, the number of protests is carefully concealed by the censored media.",
"title": "Under the control of the Russian Federation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "With the formation of the Buryats' own republic in 1923, the Buryat-Mongolian language was declared the official language. The Buryats officially used their own vertical Mongolian script, which ignored dialectal differences of the Buryats due to the fact that the written Mongolian classical language was used in writing. But in 1933 this font was banned and replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet.",
"title": "Language"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "Buryat was listed by UNESCO in the Red Book of Endangered Languages with the label \"severely endangered\". In Buryatia there are no records and TV channels in Buryat, and the capital of the region has only two schools with instruction in Buryat. According to the 2010 All-Russian Census, only 13.7% of the population in the Republic of Buryatia speaks Buryat (23.6% in 2002). Among ethnic Buryats, over the past ten years the number of native language speakers has fallen from 81.4% to 43.6%. Defending the right to their own language is one of the important elements of the Buryat national liberation struggle.",
"title": "Language"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "Researchers note the consolidating role of Buddhism for the national identity, linguistic and religious revival of the Buryats. The Buryat traditional sangha openly declares its goals of preserving and developing national culture.",
"title": "Buddhism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "In the modern Russian Federation and abroad, there are a significant number of activists working to revitalize the Buryat language, culture and independence. Many activists have been forced to leave Russia due to political persecution. For example, Vladimir Khamutayev, Doctor of Historical Sciences, who emigrated to the United States in 2015, called it the persecution of the authorities as the main reason for changing the country. The reason is the book he wrote, \"Buryatia's Accession to Russia: History, Law, Politics,\" which refutes the myth of Buryatia's voluntary accession to Russia. Another political emigrant was Bulat Shagzhin, who published books on Buryat culture and organized Buryat language schools for adults. His textbook \"History of the Buryats\" was banned from publication, and Bulat himself was accused of allegedly collaborating with U.S. representatives to plan a color revolution.",
"title": "Activist"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "Marina Khanhalaeva, a former opera singer, is now one of the activists of the independence movement of Buryatia Tusgaar Buryaad Mongolia. In her speeches she emphasizes the problem of colonization of Buryatia by Russia, and speaks of the long tradition of using Buryat men as soldiers in wars for Russia's imperial interests from Tsarist times to the present day.",
"title": "Activist"
}
] | National Liberation Struggle of the Buryat people - centuries-long social and military confrontation of ethnic Buryats against the Russian Empire, which actually colonized the region. In modern history - rallies and actions against the policy of the Russian Federation. | 2023-12-09T14:27:47Z | 2023-12-20T19:08:06Z | [
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75,523,555 | Ek Villain (soundtrack) | Ek Villain is the soundtrack to the 2014 film of the same name directed by Mohit Suri starring Riteish Deshmukh, Sidharth Malhotra and Shraddha Kapoor. Like Suri's previous film Aashiqui 2 (2013), the soundtrack to the film employs multiple composers; Mithoon composed and wrote three songs for the film, while Ankit Tiwari contributed music for one song "Galliyan" with lyrics by Manoj Muntashir which also features an unplugged version. The track "Awari" is composed and penned by Adnan Dhool and Rabbi Ahmed of the Pakistani pop and Sufi band Soch. The soundtrack which consisted six songs, released on 28 May 2014 under the T-Series label, to positive reviews.
The soundtrack was preceded with two singles: "Galliyan" and "Banjaara" released on 9 and 14 May 2014. The remainder of the songs were released along with the album on 28 May 2014 through digital music platforms. The music video for "Awari" featuring Prachi Desai in an item number released on 11 June 2014 to promote the film.
In his four-star review for Koimoi, Mohar Basu said "the album as a whole has a bunch of brilliant tracks which must not be missed [...] a few songs do have hiccups but Ek Villain‘s music has something canorous about it. Don’t miss this one, it will emerge as one of the best albums this year." Devesh Sharma of Filmfare wrote "The OST of Ek Villain is another winner for Mohit Suri who has a knack for bringing out the best in his music directors. Go for it if you like soulful romantic tracks with loads of fusion thrown in." Joginder Tuteja rated four-stars for the soundtrack in his review for Rediff.com adding that "The music of Ek Villain meets the high expectations that one had from it."
Sankhayan Ghosh of The Indian Express wrote "Although it does have a similar melancholic vibe it’s never a problem. Suri manages to pull off a balanced, melodious album for his Aashiqui 2 follow up with his assemblage of composers." Music Aloud gave 7.5 out of 10 saying it as "Another soundtrack high on the déjà vu quotient with pretty much the same people involved, but Ankit Tiwari emerges the better one this time." Kasmin Fernandes of The Times of India called it as "A soundtrack that proves the worth of harmony, melody and emotions in today’s films." Karthik Srinivasan of Miliblog ranked "Galliyan" as his pick of the album, stating "Ankit Tiwari rules over this typical Mohit Suri soundtrack". In a mixed review for Bollywood Hungama, Rajiv Vijayakar wrote "The music attempts to tread Aashiqui 2's terrain. However, while most of the songs are melodious, a comparable level of lyrical depth is missing- and therein lies the vital difference."
"Galliyan" topped the list of "Bollywood music report Jan–Sept 2014" presented by The Times of India, and was further included in "The Top 10 Most Popular Songs of 2014" which was announced in the report of "Hungama.com Chart-toppers 2014". The song was placed in the fourth position of the "Top 10 songs of 2014" published by The Indian Express. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ek Villain is the soundtrack to the 2014 film of the same name directed by Mohit Suri starring Riteish Deshmukh, Sidharth Malhotra and Shraddha Kapoor. Like Suri's previous film Aashiqui 2 (2013), the soundtrack to the film employs multiple composers; Mithoon composed and wrote three songs for the film, while Ankit Tiwari contributed music for one song \"Galliyan\" with lyrics by Manoj Muntashir which also features an unplugged version. The track \"Awari\" is composed and penned by Adnan Dhool and Rabbi Ahmed of the Pakistani pop and Sufi band Soch. The soundtrack which consisted six songs, released on 28 May 2014 under the T-Series label, to positive reviews.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The soundtrack was preceded with two singles: \"Galliyan\" and \"Banjaara\" released on 9 and 14 May 2014. The remainder of the songs were released along with the album on 28 May 2014 through digital music platforms. The music video for \"Awari\" featuring Prachi Desai in an item number released on 11 June 2014 to promote the film.",
"title": "Release"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In his four-star review for Koimoi, Mohar Basu said \"the album as a whole has a bunch of brilliant tracks which must not be missed [...] a few songs do have hiccups but Ek Villain‘s music has something canorous about it. Don’t miss this one, it will emerge as one of the best albums this year.\" Devesh Sharma of Filmfare wrote \"The OST of Ek Villain is another winner for Mohit Suri who has a knack for bringing out the best in his music directors. Go for it if you like soulful romantic tracks with loads of fusion thrown in.\" Joginder Tuteja rated four-stars for the soundtrack in his review for Rediff.com adding that \"The music of Ek Villain meets the high expectations that one had from it.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Sankhayan Ghosh of The Indian Express wrote \"Although it does have a similar melancholic vibe it’s never a problem. Suri manages to pull off a balanced, melodious album for his Aashiqui 2 follow up with his assemblage of composers.\" Music Aloud gave 7.5 out of 10 saying it as \"Another soundtrack high on the déjà vu quotient with pretty much the same people involved, but Ankit Tiwari emerges the better one this time.\" Kasmin Fernandes of The Times of India called it as \"A soundtrack that proves the worth of harmony, melody and emotions in today’s films.\" Karthik Srinivasan of Miliblog ranked \"Galliyan\" as his pick of the album, stating \"Ankit Tiwari rules over this typical Mohit Suri soundtrack\". In a mixed review for Bollywood Hungama, Rajiv Vijayakar wrote \"The music attempts to tread Aashiqui 2's terrain. However, while most of the songs are melodious, a comparable level of lyrical depth is missing- and therein lies the vital difference.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "\"Galliyan\" topped the list of \"Bollywood music report Jan–Sept 2014\" presented by The Times of India, and was further included in \"The Top 10 Most Popular Songs of 2014\" which was announced in the report of \"Hungama.com Chart-toppers 2014\". The song was placed in the fourth position of the \"Top 10 songs of 2014\" published by The Indian Express.",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | Ek Villain is the soundtrack to the 2014 film of the same name directed by Mohit Suri starring Riteish Deshmukh, Sidharth Malhotra and Shraddha Kapoor. Like Suri's previous film Aashiqui 2 (2013), the soundtrack to the film employs multiple composers; Mithoon composed and wrote three songs for the film, while Ankit Tiwari contributed music for one song "Galliyan" with lyrics by Manoj Muntashir which also features an unplugged version. The track "Awari" is composed and penned by Adnan Dhool and Rabbi Ahmed of the Pakistani pop and Sufi band Soch. The soundtrack which consisted six songs, released on 28 May 2014 under the T-Series label, to positive reviews. | 2023-12-09T14:27:57Z | 2023-12-31T18:24:57Z | [
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75,523,560 | Kurgans of Goygol | Kurgans of Goygol is a historical and archaeological monument in the Goygol District of Azerbaijan.
The Goygol District is one of the regions where mound-type monuments are most common in the territory of Azerbaijan. Until now, hundreds of barrows have been recorded on both banks of Ganjachay, in the plain area on small hills, and some of them were studied by people of German descent who settled in this area in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Among the researchers, Y. Hummel's (exiled to Kazakhstan in 1941) archeological excavations carried out in numerous mounds here in the 1920s and 1930s are of exceptional importance in the study of the ancient history of Azerbaijan, being radically different from the research of his predecessors.
In 2018 the Ganja-Goygol archaeological expedition led by archaeologist Arif Mammadov conducted archaeological excavations and field research in the Goygol District.
The main archaeological excavations were carried out in the territory of Gushgara municipality of the Goygol District, in the area near the Heydar Aliyev park in Ganja City, on the right side of the Ganja-Shamkir road, on the left side of Dry Gobu, and in the mound-type graves in the territory of Gushgara municipality. The results of the excavations show that the monuments presented as kurgans are just kurgan-type graves and reflect the customs and lifestyle of the nomadic tribes of the Late Bronze Age of Azerbaijan. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kurgans of Goygol is a historical and archaeological monument in the Goygol District of Azerbaijan.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Goygol District is one of the regions where mound-type monuments are most common in the territory of Azerbaijan. Until now, hundreds of barrows have been recorded on both banks of Ganjachay, in the plain area on small hills, and some of them were studied by people of German descent who settled in this area in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Among the researchers, Y. Hummel's (exiled to Kazakhstan in 1941) archeological excavations carried out in numerous mounds here in the 1920s and 1930s are of exceptional importance in the study of the ancient history of Azerbaijan, being radically different from the research of his predecessors.",
"title": "About"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 2018 the Ganja-Goygol archaeological expedition led by archaeologist Arif Mammadov conducted archaeological excavations and field research in the Goygol District.",
"title": "About"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The main archaeological excavations were carried out in the territory of Gushgara municipality of the Goygol District, in the area near the Heydar Aliyev park in Ganja City, on the right side of the Ganja-Shamkir road, on the left side of Dry Gobu, and in the mound-type graves in the territory of Gushgara municipality. The results of the excavations show that the monuments presented as kurgans are just kurgan-type graves and reflect the customs and lifestyle of the nomadic tribes of the Late Bronze Age of Azerbaijan.",
"title": "About"
}
] | Kurgans of Goygol is a historical and archaeological monument in the Goygol District of Azerbaijan. | 2023-12-09T14:29:28Z | 2023-12-17T03:25:47Z | [
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75,523,568 | Zonitoides lateumbilicatus | Zonitoides lateumbilicatus is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Gastrodontidae.
The altitude of the shell attains 1.4 mm, its diameter 4.3 mm.
(Original description) The shell resembles Pseudohyalina limatula (synonym of Zonitoides limatulus (A. Binney, 1840) ) in color, texture and sculpture, but it is much depressed. The upper surface is almost flat, the last whorl has a much smaller calibre, the umbilicus is very much wider, shallow. And its cavity is widely open and saucer-shaped, much as in Helicodiscus lineatus (Say, 1817) (synonym of Helicodiscus parallelus (Say, 1821)).
This calcifile species is found in eastern Kentucky and northeastern Alabama, USA. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zonitoides lateumbilicatus is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Gastrodontidae.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The altitude of the shell attains 1.4 mm, its diameter 4.3 mm.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "(Original description) The shell resembles Pseudohyalina limatula (synonym of Zonitoides limatulus (A. Binney, 1840) ) in color, texture and sculpture, but it is much depressed. The upper surface is almost flat, the last whorl has a much smaller calibre, the umbilicus is very much wider, shallow. And its cavity is widely open and saucer-shaped, much as in Helicodiscus lineatus (Say, 1817) (synonym of Helicodiscus parallelus (Say, 1821)).",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "This calcifile species is found in eastern Kentucky and northeastern Alabama, USA.",
"title": "Distribution"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Zonitoides lateumbilicatus is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Gastrodontidae. | 2023-12-09T14:32:38Z | 2023-12-11T09:01:07Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonitoides_lateumbilicatus |
75,523,610 | 2024 in Saint Kitts and Nevis | Events from the year 2024 in Saint Kitts and Nevis
Source: | [
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"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Events from the year 2024 in Saint Kitts and Nevis",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "Source:",
"title": "Holidays"
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] | Events from the year 2024 in Saint Kitts and Nevis | 2023-12-09T14:43:43Z | 2023-12-10T03:02:25Z | [
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75,523,620 | Safety of Rwanda (Asylum and Immigration) Bill | The Safety of Rwanda (Asylum and Immigration) Bill is a government bill in the parliament of the United Kingdom, published in draft on 6 December 2023.
It was given a first reading in the House of Commons on 7 December 2023 and passed its second reading on 12 December.
The bill seeks to deter unlawful migration, particularly by unsafe and illegal routes, by allowing some migrants to be sent to the Republic of Rwanda.
The background to the bill is the British Government's Rwanda asylum plan, under which it plans to send some migrants who would otherwise claim asylum in Britain to Rwanda and says it is a safe country for them. Despite legislative changes in the Illegal Migration Act 2023, which received royal assent on 20 July 2023, a judgement of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom on 15 November 2023 found that Rwanda is not safe, and the plan was unlawful, as migrants might be sent away from Rwanda to face persecution.
On 5 December 2023, the Government signed a new treaty with Rwanda containing further safeguards over relocation. A significant change is that no one relocated to Rwanda could be sent on from there to another country, only back to Britain. The Rwanda policy does not mean that asylum-seekers would be held in Rwanda while their claims for asylum were determined in Britain. Their claims would be determined by Rwanda, and when claims were allowed the result would be that those concerned would remain in Rwanda.
In its bill, the government now asks parliament to declare that Rwanda is to be treated as safe, believing that this will mean the relocation plan is lawful.
While the bill sets aside some provisions of the Human Rights Act 1998, it avoids the more radical option of setting aside the European Convention on Human Rights altogether, which was opposed by the Rwandan government.
On 6 December 2023, Robert Jenrick resigned as immigration minister over "strong disagreements" with the government's response to problems with the Rwanda plan, stating that the Bill "does not go far enough".
Suella Braverman, dismissed as Home Secretary by Rishi Sunak three weeks before, following arguments which included the government policy on immigration, claimed the day after the bill was published that it "won't work".
Alasdair Mackenzie, a barrister active in the Rwanda litigation, has suggested that the prevention of judicial review in Clause 2(3) of the bill could itself be judicially reviewed, to test the lawfulness of migrants being denied access to the courts. The outcome of this would depend on whether the courts maintained the orthodoxy that parliamentary sovereignty makes whatever Parliament enacts lawful or whether they agreed with some previous judgments that parliamentary sovereignty is not absolute.
In the Supreme Court judgment in R (Privacy International) v Investigatory Powers Tribunal, [2019] UKSC 22, Lord Carnwath said:
... it is ultimately for the courts, not the legislature, to determine the limits set by the rule of law to the power to exclude review.
Professor Elliott's comment on this is "For a court to take the step implied in this comment, by holding, in effect, that Parliament had exceeded its authority by seeking to limit the courts' constitutional role, would be fraught with risk for the judiciary."
The bill was announced by James Cleverly on 6 December 2023 as emergency legislation and was given a first reading in the House of Commons the next day. On 12 December, it was given a second reading in the Commons with a majority of 44, and with no Conservatives voting against, but some government supporters said they would be proposing amendments at the next stage.
The One Nation grouping of Conservatives had recommended its members to vote for the bill, and its chairman Damian Green said later "if the government sticks to its guns then it can probably get this legislation through intact".
Mark Francois, chairman of the European Research Group, was among the Conservatives who abstained, and commented "Our objection was that we don't believe as it's currently drafted the bill is firm enough to ensure that flights will take off to Rwanda."
Clause 1 (1) states that the purpose of the bill is to "prevent and deter unlawful migration, and in particular migration by unsafe and illegal routes". This repeats a section of the Illegal Migration Act 2023.
Clause 1 (2) refers to the recent treaty with Rwanda and states that the bill gives effect to "the judgement of Parliament that the Republic of Rwanda is a safe country".
Clause 1 (3) summarizes the treaty, setting out what has changed since an asylum partnership was agreed with Rwanda in April 2022.
Clause 1 (4) (a) recognizes that Parliament is sovereign, repeating words in the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020.
Clause 1 (4)(b) states that international law does not override acts of the Parliament.
Clause 1 (5) defines the meaning of declaring that Rwanda is a safe country: namely, that removing someone to there is in compliance with all relevant international law.
Clause 1 (6) defines international law as including the treaties mentioned by the Supreme Court in its judgment, as well as customary international law and "any other international law... whatsoever".
Clause 2 seeks to prohibit legal challenges based on the argument that Rwanda is unsafe. It instructs immigration officers and judges to treat Rwanda as safe when deciding whether or not to send people there:
Clause 2 (1) "Every decision-maker must conclusively treat the Republic of Rwanda as a safe country."
Clause 2 (3) is an ouster clause which prohibits a court or tribunal from hearing a legal challenge to a removal to Rwanda based on the safety of Rwanda.
Clause 2 (4) prohibits arguments that someone removed to Rwanda might be sent to another country and as a result face persecution
Clause 3 disapplies most of the operative provisions of the Human Rights Act 1998, for certain specific purposes. Section 2 of that Act requires that the courts "must take into account" the judgments and decisions of the European Court of Human Rights if relevant to proceedings.
Clause 3 (3) disapplies the Human Rights Act for the purpose of determining whether Rwanda is a safe country in respect of a decision to be taken under the Immigration Acts. Where the question of the safeness of Rwanda arises in any such proceedings, courts and tribunals are not required to take account of any relevant ECHR case law, but are not prevented from doing so.
Clause 3 (4) disapplies Section 3 of the Human Rights Act, which requires legislation to be interpreted compatibly with Convention rights "so far as it is possible to do so", in relation to the entire bill; so that courts interpreting the legislation are not required to attempt to find a Convention- compliant reading of it.
Clause 3 (5) disapplies Sections 6 to 9 of the Human Rights Act, in relation to:
Section 6 of the Human Rights Act requires public authorities to act compatibly with European Convention rights. Sections 7, 8 and 9 give people the right to bring proceedings and get remedies in the courts of the United Kingdom, rather than having to go to the European Court of Human Rights.
The bill does not disapply other provisions of the Human Rights Act, leaving open the possibility of obtaining a declaration of incompatibility under Section 4 of that Act.
The explanatory memorandum which is attached to the Bill states that the purpose of Clause 3 is "to make clear that the courts and tribunals should defer to Parliament’s sovereign view that Rwanda is safe country as defined, and are under no obligation that could conflict with this".
Clause 4 (1) qualifies the clause 2 restrictions on challenges based on the safety of Rwanda, by providing that challenges based on the person's "particular individual circumstances" are still permitted, while requiring the person to provide compelling evidence in support of such a claim. A court or tribunal is not to grant an injunction suspending the person's removal while the challenge proceeds, unless there is a "real, imminent and foreseeable risk of serious and irreversible harm", and it is not allowed to entertain the argument that Rwanda is unsafe for that person because of the risk of being sent to another country to face possible persecution in breach of international law ("refoulement"). The question of safety based on individual circumstances must be confined to conditions in Rwanda itself.
Clause 5 provides that where the European Court of Human Rights makes urgent orders called "interim measures" in proceedings concerning the removal of a person to Rwanda under the Immigration Acts, a minister can decide whether to comply. Courts and tribunals are therefore instructed to ignore such interim measures when considering an application or appeal.
Clauses 6 to 10 mostly deal with routine technical issues common to most legislation, such as territorial extent. However, there are two which are significant.
Clause 7 (2) excludes Rwandan citizens from being removed to Rwanda, as a claim for asylum by such persons is likely to be based on alleged persecution by the Government of Rwanda.
Clause 9 provides that if enacted the bill would not come into force until the United Kingdom-Rwanda Asylum Partnership Treaty comes into force, when the internal ratification procedures of each country are complete.
The British Government cannot ratify the Treaty until 30 January 2024, at the earliest, as it was laid before Parliament on 6 December 2023, and 21 parliamentary sitting days need to pass. The Rwandan constitution allows the president to ratify treaties, unless parliamentary consent is needed. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Safety of Rwanda (Asylum and Immigration) Bill is a government bill in the parliament of the United Kingdom, published in draft on 6 December 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "It was given a first reading in the House of Commons on 7 December 2023 and passed its second reading on 12 December.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The bill seeks to deter unlawful migration, particularly by unsafe and illegal routes, by allowing some migrants to be sent to the Republic of Rwanda.",
"title": "Purpose"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The background to the bill is the British Government's Rwanda asylum plan, under which it plans to send some migrants who would otherwise claim asylum in Britain to Rwanda and says it is a safe country for them. Despite legislative changes in the Illegal Migration Act 2023, which received royal assent on 20 July 2023, a judgement of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom on 15 November 2023 found that Rwanda is not safe, and the plan was unlawful, as migrants might be sent away from Rwanda to face persecution.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "On 5 December 2023, the Government signed a new treaty with Rwanda containing further safeguards over relocation. A significant change is that no one relocated to Rwanda could be sent on from there to another country, only back to Britain. The Rwanda policy does not mean that asylum-seekers would be held in Rwanda while their claims for asylum were determined in Britain. Their claims would be determined by Rwanda, and when claims were allowed the result would be that those concerned would remain in Rwanda.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In its bill, the government now asks parliament to declare that Rwanda is to be treated as safe, believing that this will mean the relocation plan is lawful.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "While the bill sets aside some provisions of the Human Rights Act 1998, it avoids the more radical option of setting aside the European Convention on Human Rights altogether, which was opposed by the Rwandan government.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "On 6 December 2023, Robert Jenrick resigned as immigration minister over \"strong disagreements\" with the government's response to problems with the Rwanda plan, stating that the Bill \"does not go far enough\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Suella Braverman, dismissed as Home Secretary by Rishi Sunak three weeks before, following arguments which included the government policy on immigration, claimed the day after the bill was published that it \"won't work\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Alasdair Mackenzie, a barrister active in the Rwanda litigation, has suggested that the prevention of judicial review in Clause 2(3) of the bill could itself be judicially reviewed, to test the lawfulness of migrants being denied access to the courts. The outcome of this would depend on whether the courts maintained the orthodoxy that parliamentary sovereignty makes whatever Parliament enacts lawful or whether they agreed with some previous judgments that parliamentary sovereignty is not absolute.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "In the Supreme Court judgment in R (Privacy International) v Investigatory Powers Tribunal, [2019] UKSC 22, Lord Carnwath said:",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "... it is ultimately for the courts, not the legislature, to determine the limits set by the rule of law to the power to exclude review.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Professor Elliott's comment on this is \"For a court to take the step implied in this comment, by holding, in effect, that Parliament had exceeded its authority by seeking to limit the courts' constitutional role, would be fraught with risk for the judiciary.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "The bill was announced by James Cleverly on 6 December 2023 as emergency legislation and was given a first reading in the House of Commons the next day. On 12 December, it was given a second reading in the Commons with a majority of 44, and with no Conservatives voting against, but some government supporters said they would be proposing amendments at the next stage.",
"title": "Parliamentary progress"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "The One Nation grouping of Conservatives had recommended its members to vote for the bill, and its chairman Damian Green said later \"if the government sticks to its guns then it can probably get this legislation through intact\".",
"title": "Parliamentary progress"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Mark Francois, chairman of the European Research Group, was among the Conservatives who abstained, and commented \"Our objection was that we don't believe as it's currently drafted the bill is firm enough to ensure that flights will take off to Rwanda.\"",
"title": "Parliamentary progress"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Clause 1 (1) states that the purpose of the bill is to \"prevent and deter unlawful migration, and in particular migration by unsafe and illegal routes\". This repeats a section of the Illegal Migration Act 2023.",
"title": "Provisions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "Clause 1 (2) refers to the recent treaty with Rwanda and states that the bill gives effect to \"the judgement of Parliament that the Republic of Rwanda is a safe country\".",
"title": "Provisions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "Clause 1 (3) summarizes the treaty, setting out what has changed since an asylum partnership was agreed with Rwanda in April 2022.",
"title": "Provisions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "Clause 1 (4) (a) recognizes that Parliament is sovereign, repeating words in the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020.",
"title": "Provisions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "Clause 1 (4)(b) states that international law does not override acts of the Parliament.",
"title": "Provisions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "Clause 1 (5) defines the meaning of declaring that Rwanda is a safe country: namely, that removing someone to there is in compliance with all relevant international law.",
"title": "Provisions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "Clause 1 (6) defines international law as including the treaties mentioned by the Supreme Court in its judgment, as well as customary international law and \"any other international law... whatsoever\".",
"title": "Provisions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "Clause 2 seeks to prohibit legal challenges based on the argument that Rwanda is unsafe. It instructs immigration officers and judges to treat Rwanda as safe when deciding whether or not to send people there:",
"title": "Provisions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "Clause 2 (1) \"Every decision-maker must conclusively treat the Republic of Rwanda as a safe country.\"",
"title": "Provisions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "Clause 2 (3) is an ouster clause which prohibits a court or tribunal from hearing a legal challenge to a removal to Rwanda based on the safety of Rwanda.",
"title": "Provisions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "Clause 2 (4) prohibits arguments that someone removed to Rwanda might be sent to another country and as a result face persecution",
"title": "Provisions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "Clause 3 disapplies most of the operative provisions of the Human Rights Act 1998, for certain specific purposes. Section 2 of that Act requires that the courts \"must take into account\" the judgments and decisions of the European Court of Human Rights if relevant to proceedings.",
"title": "Provisions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "Clause 3 (3) disapplies the Human Rights Act for the purpose of determining whether Rwanda is a safe country in respect of a decision to be taken under the Immigration Acts. Where the question of the safeness of Rwanda arises in any such proceedings, courts and tribunals are not required to take account of any relevant ECHR case law, but are not prevented from doing so.",
"title": "Provisions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "Clause 3 (4) disapplies Section 3 of the Human Rights Act, which requires legislation to be interpreted compatibly with Convention rights \"so far as it is possible to do so\", in relation to the entire bill; so that courts interpreting the legislation are not required to attempt to find a Convention- compliant reading of it.",
"title": "Provisions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "Clause 3 (5) disapplies Sections 6 to 9 of the Human Rights Act, in relation to:",
"title": "Provisions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "Section 6 of the Human Rights Act requires public authorities to act compatibly with European Convention rights. Sections 7, 8 and 9 give people the right to bring proceedings and get remedies in the courts of the United Kingdom, rather than having to go to the European Court of Human Rights.",
"title": "Provisions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "The bill does not disapply other provisions of the Human Rights Act, leaving open the possibility of obtaining a declaration of incompatibility under Section 4 of that Act.",
"title": "Provisions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "The explanatory memorandum which is attached to the Bill states that the purpose of Clause 3 is \"to make clear that the courts and tribunals should defer to Parliament’s sovereign view that Rwanda is safe country as defined, and are under no obligation that could conflict with this\".",
"title": "Provisions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "Clause 4 (1) qualifies the clause 2 restrictions on challenges based on the safety of Rwanda, by providing that challenges based on the person's \"particular individual circumstances\" are still permitted, while requiring the person to provide compelling evidence in support of such a claim. A court or tribunal is not to grant an injunction suspending the person's removal while the challenge proceeds, unless there is a \"real, imminent and foreseeable risk of serious and irreversible harm\", and it is not allowed to entertain the argument that Rwanda is unsafe for that person because of the risk of being sent to another country to face possible persecution in breach of international law (\"refoulement\"). The question of safety based on individual circumstances must be confined to conditions in Rwanda itself.",
"title": "Provisions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "Clause 5 provides that where the European Court of Human Rights makes urgent orders called \"interim measures\" in proceedings concerning the removal of a person to Rwanda under the Immigration Acts, a minister can decide whether to comply. Courts and tribunals are therefore instructed to ignore such interim measures when considering an application or appeal.",
"title": "Provisions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "Clauses 6 to 10 mostly deal with routine technical issues common to most legislation, such as territorial extent. However, there are two which are significant.",
"title": "Provisions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"text": "Clause 7 (2) excludes Rwandan citizens from being removed to Rwanda, as a claim for asylum by such persons is likely to be based on alleged persecution by the Government of Rwanda.",
"title": "Provisions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"text": "Clause 9 provides that if enacted the bill would not come into force until the United Kingdom-Rwanda Asylum Partnership Treaty comes into force, when the internal ratification procedures of each country are complete.",
"title": "Provisions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"text": "The British Government cannot ratify the Treaty until 30 January 2024, at the earliest, as it was laid before Parliament on 6 December 2023, and 21 parliamentary sitting days need to pass. The Rwandan constitution allows the president to ratify treaties, unless parliamentary consent is needed.",
"title": "Provisions"
}
] | The Safety of Rwanda Bill is a government bill in the parliament of the United Kingdom, published in draft on 6 December 2023. It was given a first reading in the House of Commons on 7 December 2023 and passed its second reading on 12 December. | 2023-12-09T14:47:41Z | 2023-12-23T15:06:00Z | [
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75,523,629 | Roger Hill (speedway rider) | Roger Alan Hill (born 9 March 1944) is a former international motorcycle speedway rider from England. He earned one international cap for the England national speedway team.
Hill, born in Coventry, only ever rode for one team and that was his home city team, the Coventry Bees. He began his British leagues career for the Midlands team during the 1965 British League season. His first full season with Coventry was in 1966 and he helped the team win the Midland Cup.
Hill experienced more success the following two seasons, as a member of the Knockout Cup winning team of 1967 and league champion team of 1968. By 1971, he had increased his average and won three successive Midland Cups with the Bees. In 1972, he crashed and suffered facial lacerations, a broken arm and broken pelvis. This led to limited action over the next three seasons.
In 1975, Hill had his 11th and final season with the club because he had previously suffered serious injuries and his form had deserted him, resulting in retirement. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Roger Alan Hill (born 9 March 1944) is a former international motorcycle speedway rider from England. He earned one international cap for the England national speedway team.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Hill, born in Coventry, only ever rode for one team and that was his home city team, the Coventry Bees. He began his British leagues career for the Midlands team during the 1965 British League season. His first full season with Coventry was in 1966 and he helped the team win the Midland Cup.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Hill experienced more success the following two seasons, as a member of the Knockout Cup winning team of 1967 and league champion team of 1968. By 1971, he had increased his average and won three successive Midland Cups with the Bees. In 1972, he crashed and suffered facial lacerations, a broken arm and broken pelvis. This led to limited action over the next three seasons.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1975, Hill had his 11th and final season with the club because he had previously suffered serious injuries and his form had deserted him, resulting in retirement.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Roger Alan Hill is a former international motorcycle speedway rider from England. He earned one international cap for the England national speedway team. | 2023-12-09T14:49:17Z | 2023-12-09T14:49:17Z | [
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75,523,655 | 2023 Sri Lankan blackouts | The 2023 Sri Lankan blackouts were a series of nationwide electrical blackouts which occurred in Sri Lanka on 9 December 2023. Blackouts began at around 5.00 pm SLST (UTC+5:30) and lasted for over three hours. The nationwide blackouts occurred due to a systematic failure in the main supply chain and due to a breakdown of the Kotmale Biyagama transmission line.
The Ministry of Power and Energy issued a statement claiming that an islandwide blackout occurred due to the multiple lightning strikes on several transformers and power stations. The Ceylon Electricity Board insisted that it has been continuously working to restore the electricity in across all the regions of Sri Lanka.
Sri Lanka's electricity demand is currently met by thermal power stations (54.59%), major hydroelectric power stations (33.50%), wind farms (2.12%), small hydro facilities (8.01%) and other renewables such as solar (1.78%). Sri Lanka as a whole last faced a major nationwide blackout in March 2016, which lasted for over eight hours. Localised regional power cuts are common in Sri Lanka although nationwide blackouts are rare.
In 2022, Sri Lankans experienced daily power outages exceeding 10 hours per day at a time when the country was facing its worst economic crisis since its independence. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023 Sri Lankan blackouts were a series of nationwide electrical blackouts which occurred in Sri Lanka on 9 December 2023. Blackouts began at around 5.00 pm SLST (UTC+5:30) and lasted for over three hours. The nationwide blackouts occurred due to a systematic failure in the main supply chain and due to a breakdown of the Kotmale Biyagama transmission line.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Ministry of Power and Energy issued a statement claiming that an islandwide blackout occurred due to the multiple lightning strikes on several transformers and power stations. The Ceylon Electricity Board insisted that it has been continuously working to restore the electricity in across all the regions of Sri Lanka.",
"title": "Development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Sri Lanka's electricity demand is currently met by thermal power stations (54.59%), major hydroelectric power stations (33.50%), wind farms (2.12%), small hydro facilities (8.01%) and other renewables such as solar (1.78%). Sri Lanka as a whole last faced a major nationwide blackout in March 2016, which lasted for over eight hours. Localised regional power cuts are common in Sri Lanka although nationwide blackouts are rare.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2022, Sri Lankans experienced daily power outages exceeding 10 hours per day at a time when the country was facing its worst economic crisis since its independence.",
"title": "Background"
}
] | The 2023 Sri Lankan blackouts were a series of nationwide electrical blackouts which occurred in Sri Lanka on 9 December 2023. Blackouts began at around 5.00 pm SLST (UTC+5:30) and lasted for over three hours. The nationwide blackouts occurred due to a systematic failure in the main supply chain and due to a breakdown of the Kotmale Biyagama transmission line. | 2023-12-09T14:54:53Z | 2023-12-12T08:10:10Z | [
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75,523,682 | List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in France | The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) intangible cultural heritage elements are the non-physical traditions and practices performed by a people. As part of a country's cultural heritage, they include celebrations, festivals, performances, oral traditions, music, and the making of handicrafts. The "intangible cultural heritage" is defined by the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, drafted in 2003 and took effect in 2006. Inscription of new heritage elements on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists is determined by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, an organisation established by the convention.
France ratified the convention on 11 July 2006. It registered its first element on the representative list in 2008. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) intangible cultural heritage elements are the non-physical traditions and practices performed by a people. As part of a country's cultural heritage, they include celebrations, festivals, performances, oral traditions, music, and the making of handicrafts. The \"intangible cultural heritage\" is defined by the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, drafted in 2003 and took effect in 2006. Inscription of new heritage elements on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists is determined by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, an organisation established by the convention.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "France ratified the convention on 11 July 2006. It registered its first element on the representative list in 2008.",
"title": ""
}
] | The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) intangible cultural heritage elements are the non-physical traditions and practices performed by a people. As part of a country's cultural heritage, they include celebrations, festivals, performances, oral traditions, music, and the making of handicrafts. The "intangible cultural heritage" is defined by the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, drafted in 2003 and took effect in 2006. Inscription of new heritage elements on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists is determined by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, an organisation established by the convention. France ratified the convention on 11 July 2006. It registered its first element on the representative list in 2008. | 2023-12-09T15:00:45Z | 2023-12-13T10:30:43Z | [
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75,523,687 | Lake McIntosh | Lake McIntosh is a 650-acre (260 ha) reservoir in Peachtree City, Georgia. It holds 1.5 billion gallons of water, and supplies 10.4 million gallons a day to the Crosstown Water Treatment Plant.
The lake is managed by Fayette County and is governed by the 2016 Fayette County Reservoir Management Plan. It is located on the west side of Peachtree City, sharing a border with Coweta County. Recreational fishing is allowed with a license, but swimming is prohibited. Lake McIntosh is a manmade lake formed by a portion of Line Creek along with other smaller channels of water flowing into it.
The lake site was initially identified by Peachtree City developers in 1962. The land was purchased by Fayette County in the 1970s. It was in 1981 that the required 404 permit was submitted and then withdrawn over various state and environmental concerns. The permit was re-submitted in 1998 and won approval from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in July 2007. And in 2009 the Safe Dams program approved the project. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Lake McIntosh is a 650-acre (260 ha) reservoir in Peachtree City, Georgia. It holds 1.5 billion gallons of water, and supplies 10.4 million gallons a day to the Crosstown Water Treatment Plant.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The lake is managed by Fayette County and is governed by the 2016 Fayette County Reservoir Management Plan. It is located on the west side of Peachtree City, sharing a border with Coweta County. Recreational fishing is allowed with a license, but swimming is prohibited. Lake McIntosh is a manmade lake formed by a portion of Line Creek along with other smaller channels of water flowing into it.",
"title": "Details"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The lake site was initially identified by Peachtree City developers in 1962. The land was purchased by Fayette County in the 1970s. It was in 1981 that the required 404 permit was submitted and then withdrawn over various state and environmental concerns. The permit was re-submitted in 1998 and won approval from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in July 2007. And in 2009 the Safe Dams program approved the project.",
"title": "Details"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Lake McIntosh is a 650-acre (260 ha) reservoir in Peachtree City, Georgia. It holds 1.5 billion gallons of water, and supplies 10.4 million gallons a day to the Crosstown Water Treatment Plant. | 2023-12-09T15:01:34Z | 2023-12-11T11:57:33Z | [
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75,523,722 | Zonitoides patuloides | Zonitoides patuloides is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Gastrodontidae.
The altitude of the shell attains 2.5 mm, its diameter 5.1 mm.
(Original description) The shell has about the size and form of Pyramidula striatella (J. G. Anthony, 1840) (synonym of Discus whitneyi (Newcomb, 1864) ). It is light green and hardly transparent. The shell is irregularly but closely rib-striate above, below and in the umbilicus. The first 1½ whorls are smooth. The 4½ whorls are slowly increasing, convex, with impressed sutures. The last whorl is rather tubular, rounded at periphery and below. The aperture has about the size of the umbilicus. It is round-lunate, flattened above. The lip is simple. The upper margin is flattened down and arched forward, as in Selenites or Gastrodonta elliotti and retracted at insertion. The umbilicus is large, showing all the whorls very plainly.
It is much smaller than Gastrodonta elliotti Redf., with far larger, open umbilicus and heavier sculpture, recalling a Pyramidula.
This species is found on the Thunderhead Mountain along the border between Tennessee and North Carolina, USA on mountainsides and ravines on moist leaves. | [
{
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"text": "Zonitoides patuloides is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Gastrodontidae.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The altitude of the shell attains 2.5 mm, its diameter 5.1 mm.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "(Original description) The shell has about the size and form of Pyramidula striatella (J. G. Anthony, 1840) (synonym of Discus whitneyi (Newcomb, 1864) ). It is light green and hardly transparent. The shell is irregularly but closely rib-striate above, below and in the umbilicus. The first 1½ whorls are smooth. The 4½ whorls are slowly increasing, convex, with impressed sutures. The last whorl is rather tubular, rounded at periphery and below. The aperture has about the size of the umbilicus. It is round-lunate, flattened above. The lip is simple. The upper margin is flattened down and arched forward, as in Selenites or Gastrodonta elliotti and retracted at insertion. The umbilicus is large, showing all the whorls very plainly.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "It is much smaller than Gastrodonta elliotti Redf., with far larger, open umbilicus and heavier sculpture, recalling a Pyramidula.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "This species is found on the Thunderhead Mountain along the border between Tennessee and North Carolina, USA on mountainsides and ravines on moist leaves.",
"title": "Distribution"
}
] | Zonitoides patuloides is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Gastrodontidae. | 2023-12-09T15:08:35Z | 2023-12-11T09:10:50Z | [
"Template:Short description",
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75,523,726 | 2024 in Saint Lucia | Events from the year 2024 in Saint Lucia | [
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"text": "Events from the year 2024 in Saint Lucia",
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75,523,728 | 10:20 | [] | 2023-12-09T15:10:00Z | 2023-12-09T15:10:47Z | [
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||
75,523,734 | Heart Play: Unfinished Dialogue | Heart Play: Unfinished Dialogue is a non-musical album by John Lennon and Yoko Ono. The album consists of recordings of conversations between Lennon and Ono, which were made in 1980 for a documentary. The conversations take place in their day-to-day life, including recordings in the morning in their kitchen, during walks in Central Park, and at local cafes. | [
{
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"text": "Heart Play: Unfinished Dialogue is a non-musical album by John Lennon and Yoko Ono. The album consists of recordings of conversations between Lennon and Ono, which were made in 1980 for a documentary. The conversations take place in their day-to-day life, including recordings in the morning in their kitchen, during walks in Central Park, and at local cafes.",
"title": ""
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] | Heart Play: Unfinished Dialogue is a non-musical album by John Lennon and Yoko Ono. The album consists of recordings of conversations between Lennon and Ono, which were made in 1980 for a documentary. The conversations take place in their day-to-day life, including recordings in the morning in their kitchen, during walks in Central Park, and at local cafes. | 2023-12-09T15:10:40Z | 2023-12-13T04:02:45Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Play:_Unfinished_Dialogue |
75,523,752 | Chaudhry Qasim Majeed | Chaudhry Qasim Majeed is a Pakistani politician from Azad Kashmir, who is a member of the Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly since 3 August 2021. He is also chairman of Mangla Dam Housing Authority. | [
{
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"text": "Chaudhry Qasim Majeed is a Pakistani politician from Azad Kashmir, who is a member of the Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly since 3 August 2021. He is also chairman of Mangla Dam Housing Authority.",
"title": ""
}
] | Chaudhry Qasim Majeed is a Pakistani politician from Azad Kashmir, who is a member of the Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly since 3 August 2021. He is also chairman of Mangla Dam Housing Authority. | 2023-12-09T15:13:28Z | 2023-12-09T16:01:23Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaudhry_Qasim_Majeed |
75,523,756 | Nova Innovation | Nova Innovation Ltd is a Scottish developer of tidal stream turbines, based in Leith, Edinburgh. They deployed their first 30 kW turbine in 2014. Since then, they have developed and tested a 100 kW seabed mounded two-bladed horizontal-axis tidal stream turbine, and plan to scale this up in future. Up to six of these turbines have been deployed simultaneously in the Bluemull Sound, Shetland since 2016.
They have also announced plans to install turbines in France, Canada and Wales. In November 2023, the company announced it had been awarded Horizon Europe funding to develop a 4 MW array with 16 turbines at the EMEC Fall of Warness tidal test site.
Nova have also diversified into developing floating solar power solutions, with a system tested at Leith Docks in 2023.
The company hosted Keir Starmer's launch in June 2023 of a Scottish-based publicly owned energy company "Great British Energy". This was held in their turbine factory in Leith.
Nova Innovation was set up in 2009 by CEO Simon Forrest and CTO Gary Connor. Both have a PhD from the University of Edinburgh, in Electrical Engineering and Power Systems Engineering respectively.
In April 2014, Nova installed a 30 kW turbine in the Bluemull Sound, in partnership with the North Yell Development Council, making it the "world's first community-owned tidal power generator". This was connected to the local electricity grid by a 1 km subsea cable; helping power an ice house at Cullivoe harbour and up to 30 local homes. The turbine was decommissioned in 2016. The project was supported by the Scottish Government Community and Renewable Energy Scheme.
The Nova 30 turbine was a three-bladed horizontal axis machine, mounted on a gravity foundation that sat on the seabed. It was fabricated by Renfrew based Steel Engineering.
After deploying the Nova 30, the company developed plans for an array of five turbines in the Bluemull Sound, to the northeast of Cullivoe Harbour. The company was awarded £1.9m in grants and loans from Scottish Enterprise, and they raised a further £1.85m from Belgium based green energy company ELSA, part of the IDETA Group. In 2021, the company received a further £6.4m investment from the Scottish National Investment Bank.
The first 100 kW tidal turbine was connected in August 2016, followed by another two similar turbines later that year. The original plan was for an array of five turbines, but in 2018 an amended license was awarded to install six turbines. This including re-configuring the array as part of the Horizon 2020 EnFAIT project. A fourth turbine was added in 2020, then in January 2023 two further turbines were added, making it the largest number of turbines in a tidal-stream array. These turbines were connected by a subsea hub and a single export cable, whereas the previous turbines all had individual cables to shore. However, the three oldest turbines were removed just months later at the end of the EnFAIT project leaving the array at just 0.3 MW. By December 2020 the array had generated 469 MWh through more that 14,000 hours of operation.
All of the turbines were two-bladed horizontal-axis machines, which sat on the seabed on gravity foundations. The first three were Nova M100 turbines which incorporated a gearbox. Nova simplified the design for the later M100-D by incorporating a direct-drive mechanism, reportedly cutting the cost by a third. The six turbines deployed at the site were all given female names: Ailsa, Betty, Charlotte, Eunice, Grace and Hali Hope.
Nova incorporated Tesla batteries alongside the array in 2018, to help even out the variation in power over the six-hour tidal cycle. They later installed an electric vehicle charger at Cullivoe Harbour in March 2021, claiming this was the world's first "tidal powered" charger.
In March 2023, Nova deployed a 50 kW turbine in the Étel Estuary, their first turbine installed outwith Scotland. This was supported by the Horizon 2020 funded ELEMENT project.
In 2019, Nova was awarded a license from Natural Resources Canada to develop a 1.5 MW array in Petite Passage, Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia. The scheme was expected to comprise 15 of Nova's 100 kW M100 turbines, starting with an initial phase of five turbines. As with previous turbines, these would be mounted on gravity foundations on the seabed. The turbines were expected to be manufactured in Canada, with the first one commissioned by 2021, however this did not happen. The project secured C$4 million in funding from the Clean Growth Program.
Nova secured £1.2m from the Welsh Government in 2020 to develop a 0.5 MW tidal stream array, to be located in the waters between Ynys Enlli and the Llŷn Peninsula. RSK were appointed to conduct an environmental impact assessment of the project, was to include five 100 kW turbines. Baseline environmental surveys for seabirds and marine mammals were carried out by Bangor University and other partners from 2017–2022. However, Nova announced in Feb 2023 that it was mothballing the project, citing issues with the grid connect and lack of revenue support.
Joint plans were announced in January 2022 by Nova Innovation and Quimper-based Sabella to each develop 6 MW of a 12 MW berth at the Morlais tidal stream project off the coast of Holy Island, Anglesey, North Wales. The first deployments were initially stated for 2023/24, but there have been no further announcements on this.
In February 2021, Crown Estate Scotland granted Nova an option agreement to develop a 3 MW array in the Sound of Islay. The name Òran na Mara is Gaelic for "song of the sea", and the project would help power the famous distilleries on Islay.
Looking further afield, Nova was awarded £200k from Innovate UK in 2021 to conduct a feasibility study into building an array in Indonesia. The project investigated a 7 MW array in the Larantuka Strait.
In November 2023, the company announced it had been awarded Horizon Europe funding to develop a 4 MW array with 16 turbines at the EMEC Fall of Warness tidal test site, claiming this would be the largest number of turbines installed in a tidal stream array. These would each be 250 kW, scaled up from the existing 100 kW turbines used at Bluemull Sound.
The company is looking to raise £20m in investment, and is considering plans for an initial public offering in future. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Nova Innovation Ltd is a Scottish developer of tidal stream turbines, based in Leith, Edinburgh. They deployed their first 30 kW turbine in 2014. Since then, they have developed and tested a 100 kW seabed mounded two-bladed horizontal-axis tidal stream turbine, and plan to scale this up in future. Up to six of these turbines have been deployed simultaneously in the Bluemull Sound, Shetland since 2016.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "They have also announced plans to install turbines in France, Canada and Wales. In November 2023, the company announced it had been awarded Horizon Europe funding to develop a 4 MW array with 16 turbines at the EMEC Fall of Warness tidal test site.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Nova have also diversified into developing floating solar power solutions, with a system tested at Leith Docks in 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "The company hosted Keir Starmer's launch in June 2023 of a Scottish-based publicly owned energy company \"Great British Energy\". This was held in their turbine factory in Leith.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Nova Innovation was set up in 2009 by CEO Simon Forrest and CTO Gary Connor. Both have a PhD from the University of Edinburgh, in Electrical Engineering and Power Systems Engineering respectively.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In April 2014, Nova installed a 30 kW turbine in the Bluemull Sound, in partnership with the North Yell Development Council, making it the \"world's first community-owned tidal power generator\". This was connected to the local electricity grid by a 1 km subsea cable; helping power an ice house at Cullivoe harbour and up to 30 local homes. The turbine was decommissioned in 2016. The project was supported by the Scottish Government Community and Renewable Energy Scheme.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The Nova 30 turbine was a three-bladed horizontal axis machine, mounted on a gravity foundation that sat on the seabed. It was fabricated by Renfrew based Steel Engineering.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "After deploying the Nova 30, the company developed plans for an array of five turbines in the Bluemull Sound, to the northeast of Cullivoe Harbour. The company was awarded £1.9m in grants and loans from Scottish Enterprise, and they raised a further £1.85m from Belgium based green energy company ELSA, part of the IDETA Group. In 2021, the company received a further £6.4m investment from the Scottish National Investment Bank.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The first 100 kW tidal turbine was connected in August 2016, followed by another two similar turbines later that year. The original plan was for an array of five turbines, but in 2018 an amended license was awarded to install six turbines. This including re-configuring the array as part of the Horizon 2020 EnFAIT project. A fourth turbine was added in 2020, then in January 2023 two further turbines were added, making it the largest number of turbines in a tidal-stream array. These turbines were connected by a subsea hub and a single export cable, whereas the previous turbines all had individual cables to shore. However, the three oldest turbines were removed just months later at the end of the EnFAIT project leaving the array at just 0.3 MW. By December 2020 the array had generated 469 MWh through more that 14,000 hours of operation.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "All of the turbines were two-bladed horizontal-axis machines, which sat on the seabed on gravity foundations. The first three were Nova M100 turbines which incorporated a gearbox. Nova simplified the design for the later M100-D by incorporating a direct-drive mechanism, reportedly cutting the cost by a third. The six turbines deployed at the site were all given female names: Ailsa, Betty, Charlotte, Eunice, Grace and Hali Hope.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Nova incorporated Tesla batteries alongside the array in 2018, to help even out the variation in power over the six-hour tidal cycle. They later installed an electric vehicle charger at Cullivoe Harbour in March 2021, claiming this was the world's first \"tidal powered\" charger.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "In March 2023, Nova deployed a 50 kW turbine in the Étel Estuary, their first turbine installed outwith Scotland. This was supported by the Horizon 2020 funded ELEMENT project.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "In 2019, Nova was awarded a license from Natural Resources Canada to develop a 1.5 MW array in Petite Passage, Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia. The scheme was expected to comprise 15 of Nova's 100 kW M100 turbines, starting with an initial phase of five turbines. As with previous turbines, these would be mounted on gravity foundations on the seabed. The turbines were expected to be manufactured in Canada, with the first one commissioned by 2021, however this did not happen. The project secured C$4 million in funding from the Clean Growth Program.",
"title": "Future projects"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Nova secured £1.2m from the Welsh Government in 2020 to develop a 0.5 MW tidal stream array, to be located in the waters between Ynys Enlli and the Llŷn Peninsula. RSK were appointed to conduct an environmental impact assessment of the project, was to include five 100 kW turbines. Baseline environmental surveys for seabirds and marine mammals were carried out by Bangor University and other partners from 2017–2022. However, Nova announced in Feb 2023 that it was mothballing the project, citing issues with the grid connect and lack of revenue support.",
"title": "Future projects"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Joint plans were announced in January 2022 by Nova Innovation and Quimper-based Sabella to each develop 6 MW of a 12 MW berth at the Morlais tidal stream project off the coast of Holy Island, Anglesey, North Wales. The first deployments were initially stated for 2023/24, but there have been no further announcements on this.",
"title": "Future projects"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "In February 2021, Crown Estate Scotland granted Nova an option agreement to develop a 3 MW array in the Sound of Islay. The name Òran na Mara is Gaelic for \"song of the sea\", and the project would help power the famous distilleries on Islay.",
"title": "Future projects"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Looking further afield, Nova was awarded £200k from Innovate UK in 2021 to conduct a feasibility study into building an array in Indonesia. The project investigated a 7 MW array in the Larantuka Strait.",
"title": "Future projects"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "In November 2023, the company announced it had been awarded Horizon Europe funding to develop a 4 MW array with 16 turbines at the EMEC Fall of Warness tidal test site, claiming this would be the largest number of turbines installed in a tidal stream array. These would each be 250 kW, scaled up from the existing 100 kW turbines used at Bluemull Sound.",
"title": "Future projects"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "The company is looking to raise £20m in investment, and is considering plans for an initial public offering in future.",
"title": "Future projects"
}
] | Nova Innovation Ltd is a Scottish developer of tidal stream turbines, based in Leith, Edinburgh. They deployed their first 30 kW turbine in 2014. Since then, they have developed and tested a 100 kW seabed mounded two-bladed horizontal-axis tidal stream turbine, and plan to scale this up in future. Up to six of these turbines have been deployed simultaneously in the Bluemull Sound, Shetland since 2016. They have also announced plans to install turbines in France, Canada and Wales. In November 2023, the company announced it had been awarded Horizon Europe funding to develop a 4 MW array with 16 turbines at the EMEC Fall of Warness tidal test site. Nova have also diversified into developing floating solar power solutions, with a system tested at Leith Docks in 2023. The company hosted Keir Starmer's launch in June 2023 of a Scottish-based publicly owned energy company "Great British Energy". This was held in their turbine factory in Leith. | 2023-12-09T15:14:03Z | 2023-12-31T16:14:23Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Innovation |
75,523,814 | PSKBS Kuta Binjai | Persatuan Sepakbola Kuta Binjei Sekitar (simply known as PSKBS) is an Indonesian football club based in East Aceh Regency, Aceh. They currently compete in the Liga 3. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Persatuan Sepakbola Kuta Binjei Sekitar (simply known as PSKBS) is an Indonesian football club based in East Aceh Regency, Aceh. They currently compete in the Liga 3.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
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] | Persatuan Sepakbola Kuta Binjei Sekitar is an Indonesian football club based in East Aceh Regency, Aceh. They currently compete in the Liga 3. | 2023-12-09T15:23:31Z | 2023-12-13T12:24:15Z | [
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75,523,833 | Massacre of Arabs during the Zanzibar Revolution | In January 1964 during and following the Zanzibar Revolution, Arab residents of Zanzibar were targeted for violence by the islands majority Black African population. Arabs were mass murdered, raped, tortured and deported from the island by Black African militiamen under the Afro-Shirazi Party and Umma Party. The exact death toll is unknown, although scholarly sources estimate the number of Arabs killed to be between 13,000 and over 20,000 killed. It has been described as some as an act of genocide.
This event is largely forgotten and the massacres remain largely undiscussed and outside of the public eye. The Zanzibar Revolution is publicly celebrated on its anniversary as an uprising against slavery and oppression, although slavery had already been abolished decades before. However, the massacre is either downplayed or not discussed at all.
Arab settlement in Zanzibar goes back over 1,000 years. Due to the increase of European imperialism in the region, Zanzibar became a colonial possession of the Portuguese Empire for over two centuries. This led Zanzibari elites to invite the Arabs and the Omani Empire to help them in driving out their colonial overlords. The Arabs successfully ousted Portuguese rule in Zanzibar and established dominance there. The Sultanate of Zanzibar was ruled by an Arab sultan and a largely Arab ruling class.
The Zanzibar Revolution was inspired by John Okello, an African preacher from Uganda who belonged to the small Christian minority of Zanzibar. His Christianity held no appeal to the largely Muslim African population of Zanzibar, so he found racial hatred a more effective way to motivate people to his side. The revolution was led by the Afro-Shirazi Party and the Umma Party. The Afro-Shirazi Party was Pan-Africanist and attempted to unite the Shirazi people with mainland Africans, whereas the Umma Party was small, radical and Marxist.
Slavery had been abolished in Zanzibar in 1897, but much of the Arab elite who dominated the island's politics made little effort to hide their racist views of the Black majority as their inferiors, a people fit only for slavery. In Parliament, the Minister of Finance Juma Aley responded to questions from Abeid Karume by insultingly saying he need not answer questions from a mere "boatman". Aley further explained in another speech in Parliament that if Arabs were over-represented in the Cabinet, it was not because of race, but rather it was only because the mental abilities of Blacks were so abysmally low and the mental abilities of Arabs like himself were so high, a remark that enraged the Black majority. Memories of Arab slave-trading in the past (some of the older Black people had been slaves in their youth) together with a distinctly patronizing view of the Arab elite towards the Black majority in the present, meant that much of the Black population of Zanzibar had a ferocious hatred of the Arabs, viewing the new Arab-dominated government as illegitimate. The government did not help broaden its appeal to the Black majority by drastically cutting spending in schools in areas with high concentrations of Black people. The government's budget with its draconian spending cuts in schools in Black areas was widely seen as a sign that the Arab-dominated government was planning to lock the Black people in a permanent second-class status.
By the time of the Zanzibar Revolution, the island had a population of about 300,000 people, including 230,000 Black Africans, around 50,000 Arabs and about 20,000 Indians.
American diplomat Don Petterson described the killings of Arabs by the African majority as an act of genocide, and wrote "Genocide was not a term that was as much in vogue then, as it came to be later, but it is fair to say that in parts of Zanzibar, the killing of Arabs was genocide, pure and simple".
The leaders of the Zanzibar Revolution encouraged Black African militiamen to attack non-Blacks, leading to a horrific massacre. Thousands of unarmed Arab civilians were murdered. Motivated by racial hatred and promises of wealth and women, enraged African militiamen went from house to house, murdering, torturing, and raping every Arab they could lay their hands on. Bloody corpses filled the streets of Zanzibar, with cases of mutilated bodies. Arab and Asian women were gangraped, and Arab and Asian property was looted. Many Arab properties were expropriated. Following the targeted slaughter, thousands more were put in camps and later forcibly deported. Homes were invaded and people of lighter skin were targeted for extermination, often in a brutal manner, to the point that no body could remain for burial. Allegedly, Okello bragged that he personally killed over 8,000 people. The killing of Arab prisoners, their alleged burial in mass graves, forced marches and executions were documented by an Italian crew, filming from a helicopter, for Africa Addio, and this sequence of the film contained the only known visual document of the killings. However, many revolutionaries at the time dispute the authenticity of the documentary. When the film was shown to a group of revolutionaries in their seventies – some of whom had seen it when it was released in the mid-1960s, while others claimed they were unaware of it – they claimed they had not seen such mass graves or bodies scattered on the beach in Zanzibar during and after the revolution. They described the documentary as fictitious. Thousands fled Zanzibar, although many were unable to leave and forced to "live in the shadow, seeking more to make themselves forgotten than to recapture lost advantages". The rebel gangs specifically targeted Zanzibar's Islamic heritage. Most of the Arabic manuscripts in the Zanzibar National Archives have been vandalized. Qur'ans and other Islamic books were burned in the streets, despite 98 percent of Zanzibar's population being Muslim.
Historian Jonathon Glassman estimated that Zanzibar lost a quarter or more of its Arab population by the end of 1964 due to expulsion, flight or mass murder. Okello claimed that 11,995 Arabs were killed and 21,462 detained. Ali Muhsin, the ousted Prime Minister, estimated that 26,000 Arabs were detained and 100,000 were forcibly deported. Seif Sharif Hamad, a member of the new revolutionary government of Zanzibar, said that he had been told that over 13,000, mostly Arabs, were killed. Multiple sources agree that over 20,000 Arabs were killed. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "In January 1964 during and following the Zanzibar Revolution, Arab residents of Zanzibar were targeted for violence by the islands majority Black African population. Arabs were mass murdered, raped, tortured and deported from the island by Black African militiamen under the Afro-Shirazi Party and Umma Party. The exact death toll is unknown, although scholarly sources estimate the number of Arabs killed to be between 13,000 and over 20,000 killed. It has been described as some as an act of genocide.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "This event is largely forgotten and the massacres remain largely undiscussed and outside of the public eye. The Zanzibar Revolution is publicly celebrated on its anniversary as an uprising against slavery and oppression, although slavery had already been abolished decades before. However, the massacre is either downplayed or not discussed at all.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Arab settlement in Zanzibar goes back over 1,000 years. Due to the increase of European imperialism in the region, Zanzibar became a colonial possession of the Portuguese Empire for over two centuries. This led Zanzibari elites to invite the Arabs and the Omani Empire to help them in driving out their colonial overlords. The Arabs successfully ousted Portuguese rule in Zanzibar and established dominance there. The Sultanate of Zanzibar was ruled by an Arab sultan and a largely Arab ruling class.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Zanzibar Revolution was inspired by John Okello, an African preacher from Uganda who belonged to the small Christian minority of Zanzibar. His Christianity held no appeal to the largely Muslim African population of Zanzibar, so he found racial hatred a more effective way to motivate people to his side. The revolution was led by the Afro-Shirazi Party and the Umma Party. The Afro-Shirazi Party was Pan-Africanist and attempted to unite the Shirazi people with mainland Africans, whereas the Umma Party was small, radical and Marxist.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Slavery had been abolished in Zanzibar in 1897, but much of the Arab elite who dominated the island's politics made little effort to hide their racist views of the Black majority as their inferiors, a people fit only for slavery. In Parliament, the Minister of Finance Juma Aley responded to questions from Abeid Karume by insultingly saying he need not answer questions from a mere \"boatman\". Aley further explained in another speech in Parliament that if Arabs were over-represented in the Cabinet, it was not because of race, but rather it was only because the mental abilities of Blacks were so abysmally low and the mental abilities of Arabs like himself were so high, a remark that enraged the Black majority. Memories of Arab slave-trading in the past (some of the older Black people had been slaves in their youth) together with a distinctly patronizing view of the Arab elite towards the Black majority in the present, meant that much of the Black population of Zanzibar had a ferocious hatred of the Arabs, viewing the new Arab-dominated government as illegitimate. The government did not help broaden its appeal to the Black majority by drastically cutting spending in schools in areas with high concentrations of Black people. The government's budget with its draconian spending cuts in schools in Black areas was widely seen as a sign that the Arab-dominated government was planning to lock the Black people in a permanent second-class status.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "By the time of the Zanzibar Revolution, the island had a population of about 300,000 people, including 230,000 Black Africans, around 50,000 Arabs and about 20,000 Indians.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "American diplomat Don Petterson described the killings of Arabs by the African majority as an act of genocide, and wrote \"Genocide was not a term that was as much in vogue then, as it came to be later, but it is fair to say that in parts of Zanzibar, the killing of Arabs was genocide, pure and simple\".",
"title": "Massacre"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The leaders of the Zanzibar Revolution encouraged Black African militiamen to attack non-Blacks, leading to a horrific massacre. Thousands of unarmed Arab civilians were murdered. Motivated by racial hatred and promises of wealth and women, enraged African militiamen went from house to house, murdering, torturing, and raping every Arab they could lay their hands on. Bloody corpses filled the streets of Zanzibar, with cases of mutilated bodies. Arab and Asian women were gangraped, and Arab and Asian property was looted. Many Arab properties were expropriated. Following the targeted slaughter, thousands more were put in camps and later forcibly deported. Homes were invaded and people of lighter skin were targeted for extermination, often in a brutal manner, to the point that no body could remain for burial. Allegedly, Okello bragged that he personally killed over 8,000 people. The killing of Arab prisoners, their alleged burial in mass graves, forced marches and executions were documented by an Italian crew, filming from a helicopter, for Africa Addio, and this sequence of the film contained the only known visual document of the killings. However, many revolutionaries at the time dispute the authenticity of the documentary. When the film was shown to a group of revolutionaries in their seventies – some of whom had seen it when it was released in the mid-1960s, while others claimed they were unaware of it – they claimed they had not seen such mass graves or bodies scattered on the beach in Zanzibar during and after the revolution. They described the documentary as fictitious. Thousands fled Zanzibar, although many were unable to leave and forced to \"live in the shadow, seeking more to make themselves forgotten than to recapture lost advantages\". The rebel gangs specifically targeted Zanzibar's Islamic heritage. Most of the Arabic manuscripts in the Zanzibar National Archives have been vandalized. Qur'ans and other Islamic books were burned in the streets, despite 98 percent of Zanzibar's population being Muslim.",
"title": "Massacre"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Historian Jonathon Glassman estimated that Zanzibar lost a quarter or more of its Arab population by the end of 1964 due to expulsion, flight or mass murder. Okello claimed that 11,995 Arabs were killed and 21,462 detained. Ali Muhsin, the ousted Prime Minister, estimated that 26,000 Arabs were detained and 100,000 were forcibly deported. Seif Sharif Hamad, a member of the new revolutionary government of Zanzibar, said that he had been told that over 13,000, mostly Arabs, were killed. Multiple sources agree that over 20,000 Arabs were killed.",
"title": "Death toll"
}
] | In January 1964 during and following the Zanzibar Revolution, Arab residents of Zanzibar were targeted for violence by the islands majority Black African population. Arabs were mass murdered, raped, tortured and deported from the island by Black African militiamen under the Afro-Shirazi Party and Umma Party. The exact death toll is unknown, although scholarly sources estimate the number of Arabs killed to be between 13,000 and over 20,000 killed. It has been described as some as an act of genocide. This event is largely forgotten and the massacres remain largely undiscussed and outside of the public eye. The Zanzibar Revolution is publicly celebrated on its anniversary as an uprising against slavery and oppression, although slavery had already been abolished decades before. However, the massacre is either downplayed or not discussed at all. | 2023-12-09T15:26:31Z | 2023-12-30T12:51:35Z | [
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"Template:Cite book",
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"Template:Harvnb",
"Template:Cite thesis",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Zanzibar 1964"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Arabs_during_the_Zanzibar_Revolution |
75,523,892 | Luai Ahmed | Luai Ahmed (in Arabic لؤي أحمد; born September 5, 1993) is a Swedish journalist and columnist, born in Yemmen. Ahmed is active on social media and is considered as a controversial critic of the radical Islam and the anti-Semitism and hatred of Israel inherent in it.
Ahmed was raised in the capital of Yemen, Sana'a. He grew up in his home on the values instilled in him by his mother, Amal Basha, a peace and women's rights activist and winner of several honors, including an honorary doctorate from the University of Toronto.
Following his mother's feminist activism, the Al-Qaeda organization threatened his family in 2013 asking in an open letter to the population in Yemmen to receive the address where the family lives.
In 2014 Luai Ahmed got an opportunity to hold a lecture at the invitation of the "Olof Palma Foundation" in Sweden. His family members urged him to seek asylum there. He came to Halmstad and since then and for the next four years, he lived there. He asked for and received political asylum, and later also Swedish citizenship. After that he lived in Malmö and now in Stockholm.
Ahmed is active on social networks: mainly on Twitter, where 144 thousand people follow him, and 65 thousand on TikTok, and the videos he uploads get hundreds of thousands of views on average. During October 2023, his videos became "viral" on the network, and only in the months of October November 2023, about 100 thousand followers were added to him. He condemns what he says is the hypocrisy of the Middle East, the hatred of Jews that is instilled from a young age, the servitude to religion and the Muslim world's delay in social and technological progress.
In addition, he is a columnist for the conservative Swedish newspaper Bulletin, where he writes articles against anti-Semitism and hatred of Jews as well as articles in which Islam, integration and immigration policy are recurring topics. In Yemmen he wrote for the newspapers "Yeman Today", the Yemmen Times and the youth magazine YoO. According to him, he does not agree with the concept of Islamophobia, because phobia (According to him) expresses an extremely irrational and exaggerated fear. Atheists are not "phobic" because the fear of prison or the death penalty in Muslim societies is a very rational and tangible fear. Homosexuals' fear of prison or the death penalty in Muslim societies is palpable and rational. The fear of liberals, and especially free women in Islamic societies, of prison or the death penalty, is a rational and legitimate fear - so Ahmed said in an interview with the liberal newspaper Charlie Hebdo.
In 2021, he published his book "A Paradoxical Journey of a Refugee from the Sharia of Yemmen to the Rainbow in Sweden", which tells about his first five years in Sweden, with a humorous critique of extreme Islam, but also of Sweden, where he currently lives.
Ahmed visited Israel in November 2023 during the war with Hamas, and his impressions of his visit to Al-Aqsa Mosque, which according to him the fact that non-Muslims are not allowed to enter, is actually apartheid, he spread on the network.
Ahmed has a bachelor's degree in international business studies from the Lebanese International University in Yemmen. He also studied International Migration and immigration at the University of Malmö. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Luai Ahmed (in Arabic لؤي أحمد; born September 5, 1993) is a Swedish journalist and columnist, born in Yemmen. Ahmed is active on social media and is considered as a controversial critic of the radical Islam and the anti-Semitism and hatred of Israel inherent in it.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Ahmed was raised in the capital of Yemen, Sana'a. He grew up in his home on the values instilled in him by his mother, Amal Basha, a peace and women's rights activist and winner of several honors, including an honorary doctorate from the University of Toronto.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Following his mother's feminist activism, the Al-Qaeda organization threatened his family in 2013 asking in an open letter to the population in Yemmen to receive the address where the family lives.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2014 Luai Ahmed got an opportunity to hold a lecture at the invitation of the \"Olof Palma Foundation\" in Sweden. His family members urged him to seek asylum there. He came to Halmstad and since then and for the next four years, he lived there. He asked for and received political asylum, and later also Swedish citizenship. After that he lived in Malmö and now in Stockholm.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Ahmed is active on social networks: mainly on Twitter, where 144 thousand people follow him, and 65 thousand on TikTok, and the videos he uploads get hundreds of thousands of views on average. During October 2023, his videos became \"viral\" on the network, and only in the months of October November 2023, about 100 thousand followers were added to him. He condemns what he says is the hypocrisy of the Middle East, the hatred of Jews that is instilled from a young age, the servitude to religion and the Muslim world's delay in social and technological progress.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In addition, he is a columnist for the conservative Swedish newspaper Bulletin, where he writes articles against anti-Semitism and hatred of Jews as well as articles in which Islam, integration and immigration policy are recurring topics. In Yemmen he wrote for the newspapers \"Yeman Today\", the Yemmen Times and the youth magazine YoO. According to him, he does not agree with the concept of Islamophobia, because phobia (According to him) expresses an extremely irrational and exaggerated fear. Atheists are not \"phobic\" because the fear of prison or the death penalty in Muslim societies is a very rational and tangible fear. Homosexuals' fear of prison or the death penalty in Muslim societies is palpable and rational. The fear of liberals, and especially free women in Islamic societies, of prison or the death penalty, is a rational and legitimate fear - so Ahmed said in an interview with the liberal newspaper Charlie Hebdo.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 2021, he published his book \"A Paradoxical Journey of a Refugee from the Sharia of Yemmen to the Rainbow in Sweden\", which tells about his first five years in Sweden, with a humorous critique of extreme Islam, but also of Sweden, where he currently lives.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Ahmed visited Israel in November 2023 during the war with Hamas, and his impressions of his visit to Al-Aqsa Mosque, which according to him the fact that non-Muslims are not allowed to enter, is actually apartheid, he spread on the network.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Ahmed has a bachelor's degree in international business studies from the Lebanese International University in Yemmen. He also studied International Migration and immigration at the University of Malmö.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Luai Ahmed is a Swedish journalist and columnist, born in Yemmen. Ahmed is active on social media and is considered as a controversial critic of the radical Islam and the anti-Semitism and hatred of Israel inherent in it. | 2023-12-09T15:41:54Z | 2023-12-26T15:51:23Z | [
"Template:Refbegin",
"Template:Infobox person",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite book"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luai_Ahmed |
75,523,902 | Dave Gifford | David John Gifford (born 18 April 1944) is a former international motorcycle speedway rider from New Zealand and Great Britain. He earned 19 international caps for the New Zealand national speedway team and two caps for the Great Britain national speedway team team.
Gifford was born in Herne Bay but emigrated to New Zealand in 1953. He arrived back in the United Kingdom in 1965, with fellow rider Rim Malskaitis and began his British leagues career riding for Newcastle Diamonds during the 1965 British League season.
He raced for Newcastle from 1965 to 1970, regularly riding alongside his teammate Ivan Mauger and eventually becoming the Newcastle captain. When Newcastle closed at the end of the 1970 British League season, he decided to spend 1971 racing in California.
He returned to British speedway in 1972, joining his old boss Mike Parker at Wolverhampton Wolves but left during 1973 to join Coatbridge Tigers. He topped the Coatbridge Tigers averages in 1973.
In 1975, he joined the Berwick Bandits where he spent his final three seasons in British speedway. After his speedway career he returned to New Zealand, where he restored old speedway bikes and exhibited bikes, memorabilia and trophies. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "David John Gifford (born 18 April 1944) is a former international motorcycle speedway rider from New Zealand and Great Britain. He earned 19 international caps for the New Zealand national speedway team and two caps for the Great Britain national speedway team team.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Gifford was born in Herne Bay but emigrated to New Zealand in 1953. He arrived back in the United Kingdom in 1965, with fellow rider Rim Malskaitis and began his British leagues career riding for Newcastle Diamonds during the 1965 British League season.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He raced for Newcastle from 1965 to 1970, regularly riding alongside his teammate Ivan Mauger and eventually becoming the Newcastle captain. When Newcastle closed at the end of the 1970 British League season, he decided to spend 1971 racing in California.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "He returned to British speedway in 1972, joining his old boss Mike Parker at Wolverhampton Wolves but left during 1973 to join Coatbridge Tigers. He topped the Coatbridge Tigers averages in 1973.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1975, he joined the Berwick Bandits where he spent his final three seasons in British speedway. After his speedway career he returned to New Zealand, where he restored old speedway bikes and exhibited bikes, memorabilia and trophies.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | David John Gifford is a former international motorcycle speedway rider from New Zealand and Great Britain. He earned 19 international caps for the New Zealand national speedway team and two caps for the Great Britain national speedway team team. | 2023-12-09T15:45:12Z | 2023-12-09T15:51:19Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Use British English",
"Template:Infobox Speedway rider",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Gifford |
75,523,904 | Göknur Güleryüz | Göknur Güleryüz (born 4 Febrıary 2003) is a Turkish women's football goalkeeper, who plays in the Turkish Women's Football Super League for Fenerbahçe S.K. with jersey number 21. She is a member of the Turkey women's team.
Güleryüz saterted her football career during her secondary education at the age of twelve, obtaining her license from her school's team, Birfen Koleji Hatay Defne Spor, on 10 September 2015. She played in the youth club until 2016.
While still studying in the high school, she was loaned out to Tavla Gençlikspor. She played at the Turkish Girls' Youth Championships, and the Turkish Women's Third Football League. In the three seasons between 2017 and 2019, she capped in 24 matches and scored 16 goals.
After oned year of break, she transferred to Trabzonspor to play in the 2021-22 Turkish Women's Football Super League.
In August 2022, she moved to Istanbul, and signed with Fenerbahçe S.K...
In November 2022, Güleryüz was called up to the Azerbaijan national team for a friendly match against Croatia. She was on the squad for two friendly matches in April 2023. She took part at two 2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League C matches in September 2023. In all the matches, she was a substitute goalkeeper without becoming active on the field.Then, she declined to appear further for the Azerbaijan national team.
She preferred the Turkey national team. In November 2023, she was admitted to the Turkey women's national football team, and debuted in the match against Georgşa at the 2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League C replacing Selda Akgöz.
Göknur Güleryüz was born in Antakya district of Hatay in southern Turkey on 4 February 2003. She completed her secondary education at the private Birfen Koleji in Hatay. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Göknur Güleryüz (born 4 Febrıary 2003) is a Turkish women's football goalkeeper, who plays in the Turkish Women's Football Super League for Fenerbahçe S.K. with jersey number 21. She is a member of the Turkey women's team.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Güleryüz saterted her football career during her secondary education at the age of twelve, obtaining her license from her school's team, Birfen Koleji Hatay Defne Spor, on 10 September 2015. She played in the youth club until 2016.",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "While still studying in the high school, she was loaned out to Tavla Gençlikspor. She played at the Turkish Girls' Youth Championships, and the Turkish Women's Third Football League. In the three seasons between 2017 and 2019, she capped in 24 matches and scored 16 goals.",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "After oned year of break, she transferred to Trabzonspor to play in the 2021-22 Turkish Women's Football Super League.",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In August 2022, she moved to Istanbul, and signed with Fenerbahçe S.K...",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In November 2022, Güleryüz was called up to the Azerbaijan national team for a friendly match against Croatia. She was on the squad for two friendly matches in April 2023. She took part at two 2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League C matches in September 2023. In all the matches, she was a substitute goalkeeper without becoming active on the field.Then, she declined to appear further for the Azerbaijan national team.",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "She preferred the Turkey national team. In November 2023, she was admitted to the Turkey women's national football team, and debuted in the match against Georgşa at the 2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League C replacing Selda Akgöz.",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Göknur Güleryüz was born in Antakya district of Hatay in southern Turkey on 4 February 2003. She completed her secondary education at the private Birfen Koleji in Hatay.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Göknur Güleryüz is a Turkish women's football goalkeeper, who plays in the Turkish Women's Football Super League for Fenerbahçe S.K. with jersey number 21. She is a member of the Turkey women's team. | 2023-12-09T15:46:32Z | 2023-12-31T20:45:06Z | [
"Template:Updated",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox football biography"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6knur_G%C3%BClery%C3%BCz |
75,523,908 | List of Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! episodes (2024) | The following is a list of episodes of Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!, NPR's news panel game, that aired during 2024. All episodes, unless otherwise indicated, originate from the Studebaker Theatre at Chicago's Fine Arts Building. Dates indicated are the episodes' original Saturday air dates. Job titles and backgrounds of the guests reflect their status and positions at the time of their appearance.
Also unless otherwise indicated, each episode features Peter Sagal as host and Bill Kurtis as announcer/scorekeeper. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The following is a list of episodes of Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!, NPR's news panel game, that aired during 2024. All episodes, unless otherwise indicated, originate from the Studebaker Theatre at Chicago's Fine Arts Building. Dates indicated are the episodes' original Saturday air dates. Job titles and backgrounds of the guests reflect their status and positions at the time of their appearance.",
"title": "Contents"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Also unless otherwise indicated, each episode features Peter Sagal as host and Bill Kurtis as announcer/scorekeeper.",
"title": "Contents"
}
] | The following is a list of episodes of Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!, NPR's news panel game, that aired during 2024. All episodes, unless otherwise indicated, originate from the Studebaker Theatre at Chicago's Fine Arts Building. Dates indicated are the episodes' original Saturday air dates. Job titles and backgrounds of the guests reflect their status and positions at the time of their appearance. Also unless otherwise indicated, each episode features Peter Sagal as host and Bill Kurtis as announcer/scorekeeper. | 2023-12-09T15:48:06Z | 2023-12-09T16:25:20Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:TOCCalMonths",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!",
"Template:NPR"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wait_Wait..._Don%27t_Tell_Me!_episodes_(2024) |
75,523,921 | Zofia Licharewa | Zofia Licharewa (born 14 August 1883 in Tosno, died 11 October 1980 in Kętrzyn) was a Russia-born Polish geologist, protector of artifacts during wartime and founder of the Museum Wojciech Kętrzyński in Kętrzyn, Poland. Her last name is sometimes spelled Lichareva.
Zofia Licharewa was born in Tosno (Russia, St. Petersburg Governorate) into the family of a tsarist officer. Her father, Alexei Likharev, was a major general. Mother, Maria Gruszecka, daughter of an engineering colonel, a graduate of the Pavlovsky Institute in St. Petersburg (1867), came from a Polish family. Zofia received a thorough home education. As the daughter of a major general, she participated in the coronation celebrations of Tsar Nicholas II. In 1904, Licharewa's father died and was buried in the Troitsky Sergeyevsky Orthodox Monastery in St. Petersburg.
Zofia Licharewa changed her religion from Orthodoxy to Catholicism, and beginning on 18 June 1905, she belonged to the Roman Catholic parish of Saint Catherine in St. Petersburg. Zofia entered a nunnery. With the consent of the Vatican, in 1906–1907 she studied at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland. Then in St. Petersburg she continued her studies at the Higher Women's Courses at the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics. There she studied physics and mineralogy. Licharewa knew the following languages: English, French, Latin, German, Polish and Russian.
She worked as a scientist at the Geological Committee in St. Petersburg and at the same time taught science at the Bernaskonia Gymnasium in St. Petersburg. In 1913, she was sent by the Catholic Church to China. There she worked as a teacher at the Shanghai International High School. In 1915 she returned to St. Petersburg (by then known as Petrograd), where, after completing the Sisters of Charity course at the Congregation of the Holy Trinity. She started working at the Polish Field Hospital.
During the years 1916–1918, Licharewa worked as a scientist and protector of the art monuments of Warmia and Mazury, Poland.
On 10 February 1919, she participated in a conference organized at the Russian Winter Palace about the need to organize a State Museum and the need to protect art monuments. In 1920, she participated in the expedition organized by Alexander Evgienjevich Fersman to the Arctic Circle regions of Russia where deposits of apatite were discovered in the Chibi tundras on the Kola Peninsula of northwest Russia. Regardless of her scientific work, in 1923 and 1924 she taught physics at the Polish Pedagogical Technical Secondary School. In the years 1925–1929, she worked as a scientist at the Geological Committee in Leningrad, (formerly known as St. Petersburg) and also gave lectures at the Agricultural University of Technology. The Russian Academy of Arts published her work: Strontcianite and Celestine and Clays of the Northern Regions. In 1929, she took Fersman's place at a scientific conference in Poland, where she was to remain.
In the years 1929–1932, Licharewa worked at the Polish Geological Institute in Warsaw. In 1930, she conducted geological research in the Kielce and Krakow voivodeships. In 1931, Zofia Licharewa declared that she wanted to become a Polish citizen and renounced her USSR citizenship. She also presented evidence that she was of Polish origin from her mother's family. The granting of Polish citizenship was confirmed with an appropriate document by the Starosta of Grodzki, Southeastern Warsaw, MB Podhorodeński.
From 1933 on, she lived in Kraków, where she collaborated with the Slavic Study group of the Jagiellonian University. In 1939, she dealt with Polish-French relations at the Institute of Historical Research of the Jagiellonian University. From 1940 she lived in the Suwałki district on the Garbaś estate, located north of Lake Garbaś. The Garbaś estate belonged to the Gałdziewicz family. In October 1944, she was evacuated to Prussia due to the advancing Red Army at the end of World War II.
On 27 January 1945, Licharewa was in Krużany, Poland (now part of Kętrzyn near Kruszewiec), when the Red Army arrived there. From 14 February 1945, she lived in Wopławki, Poland. Beginning on 15 May 1945, she was an employee of the Culture Department of the District Office in nearby Rastembork. During that time, she tried to secure as many cultural assets as she could find in the city and in abandoned estates, including those that were not managed by Red Army administrators. When collecting works of art, she had a dangerous competitor, the Soviet secret police (NKVD), which stored its collections in the building of the current post office in Kętrzyn.
Licharewa was the first to reach Karolewo, which had been abandoned by the Red Army in October 1945. There, in a church turned into a warehouse, she discovered part of collections that had been taken from the Prussia Museum in Königsberg. In 1946, she organized the collected works into the Museum of Wojciech Kętrzyński in Kętrzyn in the former prison building (between the town hall and St. Catherine's Church) under her direction. (In May 1967, the small museum was finally moved to the more spacious rebuilt Teutonic castle.)
Thanks to Licharewa, the defensive walls of the old town survived - they were to be dismantled into bricks. Zofia Licharewa finished her professional career in February 1964 as the curator of the Museum she founded, by which time she was over 80 years old.
She died on 11 October 1980 and was buried in the city cemetery in Kętrzyn.
Licharewa's works included the following studies: "Thought of the Orthodox Church of Ancient Russia", "About iconography and iconostasis", "Russian painting in Polish churches", "Frescoes in Sandomierz", "Old Grodno", "Hagia Sophia in Constantinople", "History of Russian Old Believers", "Old Believers in Poland", "Iconography in Nowogród" and "The Medieval Brotherhood of St. Zofia in Kraków. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zofia Licharewa (born 14 August 1883 in Tosno, died 11 October 1980 in Kętrzyn) was a Russia-born Polish geologist, protector of artifacts during wartime and founder of the Museum Wojciech Kętrzyński in Kętrzyn, Poland. Her last name is sometimes spelled Lichareva.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Zofia Licharewa was born in Tosno (Russia, St. Petersburg Governorate) into the family of a tsarist officer. Her father, Alexei Likharev, was a major general. Mother, Maria Gruszecka, daughter of an engineering colonel, a graduate of the Pavlovsky Institute in St. Petersburg (1867), came from a Polish family. Zofia received a thorough home education. As the daughter of a major general, she participated in the coronation celebrations of Tsar Nicholas II. In 1904, Licharewa's father died and was buried in the Troitsky Sergeyevsky Orthodox Monastery in St. Petersburg.",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Zofia Licharewa changed her religion from Orthodoxy to Catholicism, and beginning on 18 June 1905, she belonged to the Roman Catholic parish of Saint Catherine in St. Petersburg. Zofia entered a nunnery. With the consent of the Vatican, in 1906–1907 she studied at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland. Then in St. Petersburg she continued her studies at the Higher Women's Courses at the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics. There she studied physics and mineralogy. Licharewa knew the following languages: English, French, Latin, German, Polish and Russian.",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "She worked as a scientist at the Geological Committee in St. Petersburg and at the same time taught science at the Bernaskonia Gymnasium in St. Petersburg. In 1913, she was sent by the Catholic Church to China. There she worked as a teacher at the Shanghai International High School. In 1915 she returned to St. Petersburg (by then known as Petrograd), where, after completing the Sisters of Charity course at the Congregation of the Holy Trinity. She started working at the Polish Field Hospital.",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "During the years 1916–1918, Licharewa worked as a scientist and protector of the art monuments of Warmia and Mazury, Poland.",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On 10 February 1919, she participated in a conference organized at the Russian Winter Palace about the need to organize a State Museum and the need to protect art monuments. In 1920, she participated in the expedition organized by Alexander Evgienjevich Fersman to the Arctic Circle regions of Russia where deposits of apatite were discovered in the Chibi tundras on the Kola Peninsula of northwest Russia. Regardless of her scientific work, in 1923 and 1924 she taught physics at the Polish Pedagogical Technical Secondary School. In the years 1925–1929, she worked as a scientist at the Geological Committee in Leningrad, (formerly known as St. Petersburg) and also gave lectures at the Agricultural University of Technology. The Russian Academy of Arts published her work: Strontcianite and Celestine and Clays of the Northern Regions. In 1929, she took Fersman's place at a scientific conference in Poland, where she was to remain.",
"title": "After the Russian revolution"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In the years 1929–1932, Licharewa worked at the Polish Geological Institute in Warsaw. In 1930, she conducted geological research in the Kielce and Krakow voivodeships. In 1931, Zofia Licharewa declared that she wanted to become a Polish citizen and renounced her USSR citizenship. She also presented evidence that she was of Polish origin from her mother's family. The granting of Polish citizenship was confirmed with an appropriate document by the Starosta of Grodzki, Southeastern Warsaw, MB Podhorodeński.",
"title": "Polish citizenship"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "From 1933 on, she lived in Kraków, where she collaborated with the Slavic Study group of the Jagiellonian University. In 1939, she dealt with Polish-French relations at the Institute of Historical Research of the Jagiellonian University. From 1940 she lived in the Suwałki district on the Garbaś estate, located north of Lake Garbaś. The Garbaś estate belonged to the Gałdziewicz family. In October 1944, she was evacuated to Prussia due to the advancing Red Army at the end of World War II.",
"title": "Polish citizenship"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "On 27 January 1945, Licharewa was in Krużany, Poland (now part of Kętrzyn near Kruszewiec), when the Red Army arrived there. From 14 February 1945, she lived in Wopławki, Poland. Beginning on 15 May 1945, she was an employee of the Culture Department of the District Office in nearby Rastembork. During that time, she tried to secure as many cultural assets as she could find in the city and in abandoned estates, including those that were not managed by Red Army administrators. When collecting works of art, she had a dangerous competitor, the Soviet secret police (NKVD), which stored its collections in the building of the current post office in Kętrzyn.",
"title": "Kętrzyn Museum"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Licharewa was the first to reach Karolewo, which had been abandoned by the Red Army in October 1945. There, in a church turned into a warehouse, she discovered part of collections that had been taken from the Prussia Museum in Königsberg. In 1946, she organized the collected works into the Museum of Wojciech Kętrzyński in Kętrzyn in the former prison building (between the town hall and St. Catherine's Church) under her direction. (In May 1967, the small museum was finally moved to the more spacious rebuilt Teutonic castle.)",
"title": "Kętrzyn Museum"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Thanks to Licharewa, the defensive walls of the old town survived - they were to be dismantled into bricks. Zofia Licharewa finished her professional career in February 1964 as the curator of the Museum she founded, by which time she was over 80 years old.",
"title": "Kętrzyn Museum"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "She died on 11 October 1980 and was buried in the city cemetery in Kętrzyn.",
"title": "Kętrzyn Museum"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Licharewa's works included the following studies: \"Thought of the Orthodox Church of Ancient Russia\", \"About iconography and iconostasis\", \"Russian painting in Polish churches\", \"Frescoes in Sandomierz\", \"Old Grodno\", \"Hagia Sophia in Constantinople\", \"History of Russian Old Believers\", \"Old Believers in Poland\", \"Iconography in Nowogród\" and \"The Medieval Brotherhood of St. Zofia in Kraków.",
"title": "Selected works"
}
] | Zofia Licharewa was a Russia-born Polish geologist, protector of artifacts during wartime and founder of the Museum Wojciech Kętrzyński in Kętrzyn, Poland. Her last name is sometimes spelled Lichareva. | 2023-12-09T15:51:27Z | 2023-12-23T23:52:02Z | [
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox person",
"Template:Reflist",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zofia_Licharewa |
75,523,937 | Aladdin (Rotary Connection album) | Aladdin is a 1968 studio album by American psychedelic soul group Rotary Connection, released on Cadet Records
}} | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Aladdin is a 1968 studio album by American psychedelic soul group Rotary Connection, released on Cadet Records",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "}}",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | Aladdin is a 1968 studio album by American psychedelic soul group Rotary Connection, released on Cadet Records | 2023-12-09T15:55:15Z | 2023-12-10T09:32:02Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_(Rotary_Connection_album) |
75,523,943 | Vening Meinesz Medal | The Vening Meinesz Medal is an annual award for outstanding research in geodesy.
The medal, inaugurated in 1994, has been awarded by the European Geosciences Union (EGU) since 2004, and before that by the European Geophysical Society (EGS). The medal is named in honor of Felix Andries Vening Meinesz, a Dutch geophysicists and geodesist, famous for his invention enabling precise measurements of gravity at sea. The portrait medal was designed by the Hungarian artist József Kótai [hu], renowned for his work as a medalist, goldsmith, and silversmith.
The medal should not be confused with the NWO Vening Meinesz Prijs, a prize given, every two years, to outstanding young scientists who work in the geosciences and are employed in the Netherlands. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Vening Meinesz Medal is an annual award for outstanding research in geodesy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The medal, inaugurated in 1994, has been awarded by the European Geosciences Union (EGU) since 2004, and before that by the European Geophysical Society (EGS). The medal is named in honor of Felix Andries Vening Meinesz, a Dutch geophysicists and geodesist, famous for his invention enabling precise measurements of gravity at sea. The portrait medal was designed by the Hungarian artist József Kótai [hu], renowned for his work as a medalist, goldsmith, and silversmith.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The medal should not be confused with the NWO Vening Meinesz Prijs, a prize given, every two years, to outstanding young scientists who work in the geosciences and are employed in the Netherlands.",
"title": "Background"
}
] | The Vening Meinesz Medal is an annual award for outstanding research in geodesy. | 2023-12-09T15:58:53Z | 2023-12-16T08:11:48Z | [
"Template:Ill",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite book"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vening_Meinesz_Medal |
75,523,959 | Annunciation (album) | Annunciation is an album by the American band the Subdudes, released in 1994. The album title refers to Annunciation Street, in New Orleans; the album was originally intended to be released on Annunciation Day. Annunciation was the band's first album for High Street Records. The Subdudes supported the album with a North American tour. Annunciation sold more than 120,000 copies in its first eight months of release.
Annunciation's songs were written in a cabin in Colorado. It was recorded primarily at Chez Flames Recordings in New Orleans, produced by the band and Keith Keller. Glyn Johns had produced five of the songs for an earlier, aborted album. The band was chiefly inspired by gospel music; they also decided to make a mostly acoustic album. The title track describes being dropped by Atlantic Records. "Late at Night" was cowritten by members of the Iguanas. "Message Man" criticizes the music industry. "Angel to Be" is about the death of bassist Johnny Ray Allen's mother.
The Chicago Tribune praised Tommy Malone's "soulful vocals and bluesy guitar work." The Orlando Sentinel determined that the Subdudes "custom-blend their R & B with rock, gospel, funk and Cajun/Creole influences from New Orleans." The Indianapolis Star called the music "a melodic mix of New Orleans blues and gospel and American pop, with a heavy emphasis on beat." The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette dismissed the album as "a lukewarm, white-bread retread of the Big Chill soundtrack."
The Colorado Springs Gazette-Telegraph deemed the album "a mixture of N'awlins funk, deep South blues and Colorado folk." Rolling Stone wrote that "this is New Orleans R&B at its most swinging, with touches of barroom blues, gospel-inspired harmonies, rock and country rhythms and, very simply, some fine playing." Stereo Review opined that "Malone sometimes comes across like Michael McDonald—a white guy trying too hard to sing the blues." The Boston Herald considered the music to be "folk-soul."
AllMusic wrote that "the music combines joy, melancholy, gospel fervor, and blues sincerity to create a unique and appealing sound." | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Annunciation is an album by the American band the Subdudes, released in 1994. The album title refers to Annunciation Street, in New Orleans; the album was originally intended to be released on Annunciation Day. Annunciation was the band's first album for High Street Records. The Subdudes supported the album with a North American tour. Annunciation sold more than 120,000 copies in its first eight months of release.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Annunciation's songs were written in a cabin in Colorado. It was recorded primarily at Chez Flames Recordings in New Orleans, produced by the band and Keith Keller. Glyn Johns had produced five of the songs for an earlier, aborted album. The band was chiefly inspired by gospel music; they also decided to make a mostly acoustic album. The title track describes being dropped by Atlantic Records. \"Late at Night\" was cowritten by members of the Iguanas. \"Message Man\" criticizes the music industry. \"Angel to Be\" is about the death of bassist Johnny Ray Allen's mother.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Chicago Tribune praised Tommy Malone's \"soulful vocals and bluesy guitar work.\" The Orlando Sentinel determined that the Subdudes \"custom-blend their R & B with rock, gospel, funk and Cajun/Creole influences from New Orleans.\" The Indianapolis Star called the music \"a melodic mix of New Orleans blues and gospel and American pop, with a heavy emphasis on beat.\" The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette dismissed the album as \"a lukewarm, white-bread retread of the Big Chill soundtrack.\"",
"title": "Critical reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Colorado Springs Gazette-Telegraph deemed the album \"a mixture of N'awlins funk, deep South blues and Colorado folk.\" Rolling Stone wrote that \"this is New Orleans R&B at its most swinging, with touches of barroom blues, gospel-inspired harmonies, rock and country rhythms and, very simply, some fine playing.\" Stereo Review opined that \"Malone sometimes comes across like Michael McDonald—a white guy trying too hard to sing the blues.\" The Boston Herald considered the music to be \"folk-soul.\"",
"title": "Critical reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "AllMusic wrote that \"the music combines joy, melancholy, gospel fervor, and blues sincerity to create a unique and appealing sound.\"",
"title": "Critical reception"
}
] | Annunciation is an album by the American band the Subdudes, released in 1994. The album title refers to Annunciation Street, in New Orleans; the album was originally intended to be released on Annunciation Day. Annunciation was the band's first album for High Street Records. The Subdudes supported the album with a North American tour. Annunciation sold more than 120,000 copies in its first eight months of release. | 2023-12-09T16:02:40Z | 2023-12-30T14:59:04Z | [
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"Template:'",
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"Template:Track listing",
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"Template:Cite magazine"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(album) |
75,523,986 | Zonitoides limatulus | Zonitoides limatulus is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Gastrodontidae.
The altitude of the shell attains 2.5 mm, its diameter 5.1 mm.
The small shell is convex-depressed. The epidermis is white and immaculate. The suture is distinctly impressed. The shell contains more than four whorls. These are convew with very fine, oblique, parallel striae, which become obsolete on the base. The aperture is sub-circular, slightly modified by the penultimate whorl. The lip is thin and acute. The umbilicus is large and deep, not exhibiting all the whorls.
This species is found in many places in Ohio and Indiana, USA. It is found on low grounds bordering on the Ohio and its tributaries. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zonitoides limatulus is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Gastrodontidae.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The altitude of the shell attains 2.5 mm, its diameter 5.1 mm.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The small shell is convex-depressed. The epidermis is white and immaculate. The suture is distinctly impressed. The shell contains more than four whorls. These are convew with very fine, oblique, parallel striae, which become obsolete on the base. The aperture is sub-circular, slightly modified by the penultimate whorl. The lip is thin and acute. The umbilicus is large and deep, not exhibiting all the whorls.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "This species is found in many places in Ohio and Indiana, USA. It is found on low grounds bordering on the Ohio and its tributaries.",
"title": "Distribution"
}
] | Zonitoides limatulus is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Gastrodontidae. | 2023-12-09T16:05:47Z | 2023-12-09T16:16:28Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Speciesbox",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Taxonbar"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonitoides_limatulus |
75,523,990 | 2023 Iranian tea smuggling scandal | The Debsh Tea company set a new financial record for a corruption case in Iran by diverting over $3.37 billion from the government's subsidised foreign currency for importing tea and equipment for the tea sector. Local Iranian media revealed that the government grants subsidise foreign currency for importing essential goods and medicines, but only privileged individuals can obtain these funds. This incident exposed the endemic corruption that plagues the economy while the government introduces new measures to increase taxes and limit resources for social assistance to disadvantaged segments of society. Officials have denied any involvement, but the complicity of high-ranking politicians is essential for such a massive corruption to occur.
This case clearly reveals a systematic corruption scheme. In Iran, no matter who governs, corruption is inevitable in any situation due to Favoritism and lack of control and surveillance, said Ahmad Alirezabeigi to Khabar Online.
Iran's Inspection Organization had revealed on November 30, 2023, that a leading tea importer was being investigated for dubious financial dealings. A leading tea importer is being investigated for dubious financial dealings, as revealed by Iran's Inspection Organization last week. The corruption case, worth almost $3.5 billion, implicates various government offices from the present and past presidential administrations. These comprise the agriculture and industry ministers, along with the heads of the Iranian Customs Administration and the Central Bank of Iran. The company, which managed the majority of the nation's tea imports, allegedly got $3.37 billion in foreign currency at a lower government rate for importing tea and machinery from 2019 to 2022. However, it supposedly traded $1.4 billion of the currency on the open market at a higher rate. The government gave US dollars to the Debsh Tea Company at a favorable exchange rate with no oversight. However, the case has more aspects such as trading poor-quality tea as superior-quality tea from India. At the same time, the company has also committed what has been called fraud by bringing back less expensive Iranian tea and keeping the gap in foreign currency.
Numerous individuals, ranging from politicians to analysts and political activists, suggest that this corruption reveals a systematic corruption, involving various high-ranking government officials. Heshmatollah Falahatpisheh contended that the corruption case reveals the parliament's “major shortcoming” in overseeing the actions of the executive branch, stressing that the government has always respected the Iranian parliament before but today they ignore it, also Ali Khamenei denied any systemic corruption in Iran without explicitly referring to this corruption. Iran's leading Sunni cleric, Molavi Abdulhamid, denounced the government's inability to curb rampant financial corruption, referring to a huge scandal involving a tea importer and high-ranking officials. In his sermon on December 8, he also expressed his worries about the arrests, executions, and torture of protesters, and called for fundamental reforms in the country. He said that capital punishment contradicted Islamic law. His sermon was broadcast on YouTube after his Instagram was blocked. He delivered his speech in Zahedan, a city where Sunni Baluch protesters have faced violent repression from security forces.
Debsh Tea Company is a tea producer and distributor based in Iran. It also has a customer club, a media channel, and a blog that provides information about tea and its benefits. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Debsh Tea company set a new financial record for a corruption case in Iran by diverting over $3.37 billion from the government's subsidised foreign currency for importing tea and equipment for the tea sector. Local Iranian media revealed that the government grants subsidise foreign currency for importing essential goods and medicines, but only privileged individuals can obtain these funds. This incident exposed the endemic corruption that plagues the economy while the government introduces new measures to increase taxes and limit resources for social assistance to disadvantaged segments of society. Officials have denied any involvement, but the complicity of high-ranking politicians is essential for such a massive corruption to occur.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "This case clearly reveals a systematic corruption scheme. In Iran, no matter who governs, corruption is inevitable in any situation due to Favoritism and lack of control and surveillance, said Ahmad Alirezabeigi to Khabar Online.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Iran's Inspection Organization had revealed on November 30, 2023, that a leading tea importer was being investigated for dubious financial dealings. A leading tea importer is being investigated for dubious financial dealings, as revealed by Iran's Inspection Organization last week. The corruption case, worth almost $3.5 billion, implicates various government offices from the present and past presidential administrations. These comprise the agriculture and industry ministers, along with the heads of the Iranian Customs Administration and the Central Bank of Iran. The company, which managed the majority of the nation's tea imports, allegedly got $3.37 billion in foreign currency at a lower government rate for importing tea and machinery from 2019 to 2022. However, it supposedly traded $1.4 billion of the currency on the open market at a higher rate. The government gave US dollars to the Debsh Tea Company at a favorable exchange rate with no oversight. However, the case has more aspects such as trading poor-quality tea as superior-quality tea from India. At the same time, the company has also committed what has been called fraud by bringing back less expensive Iranian tea and keeping the gap in foreign currency.",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Numerous individuals, ranging from politicians to analysts and political activists, suggest that this corruption reveals a systematic corruption, involving various high-ranking government officials. Heshmatollah Falahatpisheh contended that the corruption case reveals the parliament's “major shortcoming” in overseeing the actions of the executive branch, stressing that the government has always respected the Iranian parliament before but today they ignore it, also Ali Khamenei denied any systemic corruption in Iran without explicitly referring to this corruption. Iran's leading Sunni cleric, Molavi Abdulhamid, denounced the government's inability to curb rampant financial corruption, referring to a huge scandal involving a tea importer and high-ranking officials. In his sermon on December 8, he also expressed his worries about the arrests, executions, and torture of protesters, and called for fundamental reforms in the country. He said that capital punishment contradicted Islamic law. His sermon was broadcast on YouTube after his Instagram was blocked. He delivered his speech in Zahedan, a city where Sunni Baluch protesters have faced violent repression from security forces.",
"title": "Reactions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Debsh Tea Company is a tea producer and distributor based in Iran. It also has a customer club, a media channel, and a blog that provides information about tea and its benefits.",
"title": "Company"
}
] | The Debsh Tea company set a new financial record for a corruption case in Iran by diverting over $3.37 billion from the government's subsidised foreign currency for importing tea and equipment for the tea sector. Local Iranian media revealed that the government grants subsidise foreign currency for importing essential goods and medicines, but only privileged individuals can obtain these funds. This incident exposed the endemic corruption that plagues the economy while the government introduces new measures to increase taxes and limit resources for social assistance to disadvantaged segments of society. Officials have denied any involvement, but the complicity of high-ranking politicians is essential for such a massive corruption to occur. This case clearly reveals a systematic corruption scheme. In Iran, no matter who governs, corruption is inevitable in any situation due to Favoritism and lack of control and surveillance, said Ahmad Alirezabeigi to Khabar Online. | 2023-12-09T16:06:00Z | 2023-12-31T21:25:45Z | [
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Multiple issues",
"Template:Reflist",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Iranian_tea_smuggling_scandal |
75,523,996 | Israeli government response to the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel | The Israeli government's response to the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel has multiple aspects, including a military response leading to the 2023 Israel–Hamas war. In October, the Knesset approved a war cabinet in Israel, adding National Unity ministers and altering the government; Benjamin Netanyahu and Benny Gantz froze non-war legislation, establishing a war cabinet with military authority.
The IDF's large-scale invasion of Gaza caused a humanitarian crisis, mass detentions, and tensions. Settler expansions and officials' controversial remarks heightened unrest, leading to protests in Israel. The Knesset's law criminalizing "terrorist materials" consumption drew criticism. The Israeli government's response prompted international protests, arrests, and harassment.
The Israeli government faced criticism after it was revealed intelligence agencies had been aware of the 7 October attack plan for over a year. Yair Lapid, a centrist Israeli politician, called the failure of the government and intelligence agencies to prevent the attack an "unpardonable failure". Netanyahu blamed Israel's intelligence chiefs.
The Israeli military faced criticism for its handling of the initial 7 October attack. According to Haaretz's journalist Josh Breiner, a police source said that a police investigation indicated an IDF helicopter which had fired on Hamas militants "apparently also hit some festival participants" in Re'im music festival. The Israeli police denied the Haaretz report and said they found no evidence of civilian harm resulting from the aerial activities at that location.
A New York Times analysis described the Israeli military response on 7 October as "poorly organized", with soldiers operating without a response plan or training and "making it up as they went along".
The formation of the war cabinet was approved by the Knesset on 12 October. The composition of the preexisting government was modified: MKs voted, 66–4, to approve the addition of five National Unity ministers (Gantz, Gadi Eisenkot, Gideon Sa'ar, Hili Tropper, and Yifat Shasha-Biton) to the government as ministers without portfolio, and unanimously voted to remove the health portfolio from Interior Minister Moshe Arbel and elevate Uriel Buso of the Shas party to the post of health minister.
As part of the deal, Netanyahu and Gantz also agreed to freeze all new non-war, non-emergency legislation, including the highly controversial judicial overhaul legislation, and agreed that the war cabinet would meet at least once every 48 hours. The war cabinet has the authority to "update, as necessary, military and strategic aims for the conflict" but its decisions are subject to approval from the Security Cabinet of Israel.
On 16 October, Netanyahu's Likud party announced that Yisrael Beytenu, led by Avigdor Lieberman, had agreed to join the emergency government. However, later the same day, Lieberman denied reaching an agreement with the government, saying that the offer to join the Security Cabinet was insufficient. Lieberman said that he wanted a seat on the smaller war cabinet instead. He said his party would "continue to support the government's actions that are meant to eliminate Hamas and Hamas leaders" but that he had "no intention of being the 38th minister in the government and be used as a fig leaf."
On the evening of 27 October 2023, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) launched a large-scale invasion inside the Gaza Strip, as part of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, with the stated goal of destroying Hamas and overthrowing the organization's governance of the Gaza Strip. At the start of the war, Israel implemented a complete blockade on the Gaza Strip, which has resulted in significant shortages of fuel, food, medication, water, and essential medical supplies. This siege resulted in a 90% drop in electricity availability, impacting hospital power supplies, sewage plants, and shutting down the desalination plants that provide drinking water. Widespread disease outbreaks have spread across Gaza. Heavy bombardment by Israeli airstrikes caused catastrophic damage to Gaza's infrastructure, further deepening the humanitarian crisis.
Numerous charges of war crimes have been levied against the Israeli government for its military actions against civilians. These charges have come from Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, B'tselem, and human rights groups and experts, including UN rapporteurs.
Following the 7 October attack, Israel intensified its military actions in the West Bank. These included raids in Jenin and attacks on hospitals, paramedics, and medical personnel. In a statement, a Doctors Without Borders representative stated, "Since October, we have witnessed the shooting and killing of a 14-year-old boy in the hospital compound, soldiers firing live rounds and tear gas at the hospital several times, paramedics forced to strip and kneel in the street".
In the immediate aftermath of the 7 October attack, a document from the Intelligence Ministry, an Israeli government research agency, proposed the forcible expulsion of the population of Gaza into the Sinai desert. Agencies and experts, including the Government of Egypt and the UN special rapporteur on internally displaced persons, have stated they believe Israel's intent is to expel Gazans into Egypt. On 23 December, MK Danny Danon wrote on a social media post he had initiated a plan for the voluntary migration of Palestinians out of Gaza. In a 25 December meeting with Likud party members, PM Netanyahu reportedly said he was ready to support the "voluntary migration" of civilians from Gaza.
Indications of Israeli government plans for a military occupation of Gaza varied in the aftermath of the attack. On 5 December, prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu suggested plans for a direct military occupation of Gaza. On 15 December, Amihai Eliyahu suggested a full military occupation and the reestablishment of settlements.
Since the outbreak of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war on October 7, Israel has carried out mass arrests and detentions of Palestinians, with thousands arrested or detained in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories. News outlets and human rights organizations both within and outside of Israel reported that thousands of Gazan workers in Israel were detained or disappeared in the weeks following October 7. Additionally, Israel has carried out mass arrests in the occupied West Bank, detained Palestinian fighters captured inside Israel, and arrested Palestinian citizens of Israel.
Concerns have been raised regarding the legality, secrecy, and conditions of many detentions, including widespread mistreatment and allegations of torture. On November 3, Israel reportedly deported 3,200 Palestinian workers to the Gaza Strip. In addition to Palestinian prisoners in custody prior to the outbreak of the war, an unknown number of individuals remain in detention. More than 3,000 Palestinians have been arrested in the West Bank and occupied East Jerusalem since October 7, according to the UN. Images of Israel's mass arrests in Gaza circulated widely during the war, showing men with no known organizational affiliations stripped naked, tied up, and blindfolded. Human rights organizations described Israel's mass arrest campaigns in Gaza as "random and arbitrary".
The Israeli government approved new expansions in occupied East Jerusalem during the war. On 14 December, Amichai Chikli, the Social Equality Minister, stated Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip were a possibility "in certain parts where it makes sense". On 30 December, Israeli finance minister Bezalel Smotrich stated the "future" of Gaza settlements would be determined after the war.
Meetings between the Israeli government and the families of hostages held in Gaza were described as chaotic and tense. The brother of one of the three captives killed by Israeli forces in Gaza told Yoav Gallant that his brother would haunt Gallant in his sleep.
The Israeli government approved a hostage-exchange with Hamas to release Palestinian prisoners held in Israel for hostages held in Gaza.
Arab Israelis reported a government crackdown on free speech, with individuals arrested for social media posts and likes. On 15 October, communications minister Shlomo Karhi proposed emergency regulations allowing for the arrest of individuals who hurt "national morale." Following a rally in support of Gaza in Haifa, police commissioner Kobi Shabtai threatened to send antiwar protesters to the Gaza Strip on buses.
On 8 November, the Israel Supreme Court allowed police to bar all anti-war protests. On 9 November, Israeli police arrested former MK Mohammad Barakeh in Nazareth for attempting to organize an anti-war protest. In an interview with Time Magazine, Barakeh described the Israeli government as establishing a fascist regime. On 18 November, Israel held its first permitted anti-war protest in Tel Aviv.
On 23 November, communications minister Shlomo Karhi proposed defunding the newspaper Haaretz due to its "defeatist and false propaganda." On 23 November, ahead of the hostage-swap, National Security Minister Itamar Ben Gvir stated that any "expressions of joy" related to the release of Palestinian prisoners was "equivalent to backing terrorism." On 29 November, police arrested activists at a Knesset protest opposing the government.
On November 8, the Knesset criminalized the systematic and extended consumption of Hamas and ISIS publications that include statements of praise, sympathy or encouragement for acts of terrorism, or documentation of an act of terrorism. The law states that consumption of publications that is done randomly, innocently or for a legitimate purpose will not constitute prohibited consumption. Civil rights groups criticized the bill, stating it "invades the realm of personal thoughts and beliefs." On 2 December, an attorney at Adalah, an Israeli legal center, stated law enforcement was using the law to surveil and silence individuals, while Association for Civil Rights in Israel said it was "unprecedented in democratic countries." Akiva Eldar, a journalist at Haaretz, stated the bill "turned the journalists from doing honest, balanced reporting into Israeli patriots."
In the aftermath of the 7 October attack and during the subsequent conflict, the Israeli government criticized the United Nations. On multiple occasions, Israeli officials called for the resignation of UN secretary-general Antonio Guterres. It also moved to limit the issuance of travel visas to UN representatives. Lynn Hastings, the UN Humanitarian Coordinator for the Occupied Palestinian Territory, was forced to leave Israel after her visa was revoked. The United Nations criticized Israel for bombing its facilities and killing 142 UN employees, while Israel stated the UN was biased.
Statements by Israeli government officials drew international scrutiny, including many which were described as genocidal. On 9 October, Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant referred to Hamas militants in the Gaza Strip as "human animals", sparking controversy. On 17 December, the chair of the Metula Regional council stated Gaza should be left "desolate and destroyed" and turned into a museum, leading the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum to condemn him.
Several Knesset members drew headlines for their statements. MK Meirav Ben-Ari caused controversy when she stated, "The children in Gaza brought it upon themselves." In a post on X, MK Galit Distel-Atbaryan called for erasing Gaza "from the face of the earth," and that "the Gazan monsters will fly to the southern fence and try to enter Egyptian territory. or they will die." MK Ariel Kallner called for a Nakba, writing on social media, "Right now, one goal: Nakba! A Nakba that will overshadow the Nakba of 48." Nissim Vaturi, the Knesset deputy speaker, called for the military to "Burn Gaza now." On 27 December, MK Avigdor Lieberman stated Israel should tear down the Gaza-Egyptian border, stating, "As soon as there is no obstacle there, I estimate one-and-a-half million Gazans will leave for Sinai and we will not disturb anyone".
Some progressive politicians, such as Gilad Kariv, called for the creation of a sovereign Palestinian state.
Prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu also drew headlines for his statements during the war. Notably, Netanyahu stated the war was "a struggle between the children of light and the children of darkness, between humanity and the law of the jungle." Netanyahu also termed the conflict as "Israel's second War of Independence". Netanyahu was criticized as calling for genocide when he compared Palestinians to Amalek, stating, "slay both man and woman, infant and suckling". He also drew controversy for stating, "I am the only one who will prevent a Palestinian state" after the war. In December 2023, Netanyahu said that Israel should support the "voluntary migration" of Palestinians from Gaza.
Cabinet member and other top-level government officials caused controversy for their statements in response to the 7 October attack and during the war. Eli Cohen, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, drew headlines for stating that after the war, "the territory of Gaza will also decrease." The Minister of Agriculture, Avi Dichter, caused controversy for his statement, "We're Rolling Out Nakba 2023." The Minister of Heritage Amihai Eliyahu drew headlines for stating, "They can go to Ireland or deserts, the monsters in Gaza should find a solution by themselves." Gilad Erdan, the Israeli ambassador to the UN, made several notable statements, including, "Israel is not at war with human beings, we are at war with monsters."
Israeli president Isaac Herzog drew criticisms of admitting to collective punishment when he stated, "It is an entire nation out there that is responsible." Israel Katz, the Minister of Energy, drew similar criticisms when he stated the people of Gaza "will not receive a drop of water or a single battery until they leave the world". Shlomo Karhi, the Minister of Communications, suggested soldiers would return to Israel "only after they have cut off" the foreskins of Palestinian men. Itamar Ben-Gvir, the Minister of Defense, drew headlines when he stated, "What’s needed here is an occupation."
Several former military and government officials drew attention for their statements related to the attack and subsequent war. Giora Eiland, a former general, stated, "Creating a severe humanitarian crisis is a necessary means to achieve the goal. Gaza will become a place where no human being can exist." Dan Gillerman, the former Israeli ambassador to the UN, stated, "I am very puzzled by the constant concern which the world is showing for the Palestinian people."
The official Israeli government and military social media accounts were highly active during the war. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs funded a pro-war PR campaign online. On 12 December, an investigation by the Israeli newspaper Haaretz found the Israeli military was running a Telegram channel called "72 Virgins - Uncensored". Posts on the IDF channel had included statements about "exterminating the roaches" of Gaza and hearing "the crunch of their bones". | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Israeli government's response to the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel has multiple aspects, including a military response leading to the 2023 Israel–Hamas war. In October, the Knesset approved a war cabinet in Israel, adding National Unity ministers and altering the government; Benjamin Netanyahu and Benny Gantz froze non-war legislation, establishing a war cabinet with military authority.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The IDF's large-scale invasion of Gaza caused a humanitarian crisis, mass detentions, and tensions. Settler expansions and officials' controversial remarks heightened unrest, leading to protests in Israel. The Knesset's law criminalizing \"terrorist materials\" consumption drew criticism. The Israeli government's response prompted international protests, arrests, and harassment.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Israeli government faced criticism after it was revealed intelligence agencies had been aware of the 7 October attack plan for over a year. Yair Lapid, a centrist Israeli politician, called the failure of the government and intelligence agencies to prevent the attack an \"unpardonable failure\". Netanyahu blamed Israel's intelligence chiefs.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Israeli military faced criticism for its handling of the initial 7 October attack. According to Haaretz's journalist Josh Breiner, a police source said that a police investigation indicated an IDF helicopter which had fired on Hamas militants \"apparently also hit some festival participants\" in Re'im music festival. The Israeli police denied the Haaretz report and said they found no evidence of civilian harm resulting from the aerial activities at that location.",
"title": "7 October"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "A New York Times analysis described the Israeli military response on 7 October as \"poorly organized\", with soldiers operating without a response plan or training and \"making it up as they went along\".",
"title": "7 October"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The formation of the war cabinet was approved by the Knesset on 12 October. The composition of the preexisting government was modified: MKs voted, 66–4, to approve the addition of five National Unity ministers (Gantz, Gadi Eisenkot, Gideon Sa'ar, Hili Tropper, and Yifat Shasha-Biton) to the government as ministers without portfolio, and unanimously voted to remove the health portfolio from Interior Minister Moshe Arbel and elevate Uriel Buso of the Shas party to the post of health minister.",
"title": "War cabinet"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "As part of the deal, Netanyahu and Gantz also agreed to freeze all new non-war, non-emergency legislation, including the highly controversial judicial overhaul legislation, and agreed that the war cabinet would meet at least once every 48 hours. The war cabinet has the authority to \"update, as necessary, military and strategic aims for the conflict\" but its decisions are subject to approval from the Security Cabinet of Israel.",
"title": "War cabinet"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "On 16 October, Netanyahu's Likud party announced that Yisrael Beytenu, led by Avigdor Lieberman, had agreed to join the emergency government. However, later the same day, Lieberman denied reaching an agreement with the government, saying that the offer to join the Security Cabinet was insufficient. Lieberman said that he wanted a seat on the smaller war cabinet instead. He said his party would \"continue to support the government's actions that are meant to eliminate Hamas and Hamas leaders\" but that he had \"no intention of being the 38th minister in the government and be used as a fig leaf.\"",
"title": "War cabinet"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "On the evening of 27 October 2023, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) launched a large-scale invasion inside the Gaza Strip, as part of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, with the stated goal of destroying Hamas and overthrowing the organization's governance of the Gaza Strip. At the start of the war, Israel implemented a complete blockade on the Gaza Strip, which has resulted in significant shortages of fuel, food, medication, water, and essential medical supplies. This siege resulted in a 90% drop in electricity availability, impacting hospital power supplies, sewage plants, and shutting down the desalination plants that provide drinking water. Widespread disease outbreaks have spread across Gaza. Heavy bombardment by Israeli airstrikes caused catastrophic damage to Gaza's infrastructure, further deepening the humanitarian crisis.",
"title": "Military response"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Numerous charges of war crimes have been levied against the Israeli government for its military actions against civilians. These charges have come from Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, B'tselem, and human rights groups and experts, including UN rapporteurs.",
"title": "Military response"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Following the 7 October attack, Israel intensified its military actions in the West Bank. These included raids in Jenin and attacks on hospitals, paramedics, and medical personnel. In a statement, a Doctors Without Borders representative stated, \"Since October, we have witnessed the shooting and killing of a 14-year-old boy in the hospital compound, soldiers firing live rounds and tear gas at the hospital several times, paramedics forced to strip and kneel in the street\".",
"title": "Military response"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "In the immediate aftermath of the 7 October attack, a document from the Intelligence Ministry, an Israeli government research agency, proposed the forcible expulsion of the population of Gaza into the Sinai desert. Agencies and experts, including the Government of Egypt and the UN special rapporteur on internally displaced persons, have stated they believe Israel's intent is to expel Gazans into Egypt. On 23 December, MK Danny Danon wrote on a social media post he had initiated a plan for the voluntary migration of Palestinians out of Gaza. In a 25 December meeting with Likud party members, PM Netanyahu reportedly said he was ready to support the \"voluntary migration\" of civilians from Gaza.",
"title": "Military response"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Indications of Israeli government plans for a military occupation of Gaza varied in the aftermath of the attack. On 5 December, prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu suggested plans for a direct military occupation of Gaza. On 15 December, Amihai Eliyahu suggested a full military occupation and the reestablishment of settlements.",
"title": "Military response"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Since the outbreak of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war on October 7, Israel has carried out mass arrests and detentions of Palestinians, with thousands arrested or detained in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories. News outlets and human rights organizations both within and outside of Israel reported that thousands of Gazan workers in Israel were detained or disappeared in the weeks following October 7. Additionally, Israel has carried out mass arrests in the occupied West Bank, detained Palestinian fighters captured inside Israel, and arrested Palestinian citizens of Israel.",
"title": "Mass detentions of Palestinians"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Concerns have been raised regarding the legality, secrecy, and conditions of many detentions, including widespread mistreatment and allegations of torture. On November 3, Israel reportedly deported 3,200 Palestinian workers to the Gaza Strip. In addition to Palestinian prisoners in custody prior to the outbreak of the war, an unknown number of individuals remain in detention. More than 3,000 Palestinians have been arrested in the West Bank and occupied East Jerusalem since October 7, according to the UN. Images of Israel's mass arrests in Gaza circulated widely during the war, showing men with no known organizational affiliations stripped naked, tied up, and blindfolded. Human rights organizations described Israel's mass arrest campaigns in Gaza as \"random and arbitrary\".",
"title": "Mass detentions of Palestinians"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "The Israeli government approved new expansions in occupied East Jerusalem during the war. On 14 December, Amichai Chikli, the Social Equality Minister, stated Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip were a possibility \"in certain parts where it makes sense\". On 30 December, Israeli finance minister Bezalel Smotrich stated the \"future\" of Gaza settlements would be determined after the war.",
"title": "Settler expansions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Meetings between the Israeli government and the families of hostages held in Gaza were described as chaotic and tense. The brother of one of the three captives killed by Israeli forces in Gaza told Yoav Gallant that his brother would haunt Gallant in his sleep.",
"title": "Hostages"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "The Israeli government approved a hostage-exchange with Hamas to release Palestinian prisoners held in Israel for hostages held in Gaza.",
"title": "Hostages"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "Arab Israelis reported a government crackdown on free speech, with individuals arrested for social media posts and likes. On 15 October, communications minister Shlomo Karhi proposed emergency regulations allowing for the arrest of individuals who hurt \"national morale.\" Following a rally in support of Gaza in Haifa, police commissioner Kobi Shabtai threatened to send antiwar protesters to the Gaza Strip on buses.",
"title": "Protests"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "On 8 November, the Israel Supreme Court allowed police to bar all anti-war protests. On 9 November, Israeli police arrested former MK Mohammad Barakeh in Nazareth for attempting to organize an anti-war protest. In an interview with Time Magazine, Barakeh described the Israeli government as establishing a fascist regime. On 18 November, Israel held its first permitted anti-war protest in Tel Aviv.",
"title": "Protests"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "On 23 November, communications minister Shlomo Karhi proposed defunding the newspaper Haaretz due to its \"defeatist and false propaganda.\" On 23 November, ahead of the hostage-swap, National Security Minister Itamar Ben Gvir stated that any \"expressions of joy\" related to the release of Palestinian prisoners was \"equivalent to backing terrorism.\" On 29 November, police arrested activists at a Knesset protest opposing the government.",
"title": "Protests"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "On November 8, the Knesset criminalized the systematic and extended consumption of Hamas and ISIS publications that include statements of praise, sympathy or encouragement for acts of terrorism, or documentation of an act of terrorism. The law states that consumption of publications that is done randomly, innocently or for a legitimate purpose will not constitute prohibited consumption. Civil rights groups criticized the bill, stating it \"invades the realm of personal thoughts and beliefs.\" On 2 December, an attorney at Adalah, an Israeli legal center, stated law enforcement was using the law to surveil and silence individuals, while Association for Civil Rights in Israel said it was \"unprecedented in democratic countries.\" Akiva Eldar, a journalist at Haaretz, stated the bill \"turned the journalists from doing honest, balanced reporting into Israeli patriots.\"",
"title": "Censorship"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "In the aftermath of the 7 October attack and during the subsequent conflict, the Israeli government criticized the United Nations. On multiple occasions, Israeli officials called for the resignation of UN secretary-general Antonio Guterres. It also moved to limit the issuance of travel visas to UN representatives. Lynn Hastings, the UN Humanitarian Coordinator for the Occupied Palestinian Territory, was forced to leave Israel after her visa was revoked. The United Nations criticized Israel for bombing its facilities and killing 142 UN employees, while Israel stated the UN was biased.",
"title": "United Nations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "Statements by Israeli government officials drew international scrutiny, including many which were described as genocidal. On 9 October, Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant referred to Hamas militants in the Gaza Strip as \"human animals\", sparking controversy. On 17 December, the chair of the Metula Regional council stated Gaza should be left \"desolate and destroyed\" and turned into a museum, leading the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum to condemn him.",
"title": "Officials' statements"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "Several Knesset members drew headlines for their statements. MK Meirav Ben-Ari caused controversy when she stated, \"The children in Gaza brought it upon themselves.\" In a post on X, MK Galit Distel-Atbaryan called for erasing Gaza \"from the face of the earth,\" and that \"the Gazan monsters will fly to the southern fence and try to enter Egyptian territory. or they will die.\" MK Ariel Kallner called for a Nakba, writing on social media, \"Right now, one goal: Nakba! A Nakba that will overshadow the Nakba of 48.\" Nissim Vaturi, the Knesset deputy speaker, called for the military to \"Burn Gaza now.\" On 27 December, MK Avigdor Lieberman stated Israel should tear down the Gaza-Egyptian border, stating, \"As soon as there is no obstacle there, I estimate one-and-a-half million Gazans will leave for Sinai and we will not disturb anyone\".",
"title": "Officials' statements"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "Some progressive politicians, such as Gilad Kariv, called for the creation of a sovereign Palestinian state.",
"title": "Officials' statements"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "Prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu also drew headlines for his statements during the war. Notably, Netanyahu stated the war was \"a struggle between the children of light and the children of darkness, between humanity and the law of the jungle.\" Netanyahu also termed the conflict as \"Israel's second War of Independence\". Netanyahu was criticized as calling for genocide when he compared Palestinians to Amalek, stating, \"slay both man and woman, infant and suckling\". He also drew controversy for stating, \"I am the only one who will prevent a Palestinian state\" after the war. In December 2023, Netanyahu said that Israel should support the \"voluntary migration\" of Palestinians from Gaza.",
"title": "Officials' statements"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "Cabinet member and other top-level government officials caused controversy for their statements in response to the 7 October attack and during the war. Eli Cohen, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, drew headlines for stating that after the war, \"the territory of Gaza will also decrease.\" The Minister of Agriculture, Avi Dichter, caused controversy for his statement, \"We're Rolling Out Nakba 2023.\" The Minister of Heritage Amihai Eliyahu drew headlines for stating, \"They can go to Ireland or deserts, the monsters in Gaza should find a solution by themselves.\" Gilad Erdan, the Israeli ambassador to the UN, made several notable statements, including, \"Israel is not at war with human beings, we are at war with monsters.\"",
"title": "Officials' statements"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "Israeli president Isaac Herzog drew criticisms of admitting to collective punishment when he stated, \"It is an entire nation out there that is responsible.\" Israel Katz, the Minister of Energy, drew similar criticisms when he stated the people of Gaza \"will not receive a drop of water or a single battery until they leave the world\". Shlomo Karhi, the Minister of Communications, suggested soldiers would return to Israel \"only after they have cut off\" the foreskins of Palestinian men. Itamar Ben-Gvir, the Minister of Defense, drew headlines when he stated, \"What’s needed here is an occupation.\"",
"title": "Officials' statements"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "Several former military and government officials drew attention for their statements related to the attack and subsequent war. Giora Eiland, a former general, stated, \"Creating a severe humanitarian crisis is a necessary means to achieve the goal. Gaza will become a place where no human being can exist.\" Dan Gillerman, the former Israeli ambassador to the UN, stated, \"I am very puzzled by the constant concern which the world is showing for the Palestinian people.\"",
"title": "Officials' statements"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "The official Israeli government and military social media accounts were highly active during the war. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs funded a pro-war PR campaign online. On 12 December, an investigation by the Israeli newspaper Haaretz found the Israeli military was running a Telegram channel called \"72 Virgins - Uncensored\". Posts on the IDF channel had included statements about \"exterminating the roaches\" of Gaza and hearing \"the crunch of their bones\".",
"title": "Social media"
}
] | The Israeli government's response to the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel has multiple aspects, including a military response leading to the 2023 Israel–Hamas war. In October, the Knesset approved a war cabinet in Israel, adding National Unity ministers and altering the government; Benjamin Netanyahu and Benny Gantz froze non-war legislation, establishing a war cabinet with military authority. The IDF's large-scale invasion of Gaza caused a humanitarian crisis, mass detentions, and tensions. Settler expansions and officials' controversial remarks heightened unrest, leading to protests in Israel. The Knesset's law criminalizing "terrorist materials" consumption drew criticism. The Israeli government's response prompted international protests, arrests, and harassment. | 2023-12-09T16:07:52Z | 2023-12-31T23:38:12Z | [
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"Template:Short description",
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"Template:Main",
"Template:Further",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_government_response_to_the_2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel |
75,523,999 | Mortensen Construction | [] | REDIRECT[[M.A. Mortenson Company | 2023-12-09T16:07:59Z | 2023-12-09T16:07:59Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortensen_Construction |
|
75,524,020 | Bill Busch | William Busch (born April 27, 1965) is an American college football coach. He was the interim defensive coordinator and special teams coordinator for the University of Nebraska–Lincoln in 2022. He also coached for Nebraska Wesleyan, Wisconsin, Northern Arizona, New Mexico State, Utah, Utah State, Ohio State, Rutgers, and LSU. He played college football for Nebraska Wesleyan as a wide receiver.
Busch was born on April 27, 1965, in Pender, Nebraska. He played college football for Nebraska Wesleyan University as a wide receiver. After graduating from Nebraska Wesleyan in 1988 he attended Kearney State College—now the University of Nebraska at Kearney—where he earned his Master's degree in 1990.
In Busch's first six seasons of coaching he served as a graduate assistant at his alma mater, Nebraska Wesleyan University, for a year in 1989; the University of Nebraska–Lincoln for four years from 1990 to 1993; and for the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1994.
Following Busch's stint with Wisconsin, he joined Northern Arizona University as the team's defensive backs coach in 1995. In the following year he was promoted to co-defensive coordinator while maintaining his post as defensive backs coach.
In 1997, Busch was hired by New Mexico State University to serve as defensive backs coach under head football coach Tony Samuel. In 2001, after four seasons with the New Mexico State Aggies, he joined the University of Utah in the same position.
In 2004, Busch started his second stint with Nebraska as the team's special teams coordinator and outside linebackers coach before becoming the special teams coordinator and safeties coach in 2005.
After not coaching in 2008, Busch was hired by Utah State University as the team's defensive coordinator. For two years he held the position before reverting to his previous role of special teams coordinator and safeties coach for the Utah State Aggies.
In 2013, Busch began his second stint with Wisconsin as the team's special teams coordinator and defensive backs coach.
In 2015, Busch was hired by Ohio State University as a defensive quality control coach.
In 2016, Busch was hired by Rutgers University as the defensive backs coach. In 2017, he was promoted to co-defensive coordinator alongside being the defensive backs coach.
In 2018, Busch was hired by Louisiana State University as the safeties coach. In 2019, under head football coach Ed Orgeron, he was apart of the 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship LSU team. He was not retained following the 2020 season.
In 2021, Busch began his third stint with Nebraska as a defensive analyst. In 2022, he was promoted to special teams coordinator. With eight weeks remaining in the 2022 season, he was promoted to interim defensive coordinator. He was not retained following the hiring of Matt Rhule.
In 2023, Busch became a co-host for 93.7 "The Ticket" (Early Break with Sip & Jake). | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "William Busch (born April 27, 1965) is an American college football coach. He was the interim defensive coordinator and special teams coordinator for the University of Nebraska–Lincoln in 2022. He also coached for Nebraska Wesleyan, Wisconsin, Northern Arizona, New Mexico State, Utah, Utah State, Ohio State, Rutgers, and LSU. He played college football for Nebraska Wesleyan as a wide receiver.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Busch was born on April 27, 1965, in Pender, Nebraska. He played college football for Nebraska Wesleyan University as a wide receiver. After graduating from Nebraska Wesleyan in 1988 he attended Kearney State College—now the University of Nebraska at Kearney—where he earned his Master's degree in 1990.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In Busch's first six seasons of coaching he served as a graduate assistant at his alma mater, Nebraska Wesleyan University, for a year in 1989; the University of Nebraska–Lincoln for four years from 1990 to 1993; and for the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1994.",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Following Busch's stint with Wisconsin, he joined Northern Arizona University as the team's defensive backs coach in 1995. In the following year he was promoted to co-defensive coordinator while maintaining his post as defensive backs coach.",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1997, Busch was hired by New Mexico State University to serve as defensive backs coach under head football coach Tony Samuel. In 2001, after four seasons with the New Mexico State Aggies, he joined the University of Utah in the same position.",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 2004, Busch started his second stint with Nebraska as the team's special teams coordinator and outside linebackers coach before becoming the special teams coordinator and safeties coach in 2005.",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "After not coaching in 2008, Busch was hired by Utah State University as the team's defensive coordinator. For two years he held the position before reverting to his previous role of special teams coordinator and safeties coach for the Utah State Aggies.",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In 2013, Busch began his second stint with Wisconsin as the team's special teams coordinator and defensive backs coach.",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In 2015, Busch was hired by Ohio State University as a defensive quality control coach.",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In 2016, Busch was hired by Rutgers University as the defensive backs coach. In 2017, he was promoted to co-defensive coordinator alongside being the defensive backs coach.",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "In 2018, Busch was hired by Louisiana State University as the safeties coach. In 2019, under head football coach Ed Orgeron, he was apart of the 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship LSU team. He was not retained following the 2020 season.",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "In 2021, Busch began his third stint with Nebraska as a defensive analyst. In 2022, he was promoted to special teams coordinator. With eight weeks remaining in the 2022 season, he was promoted to interim defensive coordinator. He was not retained following the hiring of Matt Rhule.",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "In 2023, Busch became a co-host for 93.7 \"The Ticket\" (Early Break with Sip & Jake).",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | William Busch is an American college football coach. He was the interim defensive coordinator and special teams coordinator for the University of Nebraska–Lincoln in 2022. He also coached for Nebraska Wesleyan, Wisconsin, Northern Arizona, New Mexico State, Utah, Utah State, Ohio State, Rutgers, and LSU. He played college football for Nebraska Wesleyan as a wide receiver. | 2023-12-09T16:11:09Z | 2023-12-09T20:26:12Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Busch |
75,524,060 | List of storms named Evelyn | The name Evelyn was used for one tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean and one in the South-West Indian Ocean.
In the Atlantic Ocean:
In the South-West Indian: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The name Evelyn was used for one tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean and one in the South-West Indian Ocean.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In the Atlantic Ocean:",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In the South-West Indian:",
"title": ""
}
] | The name Evelyn was used for one tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean and one in the South-West Indian Ocean. In the Atlantic Ocean: Hurricane Evelyn (1977) – Category 1 that mainly impacted Atlantic Canada and hit Bermuda as a tropical storm. In the South-West Indian: Tropical Depression Evelyn (1966) – a weak tropical depression that remained at sea. | 2023-12-09T16:15:06Z | 2023-12-09T16:15:06Z | [
"Template:Storm index"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_storms_named_Evelyn |
75,524,065 | Fourth battle of Dongola | The Fourth battle of Dongola or the Second Conquest of Makuria (1287) was fought between the Egyptian Sultanate and the Kingdom of Makuria resulting in a decisive Egyptian victory, capturing the Makurian capital Dongola, forcing the king Samamun to flee and placing a puppet on the Makurian throne.
In the year 1287, Sultan el-Mansur Qalawun decided to invade the Kingdom of Makuria and annex it to the Egyptian Kingdom militarily, after it had been politically dependent since it was conquered by the Egyptian army during the reign of Sultan Baibars in the Battle of Dongola (1276).
The Sultan of Egypt, el-Mansur Qalawun, entrusted the task of commanding the Egyptian army to Prince Ezz el-Din el-Kourani, whom he trusted in his military ability. Sultan el-Mansur Qalawun informed Prince el-Kourani of the importance of this campaign to Egypt and its pride. The Egyptian army, led by Prince Ezz el-Din el-Kourani, moved towards Makuria, the army was divided into 3 parts:
When the Egyptian army, led by Prince Ezz el-Din el-Kourani, reached the first border of Makuria, all Makurian forces withdrew from it. The Makurian forces kept to withdraw in front of the Egyptian army until the Egyptian army reached the capital of the Kingdom of Makuria, the city of Dongola. There, a violent battle took place between the Egyptians and the Makurians, which ended in a decisive victory for the Egyptian army led by Prince Ezz el-Din el-Kourani and the rest of the princes. King Samamun of Makuria fled to the far south of Sudan, and the Egyptian army appointed his nephew as governor of Makuria under the Sultanate of Egypt. An Egyptian garrison was left in Dongola to preserve Egyptian rule, and Prince Ezz el-Din el-Kurani returned victorious and triumphant among his Egyptian soldiers. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Fourth battle of Dongola or the Second Conquest of Makuria (1287) was fought between the Egyptian Sultanate and the Kingdom of Makuria resulting in a decisive Egyptian victory, capturing the Makurian capital Dongola, forcing the king Samamun to flee and placing a puppet on the Makurian throne.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In the year 1287, Sultan el-Mansur Qalawun decided to invade the Kingdom of Makuria and annex it to the Egyptian Kingdom militarily, after it had been politically dependent since it was conquered by the Egyptian army during the reign of Sultan Baibars in the Battle of Dongola (1276).",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Sultan of Egypt, el-Mansur Qalawun, entrusted the task of commanding the Egyptian army to Prince Ezz el-Din el-Kourani, whom he trusted in his military ability. Sultan el-Mansur Qalawun informed Prince el-Kourani of the importance of this campaign to Egypt and its pride. The Egyptian army, led by Prince Ezz el-Din el-Kourani, moved towards Makuria, the army was divided into 3 parts:",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "When the Egyptian army, led by Prince Ezz el-Din el-Kourani, reached the first border of Makuria, all Makurian forces withdrew from it. The Makurian forces kept to withdraw in front of the Egyptian army until the Egyptian army reached the capital of the Kingdom of Makuria, the city of Dongola. There, a violent battle took place between the Egyptians and the Makurians, which ended in a decisive victory for the Egyptian army led by Prince Ezz el-Din el-Kourani and the rest of the princes. King Samamun of Makuria fled to the far south of Sudan, and the Egyptian army appointed his nephew as governor of Makuria under the Sultanate of Egypt. An Egyptian garrison was left in Dongola to preserve Egyptian rule, and Prince Ezz el-Din el-Kurani returned victorious and triumphant among his Egyptian soldiers.",
"title": "The Battle"
}
] | The Fourth battle of Dongola or the Second Conquest of Makuria (1287) was fought between the Egyptian Sultanate and the Kingdom of Makuria resulting in a decisive Egyptian victory, capturing the Makurian capital Dongola, forcing the king Samamun to flee and placing a puppet on the Makurian throne. | 2023-12-09T16:15:42Z | 2023-12-18T16:24:08Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox military conflict",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_battle_of_Dongola |
75,524,074 | 2023–24 Odisha Women's League | The 2023–24 Odisha Women's League is the 11th edition of the Odisha Women's League, the top Odia professional football league, since its establishment in 2011. Odisha FC are the defending champions, but are not participating in the current edition. The league is organised by the Football Association of Odisha (FAO), the official football governing body of Odisha, in association with the Department of Sports and Youth Services (DSYS) of the Government of Odisha. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023–24 Odisha Women's League is the 11th edition of the Odisha Women's League, the top Odia professional football league, since its establishment in 2011. Odisha FC are the defending champions, but are not participating in the current edition. The league is organised by the Football Association of Odisha (FAO), the official football governing body of Odisha, in association with the Department of Sports and Youth Services (DSYS) of the Government of Odisha.",
"title": ""
}
] | The 2023–24 Odisha Women's League is the 11th edition of the Odisha Women's League, the top Odia professional football league, since its establishment in 2011. Odisha FC are the defending champions, but are not participating in the current edition. The league is organised by the Football Association of Odisha (FAO), the official football governing body of Odisha, in association with the Department of Sports and Youth Services (DSYS) of the Government of Odisha. | 2023-12-09T16:16:41Z | 2023-12-30T18:29:26Z | [
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"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Odisha Women's League",
"Template:2023–24 in Indian football"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Odisha_Women%27s_League |
75,524,093 | Kuo Jung-tsung | Kuo Jung-tsung (Chinese: 郭榮宗; born 23 August 1954) is a Taiwanese politician.
Kuo graduated from the National Chung-Li Senior High School and National Taiwan Ocean University. He was a lecturer at his alma mater and Kainan University.
Prior to winning his first Legislative Yuan term in 2001, Kuo served two terms as mayor of Guanyin, Taoyuan, from 1994 to 2002. He won reelection to the Legislative Yuan in 2004. In November 2003, Kuo Jung-chung, Kuo Wen-cheng [zh], and Hsieh Ming-yuan fought Chung Shao-ho on the floor of the Legislative Yuan. Chung had pulled down a protest sign held by another Democratic Progressive Party lawmaker, who was opposing the scheduling of a defense committee meeting on the same day as a gathering of the general legislature. During his first legislative term, Kuo Jung-chung also commented on the potential pardoning of expelled DPP members, and the possibility of leaking classified military information in a small-scale exercise observed by president Chen Shui-bian. In his second term, Kuo expressed opposition to the legalization of gambling and to investment in China by the Taiwanese technology industry.
Kuo lost reelection in 2008 to Kuomintang legislative candidate Liao Cheng-ching [zh]. Kuo ran in the by-election for Taoyuan County's 2nd district scheduled after Liao's conviction on vote-buying charges, and defeated Chen Li-ling [zh]. Kuo was sworn into office on 18 January 2010, and stepped down at the end of his term on 31 January 2012. During the 2010 New Taipei City mayoral election, a document signed by Kuo and Huang Jen-shu [zh] became a topic of discussion. The document claimed that, Chu, during his tenure as Taoyuan County Magistrate, had ended the county government's subsidies for agriculture and the elderly. In August 2010, Kuo opposed the nomination of Su Yeong-chin to the post of vice president of the Judicial Yuan, believing that judicial independence would be reduced, as both Su Yeong-chin and his brother Su Chi were close to Ma Ying-jeou. In March 2011, Kuo and fellow legislator Lo Shu-lei [zh] opined that Chunghwa Telecom did not need to charge fees for long-distance phone service, due to the small geographic size of Taiwan. That same month, Kuo also asked premier Wu Den-yih about his position on nuclear power. An analysis by Citizen’s Congress Watch undertaken after the Eighth Legislative Yuan had ended revealed that Kuo had never spoken in any legislative committee for which he held membership.
In 2013, Kuo supported Annette Lu's call to impeach Ma Ying-jeou. The following year, Kuo visited Su Tseng-chang after Su announced that he would not run for reelection as Democratic Progressive Party chair or as the party's Taoyuan mayoral candidate. In November 2014, Kuo ran in the local elections. He was elected to the Taoyuan City Council alongside his niece and former Legislative Yuan aide, Kuo Li-hua. Kuo Jung-tsung resigned the council seat in August 2015, before an appeal to the Taiwan High Court regarding violations of electoral law was heard. The DPP chose to back the candidacy of Kuo's son Kuo Yu-hsin over his wife, Kuo Tsai Mei-ying, a former member of the Taoyuan County Council. Kuo Yu-hsin lost the by-election to independent candidate Wu Tsung-hsien [zh]. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kuo Jung-tsung (Chinese: 郭榮宗; born 23 August 1954) is a Taiwanese politician.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Kuo graduated from the National Chung-Li Senior High School and National Taiwan Ocean University. He was a lecturer at his alma mater and Kainan University.",
"title": "Education and early career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Prior to winning his first Legislative Yuan term in 2001, Kuo served two terms as mayor of Guanyin, Taoyuan, from 1994 to 2002. He won reelection to the Legislative Yuan in 2004. In November 2003, Kuo Jung-chung, Kuo Wen-cheng [zh], and Hsieh Ming-yuan fought Chung Shao-ho on the floor of the Legislative Yuan. Chung had pulled down a protest sign held by another Democratic Progressive Party lawmaker, who was opposing the scheduling of a defense committee meeting on the same day as a gathering of the general legislature. During his first legislative term, Kuo Jung-chung also commented on the potential pardoning of expelled DPP members, and the possibility of leaking classified military information in a small-scale exercise observed by president Chen Shui-bian. In his second term, Kuo expressed opposition to the legalization of gambling and to investment in China by the Taiwanese technology industry.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Kuo lost reelection in 2008 to Kuomintang legislative candidate Liao Cheng-ching [zh]. Kuo ran in the by-election for Taoyuan County's 2nd district scheduled after Liao's conviction on vote-buying charges, and defeated Chen Li-ling [zh]. Kuo was sworn into office on 18 January 2010, and stepped down at the end of his term on 31 January 2012. During the 2010 New Taipei City mayoral election, a document signed by Kuo and Huang Jen-shu [zh] became a topic of discussion. The document claimed that, Chu, during his tenure as Taoyuan County Magistrate, had ended the county government's subsidies for agriculture and the elderly. In August 2010, Kuo opposed the nomination of Su Yeong-chin to the post of vice president of the Judicial Yuan, believing that judicial independence would be reduced, as both Su Yeong-chin and his brother Su Chi were close to Ma Ying-jeou. In March 2011, Kuo and fellow legislator Lo Shu-lei [zh] opined that Chunghwa Telecom did not need to charge fees for long-distance phone service, due to the small geographic size of Taiwan. That same month, Kuo also asked premier Wu Den-yih about his position on nuclear power. An analysis by Citizen’s Congress Watch undertaken after the Eighth Legislative Yuan had ended revealed that Kuo had never spoken in any legislative committee for which he held membership.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 2013, Kuo supported Annette Lu's call to impeach Ma Ying-jeou. The following year, Kuo visited Su Tseng-chang after Su announced that he would not run for reelection as Democratic Progressive Party chair or as the party's Taoyuan mayoral candidate. In November 2014, Kuo ran in the local elections. He was elected to the Taoyuan City Council alongside his niece and former Legislative Yuan aide, Kuo Li-hua. Kuo Jung-tsung resigned the council seat in August 2015, before an appeal to the Taiwan High Court regarding violations of electoral law was heard. The DPP chose to back the candidacy of Kuo's son Kuo Yu-hsin over his wife, Kuo Tsai Mei-ying, a former member of the Taoyuan County Council. Kuo Yu-hsin lost the by-election to independent candidate Wu Tsung-hsien [zh].",
"title": "Political career"
}
] | Kuo Jung-tsung is a Taiwanese politician. | 2023-12-09T16:18:33Z | 2023-12-11T02:18:47Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuo_Jung-tsung |
75,524,124 | Zonitoides multivolvis | Zonitoides multivolvis is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Gastrodontidae.
This species is found in Costa Rica. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zonitoides multivolvis is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Gastrodontidae.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "This species is found in Costa Rica.",
"title": "Distribution"
}
] | Zonitoides multivolvis is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Gastrodontidae. | 2023-12-09T16:23:25Z | 2023-12-11T06:27:13Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Taxonbar",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Speciesbox"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonitoides_multivolvis |
75,524,134 | Mr. Monk's Last Case: A Monk Movie | Mr. Monk's Last Case: A Monk Movie is a 2023 film starring Tony Shalhoub as detective Adrian Monk. It is a sequel to the USA network television series Monk. The film premiered on Peacock on December 8, 2023.
After losing a book deal, retired detective Adrian Monk is left feeling despondent as he is now unable to help pay for his stepdaughter Molly's wedding. The day before Molly's wedding, her fiancé Griffin is killed while bungee jumping. Molly is convinced Griffin's death was murder and enlists Monk's help to solve the case.
Additionally, Sharona Fleming (Bitty Schram) appears in archival footage from the series' pilot episode.
On March 14, 2023, Tony Shalhoub confirmed on Dr. Loubna Hassanieh's Unheard Stories: Stories That Inspire podcast that a 90-minute Monk movie was produced for Andy Breckman Productions, Mandeville Television, Universal Content Productions and Peacock, with shooting expected to start in May 2023. The following day, Peacock officially ordered the Monk follow-up film, titled Mr. Monk's Last Case: A Monk Movie with original cast members Shalhoub, Ted Levine, Traylor Howard, Jason Gray-Stanford, Melora Hardin and Héctor Elizondo (who played Adrian Monk, Captain Leland Stottlemeyer, Natalie Teeger, Randy Disher, Trudy Monk, and Dr. Neven Bell, respectively) confirmed to reprise their roles from the series with creator Andy Breckman penning the script.
As of December 2023, review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 92% based on 13 reviews, with an average score of 7.10/10. Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times called the film a "longer-than-necessary version" of the television show but that "it's funny when it wants to be." Kelly Lawler of USA Today described the film as "a sweet-as-pie (but not too sweet) reunion that captures the tone and spirit of the original show but also feels apt for 2023". | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Mr. Monk's Last Case: A Monk Movie is a 2023 film starring Tony Shalhoub as detective Adrian Monk. It is a sequel to the USA network television series Monk. The film premiered on Peacock on December 8, 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "After losing a book deal, retired detective Adrian Monk is left feeling despondent as he is now unable to help pay for his stepdaughter Molly's wedding. The day before Molly's wedding, her fiancé Griffin is killed while bungee jumping. Molly is convinced Griffin's death was murder and enlists Monk's help to solve the case.",
"title": "Summary"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Additionally, Sharona Fleming (Bitty Schram) appears in archival footage from the series' pilot episode.",
"title": "Cast"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "On March 14, 2023, Tony Shalhoub confirmed on Dr. Loubna Hassanieh's Unheard Stories: Stories That Inspire podcast that a 90-minute Monk movie was produced for Andy Breckman Productions, Mandeville Television, Universal Content Productions and Peacock, with shooting expected to start in May 2023. The following day, Peacock officially ordered the Monk follow-up film, titled Mr. Monk's Last Case: A Monk Movie with original cast members Shalhoub, Ted Levine, Traylor Howard, Jason Gray-Stanford, Melora Hardin and Héctor Elizondo (who played Adrian Monk, Captain Leland Stottlemeyer, Natalie Teeger, Randy Disher, Trudy Monk, and Dr. Neven Bell, respectively) confirmed to reprise their roles from the series with creator Andy Breckman penning the script.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "As of December 2023, review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 92% based on 13 reviews, with an average score of 7.10/10. Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times called the film a \"longer-than-necessary version\" of the television show but that \"it's funny when it wants to be.\" Kelly Lawler of USA Today described the film as \"a sweet-as-pie (but not too sweet) reunion that captures the tone and spirit of the original show but also feels apt for 2023\".",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | Mr. Monk's Last Case: A Monk Movie is a 2023 film starring Tony Shalhoub as detective Adrian Monk. It is a sequel to the USA network television series Monk. The film premiered on Peacock on December 8, 2023. | 2023-12-09T16:24:20Z | 2023-12-27T21:59:10Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Monk%27s_Last_Case:_A_Monk_Movie |
75,524,137 | Julia Wojciechowska | Julia Wojciechowska may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Julia Wojciechowska may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Julia Wojciechowska may refer to: Julia Wojciechowska (1915–1986), Polish gymnast
Julia Wojciechowska, Polish rhythmic gymnast | 2023-12-09T16:24:48Z | 2023-12-09T16:25:50Z | [
"Template:Hndis"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Wojciechowska |
75,524,142 | Pierre Heijboer | Pierre Heijboer (Hoensbroek, 7 May 1937 – Amsterdam, 23 March 2014) was a Dutch journalist.
Heijboer initially worked for the Limburgs Dagblad and the Nieuwe Eindhovense Courant. In 1968, Heijboer moved to Amsterdam, where he started working for Het Parool. He settled in the new Bijlmer neighborhood. From 1980, he worked as domestic editor for de Volkskrant. In 1983, Heijboer became an editor in Maastricht, he lived in Wijnandsrade for some time. Together with his colleague Hans Horsten, he conducted research into the Dutch Civil Servants Pension Fund, which turned out to receive extra subsidies due to fraud. State secretary Gerrit Brokx had to resign in 1986 as a result of the affair and a parliamentary inquiry into construction subsidies followed later that year, led by Klaas de Vries.
Heijboer took early retirement in 1997.
Heijboer investigated the Bijlmer disaster that took place in Bijlmermeer in 1992. He followed the parliamentary inquiry into the Bijlmer disaster of 1998–1999 very critically. From day to day, he provided the probes with critical commentary.
Heijboer was convinced that the Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry had not found the truth about the disaster; according to him, El Al's Boeing 747 had been a military aircraft.
Under the name Het Klankbord (English: The Sounding Board) he collected facts about the Bijlmer disaster that were concealed during the parliamentary inquiry. He paid particular attention to the victims. He wrote a book about it, Doemvlucht: de verzwegen geheimen van de Bijlmerramp (Flight of Doom: The Hidden Secrets of the Bijlmer Disaster), which was published in 2002.
In 2003, Heijboer demanded compensation from the Aviation Enforcement Service, because the service allegedly tampered with a file on helicopter flights over the Bijlmer, which Heijboer had requested in reliance on the Dutch Public Access to Government Information Act. The Dutch Association of Journalists supported Heijboer in his demand. A few years later, he published Wachten op de nachtegaal: het verhaal van de Bijlmermeer (2006, Waiting for the Nightingale: The Story of the Bijlmermeer) about forty years of Bijlmer, from dream neighborhood to the most maligned locale in the Netherlands.
Heijboer's investigation into the disaster plays a major role in Rampvlucht (Disaster Flight), a TV drama series published in 2022. Heijboer was played by Yorick van Wageningen.
In 1977, Heijboer wrote Klamboes, klewangs, klapperbomen: Indië gewonnen en verloren (Mosquito Nets, Klewangs, Coconut Palms: The Indies Won and Lost). A book about the politionele acties in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) followed in 1979, which was translated into Malay in 1998. At the end of his life, Heijboer researched the experiences of Dutch and Indonesian soldiers during the skirmishes in West New Guinea in 1962. De eer en de ellende: Nieuw–Guinea 1962 (The Honor and the Misery: New Guinea 1962) was published in 2012.
Heijboer was born near the Dutch State Mine "Emma" as the son of a miner. He attended the Hogere Burgerschool and the Kweekschool voor onderwijzers (English: Training school for teachers) and then took a journalism course in Nijmegen. Heijboer performed his military service in 't Harde. Heijboer died at the age of 76 from cancer and kidney problems. He was buried on 29 March 2014. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Pierre Heijboer (Hoensbroek, 7 May 1937 – Amsterdam, 23 March 2014) was a Dutch journalist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Heijboer initially worked for the Limburgs Dagblad and the Nieuwe Eindhovense Courant. In 1968, Heijboer moved to Amsterdam, where he started working for Het Parool. He settled in the new Bijlmer neighborhood. From 1980, he worked as domestic editor for de Volkskrant. In 1983, Heijboer became an editor in Maastricht, he lived in Wijnandsrade for some time. Together with his colleague Hans Horsten, he conducted research into the Dutch Civil Servants Pension Fund, which turned out to receive extra subsidies due to fraud. State secretary Gerrit Brokx had to resign in 1986 as a result of the affair and a parliamentary inquiry into construction subsidies followed later that year, led by Klaas de Vries.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Heijboer took early retirement in 1997.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Heijboer investigated the Bijlmer disaster that took place in Bijlmermeer in 1992. He followed the parliamentary inquiry into the Bijlmer disaster of 1998–1999 very critically. From day to day, he provided the probes with critical commentary.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Heijboer was convinced that the Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry had not found the truth about the disaster; according to him, El Al's Boeing 747 had been a military aircraft.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Under the name Het Klankbord (English: The Sounding Board) he collected facts about the Bijlmer disaster that were concealed during the parliamentary inquiry. He paid particular attention to the victims. He wrote a book about it, Doemvlucht: de verzwegen geheimen van de Bijlmerramp (Flight of Doom: The Hidden Secrets of the Bijlmer Disaster), which was published in 2002.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 2003, Heijboer demanded compensation from the Aviation Enforcement Service, because the service allegedly tampered with a file on helicopter flights over the Bijlmer, which Heijboer had requested in reliance on the Dutch Public Access to Government Information Act. The Dutch Association of Journalists supported Heijboer in his demand. A few years later, he published Wachten op de nachtegaal: het verhaal van de Bijlmermeer (2006, Waiting for the Nightingale: The Story of the Bijlmermeer) about forty years of Bijlmer, from dream neighborhood to the most maligned locale in the Netherlands.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Heijboer's investigation into the disaster plays a major role in Rampvlucht (Disaster Flight), a TV drama series published in 2022. Heijboer was played by Yorick van Wageningen.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In 1977, Heijboer wrote Klamboes, klewangs, klapperbomen: Indië gewonnen en verloren (Mosquito Nets, Klewangs, Coconut Palms: The Indies Won and Lost). A book about the politionele acties in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) followed in 1979, which was translated into Malay in 1998. At the end of his life, Heijboer researched the experiences of Dutch and Indonesian soldiers during the skirmishes in West New Guinea in 1962. De eer en de ellende: Nieuw–Guinea 1962 (The Honor and the Misery: New Guinea 1962) was published in 2012.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Heijboer was born near the Dutch State Mine \"Emma\" as the son of a miner. He attended the Hogere Burgerschool and the Kweekschool voor onderwijzers (English: Training school for teachers) and then took a journalism course in Nijmegen. Heijboer performed his military service in 't Harde. Heijboer died at the age of 76 from cancer and kidney problems. He was buried on 29 March 2014.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Pierre Heijboer was a Dutch journalist. | 2023-12-09T16:25:58Z | 2023-12-09T18:21:34Z | [
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75,524,143 | Güleryüz (disambiguation) | Güleryüz is a Turkish word, and may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Güleryüz is a Turkish word, and may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Güleryüz is a Turkish word, and may refer to: Güleryüz, Turkish coachbuilding company
Göknur Güleryüz, Turkish women's footballer | 2023-12-09T16:26:32Z | 2023-12-19T10:53:10Z | [
"Template:Disambig",
"Template:Surname"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BClery%C3%BCz_(disambiguation) |
75,524,146 | Lazarus IV Henckel von Donnersmarck | Count Lazarus IV Henckel von Donnersmarck (23 May 1835 – 18 December 1914) was a German-Polish politician and landowner. He was a founding member of the Centre Party and sat in the Prussian House of Representatives from 1870 to 1876 and in the Reichstag from 1884 to 1887.
Count Lazarus IV Henckel von Donnersmarcl was born on 23 May 1835 in Siemianowitz-Laurahütte to Count Hugo Henckel von Donnersmarck and Countess Laurą von Hardenberg. He was a member of the House of Henckel von Donnersmarck, a Silesian noble family.
On 4 August 1858, he married Countess Maria von Schweinitz und Krain, Baroness zu Kauder. They had several children:
Henckel von Donnersmarck managed his 677-acre estate in Romolkwitz and owned shares in the Fideikommiss Beuthen as well as several coal mines. He lived in a palace in Nakło and, in 1892, he funded the construction of the parish church there. He also funded the construction of a church in Alt Tarnowitz and the Camillian monastery.
He was one of the founders of the Centre Party. From 1870 to 1876, he was a member of the Prussian House of Representatives as a member of the Beuthen constituency and, from 1884 to 1887, he was a member of the German Reichstag for the constituency of Beuthen and Tarnowitz.
He was Catholic, and was made a Knight of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
He died on 18 December 1914 in Breslau. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Count Lazarus IV Henckel von Donnersmarck (23 May 1835 – 18 December 1914) was a German-Polish politician and landowner. He was a founding member of the Centre Party and sat in the Prussian House of Representatives from 1870 to 1876 and in the Reichstag from 1884 to 1887.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Count Lazarus IV Henckel von Donnersmarcl was born on 23 May 1835 in Siemianowitz-Laurahütte to Count Hugo Henckel von Donnersmarck and Countess Laurą von Hardenberg. He was a member of the House of Henckel von Donnersmarck, a Silesian noble family.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On 4 August 1858, he married Countess Maria von Schweinitz und Krain, Baroness zu Kauder. They had several children:",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Henckel von Donnersmarck managed his 677-acre estate in Romolkwitz and owned shares in the Fideikommiss Beuthen as well as several coal mines. He lived in a palace in Nakło and, in 1892, he funded the construction of the parish church there. He also funded the construction of a church in Alt Tarnowitz and the Camillian monastery.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "He was one of the founders of the Centre Party. From 1870 to 1876, he was a member of the Prussian House of Representatives as a member of the Beuthen constituency and, from 1884 to 1887, he was a member of the German Reichstag for the constituency of Beuthen and Tarnowitz.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "He was Catholic, and was made a Knight of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "He died on 18 December 1914 in Breslau.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Count Lazarus IV Henckel von Donnersmarck was a German-Polish politician and landowner. He was a founding member of the Centre Party and sat in the Prussian House of Representatives from 1870 to 1876 and in the Reichstag from 1884 to 1887. | 2023-12-09T16:26:57Z | 2023-12-09T18:31:46Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_IV_Henckel_von_Donnersmarck |
75,524,150 | S&S Cheesecake | S&S Cheesecake is a kosher cheesecake producer in Bronx, New York founded by Holocaust survivor Fred Schuster and now co-run by his Israeli son-in-law Yair Ben-Zaken. S&S was opened 1960. They provided the cheesecake for the steakhouse The Palm, as well as supplying Peter Luger Steakhouse and Zabar's. Their motto is "doing one thing well".
40°53′05″N 73°53′59″W / 40.884721°N 73.899807°W / 40.884721; -73.899807 | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "S&S Cheesecake is a kosher cheesecake producer in Bronx, New York founded by Holocaust survivor Fred Schuster and now co-run by his Israeli son-in-law Yair Ben-Zaken. S&S was opened 1960. They provided the cheesecake for the steakhouse The Palm, as well as supplying Peter Luger Steakhouse and Zabar's. Their motto is \"doing one thing well\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "40°53′05″N 73°53′59″W / 40.884721°N 73.899807°W / 40.884721; -73.899807",
"title": "References"
}
] | S&S Cheesecake is a kosher cheesecake producer in Bronx, New York founded by Holocaust survivor Fred Schuster and now co-run by his Israeli son-in-law Yair Ben-Zaken. S&S was opened 1960. They provided the cheesecake for the steakhouse The Palm, as well as supplying Peter Luger Steakhouse and Zabar's. Their motto is "doing one thing well". | 2023-12-09T16:27:40Z | 2023-12-25T09:16:27Z | [
"Template:US-company-stub",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite magazine",
"Template:Coord"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26S_Cheesecake |
75,524,157 | Lee McDermott | Lee McDermott may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Lee McDermott may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Lee McDermott may refer to: Lee McDermott, a character on the TV series Desperate Housewives
Lee McDermott (gymnast), British gymnast | 2023-12-09T16:28:43Z | 2023-12-09T16:29:45Z | [
"Template:Hndis"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_McDermott |
75,524,178 | List of Very Short Introductions books | Very Short Introductions is a series of books published by Oxford University Press. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Very Short Introductions is a series of books published by Oxford University Press.",
"title": ""
}
] | Very Short Introductions is a series of books published by Oxford University Press. | 2023-12-09T16:32:55Z | 2023-12-15T09:23:31Z | [
"Template:Italic title",
"Template:Dts",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:ISBN"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Very_Short_Introductions_books |
75,524,181 | Werner Felfe | Werner Felfe (4 January 1928 – 7 September 1988) was a German politician and high-ranking party functionary of the Socialist Unity Party (SED).
In the German Democratic Republic, he served as the longtime First Secretary of the SED in Bezirk Halle and was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED. In the 1980s, he was the powerful SED Agriculture Secretary, instituting various reforms to the GDR's collectivized agricultural sector.
Until his surprising death in September 1988, he was thought of as a potential successor to Erich Honecker.
Werner Felfe was the son of a machine worker from the Bischofswerda district. After completing commercial school, from 1942 to 1945, he undertook a commercial apprenticeship as an industrial clerk and subsequently worked as a commercial employee.
In 1945, Felfe joined the KPD (Communist Party of Germany) and became a member of the SED (Socialist Unity Party of Germany) in 1946 following the forced merger of the SPD (Social Democratic Party) and KPD. In 1946, he joined the newly founded FDJ (Free German Youth).
In 1950, he became a member of the Flöha District Council. From 1950, he worked in the SED district administrations of Kamenz and Flöha, as well as in the Saxony state administration until its dissolvement in 1953. He thereafter attended the "Karl Marx" Party Academy for a year. Until 1957, he served as the Second Secretary of the Central Council of the FDJ under Karl Namokel. From 1954 to 1958, he also was a deputy of a Leipzig electoral district and chairman of the Youth Committee of the Volkskammer.
From 1954 to 1963, he was a candidate member and from 21 January 1963 (VI. Party Congress) to his death, he was a full member of the Central Committee of the SED.
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Felfe held various positions in local government. From 1957 to 1960, Felfe eventually chaired the Zschopau District executive Council and from March 1960 to September 1963, he chaired the Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt executive Council, formally making him head of government of the Bezirk. However, in all of these positions, he was de facto subservient to the respective local SED leadership.
From 1963 to 1965, he pursued studies at the Industrial Institute of the Dresden University of Technology and obtained a degree in industrial engineering. Subsequently, he became the deputy head of the Department for Agitation and Propaganda of the Central Committee, first working under Horst Sindermann.
In 1966, Felfe joined the Bezirk Halle SED led by Sindermann as the Secretary for Agitation and Propaganda. In 1968, he became its Second Secretary after longtime incumbent Gerhard Frost left for university and in 1971, he became the First Secretary, succeeding Sindermann, who joined the Council of Ministers as First Deputy Chairman.
From 1971, he was once again a member of the Volkskammer. Since 1973, he was a candidate member and since 1976 (IX. Party Congress) a full member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED, the de facto highest leadership body in East Germany, Bezirk Halle being an important centre for the chemical industry. He additionally joined the National Defense Council the same year.
Felfe was awarded the Patriotic Order of Merit in 1974 and the Karl Marx Order in 1978.
In April 1981, shortly before the X. Party Congress, SED Agriculture Secretary Gerhard Grüneberg unexpectedly died of a tumour at age 59. Felfe was chosen as his successor, also joining the State Council., the GDR's collective head of state. The agriculture portfolio was considered a difficult one.
As Central Committee Secretariat Secretary responsible for Agriculture, he was the most powerful agricultural policymaker in the country and continued the course correction of his predecessor, eliminating the devastating separation between animal and plant production, reducing bureaucracy, and saving resources. Felfe enjoyed high popularity during his tenure. In this capacity, he also traveled to socialist countries and, in 1985 and 1987, to West Germany, where he met with Chancellor's Office Minister Wolfgang Schäuble, Minister of Agriculture Ignaz Kiechle, and his predecessor Josef Ertl. He overall became known as a reformer.
Felfe was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the GDR and the Hero of Labour title in 1988.
After publicly warning in 1984 about the 'growing revanchist forces' in West Germany, an article was published on 8 August 1988, in the West German news magazine Der Spiegel, speculating about potential successors to Erich Honecker. The article suggested the autumn of 1989 as the time for the change, presuming that the 40th anniversary of the founding of the GDR would be an appropriate date. Alongside eventual successor Egon Krenz, Siegfried Lorenz, and Günter Schabowski, Felfe was mentioned as a potential candidate for Honecker's succession in the article. Felfe was (approximately) quoted in the article as saying, 'The political perestroika must not stop at the GDR.' This put him into a difficult situation.
Just under a month after the article was published, Felfe surprisingly died at the age of 60 due to acute heart failure, according to official reports in East Berlin, according to another source while hunting near Strasburg (Uckermark). His death was attributed to stress from excessive work as well as hypertension and heart disease.
His urn was interred in the Memorial of the Socialists at the Friedrichsfelde Central Cemetery in Berlin-Lichtenberg. He was the last person to whom the Politburo granted a grave site there.
The search for a successor proved to be difficult. He eventually was succeeded as Agriculture Secretary by Werner Krolikowski in late 1988. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Werner Felfe (4 January 1928 – 7 September 1988) was a German politician and high-ranking party functionary of the Socialist Unity Party (SED).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In the German Democratic Republic, he served as the longtime First Secretary of the SED in Bezirk Halle and was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED. In the 1980s, he was the powerful SED Agriculture Secretary, instituting various reforms to the GDR's collectivized agricultural sector.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Until his surprising death in September 1988, he was thought of as a potential successor to Erich Honecker.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Werner Felfe was the son of a machine worker from the Bischofswerda district. After completing commercial school, from 1942 to 1945, he undertook a commercial apprenticeship as an industrial clerk and subsequently worked as a commercial employee.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1945, Felfe joined the KPD (Communist Party of Germany) and became a member of the SED (Socialist Unity Party of Germany) in 1946 following the forced merger of the SPD (Social Democratic Party) and KPD. In 1946, he joined the newly founded FDJ (Free German Youth).",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 1950, he became a member of the Flöha District Council. From 1950, he worked in the SED district administrations of Kamenz and Flöha, as well as in the Saxony state administration until its dissolvement in 1953. He thereafter attended the \"Karl Marx\" Party Academy for a year. Until 1957, he served as the Second Secretary of the Central Council of the FDJ under Karl Namokel. From 1954 to 1958, he also was a deputy of a Leipzig electoral district and chairman of the Youth Committee of the Volkskammer.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "From 1954 to 1963, he was a candidate member and from 21 January 1963 (VI. Party Congress) to his death, he was a full member of the Central Committee of the SED.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Felfe held various positions in local government. From 1957 to 1960, Felfe eventually chaired the Zschopau District executive Council and from March 1960 to September 1963, he chaired the Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt executive Council, formally making him head of government of the Bezirk. However, in all of these positions, he was de facto subservient to the respective local SED leadership.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "From 1963 to 1965, he pursued studies at the Industrial Institute of the Dresden University of Technology and obtained a degree in industrial engineering. Subsequently, he became the deputy head of the Department for Agitation and Propaganda of the Central Committee, first working under Horst Sindermann.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In 1966, Felfe joined the Bezirk Halle SED led by Sindermann as the Secretary for Agitation and Propaganda. In 1968, he became its Second Secretary after longtime incumbent Gerhard Frost left for university and in 1971, he became the First Secretary, succeeding Sindermann, who joined the Council of Ministers as First Deputy Chairman.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "From 1971, he was once again a member of the Volkskammer. Since 1973, he was a candidate member and since 1976 (IX. Party Congress) a full member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED, the de facto highest leadership body in East Germany, Bezirk Halle being an important centre for the chemical industry. He additionally joined the National Defense Council the same year.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Felfe was awarded the Patriotic Order of Merit in 1974 and the Karl Marx Order in 1978.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "In April 1981, shortly before the X. Party Congress, SED Agriculture Secretary Gerhard Grüneberg unexpectedly died of a tumour at age 59. Felfe was chosen as his successor, also joining the State Council., the GDR's collective head of state. The agriculture portfolio was considered a difficult one.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "As Central Committee Secretariat Secretary responsible for Agriculture, he was the most powerful agricultural policymaker in the country and continued the course correction of his predecessor, eliminating the devastating separation between animal and plant production, reducing bureaucracy, and saving resources. Felfe enjoyed high popularity during his tenure. In this capacity, he also traveled to socialist countries and, in 1985 and 1987, to West Germany, where he met with Chancellor's Office Minister Wolfgang Schäuble, Minister of Agriculture Ignaz Kiechle, and his predecessor Josef Ertl. He overall became known as a reformer.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Felfe was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the GDR and the Hero of Labour title in 1988.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "After publicly warning in 1984 about the 'growing revanchist forces' in West Germany, an article was published on 8 August 1988, in the West German news magazine Der Spiegel, speculating about potential successors to Erich Honecker. The article suggested the autumn of 1989 as the time for the change, presuming that the 40th anniversary of the founding of the GDR would be an appropriate date. Alongside eventual successor Egon Krenz, Siegfried Lorenz, and Günter Schabowski, Felfe was mentioned as a potential candidate for Honecker's succession in the article. Felfe was (approximately) quoted in the article as saying, 'The political perestroika must not stop at the GDR.' This put him into a difficult situation.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Just under a month after the article was published, Felfe surprisingly died at the age of 60 due to acute heart failure, according to official reports in East Berlin, according to another source while hunting near Strasburg (Uckermark). His death was attributed to stress from excessive work as well as hypertension and heart disease.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "His urn was interred in the Memorial of the Socialists at the Friedrichsfelde Central Cemetery in Berlin-Lichtenberg. He was the last person to whom the Politburo granted a grave site there.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "The search for a successor proved to be difficult. He eventually was succeeded as Agriculture Secretary by Werner Krolikowski in late 1988.",
"title": "Political career"
}
] | Werner Felfe was a German politician and high-ranking party functionary of the Socialist Unity Party (SED). In the German Democratic Republic, he served as the longtime First Secretary of the SED in Bezirk Halle and was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED. In the 1980s, he was the powerful SED Agriculture Secretary, instituting various reforms to the GDR's collectivized agricultural sector. Until his surprising death in September 1988, he was thought of as a potential successor to Erich Honecker. | 2023-12-09T16:33:44Z | 2023-12-19T05:24:29Z | [
"Template:Infobox officeholder",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Short description"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Felfe |
75,524,195 | List of storms named Elisa | The name Elisa was used for one tropical cyclones in the South Pacific Ocean and one in the South-West Indian Ocean.
In the South-West Indian Ocean:
In the South Pacific Indian: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The name Elisa was used for one tropical cyclones in the South Pacific Ocean and one in the South-West Indian Ocean.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In the South-West Indian Ocean:",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In the South Pacific Indian:",
"title": ""
}
] | The name Elisa was used for one tropical cyclones in the South Pacific Ocean and one in the South-West Indian Ocean. In the South-West Indian Ocean: Tropical Storm Elisa (1966) – a Category 1 tropical with no impacts on land. In the South Pacific Indian: Cyclone Elisa (2008) – a Category 2 tropical cyclone brought heavy rain to Tonga and Niue, and damaged several fruit-bearing trees in Tongatapu and Eua. | 2023-12-09T16:38:25Z | 2023-12-09T16:38:25Z | [
"Template:Storm index"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_storms_named_Elisa |
75,524,198 | Zonitoides ostauri | Zonitoides ostauri is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Gastrodontidae.
This species is found in Panama. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zonitoides ostauri is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Gastrodontidae.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "This species is found in Panama.",
"title": "Distribution"
}
] | Zonitoides ostauri is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Gastrodontidae. | 2023-12-09T16:39:09Z | 2023-12-11T06:35:44Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Speciesbox",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Taxonbar"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonitoides_ostauri |
75,524,206 | Olga Bogdanova | Olga Bogdanova may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Olga Bogdanova may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Olga Bogdanova may refer to: Olga Bogdanova (chemist)
Olga Bogdanova (actress)
Olga Bogdanova (gymnast) | 2023-12-09T16:40:42Z | 2023-12-09T16:41:21Z | [
"Template:Hndis"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Bogdanova |
75,524,210 | Three Promises | Three Promises is a 2023 Palestinian documentary film directed by Yousef Srouji, and produced by Marielle Olentine, that won the Harrell Award for Best Documentary at the 19th Annual Camden Film Festival. The story revolves around a mother and her two children in Palestine during the Second Intifada.
The story is set in early 2000's in the West Bank Palestine during Second Intifada, where Suha, mother of Yousef, director of the documentary, films her daily routine during the intense retaliatory attacks of Israelis. When Yousef finds the archive of his mother's reels, he turns the footage into a documentary.
The documentary is a story of Suha and her two children's frequent hiding in the basement from Israeli attack, mother's unwilling determination to leave the country, and unanswered questions of the children. The cast comprise: Suha Khamis,Yousef Srouji, Ramzi Srouji, and Dima Srouji. It is actual footage of the family and consisst of the events recorded by Suha, mother of the director.
The film has a rating of 8.6/10 of 18 reviews on IMDb as of 26 November 2023. Tomatometer-Approved Film Critic Wael Khairy highly recommends the film. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Three Promises is a 2023 Palestinian documentary film directed by Yousef Srouji, and produced by Marielle Olentine, that won the Harrell Award for Best Documentary at the 19th Annual Camden Film Festival. The story revolves around a mother and her two children in Palestine during the Second Intifada.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The story is set in early 2000's in the West Bank Palestine during Second Intifada, where Suha, mother of Yousef, director of the documentary, films her daily routine during the intense retaliatory attacks of Israelis. When Yousef finds the archive of his mother's reels, he turns the footage into a documentary.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The documentary is a story of Suha and her two children's frequent hiding in the basement from Israeli attack, mother's unwilling determination to leave the country, and unanswered questions of the children. The cast comprise: Suha Khamis,Yousef Srouji, Ramzi Srouji, and Dima Srouji. It is actual footage of the family and consisst of the events recorded by Suha, mother of the director.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The film has a rating of 8.6/10 of 18 reviews on IMDb as of 26 November 2023. Tomatometer-Approved Film Critic Wael Khairy highly recommends the film.",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | Three Promises is a 2023 Palestinian documentary film directed by Yousef Srouji, and produced by Marielle Olentine, that won the Harrell Award for Best Documentary at the 19th Annual Camden Film Festival. The story revolves around a mother and her two children in Palestine during the Second Intifada. | 2023-12-09T16:41:48Z | 2023-12-28T03:47:53Z | [
"Template:Citation",
"Template:Orphan",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Promises |
75,524,229 | A Rising Fury | A Rising Fury is a 2022 Ukrainian documentary film directed by Lesya Kalynska and Ruslan Batytsky. It is one of the five Ukrainian entries at the 2024 Academy Awards.
The film's soundtrack features music by Mariana Sadovska and Roman Turovsky.
A Rising Fury has had 4 wins and 6 nominations: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "A Rising Fury is a 2022 Ukrainian documentary film directed by Lesya Kalynska and Ruslan Batytsky. It is one of the five Ukrainian entries at the 2024 Academy Awards.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The film's soundtrack features music by Mariana Sadovska and Roman Turovsky.",
"title": "Soundtrack"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "A Rising Fury has had 4 wins and 6 nominations:",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | A Rising Fury is a 2022 Ukrainian documentary film directed by Lesya Kalynska and Ruslan Batytsky. It is one of the five Ukrainian entries at the 2024 Academy Awards. | 2023-12-09T16:45:18Z | 2023-12-19T14:55:51Z | [
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"Template:Empty section",
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"Template:Official website"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Rising_Fury |
75,524,272 | Lorrain Lalpekliana Chinzah | Lorrain Lalpekliana Chinzah (born 1981) is an Indian politician in the state of Mizoram. He is currently serving as an MLA from Lawngtlai East constituency of Lawngtlai district. In the 2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly Elections he defeated sitting MLA H. Biakzaua by a huge margin of 2,101 votes.
He contested as a Zoram People's Movement candidate and won the Lawngtlai East seat. He was an independent member of the Lai Autonomous District Council before he joined ZPM.
He is the son of Rev. C. Vanlawma. He is a medical doctor by profession. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Lorrain Lalpekliana Chinzah (born 1981) is an Indian politician in the state of Mizoram. He is currently serving as an MLA from Lawngtlai East constituency of Lawngtlai district. In the 2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly Elections he defeated sitting MLA H. Biakzaua by a huge margin of 2,101 votes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He contested as a Zoram People's Movement candidate and won the Lawngtlai East seat. He was an independent member of the Lai Autonomous District Council before he joined ZPM.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He is the son of Rev. C. Vanlawma. He is a medical doctor by profession.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Lorrain Lalpekliana Chinzah is an Indian politician in the state of Mizoram. He is currently serving as an MLA from Lawngtlai East constituency of Lawngtlai district. In the 2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly Elections he defeated sitting MLA H. Biakzaua by a huge margin of 2,101 votes. He contested as a Zoram People's Movement candidate and won the Lawngtlai East seat. He was an independent member of the Lai Autonomous District Council before he joined ZPM. | 2023-12-09T16:49:09Z | 2023-12-28T18:15:18Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Mizoram-politician-stub"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorrain_Lalpekliana_Chinzah |
75,524,297 | The Dead Man and Being Happy | The Dead Man and Being Happy (Spanish: El muerto y ser feliz) is a 2012 road movie directed by Javier Rebollo [es] and written by Lola Mayo [ca], Rebollo, and Salvador Roselli which stars José Sacristán and Roxana Blanco. It is a Spanish-French-Argentine co-production.
The plot follows Santos, a terminally-ill Spanish hitman living in Argentina who starts a travel to the north of the country for a last job.
The film is a Spanish-Argentine-French co-production by Eddie Saeta, Icónica, Lolita Films, Noodles Productions and Utópica and it had the participation of TVC and backing from ICEC, INCAA, and SOFICA.
The film was presented at the 60th San Sebastián International Film Festival on 23 September 2012. Distributed by Catalan outfit Splendor Films, it was released theatrically in Spain on 11 January 2013.
Neil Young of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that Rebollo "just about manages to keep the right side of the line dividing the engagingly offbeat from the self-regardingly clever-clever".
Fionnula of Halligan ScreenDaily undercored that "rarely laugh-out-loud, The Dead Man And Being Happy is nonetheless a warmly funny film".
Matthew Connolly of Slant Magazine wrote that the film "feels like a connect-the-dots film with a few lines artfully blurred".
Sergio F. Pinilla of Cinemanía rated the film 4 out of 5 stars, deeming it to be "one of the most exciting and radical adventures of recent Spanish cinema".
Javier Porta Fouz of La Nación gave the film a 'good' rating, pointing out that even its intrigue becomes progressively diluted, by the time the denouement comes viewers confirm that "the characters have been guided with a strange sense of humor and responsibility, with a welcome affection".
Gaspar Zimerman of Clarín gave the film a 'good' rating, writing that Sacristán "manages to give shape to a credible and lovable creature".
Carlos Boyero [es] of El País only recognized one virtue in the film, being "that it only lasts 90 minutes". | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Dead Man and Being Happy (Spanish: El muerto y ser feliz) is a 2012 road movie directed by Javier Rebollo [es] and written by Lola Mayo [ca], Rebollo, and Salvador Roselli which stars José Sacristán and Roxana Blanco. It is a Spanish-French-Argentine co-production.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The plot follows Santos, a terminally-ill Spanish hitman living in Argentina who starts a travel to the north of the country for a last job.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The film is a Spanish-Argentine-French co-production by Eddie Saeta, Icónica, Lolita Films, Noodles Productions and Utópica and it had the participation of TVC and backing from ICEC, INCAA, and SOFICA.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The film was presented at the 60th San Sebastián International Film Festival on 23 September 2012. Distributed by Catalan outfit Splendor Films, it was released theatrically in Spain on 11 January 2013.",
"title": "Release"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Neil Young of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that Rebollo \"just about manages to keep the right side of the line dividing the engagingly offbeat from the self-regardingly clever-clever\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Fionnula of Halligan ScreenDaily undercored that \"rarely laugh-out-loud, The Dead Man And Being Happy is nonetheless a warmly funny film\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Matthew Connolly of Slant Magazine wrote that the film \"feels like a connect-the-dots film with a few lines artfully blurred\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Sergio F. Pinilla of Cinemanía rated the film 4 out of 5 stars, deeming it to be \"one of the most exciting and radical adventures of recent Spanish cinema\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Javier Porta Fouz of La Nación gave the film a 'good' rating, pointing out that even its intrigue becomes progressively diluted, by the time the denouement comes viewers confirm that \"the characters have been guided with a strange sense of humor and responsibility, with a welcome affection\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Gaspar Zimerman of Clarín gave the film a 'good' rating, writing that Sacristán \"manages to give shape to a credible and lovable creature\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Carlos Boyero [es] of El País only recognized one virtue in the film, being \"that it only lasts 90 minutes\".",
"title": "Reception"
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75,524,324 | Adolescense | Adolescence (from Latin adolescere 'to mature') is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to adulthood (typically corresponding to the age of majority). Adolescence is usually associated with the teenage years, but its physical, psychological or cultural expressions may begin earlier or end later. Puberty typically begins during preadolescence, particularly in females. Physical growth (particularly in males) and cognitive development can extend past the teens. Age provides only a rough marker of adolescence, and scholars have not agreed upon a precise definition. Some definitions start as early as 10 and end as late as 26. The World Health Organization definition officially designates an adolescent as someone between the ages of 10 and 19.
Puberty is a period of several years in which rapid physical growth and psychological changes occur, culminating in sexual maturity. The average age of onset of puberty is at 11 for girls and 12 for boys. Every person's individual timetable for puberty is influenced primarily by heredity, although environmental factors, such as diet and exercise, also exert some influences. These factors can also contribute to precocious and delayed puberty.
Some of the most significant parts of pubertal development involve distinctive physiological changes in individuals' height, weight, body composition, and circulatory and respiratory systems. These changes are largely influenced by hormonal activity. Hormones play an organizational role, priming the body to behave in a certain way once puberty begins, and an active role, referring to changes in hormones during adolescence that trigger behavioral and physical changes.
Puberty occurs through a long process and begins with a surge in hormone production, which in turn causes a number of physical changes. It is the stage of life characterized by the appearance and development of secondary sex characteristics (for example, a deeper voice and larger Adam's apple in boys, and development of breasts and more curved and prominent hips in girls) and a strong shift in hormonal balance towards an adult state. This is triggered by the pituitary gland, which secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream, initiating a chain reaction. The male and female gonads are thereby activated, which puts them into a state of rapid growth and development; the triggered gonads now commence mass production of hormones. The testes primarily release testosterone, and the ovaries predominantly dispense estrogen. The production of these hormones increases gradually until sexual maturation is met. Some boys may develop gynecomastia due to an imbalance of sex hormones, tissue responsiveness or obesity.
Facial hair in males normally appears in a specific order during puberty: The first facial hair to appear tends to grow at the corners of the upper lip, typically between 14 and 17 years of age. It then spreads to form a moustache over the entire upper lip. This is followed by the appearance of hair on the upper part of the cheeks, and the area under the lower lip. The hair eventually spreads to the sides and lower border of the chin, and the rest of the lower face to form a full beard. As with most human biological processes, this specific order may vary among some individuals. Facial hair is often present in late adolescence, around ages 17 and 18, but may not appear until significantly later. Some men do not develop full facial hair for 10 years after puberty. Facial hair continues to get coarser, much darker and thicker for another 2–4 years after puberty.
The major landmark of puberty for males is spermarche, the first ejaculation, which occurs, on average, at age 13. For females, it is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs, on average, between ages 12 and 13. The age of menarche is influenced by heredity, but a girl's diet and lifestyle contribute as well. Regardless of genes, a girl must have a certain proportion of body fat to attain menarche. Consequently, girls who have a high-fat diet and who are not physically active begin menstruating earlier, on average, than girls whose diet contains less fat and whose activities involve fat reducing exercise (e.g. ballet and gymnastics). Girls who experience malnutrition or are in societies in which children are expected to perform physical labor also begin menstruating at later ages.
The timing of puberty can have important psychological and social consequences. Early maturing boys are usually taller and stronger than their friends. They have the advantage in capturing the attention of potential partners and in being picked first for sports. Pubescent boys often tend to have a good body image, are more confident, secure, and more independent. Late maturing boys can be less confident because of poor body image when comparing themselves to already developed friends and peers. However, early puberty is not always positive for boys; early sexual maturation in boys can be accompanied by increased aggressiveness due to the surge of hormones that affect them. Because they appear older than their peers, pubescent boys may face increased social pressure to conform to adult norms; society may view them as more emotionally advanced, despite the fact that their cognitive and social development may lag behind their appearance. Studies have shown that early maturing boys are more likely to be sexually active and are more likely to participate in risky behaviors.
For girls, early maturation can sometimes lead to increased self-consciousness, a typical aspect in maturing females. Because of their bodies' developing in advance, pubescent girls can become more insecure and dependent. Consequently, girls that reach sexual maturation early are more likely than their peers to develop eating disorders (such as anorexia nervosa). Nearly half of all American high school girls' diets are to lose weight. In addition, girls may have to deal with sexual advances from older boys before they are emotionally and mentally mature. In addition to having earlier sexual experiences and more unwanted pregnancies than late maturing girls, early maturing girls are more exposed to alcohol and drug abuse. Those who have had such experiences tend to not perform as well in school as their "inexperienced" peers.
Girls have usually reached full physical development around ages 15–17, while boys usually complete puberty around ages 16–17. Any increase in height beyond the post-pubertal age is uncommon. Girls attain reproductive maturity about four years after the first physical changes of puberty appear. In contrast, boys develop more slowly but continue to grow for about six years after the first visible pubertal changes.
The physical development of girls during their teenage years can be broken down into three distinct stages. At the start, which generally coincides with the beginning of rapid growth, there is the development of breast buds and pubic hair. The peak period of physical growth occurs approximately one year later in concert with stage two of sexual maturity. Approximately 1 to 1.6 years after the onset of secondary sex characteristics, girls enter into the third stage which typically includes menarche. By this time, they will have finished their growth spurt and experience a notable broadening of the hips as well as an adult fat distribution. Additionally, breast development is complete and hair in both the pubic region and armpits (axillary hair) will be darker and more widespread. In comparison to girls, it can be tricky to define when exactly sexual development in boys begins.
For boys, puberty typically takes around 5 years to finish, as opposed to just 3+1⁄2 years for girls (menarche). By this point in time, they have already experienced their growth spurt and there are evident changes in their body shape - wider hips and fat distribution is more adult-like. Breast development will also be completed by this stage. In boys, four stages in development can be correlated with the curve of general body growth at adolescence. The initial sign of sexual maturation in boys usually is the "fat spurt." The maturing boy gains weight and becomes almost chubby, with a somewhat feminine fat distribution. This probably occurs because estrogen production by the Leydig cells in the testes is stimulated before the more abundant Sertoli cells begin to produce significant amounts of testosterone. During this stage, boys may appear obese and somewhat awkward physically. Approximately 1 year after the scrotum begins to increase in size, stage II can be seen. During this time, there is a redistribution of subcutaneous fat and the start of pubic hair growth. Following 8 to 12 months of the peak velocity in height gain, stage III ensues. This period is marked by an obvious widenening of hips with a more adult-like fat distribution and full development of the breasts. All together, these three stages culminate in a complete growth spurt for most individuals. At this time, axillary hair appears and facial hair appears on the upper lip only. A spurt in muscle growth also occurs, along with a continued decrease in subcutaneous fat and an obviously harder and more angular body form. Pubic hair distribution appears more adult but has not yet spread to the medial area of the thighs. The penis and scrotum are near adult size. Stage IV for boys, which occurs anywhere from 15 to 24 months after stage III, is difficult to pinpoint. At this time, the spurt of growth in height ends. There is facial hair on the chin and the upper lip, adult distribution and color of pubic and axillary hair, and a further increase in muscular strength.
The adolescent growth spurt is a rapid increase in the individual's height and weight during puberty resulting from the simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens. Males experience their growth spurt about two years later, on average, than females. During their peak height velocity (the time of most rapid growth), adolescents grow at a growth rate nearly identical to that of a toddler—about 10.3 cm (4 inches) per year for males and 9 cm (3.5 inches) per year for females. In addition to changes in height, adolescents also experience a significant increase in weight (Marshall, 1978). The weight gained during adolescence constitutes nearly half of one's adult body weight. Teenage and early adult males may continue to gain natural muscle growth even after puberty.
The accelerated growth in different body parts happens at different times, but for all adolescents, it has a fairly regular sequence. The first places to grow are the extremities—the head, hands and feet—followed by the arms and legs, then the torso and shoulders. This non-uniform growth is one reason why an adolescent body may seem out of proportion.
During puberty, bones become harder and more brittle. At the conclusion of puberty, the ends of the long bones close during the process called epiphysis. There can be ethnic differences in these skeletal changes. For example, in the United States, bone density increases significantly more among black than white adolescents, which might account for decreased likelihood of black women developing osteoporosis and having fewer bone fractures there.
Another set of significant physical changes during puberty happen in bodily distribution of fat and muscle. This process is different for females and males. Before puberty, there are nearly no sex differences in fat and muscle distribution; during puberty, boys grow muscle much faster than girls, although both sexes experience rapid muscle development. In contrast, though both sexes experience an increase in body fat, the increase is much more significant for girls. Frequently, the increase in fat for girls happens in their years just before puberty. The ratio between muscle and fat among post-pubertal boys is around three to one, while for girls it is about five to four. This may help explain sex differences in athletic performance.
Pubertal development also affects circulatory and respiratory systems as an adolescents' heart and lungs increase in both size and capacity. These changes lead to increased strength and tolerance for exercise. Sex differences are apparent as males tend to develop "larger hearts and lungs, higher systolic blood pressure, a lower resting heart rate, a greater capacity for carrying oxygen to the blood, a greater power for neutralizing the chemical products of muscular exercise, higher blood hemoglobin and more red blood cells".
Despite some genetic sex differences, environmental factors play a large role in biological changes during adolescence. For example, girls tend to reduce their physical activity in preadolescence and may receive inadequate nutrition from diets that often lack important nutrients, such as iron. These environmental influences, in turn, affect female physical development.
Primary sex characteristics are those directly related to the sex organs. In males, the first stages of puberty involve growth of the testes and scrotum, followed by growth of the penis. At the time that the penis develops, the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral gland also enlarge and develop. The first ejaculation of seminal fluid generally occurs about one year after the beginning of accelerated penis growth, although this is often determined culturally rather than biologically, since for many boys the first ejaculation occurs as a result of masturbation. Boys are generally fertile before they have an adult appearance.
In females, changes in the primary sex characteristics involve growth of the uterus, vagina, and other aspects of the reproductive system. Menarche, the beginning of menstruation, is a relatively late development which follows a long series of hormonal changes. Generally, a girl is not fully fertile until several years after menarche, as regular ovulation follows menarche by about two years. Unlike males, therefore, females usually appear physically mature before they are capable of becoming pregnant.
Changes in secondary sex characteristics include every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction. In males, these changes involve appearance of pubic, facial, and body hair, deepening of the voice, roughening of the skin around the upper arms and thighs, and increased development of the sweat glands. In females, secondary sex changes involve elevation of the breasts, widening of the hips, development of pubic and underarm hair, widening of the areolae, and elevation of the nipples. The changes in secondary sex characteristics that take place during puberty are often referred to in terms of five Tanner stages, named after the British pediatrician who devised the categorization system.
The human brain is not finished developing by the time a person reaches puberty, or even finishes it. The frontal lobe of the brain has been known to shape itself well into one's 30s. Neuroscientists often cannot agree precisely on when this developmental period ends or if there is an exact age for the end of brain development. Below the age of about roughly 30, the human brain has been implicated in human behavior and social immaturity. However, there has been no empirical study indicating a causal relationship with the development of the prefrontal cortex in adolescence and into early adulthood with any irrational behaviors. The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by six years of age. Thus, the brain does not grow in size much during adolescence.
Over the course of adolescence, the amount of white matter in the brain increases linearly, while the amount of grey matter in the brain follows an inverted-U pattern. Through a process called synaptic pruning, unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain are eliminated and the amount of grey matter is pared down. However, this does not mean that the brain loses functionality; rather, it becomes more efficient due to increased myelination (insulation of axons) and the reduction of unused pathways.
The first areas of the brain to be pruned are those involving primary functions, such as motor and sensory areas. The areas of the brain involved in more complex processes lose matter later in development. These include the lateral and prefrontal cortices, among other regions. Some of the most developmentally significant changes in the brain occur in the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in decision making and cognitive control, as well as other higher cognitive functions. During adolescence, myelination and synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex increases, improving the efficiency of information processing, and neural connections between the prefrontal cortex and other regions of the brain are strengthened. This leads to better evaluation of risks and rewards, as well as improved control over impulses. Specifically, developments in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are important for controlling impulses and planning ahead, while development in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is important for decision making. Changes in the orbitofrontal cortex are important for evaluating rewards and risks.
Three neurotransmitters that play important roles in adolescent brain development are glutamate, dopamine and serotonin. Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter. During the synaptic pruning that occurs during adolescence, most of the neural connections that are pruned contain receptors for glutamate or other excitatory neurotransmitters. Because of this, by early adulthood the synaptic balance in the brain is more inhibitory than excitatory.
Dopamine is associated with pleasure and attuning to the environment during decision-making. During adolescence, dopamine levels in the limbic system increase and input of dopamine to the prefrontal cortex increases. The balance of excitatory to inhibitory neurotransmitters and increased dopamine activity in adolescence may have implications for adolescent risk-taking and vulnerability to boredom (see Cognitive development below).
Serotonin is a neuromodulator involved in regulation of mood and behavior. Development in the limbic system plays an important role in determining rewards and punishments and processing emotional experience and social information. Changes in the levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin in the limbic system make adolescents more emotional and more responsive to rewards and stress. The corresponding increase in emotional variability also can increase adolescents' vulnerability. The effect of serotonin is not limited to the limbic system: Several serotonin receptors have their gene expression change dramatically during adolescence, particularly in the human frontal and prefrontal cortex.
Adolescence is a time of rapid cognitive development. Piaget describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form and the egocentric thoughts decrease, allowing the individual to think and reason in a wider perspective. A combination of behavioural and fMRI studies have demonstrated development of executive functions, that is, cognitive skills that enable the control and coordination of thoughts and behaviour, which are generally associated with the prefrontal cortex. The thoughts, ideas and concepts developed at this period of life greatly influence one's future life, playing a major role in character and personality formation.
Biological changes in brain structure and connectivity within the brain interact with increased experience, knowledge, and changing social demands to produce rapid cognitive growth (see Changes in the brain above). The age at which particular changes take place varies between individuals, but the changes discussed below begin at puberty or shortly after that and some skills continue to develop as the adolescent ages. The dual systems model proposes a maturational imbalance between development of the socioemotional system and cognitive control systems in the brain that contribute to impulsivity and other behaviors characteristic of adolescence. Some studies like the ABCD Study are researching on the baseline of adolescent cognitive development.
There are at least two major approaches to understanding cognitive change during adolescence. One is the constructivist view of cognitive development. Based on the work of Piaget, it takes a quantitative, state-theory approach, hypothesizing that adolescents' cognitive improvement is relatively sudden and drastic. The second is the information-processing perspective, which derives from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process.
By the time individuals have reached age 14 or so their critical thinking and decision-making competency are comparable to those of adults. These improvements occur in five areas during adolescence:
Studies newer than 2005 indicate that the brain is changing in efficiency well past its twenties, a 'point of maturity' in the twenties is somewhat arbitrary as many important parts of the brain are noted to be mature by 14 or 15, making 'maturity' hard to define and has often been disagreed with.
Prefrontal cortex pruning has been recorded to level off by age 14 or 15, and has been seen to continue as late as into the sixth decade of life. White matter is recorded to increase up until around the age of 45, and then it is lost via progressive aging. If myelination continues into one's forties and fifties, shedding doubt on the claim that the brain completes its development in the twenties.
Adolescents' thinking is less bound to concrete events than that of children: they can contemplate possibilities outside the realm of what currently exists. One manifestation of the adolescent's increased facility with thinking about possibilities is the improvement of skill in deductive reasoning, which leads to the development of hypothetical thinking. This provides the ability to plan ahead, see the future consequences of an action and to provide alternative explanations of events. It also makes adolescents more skilled debaters, as they can reason against a friend's or parent's assumptions. Adolescents also develop a more sophisticated understanding of probability.
The appearance of more systematic, abstract thinking is another notable aspect of cognitive development during adolescence. For example, adolescents find it easier than children to comprehend the sorts of higher-order abstract logic inherent in puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies. Their increased facility permits them to appreciate the ways in which language can be used to convey multiple messages, such as satire, metaphor, and sarcasm. (Children younger than age nine often cannot comprehend sarcasm at all.) This also permits the application of advanced reasoning and logical processes to social and ideological matters such as interpersonal relationships, politics, philosophy, religion, morality, friendship, faith, fairness, and honesty.
A third gain in cognitive ability involves thinking about thinking itself, a process referred to as metacognition. It often involves monitoring one's own cognitive activity during the thinking process. Adolescents' improvements in knowledge of their own thinking patterns lead to better self-control and more effective studying. It is also relevant in social cognition, resulting in increased introspection, self-consciousness, and intellectualization (in the sense of thought about one's own thoughts, rather than the Freudian definition as a defense mechanism). Adolescents are much better able than children to understand that people do not have complete control over their mental activity. Being able to introspect may lead to two forms of adolescent egocentrism, which results in two distinct problems in thinking: the imaginary audience and the personal fable. These likely peak at age fifteen, along with self-consciousness in general.
Related to metacognition and abstract thought, perspective-taking involves a more sophisticated theory of mind. Adolescents reach a stage of social perspective-taking in which they can understand how the thoughts or actions of one person can influence those of another person, even if they personally are not involved.
Compared to children, adolescents are more likely to question others' assertions, and less likely to accept facts as absolute truths. Through experience outside the family circle, they learn that rules they were taught as absolute are in fact relativistic. They begin to differentiate between rules instituted out of common sense—not touching a hot stove—and those that are based on culturally relative standards (codes of etiquette, not dating until a certain age), a delineation that younger children do not make. This can lead to a period of questioning authority in all domains.
Wisdom, or the capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience,
Because most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to risky behavior (alcohol consumption and drug use, reckless or distracted driving, unprotected sex), a great deal of research has been done on the cognitive and emotional processes underlying adolescent risk-taking. In addressing this question, it is important to distinguish whether adolescents are more likely to engage in risky behaviors (prevalence), whether they make risk-related decisions similarly or differently than adults (cognitive processing perspective), or whether they use the same processes but value different things and thus arrive at different conclusions.
The behavioral decision-making theory proposes that adolescents and adults both weigh the potential rewards and consequences of an action. However, research has shown that adolescents seem to give more weight to rewards, particularly social rewards, than do adults.
Research seems to favor the hypothesis that adolescents and adults think about risk in similar ways, but hold different values and thus come to different conclusions. Some have argued that there may be evolutionary benefits to an increased propensity for risk-taking in adolescence. For example, without a willingness to take risks, teenagers would not have the motivation or confidence necessary to leave their family of origin. In addition, from a population perspective, there is an advantage to having a group of individuals willing to take more risks and try new methods, counterbalancing the more conservative elements more typical of the received knowledge held by older adults.
Risk-taking may also have reproductive advantages: adolescents have a newfound priority in sexual attraction and dating, and risk-taking is required to impress potential mates. Research also indicates that baseline sensation seeking may affect risk-taking behavior throughout the lifespan. Given the potential consequences, engaging in sexual behavior is somewhat risky, particularly for adolescents. Having unprotected sex, using poor birth control methods (e.g. withdrawal), having multiple sexual partners, and poor communication are some aspects of sexual behavior that increase individual and/or social risk.
Aspects of adolescents' lives that are correlated with risky sexual behavior include higher rates of parental abuse, and lower rates of parental support and monitoring.
Related to their increased tendency for risk-taking, adolescents show impaired behavioral inhibition, including deficits in extinction learning. This has important implications for engaging in risky behavior such as unsafe sex or illicit drug use, as adolescents are less likely to inhibit actions that may have negative outcomes in the future. This phenomenon also has consequences for behavioral treatments based on the principle of extinction, such as cue exposure therapy for anxiety or drug addiction. It has been suggested that impaired inhibition, specifically extinction, may help to explain adolescent propensity to relapse to drug-seeking even following behavioral treatment for addiction.
The formal study of adolescent psychology began with the publication of G. Stanley Hall's Adolescence in 1904. Hall, who was the first president of the American Psychological Association, defined adolescence to be the period of life from ages 14 to 24, and viewed it primarily as a time of internal turmoil and upheaval (sturm und drang). This understanding of youth was based on two then-new ways of understanding human behavior: Darwin's evolutionary theory and Freud's psychodynamic theory. He believed that adolescence was a representation of our human ancestors' phylogenetic shift from being primitive to being civilized. Hall's assertions stood relatively uncontested until the 1950s when psychologists such as Erik Erikson and Anna Freud started to formulate their theories about adolescence. Freud believed that the psychological disturbances associated with youth were biologically based and culturally universal while Erikson focused on the dichotomy between identity formation and role fulfillment. Even with their different theories, these three psychologists agreed that adolescence was inherently a time of disturbance and psychological confusion. The less turbulent aspects of adolescence, such as peer relations and cultural influence, were left largely ignored until the 1980s. From the '50s until the '80s, the focus of the field was mainly on describing patterns of behavior as opposed to explaining them.
Jean Macfarlane founded the University of California, Berkeley's Institute of Human Development, formerly called the Institute of Child Welfare, in 1927. The institute was instrumental in initiating studies of healthy development, in contrast to previous work that had been dominated by theories based on pathological personalities. The studies looked at human development during the Great Depression and World War II, unique historical circumstances under which a generation of children grew up. The Oakland Growth Study, initiated by Harold Jones and Herbert Stolz in 1931, aimed to study the physical, intellectual, and social development of children in the Oakland area. Data collection began in 1932 and continued until 1981, allowing the researchers to gather longitudinal data on the individuals that extended past adolescence into adulthood. Jean Macfarlane launched the Berkeley Guidance Study, which examined the development of children in terms of their socioeconomic and family backgrounds. These studies provided the background for Glen Elder in the 1960s to propose a life course perspective of adolescent development. Elder formulated several descriptive principles of adolescent development. The principle of historical time and place states that an individual's development is shaped by the period and location in which they grow up. The principle of the importance of timing in one's life refers to the different impact that life events have on development based on when in one's life they occur. The idea of linked lives states that one's development is shaped by the interconnected network of relationships of which one is a part and the principle of human agency asserts that one's life course is constructed via the choices and actions of an individual within the context of their historical period and social network.
In 1984, the Society for Research on Adolescence (SRA) became the first official organization dedicated to the study of adolescent psychology. Some of the issues first addressed by this group include: the nature versus nurture debate as it pertains to adolescence; understanding the interactions between adolescents and their environment; and considering culture, social groups, and historical context when interpreting adolescent behavior.
Evolutionary biologists like Jeremy Griffith have drawn parallels between adolescent psychology and the developmental evolution of modern humans from hominid ancestors as a manifestation of ontogeny recapitulating phylogeny.
Identity development is a stage in the adolescent life cycle. For most, the search for identity begins in the adolescent years. During these years, adolescents are more open to 'trying on' different behaviours and appearances to discover who they are. In an attempt to find their identity and discover who they are, adolescents are likely to cycle through a number of identities to find one that suits them best. Developing and maintaining identity (in adolescent years) is a difficult task due to multiple factors such as family life, environment, and social status. Empirical studies suggest that this process might be more accurately described as identity development, rather than formation, but confirms a normative process of change in both content and structure of one's thoughts about the self. The two main aspects of identity development are self-clarity and self-esteem. Since choices made during adolescent years can influence later life, high levels of self-awareness and self-control during mid-adolescence will lead to better decisions during the transition to adulthood. Researchers have used three general approaches to understanding identity development: self-concept, sense of identity, and self-esteem. The years of adolescence create a more conscientious group of young adults. Adolescents pay close attention and give more time and effort to their appearance as their body goes through changes. Unlike children, teens put forth an effort to look presentable (1991). The environment in which an adolescent grows up also plays an important role in their identity development. Studies done by the American Psychological Association have shown that adolescents with a less privileged upbringing have a more difficult time developing their identity.
The idea of self-concept is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent and stable. Early in adolescence, cognitive developments result in greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others and their thoughts and judgments, the ability to think about abstract, future possibilities, and the ability to consider multiple possibilities at once. As a result, adolescents experience a significant shift from the simple, concrete, and global self-descriptions typical of young children; as children, they defined themselves by physical traits whereas adolescents define themselves based on their values, thoughts, and opinions.
Adolescents can conceptualize multiple "possible selves" that they could become and long-term possibilities and consequences of their choices. Exploring these possibilities may result in abrupt changes in self-presentation as the adolescent chooses or rejects qualities and behaviors, trying to guide the actual self toward the ideal self (who the adolescent wishes to be) and away from the feared self (who the adolescent does not want to be). For many, these distinctions are uncomfortable, but they also appear to motivate achievement through behavior consistent with the ideal and distinct from the feared possible selves.
Further distinctions in self-concept, called "differentiation," occur as the adolescent recognizes the contextual influences on their own behavior and the perceptions of others, and begin to qualify their traits when asked to describe themselves. Differentiation appears fully developed by mid-adolescence. Peaking in the 7th-9th grades, the personality traits adolescents use to describe themselves refer to specific contexts, and therefore may contradict one another. The recognition of inconsistent content in the self-concept is a common source of distress in these years (see Cognitive dissonance), but this distress may benefit adolescents by encouraging structural development.
Egocentrism in adolescents forms a self-conscious desire to feel important in their peer groups and enjoy social acceptance. Unlike the conflicting aspects of self-concept, identity represents a coherent sense of self stable across circumstances and including past experiences and future goals. Everyone has a self-concept, whereas Erik Erikson argued that not everyone fully achieves identity. Erikson's theory of stages of development includes the identity crisis in which adolescents must explore different possibilities and integrate different parts of themselves before committing to their beliefs. He described the resolution of this process as a stage of "identity achievement" but also stressed that the identity challenge "is never fully resolved once and for all at one point in time". Adolescents begin by defining themselves based on their crowd membership. "Clothes help teens explore new identities, separate from parents, and bond with peers." Fashion has played a major role when it comes to teenagers "finding their selves"; Fashion is always evolving, which corresponds with the evolution of change in the personality of teenagers. Adolescents attempt to define their identity by consciously styling themselves in different manners to find what best suits them. Trial and error in matching both their perceived image and the image others respond to and see, allows for the adolescent to grasp an understanding of who they are.
Just as fashion is evolving to influence adolescents so is the media. "Modern life takes place amidst a never-ending barrage of flesh on screens, pages, and billboards." This barrage consciously or subconsciously registers into the mind causing issues with self-image a factor that contributes to an adolescence sense of identity. Researcher James Marcia developed the current method for testing an individual's progress along these stages. His questions are divided into three categories: occupation, ideology, and interpersonal relationships. Answers are scored based on the extent to which the individual has explored and the degree to which he has made commitments. The result is classification of the individual into a) identity diffusion in which all children begin, b) Identity Foreclosure in which commitments are made without the exploration of alternatives, c) Moratorium, or the process of exploration, or d) Identity Achievement in which Moratorium has occurred and resulted in commitments.
Research since reveals self-examination beginning early in adolescence, but identity achievement rarely occurring before age 18. The freshman year of college influences identity development significantly, but may actually prolong psychosocial moratorium by encouraging reexamination of previous commitments and further exploration of alternate possibilities without encouraging resolution. For the most part, evidence has supported Erikson's stages: each correlates with the personality traits he originally predicted. Studies also confirm the impermanence of the stages; there is no final endpoint in identity development.
An adolescent's environment plays a huge role in their identity development. While most adolescent studies are conducted on white, middle class children, studies show that the more privileged upbringing people have, the more successfully they develop their identity. The forming of an adolescent's identity is a crucial time in their life. It has been recently found that demographic patterns suggest that the transition to adulthood is now occurring over a longer span of years than was the case during the middle of the 20th century. Accordingly, youth, a period that spans late adolescence and early adulthood, has become a more prominent stage of the life course. This, therefore, has caused various factors to become important during this development. So many factors contribute to the developing social identity of an adolescent from commitment, to coping devices, to social media. All of these factors are affected by the environment an adolescent grows up in. A child from a more privileged upbringing is exposed to more opportunities and better situations in general. An adolescent from an inner city or a crime-driven neighborhood is more likely to be exposed to an environment that can be detrimental to their development. Adolescence is a sensitive period in the development process, and exposure to the wrong things at that time can have a major effect on future decisions. While children that grow up in nice suburban communities are not exposed to bad environments they are more likely to participate in activities that can benefit their identity and contribute to a more successful identity development.
Sexual orientation has been defined as "an erotic inclination toward people of one or more genders, most often described as sexual or erotic attractions". In recent years, psychologists have sought to understand how sexual orientation develops during adolescence. Some theorists believe that there are many different possible developmental paths one could take, and that the specific path an individual follows may be determined by their sex, orientation, and when they reached the onset of puberty.
In 1989, Troiden proposed a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity. The first stage, known as sensitization, usually starts in childhood, and is marked by the child's becoming aware of same-sex attractions. The second stage, identity confusion, tends to occur a few years later. In this stage, the youth is overwhelmed by feelings of inner turmoil regarding their sexual orientation, and begins to engage in sexual experiences with same-sex partners. In the third stage of identity assumption, which usually takes place a few years after the adolescent has left home, adolescents begin to come out to their family and close friends, and assumes a self-definition as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. In the final stage, known as commitment, the young adult adopts their sexual identity as a lifestyle. Therefore, this model estimates that the process of coming out begins in childhood, and continues through the early to mid 20s. This model has been contested, and alternate ideas have been explored in recent years.
In terms of sexual identity, adolescence is when most gay/lesbian and transgender adolescents begin to recognize and make sense of their feelings. Many adolescents may choose to come out during this period of their life once an identity has been formed; many others may go through a period of questioning or denial, which can include experimentation with both homosexual and heterosexual experiences. A study of 194 lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths under the age of 21 found that having an awareness of one's sexual orientation occurred, on average, around age 10, but the process of coming out to peers and adults occurred around age 16 and 17, respectively. Coming to terms with and creating a positive LGBT identity can be difficult for some youth for a variety of reasons. Peer pressure is a large factor when youth who are questioning their sexuality or gender identity are surrounded by heteronormative peers and can cause great distress due to a feeling of being different from everyone else. While coming out can also foster better psychological adjustment, the risks associated are real. Indeed, coming out in the midst of a heteronormative peer environment often comes with the risk of ostracism, hurtful jokes, and even violence. Because of this, statistically the suicide rate amongst LGBT adolescents is up to four times higher than that of their heterosexual peers due to bullying and rejection from peers or family members.
The final major aspect of identity formation is self-esteem. Self-esteem is defined as one's thoughts and feelings about one's self-concept and identity. Most theories on self-esteem state that there is a grand desire, across all genders and ages, to maintain, protect and enhance their self-esteem. Contrary to popular belief, there is no empirical evidence for a significant drop in self-esteem over the course of adolescence. "Barometric self-esteem" fluctuates rapidly and can cause severe distress and anxiety, but baseline self-esteem remains highly stable across adolescence. The validity of global self-esteem scales has been questioned, and many suggest that more specific scales might reveal more about the adolescent experience. Girls are most likely to enjoy high self-esteem when engaged in supportive relationships with friends, the most important function of friendship to them is having someone who can provide social and moral support. Girls suffer from low self-esteem when they fail to win friends' approval or cannot find someone with whom to share common activities and common interests. In contrast, boys are more concerned with establishing and asserting their independence and defining their relation to authority. As such, they are more likely to derive high self-esteem from their ability to successfully influence their friends; on the other hand, the lack of romantic competence, for example, failure to win or maintain the affection of the opposite or same-sex (depending on sexual orientation), is the major contributor to low self-esteem in adolescent boys. Due to the fact that both men and women happen to have a low self-esteem after ending a romantic relationship, they are prone to other symptoms that is caused by this state. Depression and hopelessness are only two of the various symptoms and it is said that women are twice as likely to experience depression and men are three to four times more likely to commit suicide (Mearns, 1991; Ustun & Sartorius, 1995).
The relationships adolescents have with their peers, family, and members of their social sphere play a vital role in the social development of an adolescent. As an adolescent's social sphere develops rapidly as they distinguish the differences between friends and acquaintances, they often become heavily emotionally invested in friends. This is not harmful; however, if these friends expose an individual to potentially harmful situations, this is an aspect of peer pressure. Adolescence is a critical period in social development because adolescents can be easily influenced by the people they develop close relationships with. This is the first time individuals can truly make their own decisions, which also makes this a sensitive period. Relationships are vital in the social development of an adolescent due to the extreme influence peers can have over an individual. These relationships become significant because they begin to help the adolescent understand the concept of personalities, how they form and why a person has that specific type of personality. "The use of psychological comparisons could serve both as an index of the growth of an implicit personality theory and as a component process accounting for its creation. In other words, by comparing one person's personality characteristics to another's, we would be setting up the framework for creating a general theory of personality (and, ... such a theory would serve as a useful framework for coming to understand specific persons)." This can be likened to the use of social comparison in developing one's identity and self-concept, which includes ones personality, and underscores the importance of communication, and thus relationships, in one's development. In social comparison we use reference groups, with respect to both psychological and identity development. These reference groups are the peers of adolescents. This means that who the teen chooses/accepts as their friends and who they communicate with on a frequent basis often makes up their reference groups and can therefore have a huge impact on who they become. Research shows that relationships have the largest affect over the social development of an individual.
Adolescence marks a rapid change in one's role within a family. Young children tend to assert themselves forcefully, but are unable to demonstrate much influence over family decisions until early adolescence, when they are increasingly viewed by parents as equals. The adolescent faces the task of increasing independence while preserving a caring relationship with his or her parents. When children go through puberty, there is often a significant increase in parent–child conflict and a less cohesive familial bond. Arguments often concern minor issues of control, such as curfew, acceptable clothing, and the adolescent's right to privacy, which adolescents may have previously viewed as issues over which their parents had complete authority. Parent-adolescent disagreement also increases as friends demonstrate a greater impact on one another, new influences on the adolescent that may be in opposition to parents' values. Social media has also played an increasing role in adolescent and parent disagreements. While parents never had to worry about the threats of social media in the past, it has become a dangerous place for children. While adolescents strive for their freedoms, the unknowns to parents of what their child is doing on social media sites is a challenging subject, due to the increasing amount of predators on social media sites. Many parents have very little knowledge of social networking sites in the first place and this further increases their mistrust. An important challenge for the parent–adolescent relationship is to understand how to enhance the opportunities of online communication while managing its risks. Although conflicts between children and parents increase during adolescence, these are just relatively minor issues. Regarding their important life issues, most adolescents still share the same attitudes and values as their parents.
During childhood, siblings are a source of conflict and frustration as well as a support system. Adolescence may affect this relationship differently, depending on sibling gender. In same-sex sibling pairs, intimacy increases during early adolescence, then remains stable. Mixed-sex siblings pairs act differently; siblings drift apart during early adolescent years, but experience an increase in intimacy starting at middle adolescence. Sibling interactions are children's first relational experiences, the ones that shape their social and self-understanding for life. Sustaining positive sibling relations can assist adolescents in a number of ways. Siblings are able to act as peers, and may increase one another's sociability and feelings of self-worth. Older siblings can give guidance to younger siblings, although the impact of this can be either positive or negative depending on the activity of the older sibling.
A potential important influence on adolescence is change of the family dynamic, specifically divorce. With the divorce rate up to about 50%, divorce is common and adds to the already great amount of change in adolescence. Custody disputes soon after a divorce often reflect a playing out of control battles and ambivalence between parents. Divorce usually results in less contact between the adolescent and their noncustodial parent. In extreme cases of instability and abuse in homes, divorce can have a positive effect on families due to less conflict in the home. However, most research suggests a negative effect on adolescence as well as later development. A recent study found that, compared with peers who grow up in stable post-divorce families, children of divorce who experience additional family transitions during late adolescence, make less progress in their math and social studies performance over time. Another recent study put forth a new theory entitled the adolescent epistemological trauma theory, which posited that traumatic life events such as parental divorce during the formative period of late adolescence portend lifelong effects on adult conflict behavior that can be mitigated by effective behavioral assessment and training. A parental divorce during childhood or adolescence continues to have a negative effect when a person is in his or her twenties and early thirties. These negative effects include romantic relationships and conflict style, meaning as adults, they are more likely to use the styles of avoidance and competing in conflict management.
Despite changing family roles during adolescence, the home environment and parents are still important for the behaviors and choices of adolescents. Adolescents who have a good relationship with their parents are less likely to engage in various risk behaviors, such as smoking, drinking, fighting, and/or unprotected sexual intercourse. In addition, parents influence the education of adolescence. A study conducted by Adalbjarnardottir and Blondal (2009) showed that adolescents at the age of 14 who identify their parents as authoritative figures are more likely to complete secondary education by the age of 22—as support and encouragement from an authoritative parent motivates the adolescence to complete schooling to avoid disappointing that parent.
Peer groups are essential to social and general development. Communication with peers increases significantly during adolescence and peer relationships become more intense than in other stages and more influential to the teen, affecting both the decisions and choices being made. High quality friendships may enhance children's development regardless of the characteristics of those friends. As children begin to bond with various people and create friendships, it later helps them when they are adolescent and sets up the framework for adolescence and peer groups. Peer groups are especially important during adolescence, a period of development characterized by a dramatic increase in time spent with peers and a decrease in adult supervision. Adolescents also associate with friends of the opposite sex much more than in childhood and tend to identify with larger groups of peers based on shared characteristics. It is also common for adolescents to use friends as coping devices in different situations. A three-factor structure of dealing with friends including avoidance, mastery, and nonchalance has shown that adolescents use friends as coping devices with social stresses.
Communication within peer groups allows adolescents to explore their feelings and identity as well as develop and evaluate their social skills. Peer groups offer members the opportunity to develop social skills such as empathy, sharing, and leadership. Adolescents choose peer groups based on characteristics similarly found in themselves. By utilizing these relationships, adolescents become more accepting of who they are becoming. Group norms and values are incorporated into an adolescent's own self-concept. Through developing new communication skills and reflecting upon those of their peers, as well as self-opinions and values, an adolescent can share and express emotions and other concerns without fear of rejection or judgment. Peer groups can have positive influences on an individual, such as on academic motivation and performance. However, while peers may facilitate social development for one another they may also hinder it. Peers can have negative influences, such as encouraging experimentation with drugs, drinking, vandalism, and stealing through peer pressure. Susceptibility to peer pressure increases during early adolescence, peaks around age 14, and declines thereafter. Further evidence of peers hindering social development has been found in Spanish teenagers, where emotional (rather than solution-based) reactions to problems and emotional instability have been linked with physical aggression against peers. Both physical and relational aggression are linked to a vast number of enduring psychological difficulties, especially depression, as is social rejection. Because of this, bullied adolescents often develop problems that lead to further victimization. Bullied adolescents are more likely to both continue to be bullied and to bully others in the future. However, this relationship is less stable in cases of cyberbullying, a relatively new issue among adolescents.
Adolescents tend to associate with "cliques" on a small scale and "crowds" on a larger scale. During early adolescence, adolescents often associate in cliques, exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close. Despite the common notion that cliques are an inherently negative influence, they may help adolescents become socially acclimated and form a stronger sense of identity. Within a clique of highly athletic male-peers, for example, the clique may create a stronger sense of fidelity and competition. Cliques also have become somewhat a "collective parent", i.e. telling the adolescents what to do and not to do. Towards late adolescence, cliques often merge into mixed-sex groups as teenagers begin romantically engaging with one another. These small friend groups then break down further as socialization becomes more couple-oriented. On a larger scale, adolescents often associate with crowds, groups of individuals who share a common interest or activity. Often, crowd identities may be the basis for stereotyping young people, such as jocks or nerds. In large, multi-ethnic high schools, there are often ethnically determined crowds. Adolescents use online technology to experiment with emerging identities and to broaden their peer groups, such as increasing the amount of friends acquired on Facebook and other social media sites. Some adolescents use these newer channels to enhance relationships with peers however there can be negative uses as well such as cyberbullying, as mentioned previously, and negative impacts on the family.
Romantic relationships tend to increase in prevalence throughout adolescence. By age 15, 53% of adolescents have had a romantic relationship that lasted at least one month over the course of the previous 18 months. In a 2008 study conducted by YouGov for Channel 4, 20% of 14−17-year-olds surveyed revealed that they had their first sexual experience at 13 or under in the United Kingdom. A 2002 American study found that those aged 15–44 reported that the average age of first sexual intercourse was 17.0 for males and 17.3 for females. The typical duration of relationships increases throughout the teenage years as well. This constant increase in the likelihood of a long-term relationship can be explained by sexual maturation and the development of cognitive skills necessary to maintain a romantic bond (e.g. caregiving, appropriate attachment), although these skills are not strongly developed until late adolescence. Long-term relationships allow adolescents to gain the skills necessary for high-quality relationships later in life and develop feelings of self-worth. Overall, positive romantic relationships among adolescents can result in long-term benefits. High-quality romantic relationships are associated with higher commitment in early adulthood and are positively associated with self-esteem, self-confidence, and social competence. For example, an adolescent with positive self-confidence is likely to consider themselves a more successful partner, whereas negative experiences may lead to low confidence as a romantic partner. Adolescents often date within their demographic in regards to race, ethnicity, popularity, and physical attractiveness. However, there are traits in which certain individuals, particularly adolescent girls, seek diversity. While most adolescents date people approximately their own age, boys typically date partners the same age or younger; girls typically date partners the same age or older.
Some researchers are now focusing on learning about how adolescents view their own relationships and sexuality; they want to move away from a research point of view that focuses on the problems associated with adolescent sexuality. College Professor Lucia O'Sullivan and her colleagues found that there were no significant gender differences in the relationship events adolescent boys and girls from grades 7–12 reported. Most teens said they had kissed their partners, held hands with them, thought of themselves as being a couple and told people they were in a relationship. This means that private thoughts about the relationship as well as public recognition of the relationship were both important to the adolescents in the sample. Sexual events (such as sexual touching, sexual intercourse) were less common than romantic events (holding hands) and social events (being with one's partner in a group setting). The researchers state that these results are important because the results focus on the more positive aspects of adolescents and their social and romantic interactions rather than focusing on sexual behavior and its consequences.
Adolescence marks a time of sexual maturation, which manifests in social interactions as well. While adolescents may engage in casual sexual encounters (often referred to as hookups), most sexual experience during this period of development takes place within romantic relationships. Adolescents can use technologies and social media to seek out romantic relationships as they feel it is a safe place to try out dating and identity exploration. From these social media encounters, a further relationship may begin. Kissing, hand holding, and hugging signify satisfaction and commitment. Among young adolescents, "heavy" sexual activity, marked by genital stimulation, is often associated with violence, depression, and poor relationship quality. This effect does not hold true for sexual activity in late adolescence that takes place within a romantic relationship. Some research suggest that there are genetic causes of early sexual activity that are also risk factors for delinquency, suggesting that there is a group who are at risk for both early sexual activity and emotional distress. For older adolescents, though, sexual activity in the context of romantic relationships was actually correlated with lower levels of deviant behavior after controlling for genetic risks, as opposed to sex outside of a relationship (hook-ups).
Dating violence can occur within adolescent relationships. When surveyed, 12-25% of adolescents reported having experienced physical violence in the context of a relationship while a quarter to a third of adolescents reported having experiencing psychological aggression. This reported aggression includes hitting, throwing things, or slaps, although most of this physical aggression does not result in a medical visit. Physical aggression in relationships tends to decline from high school through college and young adulthood. In heterosexual couples, there is no significant difference between the rates of male and female aggressors, unlike in adult relationships.
Female adolescents from minority populations are at increased risk for intimate partner violence (IPV). Recent research findings suggest that a substantial portion of young urban females are at high risk for being victims of multiple forms of IPV. Practitioners diagnosing depression among urban minority teens should assess for both physical and non-physical forms of IPV, and early detection can help to identify youths in need of intervention and care. Similarly to adult victims, adolescent victims do not readily disclose abuse, and may seek out medical care for problems not directly related to incidences of IPV. Therefore, screening should be a routine part of medical treatment for adolescents regardless of chief complaint. Many adults discount instances of IPV in adolescents or believe they do not occur because relationships at young ages are viewed as “puppy love,” however, it is crucial that adults take IPV in adolescents seriously even though often policy falls behind.
In contemporary society, adolescents also face some risks as their sexuality begins to transform. While some of these, such as emotional distress (fear of abuse or exploitation) and sexually transmitted infections/diseases (STIs/STDs), including HIV/AIDS, are not necessarily inherent to adolescence, others such as teenage pregnancy (through non-use or failure of contraceptives) are seen as social problems in most western societies. One in four sexually active teenagers will contract an STI. Adolescents in the United States often chose "anything but intercourse" for sexual activity because they mistakenly believe it reduces the risk of STIs. Across the country, clinicians report rising diagnoses of herpes and human papillomavirus (HPV), which can cause genital warts, and is now thought to affect 15 percent of the teen population. Girls 15 to 19 have higher rates of gonorrhea than any other age group. One-quarter of all new HIV cases occur in those under the age of 21. Multrine also states in her article that according to a March survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation, eighty-one percent of parents want schools to discuss the use of condoms and contraception with their children. They also believe students should be able to be tested for STIs. Furthermore, teachers want to address such topics with their students. But, although 9 in 10 sex education instructors across the country believe that students should be taught about contraceptives in school, over one quarter report receiving explicit instructions from school boards and administrators not to do so. According to anthropologist Margaret Mead, the turmoil found in adolescence in Western society has a cultural rather than a physical cause; they reported that societies where young women engaged in free sexual activity had no such adolescent turmoil.
There are certain characteristics of adolescent development that are more rooted in culture than in human biology or cognitive structures. Culture has been defined as the "symbolic and behavioral inheritance received from the past that provides a community framework for what is valued". Culture is learned and socially shared, and it affects all aspects of an individual's life. Social responsibilities, sexual expression, and belief system development, for instance, are all things that are likely to vary by culture. Furthermore, distinguishing characteristics of youth, including dress, music and other uses of media, employment, art, food and beverage choices, recreation, and language, all constitute a youth culture. For these reasons, culture is a prevalent and powerful presence in the lives of adolescents, and therefore we cannot fully understand today's adolescents without studying and understanding their culture. However, "culture" should not be seen as synonymous with nation or ethnicity. Many cultures are present within any given country and racial or socioeconomic group. Furthermore, to avoid ethnocentrism, researchers must be careful not to define the culture's role in adolescence in terms of their own cultural beliefs.
In his short book “The Teenage Consumer” published in July 1959, the British market research pioneer Mark Abrams identified the emergence of a new economic group of people aged 13–25. Compared to children, people in this age range had more money, more discretion on how they chose to spend it, and greater mobility through the advent of the motor car. Compared to adults, people in this age range had fewer responsibilities and therefore made different choices on how to spend their money. These unique characteristics of this new economic group presented challenges and opportunities to advertisers. Mark Abrams coined the term “teenager” to describe this group of consumers aged 13–25.
In Britain, teenagers first came to public attention during the Second World War, when there were fears of juvenile delinquency. By the 1950s, the media presented teenagers in terms of generational rebellion. The exaggerated moral panic among politicians and the older generation was typically belied by the growth in intergenerational cooperation between parents and children. Many working-class parents, enjoying newfound economic security, eagerly took the opportunity to encourage their teens to enjoy more adventurous lives. Schools were falsely portrayed as dangerous blackboard jungles under the control of rowdy kids. The media distortions of the teens as too affluent, and as promiscuous, delinquent, counter-cultural rebels do not reflect the actual experiences of ordinary young adults, particularly young women.
The degree to which adolescents are perceived as autonomous beings varies widely by culture, as do the behaviors that represent this emerging autonomy. Psychologists have identified three main types of autonomy: emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy. Emotional autonomy is defined in terms of an adolescent's relationships with others, and often includes the development of more mature emotional connections with adults and peers. Behavioral autonomy encompasses an adolescent's developing ability to regulate his or her own behavior, to act on personal decisions, and to self-govern. Cultural differences are especially visible in this category because it concerns issues of dating, social time with peers, and time-management decisions. Cognitive autonomy describes the capacity for an adolescent to partake in processes of independent reasoning and decision-making without excessive reliance on social validation. Converging influences from adolescent cognitive development, expanding social relationships, an increasingly adultlike appearance, and the acceptance of more rights and responsibilities enhance feelings of autonomy for adolescents. Proper development of autonomy has been tied to good mental health, high self-esteem, self-motivated tendencies, positive self-concepts, and self-initiating and regulating behaviors. Furthermore, it has been found that adolescents' mental health is best when their feelings about autonomy match closely with those of their parents.
A questionnaire called the teen timetable has been used to measure the age at which individuals believe adolescents should be able to engage in behaviors associated with autonomy. This questionnaire has been used to gauge differences in cultural perceptions of adolescent autonomy, finding, for instance, that White parents and adolescents tend to expect autonomy earlier than those of Asian descent. It is, therefore, clear that cultural differences exist in perceptions of adolescent autonomy, and such differences have implications for the lifestyles and development of adolescents. In sub-Saharan African youth, the notions of individuality and freedom may not be useful in understanding adolescent development. Rather, African notions of childhood and adolescent development are relational and interdependent.
The lifestyle of an adolescent in a given culture is profoundly shaped by the roles and responsibilities he or she is expected to assume. The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior. For instance, adolescents in certain cultures are expected to contribute significantly to household chores and responsibilities. Household chores are frequently divided into self-care tasks and family-care tasks. However, specific household responsibilities for adolescents may vary by culture, family type, and adolescent age. Some research has shown that adolescent participation in family work and routines has a positive influence on the development of an adolescent's feelings of self-worth, care, and concern for others.
In addition to the sharing of household chores, certain cultures expect adolescents to share in their family's financial responsibilities. According to family economic and financial education specialists, adolescents develop sound money management skills through the practices of saving and spending money, as well as through planning ahead for future economic goals. Differences between families in the distribution of financial responsibilities or provision of allowance may reflect various social background circumstances and intrafamilial processes, which are further influenced by cultural norms and values, as well as by the business sector and market economy of a given society. For instance, in many developing countries it is common for children to attend fewer years of formal schooling so that, when they reach adolescence, they can begin working.
While adolescence is a time frequently marked by participation in the workforce, the number of adolescents in the workforce is much lower now than in years past as a result of increased accessibility and perceived importance of formal higher education. For example, half of all 16-year-olds in China were employed in 1980, whereas less than one fourth of this same cohort were employed in 1990.
Furthermore, the amount of time adolescents spend on work and leisure activities varies greatly by culture as a result of cultural norms and expectations, as well as various socioeconomic factors. American teenagers spend less time in school or working and more time on leisure activities—which include playing sports, socializing, and caring for their appearance—than do adolescents in many other countries. These differences may be influenced by cultural values of education and the amount of responsibility adolescents are expected to assume in their family or community.
Time management, financial roles, and social responsibilities of adolescents are therefore closely connected with the education sector and processes of career development for adolescents, as well as to cultural norms and social expectations. In many ways, adolescents' experiences with their assumed social roles and responsibilities determine the length and quality of their initial pathway into adult roles.
Adolescence is frequently characterized by a transformation of an adolescent's understanding of the world, the rational direction towards a life course, and the active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority. An adolescent begins to develop a unique belief system through his or her interaction with social, familial, and cultural environments. While organized religion is not necessarily a part of every adolescent's life experience, youth are still held responsible for forming a set of beliefs about themselves, the world around them, and whatever higher powers they may or may not believe in. This process is often accompanied or aided by cultural traditions that intend to provide a meaningful transition to adulthood through a ceremony, ritual, confirmation, or rite of passage.
Many cultures define the transition into adultlike sexuality by specific biological or social milestones in an adolescent's life. For example, menarche (the first menstrual period of a female), or semenarche (the first ejaculation of a male) are frequent sexual defining points for many cultures. In addition to biological factors, an adolescent's sexual socialization is highly dependent upon whether their culture takes a restrictive or permissive attitude toward teen or premarital sexual activity. In the United States specifically, adolescents are said to have "raging hormones" that drive their sexual desires. These sexual desires are then dramatized regarding teen sex and seen as "a site of danger and risk; that such danger and risk is a source of profound worry among adults". There is little to no normalization regarding teenagers having sex in the U.S., which causes conflict in how adolescents are taught about sex education. There is a constant debate about whether abstinence-only sex education or comprehensive sex education should be taught in schools and this stems back to whether or not the country it is being taught in is permissive or restrictive. Restrictive cultures overtly discourage sexual activity in unmarried adolescents or until an adolescent undergoes a formal rite of passage. These cultures may attempt to restrict sexual activity by separating males and females throughout their development, or through public shaming and physical punishment when sexual activity does occur. In less restrictive cultures, there is more tolerance for displays of adolescent sexuality, or of the interaction between males and females in public and private spaces. Less restrictive cultures may tolerate some aspects of adolescent sexuality, while objecting to other aspects. For instance, some cultures find teenage sexual activity acceptable but teenage pregnancy highly undesirable. Other cultures do not object to teenage sexual activity or teenage pregnancy, as long as they occur after marriage. In permissive societies, overt sexual behavior among unmarried teens is perceived as acceptable, and is sometimes even encouraged. Regardless of whether a culture is restrictive or permissive, there are likely to be discrepancies in how females versus males are expected to express their sexuality. Cultures vary in how overt this double standard is—in some it is legally inscribed, while in others it is communicated through social convention. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth face much discrimination through bullying from those unlike them and may find telling others that they are gay to be a traumatic experience. The range of sexual attitudes that a culture embraces could thus be seen to affect the beliefs, lifestyles, and societal perceptions of its adolescents.
Adolescence is a period frequently marked by increased rights and privileges for individuals. While cultural variation exists for legal rights and their corresponding ages, considerable consistency is found across cultures. Furthermore, since the advent of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989 (children here defined as under 18), almost every country in the world (except the U.S. and South Sudan) has legally committed to advancing an anti-discriminatory stance towards young people of all ages. This includes protecting children against unchecked child labor, enrollment in the military, prostitution, and pornography. In many societies, those who reach a certain age (often 18, though this varies) are considered to have reached the age of majority and are legally regarded as adults who are responsible for their actions. People below this age are considered minors or children. A person below the age of majority may gain adult rights through legal emancipation.
The legal working age in Western countries is usually 14 to 16, depending on the number of hours and type of employment under consideration. Many countries also specify a minimum school leaving age, at which a person is legally allowed to leave compulsory education. This age varies greatly cross-culturally, spanning from 10 to 18, which further reflects the diverse ways formal education is viewed in cultures around the world.
In most democratic countries, a citizen is eligible to vote at age 18. In a minority of countries, the voting age is as low as 16 (for example, Brazil), and at one time was as high as 25 in Uzbekistan.
The age of consent to sexual activity varies widely between jurisdictions, ranging from 12 to 20 years, as does the age at which people are allowed to marry. Specific legal ages for adolescents that also vary by culture are enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels. The legal coming of age often does not correspond with the sudden realization of autonomy; many adolescents who have legally reached adult age are still dependent on their guardians or peers for emotional and financial support. Nonetheless, new legal privileges converge with shifting social expectations to usher in a phase of heightened independence or social responsibility for most legal adolescents.
Following a steady decline beginning in the late 1990s up through the mid-2000s and a moderate increase in the early 2010s, illicit drug use among adolescents has roughly plateaued in the U.S. Aside from alcohol, marijuana is the most commonly indulged drug habit during adolescent years. Data collected by the National Institute on Drug Abuse shows that between the years of 2015 and 2018, past year marijuana usage among 8th graders declined from 11.8% to 10.5%; among 10th grade students, usage rose from 25.4% to 27.50%; and among 12th graders, usage rose slightly from 34.9% to 35.9%. Additionally, while the early 2010s saw a surge in the popularity of MDMA, usage has stabilized with 2.2% of 12th graders using MDMA in the past year in the U.S. The heightened usage of ecstasy most likely ties in at least to some degree with the rising popularity of rave culture.
One significant contribution to the increase in teenage substance abuse is an increase in the availability of prescription medication. With an increase in the diagnosis of behavioral and attentional disorders for students, taking pharmaceutical drugs such as Vicodin and Adderall for pleasure has become a prevalent activity among adolescents: 9.9% of high school seniors report having abused prescription drugs within the past year.
In the U.S., teenage alcohol use rose in the late 2000s and is currently stable at a moderate level. Out of a polled body of U.S. students age 12–18, 8.2% of 8th graders reported having been on at least one occasion having consumed alcohol within the previous month; for 10th graders, the number was 18.6%, and for 12th graders, 30.2%. More drastically, cigarette smoking has become a far less prevalent activity among American middle- and high-school students; in fact, a greater number of teens now smoke marijuana than smoke cigarettes, with one recent study showing a respective 23.8% versus 43.6% of surveyed high school seniors. Recent studies have shown that male late adolescents are far more likely to smoke cigarettes rather than females. The study indicated that there was a discernible gender difference in the prevalence of smoking among the students. The finding of the study shows that more males than females began smoking when they were in primary and high schools whereas most females started smoking after high school. This may be attributed to recent changing social and political views towards marijuana; issues such as medicinal use and legalization have tended towards painting the drug in a more positive light than historically, while cigarettes continue to be vilified due to associated health risks.
Different drug habits often relate to one another in a highly significant manner. It has been demonstrated that adolescents who drink at least to some degree may be as much as sixteen times more likely than non-drinkers to use illicit drugs.
Peer acceptance and social norms gain a significantly greater hand in directing behavior at the onset of adolescence; as such, the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped largely by the substance use of friends and other classmates. In fact, studies suggest that more significantly than actual drug norms, an individual's perception of the illicit drug use by friends and peers is highly associated with his or her own habits in substance use during both middle and high school, a relationship that increases in strength over time. Whereas social influences on alcohol use and marijuana use tend to work directly in the short term, peer and friend norms on smoking cigarettes in middle school have a profound effect on one's own likelihood to smoke cigarettes well into high school. Perhaps the strong correlation between peer influence in middle school and cigarette smoking in high school may be explained by the addictive nature of cigarettes, which could lead many students to continue their smoking habits from middle school into late adolescence.
Until mid-to-late adolescence, boys and girls show relatively little difference in drinking motives. Distinctions between the reasons for alcohol consumption of males and females begin to emerge around ages 14–15; overall, boys tend to view drinking in a more social light than girls, who report on average a more frequent use of alcohol as a coping mechanism. The latter effect appears to shift in late adolescence and onset of early adulthood (20–21 years of age); however, despite this trend, age tends to bring a greater desire to drink for pleasure rather than coping in both boys and girls.
Drinking habits and the motives behind them often reflect certain aspects of an individual's personality; in fact, four dimensions of the Five-Factor Model of personality demonstrate associations with drinking motives (all but 'Openness'). Greater enhancement motives for alcohol consumption tend to reflect high levels of extraversion and sensation-seeking in individuals; such enjoyment motivation often also indicates low conscientiousness, manifesting in lowered inhibition and a greater tendency towards aggression. On the other hand, drinking to cope with negative emotional states correlates strongly with high neuroticism and low agreeableness. Alcohol use as a negative emotion control mechanism often links with many other behavioral and emotional impairments, such as anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem.
Research has generally shown striking uniformity across different cultures in the motives behind teen alcohol use. Social engagement and personal enjoyment appear to play a fairly universal role in adolescents' decision to drink throughout separate cultural contexts. Surveys conducted in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canada have each indicated the most common reason for drinking among adolescents to relate to pleasure and recreation; 80% of Argentinian teens reported drinking for enjoyment, while only 7% drank to improve a bad mood. The most prevalent answers among Canadian adolescents were to "get in a party mood," 18%; "because I enjoy it," 16%; and "to get drunk," 10%. In Hong Kong, female participants most frequently reported drinking for social enjoyment, while males most frequently reported drinking to feel the effects of alcohol.
Much research has been conducted on the psychological ramifications of body image on adolescents. Modern day teenagers are exposed to more media on a daily basis than any generation before them. As such, modern day adolescents are exposed to many representations of ideal, societal beauty. The concept of a person being unhappy with their own image or appearance has been defined as "body dissatisfaction". In teenagers, body dissatisfaction is often associated with body mass, low self-esteem, and atypical eating patterns that can result in health procedures. Scholars continue to debate the effects of media on body dissatisfaction in teens.
Because exposure to media has increased over the past decade, adolescents' use of computers, cell phones, stereos and televisions to gain access to various mediums of popular culture has also increased. Almost all American households have at least one television, more than three-quarters of all adolescents' homes have access to the Internet, and more than 90% of American adolescents use the Internet at least occasionally. As a result of the amount of time adolescents spend using these devices, their total media exposure is high. In the last decade, the amount of time that adolescents spend on the computer has greatly increased. Online activities with the highest rates of use among adolescents are video games (78% of adolescents), email (73%), instant messaging (68%), social networking sites (65%), news sources (63%), music (59%), and videos (57%).
In the 2000s, social networking sites proliferated and a high proportion of adolescents used them. As of 2012, 73% of 12–17 year olds reported having at least one social networking profile; two-thirds (68%) of teens texted every day, half (51%) visited social networking sites daily, and 11% sent or received tweets at least once every day. More than a third (34%) of teens visited their main social networking site several times a day. One in four (23%) teens were "heavy" social media users, meaning they used at least two different types of social media each and every day.
Although research has been inconclusive, some findings have indicated that electronic communication negatively affects adolescents' social development, replaces face-to-face communication, impairs their social skills, and can sometimes lead to unsafe interaction with strangers. A 2015 review reported that "adolescents lack awareness of strategies to cope with cyberbullying, which has been consistently associated with an increased likelihood of depression." Furthermore, in 2020, 32% of adolescent girls that use Instagram reported feeling worse about their body image after using the platform. Studies have shown differences in the ways the internet negatively impacts adolescents' social functioning. Online socializing tends to make girls particularly vulnerable, while socializing in Internet cafés seems only to affect boys' academic achievement. However, other research suggests that Internet communication brings friends closer and is beneficial for socially anxious teens, who find it easier to interact socially online.
A broad way of defining adolescence is the transition from child-to-adulthood. According to Hogan & Astone (1986), this transition can include markers such as leaving school, starting a full-time job, leaving the home of origin, getting married, and becoming a parent for the first time. However, the time frame of this transition varies drastically by culture. In some countries, such as the United States, adolescence can last nearly a decade, but in others, the transition—often in the form of a ceremony—can last for only a few days.
Some examples of social and religious transition ceremonies that can be found in the U.S., as well as in other cultures around the world, are Confirmation, Bar and Bat Mitzvahs, Quinceañeras, sweet sixteens, cotillions, and débutante balls. In other countries, initiation ceremonies play an important role, marking the transition into adulthood or the entrance into adolescence. This transition may be accompanied by obvious physical changes, which can vary from a change in clothing to tattoos and scarification. Furthermore, transitions into adulthood may also vary by gender, and specific rituals may be more common for males or for females. This illuminates the extent to which adolescence is, at least in part, a social construction; it takes shape differently depending on the cultural context, and may be enforced more by cultural practices or transitions than by universal chemical or biological physical changes.
At the decision-making point of their lives, youth are susceptible to drug addiction, sexual abuse, peer pressure, violent crimes and other illegal activities. Developmental Intervention Science (DIS) is a fusion of the literature of both developmental and intervention sciences. This association conducts youth interventions that mutually assist both the needs of the community as well as psychologically stranded youth by focusing on risky and inappropriate behaviors while promoting positive self-development along with self-esteem among adolescents.
The concept of adolescence has been criticized by experts, such as Robert Epstein, who state that an undeveloped brain is not the main cause of teenagers' turmoils. Some have criticized the concept of adolescence because it is a relatively recent phenomenon in human history created by modern society, and have been highly critical of what they view as the infantilization of young adults in American society. In an article for Scientific American, Robert Epstein and Jennifer Ong state that "American-style teen turmoil is absent in more than 100 cultures around the world, suggesting that such mayhem is not biologically inevitable. Second, the brain itself changes in response to experiences, raising the question of whether adolescent brain characteristics are the cause of teen tumult or rather the result of lifestyle and experiences." David Moshman has also stated in regards to adolescence that brain research "is crucial for a full picture, but it does not provide an ultimate explanation."
Other critics of the concept of adolescence do point at individual differences in brain growth rate, citing that some (though not all) early teens still have infantile undeveloped corpus callosums, concluding that "the adult in *every* adolescent" is too generalizing. These people tend to support the notion that a more interconnected brain makes more precise distinctions (citing Pavlov's comparisons of conditioned reflexes in different species) and that there is a non-arbitrary threshold at which distinctions become sufficiently precise to correct assumptions afterward as opposed to being ultimately dependent on exterior assumptions for communication. They argue that this threshold is the one at which an individual is objectively capable of speaking for himself or herself, as opposed to culturally arbitrary measures of "maturity" which often treat this ability as a sign of "immaturity" merely because it leads to questioning of authorities. These people also stress the low probability of the threshold being reached at a birthday, and instead advocate non-chronological emancipation at the threshold of afterward correction of assumptions. They sometimes cite similarities between "adolescent" behavior and KZ syndrome (inmate behavior in adults in prison camps) such as aggression being explainable by oppression and "immature" financial or other risk behavior being explainable by a way out of captivity being more worth to captive people than any incremental improvement in captivity, and argue that this theory successfully predicted remaining "immature" behavior after reaching the age of majority by means of longer-term traumatization. In this context, they refer to the fallibility of official assumptions about what is good or bad for an individual, concluding that paternalistic "rights" may harm the individual. They also argue that since it never took many years to move from one group to another to avoid inbreeding in the paleolithic, evolutionary psychology is unable to account for a long period of "immature" risk behavior. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Adolescence (from Latin adolescere 'to mature') is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to adulthood (typically corresponding to the age of majority). Adolescence is usually associated with the teenage years, but its physical, psychological or cultural expressions may begin earlier or end later. Puberty typically begins during preadolescence, particularly in females. Physical growth (particularly in males) and cognitive development can extend past the teens. Age provides only a rough marker of adolescence, and scholars have not agreed upon a precise definition. Some definitions start as early as 10 and end as late as 26. The World Health Organization definition officially designates an adolescent as someone between the ages of 10 and 19.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Puberty is a period of several years in which rapid physical growth and psychological changes occur, culminating in sexual maturity. The average age of onset of puberty is at 11 for girls and 12 for boys. Every person's individual timetable for puberty is influenced primarily by heredity, although environmental factors, such as diet and exercise, also exert some influences. These factors can also contribute to precocious and delayed puberty.",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Some of the most significant parts of pubertal development involve distinctive physiological changes in individuals' height, weight, body composition, and circulatory and respiratory systems. These changes are largely influenced by hormonal activity. Hormones play an organizational role, priming the body to behave in a certain way once puberty begins, and an active role, referring to changes in hormones during adolescence that trigger behavioral and physical changes.",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Puberty occurs through a long process and begins with a surge in hormone production, which in turn causes a number of physical changes. It is the stage of life characterized by the appearance and development of secondary sex characteristics (for example, a deeper voice and larger Adam's apple in boys, and development of breasts and more curved and prominent hips in girls) and a strong shift in hormonal balance towards an adult state. This is triggered by the pituitary gland, which secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream, initiating a chain reaction. The male and female gonads are thereby activated, which puts them into a state of rapid growth and development; the triggered gonads now commence mass production of hormones. The testes primarily release testosterone, and the ovaries predominantly dispense estrogen. The production of these hormones increases gradually until sexual maturation is met. Some boys may develop gynecomastia due to an imbalance of sex hormones, tissue responsiveness or obesity.",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Facial hair in males normally appears in a specific order during puberty: The first facial hair to appear tends to grow at the corners of the upper lip, typically between 14 and 17 years of age. It then spreads to form a moustache over the entire upper lip. This is followed by the appearance of hair on the upper part of the cheeks, and the area under the lower lip. The hair eventually spreads to the sides and lower border of the chin, and the rest of the lower face to form a full beard. As with most human biological processes, this specific order may vary among some individuals. Facial hair is often present in late adolescence, around ages 17 and 18, but may not appear until significantly later. Some men do not develop full facial hair for 10 years after puberty. Facial hair continues to get coarser, much darker and thicker for another 2–4 years after puberty.",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The major landmark of puberty for males is spermarche, the first ejaculation, which occurs, on average, at age 13. For females, it is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs, on average, between ages 12 and 13. The age of menarche is influenced by heredity, but a girl's diet and lifestyle contribute as well. Regardless of genes, a girl must have a certain proportion of body fat to attain menarche. Consequently, girls who have a high-fat diet and who are not physically active begin menstruating earlier, on average, than girls whose diet contains less fat and whose activities involve fat reducing exercise (e.g. ballet and gymnastics). Girls who experience malnutrition or are in societies in which children are expected to perform physical labor also begin menstruating at later ages.",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The timing of puberty can have important psychological and social consequences. Early maturing boys are usually taller and stronger than their friends. They have the advantage in capturing the attention of potential partners and in being picked first for sports. Pubescent boys often tend to have a good body image, are more confident, secure, and more independent. Late maturing boys can be less confident because of poor body image when comparing themselves to already developed friends and peers. However, early puberty is not always positive for boys; early sexual maturation in boys can be accompanied by increased aggressiveness due to the surge of hormones that affect them. Because they appear older than their peers, pubescent boys may face increased social pressure to conform to adult norms; society may view them as more emotionally advanced, despite the fact that their cognitive and social development may lag behind their appearance. Studies have shown that early maturing boys are more likely to be sexually active and are more likely to participate in risky behaviors.",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "For girls, early maturation can sometimes lead to increased self-consciousness, a typical aspect in maturing females. Because of their bodies' developing in advance, pubescent girls can become more insecure and dependent. Consequently, girls that reach sexual maturation early are more likely than their peers to develop eating disorders (such as anorexia nervosa). Nearly half of all American high school girls' diets are to lose weight. In addition, girls may have to deal with sexual advances from older boys before they are emotionally and mentally mature. In addition to having earlier sexual experiences and more unwanted pregnancies than late maturing girls, early maturing girls are more exposed to alcohol and drug abuse. Those who have had such experiences tend to not perform as well in school as their \"inexperienced\" peers.",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Girls have usually reached full physical development around ages 15–17, while boys usually complete puberty around ages 16–17. Any increase in height beyond the post-pubertal age is uncommon. Girls attain reproductive maturity about four years after the first physical changes of puberty appear. In contrast, boys develop more slowly but continue to grow for about six years after the first visible pubertal changes.",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The physical development of girls during their teenage years can be broken down into three distinct stages. At the start, which generally coincides with the beginning of rapid growth, there is the development of breast buds and pubic hair. The peak period of physical growth occurs approximately one year later in concert with stage two of sexual maturity. Approximately 1 to 1.6 years after the onset of secondary sex characteristics, girls enter into the third stage which typically includes menarche. By this time, they will have finished their growth spurt and experience a notable broadening of the hips as well as an adult fat distribution. Additionally, breast development is complete and hair in both the pubic region and armpits (axillary hair) will be darker and more widespread. In comparison to girls, it can be tricky to define when exactly sexual development in boys begins.",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "For boys, puberty typically takes around 5 years to finish, as opposed to just 3+1⁄2 years for girls (menarche). By this point in time, they have already experienced their growth spurt and there are evident changes in their body shape - wider hips and fat distribution is more adult-like. Breast development will also be completed by this stage. In boys, four stages in development can be correlated with the curve of general body growth at adolescence. The initial sign of sexual maturation in boys usually is the \"fat spurt.\" The maturing boy gains weight and becomes almost chubby, with a somewhat feminine fat distribution. This probably occurs because estrogen production by the Leydig cells in the testes is stimulated before the more abundant Sertoli cells begin to produce significant amounts of testosterone. During this stage, boys may appear obese and somewhat awkward physically. Approximately 1 year after the scrotum begins to increase in size, stage II can be seen. During this time, there is a redistribution of subcutaneous fat and the start of pubic hair growth. Following 8 to 12 months of the peak velocity in height gain, stage III ensues. This period is marked by an obvious widenening of hips with a more adult-like fat distribution and full development of the breasts. All together, these three stages culminate in a complete growth spurt for most individuals. At this time, axillary hair appears and facial hair appears on the upper lip only. A spurt in muscle growth also occurs, along with a continued decrease in subcutaneous fat and an obviously harder and more angular body form. Pubic hair distribution appears more adult but has not yet spread to the medial area of the thighs. The penis and scrotum are near adult size. Stage IV for boys, which occurs anywhere from 15 to 24 months after stage III, is difficult to pinpoint. At this time, the spurt of growth in height ends. There is facial hair on the chin and the upper lip, adult distribution and color of pubic and axillary hair, and a further increase in muscular strength.",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The adolescent growth spurt is a rapid increase in the individual's height and weight during puberty resulting from the simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens. Males experience their growth spurt about two years later, on average, than females. During their peak height velocity (the time of most rapid growth), adolescents grow at a growth rate nearly identical to that of a toddler—about 10.3 cm (4 inches) per year for males and 9 cm (3.5 inches) per year for females. In addition to changes in height, adolescents also experience a significant increase in weight (Marshall, 1978). The weight gained during adolescence constitutes nearly half of one's adult body weight. Teenage and early adult males may continue to gain natural muscle growth even after puberty.",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "The accelerated growth in different body parts happens at different times, but for all adolescents, it has a fairly regular sequence. The first places to grow are the extremities—the head, hands and feet—followed by the arms and legs, then the torso and shoulders. This non-uniform growth is one reason why an adolescent body may seem out of proportion.",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "During puberty, bones become harder and more brittle. At the conclusion of puberty, the ends of the long bones close during the process called epiphysis. There can be ethnic differences in these skeletal changes. For example, in the United States, bone density increases significantly more among black than white adolescents, which might account for decreased likelihood of black women developing osteoporosis and having fewer bone fractures there.",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Another set of significant physical changes during puberty happen in bodily distribution of fat and muscle. This process is different for females and males. Before puberty, there are nearly no sex differences in fat and muscle distribution; during puberty, boys grow muscle much faster than girls, although both sexes experience rapid muscle development. In contrast, though both sexes experience an increase in body fat, the increase is much more significant for girls. Frequently, the increase in fat for girls happens in their years just before puberty. The ratio between muscle and fat among post-pubertal boys is around three to one, while for girls it is about five to four. This may help explain sex differences in athletic performance.",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Pubertal development also affects circulatory and respiratory systems as an adolescents' heart and lungs increase in both size and capacity. These changes lead to increased strength and tolerance for exercise. Sex differences are apparent as males tend to develop \"larger hearts and lungs, higher systolic blood pressure, a lower resting heart rate, a greater capacity for carrying oxygen to the blood, a greater power for neutralizing the chemical products of muscular exercise, higher blood hemoglobin and more red blood cells\".",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Despite some genetic sex differences, environmental factors play a large role in biological changes during adolescence. For example, girls tend to reduce their physical activity in preadolescence and may receive inadequate nutrition from diets that often lack important nutrients, such as iron. These environmental influences, in turn, affect female physical development.",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "Primary sex characteristics are those directly related to the sex organs. In males, the first stages of puberty involve growth of the testes and scrotum, followed by growth of the penis. At the time that the penis develops, the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral gland also enlarge and develop. The first ejaculation of seminal fluid generally occurs about one year after the beginning of accelerated penis growth, although this is often determined culturally rather than biologically, since for many boys the first ejaculation occurs as a result of masturbation. Boys are generally fertile before they have an adult appearance.",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "In females, changes in the primary sex characteristics involve growth of the uterus, vagina, and other aspects of the reproductive system. Menarche, the beginning of menstruation, is a relatively late development which follows a long series of hormonal changes. Generally, a girl is not fully fertile until several years after menarche, as regular ovulation follows menarche by about two years. Unlike males, therefore, females usually appear physically mature before they are capable of becoming pregnant.",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "Changes in secondary sex characteristics include every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction. In males, these changes involve appearance of pubic, facial, and body hair, deepening of the voice, roughening of the skin around the upper arms and thighs, and increased development of the sweat glands. In females, secondary sex changes involve elevation of the breasts, widening of the hips, development of pubic and underarm hair, widening of the areolae, and elevation of the nipples. The changes in secondary sex characteristics that take place during puberty are often referred to in terms of five Tanner stages, named after the British pediatrician who devised the categorization system.",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "The human brain is not finished developing by the time a person reaches puberty, or even finishes it. The frontal lobe of the brain has been known to shape itself well into one's 30s. Neuroscientists often cannot agree precisely on when this developmental period ends or if there is an exact age for the end of brain development. Below the age of about roughly 30, the human brain has been implicated in human behavior and social immaturity. However, there has been no empirical study indicating a causal relationship with the development of the prefrontal cortex in adolescence and into early adulthood with any irrational behaviors. The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by six years of age. Thus, the brain does not grow in size much during adolescence.",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "Over the course of adolescence, the amount of white matter in the brain increases linearly, while the amount of grey matter in the brain follows an inverted-U pattern. Through a process called synaptic pruning, unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain are eliminated and the amount of grey matter is pared down. However, this does not mean that the brain loses functionality; rather, it becomes more efficient due to increased myelination (insulation of axons) and the reduction of unused pathways.",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "The first areas of the brain to be pruned are those involving primary functions, such as motor and sensory areas. The areas of the brain involved in more complex processes lose matter later in development. These include the lateral and prefrontal cortices, among other regions. Some of the most developmentally significant changes in the brain occur in the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in decision making and cognitive control, as well as other higher cognitive functions. During adolescence, myelination and synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex increases, improving the efficiency of information processing, and neural connections between the prefrontal cortex and other regions of the brain are strengthened. This leads to better evaluation of risks and rewards, as well as improved control over impulses. Specifically, developments in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are important for controlling impulses and planning ahead, while development in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is important for decision making. Changes in the orbitofrontal cortex are important for evaluating rewards and risks.",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "Three neurotransmitters that play important roles in adolescent brain development are glutamate, dopamine and serotonin. Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter. During the synaptic pruning that occurs during adolescence, most of the neural connections that are pruned contain receptors for glutamate or other excitatory neurotransmitters. Because of this, by early adulthood the synaptic balance in the brain is more inhibitory than excitatory.",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "Dopamine is associated with pleasure and attuning to the environment during decision-making. During adolescence, dopamine levels in the limbic system increase and input of dopamine to the prefrontal cortex increases. The balance of excitatory to inhibitory neurotransmitters and increased dopamine activity in adolescence may have implications for adolescent risk-taking and vulnerability to boredom (see Cognitive development below).",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "Serotonin is a neuromodulator involved in regulation of mood and behavior. Development in the limbic system plays an important role in determining rewards and punishments and processing emotional experience and social information. Changes in the levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin in the limbic system make adolescents more emotional and more responsive to rewards and stress. The corresponding increase in emotional variability also can increase adolescents' vulnerability. The effect of serotonin is not limited to the limbic system: Several serotonin receptors have their gene expression change dramatically during adolescence, particularly in the human frontal and prefrontal cortex.",
"title": "Biological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "Adolescence is a time of rapid cognitive development. Piaget describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form and the egocentric thoughts decrease, allowing the individual to think and reason in a wider perspective. A combination of behavioural and fMRI studies have demonstrated development of executive functions, that is, cognitive skills that enable the control and coordination of thoughts and behaviour, which are generally associated with the prefrontal cortex. The thoughts, ideas and concepts developed at this period of life greatly influence one's future life, playing a major role in character and personality formation.",
"title": "Cognitive development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "Biological changes in brain structure and connectivity within the brain interact with increased experience, knowledge, and changing social demands to produce rapid cognitive growth (see Changes in the brain above). The age at which particular changes take place varies between individuals, but the changes discussed below begin at puberty or shortly after that and some skills continue to develop as the adolescent ages. The dual systems model proposes a maturational imbalance between development of the socioemotional system and cognitive control systems in the brain that contribute to impulsivity and other behaviors characteristic of adolescence. Some studies like the ABCD Study are researching on the baseline of adolescent cognitive development.",
"title": "Cognitive development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "There are at least two major approaches to understanding cognitive change during adolescence. One is the constructivist view of cognitive development. Based on the work of Piaget, it takes a quantitative, state-theory approach, hypothesizing that adolescents' cognitive improvement is relatively sudden and drastic. The second is the information-processing perspective, which derives from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process.",
"title": "Cognitive development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "By the time individuals have reached age 14 or so their critical thinking and decision-making competency are comparable to those of adults. These improvements occur in five areas during adolescence:",
"title": "Cognitive development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "Studies newer than 2005 indicate that the brain is changing in efficiency well past its twenties, a 'point of maturity' in the twenties is somewhat arbitrary as many important parts of the brain are noted to be mature by 14 or 15, making 'maturity' hard to define and has often been disagreed with.",
"title": "Cognitive development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "Prefrontal cortex pruning has been recorded to level off by age 14 or 15, and has been seen to continue as late as into the sixth decade of life. White matter is recorded to increase up until around the age of 45, and then it is lost via progressive aging. If myelination continues into one's forties and fifties, shedding doubt on the claim that the brain completes its development in the twenties.",
"title": "Cognitive development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "Adolescents' thinking is less bound to concrete events than that of children: they can contemplate possibilities outside the realm of what currently exists. One manifestation of the adolescent's increased facility with thinking about possibilities is the improvement of skill in deductive reasoning, which leads to the development of hypothetical thinking. This provides the ability to plan ahead, see the future consequences of an action and to provide alternative explanations of events. It also makes adolescents more skilled debaters, as they can reason against a friend's or parent's assumptions. Adolescents also develop a more sophisticated understanding of probability.",
"title": "Cognitive development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "The appearance of more systematic, abstract thinking is another notable aspect of cognitive development during adolescence. For example, adolescents find it easier than children to comprehend the sorts of higher-order abstract logic inherent in puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies. Their increased facility permits them to appreciate the ways in which language can be used to convey multiple messages, such as satire, metaphor, and sarcasm. (Children younger than age nine often cannot comprehend sarcasm at all.) This also permits the application of advanced reasoning and logical processes to social and ideological matters such as interpersonal relationships, politics, philosophy, religion, morality, friendship, faith, fairness, and honesty.",
"title": "Cognitive development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "A third gain in cognitive ability involves thinking about thinking itself, a process referred to as metacognition. It often involves monitoring one's own cognitive activity during the thinking process. Adolescents' improvements in knowledge of their own thinking patterns lead to better self-control and more effective studying. It is also relevant in social cognition, resulting in increased introspection, self-consciousness, and intellectualization (in the sense of thought about one's own thoughts, rather than the Freudian definition as a defense mechanism). Adolescents are much better able than children to understand that people do not have complete control over their mental activity. Being able to introspect may lead to two forms of adolescent egocentrism, which results in two distinct problems in thinking: the imaginary audience and the personal fable. These likely peak at age fifteen, along with self-consciousness in general.",
"title": "Cognitive development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "Related to metacognition and abstract thought, perspective-taking involves a more sophisticated theory of mind. Adolescents reach a stage of social perspective-taking in which they can understand how the thoughts or actions of one person can influence those of another person, even if they personally are not involved.",
"title": "Cognitive development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "Compared to children, adolescents are more likely to question others' assertions, and less likely to accept facts as absolute truths. Through experience outside the family circle, they learn that rules they were taught as absolute are in fact relativistic. They begin to differentiate between rules instituted out of common sense—not touching a hot stove—and those that are based on culturally relative standards (codes of etiquette, not dating until a certain age), a delineation that younger children do not make. This can lead to a period of questioning authority in all domains.",
"title": "Cognitive development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"text": "Wisdom, or the capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience,",
"title": "Cognitive development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"text": "Because most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to risky behavior (alcohol consumption and drug use, reckless or distracted driving, unprotected sex), a great deal of research has been done on the cognitive and emotional processes underlying adolescent risk-taking. In addressing this question, it is important to distinguish whether adolescents are more likely to engage in risky behaviors (prevalence), whether they make risk-related decisions similarly or differently than adults (cognitive processing perspective), or whether they use the same processes but value different things and thus arrive at different conclusions.",
"title": "Cognitive development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"text": "The behavioral decision-making theory proposes that adolescents and adults both weigh the potential rewards and consequences of an action. However, research has shown that adolescents seem to give more weight to rewards, particularly social rewards, than do adults.",
"title": "Cognitive development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"text": "Research seems to favor the hypothesis that adolescents and adults think about risk in similar ways, but hold different values and thus come to different conclusions. Some have argued that there may be evolutionary benefits to an increased propensity for risk-taking in adolescence. For example, without a willingness to take risks, teenagers would not have the motivation or confidence necessary to leave their family of origin. In addition, from a population perspective, there is an advantage to having a group of individuals willing to take more risks and try new methods, counterbalancing the more conservative elements more typical of the received knowledge held by older adults.",
"title": "Cognitive development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"text": "Risk-taking may also have reproductive advantages: adolescents have a newfound priority in sexual attraction and dating, and risk-taking is required to impress potential mates. Research also indicates that baseline sensation seeking may affect risk-taking behavior throughout the lifespan. Given the potential consequences, engaging in sexual behavior is somewhat risky, particularly for adolescents. Having unprotected sex, using poor birth control methods (e.g. withdrawal), having multiple sexual partners, and poor communication are some aspects of sexual behavior that increase individual and/or social risk.",
"title": "Cognitive development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"text": "Aspects of adolescents' lives that are correlated with risky sexual behavior include higher rates of parental abuse, and lower rates of parental support and monitoring.",
"title": "Cognitive development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"text": "Related to their increased tendency for risk-taking, adolescents show impaired behavioral inhibition, including deficits in extinction learning. This has important implications for engaging in risky behavior such as unsafe sex or illicit drug use, as adolescents are less likely to inhibit actions that may have negative outcomes in the future. This phenomenon also has consequences for behavioral treatments based on the principle of extinction, such as cue exposure therapy for anxiety or drug addiction. It has been suggested that impaired inhibition, specifically extinction, may help to explain adolescent propensity to relapse to drug-seeking even following behavioral treatment for addiction.",
"title": "Cognitive development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"text": "The formal study of adolescent psychology began with the publication of G. Stanley Hall's Adolescence in 1904. Hall, who was the first president of the American Psychological Association, defined adolescence to be the period of life from ages 14 to 24, and viewed it primarily as a time of internal turmoil and upheaval (sturm und drang). This understanding of youth was based on two then-new ways of understanding human behavior: Darwin's evolutionary theory and Freud's psychodynamic theory. He believed that adolescence was a representation of our human ancestors' phylogenetic shift from being primitive to being civilized. Hall's assertions stood relatively uncontested until the 1950s when psychologists such as Erik Erikson and Anna Freud started to formulate their theories about adolescence. Freud believed that the psychological disturbances associated with youth were biologically based and culturally universal while Erikson focused on the dichotomy between identity formation and role fulfillment. Even with their different theories, these three psychologists agreed that adolescence was inherently a time of disturbance and psychological confusion. The less turbulent aspects of adolescence, such as peer relations and cultural influence, were left largely ignored until the 1980s. From the '50s until the '80s, the focus of the field was mainly on describing patterns of behavior as opposed to explaining them.",
"title": "Psychological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"text": "Jean Macfarlane founded the University of California, Berkeley's Institute of Human Development, formerly called the Institute of Child Welfare, in 1927. The institute was instrumental in initiating studies of healthy development, in contrast to previous work that had been dominated by theories based on pathological personalities. The studies looked at human development during the Great Depression and World War II, unique historical circumstances under which a generation of children grew up. The Oakland Growth Study, initiated by Harold Jones and Herbert Stolz in 1931, aimed to study the physical, intellectual, and social development of children in the Oakland area. Data collection began in 1932 and continued until 1981, allowing the researchers to gather longitudinal data on the individuals that extended past adolescence into adulthood. Jean Macfarlane launched the Berkeley Guidance Study, which examined the development of children in terms of their socioeconomic and family backgrounds. These studies provided the background for Glen Elder in the 1960s to propose a life course perspective of adolescent development. Elder formulated several descriptive principles of adolescent development. The principle of historical time and place states that an individual's development is shaped by the period and location in which they grow up. The principle of the importance of timing in one's life refers to the different impact that life events have on development based on when in one's life they occur. The idea of linked lives states that one's development is shaped by the interconnected network of relationships of which one is a part and the principle of human agency asserts that one's life course is constructed via the choices and actions of an individual within the context of their historical period and social network.",
"title": "Psychological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"text": "In 1984, the Society for Research on Adolescence (SRA) became the first official organization dedicated to the study of adolescent psychology. Some of the issues first addressed by this group include: the nature versus nurture debate as it pertains to adolescence; understanding the interactions between adolescents and their environment; and considering culture, social groups, and historical context when interpreting adolescent behavior.",
"title": "Psychological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"text": "Evolutionary biologists like Jeremy Griffith have drawn parallels between adolescent psychology and the developmental evolution of modern humans from hominid ancestors as a manifestation of ontogeny recapitulating phylogeny.",
"title": "Psychological development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"text": "Identity development is a stage in the adolescent life cycle. For most, the search for identity begins in the adolescent years. During these years, adolescents are more open to 'trying on' different behaviours and appearances to discover who they are. In an attempt to find their identity and discover who they are, adolescents are likely to cycle through a number of identities to find one that suits them best. Developing and maintaining identity (in adolescent years) is a difficult task due to multiple factors such as family life, environment, and social status. Empirical studies suggest that this process might be more accurately described as identity development, rather than formation, but confirms a normative process of change in both content and structure of one's thoughts about the self. The two main aspects of identity development are self-clarity and self-esteem. Since choices made during adolescent years can influence later life, high levels of self-awareness and self-control during mid-adolescence will lead to better decisions during the transition to adulthood. Researchers have used three general approaches to understanding identity development: self-concept, sense of identity, and self-esteem. The years of adolescence create a more conscientious group of young adults. Adolescents pay close attention and give more time and effort to their appearance as their body goes through changes. Unlike children, teens put forth an effort to look presentable (1991). The environment in which an adolescent grows up also plays an important role in their identity development. Studies done by the American Psychological Association have shown that adolescents with a less privileged upbringing have a more difficult time developing their identity.",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"text": "The idea of self-concept is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent and stable. Early in adolescence, cognitive developments result in greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others and their thoughts and judgments, the ability to think about abstract, future possibilities, and the ability to consider multiple possibilities at once. As a result, adolescents experience a significant shift from the simple, concrete, and global self-descriptions typical of young children; as children, they defined themselves by physical traits whereas adolescents define themselves based on their values, thoughts, and opinions.",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"text": "Adolescents can conceptualize multiple \"possible selves\" that they could become and long-term possibilities and consequences of their choices. Exploring these possibilities may result in abrupt changes in self-presentation as the adolescent chooses or rejects qualities and behaviors, trying to guide the actual self toward the ideal self (who the adolescent wishes to be) and away from the feared self (who the adolescent does not want to be). For many, these distinctions are uncomfortable, but they also appear to motivate achievement through behavior consistent with the ideal and distinct from the feared possible selves.",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"text": "Further distinctions in self-concept, called \"differentiation,\" occur as the adolescent recognizes the contextual influences on their own behavior and the perceptions of others, and begin to qualify their traits when asked to describe themselves. Differentiation appears fully developed by mid-adolescence. Peaking in the 7th-9th grades, the personality traits adolescents use to describe themselves refer to specific contexts, and therefore may contradict one another. The recognition of inconsistent content in the self-concept is a common source of distress in these years (see Cognitive dissonance), but this distress may benefit adolescents by encouraging structural development.",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"text": "Egocentrism in adolescents forms a self-conscious desire to feel important in their peer groups and enjoy social acceptance. Unlike the conflicting aspects of self-concept, identity represents a coherent sense of self stable across circumstances and including past experiences and future goals. Everyone has a self-concept, whereas Erik Erikson argued that not everyone fully achieves identity. Erikson's theory of stages of development includes the identity crisis in which adolescents must explore different possibilities and integrate different parts of themselves before committing to their beliefs. He described the resolution of this process as a stage of \"identity achievement\" but also stressed that the identity challenge \"is never fully resolved once and for all at one point in time\". Adolescents begin by defining themselves based on their crowd membership. \"Clothes help teens explore new identities, separate from parents, and bond with peers.\" Fashion has played a major role when it comes to teenagers \"finding their selves\"; Fashion is always evolving, which corresponds with the evolution of change in the personality of teenagers. Adolescents attempt to define their identity by consciously styling themselves in different manners to find what best suits them. Trial and error in matching both their perceived image and the image others respond to and see, allows for the adolescent to grasp an understanding of who they are.",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"text": "Just as fashion is evolving to influence adolescents so is the media. \"Modern life takes place amidst a never-ending barrage of flesh on screens, pages, and billboards.\" This barrage consciously or subconsciously registers into the mind causing issues with self-image a factor that contributes to an adolescence sense of identity. Researcher James Marcia developed the current method for testing an individual's progress along these stages. His questions are divided into three categories: occupation, ideology, and interpersonal relationships. Answers are scored based on the extent to which the individual has explored and the degree to which he has made commitments. The result is classification of the individual into a) identity diffusion in which all children begin, b) Identity Foreclosure in which commitments are made without the exploration of alternatives, c) Moratorium, or the process of exploration, or d) Identity Achievement in which Moratorium has occurred and resulted in commitments.",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"text": "Research since reveals self-examination beginning early in adolescence, but identity achievement rarely occurring before age 18. The freshman year of college influences identity development significantly, but may actually prolong psychosocial moratorium by encouraging reexamination of previous commitments and further exploration of alternate possibilities without encouraging resolution. For the most part, evidence has supported Erikson's stages: each correlates with the personality traits he originally predicted. Studies also confirm the impermanence of the stages; there is no final endpoint in identity development.",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"text": "An adolescent's environment plays a huge role in their identity development. While most adolescent studies are conducted on white, middle class children, studies show that the more privileged upbringing people have, the more successfully they develop their identity. The forming of an adolescent's identity is a crucial time in their life. It has been recently found that demographic patterns suggest that the transition to adulthood is now occurring over a longer span of years than was the case during the middle of the 20th century. Accordingly, youth, a period that spans late adolescence and early adulthood, has become a more prominent stage of the life course. This, therefore, has caused various factors to become important during this development. So many factors contribute to the developing social identity of an adolescent from commitment, to coping devices, to social media. All of these factors are affected by the environment an adolescent grows up in. A child from a more privileged upbringing is exposed to more opportunities and better situations in general. An adolescent from an inner city or a crime-driven neighborhood is more likely to be exposed to an environment that can be detrimental to their development. Adolescence is a sensitive period in the development process, and exposure to the wrong things at that time can have a major effect on future decisions. While children that grow up in nice suburban communities are not exposed to bad environments they are more likely to participate in activities that can benefit their identity and contribute to a more successful identity development.",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"text": "Sexual orientation has been defined as \"an erotic inclination toward people of one or more genders, most often described as sexual or erotic attractions\". In recent years, psychologists have sought to understand how sexual orientation develops during adolescence. Some theorists believe that there are many different possible developmental paths one could take, and that the specific path an individual follows may be determined by their sex, orientation, and when they reached the onset of puberty.",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"text": "In 1989, Troiden proposed a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity. The first stage, known as sensitization, usually starts in childhood, and is marked by the child's becoming aware of same-sex attractions. The second stage, identity confusion, tends to occur a few years later. In this stage, the youth is overwhelmed by feelings of inner turmoil regarding their sexual orientation, and begins to engage in sexual experiences with same-sex partners. In the third stage of identity assumption, which usually takes place a few years after the adolescent has left home, adolescents begin to come out to their family and close friends, and assumes a self-definition as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. In the final stage, known as commitment, the young adult adopts their sexual identity as a lifestyle. Therefore, this model estimates that the process of coming out begins in childhood, and continues through the early to mid 20s. This model has been contested, and alternate ideas have been explored in recent years.",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"text": "In terms of sexual identity, adolescence is when most gay/lesbian and transgender adolescents begin to recognize and make sense of their feelings. Many adolescents may choose to come out during this period of their life once an identity has been formed; many others may go through a period of questioning or denial, which can include experimentation with both homosexual and heterosexual experiences. A study of 194 lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths under the age of 21 found that having an awareness of one's sexual orientation occurred, on average, around age 10, but the process of coming out to peers and adults occurred around age 16 and 17, respectively. Coming to terms with and creating a positive LGBT identity can be difficult for some youth for a variety of reasons. Peer pressure is a large factor when youth who are questioning their sexuality or gender identity are surrounded by heteronormative peers and can cause great distress due to a feeling of being different from everyone else. While coming out can also foster better psychological adjustment, the risks associated are real. Indeed, coming out in the midst of a heteronormative peer environment often comes with the risk of ostracism, hurtful jokes, and even violence. Because of this, statistically the suicide rate amongst LGBT adolescents is up to four times higher than that of their heterosexual peers due to bullying and rejection from peers or family members.",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"text": "The final major aspect of identity formation is self-esteem. Self-esteem is defined as one's thoughts and feelings about one's self-concept and identity. Most theories on self-esteem state that there is a grand desire, across all genders and ages, to maintain, protect and enhance their self-esteem. Contrary to popular belief, there is no empirical evidence for a significant drop in self-esteem over the course of adolescence. \"Barometric self-esteem\" fluctuates rapidly and can cause severe distress and anxiety, but baseline self-esteem remains highly stable across adolescence. The validity of global self-esteem scales has been questioned, and many suggest that more specific scales might reveal more about the adolescent experience. Girls are most likely to enjoy high self-esteem when engaged in supportive relationships with friends, the most important function of friendship to them is having someone who can provide social and moral support. Girls suffer from low self-esteem when they fail to win friends' approval or cannot find someone with whom to share common activities and common interests. In contrast, boys are more concerned with establishing and asserting their independence and defining their relation to authority. As such, they are more likely to derive high self-esteem from their ability to successfully influence their friends; on the other hand, the lack of romantic competence, for example, failure to win or maintain the affection of the opposite or same-sex (depending on sexual orientation), is the major contributor to low self-esteem in adolescent boys. Due to the fact that both men and women happen to have a low self-esteem after ending a romantic relationship, they are prone to other symptoms that is caused by this state. Depression and hopelessness are only two of the various symptoms and it is said that women are twice as likely to experience depression and men are three to four times more likely to commit suicide (Mearns, 1991; Ustun & Sartorius, 1995).",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"text": "The relationships adolescents have with their peers, family, and members of their social sphere play a vital role in the social development of an adolescent. As an adolescent's social sphere develops rapidly as they distinguish the differences between friends and acquaintances, they often become heavily emotionally invested in friends. This is not harmful; however, if these friends expose an individual to potentially harmful situations, this is an aspect of peer pressure. Adolescence is a critical period in social development because adolescents can be easily influenced by the people they develop close relationships with. This is the first time individuals can truly make their own decisions, which also makes this a sensitive period. Relationships are vital in the social development of an adolescent due to the extreme influence peers can have over an individual. These relationships become significant because they begin to help the adolescent understand the concept of personalities, how they form and why a person has that specific type of personality. \"The use of psychological comparisons could serve both as an index of the growth of an implicit personality theory and as a component process accounting for its creation. In other words, by comparing one person's personality characteristics to another's, we would be setting up the framework for creating a general theory of personality (and, ... such a theory would serve as a useful framework for coming to understand specific persons).\" This can be likened to the use of social comparison in developing one's identity and self-concept, which includes ones personality, and underscores the importance of communication, and thus relationships, in one's development. In social comparison we use reference groups, with respect to both psychological and identity development. These reference groups are the peers of adolescents. This means that who the teen chooses/accepts as their friends and who they communicate with on a frequent basis often makes up their reference groups and can therefore have a huge impact on who they become. Research shows that relationships have the largest affect over the social development of an individual.",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"text": "Adolescence marks a rapid change in one's role within a family. Young children tend to assert themselves forcefully, but are unable to demonstrate much influence over family decisions until early adolescence, when they are increasingly viewed by parents as equals. The adolescent faces the task of increasing independence while preserving a caring relationship with his or her parents. When children go through puberty, there is often a significant increase in parent–child conflict and a less cohesive familial bond. Arguments often concern minor issues of control, such as curfew, acceptable clothing, and the adolescent's right to privacy, which adolescents may have previously viewed as issues over which their parents had complete authority. Parent-adolescent disagreement also increases as friends demonstrate a greater impact on one another, new influences on the adolescent that may be in opposition to parents' values. Social media has also played an increasing role in adolescent and parent disagreements. While parents never had to worry about the threats of social media in the past, it has become a dangerous place for children. While adolescents strive for their freedoms, the unknowns to parents of what their child is doing on social media sites is a challenging subject, due to the increasing amount of predators on social media sites. Many parents have very little knowledge of social networking sites in the first place and this further increases their mistrust. An important challenge for the parent–adolescent relationship is to understand how to enhance the opportunities of online communication while managing its risks. Although conflicts between children and parents increase during adolescence, these are just relatively minor issues. Regarding their important life issues, most adolescents still share the same attitudes and values as their parents.",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"text": "During childhood, siblings are a source of conflict and frustration as well as a support system. Adolescence may affect this relationship differently, depending on sibling gender. In same-sex sibling pairs, intimacy increases during early adolescence, then remains stable. Mixed-sex siblings pairs act differently; siblings drift apart during early adolescent years, but experience an increase in intimacy starting at middle adolescence. Sibling interactions are children's first relational experiences, the ones that shape their social and self-understanding for life. Sustaining positive sibling relations can assist adolescents in a number of ways. Siblings are able to act as peers, and may increase one another's sociability and feelings of self-worth. Older siblings can give guidance to younger siblings, although the impact of this can be either positive or negative depending on the activity of the older sibling.",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"text": "A potential important influence on adolescence is change of the family dynamic, specifically divorce. With the divorce rate up to about 50%, divorce is common and adds to the already great amount of change in adolescence. Custody disputes soon after a divorce often reflect a playing out of control battles and ambivalence between parents. Divorce usually results in less contact between the adolescent and their noncustodial parent. In extreme cases of instability and abuse in homes, divorce can have a positive effect on families due to less conflict in the home. However, most research suggests a negative effect on adolescence as well as later development. A recent study found that, compared with peers who grow up in stable post-divorce families, children of divorce who experience additional family transitions during late adolescence, make less progress in their math and social studies performance over time. Another recent study put forth a new theory entitled the adolescent epistemological trauma theory, which posited that traumatic life events such as parental divorce during the formative period of late adolescence portend lifelong effects on adult conflict behavior that can be mitigated by effective behavioral assessment and training. A parental divorce during childhood or adolescence continues to have a negative effect when a person is in his or her twenties and early thirties. These negative effects include romantic relationships and conflict style, meaning as adults, they are more likely to use the styles of avoidance and competing in conflict management.",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"text": "Despite changing family roles during adolescence, the home environment and parents are still important for the behaviors and choices of adolescents. Adolescents who have a good relationship with their parents are less likely to engage in various risk behaviors, such as smoking, drinking, fighting, and/or unprotected sexual intercourse. In addition, parents influence the education of adolescence. A study conducted by Adalbjarnardottir and Blondal (2009) showed that adolescents at the age of 14 who identify their parents as authoritative figures are more likely to complete secondary education by the age of 22—as support and encouragement from an authoritative parent motivates the adolescence to complete schooling to avoid disappointing that parent.",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"text": "Peer groups are essential to social and general development. Communication with peers increases significantly during adolescence and peer relationships become more intense than in other stages and more influential to the teen, affecting both the decisions and choices being made. High quality friendships may enhance children's development regardless of the characteristics of those friends. As children begin to bond with various people and create friendships, it later helps them when they are adolescent and sets up the framework for adolescence and peer groups. Peer groups are especially important during adolescence, a period of development characterized by a dramatic increase in time spent with peers and a decrease in adult supervision. Adolescents also associate with friends of the opposite sex much more than in childhood and tend to identify with larger groups of peers based on shared characteristics. It is also common for adolescents to use friends as coping devices in different situations. A three-factor structure of dealing with friends including avoidance, mastery, and nonchalance has shown that adolescents use friends as coping devices with social stresses.",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"text": "Communication within peer groups allows adolescents to explore their feelings and identity as well as develop and evaluate their social skills. Peer groups offer members the opportunity to develop social skills such as empathy, sharing, and leadership. Adolescents choose peer groups based on characteristics similarly found in themselves. By utilizing these relationships, adolescents become more accepting of who they are becoming. Group norms and values are incorporated into an adolescent's own self-concept. Through developing new communication skills and reflecting upon those of their peers, as well as self-opinions and values, an adolescent can share and express emotions and other concerns without fear of rejection or judgment. Peer groups can have positive influences on an individual, such as on academic motivation and performance. However, while peers may facilitate social development for one another they may also hinder it. Peers can have negative influences, such as encouraging experimentation with drugs, drinking, vandalism, and stealing through peer pressure. Susceptibility to peer pressure increases during early adolescence, peaks around age 14, and declines thereafter. Further evidence of peers hindering social development has been found in Spanish teenagers, where emotional (rather than solution-based) reactions to problems and emotional instability have been linked with physical aggression against peers. Both physical and relational aggression are linked to a vast number of enduring psychological difficulties, especially depression, as is social rejection. Because of this, bullied adolescents often develop problems that lead to further victimization. Bullied adolescents are more likely to both continue to be bullied and to bully others in the future. However, this relationship is less stable in cases of cyberbullying, a relatively new issue among adolescents.",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"text": "Adolescents tend to associate with \"cliques\" on a small scale and \"crowds\" on a larger scale. During early adolescence, adolescents often associate in cliques, exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close. Despite the common notion that cliques are an inherently negative influence, they may help adolescents become socially acclimated and form a stronger sense of identity. Within a clique of highly athletic male-peers, for example, the clique may create a stronger sense of fidelity and competition. Cliques also have become somewhat a \"collective parent\", i.e. telling the adolescents what to do and not to do. Towards late adolescence, cliques often merge into mixed-sex groups as teenagers begin romantically engaging with one another. These small friend groups then break down further as socialization becomes more couple-oriented. On a larger scale, adolescents often associate with crowds, groups of individuals who share a common interest or activity. Often, crowd identities may be the basis for stereotyping young people, such as jocks or nerds. In large, multi-ethnic high schools, there are often ethnically determined crowds. Adolescents use online technology to experiment with emerging identities and to broaden their peer groups, such as increasing the amount of friends acquired on Facebook and other social media sites. Some adolescents use these newer channels to enhance relationships with peers however there can be negative uses as well such as cyberbullying, as mentioned previously, and negative impacts on the family.",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"text": "Romantic relationships tend to increase in prevalence throughout adolescence. By age 15, 53% of adolescents have had a romantic relationship that lasted at least one month over the course of the previous 18 months. In a 2008 study conducted by YouGov for Channel 4, 20% of 14−17-year-olds surveyed revealed that they had their first sexual experience at 13 or under in the United Kingdom. A 2002 American study found that those aged 15–44 reported that the average age of first sexual intercourse was 17.0 for males and 17.3 for females. The typical duration of relationships increases throughout the teenage years as well. This constant increase in the likelihood of a long-term relationship can be explained by sexual maturation and the development of cognitive skills necessary to maintain a romantic bond (e.g. caregiving, appropriate attachment), although these skills are not strongly developed until late adolescence. Long-term relationships allow adolescents to gain the skills necessary for high-quality relationships later in life and develop feelings of self-worth. Overall, positive romantic relationships among adolescents can result in long-term benefits. High-quality romantic relationships are associated with higher commitment in early adulthood and are positively associated with self-esteem, self-confidence, and social competence. For example, an adolescent with positive self-confidence is likely to consider themselves a more successful partner, whereas negative experiences may lead to low confidence as a romantic partner. Adolescents often date within their demographic in regards to race, ethnicity, popularity, and physical attractiveness. However, there are traits in which certain individuals, particularly adolescent girls, seek diversity. While most adolescents date people approximately their own age, boys typically date partners the same age or younger; girls typically date partners the same age or older.",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"text": "Some researchers are now focusing on learning about how adolescents view their own relationships and sexuality; they want to move away from a research point of view that focuses on the problems associated with adolescent sexuality. College Professor Lucia O'Sullivan and her colleagues found that there were no significant gender differences in the relationship events adolescent boys and girls from grades 7–12 reported. Most teens said they had kissed their partners, held hands with them, thought of themselves as being a couple and told people they were in a relationship. This means that private thoughts about the relationship as well as public recognition of the relationship were both important to the adolescents in the sample. Sexual events (such as sexual touching, sexual intercourse) were less common than romantic events (holding hands) and social events (being with one's partner in a group setting). The researchers state that these results are important because the results focus on the more positive aspects of adolescents and their social and romantic interactions rather than focusing on sexual behavior and its consequences.",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"text": "Adolescence marks a time of sexual maturation, which manifests in social interactions as well. While adolescents may engage in casual sexual encounters (often referred to as hookups), most sexual experience during this period of development takes place within romantic relationships. Adolescents can use technologies and social media to seek out romantic relationships as they feel it is a safe place to try out dating and identity exploration. From these social media encounters, a further relationship may begin. Kissing, hand holding, and hugging signify satisfaction and commitment. Among young adolescents, \"heavy\" sexual activity, marked by genital stimulation, is often associated with violence, depression, and poor relationship quality. This effect does not hold true for sexual activity in late adolescence that takes place within a romantic relationship. Some research suggest that there are genetic causes of early sexual activity that are also risk factors for delinquency, suggesting that there is a group who are at risk for both early sexual activity and emotional distress. For older adolescents, though, sexual activity in the context of romantic relationships was actually correlated with lower levels of deviant behavior after controlling for genetic risks, as opposed to sex outside of a relationship (hook-ups).",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"text": "Dating violence can occur within adolescent relationships. When surveyed, 12-25% of adolescents reported having experienced physical violence in the context of a relationship while a quarter to a third of adolescents reported having experiencing psychological aggression. This reported aggression includes hitting, throwing things, or slaps, although most of this physical aggression does not result in a medical visit. Physical aggression in relationships tends to decline from high school through college and young adulthood. In heterosexual couples, there is no significant difference between the rates of male and female aggressors, unlike in adult relationships.",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"text": "Female adolescents from minority populations are at increased risk for intimate partner violence (IPV). Recent research findings suggest that a substantial portion of young urban females are at high risk for being victims of multiple forms of IPV. Practitioners diagnosing depression among urban minority teens should assess for both physical and non-physical forms of IPV, and early detection can help to identify youths in need of intervention and care. Similarly to adult victims, adolescent victims do not readily disclose abuse, and may seek out medical care for problems not directly related to incidences of IPV. Therefore, screening should be a routine part of medical treatment for adolescents regardless of chief complaint. Many adults discount instances of IPV in adolescents or believe they do not occur because relationships at young ages are viewed as “puppy love,” however, it is crucial that adults take IPV in adolescents seriously even though often policy falls behind.",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"text": "In contemporary society, adolescents also face some risks as their sexuality begins to transform. While some of these, such as emotional distress (fear of abuse or exploitation) and sexually transmitted infections/diseases (STIs/STDs), including HIV/AIDS, are not necessarily inherent to adolescence, others such as teenage pregnancy (through non-use or failure of contraceptives) are seen as social problems in most western societies. One in four sexually active teenagers will contract an STI. Adolescents in the United States often chose \"anything but intercourse\" for sexual activity because they mistakenly believe it reduces the risk of STIs. Across the country, clinicians report rising diagnoses of herpes and human papillomavirus (HPV), which can cause genital warts, and is now thought to affect 15 percent of the teen population. Girls 15 to 19 have higher rates of gonorrhea than any other age group. One-quarter of all new HIV cases occur in those under the age of 21. Multrine also states in her article that according to a March survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation, eighty-one percent of parents want schools to discuss the use of condoms and contraception with their children. They also believe students should be able to be tested for STIs. Furthermore, teachers want to address such topics with their students. But, although 9 in 10 sex education instructors across the country believe that students should be taught about contraceptives in school, over one quarter report receiving explicit instructions from school boards and administrators not to do so. According to anthropologist Margaret Mead, the turmoil found in adolescence in Western society has a cultural rather than a physical cause; they reported that societies where young women engaged in free sexual activity had no such adolescent turmoil.",
"title": "Social development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"text": "There are certain characteristics of adolescent development that are more rooted in culture than in human biology or cognitive structures. Culture has been defined as the \"symbolic and behavioral inheritance received from the past that provides a community framework for what is valued\". Culture is learned and socially shared, and it affects all aspects of an individual's life. Social responsibilities, sexual expression, and belief system development, for instance, are all things that are likely to vary by culture. Furthermore, distinguishing characteristics of youth, including dress, music and other uses of media, employment, art, food and beverage choices, recreation, and language, all constitute a youth culture. For these reasons, culture is a prevalent and powerful presence in the lives of adolescents, and therefore we cannot fully understand today's adolescents without studying and understanding their culture. However, \"culture\" should not be seen as synonymous with nation or ethnicity. Many cultures are present within any given country and racial or socioeconomic group. Furthermore, to avoid ethnocentrism, researchers must be careful not to define the culture's role in adolescence in terms of their own cultural beliefs.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"text": "In his short book “The Teenage Consumer” published in July 1959, the British market research pioneer Mark Abrams identified the emergence of a new economic group of people aged 13–25. Compared to children, people in this age range had more money, more discretion on how they chose to spend it, and greater mobility through the advent of the motor car. Compared to adults, people in this age range had fewer responsibilities and therefore made different choices on how to spend their money. These unique characteristics of this new economic group presented challenges and opportunities to advertisers. Mark Abrams coined the term “teenager” to describe this group of consumers aged 13–25.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"text": "In Britain, teenagers first came to public attention during the Second World War, when there were fears of juvenile delinquency. By the 1950s, the media presented teenagers in terms of generational rebellion. The exaggerated moral panic among politicians and the older generation was typically belied by the growth in intergenerational cooperation between parents and children. Many working-class parents, enjoying newfound economic security, eagerly took the opportunity to encourage their teens to enjoy more adventurous lives. Schools were falsely portrayed as dangerous blackboard jungles under the control of rowdy kids. The media distortions of the teens as too affluent, and as promiscuous, delinquent, counter-cultural rebels do not reflect the actual experiences of ordinary young adults, particularly young women.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"text": "The degree to which adolescents are perceived as autonomous beings varies widely by culture, as do the behaviors that represent this emerging autonomy. Psychologists have identified three main types of autonomy: emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy. Emotional autonomy is defined in terms of an adolescent's relationships with others, and often includes the development of more mature emotional connections with adults and peers. Behavioral autonomy encompasses an adolescent's developing ability to regulate his or her own behavior, to act on personal decisions, and to self-govern. Cultural differences are especially visible in this category because it concerns issues of dating, social time with peers, and time-management decisions. Cognitive autonomy describes the capacity for an adolescent to partake in processes of independent reasoning and decision-making without excessive reliance on social validation. Converging influences from adolescent cognitive development, expanding social relationships, an increasingly adultlike appearance, and the acceptance of more rights and responsibilities enhance feelings of autonomy for adolescents. Proper development of autonomy has been tied to good mental health, high self-esteem, self-motivated tendencies, positive self-concepts, and self-initiating and regulating behaviors. Furthermore, it has been found that adolescents' mental health is best when their feelings about autonomy match closely with those of their parents.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"text": "A questionnaire called the teen timetable has been used to measure the age at which individuals believe adolescents should be able to engage in behaviors associated with autonomy. This questionnaire has been used to gauge differences in cultural perceptions of adolescent autonomy, finding, for instance, that White parents and adolescents tend to expect autonomy earlier than those of Asian descent. It is, therefore, clear that cultural differences exist in perceptions of adolescent autonomy, and such differences have implications for the lifestyles and development of adolescents. In sub-Saharan African youth, the notions of individuality and freedom may not be useful in understanding adolescent development. Rather, African notions of childhood and adolescent development are relational and interdependent.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"text": "The lifestyle of an adolescent in a given culture is profoundly shaped by the roles and responsibilities he or she is expected to assume. The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior. For instance, adolescents in certain cultures are expected to contribute significantly to household chores and responsibilities. Household chores are frequently divided into self-care tasks and family-care tasks. However, specific household responsibilities for adolescents may vary by culture, family type, and adolescent age. Some research has shown that adolescent participation in family work and routines has a positive influence on the development of an adolescent's feelings of self-worth, care, and concern for others.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"text": "In addition to the sharing of household chores, certain cultures expect adolescents to share in their family's financial responsibilities. According to family economic and financial education specialists, adolescents develop sound money management skills through the practices of saving and spending money, as well as through planning ahead for future economic goals. Differences between families in the distribution of financial responsibilities or provision of allowance may reflect various social background circumstances and intrafamilial processes, which are further influenced by cultural norms and values, as well as by the business sector and market economy of a given society. For instance, in many developing countries it is common for children to attend fewer years of formal schooling so that, when they reach adolescence, they can begin working.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 81,
"text": "While adolescence is a time frequently marked by participation in the workforce, the number of adolescents in the workforce is much lower now than in years past as a result of increased accessibility and perceived importance of formal higher education. For example, half of all 16-year-olds in China were employed in 1980, whereas less than one fourth of this same cohort were employed in 1990.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 82,
"text": "Furthermore, the amount of time adolescents spend on work and leisure activities varies greatly by culture as a result of cultural norms and expectations, as well as various socioeconomic factors. American teenagers spend less time in school or working and more time on leisure activities—which include playing sports, socializing, and caring for their appearance—than do adolescents in many other countries. These differences may be influenced by cultural values of education and the amount of responsibility adolescents are expected to assume in their family or community.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 83,
"text": "Time management, financial roles, and social responsibilities of adolescents are therefore closely connected with the education sector and processes of career development for adolescents, as well as to cultural norms and social expectations. In many ways, adolescents' experiences with their assumed social roles and responsibilities determine the length and quality of their initial pathway into adult roles.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 84,
"text": "Adolescence is frequently characterized by a transformation of an adolescent's understanding of the world, the rational direction towards a life course, and the active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority. An adolescent begins to develop a unique belief system through his or her interaction with social, familial, and cultural environments. While organized religion is not necessarily a part of every adolescent's life experience, youth are still held responsible for forming a set of beliefs about themselves, the world around them, and whatever higher powers they may or may not believe in. This process is often accompanied or aided by cultural traditions that intend to provide a meaningful transition to adulthood through a ceremony, ritual, confirmation, or rite of passage.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 85,
"text": "Many cultures define the transition into adultlike sexuality by specific biological or social milestones in an adolescent's life. For example, menarche (the first menstrual period of a female), or semenarche (the first ejaculation of a male) are frequent sexual defining points for many cultures. In addition to biological factors, an adolescent's sexual socialization is highly dependent upon whether their culture takes a restrictive or permissive attitude toward teen or premarital sexual activity. In the United States specifically, adolescents are said to have \"raging hormones\" that drive their sexual desires. These sexual desires are then dramatized regarding teen sex and seen as \"a site of danger and risk; that such danger and risk is a source of profound worry among adults\". There is little to no normalization regarding teenagers having sex in the U.S., which causes conflict in how adolescents are taught about sex education. There is a constant debate about whether abstinence-only sex education or comprehensive sex education should be taught in schools and this stems back to whether or not the country it is being taught in is permissive or restrictive. Restrictive cultures overtly discourage sexual activity in unmarried adolescents or until an adolescent undergoes a formal rite of passage. These cultures may attempt to restrict sexual activity by separating males and females throughout their development, or through public shaming and physical punishment when sexual activity does occur. In less restrictive cultures, there is more tolerance for displays of adolescent sexuality, or of the interaction between males and females in public and private spaces. Less restrictive cultures may tolerate some aspects of adolescent sexuality, while objecting to other aspects. For instance, some cultures find teenage sexual activity acceptable but teenage pregnancy highly undesirable. Other cultures do not object to teenage sexual activity or teenage pregnancy, as long as they occur after marriage. In permissive societies, overt sexual behavior among unmarried teens is perceived as acceptable, and is sometimes even encouraged. Regardless of whether a culture is restrictive or permissive, there are likely to be discrepancies in how females versus males are expected to express their sexuality. Cultures vary in how overt this double standard is—in some it is legally inscribed, while in others it is communicated through social convention. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth face much discrimination through bullying from those unlike them and may find telling others that they are gay to be a traumatic experience. The range of sexual attitudes that a culture embraces could thus be seen to affect the beliefs, lifestyles, and societal perceptions of its adolescents.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 86,
"text": "Adolescence is a period frequently marked by increased rights and privileges for individuals. While cultural variation exists for legal rights and their corresponding ages, considerable consistency is found across cultures. Furthermore, since the advent of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989 (children here defined as under 18), almost every country in the world (except the U.S. and South Sudan) has legally committed to advancing an anti-discriminatory stance towards young people of all ages. This includes protecting children against unchecked child labor, enrollment in the military, prostitution, and pornography. In many societies, those who reach a certain age (often 18, though this varies) are considered to have reached the age of majority and are legally regarded as adults who are responsible for their actions. People below this age are considered minors or children. A person below the age of majority may gain adult rights through legal emancipation.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 87,
"text": "The legal working age in Western countries is usually 14 to 16, depending on the number of hours and type of employment under consideration. Many countries also specify a minimum school leaving age, at which a person is legally allowed to leave compulsory education. This age varies greatly cross-culturally, spanning from 10 to 18, which further reflects the diverse ways formal education is viewed in cultures around the world.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 88,
"text": "In most democratic countries, a citizen is eligible to vote at age 18. In a minority of countries, the voting age is as low as 16 (for example, Brazil), and at one time was as high as 25 in Uzbekistan.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 89,
"text": "The age of consent to sexual activity varies widely between jurisdictions, ranging from 12 to 20 years, as does the age at which people are allowed to marry. Specific legal ages for adolescents that also vary by culture are enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels. The legal coming of age often does not correspond with the sudden realization of autonomy; many adolescents who have legally reached adult age are still dependent on their guardians or peers for emotional and financial support. Nonetheless, new legal privileges converge with shifting social expectations to usher in a phase of heightened independence or social responsibility for most legal adolescents.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 90,
"text": "Following a steady decline beginning in the late 1990s up through the mid-2000s and a moderate increase in the early 2010s, illicit drug use among adolescents has roughly plateaued in the U.S. Aside from alcohol, marijuana is the most commonly indulged drug habit during adolescent years. Data collected by the National Institute on Drug Abuse shows that between the years of 2015 and 2018, past year marijuana usage among 8th graders declined from 11.8% to 10.5%; among 10th grade students, usage rose from 25.4% to 27.50%; and among 12th graders, usage rose slightly from 34.9% to 35.9%. Additionally, while the early 2010s saw a surge in the popularity of MDMA, usage has stabilized with 2.2% of 12th graders using MDMA in the past year in the U.S. The heightened usage of ecstasy most likely ties in at least to some degree with the rising popularity of rave culture.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 91,
"text": "One significant contribution to the increase in teenage substance abuse is an increase in the availability of prescription medication. With an increase in the diagnosis of behavioral and attentional disorders for students, taking pharmaceutical drugs such as Vicodin and Adderall for pleasure has become a prevalent activity among adolescents: 9.9% of high school seniors report having abused prescription drugs within the past year.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 92,
"text": "In the U.S., teenage alcohol use rose in the late 2000s and is currently stable at a moderate level. Out of a polled body of U.S. students age 12–18, 8.2% of 8th graders reported having been on at least one occasion having consumed alcohol within the previous month; for 10th graders, the number was 18.6%, and for 12th graders, 30.2%. More drastically, cigarette smoking has become a far less prevalent activity among American middle- and high-school students; in fact, a greater number of teens now smoke marijuana than smoke cigarettes, with one recent study showing a respective 23.8% versus 43.6% of surveyed high school seniors. Recent studies have shown that male late adolescents are far more likely to smoke cigarettes rather than females. The study indicated that there was a discernible gender difference in the prevalence of smoking among the students. The finding of the study shows that more males than females began smoking when they were in primary and high schools whereas most females started smoking after high school. This may be attributed to recent changing social and political views towards marijuana; issues such as medicinal use and legalization have tended towards painting the drug in a more positive light than historically, while cigarettes continue to be vilified due to associated health risks.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 93,
"text": "Different drug habits often relate to one another in a highly significant manner. It has been demonstrated that adolescents who drink at least to some degree may be as much as sixteen times more likely than non-drinkers to use illicit drugs.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 94,
"text": "Peer acceptance and social norms gain a significantly greater hand in directing behavior at the onset of adolescence; as such, the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped largely by the substance use of friends and other classmates. In fact, studies suggest that more significantly than actual drug norms, an individual's perception of the illicit drug use by friends and peers is highly associated with his or her own habits in substance use during both middle and high school, a relationship that increases in strength over time. Whereas social influences on alcohol use and marijuana use tend to work directly in the short term, peer and friend norms on smoking cigarettes in middle school have a profound effect on one's own likelihood to smoke cigarettes well into high school. Perhaps the strong correlation between peer influence in middle school and cigarette smoking in high school may be explained by the addictive nature of cigarettes, which could lead many students to continue their smoking habits from middle school into late adolescence.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 95,
"text": "Until mid-to-late adolescence, boys and girls show relatively little difference in drinking motives. Distinctions between the reasons for alcohol consumption of males and females begin to emerge around ages 14–15; overall, boys tend to view drinking in a more social light than girls, who report on average a more frequent use of alcohol as a coping mechanism. The latter effect appears to shift in late adolescence and onset of early adulthood (20–21 years of age); however, despite this trend, age tends to bring a greater desire to drink for pleasure rather than coping in both boys and girls.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 96,
"text": "Drinking habits and the motives behind them often reflect certain aspects of an individual's personality; in fact, four dimensions of the Five-Factor Model of personality demonstrate associations with drinking motives (all but 'Openness'). Greater enhancement motives for alcohol consumption tend to reflect high levels of extraversion and sensation-seeking in individuals; such enjoyment motivation often also indicates low conscientiousness, manifesting in lowered inhibition and a greater tendency towards aggression. On the other hand, drinking to cope with negative emotional states correlates strongly with high neuroticism and low agreeableness. Alcohol use as a negative emotion control mechanism often links with many other behavioral and emotional impairments, such as anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 97,
"text": "Research has generally shown striking uniformity across different cultures in the motives behind teen alcohol use. Social engagement and personal enjoyment appear to play a fairly universal role in adolescents' decision to drink throughout separate cultural contexts. Surveys conducted in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canada have each indicated the most common reason for drinking among adolescents to relate to pleasure and recreation; 80% of Argentinian teens reported drinking for enjoyment, while only 7% drank to improve a bad mood. The most prevalent answers among Canadian adolescents were to \"get in a party mood,\" 18%; \"because I enjoy it,\" 16%; and \"to get drunk,\" 10%. In Hong Kong, female participants most frequently reported drinking for social enjoyment, while males most frequently reported drinking to feel the effects of alcohol.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 98,
"text": "Much research has been conducted on the psychological ramifications of body image on adolescents. Modern day teenagers are exposed to more media on a daily basis than any generation before them. As such, modern day adolescents are exposed to many representations of ideal, societal beauty. The concept of a person being unhappy with their own image or appearance has been defined as \"body dissatisfaction\". In teenagers, body dissatisfaction is often associated with body mass, low self-esteem, and atypical eating patterns that can result in health procedures. Scholars continue to debate the effects of media on body dissatisfaction in teens.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 99,
"text": "Because exposure to media has increased over the past decade, adolescents' use of computers, cell phones, stereos and televisions to gain access to various mediums of popular culture has also increased. Almost all American households have at least one television, more than three-quarters of all adolescents' homes have access to the Internet, and more than 90% of American adolescents use the Internet at least occasionally. As a result of the amount of time adolescents spend using these devices, their total media exposure is high. In the last decade, the amount of time that adolescents spend on the computer has greatly increased. Online activities with the highest rates of use among adolescents are video games (78% of adolescents), email (73%), instant messaging (68%), social networking sites (65%), news sources (63%), music (59%), and videos (57%).",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 100,
"text": "In the 2000s, social networking sites proliferated and a high proportion of adolescents used them. As of 2012, 73% of 12–17 year olds reported having at least one social networking profile; two-thirds (68%) of teens texted every day, half (51%) visited social networking sites daily, and 11% sent or received tweets at least once every day. More than a third (34%) of teens visited their main social networking site several times a day. One in four (23%) teens were \"heavy\" social media users, meaning they used at least two different types of social media each and every day.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 101,
"text": "Although research has been inconclusive, some findings have indicated that electronic communication negatively affects adolescents' social development, replaces face-to-face communication, impairs their social skills, and can sometimes lead to unsafe interaction with strangers. A 2015 review reported that \"adolescents lack awareness of strategies to cope with cyberbullying, which has been consistently associated with an increased likelihood of depression.\" Furthermore, in 2020, 32% of adolescent girls that use Instagram reported feeling worse about their body image after using the platform. Studies have shown differences in the ways the internet negatively impacts adolescents' social functioning. Online socializing tends to make girls particularly vulnerable, while socializing in Internet cafés seems only to affect boys' academic achievement. However, other research suggests that Internet communication brings friends closer and is beneficial for socially anxious teens, who find it easier to interact socially online.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 102,
"text": "A broad way of defining adolescence is the transition from child-to-adulthood. According to Hogan & Astone (1986), this transition can include markers such as leaving school, starting a full-time job, leaving the home of origin, getting married, and becoming a parent for the first time. However, the time frame of this transition varies drastically by culture. In some countries, such as the United States, adolescence can last nearly a decade, but in others, the transition—often in the form of a ceremony—can last for only a few days.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 103,
"text": "Some examples of social and religious transition ceremonies that can be found in the U.S., as well as in other cultures around the world, are Confirmation, Bar and Bat Mitzvahs, Quinceañeras, sweet sixteens, cotillions, and débutante balls. In other countries, initiation ceremonies play an important role, marking the transition into adulthood or the entrance into adolescence. This transition may be accompanied by obvious physical changes, which can vary from a change in clothing to tattoos and scarification. Furthermore, transitions into adulthood may also vary by gender, and specific rituals may be more common for males or for females. This illuminates the extent to which adolescence is, at least in part, a social construction; it takes shape differently depending on the cultural context, and may be enforced more by cultural practices or transitions than by universal chemical or biological physical changes.",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 104,
"text": "At the decision-making point of their lives, youth are susceptible to drug addiction, sexual abuse, peer pressure, violent crimes and other illegal activities. Developmental Intervention Science (DIS) is a fusion of the literature of both developmental and intervention sciences. This association conducts youth interventions that mutually assist both the needs of the community as well as psychologically stranded youth by focusing on risky and inappropriate behaviors while promoting positive self-development along with self-esteem among adolescents.",
"title": "Promoting positive changes in adolescents"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 105,
"text": "The concept of adolescence has been criticized by experts, such as Robert Epstein, who state that an undeveloped brain is not the main cause of teenagers' turmoils. Some have criticized the concept of adolescence because it is a relatively recent phenomenon in human history created by modern society, and have been highly critical of what they view as the infantilization of young adults in American society. In an article for Scientific American, Robert Epstein and Jennifer Ong state that \"American-style teen turmoil is absent in more than 100 cultures around the world, suggesting that such mayhem is not biologically inevitable. Second, the brain itself changes in response to experiences, raising the question of whether adolescent brain characteristics are the cause of teen tumult or rather the result of lifestyle and experiences.\" David Moshman has also stated in regards to adolescence that brain research \"is crucial for a full picture, but it does not provide an ultimate explanation.\"",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 106,
"text": "Other critics of the concept of adolescence do point at individual differences in brain growth rate, citing that some (though not all) early teens still have infantile undeveloped corpus callosums, concluding that \"the adult in *every* adolescent\" is too generalizing. These people tend to support the notion that a more interconnected brain makes more precise distinctions (citing Pavlov's comparisons of conditioned reflexes in different species) and that there is a non-arbitrary threshold at which distinctions become sufficiently precise to correct assumptions afterward as opposed to being ultimately dependent on exterior assumptions for communication. They argue that this threshold is the one at which an individual is objectively capable of speaking for himself or herself, as opposed to culturally arbitrary measures of \"maturity\" which often treat this ability as a sign of \"immaturity\" merely because it leads to questioning of authorities. These people also stress the low probability of the threshold being reached at a birthday, and instead advocate non-chronological emancipation at the threshold of afterward correction of assumptions. They sometimes cite similarities between \"adolescent\" behavior and KZ syndrome (inmate behavior in adults in prison camps) such as aggression being explainable by oppression and \"immature\" financial or other risk behavior being explainable by a way out of captivity being more worth to captive people than any incremental improvement in captivity, and argue that this theory successfully predicted remaining \"immature\" behavior after reaching the age of majority by means of longer-term traumatization. In this context, they refer to the fallibility of official assumptions about what is good or bad for an individual, concluding that paternalistic \"rights\" may harm the individual. They also argue that since it never took many years to move from one group to another to avoid inbreeding in the paleolithic, evolutionary psychology is unable to account for a long period of \"immature\" risk behavior.",
"title": "Criticism"
}
] | Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to adulthood. Adolescence is usually associated with the teenage years, but its physical, psychological or cultural expressions may begin earlier or end later. Puberty typically begins during preadolescence, particularly in females. Physical growth and cognitive development can extend past the teens. Age provides only a rough marker of adolescence, and scholars have not agreed upon a precise definition. Some definitions start as early as 10 and end as late as 26. The World Health Organization definition officially designates an adolescent as someone between the ages of 10 and 19. | 2023-12-09T16:57:58Z | 2023-12-09T17:01:32Z | [
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75,524,336 | The Odeon | The Odeon is a restaurant in New York City. The restaurant opened in 1980, in space previously occupied by Towers Cafeteria. The restaurant was founded by Lynn Wagenknecht, Keith McNally, and Brian McNally. Wagenknecht continues to run the restaurant. Wagenknecht has characterized the restaurant as a brasserie.
Before founding The Odeon, Lynn Wagenknecht, Keith McNally, and Brian McNally all worked at One Fifth, another Manhattan restaurant. Keith McNally and Wagenknecht developed the idea for The Odeon while on a vacation in Paris in 1979. The Odeon opened in 1980, in space previously occupied by Towers Cafeteria. Patrick Clark was The Odeon's first chef. Keith and Brian experienced tension while running the restaurant. Brian ceased working at The Odeon in 1982 and moved to Paris. He later returned to New York City and opened the restaurant Indochine. Bar Odeon, a "spin-off" located across the street from The Odeon, was replaced by another restaurant in 2002.
The restaurant experienced a renewal in its popularity and cachet in the 2010s. Jacob Bernstein, writing for the New York Times, attributed this surge in part to the relocated offices of media company Condé Nast. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the restaurant built an outdoor dining structure, with seating on both West Broadway and Thomas Street. The structure collapsed in December 2021 due to wind, injuring one person.
Critics from The New York Times have given The Odeon a full review in 1980, 1986, 1989, and 2016. Moira Hodgson, the first critic to review the restaurant for The New York Times, in 1980, praised chef Patrick Clark's cooking and the service. Hodgson also noted the clientele, referring to them as "pillars of the art world". Hodgson awarded the restaurant two stars. Bryan Miller, reviewing The Odeon in 1986 for the Times, awarded the restaurant one star. In 1989, Miller reviewed the restaurant again and awarded it two stars. Pete Wells, in a 2016 review, awarded the restaurant one star, and emphasized the sense of comfort that dining at the restaurant brought him.
The Odeon has been referred to as a "classic" New York City restaurant. In his 1989 review, Bryan Miller commented that the restaurant was already "called an institution" despite having been open for less than ten years. William Grimes referred to The Odeon as "ageless and definitively downtown" in a 2000 review of Village, a restaurant opened by former Odeon chef Stephen Lyle. Stephen Heyman, writing for Surface, described The Odeon and other restaurants operated by Keith McNally as gradually transitioning from a "forward operating bases of gentrification" to "important parts of the city's heritage".
Scenes in Jay McInerney's novel Bright Lights, Big City take place at The Odeon, and the exterior was depicted on the book's first edition cover. McInerney has said that attorneys at his publishing house were concerned about depictions of drug use at the restaurant in the novel, so McInerney sought Keith McNally's permission to portray the restaurant in and on the book. McNally granted permission assuming the novel would not sell well. The exterior was also featured in the opening credits of Saturday Night Live.
The Odeon is known for its celebrity clientele. Regulars at the restaurant have at points included Jean-Michel Basquiat, John Belushi, and Andy Warhol. Lena Dunham has a tattoo of the restaurant's sign.
Toby Cecchini and Melissa Huffsmith-Roth, bartenders at The Odeon in the 1980s, have been credited with inventing the Cosmopolitan cocktail, with Checchini sometimes receiving solo credit. When asked about claims the drink was invented at The Odeon in an interview with Bon Appétit, Keith McNally said "Nothing could be closer to the truth." | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Odeon is a restaurant in New York City. The restaurant opened in 1980, in space previously occupied by Towers Cafeteria. The restaurant was founded by Lynn Wagenknecht, Keith McNally, and Brian McNally. Wagenknecht continues to run the restaurant. Wagenknecht has characterized the restaurant as a brasserie.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Before founding The Odeon, Lynn Wagenknecht, Keith McNally, and Brian McNally all worked at One Fifth, another Manhattan restaurant. Keith McNally and Wagenknecht developed the idea for The Odeon while on a vacation in Paris in 1979. The Odeon opened in 1980, in space previously occupied by Towers Cafeteria. Patrick Clark was The Odeon's first chef. Keith and Brian experienced tension while running the restaurant. Brian ceased working at The Odeon in 1982 and moved to Paris. He later returned to New York City and opened the restaurant Indochine. Bar Odeon, a \"spin-off\" located across the street from The Odeon, was replaced by another restaurant in 2002.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The restaurant experienced a renewal in its popularity and cachet in the 2010s. Jacob Bernstein, writing for the New York Times, attributed this surge in part to the relocated offices of media company Condé Nast. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the restaurant built an outdoor dining structure, with seating on both West Broadway and Thomas Street. The structure collapsed in December 2021 due to wind, injuring one person.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Critics from The New York Times have given The Odeon a full review in 1980, 1986, 1989, and 2016. Moira Hodgson, the first critic to review the restaurant for The New York Times, in 1980, praised chef Patrick Clark's cooking and the service. Hodgson also noted the clientele, referring to them as \"pillars of the art world\". Hodgson awarded the restaurant two stars. Bryan Miller, reviewing The Odeon in 1986 for the Times, awarded the restaurant one star. In 1989, Miller reviewed the restaurant again and awarded it two stars. Pete Wells, in a 2016 review, awarded the restaurant one star, and emphasized the sense of comfort that dining at the restaurant brought him.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The Odeon has been referred to as a \"classic\" New York City restaurant. In his 1989 review, Bryan Miller commented that the restaurant was already \"called an institution\" despite having been open for less than ten years. William Grimes referred to The Odeon as \"ageless and definitively downtown\" in a 2000 review of Village, a restaurant opened by former Odeon chef Stephen Lyle. Stephen Heyman, writing for Surface, described The Odeon and other restaurants operated by Keith McNally as gradually transitioning from a \"forward operating bases of gentrification\" to \"important parts of the city's heritage\".",
"title": "Reputation and influence"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Scenes in Jay McInerney's novel Bright Lights, Big City take place at The Odeon, and the exterior was depicted on the book's first edition cover. McInerney has said that attorneys at his publishing house were concerned about depictions of drug use at the restaurant in the novel, so McInerney sought Keith McNally's permission to portray the restaurant in and on the book. McNally granted permission assuming the novel would not sell well. The exterior was also featured in the opening credits of Saturday Night Live.",
"title": "Reputation and influence"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The Odeon is known for its celebrity clientele. Regulars at the restaurant have at points included Jean-Michel Basquiat, John Belushi, and Andy Warhol. Lena Dunham has a tattoo of the restaurant's sign.",
"title": "Reputation and influence"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Toby Cecchini and Melissa Huffsmith-Roth, bartenders at The Odeon in the 1980s, have been credited with inventing the Cosmopolitan cocktail, with Checchini sometimes receiving solo credit. When asked about claims the drink was invented at The Odeon in an interview with Bon Appétit, Keith McNally said \"Nothing could be closer to the truth.\"",
"title": "Reputation and influence"
}
] | The Odeon is a restaurant in New York City. The restaurant opened in 1980, in space previously occupied by Towers Cafeteria. The restaurant was founded by Lynn Wagenknecht, Keith McNally, and Brian McNally. Wagenknecht continues to run the restaurant. Wagenknecht has characterized the restaurant as a brasserie. | 2023-12-09T17:01:30Z | 2023-12-23T03:41:25Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Odeon |
75,524,344 | 2024 in Dominica | Events in the year 2024 in Dominica.
Source: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Events in the year 2024 in Dominica.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Source:",
"title": "Holidays"
}
] | Events in the year 2024 in Dominica. | 2023-12-09T17:03:46Z | 2023-12-09T18:11:20Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_in_Dominica |
75,524,353 | Melike İlgün | Melike Bozok İlgün is a Turkish journalist and writer. She is known for her books such as Bir Başvekil Sevdim (I Fell in Love With a Prime Minister) and children's books such as Yasemin'in Gizemli Bahçesi (Yasemin's Mysterious Garden).
İlgün grew up in Iskenderun, Turkey. She attended İstiklal Makzume Anadolu Lisesi in İskenderun, and then she studied law at İstanbul University. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Melike Bozok İlgün is a Turkish journalist and writer. She is known for her books such as Bir Başvekil Sevdim (I Fell in Love With a Prime Minister) and children's books such as Yasemin'in Gizemli Bahçesi (Yasemin's Mysterious Garden).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "İlgün grew up in Iskenderun, Turkey. She attended İstiklal Makzume Anadolu Lisesi in İskenderun, and then she studied law at İstanbul University.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Melike Bozok İlgün is a Turkish journalist and writer. She is known for her books such as Bir Başvekil Sevdim and children's books such as Yasemin'in Gizemli Bahçesi. | 2023-12-09T17:05:33Z | 2023-12-17T04:24:02Z | [
"Template:Orphan",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Turkey-writer-stub"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melike_%C4%B0lg%C3%BCn |
75,524,365 | Helaman Jeffs | Helaman B. Jeffs is an American high-ranking official in the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. He is the son of convicted pedophile Warren Jeffs.
Warren has been reported to be using Helaman to direct church rules during his imprisonment. He is currently overseeing an FLDS compound near Ruso, North Dakota. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Helaman B. Jeffs is an American high-ranking official in the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. He is the son of convicted pedophile Warren Jeffs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Warren has been reported to be using Helaman to direct church rules during his imprisonment. He is currently overseeing an FLDS compound near Ruso, North Dakota.",
"title": ""
}
] | Helaman B. Jeffs is an American high-ranking official in the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. He is the son of convicted pedophile Warren Jeffs. Warren has been reported to be using Helaman to direct church rules during his imprisonment. He is currently overseeing an FLDS compound near Ruso, North Dakota. | 2023-12-09T17:07:22Z | 2023-12-14T21:17:25Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helaman_Jeffs |
75,524,415 | Dutch Reformed Church, Robertson | The Dutch Reformed Church in Robertson is a large rural congregation in the province of the Western Cape and the NG Church's Synod of the Western and Southern Cape. It was founded in 1853 as the 52nd congregation in the entire Church, but is currently (2015) the 51st oldest congregation after the incorporation of the NG congregation Middelburg, Cape with its daughter congregation, Middelburg-Uitsig, in 2010. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Dutch Reformed Church in Robertson is a large rural congregation in the province of the Western Cape and the NG Church's Synod of the Western and Southern Cape. It was founded in 1853 as the 52nd congregation in the entire Church, but is currently (2015) the 51st oldest congregation after the incorporation of the NG congregation Middelburg, Cape with its daughter congregation, Middelburg-Uitsig, in 2010.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Dutch Reformed Church in Robertson is a large rural congregation in the province of the Western Cape and the NG Church's Synod of the Western and Southern Cape. It was founded in 1853 as the 52nd congregation in the entire Church, but is currently (2015) the 51st oldest congregation after the incorporation of the NG congregation Middelburg, Cape with its daughter congregation, Middelburg-Uitsig, in 2010. | 2023-12-09T17:13:36Z | 2023-12-14T18:59:26Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Original research"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church,_Robertson |
75,524,438 | E2 Linux | E2 Linux is an umbrella name for Linux distributions designed to control digital television receivers (DVB-S, DVB-C, and DVB-T), set-top boxes and IPTV receivers. E2 Linux was originally developed for Dreambox receivers, but after 2010 a number of other manufacturers began shipping devices with E2 Linux, including Formuler, GigaBlue, Octagon, Opticum, Unibox, Vu+, and Zgemma.
A modification of the Linux operating system, now called E2 Linux, was developed by a group of enthusiasts in the TuxBox project between 2000 and 2001 for the digital satellite receiver DBox2, which was supplied by the German media group Kirch Group for access to the pay satellite station DF1 (later Premiere, then Sky Deutschland). The receiver was supplied with BetaResearch's Betanova firmware, which was based on Sun's ChorusOS and used Java for the user interface. Its responsiveness was slow and its capabilities limited. At least three user interfaces - Neutrino, Lcars (inspired by Star Trek), and Enigma - were developed as part of the TuxBox project, but KirchPayTV went bankrupt in 2002, ending production of the DBox2 receivers. As early as 2003, however, Dream Multimedia (now Dream Service GmbH) picked up the development and introduced the Dreambox 5600, 5620 and 7000 satellite receivers with a 252 MHz PowerPC processor and IBM STB04500 chips. Dream Multimedia chose the enigma interface for its receiver and named the entire operating system after it. In 2006 it developed a new version called enigma2. At that time, many other manufacturers appeared who did not contribute much to the development but competed with Dream Multimedia on price. The company therefore decided to close further development of the system.
Devices designed for Enigma2 (i.e. satellite receivers, set-top boxes and IPTV receivers, often collectively referred to as "box") are equipped with one or more DVB-S, DVB-C and DVB-T tuners (unless it is a pure IPTV receiver), a remote control receiver and an Ethernet and/or Wi-Fi network adapter. One or more decoder card slots are available for receiving encrypted programmes. For storing the operating system, the device is usually equipped with flash memory, and a larger hard disk, SSD, USB flash drive or memory card can be connected or inserted for recording programmes or for playing back files. The device can also use network storage or a disk volume on a personal computer using the Samba or NFS protocol. The system is designed to be controlled by a remote control similar to those used for television sets. A television connected to an Enigma device, usually by HDMI (or SCART in older systems) cable, acts as a multimedia monitor. The device can also usually be connected to a home audio system, usually via an S/PDIF interface.
The central application is Enigma2, which implements a graphical user interface (GUI) for controlling DVB receivers. Since many of the devices running E2 Linux have limited internal and external memory sizes, lightweight versions of Linux tools (BusyBox, dropbear, etc.) are usually used, and the OpenEmbedded (OE) environment is used for building. The configuration of the functions needed for system management is implemented as text dialogs.
The system can be accessed using standard terminal emulation programs, ssh or telnet, file-transfer protocols FTP, SFTP and can act as Samba and NFS server and client.
Plugins with additional features, like Kodi, Chromium , HbbTV, may be available in some E2 Linux distributions.
In 2020, there are dozens of E2 Linux distributions that differ in enigma2 functionality, additional installed software, plugins, etc. Some of the most well-known include OpenATV, OpenViX, OpenPLi, OpenEight, Black Hole, EGAMI, PurE2. They come in the form of a disk image packaged in a ZIP file. The same format is used for complete backups of the entire system; there is also an option to backup only configuration files. Updates can be performed by using the opkg package manager. Dream multimedia no longer uses the name Enigma for the latest versions of its system, but a new system named Drembox OS. Some receivers support Multiboot - the ability to install multiple distributions or different versions of the current distribution, for feature checking and comparison purposes or as a rescue system in case of problems rather than for routine use. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "E2 Linux is an umbrella name for Linux distributions designed to control digital television receivers (DVB-S, DVB-C, and DVB-T), set-top boxes and IPTV receivers. E2 Linux was originally developed for Dreambox receivers, but after 2010 a number of other manufacturers began shipping devices with E2 Linux, including Formuler, GigaBlue, Octagon, Opticum, Unibox, Vu+, and Zgemma.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "A modification of the Linux operating system, now called E2 Linux, was developed by a group of enthusiasts in the TuxBox project between 2000 and 2001 for the digital satellite receiver DBox2, which was supplied by the German media group Kirch Group for access to the pay satellite station DF1 (later Premiere, then Sky Deutschland). The receiver was supplied with BetaResearch's Betanova firmware, which was based on Sun's ChorusOS and used Java for the user interface. Its responsiveness was slow and its capabilities limited. At least three user interfaces - Neutrino, Lcars (inspired by Star Trek), and Enigma - were developed as part of the TuxBox project, but KirchPayTV went bankrupt in 2002, ending production of the DBox2 receivers. As early as 2003, however, Dream Multimedia (now Dream Service GmbH) picked up the development and introduced the Dreambox 5600, 5620 and 7000 satellite receivers with a 252 MHz PowerPC processor and IBM STB04500 chips. Dream Multimedia chose the enigma interface for its receiver and named the entire operating system after it. In 2006 it developed a new version called enigma2. At that time, many other manufacturers appeared who did not contribute much to the development but competed with Dream Multimedia on price. The company therefore decided to close further development of the system.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Devices designed for Enigma2 (i.e. satellite receivers, set-top boxes and IPTV receivers, often collectively referred to as \"box\") are equipped with one or more DVB-S, DVB-C and DVB-T tuners (unless it is a pure IPTV receiver), a remote control receiver and an Ethernet and/or Wi-Fi network adapter. One or more decoder card slots are available for receiving encrypted programmes. For storing the operating system, the device is usually equipped with flash memory, and a larger hard disk, SSD, USB flash drive or memory card can be connected or inserted for recording programmes or for playing back files. The device can also use network storage or a disk volume on a personal computer using the Samba or NFS protocol. The system is designed to be controlled by a remote control similar to those used for television sets. A television connected to an Enigma device, usually by HDMI (or SCART in older systems) cable, acts as a multimedia monitor. The device can also usually be connected to a home audio system, usually via an S/PDIF interface.",
"title": "Hardware"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The central application is Enigma2, which implements a graphical user interface (GUI) for controlling DVB receivers. Since many of the devices running E2 Linux have limited internal and external memory sizes, lightweight versions of Linux tools (BusyBox, dropbear, etc.) are usually used, and the OpenEmbedded (OE) environment is used for building. The configuration of the functions needed for system management is implemented as text dialogs.",
"title": "Software"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The system can be accessed using standard terminal emulation programs, ssh or telnet, file-transfer protocols FTP, SFTP and can act as Samba and NFS server and client.",
"title": "Software"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Plugins with additional features, like Kodi, Chromium , HbbTV, may be available in some E2 Linux distributions.",
"title": "Software"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 2020, there are dozens of E2 Linux distributions that differ in enigma2 functionality, additional installed software, plugins, etc. Some of the most well-known include OpenATV, OpenViX, OpenPLi, OpenEight, Black Hole, EGAMI, PurE2. They come in the form of a disk image packaged in a ZIP file. The same format is used for complete backups of the entire system; there is also an option to backup only configuration files. Updates can be performed by using the opkg package manager. Dream multimedia no longer uses the name Enigma for the latest versions of its system, but a new system named Drembox OS. Some receivers support Multiboot - the ability to install multiple distributions or different versions of the current distribution, for feature checking and comparison purposes or as a rescue system in case of problems rather than for routine use.",
"title": "Current state"
}
] | E2 Linux is an umbrella name for Linux distributions designed to control digital television receivers, set-top boxes and IPTV receivers. E2 Linux was originally developed for Dreambox receivers, but after 2010 a number of other manufacturers began shipping devices with E2 Linux, including Formuler, GigaBlue, Octagon, Opticum, Unibox, Vu+, and Zgemma. | 2023-12-09T17:18:22Z | 2023-12-14T19:26:23Z | [
"Template:Infobox OS",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Dead link"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E2_Linux |
75,524,452 | Schoharie Formation | The Schoharie Formation is a Devonian formation found in outcrop in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Also known as the "Schoharie Grit" in central New York, due to the "gritty" consistency of the formation.
The Schoharie is made up of finer grained siliciclastics and calcareous material. With the formation becoming less calcareous towards the top. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Schoharie Formation is a Devonian formation found in outcrop in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Also known as the \"Schoharie Grit\" in central New York, due to the \"gritty\" consistency of the formation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Schoharie is made up of finer grained siliciclastics and calcareous material. With the formation becoming less calcareous towards the top.",
"title": "Description"
}
] | The Schoharie Formation is a Devonian formation found in outcrop in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Also known as the "Schoharie Grit" in central New York, due to the "gritty" consistency of the formation. | 2023-12-09T17:21:36Z | 2023-12-26T17:41:40Z | [
"Template:Chronostratigraphy of Virginia",
"Template:Geologic-formation-stub",
"Template:Infobox rockunit",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Chronostratigraphy of New York",
"Template:Chronostratigraphy of Pennsylvania"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoharie_Formation |
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