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Second - considering participation in the programme as a random process - the Unconfoundedness Hypothesis assumes that non-observable characteristics are unable to affect not only the treatment assignment but also the potential outcomes. To do this, we adopt the propensity score, which defines the probability that a family would participate in the programme given a set of observable characteristics. The variables introduced in the regression are: household market income, the largest number of years of education within the household, the number of children (under 14 years old), plus three characteristics of the house (number of people per rooms, water supply and roof conditions) as the programme considers the housing dimension to be one of the most important elements in defining the level of well-being. | sdg1 |
They also report the level of education and main occupation of parents, which allow constructing a measure of Parental Education Background (PEB). The variable is defined as follows. An individual is assigned a Low PEB if neither parent has attained upper secondary education, a Medium PEB if at least one parent has attained secondary and post-secondary, non-tertiary education, and a High PEB if at least one parent has attained tertiary education. | sdg10 |
Having schools that are close by and ensuring that classes are structured so girls can return home before dark can also encourage parents and reduce risks of gender-based violence. All-girl classes and complementary “safe” learning spaces can provide girls with room to develop decision-malting and leadership skills that may be more difficult to cultivate in places where these skills are mostly reserved for men and boys. Extracurricular sports can also be important for empowerment (Sperling and Windirop, 2016). | sdg5 |
Forests cover about 39.9 per cent of the territory of Georgia and contain the largest part of Georgia’s species diversity. Habitats such as semi-deserts, steppes, wetlands, flood plain forests and Colchic forests are endangered. Broadleaf forests consist primarily of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis), Georgian oak (Quercus iberica), hornbeam (Carpinus caucasica, C. betulus) and chestnut (Castanea sativa). | sdg15 |
Governments at all levels rely on a variety of revenue streams, but local governments in OECD countries are almost always constrained by higher level governments in terms of their ability to raise revenue and what they can spend it on. The relationship between fiscal and planning systems in a country' in turn creates incentives for how land is used (see Box 1.7 for an illustration). Whereas the United Kingdom’s (central) land use planning system is one of the most rigid in the world and its fiscal system is heavily centralised, Switzerland is an extremely decentralised country, with strong political and fiscal powers allocated at local level. Two main features distinguish the British ‘development control’ system from the continental European ‘rule-based zoning’ system. First, development control is highly centralised and imposes stringent land use restrictions to contain uiban growth throughout the country (‘green belts’ that are largely sacrosanct for development for example surround all major urban centres in England). Second, development control is discretionary rather than mle based. | sdg11 |
Limited financial resources and lack of supportive infrastructure are expected to hinder rapid adoption and deployment of electric vehicles in the Commonwealth Pacific small states. As Fiji is the major regional petroleum distribution hub in the Pacific, where fuel is bunkered before being transported on smaller ships to other countries, a change of fuel standards in Fiji would influence outcomes in downstream countries. Fiji currently uses Euro 2 standard fuel (Australia is on Euro 5 and 6) but could reduce emissions by raising the standard to Euro 4. Euro 5 is likely to be cost prohibitive at this stage as it requires the use of diesel particulate filters. | sdg7 |
The calculation and coverage of progressivity indices based on tax schedules differ from the Kakwani index presented above. In particular, they include standard cash (mostly family-related) transfers and do not account for non-standard tax reliefs, such as those associated with mortgage interest payments. Drawing international comparisons for single taxpayers without children allows leaving aside most cash transfers to focus mostly on taxes. | sdg10 |
The transfer by the municipality fund is allocated to individual municipalities on the basis of a very complex distribution formula using a variety of objective indicators (Bos, 2010). This not only takes account of the number of inhabitants, but also corrects for differences in tax-eaming capacity (real estate value of dwellings and business property) and external circumstances, like a regional function or the social and physical structure. This includes indicators for the number of households receiving social benefits, the number of people from ethnic minority groups, the number of young or elderly, the density of addresses and the surface area of the historical centre. However, differences in other revenues, like interest, dividend or from the sale of land, are not taken into account. | sdg11 |
Such an approach involves horizontal accountability to multiple stakeholders, including students, parents and the community, for multiple aspects of schooling based on various sources of information, including process-oriented measurements (Hooge, 2016). Since the 2014 Folkeskole reform, these reports have been required on a biannual basis. Quality reports seek to further the co-operation between local politicians, local authorities and schools and aim to contribute to transparency as they are made public. In their quality reports, municipalities must describe their schools’ quality of education, the measures the municipal board has taken to evaluate the quality of education, and the steps the municipal board has taken in response to the previous quality report. As part of the 2014 Folkeskole reform, special emphasis was put on ensuring that quality reports focus less on input factors and more on outcome information. | sdg4 |
Crop and weather insurance mechanisms, which have recently been introduced in developing countries to provide income protection to farmers, have been analysed and found to be more effective when embedded in a broader agricultural development strategy (United Nations, 2008, chap. Ill, Linnerooth-Bayer and Mechler, 2007). Just as important, they are also embedded in a broader programme of social development. | sdg1 |
For students from disadvantaged backgrounds in Australia, Canada and New Zealand, this performance penalty was higher than the OECD average. Disadvantaged students in Australia, Canada and New Zealand were also more likely to arrive late for school than disadvantaged students in other countries. In New Zealand, more than one in two socio-economically disadvantaged students reported having arrived late for school at least once in the two weeks before the PISA test. In some countries, disadvantaged students may have no private means of transportation to school and may need to use public transport or be responsible for getting themselves to school, even at a young age. | sdg4 |
The NDVI value in Mongolia differs from region to region. It is 0.05-0.18 in the Gobi Desert region, 0.2-0.35 in the steppe and forest steppe region and 0.4-0.5 in the forest steppe and forest region. During the last decade, the vegetation cover has been getting better in regions such as the Mongol-Daurian steppe, Eastern Gobi hollow, Southern Gobi undulating plains and along the Khangai Mountain chains, as the NDVI values in these regions increased. But the vegetation cover has a continuously decreasing trend in the Mongol Altai Mountains, Great Lakes Depression, Western parts of Khubsugul Mountain, Orkhon-Selenge River basin, Central Khalkha highlands and the Southern Gobi and Dariganga regions. | sdg15 |
Mauritius covers a total land area of 720 square miles, and is almost entirely of volcanic origin, except for stretches of beaches, coral reefs and small patches of alluvium at the mouths of rivers. Pear-shaped, mountainous with its highest peak standing at 2,711 feet above sea level, Mauritius emerged from the ocean floor some 5 million years ago. Volcanic activity over thousands of years has given rise to varied types of soil. | sdg12 |
Poverty rates also rank among the highest across the OECD area (Figure 3.1). The relative poverty rate, as measured against 50% of equivalised median household income, was around 17% in 2008, this is comparable with relative poverty rates in Chile, Mexico, Turkey and the Unites States, but not as high as in Israel (OECD, 2008a and 2010a). Available income data based on a small panel-data set suggest a Gini coefficient that is about 5 percentage points higher (Figure 3.2) than the Rosstat statistics on income distribution and poverty (Box 3.1). | sdg1 |
From their inception, United States public schools have been subject to reform efforts. The most recent, and perhaps the most potent, is the current effort to establish charter schools as replacements for traditional public schools. They are supposed to be the analog of private schools, providing choices to parents, financed by public funds, but operating largely free of state and local regulations. The schools are organized under charters specified by state laws and authorized by public agencies. This essay traces the development and growth of charter schools and note changes in their original mission to improve public education. It concludes with the role that very wealthy foundations play in promoting charter schools. In effect, they control public education policy without real accountability to the public. | sdg16 |
Finally, there are hundreds of millions of migrant farmers constantly moving around the country seeking jobs. As a result, even the high rate of growth in China, if not accompanied by structural and other changes ensuring more job creation, cannot meet the pressure for jobs. For example, in 2003, with a 9.1 per cent aggregate GDP growth rate, 8 million jobs were created, but even this was inadequate given the continuously growing “backlog” of labour force increases and reduced demand for labour in many traditional activities including agriculture. | sdg1 |
Aquaculture production is projected to reach about 92 Mt in 2023, an increase of 38% over next decade. This amounts to an annual growth rate of 2.5%, which is significantly lower than the growth rate of 5.6% p.a. This slowdown in expansion will mainly be due to restrictions caused by environmental impacts of production and competition from other users of water and coastal spaces. | sdg14 |
Forest research stations have been attached to them. Public expenditure on forest education has been increasing in recent years and reached PLN 25 million in 2012. This is done through forest district programmes for nature protection, which produce a companion report to the forest management plan that is unique in Europe (and probably in the world). Data provided by the forest district programmes are regularly used to update the inventory. | sdg15 |
The part of the brain primarily responsible for the detection of, and reaction to, a threat is called the amygdala. Threat detection and survival is given priority over all other brain functions. The human system will respond to the perceived threat in one or more of five predictable ways: friend, fight, fright, freeze and/or flop. | sdg5 |
The chapter should include definitions, categorisation, mapping and analysis of different policy, legal and economic instruments and incentives, and market tools, such as labelling and green markets, phasing out subsidies harmful to biodiversity, and fiscal reforms in the form of green taxes, as well as payment for ecosystem services. Stakeholder mapping related to analysed governance and decision-making should be done and presented. It should explore measures taken to achieve sustainable production and consumption of biodiversity, ecosystem function and ecosystem services. | sdg15 |
These tools are contributing to the growing science of cities. This initiative envisions the use of circular economy techniques to link an urban extension to existing settlements. The initiative aims to incen-tivize ideas for decentralized, closed-loop models of spatial planning and peri-urban service provision that replace fossil energy with renewables, derive new water, biogas, and fertilizer from wastewater, and produce food and biofuel with recycled inputs, all co-generated at near net-zero waste. Each RENEWW Zone would offer, within walking or cycling distance, a green space for community recreation, recycling and sanitation services, as well as a place to purchase fresh food, recycled goods, biofuels and safe drinking water. | sdg11 |
But after having two children - and the need to feed them and school them -1 suddenly realized my mistake of not pursuing my study. Without proper education, there were very little that I could do to help financially in providing a good education to my children. That was the reason why I went for foreign employment. Upon return, I decided to continue my study. | sdg5 |
The legal basis for transboundary cooperation is also examined: bilateral and river basin agreements on transboundary waters, as well as relevant multilateral environmental agreements entered into by UNECE countries and their neighbours, are inventoried (annexes II and III). Therefore, specific attention is devoted to ecological issues, notably through the assessment of selected Ramsar Sites1 and other wetlands of transboundary importance. They also show the linkages between transboundary wetland management and management of transboundary waters. | sdg6 |
Industrial production necessarily involves some degree of energy consumption and effluent discharge, so developing countries are charged with exponentially increasing GHG emissions and pollution. The onus of sustainability must be shared in an equitable manner, with both developing and developed countries contributing their fair share. This statement is attributed to the former Indian Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, at a speech at the 1972 Conference on the Human Environment is Stockholm. She theorised that the poor were forced to pollute by poverty and unequal access to land, setting off a downward spiral where they were impelled to destroy the natural resources on which they depend, thus deepening their poverty (Lean, George, n.d). | sdg12 |
According to various estimates, alcohol kills - either directly or indirectly - half a million persons per year while smoking is estimated to kill between 330 000 and 500 000 persons. Almost 24 000 persons die in traffic accidents per year (MHSD, 2008, and Rosstat, 2009a). According to the RLMS,4 about three quarters of the Russian population consume some kind of alcohol, with more being consumed on average by males in all age groups and in the persons belonging to the 25 to 55 age group. | sdg3 |
As indicated previously, the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition does not identify whether the unexplained part is discrimination by employers or unobserved heterogeneity in productivity. Three combinations are taken in the matching: set I takes age and year, set II adds education measured by three dummy variables, and set III adds the head of household dummy variable. As Marquez Garcia, Nopo and Saiardi (2009) highlight, the greater the number of characteristics used in the matching, the smaller the chances of finding exact matches. | sdg5 |
With regard to transport policies, the government's 2009 policy document Smarter Travel: A sustainable transport future sets out how the vision of a sustainable travel and transport system can be achieved through actions by relevant government departments and agencies, facilitated by the Department of Transport. It recommends actions such as fostering a "cycling culture" and a "walking culture" which, Failte Ireland believes will also enhance the tourism offer. From 1 July 2008, the rate of VRT (purchase tax) for all new and used cars registered in Ireland is calculated on the basis of the CO., | sdg13 |
Moreover, Queretaro lacks an integrated electronic system where different government authorities can access information about SMEs without asking business owners each time. This is opposite to Morelos, where administrative information about a firm can be sourced online by public authorities at any time. In other “doing-business” indicators such as the presence of a one-stop shop, business registration’s cost and number of procedures, and time to obtain licenses and permits, the two states performs more homogenously and fairly well. There are, for example, one-stop shops for business start-ups in both states, the time to obtain permits and licenses equally ranges between two weeks and two months in Morelos and Queretaro, and the business registration process is quite streamlined on account of an average of only two visits at the one-stop shop to become an operative firm. They both have a clear strategy, informed by local stakeholders, with the corresponding state economic development secretaries (SEDECO in Morelos and SEDESU in Queretaro) that lead the strategy-making process. There is not, however, an agency devoted to SME policy implementation in either state, which is the result of policy being delivered by a network of private intermediary organisations. | sdg8 |
Thus, social identities would be mediators between the “objective” social structure and the representations that persons or groups construct of their position in that space. As shown in the following figure, those who identify themselves as indigenous or of African origin indicate, more than in the case of the remaining social categories in question, that the members of their own group (native peoples or Afro-descendants) are the most discriminated against. Hence, discrimination of ethnic minorities is more significant for respondents who identify themselves as members of minority groups. Because ECLAC has not finished processing the new surveys, the data for 2008 have been preliminarily estimated by applying 2005 (as estimated by ECLAC). | sdg1 |
One of the oldest Anglican churches is in Bloemfontein, where JRR Tolkien, author of Lord of the Rings, was baptised. In 2008, the University of the Free State ended up in the news for all of the wrong reasons, and in 2009 the process to set it right was started. In August 2010, the University will launch an institute for the studies of race, reconciliation and social justice to deliberate how to make the country safer and more equal and just. | sdg4 |
Vanuatu: 2015 Article IV consultation and request for disbursement under the rapid credit facility and purchase under the rapid financing instrument—press release, staff report, and statement by the Executive Director for Vanuatu', IMF Country Report No. Press release: IMF Executive Board approves US$8.7 million disbursement under the rapid credit facility for Dominica', 28 October 2015, Press Release No. Vanuatu: 2016 Article IV consultation - press release, staff report: and statement by the Executive Director for Vanuatu', IMF Country Report No. Dominica: Selected issues'. | sdg11 |
This chapter focuses on the changing role of the BBC World Service in addressing audiences in the Middle East, exploring the evolving relationship between the World Service and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, its paymaster, over some seven decades.1 This particular case allows us to discern (a) the parallel activities between formal diplomacy and “soft power” that have been in place for some time, (b) the shift from an approach that might be labeled “propagandistic” to one that better fits within the rubric of “public diplomacy”, and (c) the changing rhetoric of the key institutional players as they attempt to embrace “public diplomacy.” | sdg16 |
In addition, as many as 40 countries or areas had less than 10 per cent female representation (see Statistical Annex). Seven women held this position in the parliaments of Africa (all sub-Saharan), four in Asia (two in Southern Asia and two in Central Asia) and six in Latin America and the Caribbean (of which 4 in the Caribbean). The proportion of female candidates for lower or single house of parliament tended to be low in countries within the less developed regions, being predominantly in the range of zero to 30 per cent in the last elections (table 5.3). | sdg5 |
Data on patients collected by primary care providers forms the basis for an electronic database (the Quality Indicators in Community Health Care, QICH, programme) that is one of the most comprehensive in the OECD area (OECD, 2012). The QICH data include basic patient demographics and more than 60 measures across six areas - asthma, cancer screening, immunisation for the elderly, children’s health, cardiovascular health and diabetes. The data also flag risk factors and log treatments, drug utilisation and treatment outcomes. | sdg3 |
Processes should be established across relevant planning activities that embed tertiary education engagement in regional and local development including economic, social, cultural and environmental development. The government should play a key role in ensuring that there is a flow of funds from the Australian Government, in advocating for funds on behalf of the tertiary education sector and in providing joined-up governance in state responsibilities that intersect with tertiary education such as schools, vocational education, innovation, business development and transport and infrastructure planning. In order to guarantee that the needs of Victoria are effectively met by tertiary education institutions, the compact negotiations with individual universities, particularly with the four multi-sector universities, should involve also state government. | sdg4 |
Mexico has a number of evolving initiatives in this sphere, hence close co-ordination will be required to ensure a common framework and interoperability across them. Steps to establish a system-wide, independent regulator for data who can oversee the expansion of electronic health records will be necessary. It will also be crucial to ensure that the legal framework around data privacy supports record sharing whilst affording adequate safeguards. The OECD’s work on balancing the public value and individual privacy of health care records compiles international experience in this area, and offers substantial guidance. | sdg3 |
A massive landfill at Riverton in Kingston is the official destination for solid waste. Periodic fires generate pollutants in the air, which cause respiratory illnesses in the environs. The first plan for solid-waste management was drafted in 1975, and since then its recommendations have been revised (Ministry of Local Government, Youth and Community Development 2000) and implemented, but slowly. Current thinking is to maximise the energy potential of the solid waste collected, especially in the Kingston Metropolitan Area (KMA). | sdg12 |
Effective public governance is critical for regulation and the mix of economic instruments (including pricing, subsidies, or compensation mechanisms) that offer incentives to different groups of users to engage in water-sustainable practices and to agree on water reforms. It is also crucial to reconcile the long-term financial needs of the sector with the revenue streams available (3Ts - taxes, transfers and tariffs), taking into account the need for efficiency of fund use and the importance of strategic financial planning. Finally, integrated public governance is also necessary to overcome the typical disjuncture between water policies and planning on the one hand, and engineering and infrastructure investments on the other hand, both of which affect water quantity and quality. | sdg6 |
Offshoring is modelled as a positive technological change introduced as a cost of coordination.1 As these costs fall, firms adapt their production strategies. On the one hand, offshoring will make some of the low-skilled workers redundant thereby exercising downward pressure on low-skilled wages. This is the more commonly expected negative effect on low-skilled wages—the labour supply effect. The predictions of this model are therefore ambiguous relative to those in the HOS framework and depend on the type of task which is offshored as well as whether the productivity effect dominates the other effects. | sdg10 |
Governments have agreed to meet every five years to take collective stock of the implementation of their strategies and to set more ambitious goals. The first formal global stocktaking dialogue will take place in 2023. Reduced tariff levels occurred in line with country commitments under the agreement, and have also continued since. | sdg2 |
In addition, several other adaptation-related knowledge-sharing or learning mechanisms have been established e.g. the UNDP-facilitated Adaptation Learning Mechanism, which is itself a GEF-fimded project (ALM, 2015). The “NAP Central” by mandate and many of the mentioned institutions by default have been focused on LDCs and developing country Parties to date. Applying them across a broader range of Parties would require significant scaling up and inherent assessment of institutional structures. | sdg13 |
ONE feature of the current debate concerning the term “public authority” in the Human Rights Act 1998 is a rule to the effect that public authorities are not themselves capable of having and enforcing Convention rights. In what follows this will be referred to as the “rights-restriction rule”. The position was confirmed by the House of Lords in Aston Cantlow and has been given effect by the courts in relation to English local authorities and to NHS Trusts in Scotland. Despite this, doubts have been expressed. In particular the parliamentary Joint Committee has suggested, though without argument, that the denial of Convention rights to public authorities may be wrong in principle and that there are “circumstances in which public authorities have Convention rights”. | sdg16 |
Forestry is important in greening the global economy, largely because it is a major carbon sink, and deforestation is a big contributor to global carbon dioxide emissions. Certification by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) provides access to the higher margin niche markets in those economies, it requires systemic greening and a "chain of custody" to verify greening throughout the chain (box 6.1). Although consumers and governments in high-income economies are increasingly sensitive to social and environmental concerns, the same is not always so in low- and middie-income markets. | sdg7 |
The statement was welcomed by the Advisory Group. During the intersessional period, discussion continued on whether sustainability reporting and core indicators should be used at a corporate consolidated level or at a legal entity level. Given that the impact of companies is realized at the local level, some experts argue that data should be provided by a legal entity of a home country. However, it is also important to consider that group-level consolidated sustainability reporting is critical as a means to align corporate behaviour and business models with the 2030 Agenda. Consolidated reporting is also a basis for financial decision-making by investors. | sdg12 |
These experiences also give some indication of the main characteristics of successful social interventions as well as the limitations. During the last two decades, social policy in the context of development has been relegated to a residual safety-net approach. The focus of international development and aid, supported in part by the MDGs, has been on meeting the basic needs of the poorest of the poor, assuming that poverty elimination could be achieved without addressing issues of equity, social inclusion or development strategies that benefit all social groups.34 Social policy in the post-2105 development framework should be an enabling element for transformative change. | sdg1 |
In the context of the current economic recession, interest in EE and investments in renewable sources of energy have gained momentum due to their potential to create significant market opportunities and to contribute to the promotion of low-carbon green growth.1 Such growth is seen as playing a significant role in simultaneously addressing several major challenges confronting the world today, in particular poverty and climate change. Large improvements in EE have already been made, resulting in net economic benefits to consumers and firms. Further savings in world energy use are still possible, and would result in major reductions in energy-related carbon dioxide (C02) emissions. For example, the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that accelerated EE improvements would enable three quarters of the savings in energy-related C02 emissions to be achieved by 2030 if governments were to implement all the policies to address energy security and climate change that they were considering up to mid-2007 (IEA, 2007a). | sdg7 |
However, only a handful of structuralist models explicitly incorporate gender, and among those that do, the focus is most often on the macroeconomics dynamics of gender-based wage inequality and female labour force participation in a development context.' By contrast, we incorporate unpaid work and care, and the implications of their gendered distribution, into a conceptual model of social reproduction that can accommodate a variety of economic structures and social welfare regimes. We define care in both labour-process and output terms. | sdg5 |
The project of implementing the EPICT in the Austrian education system has been carried out since autumn 2007. The country report dedicated to Austria2 (last updated and revised in August 2008) specifies that this implementation concerns both initial and continuing teacher education. This system will build on existing course accreditation processes operating in some states by establishing common accreditation processes and national graduate standards, and by specifying the knowledge and skills that graduates need, including ICT knowledge skills as well as other technology in teaching. At the University of Tasmania, a unit on the educational uses of information technology is a feature of teaching degrees. | sdg4 |
Costa Rica also has the National Observatory for Human Resources in Health (Observatorio Nacional de Recursos Humanos en Salud) to monitor workforce trends and support dialogue between professional associations, the Ministry of Health, the CCSS, private employers, academics, and other stakeholders. However, existing estimates are built mainly on feasibility (CCSS concerns regarding training “space”) or political (Colegio Medico) considerations, rather than a forecast of anticipated needs and demands, and a simulation of the necessary profiles and possible reform scenarios that would lead to a set of human resources better suited to resolve main challenges in the system, such as the long waiting lists for health services. For each indicator, a national target is set. | sdg3 |
This might not just be the case for public projects. Private infrastructure investment in rural areas is also likely to depend on the quality of the local administration and the trust that firms have in village leaders. Government policies to boost agricultural productivity will be critical for narrowing the gap between urban and rural living standards. However, the benefits to farmers of productivity-enhancing reforms may take some time to eventuate, requiring government assistance to the agricultural sector in the meantime. | sdg2 |
Local governments created 604 new childcare places in 2015 with financial support from the European Social Fund. More recent data from 2015-16 shows that 75% of two year-olds were in pre-school education in Estonia, and that the overall proportion of those aged 0-2 in pre-school education had increased to 34% compared to the 20% for 2014 shown in Figure 27 (source: Ministry of Social Affairs of Estonia). A further call for 600 additional childcare places will be launched in 2017 with funding from the same source. | sdg8 |
This leads to the benefits of sharing and collaboration: "A major promise of OER is that the creation and refinement of both learning content and the underlying pedagogical approaches can benefit from the distributed co-creation model enabled by open licenses. In principle, a rich developer base facilitates the creation of resources” (TUomi, 2013: 70). In the early 2000s, instructional designers were focusing on the development of reusable learning objects (RLO), which were defined as “any digital resource that can be reused to support learning” (Wiley, 2000). This recognised the power of open source, “object-oriented” programming and hoped that its use would make the production of high-quality learning resources more effective and efficient. | sdg4 |
A total of KZT 11.8 billion (USD 80 million) was spent on export transportation subsidies between end-2009 and 2010, applying to 2.3 million tonnes of exported wheat. The subsidy rate was set at KZT 6 000 (USD 40 per tonne) and covered 2.5 million tonnes of wheat exports. The subsidy was available for wheat transported after 1 September 2011 to China or which transited through Chinese or Russian territory. As in 2009-10, the CTS remained the single operator of subsidised exports. | sdg2 |
Foreword by Series Editor ix Preface xi Introduction. Interplay between the Political Ideal and Reality 1 PART I. Political Authority and Institution 25 Chapter 1. What Is Political Authority? 27 Chapter 2. Monism or Limited Government? 46 Chapter 3. The Role of Institution 65 Chapter 4. Mixing Confucianism and Democracy 81 PART II. Rights, Liberties, and Justice 111 Chapter 5. Human Rights as a Fallback Apparatus 113 Chapter 6. Individual Autonomy and Civil Liberties 131 Chapter 7. Social Justice as Sufficiency for All 160 Chapter 8. Social Welfare and Care 178 Conclusion. Confucian Political Perfectionism 191 Appendix 1: Notes on Scope and Methods 205 Appendix 2: Against the Ownership Conception of Authority 213 Bibliography 233 Index 247 | sdg16 |
First, however, particular surveys must be conducted to collect information that allows such analysis. The survey's questions on the extent to which people can travel without a car improved understanding of the user's perspective of public transport accessibility gaps. The DfT also refers to the UK's National Travel Survey, which asks questions about travel experience, in identifying where poor connectivity is a problem and in identifying areas where transport improvements must be prioritised (Cooper and Penrose, 2018). | sdg11 |
In addition, the distribution network is not maintained. About 27.1 per cent of water supply infrastructure is not working and requires complete reconstruction. More than 60 per cent of water supply infrastructure is in need of maintenance, due to its continuous operation for more than 20-30 years, yet it is not subject to maintenance because of the excessive costs implied. | sdg6 |
The government recently issued guidance outlining the desirable characteristics of exchange platforms for rural assets. They advised that exchange platforms should be established by nonprofit institutions (public or otherwise), be internet-based and cover a variety of assets (e.g. operation rights to rural land, rural collective operating assets, agricultural production facilities and use rights for water conservation facilities). Exchanges should also aim to provide various services such as asset valuation, legal advisory and assistance in connecting households with land-backed mortgage financing. | sdg2 |
Living in multiple places produces functional spaces that often do not correspond to administrative boundaries (Cortes and Fayet, 2009, Ma Mung, 1999). This mobility gradually results in a rural economy that is more diversified and often related to some form of urban economy (Haggblade, Hazell and Reardon, 2007). About 40% of African urban dwellers are “engaged in some sort of agricultural activity" (FAO, 2012). | sdg11 |
Wetland vegetation communities are represented in running and standing waters. Floating and submersive plant communities in the three natural lakes are of particular significance. Swamp plant communities have been preserved in a fragmentary form in major swamps and marshes. Thirteen swamp plant communities dominated by reed-mace, reed, and other species are especially significant. The number of species recorded in the territory now totals 17,604 species, including 1,053 species of fungi, 354 species of lichens, 2,169 species of algae, 3,674 species of vascular plants, and 10,354 faunal species. Of this vast array, 976 are considered endemic (Table 9.2). | sdg15 |
In contrast to the history of the drug wars in Latin America‚ the response to organised crime in West Africa has been much less militaristic. However‚ the response has still been coercive‚ mobilising law enforcement to interdict illicit flows and arrest those involved in drug trafficking. This chapter engages with the risks of a law enforcement approach as a common strategy to respond to organised crime in West Africa arguing that it is driven by the motives of the actors deploying these strategies, rather than specific needs. | sdg16 |
Excess bureaucratic procedures, poor coordination and limited financial planning capacity were also highlighted, and a lack of technically qualified PA staff (particularly among younger staff) was noted. The capacity of State sanctuaries, which have no administrations of their own, was assessed as being much lower than that of the State reserves. Some reserves appear relatively well developed. | sdg15 |
Men who suffer from CVD have 1.17 [0.04, 2.30]1 extra sick days per month in blue collar men in Mexico, and 4.23 [0.05, 8.41] extra days per year in white collar men in the US. However, American white collar women who have CVD have reduced sick days (-0.57 [-1.15, 0] days per year). In Australia, white collar women tend to report more sick days due to CVD whereas blue collar women with CVD report fewer sick days. | sdg3 |
However, many older persons in developing countries have little choice but to continue to work into old age to finance at least part of their consumption, in the absence of comprehensive social security programmes, for example, in Indonesia, the Philippines and Nigeria. In sharp contrast, Brazil has generous public transfers directed to older persons, which creates incentives for individuals to withdraw early from the labour market, starting from as early as age 50 years (Turra, Queiroz and Neto, 2011). This is reflected in a labour income contribution of only half of the consumption of people aged 55 to 64 in Brazil, as compared to the median of 85 per cent in developing countries. This decline is steeper in the more developed regions than in developing countries and thus a distinct gap is observed between these groups. | sdg1 |
Whether upstream or downstream, these impacts are potentially irreversibly catastrophic in a majority of cases. They will, however, be played out differentially over geographical space in their manifestations and degrees of severity. The uncertainties of very long-term climate forecasting, especially at the local level, suggest that responses must be both tailored to specific localities within river systems and also flexible enough to respond to unforeseen multiple impacts of changes. | sdg6 |
According to an increasingly strengthening idea in the international law scholarship, traditional institutions and instruments of international law are now far from meeting the needs and challenges of our day, and they need to be reformed or replaced by new ones. This is also true for national laws. Domestic legal systems suffer from various obstacles in implementing jurisdiction over entities that operate beyond national borders. On the other side, public law and international law have already been in a transformative process through new norms, new forms and new actors. The catalyst of both challenges and transformation arises as a common phenomenon: globalization. Globalization, as Sands argues, goes hand in hand with three other phenomena of our era, namely technological innovations, democratization, and privatization. | sdg16 |
Labour market institutions should be able to set fair prices and adapt to changes in social and economic circumstances. However, the provision of protection to workers through labour regulation rather than effective social protection systems can be costly and lead to uncertain outcomes. However, the experience of a number of countries shows that institutions need to be carefully designed in order to avoid unintended negative consequences. | sdg10 |
In this chapter forthcoming in Ben Saul (ed), Research Handbook on International Law and Terrorism, I consider the compatibility of counter-terrorist detention with international human rights law from the starting point that what is protected in international law is not a right to be free from detention per se but rather a right to be free from the arbitrary deprivation of one’s liberty. This is clearly rooted in international human rights law, which is the main focus of this chapter (acknowledging that it interacts with international humanitarian law in situations of armed conflict). The chapter demonstrates that counter-terrorist detention can be compatible with the standards of international human rights law as they have been interpreted and applied in the past decade, but that in the process of such interpretation and application those standards have at times been diluted to a worrying extent. | sdg16 |
These charges can represent a significant share of the water bill (about one-third of water supply and sanitation bills for households, in the case of France, as an illustration). This is reflected in the level of prices (which have increased, at times substantially, over the last decade) and in the structure of tariffs (which better reflect consumption and treatment costs). Water tariffs in Denmark reflect the choice to recover all supply and sanitation costs from users (see Box 3.2). | sdg6 |
Farmers with relatively stable income are less inclined to invest in irrigation (Koundouri et al., This affects the degree to which farmers will adopt available technologies to maximise and smooth their own profits. Irrigation requires significant upfront investments and may be relatively labour intensive. | sdg2 |
In all three cases, it is apparently straightforward to characterise the ‘year’ over which receipt may occur. This is largely because of the nature of the data sources: the Dutch and the two Swedish studies are based on administrative record data from income tax sources and the SLID, used by Hansen and Lofstrom (2011), also utilizes administrative record linkage as the source for income for many respondents. ( Income and taxes are assessed over a one-year reference period.) | sdg1 |
The total annual flow is 39.22 billion m3/year with 86 per cent of the annual flow in the humid winter season (October-May), and the remaining 14 per cent of the annual flow in the dry summer season (July-September). Overall renewable water resources amount to 13,300 m3 per capita, of which 65 per cent is generated within Albania and the remaining 35 per cent from countries upstream. In combination with the characteristic porous, karstic and fissured aquifers, this results in huge renewable groundwater resources of an overall 1,250 million m3/year in seven main geological strata. | sdg6 |
This action plan aims to green urban areas, green industry, green the environment and transform Hai Phong into a “green port city”, by taking advantage of the historical port city and setting up a modem, competitive and eco-friendly green port system. In 2015, the city also produced the Green Growth Promotion Plan to identify tangible projects to implement the Action Plan. It is also indispensable for Hai Phong to formulate a mobility master plan to supplement the city master plan and guide the city to transit-oriented development. | sdg11 |
Since the 1980s, when South America pulled away the shadow of authoritarianism and again to breathe the air of freedom, the democratization process has been strengthened in the region, within a very dynamic and not uniform among the states. In this chapter we describe the construction of regional democracy and the changes occurring every decade, including the prospects for this ongoing, with reference to the historical and political process of each South American State, including the ostensible expansion of citizenship rights and political involvement of citizen, but 186. GeoTextos, vol. 8, n. 2, dez. 2012. E. Carmo, S. Pacheco. 185-210 without ceasing to understand the fragility of political institutions, the drama of corruption, the obstacles posed by drug trafficking and the guerrilla groups, the constraints to economic growth and rising, but still incipient, organization of the Southern Common Market – Mercosul. | sdg16 |
The aquatic ecosystem is subject to disturbance by natural factors and human impact. Recently, human impact has strongly affected the aquatic ecosystem, for example, global warming, overfishing, habitat loss, creation of artificial river channels, dam construction and the negative effects of aquaculture and hatchery programmes (Kaeriyama and Edpalina, 2004). | sdg14 |
Three key factors elevate this system to a best practice. In 2007, the NSW Board of Vocational and Educational Training published Skills for Sustainability, a ground-breaking report that investigated the skills required for sustainability business development in NSW.116 This report formed the basis for the NSW Green Skills Strategy Implementation Plan 2008-2010, which is aimed at ensuring "that the NSW workforce has the skills and knowledge to support progress in becoming a more sustainable community, with the business and economic benefits that flow from adaptation to environmental change. The Department of Education and Training (DET) has worked to deliver accredited training for sustainability skills to support industry needs through the TAFE Institutes and other Registered Training Organisations (RTOs). | sdg7 |
The negotiations led to the creation of the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management, which was adopted at the International Conference on Chemicals Management (ICCM) in Dubai on 6 February 2006 (Tuncak and Ditz 2013). The preparatory process was characterized by remarkably broad stakeholder participation, which also left its marks on the outcome instrument. Its overall objective is "to achieve the sound management of chemicals throughout their life cycle so that, by 2020, chemicals are used and produced in ways that lead to the minimization of significant adverse effects on human health and the environment. The framework is broad in scope, covering environmental, economic, social, health, labour, and trade-related aspects of all chemicals in global use. | sdg12 |
Povcal's data on these large emerging giants is divided between urban and rural samples. Deriving the headcount absolute dollar-a-day poverty figures is easily populated with the rural/urban population data drawn from the World Development Indicators. Headcount relative poverty is a bit trickier since it requires finding the median from an aggregated combination of the two distributions. | sdg1 |
According to information provided by UNODC, the significant volume of amphetamine-type stimulants seized in West Africa over the past year may indicate an increase in the illicit manufacturing of and trafficking in amphetamine-type stimulants, in particular methamphetamine. A total of 10 clandestine methamphetamine laboratories were dismantled in Nigeria between 2011 and July 2015. In May 2015, Nigerian authorities dismantled two facilities used for the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine in Anambra State. Between January and July 2015, Nigerian authorities effected four seizures of methamphetamine, totalling approximately 92 kg, at the international airport near Lagos. | sdg3 |
Contribution funding under AIMAP was intended to enable recipients to plan, manage and complete projects that would achieve these strategic outcomes. The AIMAP was a nationally competitive process with calls for proposals issued on an annual basis, and based on priorities established in consultation with provinces, territories and sector stakeholders. The program focused on one year duration projects with demonstrable industry-wide benefits implemented by the end of the project. | sdg14 |
Finally, Figure 4.14 uses hourly earnings, while Figure 4.13 uses monthly earnings. Since both figures focus on full-time employees, however, this final difference should not lead to major discrepancies. Despite these differences, the two figures deliver consistent results. As it effectively amounts to comparing less educated men with more educated women, on average. | sdg5 |
However, only two INDCs (Kyrgyzstan and Moldova) explicitly indicate financial needs for implementing their climate actions. Georgia’s INDC has communicated the long-term cost only for adaptation. Armenia’s INDC does not estimate financial needs, but mentions possible domestic and international sources to achieve its mitigation and adaptation goals, as well as capacity building needs. Others (e.g. Kazakhstan, Georgia, Ukraine and Belarus) refer to existing national policy documents (such as Kazakhstan’s Concept for Transition to a Green Economy) or their National Communications submitted to the UNFCCC, which outline the individual countries’ priorities. | sdg13 |
One of the women, aged 24, who was from Bishkek, told a story in her interview about how she was harassed by Kyrgyz males - whom she did not know - when she rode in an unregistered taxi with an Uzbek driver, in addition, she told another story about her Kyrgyz female co-worker who was a waitress in a cafe - her co-worker had been chased by Kyrgyz males because she was in a romantic relationship with an Uzbek cook. The woman reflected upon the influence that these episodes had on her choices, she said that now she would not consider having any relationship with a non-Kyrgyz male - although she would like to - out of fear of harassment by such groups as the "Patriots of Kyrgyzstan". The workplace is also likely to lead both female and male migrants to have mixed connections, while leisure pursuits and accommodations are settings where females are more likely to become acquainted with new people from countries other than their country of origin. | sdg5 |
Measuring child food insecurity requires accurate, reliable, and complete information from children themselves. Children have the most complete knowledge about their own lives and experiences [60, 61], and child self-report is widely seen as the "gold standard" for assessing children's internal experiences such as quality of life [60], exposure to domestic violence [62], and pain [60]. Although children are the only accurate reporters of their food insecurity, it is important to note that what they are reporting - child food insecurity - may be substantively different to adult and household food insecurity. Adult food insecurity has been shown to have four core domains: compromises in the quantity and quality of food, and psychological and social strains related to food hardships. | sdg2 |
Each criterion is composed of several indicators. Questions for each indicator guide the user through the assessment process.3 Some of the indicators can be quantified while others require a qualitative assessment. The tool provides a menu of options for the qualitative indicators, such as no/low/high potential for averting irreversible damage. On the basis of the answers, the tool automatically calculates a value for each criterion. | sdg13 |
The priority in measures to achieve equality of opportunity ex ante is to grant all citizens a fair chance of making the most of their skills, talents and efforts. Inequality of outcomes can be reduced through progressive taxes, service provision, and by targeted income support policies, such as minimum wages, which aim to empower the relative poor to participate more fully in society. Greater equality of opportunity can be fostered by addressing education inequalities and gender discrimination and by providing a level playing field for marginalised groups like rural inhabitants, ethnic and racial minorities, and informal workers. | sdg10 |
In part, this reflects low income support for the long-term unemployed, as well as flexible wage bargaining and a minimum wage which remains relatively modest (OECD, 2012a), despite recent increases. Upper secondary qualifications do not appear to reduce the risk of unemployment as much as in other European OECD economies. By contrast young tertiary graduates have considerably lower unemployment rates than young upper secondary graduates and this difference is bigger in Estonia than in many countries. | sdg4 |
Although India has a national health care system granting free consultations in public hospitals, these have usually long waiting lists, are short of staff and drugs often unable to meet the rising demand for health care. As a result, effective health care coverage is low, covering only 10% of the population with only government or employees of large firms enjoying comprehensive health insurance (Kumar et al., Private health care has partially filled the gap left by the low public sector provision. | sdg3 |
It wasn’t until 1992 at the UN Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro, that for the first time at a top level international agenda-setting policy meeting, world leaders acknowledged that “the major cause of the continued deterioration of the global environment is the unsustainable pattern of consumption and production” (UN 1992a). Seven years later, in 1999, the UN General Assembly updated its Guidelines for Consumer Protection to include a section on sustainable consumption (see Box 3.1). There are a number of regional platforms across the world collaborating to facilitate the implementation of SCP activities. | sdg12 |
Governments can help facilitate labour mobility and job searches through various interventions, including vocational training, as discussed above, and employment services, competency assessment programmes and skills certification (World Bank, 2010b). These policies can have the ancillary benefit of leading to increased knowledge spillover and faster technology transfer. Costs associated with a transition to a green economy, including unemployment arising from the shift from high-carbon industries, will need to be minimized through targeted measures such as worker retraining, potentially backed by international-level support through development assistance, including Aid for Trade. Green jobs need to entail decent work, with adequate wages, safe working conditions, job security and worker rights (United Nations Environment Programme, 2008). | sdg7 |
The proclaimed function of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is regional security management. Nonetheless, it has never conducted a conventional peacekeeping operation, in spite of incidents of mass violence and instability within its region. This is in large part because regional elites consider state/regime security as paramount and that the SCO's central principle of non-interference takes precedence over intervention on humanitarian grounds. This article investigates the debate within the SCO about the relative salience of non-interference against the need for peacekeeping operations, examining the case of its non-action during the Osh Riots 2010. It concludes that considerations of political reassurance and inter-regime mistrust at a regional level and serious practical limitations in capacity dissuaded the most prominent member states from acting, via the SCO, Collective Security Treaty Organisation or independently, in what was perceived as an internal Kyrgyz affair because it did not dir... | sdg16 |
Monitoring jekonomicheskoj situacii v Rossii: tendencii i vyzovy social'no-jekonomicheskogo razvitija [Monitoring of the economic situation in Russia: tendencies and challenges of socioeconomic development]. Social networks, gender, and immigrant incorporation: resources and constraints. American Sociological Review, vol. | sdg5 |
Where access to renewable natural resources essential to rural livelihoods is highly contested, improving cooperation in resource management is an important element in strategies for peacebuilding and conflict prevention. While researchers have made advances in assessing the role of environmental resources as a causal factor in civil conflict, analysis of the positive potential of collective natural resource management efforts to reduce broader conflict is less developed. Addressing this need, we present a framework on collective action, conflict prevention, and social-ecological resilience, linking local stakeholder dynamics to the broader institutional and governance context. Accounting for both formal and informal relationships of power and influence, as well as values and stakeholder perceptions alongside material interests, the framework aims to provide insight into the problem of (re)building legitimacy of common-pool resource management institutions in conflict-sensitive environments. We outline its application in stakeholder-based problem assessment and planning, participatory monitoring and evaluation, and multi-case comparative analysis. | sdg16 |
However, in Korea’s dual labour market women are over-represented among low-paid workers with limited employment security, which limits the poverty-reducing effect of maternal employment. Labour market dualism is very strong in Korea. Non-regular workers1 account for a little over one-third of all employees (OECD, 2018(7]). | sdg1 |
For example, in 2007, businesses that were majority-owned by women accounted for only 11% of sales among privately held companies in the United States (US Department of Commerce, 2010). There is no definite answer to this question in the literature. While most studies find that female-controlled enterprises fare worse in terms of profits and other performance measures (Robb and Watson, 2010), several analysts argue that these differences vanish once sectors of activities and key characteristics of the business owners other than gender are controlled for (Fairlie and Robb, 2009, Gatewood et al., They are particularly under-represented among companies with the largest numbers of employees. Firms with mixed ownership are excluded from the total. The sample is restricted to enterprises where individuals hold at least 50% of the company’s shares. | sdg5 |
According to available data, this process has been recorded in the Strezevo reservoir near Bitola. The water quality of this reservoir is very important because the water is used for drinking and for the food processing industry. It can be observed that over a period of five year's, the Strezevo reservoir became more eutrophic, which means that there is a need for measures to protect the water from increased eutrophication. It regulates issues concerning surface water (watercourses, lakes, accumulations and springs) and underground water within an integrated policy and represents the legislative framework for the future management of water resources. | sdg6 |
Transnational regulatory networks have become increasingly powerful over the past decades. For public law scholars, one of the most pressing questions raised by transnational networks is whether they respect the constitutional and administrative principles that have been developed within the context of the nation state. Although the focus of recent scholarship has been the democratic accountability of networks tasked with agenda-setting and rule-making powers, certain networks are also responsible for individualized decision-making and carry the risk of undermining liberal rights. Examples include the UN Sanctions Committee, Europol, and the administration of EU customs and agricultural policy. This contribution identifies some of the challenges of protecting rights in the radically fragmented universe of network governance and offers reflections on how these challenges might be met based on the longstanding experience of the European Court of Justice. | sdg16 |
The chapter draws on the 2015 OECD-FAO Outlook (OECD-FAO, 2015) publication for the medium-term projections (2015-24).2 The commodities on which the medium-term analysis is focused are taken from the set of modelled commodities in the Outlook, and, as a consequence, some additional products that are likely to experience changes due to rising incomes, such as processed foods, or which are important for food security, such as fruits, vegetables and nuts, are not included. The possible long-term implications of climate change are assessed with the use of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) IMPACT (Robinson et al., Climate change adaptation strategies are also considered - however, mitigation is not analysed in detail in this study. | sdg2 |
Though racism in the form of blatant de facto and de jure policies and domestic terrorism is no longer the law of the land as was the case before, and during the Civil Rights Movement, an intensified dysconscious and color-blind racism has propelled itself in the post–Civil Rights United States, particularly in this “Age of Obama”, one that manifests in semantically slippery and rhetorically convoluted discourses. Consequently to illuminate this specter of American racism, critical race theory and spoken word performative poetics join forces here in an interpretive conarrated description of rhetoric that has recently emerged in the mainstream media—a discourse that attempts (a) to deny Black persons the right to human dignity, (b) to distort and invalidate Black persons’ ideas, thoughts, and feelings, and (c) to deny one’s right to claim and affirm one’s personal identity. | sdg16 |
Also, since the proponent of the change in use of land no longer holds the responsibility for the compensation once the in-lieu fee is paid, the assurance of the compensation outcome and its permanence is diluted through the implementation process. Also, the use of a transparent calculation process of the compensation fees and reforestation costs allows to further fine tune to gradually improve the equivalence of the environmental attributes to be compensated and to monitor these during the offsetting activities in the future. Another recommendation for the scheme is to enhance its MRV systems and evaluate what has happened with the land covered at some point under this environmental compensation scheme to assess environmental and economic effectiveness after the projects have concluded. | sdg15 |
Other important areas for the use of concessional finance include: support policies and implementation of initiatives for universal Internet access and the eradication of the digital divides, supporting local business and start-ups, and greater use of technological solutions to boost agricultural productivity, improve access to financial services, and strengthening systems for disaster risk reduction. Technological innovation in how development co-operation is planned and delivered can not only improve results in developing countries, but it can also strengthen international efforts in expanding data collection and improve timeliness of reporting on development activities. With increasing coverage of 3G and LTE mobile networks in most countries, the costs in utilising ICTs are fast decreasing. | sdg9 |
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