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Currently the problem is that only a limited range of ecosystem services can be modelled and valued. Its purpose is more to act as a modelling tool than to serve as a tool to monitor impacts of specific policies over time. In their modelling a range of modelling tools are used - including the InVest tool - and they are trying to improve these tools in order to allow for an ecosystem service approach. | sdg15 |
The experience of the introduction and test results from interactive television technologies (including return interactive channels) for DVB, ATSC and ISDB systems in different countries are provided in [10.3]. This model is provided in Figure 10.3. Today, the physical link for the interaction channel is mainly realized by accessing broadband (wired or wireless) IP-based networks.) At the time of writing, for digital television broadcasting, ITU-R defines certain possibility for the return interactive channel on the basis of PSTN/ISDN networks (Rec. | sdg9 |
Under the limits of this structure, raising wages for women or care sector workers may threaten growth to the extent that it cuts into profits by more than it raises human capacities. The state plays a bigger role than in liberal regimes, but wider public funding of care supports lots of private service providers (Heintz and Lund 2012, Razavi 2011). Geographically, these regimes are associated with continental and Southern Europe, while recent social welfare reforms in Japan suggest movement towards this model as well (Campbell et al. | sdg5 |
One-stop shops in the zones were seen to reduce regulatory compliance costs, but without fully satisfying firm managers (Warr and Menon 2015). Corruption and regulatory and policy uncertainty were ranked as major or severe constraints by a substantial percentage (74% and 34% respectively) of firms operating in SEZs in 2012 (World Bank, 2015b). Moreover, SEZ investments have traditionally faced the same constraints as non-SEZ investments (high costs of electricity and transport compared to neighbouring countries, low quality of labour and a general lack of skilled labour). | sdg8 |
These data show' that OECD countries differ considerably not only in terms of inter-regional disparities in average incomes, but also in terms of spatial concentration of income inequalities. Equality of opportunity requires that socio-economic prospects of each individual are not affected by factors beyond their control, such as their place of birth (Roemer, 1997). People-centred policies should thus reflect the interplay of locational and individual level determinants of well-being. Data on income inequality within regions might capture better than national data the effects of perceived distribution inequities on subjective well-being and on human capital investments. Individuals may in fact assign different importance to the income inequalities they experience in their local living context when assessing their own w'ell-being and forming expectations about returns of education and skills. | sdg1 |
We met several years before our professional collaboration began. Both of us are experienced teacher educators, although we work in different countries (Mandi in Australia and Alicia in the USA), and in different discipline areas (Mandi in biology and Alicia in social studies). From our first meeting we knew that we had a lot to talk about, that we were able to communicate well with one another and that we would love to work as collaborators. But what were we to do with our locations on different continents and at least 10,000 miles between us? After a few years of once yearly meetings at the American Educational Research Association (AERA) conference and as our collegial friendship grew, we began to realize that we had a lot to gain as teacher educators by working together. So, Alicia sent the following invitation to Mandi: | sdg16 |
Many African countries are increasingly using Standard Material Transfer Agreements (SMTAs)22 in the transfer of genetic resources for purposes of food and agriculture with the total reported number of such agreements rising exponentially since 2012. Since coming into force, there has been a steady rise in the number of recorded trading transactions in endangered species and it is estimated that the Convention currently accords protection to some 35,000 endangered species, including those endemic to Africa. | sdg15 |
Stakeholders in the business and human rights movement speak of a “smart mix” to fix the global governance gap that gives rise to abuses. Hard law may be required to ensure access to remedy to victims, but soft law and standard setting should not be underestimated for preventing violations. To be clear, I do not oppose a treaty in principle. However, I do think the drafters would be well advised to heed the advice offered by Professor Ruggie — a business and human rights treaty should work to reinforce and to build on the regulatory dynamics already underway in the implementation of the Guiding Principles. I do not see the treaty proposal as a threat to progress but rather a call to redouble efforts and to focus attention on the work that still remains to ensure human rights are promoted and protected. | sdg16 |
Rolling out modem technology that can better integrate localities into wider economic networks and expand the job finding and education opportunities for rural residents. Better broadband coverage can also provide access to healthcare and education in the most remote locations. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has allocated $2 billion in 2018 to use in competitive bidding auctions to expand access to nearly 1 million homes, which should minimise the risk of the infrastructure investment having little impact. | sdg8 |
For rural and indigenous peoples, local knowledge informs decision-making about fundamental aspects of day-to-day life. This knowledge is integral to a cultural complex that also encompasses language, systems of classification, resource use practices, social interactions, ritual and spirituality." The knowledge documented through citizen science, on the other hand, is typically in the form of distinct, closely defined data, from individual observations by interested citizens who have little or no connection with land management, which are then merged and analysed within a scientific framework [Tunon et al, 2015). They provide practical actions that enable the approaches to be implemented and that guide the appropriate inclusion of ILK from indigenous peoples, local communities and experts in assessment processes and outcomes. | sdg15 |
For each country the main trends in poverty as measured by the share of population living on below $1.25 and $2 a day are shown, with two hypothetical maximal and minimal poverty trends in each case. The main trends are estimated on the basis of existing information on income distribution in the available household surveys. The maximal (or minimal) trends are estimated by assuming that for the whole period income distribution remains at its most unequal (or most equal) level attained during the period since 1990, while per capita average consumption follows the same trend as in the main estimates. | sdg1 |
Regions and municipalities are also responsible for the implementation of much of Finland’s National Adaptation Strategy, and approximately a third of regions/municipalities had an adaptation strategy by 2012 (Luhtala, 2012). Some climate funds have specific “windows” for funding local adaptation actions. For example, the Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund (BCCRF) includes a USD 10.4 million window for a “Community Climate Change Fund” which is to provide grants for community-based projects (BCCRF, 2012). | sdg13 |
The specific needs and vulnerabilities experienced by some household members, such as children, women, older persons and family members with disabilities might not be addressed if complex intra-household dynamics are not considered, increasing the likelihood of the programme having an indirect discriminatory outcome. However, little information is available on some aspects that are critical for evaluation of their impact on family-related rights. For example, there is little information on the impacts of CCTs in intra-household violence over time or on the use of contraceptives. | sdg5 |
Circassian walnut (Juglans regia), occupies a mere 100 ha in hilly forests mainly in western Kopetdag and in the valleys of the Sumbar and Arvaz Rivers. They preserve an important stock of nutrition supply and represent high potential reserves for livestock breeding. The general area of saxaul stands is 688,100 ha, which includes 15,000 ha of young growths, 284,100 ha of middle-aged stands, 320,700 ha of maturing stands and 67,900 ha of mature and over-mature stands. The wood volume of growing stock reaches 2 million m3, 1,720,000 m3 of which are of middle age or mature. | sdg15 |
In the past, national security for the majority of countries was almost exclusively associated with an external military threat emanating from a rival state(s). This was reflected in the standard models for the demand for military expenditure. The emergence of new security challenges such as terrorism, transnational crime networks, failed and rogue states, has profoundly affected the international security environment and the concept of national security. This note develops a model for the demand for national security expenditure adopting a broader, more inclusive definition of national security and includes concomitant budgetary outlets to meet the new security challenges. | sdg16 |
The former were local, the latter, international. Together, they contained the seeds of a reshaping of the West African migratory system. The major historical trends were shifting: the polarity of the coast, initiated by the Arab-Islamic and transatlantic slave trades and fully materialised under colonisation, was weakened. | sdg2 |
This paper presents a new typology of global cooperation for development, based on three objectives: managing interdependence, furthering the development of societies, and gradually overcoming the asymmetries that characterize the world economic system. It then explores the nature of these asymmetries and proposes that the concept of "special but differentiated responsibilities" offers the best framework for handing the special issues of developing countries in the global order. Finally, it develops a five point agenda for improving global economic and social governance structures: creating a dense network of world, regional and national institutions, ensuring the equitable participation of developing countries in global governance, creating a Global Council of the broad UN system, based on representation by constituencies, guaranteeing a better coherence of the decentralized system that characterizes global arrangements in the economic and social field, and effective accountability for international commitments. | sdg16 |
It can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. Such entitlements are granted for various lengths of time and paid at different rates, reflecting the influence of different objectives including: enhancing children’s wellbeing, promoting labour supply, furthering gender equality in labour market outcomes, as well as budget constraints. Although parental care is beneficial for children, there are concerns about the consequences of prolonged periods of leave for labour market outcomes and gender equality. | sdg5 |
While some providers include nearly half a page of information for one single activity, other providers may restrict the amount of information to a few words. Nearly all descriptions are in English, however, other languages are also used, which further adds challenges to synthesising the information. Considering that the CRS contains approximately 250 000 activities per year, it has previously been challenging to process the amount of information captured in these description. | sdg9 |
The role of central government is somewhat “minor” in federal countries that transferred most water competences to sub-national governments such as the United States (Box 5.1) or Belgium, where water responsibilities are so scattered across states or regions that it is almost impossible to capture a “national institutional mapping”. This indicator helps “measure” the fragmentation of roles and responsibilities, based on the assumption that the more actors there are, the more “complex” the situation is. But it has to be analysed in light of the governance tools adopted to overcome such complexity. | sdg6 |
Two disaggregation methods exist: the actual consumption approach and the insurance value approach (OECD, 2011a). The former is used for public education, for which it is relatively easy to identify the beneficiaries, e.g. households with children. In the presence of children, the income of a household is increased by the average spending at the relevant educational level. | sdg10 |
This is problematic because it means that young people are deferring saving for their pensions, and older persons do not have access to the full range of health services. There is a need to safeguard the efficiency and quality of social security systems and forge proper links between benefits and their funding, so as to make the benefits more attractive and therefore more highly valued. The exceptions are El Salvador, which registered a minor setback, and Uruguay (urban areas), where affiliation was already very high in 2002 (over 98%), and only marginal improvement was recorded. | sdg1 |
In 43 countries in Africa, 23 in Asia and Oceania, 5 in Latin America and the Caribbean, and 2 in Eastern Europe, women are reported not to have equal rights with men to acquiring and owning land (UNDESA, 2010). In most African and many Asian countries, although equal property-ownership rights are stipulated by law, the prevailing customary practices3 (which in a number of cases take precedence over statutory law) prevent women from having control over the shared property of the married couple, or even over the property that they brought into the marriage (UNDESA, 2010, OECD, 2006b, EIU, 2010). There is little that ICTs can do to address such legal barriers. For example, in Viet Nam, the Government has launched a number of initiatives to assist women entrepreneurs, including opening special branches at Sacombank (the country's largest privately owned commercial bank), and starting a programme dedicated to women in rural areas at Agribank (the country's largest state-owned commercial bank). | sdg5 |
Investment expenditure should be accounted in the year when it occurs. These are included in the GSSE only in cases when agriculture is the main beneficiary. In general the share of the primary agriculture should be above 50% of economic activity or regional employment or similar indicator. The choice of the indicator should be related to the nature of the policy and data available and should be clearly explained in the documentation. | sdg2 |
The principle for the water abstraction charge is cost recovery, i.e. tariffs should reflect the total cost of providing water, including capital expenses, energy expenses, and expenses related to operation and maintenance. The means to include a component that reflects scarcity in the tariffs is to add the expenses related to the purchasing of desalinated w'ater on top of the other expenses. Water desalination is the costliest form of providing water in Israel and therefore reflects the marginal cost of producing water. Charges for pollution with domestic origin are based on the water consumption of the household. The following table compiles the pollution charge for domestic users for the Adour-Garonne river basin (one of the 6 river basins in France). In the following table, we report the pollution charge for non-domestic users for the Adour-Garonne river basin. | sdg6 |
This report also includes details of 'band usage' and 'sharing studies' for each of the frequency bands identified for IMT. This entire band was unanimously adopted by WRC-07 as the future IMT band and was recommended by ITU to its Member States to free up as soon as practicable. The Resolution 749 as revised by WRC 12 and the footnote MOD 5.316A bring out the conclusions of the deliberations during the WRC-12 on agenda item 1.17. | sdg9 |
In Public Governance and the Classical Liberal Perspective, Aligica et al. (2019) highlight the importance of conducting institutional analysis and experimentation as a means toward robust, adaptable polycentric governance. For policy researchers, engaging in the practice of polycentric political economy means analyzing the role of alternative governance mechanisms at the constitutional, policy, and operational levels of social interaction. In order to demonstrate how policymakers can engage in institutional analysis at each level, we examine the case study of state regulatory reform. We find that the pursuit of marginal improvements within an existing governance framework can contribute to institutional reform if researchers are focused on long-run institutional change. This requires looking at policy research as part of a process aimed at institutional experimentation and the reimagination of governance frameworks within a polycentric environment where researchers engage in coproduction of an adaptive and sustainable governance system. | sdg16 |
It was launched in February 2009 at a global meeting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and initiated by the Malaysian Muslim feminist group Sisters in Islam. The movement was a transnational response to the equally transnational problem of the use of Islam to resist women's demands for equality. Musawah comprises NGOs, activists, scholars, legal practitioners and policymakers across the globe and approaches gender equality in the Muslim family along three axes: knowledge-building, capacity-building and international advocacy. Musawah starts from the premise that equality is a founding principle of Islam, and gender equality is therefore in line with Islam, rather than opposed to it. | sdg5 |
Both aspects can be observed in Figure 4.16, which compares the residual load covered by nuclear after the introduction of wind energy (the dark blue area) with the original load without renewables (areas in light and dark blue). The figure also shows that the average load factor for nuclear decreases from 98% in the reference scenario to about 92%, after the integration of wind energy. This means that nuclear plants tend to be operated more frequently at a partial load and are required to cycle more often. The decrease on average electricity prices is expected to be more significant at higher penetration level of renewables, as shown in the quantitative study presented in Chapter 7. | sdg7 |
If the coefficient on the self-employment dummy increases along the eamings distribution, this solely reflects that the dispersion that is due to the unobserved determinant is higher among self-employed since the impact of education is picked up by the education dummy. In the CQR example, the size of the two sectors was hardly affected as only one person was assumed to change employment status. Similarly, cross-country differences in earnings inequality can be decomposed into: i) differences in the composition of the population (for example, inequality should be higher in countries with a more unequal distribution of education endowment) and ii) differences in rates of return (for example, inequality should be higher in countries with a larger wage gap between highly- and low-educated workers). | sdg10 |
Militarization[1] in this country – Mexico – is a fundamental factor of political definition due to the loss of life[2] that it has represented, and the impact on public life stemming from the constant violation of the human rights of men, but especially for women, who have both seen their everyday life modified. This fight against organized crime, some have defined it as a war against the people, which pretends to be a war on drug trafficking. In Ciudad Juarez, we already know that the presence of the army and police on the streets does not increase safety, and instead, gender violence is exposed in deaths that occur constantly, so that militarization and impunity are the key to reading the new events as part of a hegemonic project, in which the bodies and humanity are no longer relevant.  | sdg16 |
These respondents criticized that cooperation depends too much on the disposition of the directors and therefore the prioritization of cooperation by the senior management as well as simply the chemistry between individuals. The best options for each country will therefore depend on its characteristics and context. The case study examples below are intended as suggestions or inspiration to help each country strengthen its institutional arrangements in the most appropriate manner. | sdg15 |
Despite the current economic recession, according to World Bank Fast Track Lesotho Report 2009, the country allocates 20 per cent of its budget to education and this expenditure on education is considered high by international standards. Indigenous education was the type of education that was mainly controlled by Basotho themselves, before the colonial era, and it was the informal type of education. In the indigenous education, the type of learning was oriented towards practical activities for boys and girls at home and in the plantation fields. | sdg4 |
Narrowing the labour force participation gap between men and women by 50% has been estimated to raise annual growth in GDP per capita by 0.3 percentage points on average (Thevenon et al., Second, Evidence from OECD countries shows that having more women in paid (full-time) work results in lower household income inequality (Harkness, 2010, OECD, 2015). Therefore, policies that focus on increasing the earnings potential of lower-paid women can reinforce the equalising effect of women's labour market integration. Despite the fact that Chile has made remarkable progress increasing women participation in politics, the share of parliamentary seats occupied by women is the lowest in the OECD. | sdg5 |
A Safe System encourages a “forgiving” strategy for road injury prevention, which accepts that while human error on the road is inevitable, death and serious injury as result of a crash is not. It recognises the shared responsibility of system designers and road users to ensure that crash energy remain at all times below levels that will cause fatal or serious injury, and promotes a holistic, multi-sectoral approach which can reframe the way in which road safety is perceived and managed. Sweden’s “Vision Zero” strategy was adopted by Parliament in 1997. The decision stated that “the transport system’s design, function and use should be aligned so that no one is killed or seriously injured”. | sdg3 |
Women are at a greater disadvantage with respect to pensions systems than health care. There are huge differences between the first and the fifth income quintile in terms of affiliation to both pension and health systems. But even among wage earners, whenever affiliation is below average, it is more concentrated by income. | sdg1 |
The Ministry of Hydraulic Resources (previously the National Commission for Irrigation) became the co-ordinating institution at the federal level. Populations from the central part of the country, where agricultural land was a constraint, were expected to migrate to these river basins and provide the labour that would be necessary for the development of the areas. River basin commissions had lull authority to plan and execute programmes for integrated development within the river basins. | sdg6 |
It welcomes the efforts of cities and local authorities, and invites them to "scale up their efforts and support actions to reduce emissions and/or to build resilience and decrease vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change and demonstrate these efforts. For this reason, the United Nations Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management has developed the Strategic Framework on Geospatial Information and Services for Disasters.376 This approach offers urban areas and cities options for strengthening risk governance, enabling these localities to access and utilize nationally generated geospatial information as well as feeding local information back to the national level. This mitigates consistent challenges regarding the provision of geospatial information and strengthens informed decision-making and monitoring, before, during and after hazardous events. However, the reality is that integrated implementation is not consistently pursued across countries or within States and regions. | sdg11 |
This is a key responsibility of regional governments, which provide training, employment services and facilitate access to credit for youths. Average annual spending by regional governments on the promotion of employability, employment services and access to finance was ETB 1.1 billion between 2012/13 and 2016/17 (Figure 1.10), loans grew substantially towards the end of this period. It also supports informal social protection mechanisms and strengthens their linkages to the formal system. | sdg1 |
The literature on ocean energy has, to date, largely focussed on technical, environmental, and, increasingly, social and political aspects. Legal and regulatory factors have received far less attention, despite their importance in supporting this new technology and ensuring its sustainable development. Building on the social sciences research agenda developed by the International network for Social Studies of Marine Energy (ISSMER) and published in Energy Policy, a complementary agenda for legal research linked to ocean energy was set out. Key directions for future research structured around the core themes of marine governance: (i) international law, (ii) environmental impacts, (iii) rights and ownership, (iv) consenting processes, and (v) management of marine space and resources were identified. | sdg16 |
Many of these farmers live in places where markets - for agricultural inputs and outputs, labour, and other goods and services such as credit and insurance - are lacking or do not function well. The uncertainties of weather, particularly with accelerating climate change, and the lack of affordable insurance are at the heart of the vulnerabilities of households dependent on agricultural livelihoods. As a result, they often adopt low risk, low-return, agricultural and other income-generating strategies, and may seek to obtain liquidity or diversify income sources in casual labour markets. | sdg2 |
They could help reduce congestion in cities and along road networks, with benefits including fewer accidents and lower GHG and air pollutant emissions. Brazil has leading innovative firms and high expertise in selected high-technology fields such as renewables and agro-technology. Green research and development (R&D) expenditure is estimated to account for about 3% of total R&D expenditure (Frischtak, 2011). Eco-innovation performance has improved and Brazil has been developing a specialisation in environmental technology compared to other BRIICS economies. The number of patents in environment- and climate-related technology has grown, accounting for about 9% of all patents filed in Brazil in 2009-11 (the BRIICS average was 7.8%). Brazil has generated the world’s third largest amount of certified emission reduction credits under the Clean Development Mechanism, which has been a key driver of technology transfer and has also encouraged domestically driven innovation. | sdg15 |
Out-of-pocket payments generate additional welfare losses for risk-averse individuals. Health care financing is no exception. Abstracting from any tax incentives, private insurance, out-of-pocket payments and medical saving accounts are likely to entail less deadweight losses than general taxation and social insurance contributions as they reflect personal choices (Glied, 2008). | sdg3 |
A more ambitious reform of the insurance system could separate medical goods and services covered by statutory and complementary insurances (Askenazy et al., This could ease negotiations with care providers for goods and services. Complementary insurance plans would then specialise in “supplementary” medical goods and services, such as optical care, some dental care and hearing aids. | sdg3 |
The Government Financial Transfers (GFT) database measures and classifies support provided to fisheries, an important indicator of either government commitment to the sector or the potential for reform. The key principles suggested by the OECD may help the selection of relevant green growth indicators (Box 1.11). Indirect indicators can be useful when direct ones are impractical or ambiguous. For example, measuring the availability or use of energy audits demonstrates increases in environmental awareness on the part of fishers and indirectly measures energy efficiency. | sdg14 |
Par ailleurs, le rapport examine dans quelle mesure la riposte du Japon a la crise economique et sa strategic de croissance a long terme tiennent compte des preoccupations environnementales, en s’attachant tout particulierement a l’etude de la panoplie de politiques et mesures appliquees pour tirer parti des possibilites de croissance et d’emploi dont l’eco-innovation et le secteur des biens et services environnementaux sont porteurs. Ce document de travail se rapporte a VExamen environnemental de l'OCDE du Japon, 2010 (www.oecd.org/env/examenspays/japon). The paper is an updated and extended version of Chapter 2 of the OECD Environmental Performance Review of Japan published in November 2010. | sdg12 |
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. It considers the balancing role of international and regional trade, the benefits and costs associated with open markets, as well as the ways in which governments can manage shocks emanating from both domestic and international markets. This section considers the role of trade in ensuring stable food availability. | sdg2 |
Clusters such as Otigba computer village in Lagos emerge and grow organically, and show immense resilience, but their expansion or transformation is often limited by a host of challenges beyond their collective effort. They would benefit from policy support. Big data can inform transport planning and how investments are prioritized. | sdg11 |
The calculators are potential tools to show the order of magnitude of actions (e.g. the importance of energy use at home), and help motivated people to focus their efforts on high impact actions. Calculators can also include features, informational or social, aimed at encouraging users to take action. We highlight good approaches and features of carbon footprint calculators and interventions. At the same time, we discuss the shortcomings of existing approaches. Based on the examined calculators, literature and our experience as a calculator developer and a host, we make recommendations about calculator development and use in interventions aiming to reduce consumption footprint. | sdg12 |
A utility token can be issued with immediate rights to services or as a loan type, whereby the service can be accessed upon completion of the infrastructure project. During the investment phase of a project, funds are held in a smart contract and reimbursed automatically to investors in the case of insufficient fund collection and resulting inability to start the project or otherwise inflicted failure of the project. Additional features like loans with automated interest payments or insurance contracts can be added over time, enabling the platform to grow in features and adapt to new requirements. | sdg9 |
By 2019, the price of the benchmark US maize (No. A noteworthy feature is the drop in wheat to maize price ratio to a low ratio of 1.1-1.2, compared to 1.3-1.6 in the past, indicating a stronger upside potential for maize prices than for wheat. Continuing instability will be a factor for all cereal markets as the linkages are strong enough to influence them all. | sdg2 |
In other large cities some informal separation and collection of materials for recycling occurs. Other informal recycling occurs at disposal sites where unauthorised groups scavenge for metals, plastic, paper and wood. About 60 private companies are dealing with recycling of a broad range of waste fractions, but predominantly of scrap metal. Not all of them have an environmental permit from MoEFWA. It is estimated that about 65 large uncontrolled sites and numerous small sites are currently in operation in Albania. | sdg12 |
The proportion of renewable energy in Jordan is consistent with the Middle Eastern average of less than 5% (USAID, 2011). However, some analysts project that by 2050, about 50% of the region’s electricity will be generated from renewable sources (Menon, 2010) and were Jordan to fully exploit its solar resources now, it could become a global leader and exporter of renewable energy in the future. Currently, renewable energy is estimated to contribute 2.5% to 4% growth to Jordan’s GDP and to create at least 3 000 new jobs (USAID, 2011). Because renewable energy projects are more labour intense than conventional energy sources, there are reasons to expect a net increase in employment from renewable energy, which could be significant at a time when jobs in the hydrocarbons sector are minimal (OECD, 2012 forthcoming b). | sdg7 |
It promotes the implementation of a strategy that considers both consumptive uses of water and the protection of the environment within a framework of public participation. The plan also lays down the principles of a management of water at the river basin scale with a priority regarding the conservation of land and aquatic ecosystems as part of the large hydrologic cycle, covering the extraction of water to its discharge. The strategy explicitly underlines the need to set official prohibition for maximum extraction to ensure water balance. | sdg6 |
The CCFs also finance culture, tourism and commercial activities and own supermarkets, theatres, hotels and other facilities. Yet there is little evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of the services the CCFs provide (Aim and Lopez-Castano, 2005). A 2% contribution finances traineeship programmes, in particular for young workers and displaced persons, through the Semcio Nacional de Aprendizaje (SENA). The SENA also finances assistance to firms for technological development and information systems. | sdg1 |
Australia's National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development, in place since 1992, aims to improve total quality of life now and in the future while maintaining ecological processes (see section on “mainstreaming of biodiversity into sustainable development, green growth and other relevant strategies”). Under strategic dimensions, the importance of biodiversity in achieving sustainable development is explained, and links with tourism and exploration of resources are made. Under sector-level programmes, a separate programme with explicit budget is set out for biodiversity-related work. | sdg15 |
They show that in the medium term - that is, until about 2030 -the positive and negative effects on yields could offset each other at the global level, the balance after this date would be increasingly negative as climate change accelerates. The data also show that projected impacts of climate change on yields of maize, wheat and rice in the second half of the 21st century are more often negative for tropical regions than for temperate regions. However, in many locations in temperate regions, as well, crop yields may decrease (Porter et al., | sdg13 |
Investors enjoy an easy regulatory framework. According to the 1997 Law on Electricity and Natural Gas, tariffs for HPPs built after 1 August 2008 and for existing HPPs of less than 13 MW capacity are fully deregulated. Tariffs for HPPs built before 1 August 2008 with more than 13 MW installed capacity are regulated by GNERC. | sdg7 |
The product of this equation gives an ni x ni matrix decomposing the value added embodied in exports according where it ultimately originates. By summing the non-diagonal elements of this matrix across column nations a metric of the foreign value added of exports can be obtained. Presenting this value as a share of gross exports then gives the measure of backward participation. | sdg10 |
Most OECD governments have also sought to better understand what is happening in the wider STI policy system through periodic stocktaking exercise and to identify bottlenecks and gaps and improve players’ broader awareness of activities elsewhere. This becomes increasingly important as systems become more complex, cross borders, and require partnership and co-operation. Successful mobilisation will depend on factors such as the available power bases (e.g. monetary resources, persuasive arguments, etc.), | sdg9 |
The EDF measures what the service frequency would be if the service were available without having to walk. This allows a comparison of routes according to service frequency: routes with the highest service frequency score are assigned a weight of 1, while all others have a weight of 0.5 (TfL, 2015). A separate accessibility indicator (Al) is initially calculated using this methodology for various modes, including bus, rail, underground and tram. | sdg11 |
The only countries that require a master’s degree to teach pre-primary school are England, France, Iceland and Italy. This level of education is required to teach primary school in 11 of the 35 countries for which data are available, to teach general studies in lower secondary school in 16 countries, and to teach upper secondary school in 22 countries (see Table D6.1 a, b, c and d). In contrast nearly 40% of teachers feel inadequately prepared for the pedagogical aspects of teaching, which is the highest proportion in any of the 34 countries taking part in the TALIS survey (see Chart D6.a). In France, the proportion was lower (76%), and even lower still at private schools (only 69%, versus a TALIS average of 86%). | sdg4 |
Rights advocacy does not have to wait for a fully-fledged democratic regime to emerge. Activists can employ them as a tool to monitor policies or do advocacy work in order to advance the effective reach of acknowledged human rights. Public debate, political campaigns and collective organizing around human rights are also important means to question discriminatory social norms, unequal power relations and unequal distribution of resources and to encourage poor and marginalized women to see themselves as rights holders. | sdg5 |
Doctors are twice as likely to migrate as nurses because wage differentials are greater, and because most nurses are women and men are often the primary decision-makers regarding migration (Brown and Connell 2004). A growing shortage of skilled workers in the region has also contributed to increased intra-Pacific migration, with workers migrating to countries offering better work conditions and salaries, such as Samoan nurses moving to American Samoa and tourism workers to the Cook Islands, and various skilled workers going to Nauru (including health workers from Tonga). There is some weekly commuting from Samoa to American Samoa. | sdg10 |
While direct infrastructure investments have a number of characteristics which can appeal to institutional investors such as allowing for asset-liability matching and helping hedge the risks for long-dated liabilities, making direct investments in projects is generally complex and resource-intensive. It can be prohibitively expensive due to the costs of developing and maintaining a direct investing team in addition to transaction costs and legal fees. Thus, many investors might consider using intermediaries because they do not have this expertise, or the scale that would justify creating an internal team. However, of these institutional investors, many have decided against investing in infrastructure or have withdrawn from contracts because they have determined that the transaction costs, in particular management fees, are prohibitive. Nevertheless, some firms have started to explore ways to reduce transaction costs for sustainable energy investment or otherwise faciliate or enable these transactions to be made more efficiently. | sdg7 |
The learners and the teachers who are being assisted with the materials for identifying, describing and presenting cases, give visibility to new models of SCP. They further discuss the identified examples with families, neighbours and friends and by doing so initiate broader social learning. The overall premise of the partners is to shift from reliance on awareness and knowledge transfer ('learning to change’) towards direct engagement of people and organisations into learning practices ('changing to learn'). | sdg12 |
Each GMA must define its “desired future conditions by 2060” based on actual withdrawal data and projections of groundwater availability. A groundwater management plan must be set accordingly. Water has a higher economic (extractive) value in Region H (Houston area), where water mostly serves municipal and industrial water needs, than in the farming Regions O and A. As a result, the economic cost of unmet water needs (groundwater as well as surface water) is much higher in Region H (Figure C.19). | sdg6 |
Only in 2015, the Government of Thailand approved measures that allow for the registration of Vietnamese workers at the OSSCs,9 while a Memorandum of Understanding between Thailand and Viet Nam was signed in the same year (IOM, 2016). The contribution of highly skilled immigrants in Thailand should be seen in the context of the investment that is made by companies. For example, much immigration from Japan is linked to this country’s foreign direct investment (FDI), which accounts for around a third of all FDI in Thailand.10 FDI adds to national investment, creates employment for both foreign-born and native-born workers and contributes to the stock of knowledge and competitiveness of Thailand. | sdg8 |
This need of new infrastructure can provide fresh impetus for regulation that is directly relevant to small scale, decentralised generation. As opposed to megaprojects, multiple small-scale investments will require a systems approach to regulation and grid development that is decentralised and can adapt to a variety of circumstances and technologies. Progress in roll-out will need to be incremental so that lessons and evidence can be drawn from practice and incorporated on an ongoing basis. | sdg7 |
By 2012, female literacy was almost equivalent to the male rates attained in 1994. It had reached over 70% in Tunisia and almost 100% in Jordan. But the gap is still significant in some countries. In Morocco only 57% of women were literate, compared to 76% of men, and in Egypt only 65% of women could read, compared to 81% of men (Figure 1.1). | sdg5 |
Using this information to convert land use in advance of infrastructure deployment can help reduce the time needed by developers to acquire land use clearance. Similarly, mapping could help increase co-ordination between different levels of government (e.g. federal-state, central-local). Policy support to renewable energy should for instance be consistent and harmonised at both the federal and state level, so as to provide investors with coherent signals and incentives. Resource mapping can moreover inform policy design by central and local authorities, and help ensure that these policies are complementary rather than duplicative (see question 5.4). | sdg7 |
Employed persons (age 15+): Employment is defined according to the resolution of the 19th ICLS in 2013 (see glossary). In the absence of Labour Force Survey records, some of the data can also be obtained from the administrative data on child care. Data from labour force surveys should be used for the denominator of the indicator. | sdg8 |
This essay explores the shift from 'human rights ' to 'community development* in the framing of Koori (or Indigenous) health policy research at the University of Melbourne in the 1990s. It provides an overview of the recent history of rights-based discourses in international health, contrasting cosmopolitan claims of rights with older civic reference points for health intervention: such as 'citizenship* and 'community development. * In particular, it considers the relations of the conjunction 'health and human rights * to the global emergence during the past twenty years of nongovernmental organisations and their challenge to the power of the nation-state. This account draws heavily on the author's observation of the institutionalisation of rights discourses in health research programs at Melbourne and Harvard, vantage points that provide at best a partial perspective, but one that may nonetheless reveal some salient historical features. | sdg16 |
An important debate in International Relations and International Law is whether states are persons. In this article, it is argued that they are. That is, they are real persons-as-status. Furthermore, state personhood is argued to be an ideological category, marked by ideological variety. Roughly, one can tell apart liberal and republican conceptions of state citizenship. In a case study, the conceptual toolkit of state citizenship is put to work to assess the liberal credentials of modern international society. While modern international society rests on firm liberal principles, expressed most clearly in the Charter of the UN, important republican elements can be discerned, not in the least in the constitution of NATO. | sdg16 |
It threatens the basic elements of life for all people: access to water, food production, health, use of land, and physical and natural capital. Inadequate attention to climate change could have significant social consequences for human well-being, hamper economic growth and heighten the risk of abrupt and large-scale changes to our climatic and ecological systems. The significant economic damage could equate to a permanent loss in average per-capita world consumption of more than 14% (Stern, 2006). | sdg13 |
In the Southern Ocean, uncontrolled industrial exploitation of these natural resources has taken place for centuries, generally following a “boom or bust” cycle until the 1980s with several species hunted almost to extinction. In the Arctic, the human presence in the region over thousands of years has ensured that coastal fisheries and marine mammals have been exploited for generations. This however has predominantly been small-scale coastal and regional fisheries in harmony with the ecosystem. | sdg14 |
There are only a few examples where such instruments have been used for water sector projects, as briefly summarised below. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) has provided Partial Credit Guarantees (PCGs) to the City of Johannesburg in South Africa (Box 2.2) or to the Tlalnepantla water project in Mexico (Box 3.11). In both cases, an interesting feature of these PCGs is that they were provided for debt instruments denominated in local currency. This can be done only in countries where IFIs can borrow in local currency so as to be able to hedge the currency risk. | sdg6 |
In order to keep the focus on meeting genuine market opportunities, it can be beneficial if a network is industry-led rather than led by a training provider. The creation of the Green Skills Hub at the Nirimba campus of the Western Sydney Institute, for example, involved a close partnership with Schneider Electric that continues with the facility being made available to Schneider Electric for the training and education of customers, business partners and staff in the use of its EcoStruxure solution. The Northern Sydney Institute has formed partnerships with Local Councils - Rockdale, Fairfield, Lane Cove, Hunters Hill - based on the initial programme customised for 1 000 Warringah Council staff in the National Unit of Competence. | sdg7 |
This can have fatal consequences. With the 2030 Agenda, UN Member States agreed to focus on sustainability, equality, peace and human progress, providing a powerful counter-narrative to current practices of extraction, exclusion and division. The unprecedented levels of engagement and mobilization during the period that led to its adoption have ushered in a strong sense of ownership by not only governments, but also civil society and other stakeholders. | sdg5 |
Revisiting the dynamics of growth, inequality and poverty reduction. Centre for Development Policy and Research, SOAS, Discussion Paper No. True world income distribution, 1988 and 1993: first calculation based on household surveys alone. The two faces of globalization: against globalization as we know it. | sdg1 |
There are initiatives such as the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility and Forest Investment Program. The International Climate and Forest Initiative was subsequently set up with a project team within the Ministry of Environment. The initiative works towards the inclusion of REDD+ in a future climate agreement, to achieve large-scale emission reductions in the short term and to protect natural forests. | sdg15 |
The policy implications of the rising significance of middle and large settlements in the next 15-20 years are worth noting. In the future, these cities will be primarily located in low- and middle-income countries. In many developing countries, rapid urbanization calls for additional resources, and capacity development of local governments has become a pressing issue. | sdg2 |
AbstractThe deinstitutionalization of mental health services in Australia happened first and most rapidly in the state of Victoria. In the final decades of the 20th Century, a period of immense economic and social policy reform accelerated this shift. Policy change appeared to be guided, at least in part, by ideals of human rights and citizenship. However, these same principles could be undermined in the vacuum of services created by deinstitutionalization and the broader restructuring of the welfare state. One expression of this paradox was a reported increase in violent encounters between police and those in states of distress and mental crises. Another example of paradox was rights-based mental health law, which both increased procedural safeguards for involuntary psychiatric intervention but also perpetuated differential treatment of persons with psychosocial disability on the basis of unfounded beliefs. This article will examine the intersections of policing and mental health policy in order to exami... | sdg16 |
Besides the deprivation headcount ratios of the aggregated number of deprivations, the Bristol approach also concentrates on the analysis of single dimensions, which is examined by region. They demonstrate in their paper that countries or households with the same incidence of deprivations experience different levels of severity. They explore the deprivation distribution to measure the so-called depth (the average number of deprivations), and severity (the distribution of the total number of deprivations) of deprivation among children. Both methodologies follow a rights-based approach to child well-being and account for the number of deprivations experienced by each child. There are, however, differences between the studies: the Global Study adopts a continuum approach to deprivation within a dimension, meaning that multiple thresholds are used to measure mild, moderate, severe and extreme deprivation, while MODA uses single thresholds. The Global study lacks the life-cycle definition of the dimensions and indicators and is limited to the counting approach23 while MODA goes beyond that and incorporates analyses of deprivation indices and deprivation overlaps. | sdg1 |
As a result, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from energy generation and use are relatively low compared to many OECD countries. Strong economic growth in the 2000s and the rise of a middle class triggered a rapid increase in energy use, mainly in industry and transport. Nevertheless, the energy intensity of the economy (energy supply per unit of gross domestic product, GDP) remained fairly stable at levels below the OECD average. The 2010 National Climate Change Policy established an economy-wide target of limiting projected GHG emissions by between 36.1% and 38.9% by 2020. | sdg15 |
The state policy on energy efficiency and renewable energy sources is under implementation. As stated in the Energy Sector Development Programme until 2030, the development of centralized heating systems on the basis of cogeneration plants where it is economically feasible is one of the main directions of heating systems development. According to the Energy Sector Development Programme until 2030 it is envisaged to reduce the electricity production from coal to 60 per cent, compared to 70 per cent in 2006. | sdg7 |
It enjoyed robust economic growth over most of the 2000s, which helped narrow the income gap with OECD countries. Growth has slowed since 2012, however (OECD, 2015b). The large conditional cash-transfer programme Bolsa Familia, which is recognised as an international best practice, has helped halve the number of people living in extreme poverty (bolsa means grant or stipend). Health service coverage and educational outcome have also improved, but income inequality and territorial disparities are large. Brazil needs to restore strong growth while continuing to address social challenges and enhance conservation and sustainable use of its environmental assets. | sdg15 |
ABSTRACT This paper surveys literature from Economics, Accounting, and Management to address theoretical issues in Public Administration regarding government provided services in order to contribute to a formal connection between principal-agent models in these disciplines and public policy administration decision-making. In particular, it addresses the question: What theoretical properties of the services themselves might guide (a) the choice of producer of the services (government or outsourcing firm/contractor), and (b) the accountability imposed for the work produced. It is found that a theoretical framework of principal-agent models that includes the decision of whether to contract out can be useful as a first step in systematically formulating the government's decision for a variety of goods/services. This provides an alterative to the identification of key decision properties “from the ground up” for each good or service the government provides. | sdg16 |
While the ingredients are common across different growth experiences, the recipes need to be very country specific. However, it is also important to acknowledge that a broad range of other policy actions will be needed in order for aid for trade to be fully effective. First, aid for trade needs to be backed by international co-operation to tackle the external impediments to trade, whether directly trade-related in the form of tariff and non-tariff barriers or indirectly trade-related as in areas such as government procurement and access to finance. | sdg1 |
Underthe programme labelling is mandatory for incandescent and compact fluorescent light bulb and various household appliances, such as refrigerators and air conditioning units. This United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - DoE programme is formally used in the EU, Canada, Australia, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Japan, New Zealand, Switzerland and Taiwan. It has broader global impact as ENERGY STAR products are freely traded to many other countries. | sdg7 |
But they should gradually benefit local businesses by reducing transportation costs, improving energy supplies and decreasing transaction costs — particularly if they are accompanied by better ICT infrastructure. It should also help local competitors to expand within domestic markets through better infrastructure. So businesses that do not attract foreign investment or establish necessary partnerships will struggle to compete domestically. | sdg5 |
The requirement that building/structure be used wholly and exclusively for R&D has been removed. Credit is now due if at least 35% of all activities carried on in the initial four-year period are R&D activities. Companies may claim cash payments over three years in the event of insufficient or no corporation tax. | sdg9 |
The WECs were launched in 1994 to encourage the establishment and growth of women-owned businesses, encourage self-employment, and promote economic equality between men and women. This mandate is supported through measures to promote the concept of entrepreneurship to women, increase their access to capital, and provide services to help them develop experience, expertise, assets and credit histories. The WECs, as one-stop shops for potential and existing women entrepreneurs, are considered by the Canadian government as key to increase the take-up of government support services among women and ensure that they have better access to support services. | sdg5 |
The European counter terrorism laws offer to the author the chance to deal with on one side the appropriate balance between the threat of terrorism and constitutional values, on the other side the exam of the main “laws of fear”.The survey reveals that the surveillance measures are able to pass the constitutionality test, since the parameters of precautionality and proportionality have not been taken into account.In the conclusion, the Author suggests a new model of international law of fear compatible with the rule of law. | sdg16 |
Water quality (resources and drinking water) is an ongoing challenge, particularly in the Lagoon and in the southern part of the region. Although the region has relatively abundant water, degradation in water quality in some parts of the city-region, notably the south-west, is a problem, and has resulted in water stress in some areas, and high demand in some spots has negative ecological consequences, particularly on smaller rivers and streams. Of particular concern are climate-change-related increases in mean sea level, and increased frequency of extreme storm surges in the Adriatic, which are associated with the highest water levels in Venice. | sdg6 |
Although the gap is smaller than for individuals, it is potentially more worrying, given the benefits that digital adoption by firms can bring to economic and social development. Narrowing these gaps has been on the agenda of both national and international policymakers. At the international level, increasing the availability and affordability of internet access is part of the SDGs. A number of international organizations, including the ITU, the World Bank and UNCTAD, have focused on narrowing the digital divide for many years, recognizing that digital adoption can boost economic growth and sustainable development (see box IV.5 on UNCTAD’s eTrade for All initiative). | sdg9 |
This includes regulating services such as carbon storage that enables a stable climate and extraction of e.g. fish and soil quality that enables extraction of fuel and food. In addition to this, the goods and services can have an option value, i.e. the value people put on the opportunity to keep the possibility to use the good or service in the future, even though it is not used today. Bequest value is the value people put on keeping a good or service for the coming generations. | sdg15 |
Considering the WEO data of USD 2.55 trillion for the building sector and USD 3.1 trillion for other major economies, and assuming the ratio allocated to the building sector across region one estimates that USD 713 billion should be spent in the building sector in other major economies from 2010 to 2030. Hence, an estimated USD 17.8 billion /year should be spent from 2010 to 2020, while USD 53.5 billion should be spent from 2020 to 2030. Do the low levels of EE investment result from a lack of financing, or is more complex decisionmaking behaviour at play? What do business and asset owners (and households) really consider in deciding whether or not to invest in an energy efficiency asset with apparently high returns? Observed incongruity between paper assessment and physical results raises the question of whether EE investments are about more money - public or private - being made available or whether other factors such as risk perception and project complexity are at play. | sdg7 |
This suggests the need for a detailed assessment of progress and for improved data systems if no one is to be left behind.7 Against this background, some cities appear as sites of opportunity, but others of growing risk. Occupying the same geographical space does not imply equal access to opportunity or equal rights, even in democracies. Political controversies are becoming increasingly strident in many regions as countries face multi-national societies with the strong probability of increased immigration in the future. | sdg11 |
The list of environmentally sensitive projects is published at the agency’s website. A transaction involving delivery of blast furnace equipment in Korea was accepted in 2008. A project to expand a steel mill in India is now under examination. Consistent with European legislation,2 it enforces the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste (to which it has been a party since 1994) and its 1995 amendment, as well as OECD Council Decision [C(2001) 107/Final] concerning control of transboundary movements of waste destined for recovery operations. | sdg6 |
Subsets and Splits