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A salient feature of SAICM, from its negotiation to its implementation, has been the prominent engagement of non-governmental actors. These issues remain beyond the regulatory scope of current multilateral environmental agreements. In this regard, it is important to note that SAICM was established partly in response to the significant regulatory gaps in the existing international legal framework for chemicals and waste.5 In the absence of a comprehensive global agreement regulating the full range of chemicals and waste in global production and trade, SAICM can be viewed as an essential and unique vehicle for fostering international cooperation on the sound management of chemicals. | sdg12 |
While in the past productive forest land was allocated mostly through large-scale concessions, Bolivia (Plurinational State of) is now implementing a strategy to hand over forest-use rights to smallholders. The Government is also supporting the development of integrated forest and land management plans for rural communities. Challenges include managing the trade-off between short-term revenue needs and the longer-term productivity of agricultural and forest land. | sdg15 |
Instead, a much more radical, systemic, and integrated policy approach is needed to promote sustainable food production at both national and international levels. The policy challenge is how to move beyond the recognition of a multiplicity of innovative experiences, toward the design of policies to expand, transfer, adapt and/or disseminate the plethora of existing technological approaches so as to reduce poverty, hunger, and environmental destruction. Moreover, active participation by various actors including governments, nongovernmental organizations, and multilateral organizations can be critical not only to scaling up innovations but also to disseminating knowledge, building capacity among farmers, fostering trust, and reducing the risks associated with new technology and agricultural practices. | sdg2 |
When the Australian Independent Media Inquiry (IMI) published its report most mainstream media reporting focused on the suggested statutory-based News Media Council and largely ignored any discussion of the underlying issues—public trust in journalism and news media and accountability for its practices. The aim of this study was to capture the attitudes held by the media industry toward these issues. Based on a content analysis of 33 submissions to the IMI and the Convergence Review it can be concluded that only 15 percent of the submissions addressed trust or media accountability issues. Furthermore, the submissions illustrate a disconnect between the attitudes held by some media proprietors and the trust deficit reality displayed in multiple studies of the public’s attitudes to journalism and news media. | sdg16 |
Agricultural price, credit and insurance programmes in Brazil (cont.) There are four main programmes: the rural insurance premium programme (Programa de Subvengao ao Premio do Seguro Rural, PSR), the general agriculture insurance programme (Programa de Garantia da Atividade Agropecudria, PROAGRO) these two targeting commercial farmers and administered by MAPA. These four programmes support farmers either by paying part of the insurance premium costs or by compensating farmers for production losses due to natural disasters. | sdg2 |
In several schools visited during the review, specialised teachers, sometimes called coaches or impact coaches, had less teaching responsibilities and more time devoted to working with individual teachers on their teaching practice. This practice was largely voluntary and teachers experiencing this type of work expressed very positive feelings regarding their experiences. Pedagogues are trained in supporting all stages of human development from birth to old age and can be specialised in early childhood education and care, leisure and youth education (Skolejritidsordning og Fritidshjem, SFO), or other areas of particular interest in the school system. Depending on the context in which they work, they might be compared to recreational instructors, play workers or social workers. | sdg4 |
Children, often traumatized and unable to comprehend the reasons for separation, are likely to suffer from acute emotional and developmental problems, as well as being at risk of inadequate care in under-resourced state institutions or by alternative carers. Health services in prison, which are usually not geared towards children’s healthcare needs, are inadequate to cope with the needs of babies and small children in a large majority of countries. Most often, children in prison cannot mix and communicate with children outside prison. | sdg5 |
Transport costs, together with information and transaction costs, play the most important role, and therefore their decline has the largest potential to further bring down the overall trade costs. Lower costs associated with logistics, trade policy barriers and crossing a border can also bring substantial benefits. In the next subsection, we analyse the extent to which new technologies could play a role in the declining trend and outline the possibilities for further efficiency gains. Section C.3 then builds on this analysis and provides a quantification of potential trade gains from a technology-induced decline in trade costs. | sdg9 |
In industrialised economies the number of people falling out of poverty or going homeless is increasing, while the few at the top continue to see their wealth grow. Future projections hold further demands on the environment, with serious potential consequences on human well-being. The International Energy Agency estimates that at the current rates of consumption, global primary energy demand will rise by 40% between 2007 and 2030. | sdg12 |
Given the Netherlands’ unique geography, flood risk has historically been a primary focus and continues to be a concern and a key cost driver of water management, especially in the light of climate change. Risk of water shortage is an emerging risk, projected to grow in importance in the coming decades, which may require new approaches. The risk of inadequate water quality is both persistent and costly, as a result of a number of factors, including a significant agricultural sector in a constrained spatial context. | sdg6 |
Education is mostly delivered by publicly funded institutions maintained by the jurisdictions while the federal government provides some funding towards post-secondary education and provides programmes that support skills development. Education on First Nations reserves is delivered by First Nations themselves, with funding assistance from the federal government. Investment in educational institutions is slightly above the OECD average. | sdg4 |
ABSTRACTNon-state actors are increasingly participating in international climate diplomacy. The tactics employed by diverse civil society agents to influence climate policymaking are radicalizing through the adoption of more confrontational language. Activist groups have been seeking opportunities to influence policymakers regarding the rules related to transparency, public participation and accountability in the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). By scrutinizing efforts of three environmental NGOs (ENGOs) – Climate Action Network, Center for International Environmental Law and Carbon Market Watch – the analysis concentrates on what tactical shifts have occurred in the framing positions and approaches of these activists during the 1997–2015 period. After several years of legal advocacy, expertise and/or critique in an effort to reform input legitimacy of CDM governance, the selected ENGOs have recently drifted away from narratives of green governmentality and ecological modernization and,... | sdg16 |
Such firms are undoubtedly knowledge-intensive, and will obtain reputational benefits as a result of the work they produce. Hence, while valuable assets may well have been created, the benefits that from the trading value such assets produce will be exploited by others. Software, designs and other artistic originals that are produced by a company for its own use are likely to represent an important value driver that will not necessarily be apparent from analysis of IP databases. An alternative method of detecting these companies is to use national employment surveys which can provide a “horizontal” means of considering where assets may be found, to complement a “vertical”, sector-specific approach. These methods relate to their absolute size (in turnover, or employees) and their stage of development (early stage/growth stage/maturity). | sdg8 |
Furthermore, Article 121 of the norms requires proponents to demonstrate, through these technical studies, that prevention and mitigation measures in relation to the forest resources, flora and fauna are undertaken during the implementation of the land-use change. These sectors are therefore also the main financial contributors to the CUSTF through the payment of in-lieu compensation fees. Activities are undertaken through compensation agreements between CONAFOR and landowners of deteriorated forested land who apply and meet the requirements of the CUSTF programme. This arrangement is between the developers requesting authorisation of land-use changes in forested areas and the government, which operates the compensation scheme. | sdg15 |
The EU humanitarian aid policy constitutes a paradigmatic example of how governmental and non-governmental dimensions interact directly and indirectly. This chapter is a theoretical introduction to the main arguments and is based on International Relations theories, as well as the main interdisciplinary debate. Based on the assumption that, in the current phase of world politics, the global institutions are undergoing a process of change, and that the relations among civil society organisations and institutions in public policy-making need further research, the chapter introduces the literature on the tasks and relevance of NGOs in the humanitarian actions, then discusses the innovative contributions on complex emergencies and transboundary crises, and finally combines diverse literature for postulating a more comprehensive framework that can be used to analyse empirical data and offer some preliminary conclusions. | sdg16 |
Expected average wage increase for 2017 taken into account by the Tripartite Council was around 8%, so that the minimum wage to average w'age ratio would slightly decrease. Wages have proved highly flexible during the crisis. To preserve employment, public wages were significantly cut (Chapter 1), including by decreasing or suspending payments agreed in collective agreements21. | sdg8 |
The criteria for commitments are (1) advance one or more United Nations goal/issue, (2) include time-bound target(s) that can be measured for success, and (3) include an agreement to publicly disclose, on an annual basis, progress made to realize the commitment, throughout its duration. In all these areas issues related to innovation and collaboration were discussed. Available from http://www .unglobalcompact.org/docs/news_events/2012_CSF/Rio_CSF_Overview_Outcomes.pdf. | sdg12 |
It may have been optimistic to presume that the frank imposition of fiscal measures, based on precisely monetisable social costs and the resulting tax adjustments that would bring social and private, market-based costs in line, could be routinely implemented in all circumstances. Yet, converging results from a number of broad-based and well-balanced studies have all implied that much stronger action than countries have been willing to contemplate - at the very least on air pollution and the reduction of climate change risks - is required to move towards economic optimality. The widespread lack of a meaningful carbon tax in many countries is a case in point. Stronger technical regulations, market creations, subsidies, improved transparency and reduced legal and institutional transaction costs, however, are all available as part of an arsenal of measures that can be used where the straightforward imposition of Pigouvian taxes remains elusive because of political obstacles resulting from distributional concerns. The well-being of their citizens and the welfare generated by their economies depend on it. | sdg7 |
In Spain, Slovenia, Finland and the Netherlands, there is stickiness both at the top and the bottom of the income distribution. In Belgium, Canada, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal and Sweden, sticky floors at the bottom are combined with an average level of stickiness at the top of the income distribution. In Turkey, Korea, Greece and Chile, the challenges are different, with neither sticky floors nor sticky ceilings, but signs of large positional mobility over four years. | sdg10 |
But, in the past decade or so, two new economic developments have emerged that make pursuing such an externally-oriented agenda even more complex. This in turn has exerted pressure on wages and wage-related entitlements, especially in labour-intensive sectors such as garments, apparel and electronics, which employ significant numbers of women (Seguino, 2000). As a result, the achievement of a decent work agenda necessary for social sustainability is compromised. | sdg5 |
Working-age households are thus net taxpayers on average. These taxes go towards financing other public expenditures, such as publicly provided services, current transfers to the elderly and own future pension entitlements. The poorest 20% are net benefit recipients in almost all countries, with cash transfers adding up to around two thirds of market income on average. For the richest 20%, benefits represent only 6% of market incomes on average and the rich also face higher tax burdens. | sdg10 |
Its work plan is flexible to enable quick response to emerging issues in the international trading environment that impact particularly on highly vulnerable Commonwealth constituencies - least developed countries (LDCs), small states and sub-Saharan Africa. Regional and Emerging Trade Issues, held in Port Louis, Mauritius. Investment and Innovation, UNCTAD 14, held in Nairobi, Kenya. | sdg14 |
In this chapter, the author examines the "temporal dimension" of self-defense. He also looks at the questions and challenges posed by the national security strategy (NSS) regulating the use of force and in those contexts he/she looks at the relationship between self-defense and the collective security system of the United Nations. With regard to anticipatory self-defense, a right to take anticipatory action has long existed under customary international law. It continues to exist under the Charter. Long-standing State practice spanning over sixty years following adoption of the Charter, together with significant evidence of the opinio juris in the form of the Caroline criteria as a set of guiding principles, support its continual vitality. Keywords: anticipatory self-defense, Caroline criteria, customary international law, defensive armed reprisal, pre-emptive self-defense, preventive self-defense, UN collective security system, United Nations Charter law | sdg16 |
If all of Antarctica's ice were to melt, this would result in a sea-level rise of some 60 m, to which the melting of Greenland's ice would add a further rise in the order of 7 m, give or take an uncertainty of a few metres. September is the month in which sea ice is at its yearly minimum and 1979 marks the first year that data of this kind became available in meaningful form. The lowest concentration of sea ice on record was in September 2002. While thick ice with a snow covering has an albedo of 90 percent, that of a thin layer of ice is 50 per cent, and that of an ice-free ocean is in the order of 6 per cent. | sdg13 |
It begins with an assessment of the main challenges of the current system of inter-governmental relations and offers possible alternatives to improve co-ordination across levels of government and among national policy actors. It also explores local government finance and the way the current arrangements for managing local public finance act in detriment of urban development. It formulates some recommendations to ensure that local governments have access to resources to pay for urbanisation. The chapter proposes some recommendations for strengthening civil service reform with a particular focus on subnational levels of government. | sdg11 |
Evidence and Data for Gender Equality (EDGE) is a three-year initiative led by the United Nations Statistics Division and UN Women, in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the African Development Bank and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). One example is the measurement of gender pay gaps. Besides the difficulties in measuring these gaps for self-employed workers, the raw unadjusted gender pay gap, as presented in Annex 4, captures the difference between men's and women's earnings but does not tell us enough about the underlying drivers of gender inequality in pay. | sdg5 |
Those who have difficulties in adjusting, or where the costs of making adjustments are high, will have to pay more. A uniform regulation, requiring the same performance level of all companies in an industry, could entail higher overall compliance costs and would cause stronger resistance. Involving the groups targeted by a proposed policy (such as companies, consumer groups, or farmers) in the drafting process can help build awareness, understanding and support. Consultation processes can also inform the policy design process on the circumstances of targeted groups and on obstacles to compliance. | sdg12 |
Stanford was a facility for multi-national research centres, whilst the small spin-off firms began in cheaper premises such as garages and starter units elsewhere. In many US research parks, there may be some manufacturing activity also, and this in part accounts for their large scale. Some of the early European experiments in science parks followed a similar model, notably Cambridge and Sophia Antipolis, although with some minor changes. The initial Cambridge Science Park was a smaller development and with a stronger focus on local start-up firms, and did not include manufacturing firms. | sdg9 |
This would be consistent with the prescribed recommendations of OECD countries in the “OECD Tokyo Statement on Strengthening the Role of SMEs in Global Value Chains” (OECD, 2007d). Not only do SMEs find bidding for public sector contracts an expensive and complex process, but government procurement practices often do not create a level playing field for the competitive participation of smaller enterprises. The potential to use procurement to develop the SME sector by expanding the scale-of-market opportunities available to them and encouraging innovation is immense. Basically, SMEs need to be better informed about awarding processes, enabled to participate in awarding procedures, and able to participate in these procedures at a low cost (both in terms of complexity and financial burden). | sdg8 |
These goals are a shared vision of humanity that provides the missing piece of the globalisation puzzle, the glue that can counter the centrifugal forces in the age of accelerations.2 The extent to which those goals will be realised will depend in no small part on what happens in today's classrooms. It is educators who hold the key to ensuring that the underlying principles of the Sustainable Development Goals become a real social contract with citizens. So we need to be thinking about their future in order to shape what primary school pupils are learning today. | sdg4 |
Soft skills, such as teamwork and communication are more easily learned in an authentic work environment, while simulating these in workshops is more difficult (Aarkrog, 2005). Students can learn on up-to-date equipment, available in companies, from trainers who are familiar with the most recent technologies. Box 2.2 summarises the benefits of workplace training to students. | sdg4 |
Regional school boards have responded to the needs of working parents by providing extended hour programming. In addition to Quebec, some school boards in the Northwest Territories, Alberta and Ontario provide before-and after-school programs. In Ontario, where four school boards have opted to directly provide out-of-school care, access has quadrupled, fees have decreased and early childhood educators are enjoying the benefits of public sector employment (Akbari and McCuaig, 2014(27]). | sdg1 |
Although infant mortality and under-5 mortality rates have fallen substantially in recent decades, they have plateaued since 2000 as a result of the worsening socio-economic environment and stresses on the health care system.36 However, the 2006 Palestinian Family Health Survey indicated that immunization coverage was high, at around 97 percent. During the war in Gaza between December 2008 and January 2009, also known as Operation Cast Lead, Israeli forces damaged 38 primary health clinics, 29 ambulances and 14 of Gaza’s 27 hospitals.37 Despite the blockade, the health facilities were repaired within a year of the conflict's end.38 Relative to other conflict-ridden zones in the region, the number of physicians is favourable in Palestine: in 2007, there were 2.2 physicians per 1,000 population (1.9 in the West Bank and 2.7 in Gaza) (box 6.4). Between 450,000 and 1.5 million Somalis have died since 1991 either as a direct result of armed clashes or because of famine caused or exacerbated by the conflict.39 This is equivalent to 10-25 percent of Somalia's population in the mid-1990s. Millions have been injured and affected by disabilities, sexual violence and disease. | sdg3 |
The same holds true for juniper forests with their key ecological and protective function, the rich genetic fund of natural pistachio trees and stands, offering major potential for selection work, wild/natural fructiferous stands, which are important for the national economy, and tugai forests - ecosystems with an indispensible water protection and antierosion function. Currently available data are based on various ad hoc surveys, research and scientific analyses. The latest countrywide forest inventory was implemented in 1988-1989. | sdg15 |
The government developed tools for each stakeholder group, reaching beyond budget officials to include parliamentarians and representatives of civil society. A 2005 Ministiy of Finance, Ministiy of Economy and UNIFEM guide addressed integrating the gender dimension into the new performance budgeting approach, followed in 2006 by a manual on integrating the gender dimension in budget planning and elaboration. In 2006, the Ministiy of Finance also launched a new website to raise awareness of the GRB initiative. In 2007, the Ministry of Finance published a study entitled “Comprehensive examination of gender-sensitive indicators in Morocco”, which is a collection of statistics essential for developing, monitoring and evaluating sectoral policies for promoting gender objectives. Gender budgeting capacity has been decentralised progressively. | sdg5 |
The council has 14 members, with representatives from government, civil society, academia and the business sector. This process of “agencification”, inspired by the “new' public management” model, has been carried out in many OECD countries over the past three decades. Overall, despite some dowmsides, the ensuing reorganisation has had a positive impact on performance (OECD, 2010, Chapter 4). Operationally independent implementation agencies improve policy effectiveness by employing professionals w'ho combine experience in specific funding and other financing instruments (including cofunding and the leveraging of complex financial instruments) with an understanding of the needs of target groups. | sdg9 |
The storage may be geological (underground) or in tanks. To be traded as a commodity, all gas entering the pipeline system has to be treated to limit impurities (dry gas). The gas pipelines are pressurized, the high-capacity lines have pressure over 100 bar. Automatic gas leak detection and location systems are important for pipelines to avoid loss, ensure safety, and prevent greenhouse gas emission,45 the same systems are useful for reducing loss and speeding recover)' in case a pipeline is damaged for any reason, including sabotage. | sdg7 |
The current study represents an important step in a longer-term agenda, intended to improve understanding regarding how to broaden the finance options available and accessible to SMEs and micro-enterprises, taking into account the heterogeneity of the sector, the challenges for small firms in actually accessing and using the instruments available, the implications of on-going financial reforms, and the specific financing needs of certain types of firms, such as innovative and high-growth enterprises, SMEs seeking international expansion or those undergoing a major transition. It follows the two-pronged approach advocated by the G20/OECD High Level Principles on SME financing, and specifically addresses its proposal to consider the feasibility of broadening the set of assets suitable for use as collateral to include intangibles, to ease access to lending for knowledge-based companies (with due regard for the associated risks). It also builds on recent OECD/STI work on KBC and the economic impact of intellectual property. In particular, this study provides a detailed, practically-oriented investigation of the topics raised by Chapter 9 of, “Enquiries into Intellectual Property’s Economic Impact” (OECD, 2015). | sdg8 |
On the other hand, in Greece, Japan, the Netherlands and Turkey, women are slightly more represented in the labour force than in general government employment. According to the most recent figures, women represent only 24% and 36% of general government employees in Turkey and Greece, respectively. These figures are generally similar to those in 2000. | sdg5 |
Moreover, "in the context of water scarcity, vulnerability will depend on the incidence of climatic variability as well as on a person’s or community’s resilience and adaptive capacity to this stressor, as adaptive capacity is intrinsically linked to social structures, such as gender, class, caste and ethnicity" (Miletto et al., Nevertheless, persons with some kind of physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairment are disproportionately represented among those who lack access to safe drinking water and sanitation (HRC, 2010). Water and sanitation facilities may not be designed to meet the needs of persons with disabilities. | sdg6 |
The institutional data collection partners will be the mining authorities at the national and subnational levels. Data are also available from governing commercial bodies such as gemstone and metallic mineral bourses and manufacturers’ associations. Mining and quarrying contribute substantially to the value of goods and services produced by many countries. | sdg6 |
This article assesses the progress of and prospects for feminism in criminology. The focus is on the last 25 years of feminist research and theorizing about women offenders, victims, and workers in the criminal justice system. A general overview is provided of the directions of this scholarship, and key debates between mainstream and feminist perspectives are reviewed. The article also examines the contributions of feminist activists both within and outside the discipline to concrete social change for women victims and offenders. The article closes with a discussion of emerging trends in feminist criminology. New research and theorizing about women's experiences with crime challenge and subvert the traditional divisions and domains of mainstream criminology. | sdg16 |
In 1997-1998, the scheme was extended to all the blocks of the country. In 2007, it was modified to cover classes VI to VIII in 3,479 educationally backward blocks and its name was changed to mid-day meal (MDM) in schools. The scheme is aimed at giving a boost to universalization of primary education by mitigating classroom hunger and improving the nutritional status of primary school children. | sdg5 |
More funds should be provided, however, to help implement these strategies and support the development of new ones so as to reinforce the resilience of the food production system. Several policy scenarios illustrate the potential of Government investments in physical infrastructure to drive productivity growth and enhance food production capacity. The first scenario assumes an increase of public investment in agriculture by the Government equivalent to 2 percentage points of GDP over the period 2016-2030. | sdg2 |
This, in turn, depends on whether there have been sufficient applications by owners of degraded forested land to the call for projects in each of the federal states where land-use change takes place. Given the voluntary nature of the call for projects, the participation in each state in turn depends on local awareness of the programme, technical capacities available for applying to the programme and on the opportunity costs of carrying out restoration activities through the CUSTF versus other programmes or activities available to landowners (Garcia, 2014). Prior to 2005, the number of hectares of land compensated were, on average, lower than the area being authorised for land-use change (SEMARNAT, 2006). | sdg15 |
Price regulation of other energy sources endures, sheltering consumers from cost changes or redistributing costs across types of consumers. End-user prices and the extent of price pass-through have also been determined taking into account the profit margins of domestic state-owned oil refineries, which dominate the Chinese market. In 2007 and early 2008 the pricing mechanism came under pressure as international oil prices surged. The government’s initial response was to hold back increases in retail prices, resulting in rising subsidies and mounting financial losses for refineries. | sdg6 |
There are also some regions where groundwater sources have been contaminated by local industry. In 2000, the Ukrainian Government adopted a State programme to connect 848 villages from 14 oblasts to a centralized water supply. But centralized solutions were too expensive for the State to build and too expensive for rural communities to operate. The new policy on rural water supply developed in 2010 widens the options for providing services to rural communities, including decentralized, small water supply systems and "on tap" water treatment measures. | sdg6 |
With just under 10% of its 270 total staff under permanent contracts and a lack of specialised personnel, its organisational capacity was constrained. The World Bank reports that reorganisation initiatives further debilitated the institution, leading to the discontinuation of some of its most important functions.6 This example confirms that high-level leadership committed to gender equality goals with access to potential political allies can be crucial to the mechanism’s effectiveness and long-term viability. These areas, however, have been identified among the top barriers for promoting gender equality by OECD countries. | sdg5 |
Cancer is a major health challenge and its burden is increasing in Kazakhstan. Survival rates are a key indicator of effectiveness, capturing the impact of both detection and treatment. In 2013 Kazakhstan’s five-year relative survival rate in cervical cancer was less than 57%, well below the OECD average of 66% of detected cases. Kazakhstan's five-year relative survival rate in breast cancer was only 53% in 2015, comparing very unfavourably with most OECD countries (five-year relative survival rates of at least 80% in 2013) (OECD, 2015). Similarly, in colorectal cancer the survival rate of 44% puts Kazakhstan behind even the most poorly performing OECD countries, and well below the OECD average of 62%. | sdg3 |
As a result, global SMS revenues fell from USD 82 billion in 2015 to USD 75 billion in 2016, and analysts expect that global SMS revenues will continue to decline in the next few years. Investments in developing economies are largely driving this growth, with capex increasing by USD 23.5 billion during this period, compared to a USD 10 billion reduction in the developed world. Growth of the Internet of Things (loT) and machine-to-machine (M2M) communications is creating revenue opportunities for service providers operating in mature markets, which may help to offset declining revenue trends in core business segments. | sdg9 |
This is a positive move to get away from the previous single stage career structure with no promotion opportunities within teaching. The new competency-based career structure presents a range of advantages. First, it accomplishes the important function of recognising experience and advanced teaching skills with a formal position and additional compensation. | sdg4 |
Such breakdown of medical, pharmaceutical and other social services can result in death and serious harm to those whose survival depends on them. The size of this vulnerable group may depend on the stage of development of the country and the extent to which the survival of elderly and people with a disability is dependent on the seamless provision of certain critical services. This chapter examines the nature of disaster risk (Roberts J L, 2010), and offers fresh analysis and recommendations for action with special reference to small and island states, to avert and mitigate the wide-ranging service implications of the aftershocks of disasters. Hurricane Irma in Puerto Rico in 2017 resulted in 52 direct deaths plus 82 indirect deaths, with an estimated US$64.76 billion in damage. | sdg13 |
If 2002 information is used as a reference, the most recent figures show that in eight countries the poorest quintile saw its share of total income increase by at least one percentage point. Meanwhile in nine countries, the relative share of the richest quintile declined by 5 or more percentage points. This group's share continues to be more than 50% in five countries, compared with 2002, when this applied to 10 countries. | sdg1 |
This article examines the General Assembly's history of engagement in international peace and security, and assesses the relevance of that practice to the determination of its legal competence. It first discusses the Assembly's legal competence in international peace and security as described by the UN Charter, and then provides a catalogue of precedent to illustrate that the way in which the Assembly has engaged in such matters supports the widest possible interpretation of its powers. It surveys the Assembly's engagement in four categories of cases: foreign aggression, self-determination, apartheid, and civil conflict. For each, it considers the action taken by the Security Council, how the matters came before the Assembly, and what grounds were cited for the Assembly's interventions. It then considers the nature of the Assembly's responses, including the establishment of peacekeeping forces, recommendations regarding sanctions and the use of military force, and recommendations made to the Security Council. | sdg16 |
As noted previously, there are a number of examples of policies that have caused considerable conflict between stakeholders, and as a result strategies have become lost in claims and counter claims as well as judgements on individual rights and freedoms. The OECD has therefore called for co-operation among multiple stakeholders, including government and industry. The most promising policies are those that align the aims of government with the objectives of industry. Policy actions vary in the degree of interference, ranging from fairly light-touch actions that provide individuals with more choice, to more heavy handed approaches which involve banning products or enforcing certain types of behaviours. | sdg3 |
It supported over 40 projects worldwide and conducted a series of meetings of stakeholder groups. The GSTC describes itself as "a global initiative dedicated to promoting sustainable tourism practices around the world". The initiative commenced in 2008 and involved some 50 expert organisations which reviewed over 60 certification schemes and 4500 criteria, inviting comments from 2000 stakeholders. | sdg12 |
Most European pension systems now offer care-related contribution credits (Jefferson 2009:125: D’Addio 2012) and other countries around the world are increasingly introducing these provisions as well. The design and impacts of contribution credits vary across countries. Childcare absences can also be implicitly considered in the pension system when, for instance, the number of years required to obtain a full pension are relatively low. | sdg5 |
However, with global subscription penetration crossing the 100 per cent threshold in 2016, mobile markets in both developed and developing economies are poised for slow or declining revenue trends in the near future. With greater maturity levels comes increasingly intense competition, forcing service providers to transform their business models and seek alternative sources of revenue and efficiencies. Mobile phone usage patterns reflect the growing consumer appetite for mobile Internet services fuelled by the wider availability of affordable smartphones and richer media content platforms and applications. | sdg9 |
The development of our cities will thus determine the future economic, social and territorial development of the European Union. Cities are also the places with sufficient concentration and critical mass to have the potential to put Europe on a more sustainable development trajectory. The highest unemployment rates are found in cities. | sdg11 |
Interestingly, about the same proportion of tertiary graduates employed in the education sector (70%), both public and private, considered their workplace to be highly innovative for at least one type of innovation. The most common innovation reported in the education sector was in knowledge and methods: 59% of tertiary graduates employed in the education sector considered their workplace to be highly innovative in that respect compared to 49%, on average, across all sectors (Figure 1.2). In contrast, 38% considered their workplace to be highly innovative regarding products or services (compared with 47% on average) and 36% considered their workplace as highly innovative regarding technology, tools or instruments (compared with 41% on average). | sdg4 |
Also, issues related to the state of human health and safety, the conditions of human life, and cultural sites and built structures, in as much as they are or may be affected by the elements of the environment, are not included explicitly in the scope of environmental information. It is not clear whether providing public access to information entails any kind of security or risk assessment before the information is released. The content of the website is prepared by the Ministry's Media Office. | sdg4 |
However, there is a large body of evidence showing that fossil fuel subsidies are regressive. For instance, one study found that in 20 developing countries, the 20% richest households capture 43% of such subsidies (del Granado et al., Estimates by the International Energy Agency (IEA, 2011) reveal that only 8% of global fossil fuel reaches the lowest income quintile.19 Substantially reducing electricity and fossil-fuel subsidies and compensating directly the poor would result in a better resource allocation and simultaneously achieve a more equitable distribution of income. | sdg10 |
Timing, however, is important. The potential suggested by Table 3.3 for inducing a low-carbon technological future needs tempering by the lessons of historical transitions. The current dominance of fossil fuels relates to their relative cost and performance advantages over low-carbon technologies (Smil, 2003). Initially, performance advantages dominated in historical energy transitions. | sdg7 |
For each programme, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are set up to assess their impact on the ground and the cost-effectiveness of their implementation. For the water and sanitation progranunes, such indicators include service provision performance (number of litres per second, number of sewer connections, etc.), The difficulties encountered by some concession contracts with large multinational companies were due to a range of problems, such as incomplete initial sustainability assessments, poorly designed tender processes and contractual arrangements, and inadequate regulatory frameworks. | sdg6 |
This qualitative study, based on in‐depth semi‐structured interviews, depicts practices of seven peace educators in public elementary and secondary classrooms in the United States during the time of the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 through the US engagement in war in Afghanistan and Iraq. Focusing on individual perceptions of practice and classroom experiences, the participants described how, despite teaching at a time in which terrorism and war had become national preoccupations, they taught a pedagogy of peace that included recognition and rejection of violence, understanding of differences through dialogue, critical awareness of injustice and social justice, and imaginative understanding of peace. The study discloses a multitude of examples of both peacemaking and peacebuilding in their teaching and development of classroom cultures but a lack of emphasis on anti‐war curriculum. It also reveals the teachers’ motivations for teaching peace education, theoretical influences on their practice, t... | sdg16 |
ABSTRACTA significant body of research as well as political advocacy outline the difficulties of Muslims living within Western countries. For virtuous reasons this scholarship assumes that Muslims are being prevented from belonging through mechanisms of social exclusion, and, it would follow, are at risk of losing faith in the prospects of harmony and social compact around religious diversity. Yet there is very little evidence that such exclusion generates disaffection and despondency. The emerging scholarship on ‘ordinary cosmopolitanism’ eschews an a priori assumption of exclusion. A survey of 585 Muslims living in Sydney (Australia) derived their attitudes to diversity, racism and national belonging. We critically assessed whether perceived disaffection and incompatibility (non-belonging, radicalisation) were as widespread as public commentaries and some research infers. The results show a very strong level of everyday support for cultural diversity and a rejection of assimilationist impulses, exceedin... | sdg16 |
Lower reliance on recurring property taxes as part of the tax mix is, however, likely to harm output per capita, due to the comparatively low economic distortions associated with these taxes (Arnold, 2008, Akgun et al., A Microsimulation Analysis for Five European Countries,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. Tax reform recommendations in OECD Economic Surveys (cont.) Tax reform recommendations in OECD Economic Surveys (cont.) | sdg8 |
The specificity of Asian growth triangles is that they are based on complementarities, such as the exploitation of different economic specialisations and competitive advantages, most frequently in the form of different levels of development and thus price and wage levels, across the cross-border area. The public sector is often an initiator or major funder, but with the goal of attracting foreign investment. The first growth triangle was the SiJoRi triangle between regions from Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia, initiated in 1989, formally established in 1995, and extended in geographical scope over time. The uneven level of development has changed the organisation of production in the triangle.13 Attracted by low labour costs in Batam (Riau Archipelago, Indonesia) and a relatively skilled workforce in Johor (Malaysia), industrial production has moved out of Singapore where, nevertheless, planning, marketing and distribution have remained (Kivikari, 2001). | sdg9 |
The company insures all farmers in the cooperative, and the cooperative is responsible for paying the premium and for distributing potential payouts (Meherette, 2009). A limitation of weather index-based insurance is that 30 years of historical daily rainfall data are needed to make such a scheme operational. However, interventions that link social assistance with institutional demand also typically focus on supporting poorer farmers who are constrained in their access to resources. Ultimately, the aim is to increase agricultural production by small family farmers, improve farmers' and extension workers' skills and knowledge of food production and marketing, and link small producer organizations with local markets in general. | sdg2 |
Nursing actions in support of equitable health and social relations have always been central to the work of our discipline. The mandate for social justice advocacy is identified in many of our professional and ethical frameworks, with systems-level advocacy situated as a core competency for advanced practice nurses. And yet, the sociopolitical processes that generate health inequities are not always readily understood by nurses. Emancipatory knowing provides an accessible lens to reveal how social injustice occurs while delineating a practical structure through which reflective action can be undertaken toward social change, otherwise known as nursing praxis. | sdg16 |
Law Cell, “Circular no. The first calls for a clear and comprehensive legal framework that includes penal and/or disciplinary standards, complaints mechanisms, and mechanisms for investigating and recording of acts of violence. It also refers to the importance of administrative procedures relating to acts of violence in school that guarantee the rights of parents to be fully and promptly informed, and the right of victims of violence to the protection of privacy. | sdg4 |
All are members of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU). There are, however, calls in South Africa to reform the funding formula that distributes customs revenue from SACU to its members (Economist Intelligence Unit 2015a). Any changes to the formula that reduce government revenue could have a major impact upon the smaller SACU member states. Mauritius saw gains in the tourism, information and communication technology, financial and insurance sectors, and losses in the construction industry (Kalumiya and Kannan 2015). | sdg10 |
Water management is one of the few areas in which a large part of projects have a practical component. Most of these projects are no-regrets options as well, since the cost of floods has been increasing because of the accumulation of assets in high-risk areas. In addition, a study commissioned by the BMFLUW and the entities responsible for water management in the Lander (BMLFUW, 2010) has shown that for the period up to 2050 there is no need for immediate practical measures for climate change adaptation. For example, floods were projected to vary between -4% and 10% relative to scenarios with no climate change. | sdg13 |
Such project-based assessments can also undermine the sustainability of monitoring and evaluation mechanisms that rely on data with the right temporal and spatial scales. The objective of the centre is to generate, manage, exchange and disseminate relevant climate change information and capacity building services (IIED, 2013c). The NCCKMC was introduced in 2010, but is not yet operational. Similarly, Kenya has proposed a Climate Change Relevant Data Repository (CCRDR) to store and archive all data and information needed for the MRV+ framework (Republic of Kenya, 2012b). | sdg13 |
Blue water” generally refers to water that can be delivered for irrigation or made available for alternative uses, while “green water” must be used directly from the soil profile. The terms “green water” and “blue water” generate easily recallable images of soil moisture and stored surface water in a manner that is likely to be helpful to many public officials and agency staff members. Some authors have suggested that the opportunity cost of “green water” is generally smaller than that of “blue water”. They propose trading "green water” for “blue water”, when possible, to generate meaningful water savings. | sdg6 |
Mclver et al. provide one of the better definitions of communication rights (CRs): The right to communicate is a conceptual framework within which to address issues of access, intellectual freedom, property rights, cultural and linguistic rights and privacy in a digital environment. It provides a way of framing appropriate questions around these issues, the most fundamental question being: How can communication opportunities be assured and enhanced for everyone? (2003, p. 8) | sdg16 |
It analyzes the legal norms that determine the limits and scope of the human rights of migrants in Mexico in the light of the contrasting documentary method and its evolution in order to know the adequacy of the constitutional norms that contain rights of migrants to the International Convention On the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and the norms derived therefrom, norms of internal and external origin, as well as resolutions issued by the United Nations. It is noted that Mexico has reformed the Basic Charter to bring it into line with international standards, and has signed various international treaties to adequately protect migrant and family workers. | sdg16 |
For existing electric utilities this risk is mitigated by exclusivity, consumer dependence on electricity and regulated monopoly status that allows the unused electricity generation capacity to be charged to the customers. With many sub-utility solar projects, the output is used by the owner of the project. Many others operate under long-term contracts - power purchase agreements, which have a risk of default. | sdg7 |
If the cycle of decline, in which it is currently caught, is allowed to continue, the deleterious impacts on the life-forms dwelling in, above and next to the Ocean may well become irreversible. If we are to ensure a bountiful planet for ourselves and for future generations, the time for action is upon us. Having been born and raised in Fiji, from my earliest childhood I observed the Ocean’s status as the ultimate life-giver. | sdg14 |
Just as the feminist movement's slogan "the personal is political" drew attention to the fact that domestic issues require public policies, advances in the region show that, now. It is essential to develop and implement public policies on the redistribution of time and work to foster gender equality and sustainable development (ECLAC, 2016a). Significant measures have been taken to address each of these commitments, especially over the past 10 years: developing time-use measurement tools, quantifying unpaid domestic work and unpaid care work, and promoting satellite accounts that allow the value of this type of work to be included in national accounts. Time-use data analyses have been very useful in the development of public policies targeting the recognition and redistribution of unpaid work, which represent one of the main determining factors of inequality between men and women in the region, even more so when other determinants of time distribution are taken into account, such as a person's place of residence, ethnicity, race and age, from an intersectional perspective. | sdg5 |
Given that broad unemployment is much lower among adults with secondary education than among those with primary education or less, mismatches seem to be a serious problem for young people with secondary education. In a survey among experts on 36 African countries about the major challenges youth face in labour markets, 54% found a mismatch of skills between what job seekers have to offer and what employers require to be a major obstacle. They were 41% to identify a general lack of skills among job seekers as a major obstacle (Figure 6.30.). The recruitment and temporary work agencies surveyed reported a general lack of targeted education and frequent major discrepancies between candidates’ profiles and the skills required for a job. | sdg8 |
These, however, also constitute opportunities for those responsible for tourism and water policy to work closely together. In the future, tourism-related water use intensities are expected to increase, while water availability in many regions will become more restricted due to competing uses and climate change leading to lower precipitation levels in many regions. In order to adapt to inevitable changes in water availability, as well as to mitigate its own contribution to climate change and its pressure on limited water resources, tourism needs to engage with policy areas responsible for energy- and water management, with a clear focus on policy making, including compliance with national greenhouse gas reduction goals, building codes, measurement and charging of water consumption, compliance with water benchmarks, and, possibly, mandatory education for staff in accommodation to engage in water saving measures. | sdg8 |
Therefore some activities can impact indirectly other activities by increasing the scarcity or changing the quality of the resource they use in common. In terms of policy analysis, it implies that efficient management of the nexus resources needs to take into account the direct and indirect effects of changes in the demand and supply of the various resources on the whole biophysical and economic systems, as this is the only means to avoid negative side effects and to create synergies. For example, implementation of hydropower for electricity production can conflict with irrigation requirements where hydropow'er release schedules do not match the timing of irrigation needs. Under more favourable conditions and adequate operational management, a dam and reservoir can provide a win-win situation w ith both hydropow'er and agricultural benefits (Hellegers et al., | sdg6 |
For example, the HFA Monitor provides information on the adoption of new national policies (input) but has no way of measuring the level of implementation (output) or whether it has led to a real reduction in risk (outcome). Therefore, while the momentum of the disaster risk management sector under the HFA is undeniable, its effectiveness is unclear. Increased inputs do not necessarily indicate achievement of the desired outcome. However, seen from a broader perspective, this information is largely self-referential. The HFA Monitor documents real achievements in developing the policies, legislation, information systems and institutional frameworks recommended by the HFA, but not the achievement of the policy goal of reducing disaster risk. | sdg13 |
It has also united parents to their bigger children. ” ( Overall, evidence confirms a strong relationship between poverty and mental health in developing settings. A recent review of programming concluded that although there is good evidence that a variety of mental health programs have positive impacts on economic outcomes, overall the mental health effects of poverty alleviation programs are inconclusive (Lund et al. | sdg5 |
If current trends continue to 2030 then key risks for poverty will include the rising number of single-adult households, living in a single-earner households, rising work poverty resulting mainly from low hours of work but exacerbated by low pay, and increased transitory poverty as work becomes less secure. Increasingly fluid family structures will also increase vulnerability to poverty, with more people moving in and out of poverty as a result of family-related events (including divorce or separation). If current trends continue then women’s employment rates will rise and the pay gap will fall to 2030. | sdg1 |
Despite this, school directors still tend to see themselves as administrators, not as instructional leaders. As one Ministry witness stated: "It is difficult to delegate management decisions and responsibilities down to the directors. Schools are isolated and we have not built a management system that is efficient for schools." | sdg4 |
However, the ceiling is sometimes fairly high, and for a few countries, there is no upper limit. The benefit level is unrelated to previous income and has thus a considerable redistributive effect. The overall redistributive impact is however difficult to gauge as it depends on how minimum income benefits are combined with other social assistance schemes. For instance, in continental Europe, minimum income programmes often complement other benefits delivering important first-tier safety nets whereas in Australia and New Zealand it represents the main benefit for individuals without income. | sdg10 |
Most private financing has come from private forest owners, notably through wood sales revenue. However, investment by private financial institutions is rapidly growing in importance. They are presented below, in summary form. Strategies should be adaptive: their success or failure should be monitored, and the strategies changed, if necessary, in the light of experience. | sdg15 |
In all habitat categories together, nature and landscape complexes increased from 78 000 ha in 2000 to 96 000 ha in 2012. There are 161 documentation sites in all, which are important for research and education. Natural monuments have particular scientific, cultural or landscape value, Poland has a total of 36 316, including glacial boulders, rocks, grottos, caves and springs. | sdg15 |
Taking a comparative perspective, this article examines the effect upon single persons of eligibility criteria for access to new reproductive technologies in the UK, using as a parallel recent developments in this area in Australia. Through an analysis of the decision of the Federal Court of Australia (Victoria) in McBain v. State of Victoria & others [2000] FCA 1009, in which state legislation that prohibited single women from gaining access to assisted conception services was deemed contrary to the Commonwealth's Sex Discrimination Act 1984, the article examines the potential for challenging the current access provisions in the UK. This is particularly relevant in the light of developments at the supra-national level, including the recent incorporation into domestic law of the European Convention on Human Rights and the increasing potential of European Union law to touch upon health-care matters. | sdg16 |
They show that beneficiaries of Chile Solidario have performed better compared to the control group in terms of employment of additional persons within the households (+2 per cent) and especially in terms of improvements in their housing conditions (+22 per cent). Similarly, de la Guardia et al. ( Data report information on the socio-economic conditions of Chilean households for the years 2001 and 2006, and include four regions representing about 60 per cent of the country’s population: Atacama, Maule, Bio Bio and Metropolitan Regions. | sdg1 |
All actors in the system need to be accountable for improvement. Virtually all teachers (95%) now' hold a tertiary education degree and the competition for selecting candidates for posts has been improved to reduce the risks of politicisation and unfair appointment. The delivery of in-service teaching has also been overhauled, with the creation of a dedicated Teaching Training Institute and the introduction of a series of direct assessments of teachers’ knowledge which have enabled training to better meet teacher needs. | sdg4 |
The Ministry' of Mining and Heavy Industry is responsible for the mining cadastre (chapter 2). The Ministry' of Roads and Transport is responsible for roads, in particular for increasing the number and length of paved roads. There are no formal mechanisms for coordination on land management and land degradation prevention issues among these ministries. | sdg15 |
The schools now also have to provide written information about the pupil’s results in relation to the national goals to make the pupils results clearer for the parents. The focus is further development in subjects and, included, didactic perspectives and skills. Teachers can keep 80% of their salary, while furthering their education in a subject that they teach. | sdg4 |
The agricultural sector went into a profound debt crisis in the second half of the 1990s and resources were withdrawn massively from production. By the early 2000s, about 19 million hectares on which crops had been grown a decade earlier were no longer used, and livestock inventories in the former collective farm sector fell to 20% of their level in 1990. Agricultural output more than halved during the 1990s, a decline that has still not been fully reversed, even though it bottomed out at the end of that decade. These reforms accelerated in the next decade after a large-scale financial rehabilitation that also included bankruptcies of a large number of former state farms. | sdg2 |
Accommodation with below-standard water and sanitation infrastructure is highlighted as one of the factors that generate particular vulnerability in poor and predominantly non-white communities (MCRC, n.d.). Evidence suggests that people with less access to water and sanitation are more prone to also having other basic needs unmet, a situation that exacerbates their economic condition and deprivation of human development, prolonging the cycle of poverty. The education, health and income of parents can play an important role with regard to the opportunities their children may have to move out of poverty. In this way, poverty of one generation can be handed down to the following (UNDP, 2016, World Bank, 2017a). Inadequate water and sanitation facilities in schools are long known to negatively impact education, especially of girls, and to hamper social progress (UNDESA, 2004). Figures show that three in ten primary schools lacked an adequate water supply in 2013 (UNESCO, 2016). | sdg6 |
From then until 1976, the proportion of Australians living in capital cities rose from a little over one-third (36%) to almost two-thirds (65%) (ABS, 2008). This figure has remained relatively stable. In 2014, 15.6 million people, or 66.5%, were living in capital cities. Overall, almost a third of Australia’s 23.5 million people reside in New South Wales, making it the country’s most populous state (ABS, 2015). The Australian Standard Geographical Classification - Remoteness Areas system was developed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) and enables quantitative comparisons between “city” and “country” Australia. | sdg3 |
There is a large potential and need for energy connectivity and for large markets through cross-border infrastructure and energy trade, including oil and gas pipelines and electricity grids, such regional and subregional cooperation is crucial for ensuring reliable, efficient and safe transportation of energy resources, thus increasing energy security. Further improve the investment climate in Asia and the Pacific using public-private partnerships for implementation of cross-border energy infrastructure. Invite all regional and subregional organizations to work collectively on addressing the challenges in the energy sector. | sdg7 |
Smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, cancer, COPD and asthma. While the elderly population currently represents around 10% of the total number of National Health Insurance beneficiaries, they are responsible for around 32% of the total health insurance expenditure (HERA, 2010a). In 2010 these expenditures represented between 11% and 14% of the entire Korean health budget. The IDF also estimates that expenditure on diabetes will increase from between 7.3 billion in 2010 to 10.3 billion dollars by the year 2030 (Zhang, 2010). Furthermore, while Korea spends a large slice of its health budget looking after people with diabetes, Korean mean expenditure per person with diabetes is relatively low (Figure 3.4). | sdg3 |
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