text
stringlengths 119
1.42k
| label
stringclasses 16
values |
|---|---|
The second question poses a tougher test: has the emergence of Aid for Trade increased the overall effectiveness of global aid programmes? This question incorporates issues of additionality and opportunity costs in overall development assistance. That kind of systematic analysis has not, for the most part, occurred. | sdg10 |
Moreover, a lack of income to satisfy basic needs is largely correlated with educational achievement. The incidence of poverty is greater among individuals whose head of household and partner have not completed primary school education than among individuals living in families with a higher education level. There are also life-cycle differences in poverty rates, with the highest levels being reported among children, and also differences according to activity status (employed, unemployed, or not economically active) (see figure 1.5). | sdg1 |
This could be because an increasing share of value added is being generated by economic activities that are not material intensive, such as the services sector, while materialintensive manufacturing is being outsourced to non-OECD countries. The share of value added from the services sector in OECD countries increased from around 50% in 1970 to 66% in the eraly 1990s and to over 70% today (OECD, 2014). The decoupling is absolute when population is decreasing faster than material extraction per capita. | sdg12 |
The first section presents a brief overview of current trends in the work-family life related areas. Then the main key drivers of change over the last decade are identified and described. Emphasis is placed on the dramatic organisational changes that have been taking place in the workplace and on their impact on the strategies elaborated by parents to combine their job with family obligations. In the last section, drawing lessons from evidence-based research and the latest data presented in the previous sections, we flesh out the two scenarios to 2030 developed for this purpose in the project. | sdg5 |
Strategies for women’s economic empowerment have to be cognizant of differences in women’s experiences, needs and priorities. There are strong developmental rationales for enhancing women’s access to a range of economic and financial resources. One set of rationales revolves around the implications of women’s access to resources for the welfare of their children. | sdg5 |
All these job types are associated with increased risks of poverty, both because they are insecure and/or low paid. Poverty will therefore become an increasingly common transitory experience as income fluctuates more widely. In these countries part-time work does not act as a stepping stone to full-time employment and better jobs. Rather, women move in and out of low-paid jobs and inactivity. | sdg1 |
Albania is the only country in the UNECE region with a significant number of projects (five) on reforestation. Switzerland has committed to an emissions reduction target of 50% by 2030 relative to 1990 levels (UNFCCC, 2015a). Emissions or removals from forestland are not considered in the base year, according to the commitment (UNFCCC, 2015b). | sdg15 |
For the developing countries, most estimates for crop yield impacts are negative, with the share of negative estimates increasing the further into the future the study projects (Figure 5). Idawed by East Asio ond the Pacific, and Sooth Asio. Ho/rever, they ore derived from only two studies. Both point to dramatic long-term impacts, compared to a world without climate change and in the absence of climate change mitigation.3 The impact on yields by the year 2100 under high-emission climate scenarios ranges between -20 and -45 percent for maize, between -5 and -50 percent for wheat, between -20 and -30 percent for rice, and between -30 and -60 percent for soybean (Rosenzweig et al., | sdg13 |
To compete for FDI effectively, Penang needs to target specific industrial clusters that leverage on the existing competencies of the state and the natural resources in its regional hinterland. Examples of possible industrial clusters where Penang could forge comparative advantages might include the marine & agro-technology sector, opto-electronics and precision engineering, as these are sectors where Penang has already built some foundations over the years. In addition to improving the technical contents of its educational system, Penang should also look into injecting an entrepreneurial dimension to its university research and education system, for example by offering educational programmes involving experiential learning of entrepreneurship among the students of science and engineering, and other disciplines and by providing seed funding and mentoring of entrepreneurial start-ups by university professors and students. ( | sdg4 |
Justifications for this discrimination are sometimes explicidy tied to religious or cultural mores to add social legitimacy. Sometimes they are framed as being ‘natural’ given a particular gender’s disposition. But when stripped down to their roots, they are merely aims to prevent women from obtaining power, resources and control. Though some inequalities run deeper and are more present in some contexts globally than others, gender inequality is a long-standing, persistent and virtually universal phenomenon. | sdg5 |
One way of dealing with this issue and analysing the situation as it would have appeared if the data had been adequately captured is to use a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. We highlight below our key findings, with the full analysis presented in annex XII. If household consumption of the forestry sector is factored into the calculations, in order to capture the contribution of this sector to household demand, the resulting figures show a 0.6 percentage point increase in GDP at market prices, a 0.8 percentage point increase in the consumer price index, and a 0.6 percentage point increase in the GDP deflator. | sdg15 |
Female labour force participation could thus potentially be increased by developing various options for older care. Marriage decreases the probability of female labour force participation by 7.8% in rural areas and more than twice as much in urban areas. This should not be surprising as rural women are often employed within the household in the agricultural production process. | sdg5 |
The traditional approach of governments in the region to deal with such an eventuality is to accumulate foreign exchange reserves. This method of protection, however, has been seen to be far from ideal. The ESCAP vulnerability measure provides a measure of reserve adequacy taking into account a comprehensive estimate of the stock of such capital inflows. | sdg10 |
The Outlook assumes biodiesel use to be held constant over the remaining years although no explicit mandate for biodiesel is legislated thereafter, the subsequent mandates referring only to advanced biofuel. Trade of biodiesel should remain low, Argentina is expected to be the main supplier on international markets. While many developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and in South East Asia, have initiated ambitious renewable energy programmes, many have been put on hold during the economic crisis, credit constraints and with the more uncertain market prospects. The OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook, therefore, presents a conservative view on biofuel prospects in many of the developing countries over the projection period. | sdg2 |
This article synthesizes the literature on poverty and disasters in the United States and presents the results from a wide range of studies conducted over the past twenty years. The findings are organized into eight categories based on the stages of a disaster event. The review illustrates how people of different socioeconomic statuses perceive, prepare for, and respond to natural hazard risks, how low-income populations may be differentially impacted, both physically and psychologically, and how disaster effects vary by social class during the periods of emergency response, recovery, and reconstruction. The literature illustrates that the poor in the United States are more vulnerable to natural disasters due to such factors as place and type of residence, building construction, and social exclusion. The results have important implications for social equity and recommendations for future research and policy implementation are offered. | sdg16 |
The implementation unit’s management and staff are responsible for the day-to-day project cycle activities (identification, selection, appraisal and monitoring of projects), development of the annual expenditure plan and budget, monitoring and preparation of reports. The supervisory body usually focuses on undertaking strategic decisions, approving internal operating procedures and rules (including eligibility and appraisal criteria to guide project selection). | sdg9 |
An exception is Bangladesh’s CLP, where nutritional surveys in 2009 found that children of earlier recruits into the programme were, on average, less stunted and less underweight than later recruits (DFID, 2011). Another study from the CLP however, shows some improvements in women’s BMI but no significant differences in under-5 wasting and stunting between beneficiary and treatment groups (Goto & Mascie-Taylor, 2010, Mascie-Taylor, 2010). There are possible explanations for this. | sdg2 |
Penang was the exception to this pattern. Inter-firm networks in Penang were good, and in 1989 contributed to the creation of the Penang Skills Development Centre (PSDC) (see Box 3.9.). However, as with the efforts of the Second Industrial Master Plan to deepen high tech activities, the Multimedia Super Corridor has suffered from serious human resource and network constraints. | sdg4 |
There is no country in which the impact of parental background on wages appears to decline with age. When looking at skills, on the contrary, parental background seems to matter much more for the youngest than for the oldest generations in countries such as the Czech Republic, the UK, Poland and the Slovak Republic. Overall, the effect of years of education was found to be larger than that of proficiency. | sdg10 |
However, several countries still find reporting transparent information on climate support challenging, with only two of the technical reviews of BR2s available indicating that information on climate support was fully transparent. Information collected by each individual system is not always consistent or comparable with that collected by another system, or with climate finance commitments under the UNFCCC. For example: individual country estimates of climate finance provided and mobilised vary significantly in their scopes and methods, MDB estimates of climate finance mobilised in “developing and emerging” economies includes finance provided to and mobilised in several Annex I countries, other systems (such as IATI) cannot be used to easily identify climate-relevant information. | sdg13 |
However, average female representation was still below 15 per cent in Northern Africa (10 per cent), Eastern and Western Asia (14 and 9 per cent, respectively) and Oceania7 (3 per cent). The highest proportion in the world was registered by Rwanda in its 2008 elections. The first country ever to have achieved a gender balance in national parliament, Rwanda’s achievement (56 per cent) is a marked increase over the 17 per cent representation of women in 1995,10 and can be attributed partly to focused and coordinated efforts to address the issue of gender balance during post-conflict reconstruction, and might also be associated with the fact that the majority of survivors of the preceding conflict were women. In fact, a number of post-conflict countries rank high with regard to women’s participation in both lower and upper chambers of legislative bodies (see Statistical Annex). This development stems from the country's shift towards merit and political competency from an association with tribal ties and expediency. That all four hold PhDs, have a formidable reputation for professionalism and now represent 54% of eligible voters points to a radical shift in opinion across Kuwait's society. | sdg5 |
The Paris Agreement does not mention “additional” climate finance. Further disaggregation in reporting by individual instrument (e.g. grants, concessional loans, non-concessional loans, guarantees) would allow data to be re-aggregated if necessary, although could increase the reporting burden. The first is to request countries (and any other reporting entities) reporting on support provided and mobilised to do so using e.g. the same scope, definitions, methods and conversion factors. | sdg13 |
Assessment for qualification and certification is a specific form of summative and high-stakes assessment. For this paper, it is important to clarify the meaning of each of the key terms and concepts used throughout the paper. The main concepts used in the following discussion are summative assessment, qualification, certification and high stakes. | sdg4 |
The consequences of the warming of the planet will continue to challenge the capacity of countries to prevent devastating impacts on people and ecosystems. The persisting inequalities in multiple dimensions have led to recognition that climate hazards have a differential impact on people and communities. It argues that, in the absence of well-assessed, far-reaching transformative policies at the national level, supported by effective global partnerships, building climate resilience will remain elusive and poverty and inequalities will likely be exacerbated. This would pose a fundamental challenge to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. | sdg13 |
The net annual profit from the ground lease is remitted to the central municipal budget (approximately 50%) and the reminder contributes to the balancing fund and social housing fund. There is a municipal policy that the ground lease is set at a lower value for social housing developments. As of 2015, there were 255 000 ground leases issued in the city. | sdg11 |
International peacebuilding can improve the prospects that a civil war will be resolved. Although peacebuilding strategies must be designed to address particular conflicts, broad parameters that fit most conflicts can be identified. Strategies should address the local roots of hostility, the local capacities for change, and the (net) specific degree of international commitment available to assist sustainable peace. One can conceive of these as the three dimensions of a triangle whose area is the “political space”—or effective capacity—for building peace. We test these propositions with an extensive data set of 124 post–World War II civil wars and find that multilateral, United Nations peace operations make a positive difference. UN peacekeeping is positively correlated with democratization processes after civil war, and multilateral enforcement operations are usually successful in ending the violence. Our study provides broad guidelines for designing the appropriate peacebuilding strategy, given the mix of hostility, local capacities, and international capacities. | sdg16 |
Figures updated to 2008 were available in 12 of the 21 countries considered, and these have been published because it is important to have recent data even if they are provisional, estimated or incomplete. This is because the Commission's main interest is to establish with maximum accuracy the amount of each country’s public social spending in order to reflect the efforts made by States in this area. For this reason, up to the previous edition of this publication, ECLAC worked on and published only the series for total public social spending, at the level of major functions or sectors. | sdg10 |
This makes the severity of the congestion challenge greater than it would otherwise be, particularly around the bridges. Prices for public transport are generally low in Russia, which is partly linked to the tradition of highly subsidised public transport in Soviet times, but also due to competition introduced in the market over the past decades. Privatisation of transport services has led to great fragmentation of the market however. | sdg11 |
Three major types of policy interventions can help in redesigning the landscape of adaptation financing prospects so as to render it more hospitable to private interests. Hence, the potential for establishing international policy leadership for the improvement of adaptation-related financial flows is high. Indeed, a clear example of regulatory action designed to increase funding for adaptation is provided by the Green Climate Fund, which is mandated to allocate 50 per cent of its funds towards adaptation. | sdg13 |
This article analyses one specific instance of the use of targeted sanctions to combat the financing of terrorism by the European Union on behalf of the United Nations Security Council. The case raised a number of issues involving the use of sanctions against non-state actors and provoked a legal challenge at the European Court of Justice. These European court cases have been portrayed as a challenge to the use of targeted sanctions by the Security Council to maintain international peace and security. The fundamental critique here is that targeted sanctions must adhere to due process and the rule of law in order to protect individual human rights. | sdg16 |
On the other hand, ICA, unlike Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) of developing countries' own mitigation actions, ensures continued differentiation among developed and developing country Parties and thus does not put China on a par with developed countries in terms of responsibilities. One strand in that debate holds that as China becomes a major power, it needs to cooperate with other emerging countries such as Brazil, South Africa and India.122 This lens is particularly interesting to apply to climate diplomacy. Within the BASIC group, China deepens its bonds with three countries that face similar development dilemmas, while sill having the option of using BASIC as a forum to discuss differences amongst themselves. By doing this, the BASIC countries can check positions against each other and perhaps more easily pursue a joint front on issues on which they agree. | sdg13 |
Annual alcohol consumption is estimated at 15.7 litres a year for men, more than 50% above the OECD average (10.4) (WHO Global Information System on Alcohol and Health), which may help to explain the high mortality from alcohol-related liver disease. While the prevalence of adult obesity is relatively low compared with many OECD countries, more than 30% of women in Kazakhstan are obese, compared with 16% of men (World Obesity, 2016), placing the rate among women on par with some of the most obese countries in the OECD. A large proportion of the gap in life expectancy is in fact explained by higher mortality among young Kazakhstanis aged 15 to 29 years, an age group in which overall death rates are more than three times higher than in the EU15. | sdg3 |
Its extensive coastline (about 7 500 km) borders a vast marine area (more than 4.5 million km2). The Brazilian population is concentrated along the coast, where average population density is around six times the national average (see Basic Statistics). Brazil is host to six large terrestrial ecosystems, or biomes:2 Amazon, Cerrado, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest, Pantanal and Pampa. | sdg15 |
Hydrologists have derived stream response functions for use in a variety of different hydrologic settings. For this case, assume that Ctj = fly(S,r) where S is the aquifer storage coefficient and r is the aquifer transmissivity (units are square feet per year). This equation can be modified to account for seasonal pumping. | sdg6 |
Supporters of charter schools tend to also be the supporters of 2001 No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) regarding choice in education. Many minority parents and their children are disappointed with school desegregation benefits and the pace of school finance reform is embracing choice schools such as charter schools. Charter schools are public schools with a specific mission free from the local school district, and are administered by a group of parents. Charter schools proponents argue that minorities will receive an education superior to traditional public schools. We argue that charter schools combined with accountability goals of NCLB by racial subgroups should enhance the academic achievement of minority students. We also assess the combination of the school choice paradigm with a focus on the interaction of charter schools and NCLB. | sdg16 |
The third is the economic climate. In recessionary times, the number of companies wishing to participate decreases. The final one is that the programme can be very bureaucratic. Mexico’s universities could be more involved in setting the national skills agenda and thinking creatively about how to capitalise on their resources. | sdg8 |
Rehabilitation of existing sewerage systems and wastewater treatment facilities, and the creation of new systems and facilities in areas deprived of central sewerage systems, are inadequately financed. Within the framework of projects financed by international investors in 33 cities, regional centres and villages, KMK is working on the construction and rehabilitation of water and sewerage systems valued at more than US$168 million. Investment has increased substantially: in 2011, it amounted to 24.9 million somoni (US$5.4 million), in 2015, it was 2.1 times higher, at 52.4 million somoni (US$8.5 million). | sdg6 |
Energy production from waste is far from reaching its potential in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region. The early generation of waste-to-energy incinerators that were built in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region during a period of limited landfill capacity in the early 1970s have proven to be environmentally and financially unsustainable. Tighter federal environmental regulation led to their closing or to costly retrofitting (Sendzik et al, 1996). | sdg7 |
Federal protected areas and their associated resources have increased significantly over the last decade. In 2010, there were 174 protected areas covering 25.4 million ha, equivalent to 12.9% of national territory. However, further expansion of protected areas is needed to achieve the goal of 16% by 2020. | sdg15 |
It is funded by the industry through the Hospitality Industry Training Insurance Fund. It is important that enterprise-based trainers are motivated, trained and prepared to play a key role in the training of apprentices. In Belgium, the Walloon Institute for Dual Training and SMEs is responsible for ensuring that enterprise-based trainers in SMEs have useful tips and practical tools to enable them to maximise their contribution to the trainee. | sdg8 |
This means that some of the difference can be explained by observable characteristics, such as differences in education, choice of study field, employment history (e.g., interruptions due to child care when analysing the gender pay gap) or professional experience. In this regard, while the pay gap is a useful measure to the difference of earnings between groups, it is less useful for understanding the underlying reasons for which the gap exists (discrimination being only one possible explanation). Since means are sensitive to extreme values, users are also encouraged to also analyse median earnings and make note of any differences between a computation of the indicator based on mean and median earnings. | sdg8 |
Will blockchain technologies become widely accepted? If so, for which uses? When making investment decisions, TIPOs have to assess the likelihood that specific technologies or tools will continue to be used over time. While they will be able to find guidance and information, they will have to take risks as to the timing of investments and the selection of technologies. | sdg9 |
A further objective of the reform is to make the CFP less costly and simpler to run. The central role of rights based fisheries management instruments is to introduce an element of “property rights” for fisher’s quotas. By doing so the incentive structure changes and makes it more likely that fishers will seek to fish within sustainable limits in order to conserve their “quota capital” for the future. The OECD Committee for Fisheries has recently contributed to this debate, the publication Using Market Mechanisms to Manage Fisheries provides a review of a number of fisheries management systems with elements of property rights and maps these according to their property rights content (OECD, 2006). The EC started this process with the publication of a Green Paper followed by a consultation period where written comments could be submitted until 31 December 2009. | sdg14 |
A broad and inclusive education and skills strategy is therefore essential. Policy should avoid favouring incumbents as this reduces experimentation, delays the exit of less productive firms and slows the reallocation of resources from less to more innovative firms. At a time when the world economy faces many long-term challenges, public investment needs to focus on durable benefits, rather than short-term outcomes. | sdg4 |
Without deep changes in the way education is viewed, the country will continue to have low levels of performance. Ensuring equal opportunity for students in both private and public education can make Chile a more equal society, one that can seize upon the unique talents of all its citizens. Students in the lowest quintile of income distribution are about 15% less likely to attend secondary school than students from other quintiles. Challenges related to the limited scope of quality' assurance measures available, different criteria used depending on the type of service provided and insufficient use of the information generated on the system for improvement purposes contribute to these differences. | sdg4 |
This implies a fully co-ordinated approach with interventions from each agency with responsibilities for road safety implemented in concert. It also demands enforcement effort dosed to achieve optimal results and ensure measures are mutually reinforcing. It requires effective leadership from a unit at the highest levels of government to facilitate the work of the road safety agencies, co-ordinate then- interventions and be the main interface with NGOs and the private sector. | sdg11 |
Such expectations can have profound implications for the policy mix and governance arrangements. The greening of science, technology and innovation (STI) policies is particularly noticeable, as technology and innovation are increasingly seen as ways to mitigate climate change. In this context, broader and denser ties are being formed between public and private actors, beyond traditional intellectual property (IP) links and incubators, with a view to exploit more fully the potential synergies between the two sectors. Innovation policies now require a “whole-of-government” approach. | sdg9 |
The gains are realised when the owner sells the asset and cashes in the gains. Smeeding and Moon (1980) have compared alternative methods for the evaluation of a set of services, finding negligible differences between the cost of production and more subjective metrics such as the utility value. See OECD website, “Going social: the great tax-benefit balancing act” on wages and benefits indicators, wwuj.oecd.org/els/bene/itsandujagesoecdmdicators.htm. | sdg1 |
Parenting must therefore be understood as a continuing effort towards individual survival and provision for others where the means to do so are severely constrained. Also, parents are rarely able to protect adolescents from significant levels of physical and psychological abuse, including humiliation, owing to their own low status in society, or detachment from the sphere of adolescents' work. Parents and children are in this sense equally vulnerable. This trend matters insofar as parents and adolescents worry about the future work opportunities for adolescents and their capacity to earn. | sdg5 |
The sequence of questions that lead gradually to sensitive questions about violence and the specific question wording are also critical for eliciting honest and complete disclosure of violence. The potential for these questions to elicit emotional trauma must also be considered and efforts built into the questionnaire and interviewer training to reduce this possibility. Immediately prior to reaching modules of questions concerning experiences of violence, respondents should be informed more specifically about the nature of the questions to follow and reminded of the voluntary nature of their participation so that free and informed consent to proceed with those questions is obtained. In order to produce a reliable and valid measurement of womens experiences of violence, specific acts of violence must be explicitly operationalized and clear definitions provided. Over the years, researchers have come to agree that single questions such as “Have you ever been attacked?” | sdg5 |
Evaluation plays a key role as an instrument for public authorities to monitor policy developments in an integrated fashion. In many countries, new governance arrangements pool resources from various sources, public as well as private, e.g. strategic public-private partnerships for innovation. In addition, governments are taking steps to rationalise their interventions and consolidate STI programmes. | sdg9 |
The recycled uranium can be used in the LWRs, while the produced plutonium can be used in the Indian-design FBRs. The target is to increase nuclear power capacity to 63 GW in 2030. Most of these reactors will be located along the coast, because of cooling water requirements (Kanwarpal, 2009). Based on these plans the IEA projects a potential capacity of up to 120 GW in 2050 in the BLUE Map Scenario. India has an ongoing programme of building 220 MW PHWRs, a reactor system that is competitive in terms of capital costs, safety performance and unit energy cost. | sdg7 |
Thus, the decision to liberalize exports by C is likely to displace As exports to B with adverse effects on equality. It may even happen that, because of Cs decision to liberalize, A will shift to the production of goods with a medium-high skill and capital content with the effect of worsening its wage distribution. This is what happened in the 1990s, with the entry into the world market of labour-intensive manufactures by China and other Iow-wage economies affecting the exports and comparative advantage of the middle-income countries of Latin America, Eastern Europe and South-East Asia. While an increase in land- or mineral-intensive exports may reduce inequality in countries with an egalitarian distribution of assets, it would raise it in countries dominated by latifundia and a highly concentrated mining sector. Indeed, due to the labour surplus prevalent in their labour market, it is unlikely that an eventual rise in the demand of workers would raise their wages in line with the increase in export receipts. Yet, trade liberalization can enlarge the access to previously restricted technologies or, by relaxing foreign exchange constraints, raise the imports of capital-intensive investment goods. | sdg10 |
The quest to achieve adequate housing is not only a function of the financial resources needed, it also relates to legal claims on tenure and a political assertion over one's right to the city (Gupte 2010). Social protection systems have the potential to assist in the realization of the right to an adequate standard of living, including adequate shelter. As such, the right to social protection and the right to housing articulated in NUA can be viewed as mutually supportive. | sdg1 |
Moreover, the indicators should be developed which support the monitoring of the Global Goals for Sustainable Development (SDGs) adopted in 2015 by the UN General Assembly. This will ensure more accurate assessment of sustainable development progress and, if necessary, lead to adjustment of urban development policy. For example, a private construction practice of building several houses on six-acre (rural areas) and four-acre (urban areas) plots exists. It is essential to monitor this process and update development density and infrastructure indicators. | sdg11 |
However, the Cox model is restrictive in its assumption of proportional hazard functions, meaning that for each covariate, the ratio of hazards must remain the same for any two observations (individuals) over time. If this is not the case for any given covariate, that covariate can only be included in a stratified Cox model, where it is used as a stratification variable and not as a determinant, and no coefficient can be computed for this variable. This is an acceptable way of solving the problem as long as the variable concerned is not of primary interest for the analysis. As discussed above, owing to biological factors, infant boys are prone to a higher mortality risk than infant girls, particularly so during the first few months of life. | sdg3 |
This privileged position was extended in 2011 for another 10 years. So far, no studies were found that examine the effectiveness of the buffer stock in achieving price stability. However, besides their performance, it is also important to examine whether these stockholding policies have other impacts on society. | sdg2 |
Women are slightly less mobile than men on average, with significant cross-country and age differences. Every year, on average across OECD countries, 16% of the working-age population experiences a change in their professional situation. They change employer, change their working time (switching from full-time to part-time or vice-versa), lose their job, find a new one, become unemployed or inactive, or re-enter the labour market after a period of inactivity. | sdg5 |
How does the human right to property relate to protecting human rights in the age of Trump? Human rights advocates faithful to Henkin’s vision need to combat the dangerous consensus between elements on the political left and right that international law (including arbitration bodies outside U.S. courts) has no business protecting the right to property, for aliens or anybody else. From Hamilton through Henkin, immigrants with foresight have told us why the effective protection of rights, even in states with robust rule of law traditions such as the United States, requires supranational scrutiny. Although the United States is rightly regarded as a strong defender of property rights, even the U.S. (along with other Western “rule of law” states) could benefit from supranational scrutiny in this respect. | sdg16 |
The system also can be accessed through a television using a remote control instead of the mobile phone so older persons can easily use the service. A strong foundation of ICT use. The ICT infrastructure was already developed in these countries. The telemedicine and the telemonitoring care services did not require new ICT infrastructure and thus did not represent additional costs. | sdg3 |
This is in addition to the monthly instalment of TND 200 paid for a period of one year. Initially, the decree specified that the individual needed to have been registered with ANETI for a period of at least three months, but this requirement was later removed. Tunisia also has a number of non-contributory safety nets in place for disadvantaged individuals, including: the Programme National d’Aide aux Families Necessiteuses (PNAFN) [National Support Programme for Disadvantaged Families] and free (carte de soins gratuits - AMG1) or subsidised (carte de soins a tarifs reduits - AMG2) health care provided in public hospitals. | sdg8 |
Some technical or managerial solutions may appear to be attractive quick fixes, but they are generally inadequate. The leadership deliberately replaced the old guard, who might have been expected to resist change, with a younger, more open and better educated government bureaucracy. By 1988, a remarkable 90% of officials above the county level had been appointed since 1982.46 Capacity upgrading is still a priority, and the education levels of officials have risen continuously. | sdg1 |
As in western states, most agricultural withdrawals are used for irrigation, although 19% of withdrawals are use for livestock and aquaculture in the North Central and East. Groundwater is the source for almost two-thirds of agricultural withdrawals in these regions. Nationwide, surface water was the source for 59% of agricultural withdrawals in 2000, while groundwater was the source for 41% of withdrawals. | sdg6 |
It is a technical and consultative body in charge of ensuring adequate access to health care, decreasing health inequalities and developing educational and prevention programme to promote public health. It collaborates with regions to drive improvement in health care quality. It is chaired by a president and is composed of nearly 50 members having expertise in health care (scientists, physicians and other experts). | sdg3 |
The girls in the study reported that they were often expected to take on additional care and household tasks, negatively affecting their ability to attend school (Plan International, 2017). Data for the four countries shows that primary school education does not have a significant impact on the time women spend on routine housework, and, in some cases, it is associated with more housework (see Figure 3). Secondary school has a mixed impact, leading to 25 more minutes of routine housework for women in South Africa, 28 fewer minutes in Bangladesh and no change in Ethiopia and Peru. | sdg5 |
Governments can support domestic demand creation primarily through IT-related public procurement and measures to increase ICT uptake in the private sector. In addition, governments and other stakeholders can seek to expand demand by promoting exports. This is particularly true in countries where ICT use in the private sector is nascent. | sdg9 |
The report is published under the responsibility of the author and does not necessarily reflect the views of the OECD or its member countries. There is notable variation also in irrigation strategies, and in water supplies and demands, in eastern and western regions of the United States. In western states, irrigation provides most of the crop water requirements, while in eastern areas irrigation is largely supplemental. | sdg6 |
A number of conditions should be fulfilled to avoid unwanted outcomes from foreign land investments (as defined in a voluntary guideline, see FAO, 2012). In particular, there should be transparency in negotiations, deals should respect existing land and water rights, the benefits of the transaction should be shared with local communities, and the deals should be subject to a careful impact assessment to ensure their environmental sustainability (von Braun and Meinzen-Dick, 2009). Third party organisations, governments or international organisations could help support this goal by providing an external view. | sdg6 |
The ranking of a group of distributions can be considered definitive only if it does not vary depending on the index used. The best procedure, therefore, is to use inequality indices in a complementary way and analyse the results jointly. One involves determining to which extent changes in poverty rates are attributable to changes in income level and to which extent they are attributable to changes in income distribution. Another approach evaluates the role of different sources of household income, placing special emphasis on labour market factors that explain changes in labour income. In this section, both methodologies are applied to data from 1990-2008, in order to gain a perspective that complements analyses conducted in previous editions of Social Panorama of Latin America. | sdg1 |
Moreover, policy makers and road safety experts have to understand that they have great opportunities to win when they operate together with other important areas such as traffic management and environmental policy. Measuring progress can be done by means of information that is collected every day, every week, every month, every quarter, every year or at a longer interval. Monitoring can establish whether developments are still on track compared to a policy goal, and monitoring can establish whether new and undesirable developments have surfaced. The sooner we axe aware of such developments, the better we can prepare suitable countermeasures. | sdg11 |
For instance, in the late 2000s it launched a new national insurance system providing free health coverage to households below' the poverty line, up to an annual limit. The scheme is still being phased in and expanded to those above the poverty line. States have also started various programmes the aim at extending health care coverage. | sdg3 |
We need to raise the alarm about addiction to tramadol, rates of which are soaring in parts of Africa. Non-medical use of this opioid painkiller, which is not under international control, is also expanding in Asia. The impact on vulnerable populations is cause for serious concern, putting pressure on already strained health-care systems. Some 450,000 people died in 2015 as a result of drug use. | sdg3 |
They confirm the same trends with poverty headcount ratios for 1993, 1995, 2000 and 2004 being 50.1%, 51.7%, 50.8% and 46.9% respectively. In addition per capita real incomes of individuals in the poorest two quintiles rose by more than 30 per cent during 2000-2004. While the magnitude of this rise may be debatable, it should be bome in mind that this period coincides with a large increase in social grants. | sdg10 |
The study recommended better structuring of information provision so that it is more manageable and is provided when most needed. Workers under notice of redundancy are also referred to career guidance services offered by the NCS under the Rapid Response Service. A key feature of Universal Credit is that the benefit amount reduces only gradually as recipients earn more from paid work - so incentives to work remain high. Under Universal Credit, benefit recipients are assigned to Work Coaches who provide personal support to move into work or to find a better job that makes better use of the recipient’s skills. The Universal Credit full service is currently being rolled-out nationally and the effectiveness of Work Coaches is one of the elements being examined in a randomised control trial. But due to short-sightedness or the concern that training firms will have their workers “poached” by non-training ones, employer investment in education and training may be lower than what is socially optimal, and in particular, may be limited to the provision of firm-specific training which is less transferable. | sdg4 |
Native students with mixed heritage are students who were bom in the countiy in which they sat the PISA test and who have one native-born parent and one parent who was foreign-born. This difference (almost 19 percentage points) is significantly greater than the OECD average (11 percentage points). Furthermore, the gap in the percentage of students reporting a sense of belonging at school between native and first-generation immigrant students was 15 percentage points, significantly above the OECD average gap (9 percentage points). First- and second-generation immigrant students were also 8 and 13 percentage points less likely, respectively, to report low levels of school work-related anxiety compared to native students. | sdg4 |
The goal of the project is to group 38 small and often inefficient WOCs into larger WOCs with greater responsibilities in order to ensure provision of an adequate supply of drinking water and improve wastewater treatment systems. The grouping would increase efficiency and lower costs. Under this project, municipalities are committed to adjusting tariffs and introducing cost recovery by their respective water companies to ensure financial viability. | sdg6 |
This cross subsidy of irrigation by power also avoids government subsidies of public power production that competes with private electric utilities. In some cases the irrigation supporters have successfully negotiated a project evaluation framework in which farm income is substituted for net national benefit. In that case, considerable overinvestment in irrigation has occurred from the view of net national benefit. That is, the gain in farm incomes would be very high. | sdg6 |
The annual monitoring will help prioritise adaptation needs and inform the allocation of budgets, the periodic evaluations will assess the efficiency, effectiveness and impact of the Plan. These processes will generate valuable information that government officials can draw upon when deciding whether the national approach on adaptation is the right one, if the circumstances that initially informed the Plan have changed, and if adjustments in the plan or the implementation mechanisms are needed. | sdg13 |
Reforms can occur in political, economic, social and administrative domains and contain ideas about problems and solutions and are typically understood as initiatives driven from the top of a system or organisation. This defines innovation as “the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service) or process, a new marketing method, or a new organisational method in business practices, workplace organisation or external relations” (see Box 1.2). In this definition, implementation refers to the introduction of a product to the market, or the actual use of processes, marketing methods and organisational methods. | sdg4 |
For the case studies, national definitions of smallholder will be considered. These definitions emphasise income sources and the ability of farm households to transition either into commercially successful farm operations or out of farming altogether. Sometimes the definition includes a minimum share of farm labour that is contributed by the farmer’s family (FAO, 2014). | sdg2 |
The PAA is a programme through which the Brazilian government buy the product of smallholders and uses those products to serve free or low cost meals in public institutions like schools. The PAA also supports the formation of stocks, with products from small farmers, for food security purposes. The National School Feeding Programme (PNAE), created in 2009, stipulates that at least 30% of the food served in public schools must be bought from small producers (based on the MDA definition). | sdg2 |
It also reflects the new development phase which the ICT sector has now entered, one in which public and private stakeholders in the ICT sector are laying the foundations for smart societies. The impact of the ICT sector on economic and societal development continues to expand as companies from adjacent sectors and industries (including the automotive, healthcare, insurance, banking and public sectors) develop products and services that rely on loT infrastructure - leaving virtually no areas of our economies and societies untouched. Industry analysts estimate that loT revenues will generate USD 1.1 trillion in revenues globally by 2025, compared to USD 166 billion in 2016 (GSMA, 2018d). This revenue opportunity is expected to be fuelled over the next three years by investments of around USD 15 billion in IT consulting and systems integration services to build and implement loT solutions (IDC, 2018). | sdg9 |
Annual festivals and events can extend the tourist season and, subsequently, the tourist spend. In this context policy measures have typically been absent. ( Most SIDS have a unique culture and heritage, for many, their culture and heritage is already exported globally in the form of music, film, fashion and food, as well as sold in local shops and markets to visiting tourists and passengers. However, the opportunity to develop this market further is generally limited through a lack of investment, training, entrepreneurship and profile. | sdg12 |
The proposed trans-Afghanistan pipeline, which will connect Turkmenistan with India though Afghanistan and Pakistan, is another example of a project to be implemented in coming years. Further cooperation among the economies of the subregion could lead to the creation of transnational transport infrastructure, and the elimination of barriers and obstacles to the movement of goods and services could further accelerate development of these countries (Farra, 2012). Poor weather in late 2012 in areas producing wheat and maize became the main cause of reduced harvests and consequent food price spikes all over the subregion. | sdg8 |
It highlights that in order to develop a successful programme, understanding primary crash patterns and causes allows enforcement to be targeted to proven crash risk and hence maximise its impact. Key considerations include solid legislation that supports the sanctions imposed upon offending drivers, sound intelligence, and well trained, educated and committed police officers. This paper sets out New Zealand Police’s Road Policing foundational principles and looks at a selection of international traffic enforcement examples. | sdg11 |
Argentine Eugenio Raul Zaffaroni is a judge at the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, professor emeritus in the Department of Criminal Law at the National University of Buenos Aires and vice president of the International Criminal Law Association. From 2003 to 2014, he was Minister of the Argentine Supreme Court. Zaffaroni is also one of the exponents of Latin American critical criminology, being In Search of Lost Feathers (published in 2010 by Editora Revan) one of his most renowned works in this area. | sdg16 |
Per capita C02 emissions almost doubled from 5.6 tonnes in 1990 to 10.7 tonnes in 2007. Carbon intensity, defined as C02 over energy, decreased at an average annual rate of 1.0% over the same period. On 17 November 2009, the government formally adopted the voluntary mid-term GHG reduction goal which means a 30% emissions reduction from the BAU level by 2020. | sdg7 |
The countries that benefited from the commodities boom achieved higher growth rates and were able to boost their formal employment levels. In keeping with democratic principles, a range of distributive policies were deployed, from minimum wage hikes to transfer systems targeting the poorest sectors. The results were positive, as will be seen later, with real progress made in reducing poverty and unemployment, improving income distribution and expanding access to social protection systems. | sdg10 |
The summary provided in table 5 shows that a one-unit exogenous increase in the demand for output from forestry and hunting directly benefits the rural non-poor disproportionately more than the other household sectors (rural poor, urban poor and urban non-poor). Table 5 further shows that exogenous increases in the demand for output from forestry and hunting have much larger direct impacts on the welfare of rural areas (rural poor and rural non-poor) compared to similar increases in the demand for output from the agriculture or the wood-paper printing sectors. To give a more practical interpretation to the multipliers reported in table 5, table 6 uses the approach of table 4 to demonstrate the magnitude of the direct effect. | sdg15 |
Overall, more than 80% of Cameroon’s export receipts come from five of 42 products in the country’s Supply and Use Table (SUT). As shown in figure 3 and in table 1, these exports are mostly dominated by crude oil (which represented 41.74% of exports receipts alone in 2007), sawn wood (15.81%), refined oil (12.29%), base metals (5.39%) and transport, storage and communication services (5.20%). Most of the remaining exports include industrial agriculture export products (cocoa, coffee, cotton and bananas) which represented 4.81% of the total in 2007, business services (3.47%), rubber (2.21%), raw wood (2.18%) and agricultural food products (1.37%). | sdg1 |
Several Round Table participants drew attention to the GFSI as a potential model for benchmarking eco-labelling schemes. Indeed, would it be possible to build a “theoretical” or “aspirational” governance regime for sustainable fisheries management that would include principles of good public governance, as well as market principles and mechanisms, and the interplay between them? This would reflect the aspirational “shared responsibility phase” referred to above. | sdg14 |
Abstract Across four decades of political and social action, Nepal changed from a country strongly enforcing oppressive abortion restrictions, causing many poor women’s long imprisonment and high rates of abortion-related maternal mortality, into a modern democracy with a liberal abortion law. The medical and public health communities supported women’s rights activists in invoking legal principles of equality and non-discrimination as a basis for change. Legislative reform of the criminal ban in 2002 and the adoption of an Interim Constitution recognizing women’s reproductive rights as fundamental rights in 2007 inspired the Supreme Court in 2009 to rule that denial of women’s access to abortion services because of poverty violated their constitutional rights. The government must now provide services under criteria for access without charge, and services must be decentralized to promote equitable access. A strong legal foundation now exists for progress in social justice to broaden abortion access and reduce abortion stigma. | sdg16 |
Ageing populations are often seen as economic drains on national economies. As such, states can mitigate or harness the impact of youth bulges through providing increased educational and employment opportunities. Recognizing and respecting the variety of experiences and aspirations among young people is necessary to design policies that enable the realization of human rights and capabilities. | sdg5 |
This effort also led to a significant revision of historical time series at the disaggregate level, which is detailed in the chapter. By contrast, a comprehensive re-assessment of the impact of employment protection on labour market outcomes is beyond the scope of this chapter. Section 1 provides a brief survey of theoretical and empirical studies on the effect of EPL on labour market performance. | sdg10 |
This added to uncertainty, and the interruptions coincide with dramatic drops in renewables investment in the US (see drops in installed capacity in 2000, 2002, and 2004 in Figure 23, for an elaborate study of the case see Barradale 2008). Thus, to make use of this privilieged tax regime, RE developers have to cooperate/merge w'ith large established companies, which provide the tax liability against which the PTC can be claimed. During the last decade three major policies have been implemented which we consider to support directly investment in physical capital. | sdg7 |
It then looks at trends in several indicators of biodiversity - species abundance (e.g. mean species abundance or MSA), threatened species, forest area (deforestation) and marine fish stocks - and the implications of business-as-usual trends continuing to the year 2050 under the OECD Environmental Outlook Baseline scenario. The chapter provides an overview of the different policy instruments available for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use, ranging from regulations to market-driven approaches, such as payments for ecosystem services (PES). Some more ambitious policy scenarios are examined - such as the implications of meeting the Aichi Biodiversity Target under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to expand the global protected area network to at least 17% of terrestrial land by 2020. | sdg14 |
The indicator system is described in the Ministry of the Environments report Welfare for the future, Iceland's national strategy for sustainable development, Statistical Indicators 2006. The indicators are statistical by nature. The indicators are planned to be further updated in view of the Icelandic government's policy on sustainable development. The goal is to enable the monitoring of progress being made in achieving the set objectives on a regular basis. | sdg15 |
Yet, in many countries in the region, the current political, regulatory, and industrial infrastructure is not yet ready for such a transformation. Some countries and sub-regions seek to promote energy independence or self-sufficiency while others strive for efficient integration of energy markets. Promoting mutually beneficial economic-interdependence would accelerate attainment of the 2030 Agenda through integrative, nexus areas that the notion of sustainable development offers. For energy, it is critical to think in terms of a wholly interconnected, complex system in which supply, demand, conversation, transport and transmission interact freely and flexibly. | sdg7 |
The reduction of load factors thus re-enforces the impact of the decline in prices with all the impacts for the working of electricity markets already mentioned. As already mentioned above, in the short run nuclear power with its low marginal costs may well be able to cope with somewhat lower prices, in particular if capital costs have been amortised. Where gas turbines lie idle due to insufficiently high prices, nuclear will go on producing regardless. In the long run, however, the prospect for high fixed cost technologies such as nuclear look bleak with reduced load factors. The optimal mix for the residual load curve created by the influx of renewables will entail a shift towards technologies with lower fixed costs. | sdg7 |
The proliferation of partnership working across the British state raises difficult questions for democratic control and public participation. It is widely anticipated that 'community plans' - comprehensive strategies to promote social well-being - will address these issues, by facilitating public involvement in the governance of local areas. This paper examines community planning in Scotland to assess how far this hope is justified, drawing on government-sponsored research and a case study of community planning conferences. While community planning is extending opportunities for involvement, democratising local governance is subservient to dominant concerns with promoting joint working and demonstrating added value. Participatory events are structured to sustain belief in these activities. | sdg16 |
Subsets and Splits