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Both of these dedicated climate funds offer relatively small grants - of around US$5 million - to partner countries for capacity building and readiness activities. The Forest Investment Programme has approved on average US$61.6 million annually between 2010and 2014, making it one of the most significant sources of finance for forests. The fund offers bridging finance between early policy and capacity building support and efforts to demonstrate successful programmes that will lead to verified emission reductions on the ground. | sdg13 |
Moreover, increasing its focus on current income stream may help better target support for low-income households. Changes in FPS are being implemented, and should be effective already in 2016. Under the new system only actual incomes will be considered, people will be still asked to enter a register, as in the current FPS, and these records will be matched with administrative records of income. | sdg5 |
Specifically, women are expected to fare better in the formal sector, where legal and customary protections may allow them to earn higher wages and sustain them during motherhood. Finally, bo decomposition is complemented by a non-parametric alternative decomposition developed by Nopo (2008). This allows for a better explanation of motherhood wage differentials, since it also shows how much of the gap calculated is accounted for by the outcomes of mothers and non-mothers outside the common support. The glass ceiling hypothesis concerns the discrimination that women and minorities in more educated groups often face in trying to move up the hierarchy of an organization, especially when they have more children, by comparison with men and with childless women. The quantile regression (qr) results vary substantively across the conditional wage distribution, the poorest 10% of the informal women sample are the ones who suffer the largest motherhood wage penalties. | sdg5 |
Aging infrastructure and a lack of government management capacity are leading to insufficient and inconsistent water deliveries, sometimes stalling industrial activity. Both public and private actors have begun to recognize that solving global water challenges is not a solitary endeavour. This process has resulted in notable water savings and pollution reduction, mitigating environmental and social impacts and often reducing water and related costs (i.e., energy, chemicals) to the business. An industrial facility’s exposure to risk thus depends on the ability of public water policy and management to deliver water services, to address water-related risks over the long term, to create effective allocation regimes, and to develop and enforce water quality regulations. | sdg6 |
The publication and an interactive map of Natura 2000 in Bosnia and Herzegovina was also developed, offering an overview and detailed information on the species and habitats from the Habitats Directive present in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The project also aimed at strengthening the national capacities for the identification of habitats and species that exist in Bosnia and Herzegovina that are protected by EU legislation. It w'as a pilot project aimed at strengthening training and methodology development tools at the national level. | sdg15 |
Indeed, in previous studies, cross-sectional inequality has been shown to be related to low intergenerational inequality. Moreover, welfare policies, by targeting disadvantaged family situations - either due to permanent factors or to temporary loss of income (e.g. loss of employment) - reduce cross-sectional inequality, thereby potentially helping to mitigate intergenerational persistence. At the same time, ill-designed taxation and social policies would also perpetuate welfare dependency, with potentially negative effects on social mobility. | sdg4 |
It details the important trade measures currently affecting imports and exports of agro-food products, including price based instruments (e.g. tariffs and other import duties, and export taxes), quantitative restrictions (e.g. import quotas and export bans) and regulatory requirements (e.g. licensing and quarantine arrangements). Multilateral, regional and bilateral trade relations are also discussed. An important objective is to keep domestic retail prices of essential, strategic commodities relatively stable in order to alleviate poverty and avoid antagonising the urban population. For import-competing products, such as rice and soybeans, this objective is usually sought through a combination of policy measures, in particular low tariffs and quantitative restrictions on imports. | sdg2 |
In the Arctic, key issues include the improved coordination of fisheries under national and international jurisdiction, the response of the fisheries sector to ecosystems shifts, and improving precautionary and ecosystem approaches. However, what we will explore is the development of the regime in the Antarctic and the somewhat unique policy instruments it has produced to deal with ecosystem and precautionary approaches. This paper asks the question: despite the different ecological and political differences, can some of the innovative approaches in the Antarctic be used in reforming Arctic management? | sdg14 |
En el regimen de restric-ciones de tiempo, los salarios mas altos que reciben las mujeres inciden positivamente en el crecimiento, pero su mayor participacion en el mercado laboral impone restricciones de tiempo y reduce la produccion de capacidades humanas. En el regimen mutuo, el aumento de los salarios de las mujeres tambien es positivo para el crecimientoy la mayor participacion en el mercado laboral incrementa la produccion de capacidades humanas, asi, el crecimiento y la reproduccion social se refuerzan entre si. En el regimen denominado de «explotacion», la elevacion de los salarios de las mujeres provoca una reduccion del crecimiento, su mayor participacion en el mercado laboral restringe el tiempo disponibley disminuye la produccion de capacidades humanas. | sdg5 |
The steep increase in the minimum wage might have an adverse impact on human capital acquisition by further compressing wage bands and thereby returns to education (see Box 1). Nevertheless, the impact of minimum wage increases on human capital and schooling tends to be much longer-lasting than the employment effects as they set back human capital formation and employment prospects even later in life. First, a higher minimum wage might meet the reservation wages of some students and induce them to drop out.* | sdg4 |
Resulting total allowable catch reductions add to the socioeconomic concerns in the region. In 2015, the Danish fishing fleet comprised 2 273 vessels with 67 889 gross tonnes (GT) in total capacity'. Although the number of companies fell between 2012 and 2015, the turnover and production increased, suggesting a consolidation of the sector. | sdg14 |
Nevertheless, the Chilean authorities recognise that the renewal of water supply and sanitation infrastructure is a major challenge. As a result, water loss from supply systems (due to leaks and unmetered uses) exceeds in many cases the 15% benchmark established by the water regulator. Recovering fully the capital and running costs of water services should allow for necessary investments in water infrastructure. | sdg6 |
The advancement of theory and research on macrosocial determinants of health has been identified as a promising path for future social epidemiology. In this commentary, we outline how macrosocial epidemiology can advance in two critical ways: (1) engaging scientific realism, and (2) incorporating social conflict. The first describes how scientific realism can be effectively applied within macrosocial epidemiology to identify the specific contexts in which social mechanisms are triggered, which in turn, generate health outcomes. Engaging scientific realism fosters a deeper understanding on how and why macrosocial factors, processes, and institutions are causally linked to population health. The second makes the case to incorporate a social conflict paradigm into macrosocial epidemiology. Thinking in terms of social conflict allows us to view social structures as inequality-generating mechanisms, and re-orients our public health efforts toward social change, including for example, taking action on unequal political, economic, and cultural relations. | sdg16 |
See Chapter 2 of OECD (2011b) and also Koske et al. ( See OECD (2011b) and Koske et al. ( Fournier and Koske (2012) focus on the effects of structural policies on earnings dispersion by means of quantile regressions based on wages. Chapter 2 of OECD (2011b) also focuses on the effects of structural policies on earnings dispersion by looking at various earnings deciles ratios (d9/dl, d5/dl and d9/d5). | sdg10 |
Women farmers are central in producing food for their families and in sustaining the ecologies that enable this, but must often do so under increasingly constrained conditions. These perspectives distract attention from and thus support the continuation of unsustainable consumption and production patterns and inequities that are actually far more significant in producing environmental problems than are sheer numbers of people. They are underpinned by alternative visions and values that emphasize not just profit and growth, but the importance of sustainability, gender equality, inclusivity and social justice. Typically, they involve different combinations of public, private and civil society institutions and require strong state action. | sdg5 |
The System of Social Protection in Health also sought to inject new resources into the health system, and improve resource transfers between federal government and the states. Indeed, public investment in the health system rose from 2.4% to 3.3% GDP between 2003 and 2013. Having operated as a pilot programme between 2001 and 2003, and following reforms to the legal framework underpinning Mexico’s health system, Seguro Popular (SP), was fully launched in January 2004. Some important high-cost interventions remain excluded from the SP package, as discussed in Chapter 3. The significant increase in SP affiliation also represents a significant increase in total population coverage, and an important step towards universal health coverage (UHC). | sdg3 |
Reasons for this are given below (Nurse 2001: 6). Understanding the benefits and contribution from hosting annual festivals or events to the tourism economy can help in strategic tourism planning that is sensitive to island life and culture. Box 2.3 refers to a niche tourism product categorised under ‘cultural tourism’ called creative tourism, where value-added is generated and evident along the supply chain. | sdg12 |
As shown above, their levels of farm support are rising, and there has also been a tendency to resort to more distorting policy measures. As a result, the centre of gravity in global farm support is shifting from the OECD area to the emerging economies, and possibly also to less developed countries. In addition, some of the emerging economies are large and have sizeable agricultural sectors. This means that substantial sums of money are transferred to agriculture in some of the emerging economies. | sdg2 |
However, even with this consultation, the Disi conveyance project is expected to increase water supply to residents of Amman, with potential consequences on behaviour and water consumption practices. It is therefore important to assess customers’ opinions and expectations about the Disi project in order to anticipate - and curtail - any changes in water consumption patterns that can undermine the potential benefits of the project. In the Amman management contract, there were no public awareness campaigns before the private partner was brought on board, and there was little participation of civil society throughout the contract (Suleiman et al., The private contractor argued that it did not have an obligation to divulge information to the public other than issuing invoices and providing information about changes to the water rationing programme (Suleiman et al., | sdg6 |
For the children of age 5 to 17 years, the total is 0.39 when using the same threshold, varying between 0.11 in Gabon to 0.62 in Ethiopia (see Annex 5). The highest multidimensional deprivation levels are found at the centre of the continent (Chad, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Niger, and Central African Republic, ranging between 0.64 and 0.48), followed by a stretch of countries with high levels of deprivation in the East (Mozambique, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya, ranging from 0.49 to 0.37), and Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Guinea and Togo in West Africa (0.40 - 0.35). The largest contributions come from Ethiopia (20%), Nigeria (17%) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (13%). | sdg1 |
Teachers with multidisciplinary backgrounds are meant to “immerse [students] in a system of innovative thinking, with specific goals for solving practical problems”. The courses may build on input from any part of Stanford University, including themes such as “fostering democracy, aiding individuals with threatening medical profiles, or paving the way for the next great start-ups". Instead of only trying to solve ready-defined problems, students are meant to creatively identity “what needs fixing and how to go about it" with the help of direct observation and interviews. After identifying a problem worth of working on, students imagine possibilities through “ideation" and then select a solution for prototyping and testing. | sdg4 |
As a result, it is not surprising that some shared vehicle drivers, for instance, report that the biggest obstacle to driving an EV in the network is a lack of rapid charging stations in areas of high mobility demand (e.g. downtown centres or airport queues). The need for time-consuming charging, often multiple times per day, for example, reduces drivers' availability for offering rides and earning fares. Drivers report that range anxiety can lead them to decide to cancel trips. | sdg11 |
Childhood by its nature, and by its very vulnerability, demands of a civilized society that children should be the first to be protected rather than the last to be considered. This principle of‘first call’ for children holds good for governments and nations as well as for the families who bear die primary responsibility for protection. And because children have only one opportunity to grow and to develop normally, the commitment to protection must be upheld in good times and in bad. | sdg1 |
Thomas Nagel's conservative position of the political conception for world politics and his insightful ‘Minimum Humanitarian Morality’ (MHM) view on global justice are laudable. He admits that the path from anarchy to justice must go through injustice. But Nagel does not clearly identify the conditions under which we put up with global injustice. This paper reviews the conception of MHM through the lens of the institutional political economy. In my view, to recognize the degree of structural failure (weakness in governance) as well as the degree of transition failure (elite bargain or personalization of power being interlocked) in each state can give us a hint on how to conceptualize and apply Nagel's MHM. We also argue that the scope and degree of humanitarian aid may vary in accordance with the options to global justice open to each state. | sdg16 |
Culture exerts a fundamental effect on employees and their use of technologies. We examine the influence of culture (and other factors) on computer self-efficacy (CSE). CSE, or employees' judgments about their capabilities to use a specific software system, is important given its relationship with work performance. By drawing a sample from two different countries, we show that culture affects CSE indirectly through employees' preferences for individualism and task interdependence. Furthermore, individualism, task interdependence and software personal innovativeness relate positively, whereas task ambiguity and software complexity associate negatively with CSE. Finally, we discuss several implications for human resource management. | sdg16 |
And as soon as she goes through puberty, she may be expected to begin bearing children. Her genitals may be forcibly mutilated as a rite of passage. Without an education or autonomy, she may spend the rest of her life in poverty. Laws and social norms seek to control her budding sexuality and prevent her from learning about her body and her rights. | sdg5 |
In addition, the free choice reform with a free establishment right for providers has tended to concentrate physicians in urban areas. The number of patients in Sweden reporting they have had to seek hospital emergency care because a primary care physician was not available is considerably higher than in most other EU countries (van den Berg et aL, 2016). Also, after-hour accessibility to primary care is often limited and unnecessary hospital emergency department visits for minor problems is a common complaint among both patients and health care professionals (Commonwealth Fund, 2016). However, the number of specialist nurses and other advance practice nurses remains low, and the number of new nurses graduating with specialty training and an advanced degree has fallen since 2005. | sdg3 |
Inequalities in access to sexual and reproductive health services are enormous in the poorest countries and severely affect disadvantaged young people. They will be the frontline in the race for the innovation needed to transform the relationship between development and the environment. Yet, their contribution will only materialize if we invest now in adolescents’ health, education and their potential for innovation. | sdg5 |
However, for the Kyoto reporting, the areas under each sub-category or activity are accumulated from the base year and onward, and do not leave the LULUCF class. On the other hand, for the UNFCCC reporting, a converted land is usually reported under the land-use class it was converted to (Swedish EPA 2012). The implication of this is that in the Kyoto reporting the deforested land still remains under the forest class and thus the net emissions from this class accounts for the emissions due to deforestation, while in the UNFCCC reporting such emissions are not accounted for under forests (see table below). This is because deforestation is quite rare in the Nordic countries in recent decades. | sdg15 |
These results are partial, and it is recommended to extend farm-level risk analysis to other farm types and larger samples. Other forms of diversification, in addition to the output diversification, could be analysed, such as spreading production across locations and diversifying trade across overseas markets. There are inevitable trade-offs between specialisation to reduce costs and diversification to reduce income variability. The choice of a particular strategy will depend on individual farm business features and farmer risk preferences. | sdg2 |
These challenges include issues of ownership, economic leakage (from the local economy and through imports), local employment, benefit distribution, social and environmental impacts and dependency. These problems can only be effectively addressed at the destination level with the active participation of the local communities. It summarises by stating that "The effective development, execution and management of a successful pro-poor tourism strategy reaches far beyond local communities”. | sdg12 |
The global financial crisis and children in EEFSU: a roadmap to analyze its potential impact. Mimeo, University of Florence. Transition, structural divergence and performance: Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union over 2000-2007. External shocks, policy changes, and income distribution: Latin America during the last decade. Conference in honour of Frances Stewart, Department of International Development, Oxford, 17-18 September 2009, available from http://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/pdf/pdf-stewart/cornia%20and%20martorano.pdf. | sdg10 |
Engaging communities of color in the genetics public policy conversation is important for the translation of genetics research into strategies aimed at improving the health of all. Implementing model public participation and consultation processes can be informed by the Communities of Color Genetics Policy Project, which engaged individuals from African American and Latino communities of diverse socioeconomic levels in the process of “rational democratic deliberation” on ethical and policy issues stretching from genome research to privacy and discrimination concerns to public education. The results of the study included the development of a participatory framework based on a combination of the theory of democratic deliberation and the community-based public health model which we describe as “community-based dialogue.” | sdg16 |
Better data on health care outcomes at the system level are being developed by the OECD, in particular on amenable mortality and health care quality (Box 2). Because their coverage is still limited, these data cannot replace health status indicators when assessing health care efficiency, but they can complement them. First, panel data regressions have been run to shed light on the contribution of health care and other determinants to the health status of the population (Joumard et al., This empirical work suggested that changes in health care spending, lifestyle factors (smoking and alcohol consumption as well as diet), education, pollution and income have been important factors behind improvements in health status. | sdg3 |
It is also about fostering investment and innovation which will underpin sustained growth and give rise to new economic opportunities." They see the benefits in increased reputation, trust from stakeholders, including from governments, improved risk management, being more attractive to high-quality employees and improved continuity of the business.4 The business model is changing gradually from a view based on short-term financial returns to a holistic view based on responsibility and value creation, taking into account the full value chain. Companies are starting to acknowledge that the traditional economic growth paradigm that treats the environment mostly as a ‘free good’ is placing enormous pressure on the environmental carrying capacity of the earth and therefore will now or in the future also affect their business. | sdg12 |
User engagement with data privacy and security through consent banners has become a ubiquitous part of interacting with internet services. While previous work has addressed consent banners from either interaction design, legal, and ethics-focused perspectives, little research addresses the connections among multiple disciplinary approaches, including tensions and opportunities that transcend disciplinary boundaries. In this paper, we draw together perspectives and commentary from HCI, design, privacy and data protection, and legal research communities, using the language and strategies of “dark patterns” to perform an interaction criticism reading of three different types of consent banners. Our analysis builds upon designer, interface, user, and social context lenses to raise tensions and synergies that arise together in complex, contingent, and conflicting ways in the act of designing consent banners. We conclude with opportunities for transdisciplinary dialogue across legal, ethical, computer science, and interactive systems scholarship to translate matters of ethical concern into public policy. | sdg16 |
The ten selected projects will benefit from streamlined issuing of permits and the possibility of regulatory incentives, cross-border cost allocation, and funding under the European Union’s (EU) Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance and the Neighbourhood Investment Facility. In addition, two electricity and eight gas projects have been approved as Projects of Mutual Interest with the EU. It will require sustained political and institutional will if the economies are to achieve both national and regionally shared objectives by implementing the adopted legislative and regulatory' frameworks. At present compliance with the EU Third Energy Package is patchy at best, but is an essential prerequisite for the interoperability of the SEE and EU energy systems, as well as for improving the productivity and competitiveness of the sector at regional and national levels. | sdg7 |
In couples with a female partner aged 25 to 45 years old and at least one child, women's earnings in Germany account for just below one-quarter of household incomes on averages. Similar patterns can be found in Austria and Switzerland (EUSILC, 2012 and Figure 1.3, Panel B). By contrast, in France, Sweden, and Denmark, female partners contribute over 35% to household income, on average (Chapter 4). Couples with both partners not working are excluded. | sdg5 |
This simple yet insightful approach consists of a fish population dynamics model as the biological component and a market model for catch as the economic component, with a production model of fishing effort bringing the two together. The response of the fish stock to human activities and the subsequent economic performance of the fishery can be examined through simulations with the bio-economic model of the fishery. | sdg14 |
First of all the teacher training system is expected to provide the labour market with teachers who have the necessary initial qualifications - in the case of ICT as well. Consequently, all teacher training services have to pay attention to the ICT competence of its students so they can manage the final objectives themselves to a large degree. This is possible only if ICT is incorporated into the training curriculum itself to a large extent. | sdg4 |
Men in the Kitchen” is an opportunity for them to develop their own skills and assume household responsibilities. Women and girls may be reluctant to have men and boys engage in housework, for fear or losing the limited responsibility they have in the home. Women and girls can also internalise gender stereotypes on which tasks are socially acceptable for women or men, making them resistant to change. Thus, as Hopem’s experience shows, real redistribution of domestic responsibilities requires rethinking restrictive gender roles by and for both women and men. | sdg5 |
As stated in the IPBES Data and Information Management Plan, there is a need to recognise the interests of custodians of data and knowledge, such as access rights and intellectual property rights, in particular the need to respect information provided by and the knowledge of indigenous peoples and local communities, which includes, as appropriate, consideration of seeking prior informed consent or approval and the involvement of indigenous peoples and local communities, who are holders of such information and knowledge, and the sharing of benefits accrued from such information and knowledge. Access to these materials should be permissible on request. Storage procedures should comply with protocols and guidelines to be agreed under the Nordic IPBES Data and Information Management Plan (see Annex 7, Box 3). The Nordic Assessment would have to be able to provide the IPBES regional assessment expert groups, and expert reviewers with all sources not publicly available that are used in the Nordic Assessment report. | sdg15 |
During the trial, in 2006, traffic volumes within the controlled area fell by approximately 20%, while public transit ridership increased by some 6 to 9% (Pike, 2010). The initial public view of the system had been negative, with a disapproval rate of 55%, but following the trial period this had changed to 53% taking a positive view. This shift took place in a context where the area involved was extensive - some 34 square kilometres - and where a modest charge could nevertheless add up significantly: vehicles entering at one of 17 charging pints would pay up to 20 Swedish Krona SEK, roughly USD 3, with a daily maximum of 60 SEK and daily passes available. | sdg11 |
Traditional biomass solid fuels are wood, charcoal, agricultural residues and animal dung. In some sub-Saharan African countries (e.g. Chad and Sudan), biomass provides 90 per cent of all energy consumed, and it is estimated to account for most of the household energy needs even in oil-rich sub-Saharan African countries such as Angola (95 per cent), Cameroon (78 per cent), Chad (97 per cent) and Nigeria (65 per cent) (IEA, 2008). The indoor concentration of such pollutants is often several times higher than concentrations recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), and result in a higher prevalence of respiratory diseases,1 obstetrical problems, eye infections and blindness, among others (IEA, 2002). There is consistent evidence that indoor air pollution increases the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and of acute respiratory infections in childhood -the leading cause of death among children under five years of age in developing countries. | sdg7 |
A number of amendments were made to the European Commission’s proposal in response to the positions of various Member States regarding certain cross-cutting and substantive issues, such as managing stocks for maximum sustainable yields, a ban on discards, and transferable fishery concessions. In terms of the geographical distribution of companies, the North and Centre regions are still predominant with regard to corporate headquarters and job concentration. In 2010, preserved fish, accounted for the total production of 42 000 tonnes (turnover of EUR 177 million), while production of dried and salted products (cod) totalled 60 000 tonnes (EUR 241.6 million in sales value). | sdg14 |
A range of different entities (including communities, individuals, businesses and non-profit organisations) can apply for CWSRF funding for eligible projects. Funding may be in the form of grants or loans at below-market interest rates (with repayment terms of up to 20 years) or as a combination of the two. The funds target small and disadvantaged communities. The Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) was established in 1996 to finance water supply projects. Its structure and processes mirror those of the CWSRF program. When loan recipients make repayments to the state program, the funding is “revolved” and made available for further projects. | sdg6 |
These figures are elevated because in high technology sectors, it is often the presence of scalable IP and related intangible assets that prompts the acquisition activity. In addition, such purchases are sometimes motivated by a perceived need to ensure that control over the technology does not pass to a competitor. If direct costs are incurred when providing a product or service (as is usually the case), and if there is a delay between producing and supplying goods and receiving payment for them, additional working capital may be need to be obtained from external sources. | sdg8 |
Abstract The colonial and postcolonial realities of international law have been obscured by the analytical frameworks that governed traditional scholarship on the subject. This article sketches out a history of the evolution of international law that focuses in particular on the manner in which imperialism shaped the discipline. It argues that colonialism, rather than being a peripheral concern of the discipline, is central to the formation of international law and, in particular, its founding concept, sovereignty. It argues that international law has always been animated by the civilising mission, the project of governing and transforming non-European peoples, and that the current war on terror is an extension of this project. | sdg16 |
If the latter are already difficult to determine for marketed goods, the intrinsic complexity of external costs prevents the establishment of social welfare functions adopting a broader notion of welfare. To a large extent social costs are external, i.e. not internalised, precisely because no well-defined utility functions exist. Discussion quickly shows that any framework based solely on static optimisation will run into internal contradictions. | sdg7 |
Future work will need to deepen the analysis of trade-related flows and flows of secondary raw materials, the way they interact with commodity prices and recycling markets, and and how they relate to natural and anthropogenic resource stocks, to supply security and to innovation. Future work will also need to explore the environmental impacts and costs of natural resource use, and the economic and environmental opportunities provided by improved resource productivity. This should include impacts from resources that have been traded, possibly including indirect effects in terms of natural resource use, pollution and waste induced by countries’ demand for traded raw materials and products. | sdg12 |
As part of a culture of improving health system transparency, Australia has created the “MyHospitals” website that provides public and private hospital-level data on a range of indicators ranging from emergency department waiting times to rates of infection. Measures of performance of primary care are published on the “MyHealthyCommunities” website, which provides local-level data on a range of primary care and population health perfonnance indicators. The National Health Perfonnance Authority (NHPA) is responsible for the analysis and content of these two websites. With more than a quarter of people aged 15 and over obese, Australia is the fifth most obese country in the OECD. | sdg3 |
The time is now and I'm very much committed to working with world leaders".90 The question remained as to how he would engage those leaders, while also building partnerships with civil society and business leaders to generate the critical mass necessary to tip the scales towards a successful outcome in 2015. He decided to hold another in September 2014, but this time, realizing how critical the multi-stakeholder approach was, he resolved to give business and civil society a seat at the table. The Climate Summit in September 2014 thus brought together over loo Heads of State and Government and 800 leaders from business and civil society. | sdg13 |
The text describes the main progress in depicting the LGBTI topic in the Inter-American area. It begins with the analysis of some conceptual issues that are crossed to the topic and discuss the importance of including political commitments and statements in the resolutions adopted by the General Assembly of OAS (Organization of American States) related to the LGTBI community protection. Even though, a few cases have gone to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, some landmark cases have deserved the Inter-American Court of Human Rights opinion. This produces an interesting case law on the matter. Finally, the text covers the latest Inter-American Convention on human rights adopted by the General Assembly of OAS in 2013, which includes the LGBTI community. That Conventionconstitutes the first regional treaty in force on the matter. | sdg16 |
The banking structure in India is very concentrated between Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI) and the State Bank of India (SBI). Smaller banks (such as YES Bank - a niche bank with among other things very specific programmes for energy efficiency) are finding it difficult to penetrate the market.20 Sathaye et al. ( Potential investors in India face important regulatory hurdles and other constraints that make it difficult to attract foreign direct investments (FDI). | sdg7 |
Such evidence has driven policy makers to design an early intervention and re-think their education spending patterns to gain “value for money”. At the same time, research emphasises that the benefits from early interventions are conditional on the level of “quality” of ECEC that children experience. Starting Strong III: A Quality Toolbox for Early Childhood Education and Care has identified five policy levers that can encourage quality in ECEC, having positive effects on early child development and learning. | sdg4 |
Approaches to participatory and gender-responsive budgeting offer prospects for gender-responsive decisions in funding allocation decisions and for ensuring accountability for tracking and reporting on gender-specific financing benchmarks. International human rights frameworks offer important standards for holding states accountable. However, to achieve sustainable development with gender equality at its centre, women’s rights need to be brought far more fully into policy frameworks. Global efforts to integrate gender equality and sustainable development thus far have been mixed, ranging from “exclusion to nominal inclusion" (Cela, Dankelman and Stern, 2013). | sdg5 |
The term ‘sovereignty’ figures prominently in international affairs and academic analysis. But does ‘sovereignty’ mean the same thing in different countries and political cultures? In this article, we examine conceptions of sovereignty as they appear in the writings of US scholars of international law and those international relations scholars who deal with international law, in order to obtain a clearer picture of what ‘sovereignty’ means in American academic discourse. At first glance, the US literature is dominated by two distinct conceptions of sovereignty: (1) a statist conception that privileges the territorial integrity and political independence of governments regardless of their democratic or undemocratic character, (2) a popular conception that privileges the rights of peoples rather than governments, especially when widespread human rights violations are committed by a totalitarian regime. On closer examination, what seem to be two conceptions are in fact different manifestations of a single, u... | sdg16 |
A first dialogue event took place early January 2010 and brought together different ministries and public agencies with representatives of the private sector to discuss a first draft assessment based on the checklist and to identify possible ways forward. More experience and institution-strengthening measures are needed to expand PPP capacity so that it can make a real contribution to meeting the region’s growing urban water service needs. This is in light of its semi-arid geography and socioeconomic characteristics, including low income, heavy reliance on agriculture, and dispersed population in the rural areas. In contrast to the generally high level of centralisation of other administrative functions, water management is relatively decentralised and key functions are allocated to specialised organisations. | sdg6 |
Similarly, early marriage and motherhood may have detrimental effects on several outcomes in early adulthood (e.g. human capital accumulation, earnings, health) of both the mother and the children, and be a cause of socio-economic disadvantages transmitted across generations. Children of teenage mothers suffer as young adults in terms of lower educational attainment, an increased risk of disruptive behaviour, a higher risk of economic inactivity and of becoming a teenage mother themselves (D’Onofrio et al., This may be a result of childhood family structure, the lower standard of living experienced by many teenage mothers, in addition to the often poorer earning partners that they pair with (Francesconi, 2008). | sdg5 |
Such a desired shift would also be particularly important for limiting the pressure on the collection of teresken (Ceratoides papposa) dwarf shrubs in the eastern part of Tajikistan, for use as either fuel or forage. Intensive teresken collection, combined with extensive livestock herding, has reportedly led to the species’ disappearance in some regions of the Pamir mountain range. The majority of the rural population (up to 70 per cent, or some 5-6 million inhabitants) still relies on firewood as the main and most available fuel. | sdg15 |
There is no single agreed method for calculating a product’s embedded carbon, and the differing assumptions used in terms of the scope and boundary of the life cycle assessment can yield dramatically different results for the same goods. Furthermore, data availability, reliability and compatibility are critical problems, gathering reliable data at producer level for agricultural products is particularly difficult. As a result, the variety of PCF labelling schemes used by different private retailers are a concern. These were food labels that calculated embodied carbon in only a limited portion of the life cycle: transport to market. The result was to penalise foreign producers on the basis of distance to market, and in particular to penalise airfreighted out-of-season food imports. The schemes were poorly conceived. | sdg13 |
ABSTRACTThis paper starts from the premise that embodied knowledge is critical to understanding health policy implementation. We explore this notion through a qualitative investigation of the way that knowledge has functioned in the implementation of an Australian mental health policy, Partners in Recovery (PIR). Analysis uses the theoretical lens of interpretive policy analysis and the ‘embodied, inscribed, enacted’ knowledge schema developed by Freeman and Sturdy [(2014a). Introduction: Knowledge in policy – embodied, inscribed, enacted. In R. Freeman & S. Sturdy (Eds.), Knowledge in policy: Embodied, inscribed, enacted (pp. 1–19). Bristol: Policy Press]. Our analysis reveals a policy problem centred around difficulties of coordination where the inscribed solution lies in individuals who must implement the PIR program in local areas. Our interviews with PIR consortium members and stakeholders show that this implementation happens through the enactment of embodied knowledge. However this implementation i... | sdg16 |
The lower bound accounts for activities targeting climate change as the “principal” objective, the upper bound accounts for efforts to mainstream climate change into ongoing activities as well as “principal” activities. Two-year averages, 2014 data are provisional. Reporting on the mitigation marker became mandatory in 2007, and the adaptation marker was introduced only in 2010, thus data on earlier years is under-estimated. | sdg13 |
The agenda also mandated ‘social audits’ involving beneficiaries and gave non-government organisations and other watchdogs the authority to summon officials and obtain records under the Right to Information Act enacted around the same time. It was introduced in 2008-2009 in Bangladesh as the Employment Generation Programme for Hard-Core Poor (initially called the Employment Generation Programme). It applies to rural areas of the country, with priority given to 81 highly poverty-prone upazillas (sub-districts). | sdg1 |
In this case there are two elements to be considered. First, people have internalized the idea that material aspirations are met by well-paid, stable and protected jobs. On this logic, those who are unemployed or uncertainly employed face barriers to social integration and the affirmation of their identities and self-esteem (Kaztman, 2010). At the same time, these people might experience a gap between aspirations and expectations, resulting in reduced subjective well-being (ECLAC, 2007). | sdg1 |
Employment legislation in universities falls within the remit of the federal government even for state universities which are still funded at the federal level. The consequence is that often academics are only offered an acknowledgement as co-workers for a project. An alternative model considered in the incubator in the state university of Morelos is for a university to pay the teachers to incubate innovation-based projects to provide incentives for academics to get involved in translate ideas from the universities into profitable businesses as part of developing an entrepreneurial culture. | sdg8 |
They can help raise public awareness of energy consumption and the benefits of energy efficiency (both environmental and financial) and how to implement these measures. These campaigns could help citizens by informing them of the possible energy-saving actions and their benefits. In urban areas with a higher level of awareness of such issues, citizens may need more assistance to help choose technical solutions, find companies to do the work, and determine what financial options they have. | sdg11 |
In any circumstances this book would be one of the best works on European Union health policy and law, and a notable contribution to research on law and society or the European Union in general In the circumstances of COVID-19 it is also one of the most important Anniek de Ruijter's book is almost the only work of law or social science scholarship to explain European Union communicable disease control policy and politics That makes the book necessary reading for those interested in learning what the European Union did and might do in public health during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, or why it was so seemingly invisible early in the pandemic | sdg16 |
Given the requests from emergency responders, the humanitarian community and the clients of telecommunications firms to play an increasing role in disaster response, it has never been more pressing for the mobile operators to help change the face of disaster response. Following tsunamis in 2004 and 2011, scientists have increased global cooperation by refining ways to measure waves and to convert these measurements into meaningful forecasts for shore. This model is used in the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and Indian Ocean, but is also being considered for use in the Mediterranean Sea. | sdg13 |
In the case of adaptation, the Plan calls for achievement of nine specific goals, ranging from management of heat and improvement of cooling capacities to monitoring of air quality with the engagement of multiple stakeholders. In this regard, the Plan also calls for the introduction of new ideas and anticipates that new knowledge derived from research on how to eliminate urban heat islands will lead to new initiatives. The city uses satellite imagery to identify hotspots and targets for policy interventions and has also identified the link connecting heat, respiratory illnesses and smog. With regard to smog, the Climate Action Plan calls for lower emissions from power plants and the modes of transportation that cause it. Progress is continuously monitored against goals and the results of such monitoring will inform the possible changes to be made to goals, targets and indicators. | sdg13 |
Not surprisingly, most of the research has been carried out in those countries with high numbers of women in parliament. There is also some support for the idea that women can impact on the nature of the institution itself once they have a critical mass. Karam and Lovenduski (1998) note that women in Scandinavian legislatures at the national and local levels have influenced the nature of politics in a number of ways, including a greater prioritisation of family obligations and more accessible laws and debates'. | sdg5 |
The project, launched in November 2006, brings together Moldsilva and 265 communities with a total investment of $21.7 million over the period 2006-2035. ( The plan is to halt land degradation by creating permanent forest cover, whilst providing local communities with sustainable and long-term income opportunities. Land abandonment and degradation followed, aggravated over the last twenty years by slash and burn clearing for grazing and small-scale crop cultivation, deforestation of wind-breaks and illegal waste dumping leading to pollution. | sdg15 |
Permanent advisory councils are established both at national and regional levels. The Inspection for Environmental Protection monitors and provides information on the state of the water resources. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development is responsible for surface waters regarded as especially important for agriculture, the Ministry of Infrastructure for navigation, the Ministry of the Interior and Administration for natural disaster response, and the Ministry of Health for drinking and bathing waters. Permits for water use are issued at the voivodship and local levels. | sdg6 |
In 2003, temporary disability benefits and family and maternity payments made up more than 80% of all spending on non-pension related social cash transfers. In 2007, this was about one/third. By then, other non-pension related cash transfers (including the cashed out service payments) accounted for over 60% of spending (Figure 3.A 1.1). The RLMS is a panel data set for the 1994-2009 period and can be used for this purpose provided estimation techniques address the high attrition rates (Box 3.1). | sdg1 |
Data refer to 2009 for Switzerland. Over the past ten years, female smoking has declined in most OECD countries, often at a faster pace than rates for men. However, female smoking rates have shown little or no decline since 2000 in the Czech Republic, France and Italy (OECD, 2013d). However, this is not the case in all countries. Male obesity rates have also been growing faster than female rates in most OECD countries, with the exception of Denmark, Canada and Italy (OECD, 2010b). The overall prevalence of mental disorders is about the same among men and women, although depression is more common among women, and substance abuse disorders among men (OECD, 2008). | sdg5 |
The city should also implement measures for decreasing motor traffic and controlling tourism pressures. A set of indicators for urban and architectural heritage components needs to be established. In order to maintain the World Heritage status, George Town needs to protect its “outstanding universal values” (OUV) including the trading settlements at the crossroads of civilisations, historic towns paces with a range of shop houses and townhouses and the hubs of living multicultural heritage. | sdg4 |
Access to water is thus an initial condition for economic and social development for individuals and households, as well as the places where these groups live and develop. This progress is due to the implementation of policy frameworks, guidelines and programmes to promote provision of water and sanitation services. The region is doing well on this front compared to other regions, and if the prevailing trends continue, the continent will reach its target on sanitation by 2015. | sdg6 |
Nevertheless, one can draw from 2003 and 2006 samples to find good matches and construct reference groups for students tested in 2000. We match using propensity' score P2000 = P(T=200Q\X), reflecting the propensity to be in the PISA 2000 sample. Two propensity scores must be estimated: one measuring a propensity of being in a vocational school in 2000 for students tested in 2003 or 2006, and a second for being in a general (or mixed vocational-general) school in 2000 for students tested in 2003 or 2006. | sdg4 |
Some 25 proposals were received, many of which related to software applications for microenterprises and for the management of personal finances. The four most promising ones in terms of marketing were given financial, technical and project management support over a period of six months to help in the implementation of software prototypes. The winners were presented at the AFRICOMM conference in South Africa. Some students were also offered company internships. However, in line with the market-oriented, applied research approach promoted by Fraunhofer Portugal AICOS, several industrial partners were engaged. | sdg9 |
Since April 2013, NHS England has commissioned health services for all prisoners in England. Following two challenges under the Human Rights Act in 2006 and 2010, prisoners are entitled to receive the same NHS healthcare treatments as non-prisoners - known as “equivalence of care”. The Health and Social Care Act 2012 abolished PCTs and transferred offender health budgets to NHS England from the beginning of April 2013. | sdg3 |
The effect is assumed to be negative and diminishes as older children do not require so much attention and enrol into education system, eventually freeing women’s disposable time. Moreover, older children in developing countries can sometimes take care of their younger siblings and can therefore have positive impact on labour force participation of women in the household. Education of the household head is included to capture the welfare status of the household, i.e. wealth or income additional to total wage earnings. | sdg5 |
It can be defined as “the implementation of a new' or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new' marketing method, or a new' organisational method” (OECD, 2007, p. 46). Innovation can be new1 to the world, a market, a sector - or to an organisation such as an enterprise or a school. In addition to radical, new'-to-the-vvorld inventions such as the Internet, the concept of innovation includes also incremental adaptation and gradual adoption in different contexts. | sdg4 |
In about a four-day time span, a record high rainfall occurred. More than 200 mm of rain was recorded in a week, equivalent to the average rainfall over a period of three months in the region. The increased flow of groundwater resulted in widespread landslides, leading as well to the destruction of houses, roads and agricultural land. | sdg6 |
This could be achieved through natural resource sustainability, updating the regulatory framework to protect the sector's interests abroad, the integration of productive chains, the continued support for innovative projects throughout the country, and encouraging regional development by promoting small-scale projects within the rural sector. National production in recent years has remained constant with a slight upward trend mainly because of growth in aquaculture production. Major species include shrimp, clams, crab and tuna. ( The main destinations of Mexican fish products exports included the United States, Hong Kong and Spain. Exports included species such as shrimp, tuna, lobster, octopus and sardine. ( | sdg14 |
Critics worry that projects that make significant improvements to non-motorised trips compare poorly with those that cut travel time on motorised transport. This is due to the conventional approach to CBA that relies on travel time savings as a proxy for most of the benefits associated with transport investment. This traditional focus on travel time savings often leads to prioritisation of schemes that are misaligned with increased sustainable mobility goals. | sdg11 |
Please do your best to tell the world what is happening to us, the children so that other children don’t have to pass through this violence.’ Amnesty International Report, September 1997. It has been stated that the girl was taken to the man’s house by her mother and grandmother to become Otenya’s wife. | sdg5 |
The ongoing erosion of human capital in Israel and the Galilee poses a challenge for sustainable development. If significant changes are not made in the human capital development system, by 2020 a significant number of new workers will enter the labour force without relevant skills which limits their contribution to economic development. Israel will need to raise the level of educational attainment across different population groups in the Galilee. In order to help adjustments to changes in the labour market it will need to enhance the flexibility of the population through skills diversification, vocational training and enhanced access to Life Long Learning opportunities. | sdg4 |
The rise of digital information communication technology has major implications for how states wield coercive power beyond their territorial borders through the extraterritorial geographies of data flows. In examining the geopolitics of data, transnational surveillance, and jurisdiction, this collection makes a significant contribution to the field of global internet governance. It shows how the internet is a forum for geopolitical struggle with states weaponising jurisdiction and exerting power beyond their own borders directly, and via infrastructures owned and operated by transnational technology companies. These dynamics challenge existing conceptual and theoretical categories of contemporary law across the fields of international relations, criminology, and digital media, and raise urgent questions about if and how individual rights can be protected in an era of ubiquitous transnational surveillance conducted by private companies and governments alike. | sdg16 |
Given Viet Nam's Green Growth Strategy it is very likely that further steps will follow when perceived adequate. Announcing policies in advance of their implementation, or introducing a tax at a low rate and increasing it year-on-year can give business and individual consumers time to adjust to a new measure. Indeed, the "announcement effect" may generate environmental improvement even before such policies are implemented (OECD, 2006). | sdg7 |
These indicate that commodity sectors feature prominently in these countries’ climate change mitigation and adaption commitments. Although CDDCs as a group have contributed only modestly to climate change, and notwithstanding their heterogeneity, they have pledged to contribute to global efforts to mitigate climate change. | sdg13 |
Israel’s primary school system consists of 800 000 students in 2 200 schools. At the end of their primary education, students move on to the secondary education system, which is divided into junior and senior high schools. In 2007, enrolment in the secondary education comprised 610 000 students in 1 588 schools, from grade 7-12. Those on a track to academically-oriented studies were placed in “grammar schools.” | sdg4 |
Broadly, innovative activity needs to become a pervasive part of production enterprises of all kinds in all parts of the economy. For this to happen, far-reaching changes will have be made in the range of stakeholders addressed by STI policy, especially in the business sector, and in the modalities of support offered to them. While many of these issues persist, some are being overcome. This has underpinned good macroeconomic performance driven by a boost in mineral exports and associated investment. | sdg9 |
Strong growth in ICT infrastructure, connectivity, access and use promise great development opportunities but the full potential of the Internet remains untapped, as over half the world's population remains offline. Unless policy-makers address infrastructure, affordability but also broader socio-economic challenges outside the ICT ecosystem, the Internet is liable to reinforce existing inequalities, instead of addressing them. This chapter analyses progress but also the gaps that exist in developing countries—and in particular the least developed countries—in terms of infrastructure, connectivity and quality of service, particularly for mobile and fixed-broadband Internet. It addresses some key connectivity bottlenecks and points to recommendations to overcome these. | sdg9 |
Farmers who do not pick up the phone are automatically called again three times. Radio is much more accessible to women, and they can listen to it in their own language, often while doing chores. Even if radio is a more traditional media, it still needs to be used with caution if it is to contribute to gender equality. | sdg5 |
The modern definitions of the inchoate offences are well known in the criminal law since the Middle Ages both in European-Continent legal systems and in the English Common Law. They were mostly developed by the case-laws of the Star Chamber Court, which was abolished in 1640. The inchoate offences include three basic offences: Attempt, Conspiracy and Solicitation, but different legal systems defined some other offences as inchoate, such as the Aider and Abettor in Britain after the full validation of the Serious Crimes Act, 2007, c.27, s.44. In this paper it is argued, that there is a very intensive interaction between the fight against terrorism and inchoate offences. The fight against terrorism effects the definition of inchoate offences, and inchoate offences are used as a major instrument of criminal law in the legal fight against terrorism. | sdg16 |
This type of institution can promote co-ordination and coherence in policy development and facilitate implementation, particularly within portfolio areas. In the MENA region, these institutions most often are located outside of the executive branch of government, but have an opportunity to submit proposals for consideration by the head of government or the state. In some cases, these institutions include non-govemmental members to represent the broader society. For example, in Egypt, the National Council for Women is mandated to propose policies to government institutions aimed at enhancing the status of women and their participation in the sustainable development of the society. | sdg5 |
A new managerial language of modernization has accompanied political restructuring of the National Health Service. Corporate goals of efficiency and audit have been integrated with the ideological manifesto of New Labour in stressing citizenship, inclusion and empowerment. Drawing on the theoretical insights of anthropology and sociology, this article critically reviews the relationship between health policy, organizational culture and nursing practise through an exploration of language in terms of "rhetoric", "jargon" and "metaphor". It is suggested that beyond the bewildering vocabulary of "buzz words" is a fundamental contradiction between the ethic of caring and the expectations of Government. Finally thought is given to the role of professional education and training where intellectual engagement with the ritual categories of "newspeak" is a subversive act. | sdg16 |
This support should target the major barriers companies face in pursuing green growth in developing countries. There is also clear recognition across the development co-operation community of the central position private sector actors can play in supporting the implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) - as drivers of green growth in developing countries, promoters of green supply chains, as a source of investment in low-carbon, climate-resilient infrastructure, and as leaders in innovation in clean technologies and resource efficiency. In recognition of this, the OECD Development Assistance Committee is looking at the lessons learned and best practice experiences from efforts to engage the private sector for development outcomes, more broadly, and in relation to green growth and climate change, in particular (OECD, 2016a). | sdg13 |
It enhances girls’ social status, increases their bargaining power within marriage, increases their use of health services and enhances the health and survival of their children. Evidence also suggests that rights-based and gender-sensitive comprehensive sexuality education programmes can lead to greater gender equality. The Commission on Population and Development, in its resolutions 2009/1 and 2012/1, called on Governments to provide young people with comprehensive education on human sexuality, sexual and reproductive health, and gender equality to enable them to deal positively and responsibly with their sexuality. | sdg5 |
The article shows how the 2006 discovery of significant deposits of diamonds in eastern Zimbabwe transformed the minerals sector and its nascent regional business networks, with significant political implications. It argues that diamond revenues have been used to prop up the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) party and maintain its hold on the state and dominance in the Government of National Unity. Internal battles over control of and access to diamonds posed a direct challenge to the viability of the new, ‘power-sharing’ unity government and prospects for a democratic transition in Zimbabwe. Because profits from mining are benefiting security forces and factions of the ZANU-PF elite, Zimbabwe's diamonds have cemented political corruption, further marginalised the two opposition parties, and may have guaranteed election victory for ZANU-PF in the country's next election. | sdg16 |
Subsets and Splits