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Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, Vol. Jahrhunderts” (Social exclusion of people with mental disorders. Balance and outlook of community psychiatry at the beginning of the 21st century), Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie, Vol. Repper (2000), “Employment, Social Inclusion and Mental Health”, Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Vol. | sdg3 |
Two separate appeals to the Supreme Court from the High Court of Justiciary in Scotland relating to whether the failure of the prosecution to disclose certain information about prosecution witnesses amounted to unfair proceedings contrary to Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. | sdg16 |
Emergency services need to provide care even if annual quotas for specific services are already filled, for example, so the number of such cases can provide some indication of whether quotas are appropriately set. The origin and ultimate destination of patients can also provide an indication of whether capacity in various levels of care is adequate, both in terms of access and quality of care. In 2013, there were 3.1 practicing doctors per 1 000 population, close to the OECD average of 3.2, and a slight increase from 2000 when there were 2.9 practicing doctors per 1 000 population in Latvia. | sdg3 |
Convergence in intensity of labour market participation: this scenario accounts for the difference in usual working hours between the genders and assumes that the male participation rate remains constant at its 2010 level, while the female full-time equivalent participation rate (see notes to Figure 1.2) increases to equal the full-time equivalent rate for men by 2030. Educational attainment is expressed as years of schooling completed (Barro and Lee, 2010), which, however is a weak proxy of the progress in the quality of educational attainment as measured by the OECD Education Database. Nevertheless, even with this minimum-level indicator, the importance of greater gender balance in educational attainment is confirmed. This remarkable transformation is related, among other things, to the introduction in the 1960s of a sharp policy focus on investment in education and family-planning policies to curb birth rates, which fell from six children per woman in 1960 to 1.15 in 2009. | sdg5 |
It begins with an overview of rural policies in Poland, including how they have evolved in recent decades and the types of actors at the national, regional and local/community scales. Next, the programmes that support economic diversification are examined, followed by land use and environmental policies and programmes for rural infrastructure development. Finally, programmes for service delivery in rural areas are discussed. | sdg9 |
This chapter discusses women’s employment in the public sector in OECD and partner countries, based on empirical evidence from the 2011 OECD Survey on Gender in Public Employment and OECD research. Specifically, it highlights employment and occupational patterns of women in the public sector, their contractual arrangements and their average earnings as compared to men. The influence of the economic downturn on gender equality in the public sector is also explored. Despite notable progress, women remain overrepresented in lower pay and part-time jobs and tend to experience more frequent career breaks, which may lead to lower pay positions and fewer career development opportunities. To respond to the highlighted challenges, the chapter identifies a set of good practices and actionable policy recommendations, such as equality acts, gender diversity targets and quotas, family friendly policies and training programmes, in the public service. Finally the chapter emphasises the importance of collecting good quality gender disaggregated data for developing soundpolicy solutions and outlines key policy recommendations for governments to enable equal access to opportunities in the public sector, reduce the pay gap and improve working conditions. | sdg5 |
This article revisits the literature on Congress’s ability to control the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. It finds evidence that the well-known references in Article III to “exceptions” and “regulations” were legal terms of art in pre-1789 British law. An examination of the case law demonstrates that English and Scottish supreme courts always retained a certain quantum of supervisory jurisdiction over inferior courts, even when Parliament made an “exception” or “exemption” (a synonymous term) to the supreme court’s appellate jurisdiction. This quantum of supervisory jurisdiction extended not only to the power to enforce adherence to the supreme court’s prior precedents, but also to the power to resolve differences of opinions among courts as to statutory interpretations (something we often now encounter in the context of “circuit splits”) and to correct obvious misinterpretations of the law and fundamental denials of due process rights. | sdg16 |
Hence, ecological distinctions among the zones are somewhat blurred across the transitions. The abundance and biomass of organisms generally varies among these layers from a maximum near the surface, decreasing through the lower layers, but increasing somewhat near the seabed. Although abundances are low, because there is such a huge volume, even species that are rarely encountered may have very large total populations. | sdg14 |
Social integration is essential for the entire population to participate in the development process, otherwise the demographic bonus will be lost. As a result of a failure to plan well for integration, once the demographic dividend ends a country faces the burden of an ageing population in a situation of weak social and economic development. With the dependency burden on working-age adults increasing, the focus needs to shift towards increasing labour force participation by providing training and more job opportunities for women, persons with disabilities and older persons. Social integration issues can and do coexist with high per capita incomes and an absence of poverty. | sdg1 |
The sole purpose of this action was to prevent the sale of generic versions and of parallel imports of the capsule formulation 499 The EGC upheld an earlier decision by the EU Commission, considering that the withdrawal of regulatory approval for the capsule version of the drug constituted an abuse of the company’s dominant position in the market for anti-ulcer treatments. The EGC stressed that, while a dominant undertaking is under no obligation to protect the interests of competitors, this cannot “justify recourse to practices falling outside the scope of competition on the merits. The withdrawal would not have been abusive if there had been some objective reason why such a withdrawal was necessary to improve the competitiveness of the company’s own products. | sdg3 |
India is however catching up at great speed, as illustrated in the next case study which analyses the impact of indirect training and capacity building on the Indian banking sector. To unlock this potential, the government designed a programme of cluster financing to increase the financing capacity of SMEs without specifically targeting energy efficiency. The mechanism helps aggregate similar types of financing requests and presents them to the banker as a single bundled project. Figure 10 illustrates the mechanism. | sdg7 |
The models that are used as part of such a national ecosystem assessment do not provide methodologies for monitoring substances or pollution harmful to biodiversity, but the NEA is suited for incorporating this into its models. It can to a certain extent act as an early warning system as a core component of it is future scenario building which allow identifying potential future problems. A natural capital asset check is being developed that is being specifically designed to flag up risks to natural capital - so this component will be even further strengthened. The current work also includes clarifying the link between biodiversity/nature and the economy. | sdg15 |
Collaboration over domestic work (for girls) or maintaining the home (for boys) is a vehicle through which parents ascribe value to adolescents, model appropriate behaviour and include them in social reproduction in ways that are consistent with the aspirations of parenting captured in the WHO's five dimensions. Adolescents are proud of their participation in the running of the family and prioritise their "right to help in the home" as well as engage in family activities (Bray, 2012,Thorpe, 2005). For reasons we go on to explain, the pressures and motivations around work influence the notion of 'good parenting' in this region, differing from those commonly expected or assessed using standard measures. Poverty plus additional vulnerability due to HIV, including orphanhood and family dispersal, lies behind adolescent engagement in commercial sex work (Nyambedha, 2007), while transactional sex in the community is commonplace across poor neighbourhoods (Juma et al., 2013).Young people's reliance on these informal and often exploitative relationships increases where lone mothers, or small families, cannot meet material needs or connect adolescents to genuine alternative routes towards upward social mobility (Ngugi et al., | sdg5 |
The registrations were restricted to 1) physical features and indicators of the supply of goods related to the recreational use of the forest (i.e. hiking trails, camping facilities, fireplaces and other recreational facilities) and 2) the effects of the recreational use (i.e. littering or vandalism on trees) (Jensen etai 2008, Johannsen etai. The indicators included are presented in Table 1. Based on the experiences gathered during the trial inventory some features of the sampling scheme were changed in the subsequent permanent sampling scheme. | sdg15 |
Patent data is a unique source of information as it can contribute to assess innovation and the technological performance across countries. Data on firms’ innovation activities are collected through innovation surveys. These surveys can capture firms’ motives, obstacles and types of innovation in which they are engaged. | sdg9 |
Co-location of software skills and enterprises can spur innovation and cross-fertilization between enterprises and the developer community. Facilitating the creation of informal networks can also facilitate transfers of tacit knowledge among software producers and users. When designing a national software strategy, Governments should take into account the tendency among software enterprises and developers to cluster into certain locations. | sdg9 |
For their part, patents are an indicator of invention rather than innovation since not all patents are commercialised, and some types of technology are not patentable. The number and citation impact of scientific publications, or bibliometrics, is another output indicator which also has well-known limitations. This will require linking existing data sources and making better use of internationally comparable data at the firm, individual and organisation level. It will require the collection of additional material, as well as better understanding of currently unmeasured factors in the innovation process. | sdg9 |
It should be noted that as the demand for more processed food increases i.e. ready-made meals food waste will in general be shifted from households to the food production industry. A generally accepted methodology should be laid down first and followed by the developers of this indicator in order to increase confidence in its use. Data on the production of food products (in kg) exist in Eurostat. | sdg12 |
In terms of forest age structure, the recent Multi-Purpose National Forest Inventory has shown that the major part of the Mongolian boreal forest is overmature, with 74.07 per cent of forest stands classified as mature or overmature, 14.16 per cent classified as submature, 11.29 per cent classified as middle aged and 0.48 per cent classified as young. As for the saxaul forest, 34.95 per cent is overmature, 51.82 per cent is mature, 11.55 per cent is reaching maturity, 1.28 per cent is middle aged and 0.4 per cent is young. Consequently, forests are not only less productive but also more prone to fires and pest attacks and are less resilient to climate change. The result is forest degradation and, ultimately, deforestation. | sdg15 |
Incomes obtained from rented properties are also included. Similarly, allowances related to the family and children, housing allowances, regular inter-household cash transfers received, interests, dividends, profit from capital investments in unincorporated business, and income received by people aged under 16 - all are incorporated into income. The income is net of interest paid on mortgage, regular taxes on wealth owned, regular inter-household cash transfers paid, and tax on income and social insurance contributions. | sdg1 |
A decreasing block system is used to charge for surface water abstraction, whose charges are lower than for groundwater. Starting in mid-2008, water supply and sanitation service providers are obliged to include abstraction charges in the retail tariffs dependent on the actual use and the type of user. The provincial licence fees for water are related to the cost of administering the licensing programme. | sdg6 |
Women may also, in such circumstances, elect to bow out of social reproduction by putting off or avoiding childrearing. Such a result is evidence of the low road case. Looking to the results of Figure 2-1C, however, we see a number of countries in this group (France, Germany, Italy and Spain) characterized as having strong caring spirits. | sdg5 |
These factors are considered malleable. Indicators are descriptive, and should provide information about the unit of interest (e.g. the system) in terms of central tendency (e.g. mean or median), the precision of the estimate (e.g. the standard error) and the variability (e.g. the standard deviation) of the value of the indicator within the unit of interest. However, descriptive information about ECEC systems, pedagogical and professional practices, and learning and well-being environments becomes even more useful when data from one system can be compared with data from other systems, or over time. | sdg4 |
The increasing work intensity of women was also associated with lower income inequality in some - but not all - countries. On the other hand, the rising share of households with women in high-skilled occupations generally increased income inequality, but the effect was more modest. Taken together, the overall effect of changes in the labour market for women was therefore to make the income distribution more equal by reducing the Gini by 2 points, especially when not only compositional but also related wage structure effects are taken into account. | sdg5 |
It compels political parties to ensure gender parity when they nominate candidates in federal and local congressional elections and that they alternate male and female names on their lists of candidates. The move was a critical improvement on the previous constitutional requirement that at least 40% of deputies in the Assembly should be of the same sex (OECD, 2017b). However, between 2013 and 2016, no further countries joined the 10 that reported practicing legislative quotas, although France did embrace them in 2013 at the subnational level. | sdg5 |
This downward trend is very similar to that followed by industrial tariffs, and reflects the unilateral undertakings by Indonesia described above. The high tariff rates applied to alcoholic beverages and spirits contribute significantly to the overall agricultural average. Excluding alcoholic beverages and spirits results in an average MFN agricultural tariff of 5.3% in 2010, below the average MFN tariff for industrial products. | sdg2 |
The country’s largest mining companies, including state-owned CODELCO (the world’s largest single producer of copper), apply internationally certified systems or their own systems of corporate environmental management. Large mining companies have engaged in voluntary Clean Production Agreements (Acuerdos de Produccion Limpia, APLs), which cover mine closure, efficient use of energy and water, sewage and waste management, and acid water drainage. Particulate emissions need to be further reduced and water use efficiency increased in the sector. Mining competes with agriculture and human consumption for increasingly scarce water resources. Many abandoned tailing dams in Chile are in deficient/unsatisfactory condition, and much mining wastewater from large companies remains untreated. | sdg6 |
The education system delivers more equitable outcomes than the systems of most other OECD countries, as indicated by a smaller impact of pupils’ socioeconomic background and area of residence (rural versus urban) on PISA scores (white shaded area). This is also reflected in relatively high inter-generational social mobility: the impact of parental earnings on the earnings of their offspring is relatively small. However, intra-generational mobility is relatively low: both the probability of remaining poor once fallen into poverty (indicator on poverty mobility) and the probability of staying in a given income quintile (indicator on income mobility) are high compared with other OECD countries. This does not seem to be driven by difficulties in re-entering the labour market after a spell of unemployment, as the share of long-term unemployed (defined here as those who are unemployed for more than one year) is somewhat lower than in other countries. | sdg10 |
A common response to integrating adaption into climate change planning in many countries has been to invest in hard infrastructure (e.g. seawalls and dams) (Munroe et al., This can have negative impacts on biodiversity, resulting in changes in species composition, abundance and diversity, and the functioning of ecosystems (Airoldi et al., Safeguards can be an effective risk management policy - they ensure that environmental and social issues are evaluated in decision making, reduce the risks, and provide a mechanism for consultation and disclosure of information (Moss et al., Potential risks to biodiversity of REDD+ activities include: i) the conversion of natural forests to plantations or other uses with lower biodiversity value, ii) the displacement of deforestation and forest degradation to areas of lower carbon value and high biodiversity value, iii) increased pressure on non-forest ecosystems with high biodiversity value, and iv) afforestation of non-forested areas of high biodiversity value. | sdg15 |
The analysis suggests that an improvement in child health significantly lowers the age for starting school, increases the grade reached, and decreases grade repetition at the early stage of schooling. Using the 1993 PSLSD data, the authors find a reduction in working hours of members of working age when another member of the household reaches pensionable age. The reduction is greater when the older person is a woman. | sdg10 |
The World Health Organization reported that the practice was linked to increased complications in childbirth and maternal deaths as well as a range of other health problems (Feldman-Jacobs and Ryniak, 2006). Among the better known programmes is the Community Empowerment Programme implemented by Tostan, which originated in Senegal and has expanded to several other countries. Tostan mobilizes community and religious leaders to help change attitudes. | sdg5 |
In 2004, the public enterprise “Oskemen-Vodokanal” was transferred to trust management for 25 years to Almaty company IR-Group, LLP. During the tendering process, the rules of transfer of water supply facilities for lease and trust management were violated. Government expectations about enhance d efficiency and reliability of Ust-Kamenogorsk water supply and sewerage networks were disappointed. | sdg6 |
Other countries support 16 Days of Action from 25 November until 10 December, but campaigns can occur at any time of the year. In 1999, White Ribbon Day was officially adopted by the United Nations as its International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women. Today, the White Ribbon Campaign is the largest effort in the world (involving over 55 countries) that encourages men to condemn violence against women. | sdg5 |
Moreover, since the studied period of 2010-2013 covers the economic crisis and the ensuing spell of slow and uneven recovery, when median incomes stagnated or fell in many countries, fixing the poverty line in a pre-crisis survey year (2008) allows for a more consistent comparison of living conditions over time. Thus we keep the goal posts fixed rather than moving them around. Analysis of the longitudinal EU-SILC 2008-2011 includes all countries of the EU-27 except Germany, Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg, Romania and Sweden plus Iceland and Norway. | sdg1 |
To begin with, these incentives to private actors may turn out to have larger and more prolonged fiscal costs than anticipated, which would adversely affect public finances in any case. But more importantly, in reality, fiscal space and borrowing limits are not fixed, as revenues can be increased through various means and credit from the Central Bank can also play a role. This is important because public investment has the power to crowd in private investment, raising productivity, incomes and taxes. The successful historical experiences described in section B followed just such a trajectory. | sdg9 |
In Sierra Leone, the level rose from 10 percent in 2012 to 16percent in 2013 (IPU, 2015, UN Women, 2015). More women than men vote in Botswana, Cabo Verde, Lesotho, South Africa and Senegal, although overall rates for men seem to be about 5 per cent higher in all countries surveyed by Afrobarometer (Tripp, 2013). The increased presence of women in politics is contributing towards addressing deeply historical inequalities in the political systems of the Continent. Women's political participation and representation in governance have long been taken as key indicators of the general level of democracy in a country. | sdg5 |
Empirical analyses of domestic legal traditions in the social science literature demonstrate that common law states have better economic freedoms, stronger investor protection, more developed capital markets, and better property rights protection than states with civil law, Islamic law, or mixed legal traditions. This article expands upon the literature by examining the relationship between domestic legal traditions and human rights practices. The primary hypothesis is that common law states have better human rights practices on average than civil law, Islamic law, or mixed law states because the procedural features of common law such as the adversarial trial system, the reliance on oral argumentation, and stare decisis result in greater judicial independence and protection of individual rights in these legal systems. We also examine how the quality of a state’s legal system influences repression focusing on colonial legacy, judicial independence, and the rule of law. A global cross-national analysis of s... | sdg16 |
The reason is that species confined to small habitat patches tend to have small populations and therefore run a higher risk of going extinct. However, habitat reduction and fragmentation are two different processes that are difficult to separate. Fragmentation effects would be apparent if the abundance of involved species decrease faster than the decrease in habitat abundance. | sdg15 |
A petition against this proposal gathered 200 000 signatures. Critics felt the move would threaten the LP’s self-financing and the availability of funds supporting non-productive forest functions. Introduced in 1991 by the Forestry Tax Act, the property tax on forests was designed in a way similar to the property tax on farmland, introduced in 1984. | sdg15 |
Focusing on measuring what matters can help drive the achievement of results and monitor performance against the desired goals for gender equality. Gender indicators can aid in prioritising gender equality and making the case that gender issues should be taken seriously. They can enable better planning and actions by providing information to adjust programmes and activities for better impacts and by measuring gender mainstreaming within organisations. | sdg5 |
Only through the identification by cluster actors themselves and associated studies can more clear recommendations be addressed by the cluster members themselves or through public policy efforts. At the same time the 0resund Medicon Valley Academy (MVA) was created to coordinate, network and promote local research and business in the human life sciences in the region in order to improve knowledge exchange and innovation between the private and public sector and to make the region attractive to foreign stakeholders. In recent years the MVA has shifted its focus from academia towards business and today Medicon Valley is recognised as one of the most attractive bioregions in the world. | sdg7 |
In CRED (2015), total economic losses are defined as the estimated cost of damage to property (housing and infrastructure), crops and livestock. However, because of the distribution of risks and level of development, the greater economic losses relative to national income are observed in countries at lower levels of income. Current agricultural practices are a major contributor to environmental degradation through greenhouse gas emissions and poor management of land and water resources. At the same time, agriculture is highly sensitive to climate change. | sdg13 |
In 2014, nearly half of all African countries had reportedly achieved gender parity in primary' school enrolment (UNECA, 2015: para. Many countries have made huge strides towards gender parity in primary school education by legislating free and equal access to primary' education, implementing policies such as free school uniforms and meals to encourage girls’ attendance, and engaging in community initiatives around awareness-raising and mobilization. As a result, the gender gap in primary education has almost been closed in sub-Saharan Africa (figure 3.8). | sdg5 |
Do new media promote accountability in non-democratic countries, where offline media are often suppressed? We show that blog posts, which exposed corruption in Russian state-controlled companies, had a negative causal impact on their market returns. For identification, we exploit the precise timing of blog posts by looking at within-day results with company-day fixed effects. Furthermore, we show that the posts are ultimately associated with higher management turnover and less minority shareholder conflicts. Taken together, our results suggest that social media can discipline corruption even in a country with limited political competition and heavily censored traditional media. | sdg16 |
The integrated customs area forms part of the EurAsEC and is managed by the regulatory bodies of the EurAsEC. The decisions of the CU Commission were legally binding and effective in domestic law without the need for adoption of a special legislation. Among the principal areas under the competency of the CU are the classification of goods for foreign economic activity, import tariffs (changes in import customs duty rates, setting import tariff exemptions and tariff quotas, the system of tariff preferences, etc.), In the area of non-tariff regulation, the CU co-ordinates export and import licensing, develops common technical regulations, sanitary and phytosanitary regulations, and standards and conformity assessment systems. | sdg2 |
The section “Policy implementation gaps”, seeks to further develop the policy issues that are associated with the globalisation process in the harvesting sector. This follows from the fact that fleet measurement (length, tonnage, type of vessel, fishing gear used) can vary substantially and small vessels are often not registered. In addition, on a global scale, fleet statistics have been collected by the FAO but have not been updated for some time. Hence, in the following, careful interpretation of figures is required. Tables 2.1 and 2.2 provide an overview of the number and distribution of the world’s fleets and fishers. Asia accounts for upwards of 85% of all craft. | sdg14 |
For example, LEDS can provide information to better assess global climate change impacts and actions and how mitigation actions are expected to impact emission trajectories. Another important purpose of a LEDS could be to highlight gaps and identify priority actions for funding to the international community. The Rio Summit under Agenda 21, for example, introduced the concept of National Sustainable Development Strategies (NSDS), and suggested that all countries ‘should’ develop one. These strategies aim to build upon and harmonise the various sectoral economic, social and environmental policies and plans that are operating in the country. | sdg13 |
However, the project has not resulted in the establishment of the Emerald Network in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The conversion of habitat (change in purpose) is recognized as one of the major drivers of biological diversity loss. For example, construction of infrastructure, roads, quarries, water reservoirs and irrigation systems affect habitats by their fragmentation, alteration and irreversible loss, which directly affects the populations of certain species. | sdg15 |
Hence, recommendations for improving the sustainability and efficiency of SIS are considered together in Section 3.3. If these are indicators are arranged in a scatter plot, for all countries in LAC and the OECD, Peru lies above the regression line in both 1995 and 2013. This suggests that Peru is relatively efficient at converting health expenditure into longer life expectancy. | sdg3 |
What steps is the government taking to reduce barriers to entry for renewable energy providers? If so, how does the government ensure that it can accommodate an increase in renewable-energy based electricity generation? In some countries, however, access to long-term finance is constrained by shallow and illiquid financial markets. | sdg7 |
There are also different funds available for the secondary level which take into consideration postal code areas and neighbourhoods with low income households, social welfare and non-western backgrounds. As some schools discriminate against disadvantaged students because they feel that they are a financial burden (Gauri and Vawda, 2004[65]), this funding eliminates the motivation for such inequitable practices. Through this policy, disadvantaged students have become more attractive to schools (OECD, 2017[66]) - Research shows that schools with a high proportion of weighted students have had an increase in resources such as the number of teachers per student, assistant teachers, and administrators (Ladd and Fiske, 2011(67]). | sdg4 |
The National Agency for Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (ANATER) was created in 2013 by the Federal government to expand the resources and scope of public extension services to poorer farmers and to address sustainability issues. While ANATER is being structured, the Brazilian Government is supporting family farming with the National Program for the Strengthening of Family Farming (PRONAF), the Plano Safra 2014-15 and the National Policy for Organic Farming and Agroecology launched in 2013 with the support of the MDA. Agricultural zoning represents an important instrument linking agricultural support to environmental sustainability of farming activity. Respect of zoning rules is used as a condition of producers’ eligibility for concessional credit and subsidised insurance programmes. Brazil has voluntarily committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by between 36.1% and 38.9% in the period to 2020. To this end, the government launched in 2010 a key credit programme named Plano ABC, Low Carbon Agriculture, which promotes the recovery of pasture areas that have suffered soil degradation and puts into place a system of integrated production of crop, livestock and forestry. | sdg2 |
One fifth occurs on state lands. Leisure homes are popular: in 2009, 64% of the population spent time at a leisure home, and the average number of visits per year was 38. National outdoor recreation demand inventory (LWI) study and its main product Outdoor Recreation Statistics could serve as a basis for recreation indicators, but the LWI inventory is conducted only once in ten years and thus does not provide measurements for short term indicators. | sdg15 |
There is a general view that potential opportunities do exist but quantification remains difficult. Recent work by international bodies such as the United Nations, OECD, ILO and CEDEFOP has tried to assess both the current and future opportunities in relation to green growth, although much of this work is still in its infancy. Global markets for low carbon and environmental goods and services are growing. In London the growth of the low carbon sector has remained significantly above the trend growth rate for London’s economy despite the global financial crisis. Similarly, venture capital investment in green industry increased its overall market share between 2003 and 2008 from 1.6 % to 11 % and a net worth of $US3 billion by 2007.64 This suggests that a more buoyant financial services sector in Sydney could be well placed to develop green financial products and services, such as caibon trading and carbon finance, under a supportive policy and regulatory environment. Whilst the on-going decline of the manufacturing sector is problematic, this is being driven much more by deindustrialisation and global economic change than the shift to greener growth. | sdg7 |
Just over half of the global population is covered by LTE or higher networks and few of those living in rural areas. One of its targets is to improve cooperation in science, technology and innovation. This will be measured, in part, by monitoring the number and speed of fixed-broadband subscriptions. | sdg9 |
In Ethiopia, Malawi, Uganda and United Republic of Tanzania, for example, female farmers deploy fewer male household labourers than do male-managed farms (World Bank and ONE, 2014). They are less likely to own cell phones than men, and are at a particular disadvantage in accessing ICTs where they are available, they may be prevented by cultural attitudes from using rural access points frequented by men, and their ability to upgrade their skills is impaired by more limited literacy and educational attainment, as well as time and mobility constraints. These gender differences may reduce female farmers' access to more lucrative markets, by limiting their access to market information or their ability to transport inputs and farm produce. | sdg5 |
India aims to steady its deficit ratio in the coming fiscal years. The shortfall in fiscal year 2018 (ending March 2019) will likely exceed the initial target and deficit ratio set in the previous year. The trade tensions could affect economies in the region via global value chains, foreign investment, trade diversion and exchange-rate reaction, among other channels. | sdg11 |
Nonetheless, the other half of the leading group of municipalities consist of small municipalities that have not been part of the latest national project. To highlight the power of small municipalities, Helsinki ranks only 23rd when it comes to access to 30 Mbt broadband, and 93rd (5%) in terms of 100 Mbt broadband in 2016 (Viestintavirasto, 2016). The potential cost-savings on public service delivery going from paper-based communication to digital or web-based communication with citizens and businesses are considerable, in addition to more efficient public service delivery, positive environmental impacts and increased trust across society are also often mentioned (Norwegian Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation, 2016). | sdg9 |
This article provides a conceptual framework for studies of areas of politics and public policy in which political corruption is most likely to emerge (danger zones). The use of principal-agent theory in qualitative case studies is recommended. This approach gives attention to context, to the specifics of institutional design, and to individual choice as found in the "least corrupt" countries of the world. | sdg16 |
Technological learning is not limited to formal mechanisms of R&D: learning by doing and by interacting with users, clients and suppliers plays a critical role in many contexts. Their ability to learn and apply knowledge to innovation processes is thus critical to technological learning and building the local knowledge base. Education systems can improve the quality of human capital available to firms, governments and research institutions. | sdg9 |
However, in the earlier stages, RD&D accounts for a larger share of performance improvements and cost reductions. While the depression is very disruptive and particularly destructive for the poor, it does at least potentially sow the seeds of renewal, provided that the world is prepared to make the necessary institutional and financial investments. This needs to occur without risking irreversible changes in ecological, biophysical and biochemical systems. | sdg7 |
Interestingly, it uses the example of International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) management of Atlantic Bluefin tuna, which it depicts as a success story of rationale fisheries management because the 2014 Bluefin stock assessment revealed a surge in the Atlantic Bluefin spawning stock, leading to an increase in the total allowable catch in the fishery. Part of this process includes technical briefing sessions with the Food and Agriculture Organization, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the United Nations Environment Programme, the World Bank and RFMOs. What sorts of fisheries subsidies should be prohibited? | sdg14 |
Urban runoff may also elevate the temperature of surface waters. Elevated water temperatures decrease oxygen levels, which can kill fish, alter food chain composition, reduce species biodiversity, and foster invasion by new thermophilic species (e.g. Teixeira et al., Thermal pollution can also be caused by the release of very cold water from the base of reservoirs into warmer rivers (Langford, 2001). | sdg6 |
Debates about the role of capitalist corporations depend ultimately on their response to the enduring question of ‘who controls the large modern corporation’. This article aims to identify various competing schools of thought that can be classified as ‘managerialist’ and ‘anti-managerialist’, ‘mainstream’ and ‘radical’, which have emerged over the course of the last 70 years, moving on to consider how each has impacted on the discipline of business history. The paper utilizes a two-by-two matrix that divides theories along two dimensions to set out four alternative perspectives. Along the horizontal dimension, anti-managerialism is opposed to managerialism, along the vertical dimension, mainstream and radical perspectives are opposed. The article then assesses the extent to which these conflicting perspectives have influenced the work of business historians, from Chandler's earliest work through to more recent thinking on the links between corporate governance, accountability and broader market forces. Em... | sdg16 |
AbstractThe renewed emphasis on national political boundaries across Europe would seem to go hand-in-hand with a weaker external personality for the EU. However, there are several prominent examples of EU leadership that challenge this notion, from the December 2015 UN climate change agreement to common sanctions again Russia to a new Global Strategy. This paper examines a policy area that lies at the intersection of populist outrage and external engagement: counter-terrorism. In the wake of the 2015 and 2016 Paris and Brussels terrorist attacks, the EU has made significant strides in enhancing the external dimension of its counter-terrorism policies, particularly in terms of intelligence sharing, formal and informal diplomacy, and the internal–external nexus of security. The article argues that major terrorist attacks in 2015–2016 have served as critical junctures of crisis, driving counter-terrorism policies forward and emphasising the notion of European boundaries beyond any functionalist or securitiza... | sdg16 |
Research in both the US and Europe has demonstrated the link between certification of lower energy consumption and higher real estate values (Popescu et al., Policy makers in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region could take this one step further by requiring a full assessment of the viability of clean and renewable energy retrofits any time a commercial or industrial building is sold. The new owner would not be obliged to pursue any specific installation, but ready access to this information could incite owners to voluntarily take action shortly thereafter. | sdg7 |
A series of surveys in coastal Australia, Bay of Bengal and the Mediterranean Sea estimates that a minimum of 5.25 trillion plastic particles weighing over 260 000 tons are afloat at sea in the world’s oceans (Eriksen et al., In the Mediterranean Sea, plastic debris has been found in the stomachs of 18% of swordfish, bluefin tuna and albacore (Romeo et al., Due to their small size, microplastics may be ingested by low trophic fauna, with uncertain consequences for the health of organisms (Wright et al., | sdg6 |
According to some estimates, the use of certified products has led to some decreases in C02 emissions, resource consumption and waste disposal. Obtaining the Eco-Mark has become the norm for major manufacturers, which suggests that the awarding criteria need to be constantly revised to ensure that the environmental impact of a labelled product is substantially lower than average. For instance, an energy efficiency label is associated with products that achieve Top Runner targets, and a uniform energy conservation label applies to some home appliances. Many companies have also launched their own eco-labels. | sdg12 |
Such a system implies technical norms and regulations which are both responsive to international demand and adapted to local circumstances, but also sufficient capacity to ensure compliance with those norms and regulations. In many developing countries relevant agencies lack adequate expertise and equipment, both at the standard-setting and at the enforcement stage, including at the border. They also lack clearly defined mandates, resulting in overlapping, uncoordinated activities, for which existing resources are spread too thin, and generating confusion, delays and duplicative expenses. As documented by Brenton et al. ( | sdg2 |
Second-chance programmes offer a flexible learning environment often with a residential component that is well adapted to early school leavers’ needs and designed to help them back into education. Probably the largest residential second-chance programme is the US Job Corps, which has been operating since 1964. It targets disadvantaged youth up to age 24 and includes academic tuition, vocational training, counselling, social skills training, job placements and also health care (OECD, 2016e). In Australia a smaller-scale second-chance programme is offered through the so-called youth foyers, of which there are currently 14 across the country (OECD, 2016a). | sdg8 |
Second earner taking up employment at 67% of average wage and the first earner earns 100% of average wage. Lone parent taking up employment at 67% of average wage. One way would be to gradually reduce the duration of the parental allowance so as to limit the combined maternity and parental leave period. In many other OECD countries with high female labour market participation, the combined maternity and paternity leave period is around one year (OECD, 2012b). The practice of withdrawing childcare benefits if working mothers use (public) childcare facilities should be discontinued. | sdg4 |
It also aims to reduce the number of Europeans without adequate reading, writing, numeracy and digital skills. At the same time, the Agenda seeks to help highly qualified young people find work that suits their potential and aspirations, make it easier for employers to recruit employees with the right profiles and to equip people with the skills and attitudes to start their own businesses (EC, 2016b). These programmes receive fewer resources than general education. | sdg4 |
The number of people receiving benefits has a quantitatively sizable impact on measured redistribution. Across countries, there has been no uniform trend of the numbers of unemployment benefit claims. In part, the number of recipients is simply a reflection of the number of people facing particular types of risks that the benefit is designed to address. | sdg10 |
The buyback programme aims to reduce water abstractions by around 25% to achieve sustainable diversion targets set by the basin water resources plan. The ANA implements the national water resources management system and regulates water uses in federal water bodies. State water agencies define rules and issue entitlements for state water bodies. | sdg6 |
The findings suggest that child characteristics are important in explaining inputs and nutritional outcomes, and that maternal agency and health contribute to improved health status. Household resources in the form of consumption are positively associated with food intake and nutritional outcomes. Simulations show that income growth, improving maternal care and avoiding sudden price shocks have a positive but rather limited effect on the reduction of malnutrition. | sdg2 |
However, the 2010 legislation on the Mandatory Health Insurance system appears to have strengthened the role of the insurance system. This, in turn, may have contributed to the recent falls in mortality and lengthening of average lifetimes. However, given the rather short time since the introduction of these programmes, it is probably too early to judge the final outcome. Surveys (conducted by the Levada Center) show that the share of the population indicating that quality of health care provision had improved during the past year went up from 11 % in 2002 to 20% in 2008 (Table 3.3). | sdg3 |
Indeed, despite close to 44 000 asylum applications since the start of 2015, the number of persons granted international protection over this period remains under 14 000. In 2016, just 4 005 individuals made first-time applications for asylum in Finland and, in 2017, the number fell still further, nearly halving to just 2 139. Nevertheless, temporarily elevated numbers have put a strain on an integration system designed to support far fewer migrants. This strain is set to continue in the years to come as this large cohort makes its way along the integration path. In particular, the Act mandated the use of personalised integration plans which generally last for two to three years. | sdg4 |
Administrative culture: An administrative culture that is characterised by risk and blame avoidance hinders co-creation processes, because public officials might not dare or are not allowed to involve stakeholders in the policy process. Attitudes of public officials and politicians: Efforts to establish co-creation mechanisms can fail if policy makers feel threatened in their expertise or consider stakeholders as incompetent. Incentives and objectives: Providing public officials (and stakeholders) with clear incentives and objectives is crucial for establishing an understanding of the added value of co-creation processes. Compatibility: Involving stakeholders in the policy process requires the adaption of supporting structures, procedures and routines, such as training facilities and communication structures. | sdg4 |
Yet Deckard likes her and asks her out on a date - using a graffiti-scrawled public payphone. We wrongly assume that a technology like "Rachael" could somehow appear, yet little else would change. And we're hypnotized by the most sophisticated stuff, missing humble ideas that quietly change everything. | sdg9 |
Saiga antelopes (Saiga tatarica) occasionally winter in northern areas. Turkmenistan is of global importance for migratory waterbirds, and of high importance for breeding waterbirds and raptors. There are certainly more globally threatened plant species in Turkmenistan. Most endemic species and threatened species occur in the Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Rosaceae. Parts of the country belong to the Central Asian “Vavilov Centre” of crop species origin. | sdg15 |
In the rural areas, 11 ward groups involve disabled people, parents, teachers and children who identify as disabled people, ensure sufficient teaching and learning materials and assistive teachers, make the learning environment welcoming, organise events to raise awareness, and collect funds for physical access improvements. The work with families was crucial in encouraging them to enrol their disabled children in school and to become allies in their struggle for rights and education. Case studies are used in national and international advocacy for changes to laws, policies and development programmes relevant to inclusive education. | sdg4 |
Regular, planned and small fare adjustments are preferable. Introducing this practice will be easier if fare adjustments are linked to clearly identifiable quality improvements. Shifting towards higher fares, reflected in higher quality, will be more effective in attracting users than low fares and poor services. | sdg11 |
A number of environmental protection standards are also incorporated in tourism legislation governing Greek companies hiring out cars and motorcycles to tourists. -Measures which aim at renewing the motor vehicle fleet in different categories, either via incentives to motor vehicle owners or via obligations which motor vehicle owners are required to meet. Financial incentives were provided up to 31 December 2009 for the replacement of two-wheel vehicles with models using new technology, under Law 3245/2004 on motorcycles (registered not later than 1994) and Law 3333/2005 for scooters (registered not later than 1996). Other measures aimed at renewing the fleet of public passenger cars. | sdg13 |
Altogether over 60% of Finland's original peatland area has been drained for forestry, used for agriculture or peat extraction, been submerged under hydropower reservoirs, or developed with buildings and infrastructure. This has resulted in a complete or partial destruction of the original habitats. Furthermore, the connectedness of pristine peatlands has decreased markedly and the shapes of individual peatlands have changed to sharp-edged drainage delimited polygons (Ministry of the Environment 2010). However, recent actions in Finland to restore peatlands are likely to counteract this, at least in protected areas (Simila et al. About 80% of these have been disturbed by human activities, especially by drainage. Bog and marshland are relatively extensive biotopes in Norway. | sdg15 |
The toolbox can be developed and made available in working groups or by international organisations. Developing the toolbox is not expected to involve high costs, as blockchain technologies are already available and are mostly made accessible by developers under open source licensing. Through research-based collaborations and partnering with public and private organisations, use case concepts and technologies can be jointly validated. | sdg9 |
This study examined the individual and joint relationships of mature and immature defense mechanisms and the use of negotiation as a conflict resolution strategy with the co-parenting of divorcing couples. The responses of 71 divorcing couples to the study questionnaires were analyzed using the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model. Findings showed that both conscious use of negotiation and unconscious use of mature defense mechanisms for the purpose of conflict resolution were associated with the co-parenting of those parents who possessed these qualities, and that where one parent used mature defense mechanisms, the other participated more in his or her children’s lives and showed more cooperation. Almost all actor effects were forms of increased participation in the children’s lives. The lack of partner effects in the case of immature defense mechanisms and positive use of negotiation was discussed, and clinical implications were presented. | sdg16 |
The shift of production processes to developing countries also relocates the ecological and health costs of polluting production processes to countries with less stringent environmental regulations (UNCTAD, 2013b). The second recent development concerns intensified global imbalances, which threaten the economic sustainability of the model, to which the chapter now turns. For some countries, the longterm decline in savings and the accumulation of private debt has increased consumption in spite of stagnant earnings, resulting in large current account deficits. At the same time, countries with a current account surplus used export markets as a way to sustain employment in the absence of sufficient domestic aggregate demand (Blecker, 2012, UNCTAD, 2010). | sdg5 |
The protection of child soldiers in international law albeit a young component of international law, has become a matter of increasing international concern. Children living in conflict zones are extremely vulnerable to conscription or enlistment to the ranks of the armed forces fighting in the region, whether controlled by the State or not. Despite various legal norms and binding international obligations on States to prevent the recruitment of child soldiers, this despicable practice continues till date. This paper seeks to analyse the international legal norms governing child conscription, under international humanitarian law, international human rights law and international criminal law. The author will study the scope and evolution of the norms governing conscription and enlistment of children into the belligerent forces. The author will also attempt to analyse the shortcomings in the laws and reasons for its inability to protect children from the scourges and scars of participation in hostilities. | sdg16 |
Other factors associated with in-work poverty include being young (aged 16-25), living in a single-earner household, low levels of education and having children (Brady et al., They also find the working poor to be disproportionately female, less educated and with children. In the United Kingdom and United States, welfare reform has been associated with increased employment, particularly among lone parents. | sdg1 |
Scholars have suggested that ‘home’ states of transnational corporations (TNCs) have a legal duty to protect against human rights abuses occurring in ‘host’ states that may be breached by failure to regulate TNCs’ extraterritorial activities. This article challenges the claim that such a duty of home states to regulate TNCs’ extraterritorial human rights impacts can be said currently to exist as a matter of law. The article first summarizes the general structure of arguments made in favour of such a ‘home state duty to regulate’. It then considers the foundations and meanings of extraterritorial jurisdiction in public international law and international human rights law, requirements and conditions of attribution and state responsibility for the conduct of non-state actors, and the scope and limits of ‘positive obligations’ to ensure the effective enjoyment of human rights, domestically and extraterritorially, as they relate to prevention of human rights abuses by TNCs. | sdg16 |
Nature-based tourism has been described as engaging with a space in which the staging of exploration, play and knowledge may activate tourists' involvement with on-site experiences (Mathisen, 2013). Similarly, at the destination level, co-creation is held to be a condition for competitiveness in the face of profound changes in tourist behaviour and expectations, while destination management organizations and tourism industry organizations are encouraged to develop new thinking and practices. | sdg12 |
One contemporary development of relevance here is the movement of government funding away from supporting arts, humanities and social sciences in UK higher education - a potential risk to the respect and understanding agenda that is being replicated in different ways around the world on account of current economic constraints. First, critical self-examination guards against the mindless bigotry that often underpins conflict, fuelled by prejudice developed through restrictive school curricula. Instead, a broad cosmopolitan vision is proposed, including a strong rooting in the learners’ own community and culture, but also a knowledge of other traditions and places, and the ability to empathise and communicate with other peoples, and consequently respect and understand them. This agenda fits closely with the field of intercultural education (e.g. Gundara, 2000), which will be explored in empirical contexts in the later sections. | sdg4 |
Lack of coordination between national policies often results in situations where, for example, green actions are not complemented by skills development response and as a result, do not reach their potential (ILO 2011). On the other hand, lack of enforcement of SCP related policies, such as environmental legislation, precludes demand for green jobs or leaves qualified graduates unemployed (ibid.). While this is absolutely critical for some areas, such as policy making and strategic development, it remains relevant for any field of work. | sdg12 |
Much can also be gained by helping landless households to get hold of non-land assets, such as livestock, or farm equipment which they can rent to farmers, enabling them to participate in the agricultural market economy in a self-employed capacity, not only as labourers. It can provide the basis for non-farm and more productive employment, allow children from poor households to perform better in school because they can do more homework, and has a variety of other benefits. Providing a light bulb or two will not change many lives for the better, however. Enabling chronically poor households to be part of the energy revolution will involve reducing the upfront costs of connection to the grid by allowing the poorest to pay the initial connection charges over long periods, or be cross-subsidised by wealthier customers. Other essential steps include extending the grid, or investing widely in off-grid decentralised and environmentally sustainable power. At the same time, energy providers need to work with other development agencies to enable the poorest households to acquire the equipment they need to render access to energy productive, thereby reducing drudgery (Scott et al., | sdg1 |
Researchers working on microdata from sample-based surveys should also take into account variations in the sampling design. The issue is that the original sampling design variables are often anonymised in the social survey micro-data files, and supporting documentation is not detailed enough for the purposes of variance estimation. This annex provides some advice for improving the quality of information on sampling design. | sdg1 |
This article revises the concept of political corruption by bringing a fresh perspective to prebehavioral scholarship. It acknowledges prior scholarship but also recognizes its limitations. By refuting the assertion that early twentieth-century conceptions are irrelevant, understanding of political corruption and public integrity can be enhanced. | sdg16 |
This share should increase by 1% per year for the next ten years. For coal used in power generation, this tax represents a price increase in the order of 5% to 10% based on run-of-mine prices in October 2010, depending on the coal quality. The income from the tax goes into a National Clean Energy Fund for funding research, innovative projects in clean energy technologies, and programmes to repair environmental damage. | sdg7 |
There is a training centre for PES staff at the Japanese Institute for Labour Policy and Training, employees will be asked to attend a certain number of training sessions during their career. Although many job vacancies are accessible on the PES website (www.hellowork.go.jp), jobseekers are still often advised to visit Hello Work offices in person (this is discussed further in Chapter 3). Compared with the current 550 principal and branch offices, the PES had about 700 thirty years ago, since many offices in remote areas have been closed since. | sdg8 |
Specifically, the Global Ocean Commission (GOC, 2014) has recently identified five interconnected drivers of ocean decline, all of which are related to economic development: rising demand for resources, technological advances , decline of fish stocks, climate change, biodiversity and habitat loss, as well as weak high seas governance. The commission and many observers agree that more innovation is needed if humankind wishes to continue to raise the productivity of the oceans while protecting its ecological integrity. Specifically, it assesses the role of new knowledge about the oceans, recent technology developments which have enabled the growth of the ocean economy, emerging and potentially disruptive technologies and, finally, what innovation, including disruptive developments, might be needed to address the challenges of the future. | sdg14 |
These areas are all highly informationintensive (and thus are well-suited to the platform revolution) and are already undergoing rapid technological change. Connecting - being informed about what affects the enterprise and its business ecosystem - is a crucial ingredient of firm competitiveness. To lower risks when exporting, it is necessary to acquire relevant market information (on foreign prices, consumer preferences, standards and testing requirements) and information regarding the establishment of appropriate distribution channels abroad (see case study on Saint Lucia in this chapter). Average prices for market reports are not necessarily affordable for SMEs, as these range from $1,500 to $8,000 for standard reports and from $15,000 to $35,000 for reports on specific product or seivice market trends.25 When asked about their top priorities for boosting exports in a 2015 survey, firms ranked highest improved access to information about export opportunities.26 The need for improvements in access to information on export opportunities had considerably more significance for SMEs (over 60% of responses) than for large firms (over 40%). | sdg9 |
Subsets and Splits