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In the results from this work it is acknowledged that there is a lack of definitions, statistics and coordination in this sector. Nature-based tourism ought to be measured from four main perspectives, consumer surveys (national and international), a supply survey and systematic on site visitor surveys. As a follow up to these recommendations, Etour has made a national inventory of nature-based tourism supply including approximately 2,000 companies which will be subject to further analyses in the coming years. | sdg15 |
But to calculate how many individuals live below the poverty line, household incomes must be converted to equivalent individual incomes (including 'incomes' for children). It may not be true that 'two can live as cheaply as one', but the amount required to maintain a given standard of living does not rise in direct proportion to the number of people in the home. The cost of heating, or a television or an Internet connection, for example, does not double if there are four people rather than two. | sdg1 |
Pressures include eutrophication, overfishing, pollution and changed hydrodynamic conditions. These are thought to have resulted in changes to the distribution of fish, vegetation and benthic fauna (Ojaveer et al., Regime shifts from an oligotrophic to eutrophic state, with resultant changes in dominant species have also been observed (Osterblom et al., | sdg15 |
Development banks, on the other hand, have been increasingly called upon: for example, the EBRD in Eastern and Central Europe, where commercial lending for water has been drying up, has had a boom year in 2009. Areas where ODA can have a catalysing effect include reducing bottlenecks in the sector, supporting the financial planning process, ensuring access to services by the poor and supporting the development and use of risk-management mechanisms that can help attract private funding (and local private funding in particular). While revenues from the 3Ts can dose the financing gap for WSS, the role of repayable finance is only to bridge the financing gap, since it requires subsequent compensation in the form of interests or dividends. | sdg6 |
Apart from this finding the women rank their contributions primarily among the soft and non-material kinds like domestic duties and taking care of children. The largest group of men aged 25-64 mentions "job, income and paying bills" as do their female counterparts. Whereas it was assumed that the different age groups among women would rank "showing love and affection" significantly higher than men, it might come as a surprise that also the men (all age groups) perceive "showing love and affection" as an important contribution to the household. | sdg5 |
This is not the case today, however. Currently, only limited numbers of economic actors have access to usable big data. While technology could allow many other individuals or firms to generate data, doing so is not straightforward. This report provides analysis and practical advice for three types of institutions - those that promote trade and investments, build skills, and ensure quality. | sdg9 |
Premature deaths from tobacco-related diseases also lead to productivity losses. Mental health disorders are a major impediment to the well-being of populations in developed and developing countries. People with these disorders are often subjected to social isolation, poor quality of life and increased mortality. | sdg15 |
These monitoring stations, operated by the relevant national or local environmental authority, typically produce data that require further processing to be converted into statistics on noise levels attributed to various causes and of specific origin. The resulting statistics, e.g., on noise levels and intensity, are produced for and are relevant to the specific local areas where the most problematic noise pollution conditions exist. They are not representative of the national territory. Statistics on noise levels in urban settlements are also relevant to Component 5: Human Settlements and Environmental Health. | sdg6 |
Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir questoes relacionadas a teoria da separacao dos poderes na contemporaneidade. A partir da topica, aborda a relacao da jurisdicao constitucional e da democracia, bem como a protecao constitucional das minorias, realizada pelo Poder Judiciario, mormente pelo controle de constitucionalidade e, ainda e por fim, o monopolio da ultima palavra exercido pelo Poder Judiciario. Palavras-chave: Separacao de poderes, controle de constitucionalidade, Poder Judiciario Abstract: This article aims to discuss issues related to the separation of powers in contemporary times. From the topical method, it addresses the relationship of constitutional jurisdiction and democracy and the constitutional protection of minorities by the judiciary, especially by judicial review, and also, and finally, “the monopoly of ultimate word” exercised by the judiciary. Keywords: Separation of powers, judicial review, Judiciary | sdg16 |
Social science research has denoted the role that exclusionary and divisive ideologies play in fortifying group boundaries and shaping inequality, including what is arguably its most extreme form—genocide. We know little, however, about where and why such ideologies emerge. This article analyzes 159 countries between 1955 and 2009 to assess the factors that influence the emergence and presence of exclusionary ideologies. Doing so informs broader social science conceptions of the role of culture and politics in the production of inequality and violence. I find that certain critical junctures, including independence and irregular regime change, are associated with the onset of exclusionary ideologies. Colonial histories and threats to political elites are also consequential. I conclude by discussing exclusionary ideologies relative to genocide as well as the general importance of cultural and political dynamics for future analyses of inequality. | sdg16 |
Currently, across the Philippines and in Cebu many efforts are being made such as the Cebu Unplugged Campaign of the Visayan Electric Company (VECO, 2015). This awareness drive does not only focus on teaching practical energy conservation measures but also touches on water conservation as well, which is a prudent policy complementarity approach. Areas that can be strengthened include provision of information on labelling of appliance’s energy efficiency to consumers. | sdg11 |
All efforts should be made to include key gender issues in the report itself, as well as in its summary. Moreover, considering that the report is likely to serve as the basis for follow-up actions, this gender-specific analysis is instrumental in supporting efforts and tailored initiatives aimed at promoting victims' access to justice and effective remedies. This would include the establishment of special protection units and gender desks in police stations, etc., See Guidance Noleof ttaSecTeiaryGeneral' Reparations (or Conflict-related Sexual Violence, June 2014. | sdg5 |
Housing wealth can be considered as an “equalising” component of wealth, at least from a “pure” relative inequality approach, as even though its value increases with wealth, its share in portfolios tends to be smaller in rich households (Azpitarte, 2010). Data refer to households aged 50 and over in 2006-07 and are expressed in 2005 EUR million, PPP adjusted. Higher incomes, lower interest rates and demographic factors, such as the increase in the number of Greek households due to their smaller size and the inflow of immigrants, have all contributed to these developments (OECD, 2009). Rising house prices may have served to narrow the wealth distribution, given the heavy weight of housing assets in the total assets of the lower income households in Greece. | sdg10 |
Competition for all non-domestic customers was introduced on 1 April 2008, under the Water Services etc. ( This affects all of the utility’s 130 000 non-domestic customers. There is considerable evidence of companies offering a variety of smart technologies and utilities willing to adopt them, but they have typically been held back by policy debates that have an aiguable relevance to water scarcity issues affecting parts of the United Kingdom. | sdg6 |
Norway is a prosperous country with a healthy economy and a very high standard of living. Norway provides a truly unique example of long-term budgetary planning through its successful management of oil assets by means of the Government Pension Fund – Global. This article examines the annual budget process which is an important factor in the health of Norway’s public finances. The cabinet has a central role in formulating the budget via the annual budget conferences. Parliament has a strong formal position, and the Ministry of Finance has a long tradition of providing objective and unbiased information to Parliament. The article also describes the high degree of managerial flexibility, the system of accountability for results, human resource management, financial management and reporting, the use of performance information, and the role of local and regional governments. | sdg16 |
Political scientists have long debated the merits of multiparty presidentialism. The dominant view that has emerged over the past decade is that presidents can effectively build coalitions by sharing control over the executive’s vast resources with coalition partners in the legislature. This paper provides a more pessimistic account, focused on the problems of accountability created by powerful presidents working to build coalitions in fragmented legislatures. It argues that multiparty presidential systems foster legislatures dependent on patronage and clientelism, which are in fact too weak to check the executive. As a result, these systems are fertile ground for rent-seeking and corruption. | sdg16 |
It concludes with a summary note on government institutions. The focus is on the processes of policy formulation and implementation, rather than on the content. Governance is not just about steering but about how to determine the way to generate consensus-based commitment to move in the desired direction (Kuhlmann, 2001). Innovation is seen as a strand of the National Development Plan (NDP) that is separate from individual sectors or branches. | sdg9 |
Tonga and Samoa have shown no interest in this and are unlikely to do so. Without that demand, less migration would occur. Continued migration has thus led to more interest in national self-sufficiency, through ethical codes of practice on recruitment and compensation for countries experiencing losses, yet political and practical realities confront ethical arguments. | sdg10 |
Eliminating health disparities is a Healthy People goal. Given the diverse and sometimes broad definitions of health disparities commonly used, a subcommittee convened by the Secretary's Advisory Committee for Healthy People 2020 proposed an operational definition for use in developing objectives and targets, determining resource allocation priorities, and assessing progress. Based on that subcommittee's work, we propose that health disparities are systematic, plausibly avoidable health differences adversely affecting socially disadvantaged groups, they may reflect social disadvantage, but causality need not be established. This definition, grounded in ethical and human rights principles, focuses on the subset of health differences reflecting social injustice, distinguishing health disparities from other health differences also warranting concerted attention, and from health differences in general. We explain the definition, its underlying concepts, the challenges it addresses, and the rationale for applying it to United States public health policy. | sdg16 |
Tirpak et al (2010) recommend that, given the contextual nature of adaptation, adaptation financing should only be counted for projects that are directly linked to or emerge from climate vulnerability or impact assessments, a recipient country adaptation planning document, a climate risk screening or another study on climate risk. This is significant given budget support may become a more prominent funding approach to deliver climate-related ODA as support continues to move towards programmatic forms. One way to track any climate-specific elements of general budget support would be to request recipient governments to report their GBS spending ex-post, and classify how the funds were used according to specific sectors and themes. If such data could be provided, GBS could be incorporated into any ex-post analysis on climate finance flows to recipient countries. | sdg13 |
While in Serbia, output increased by about 60% from 2007 to 2015, Kosovo’s level of output has remained quite stable. Crops accounted for a greater share of total output value than livestock in 2012-14 in all but one of the assessed SEE economies (Figure 14.3). In the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, crops contributed the greatest share - making up almost three-quarters of the total output value. | sdg2 |
At the same time, the percentage of workers aged over 45 years employed in the care sector shot up by more than 50%, compared with a mere 15% increase in the rest of the w orking population (see figure III. In others, such as Uruguay, it was barely noticeable (see table III.3). This seems to have resulted in a conveigence of the age profile of these two subgroups between 2000 and 2010 (see figure III. In most countries, health woikers are, on average, older than those who work in education (see table A-3 in the statistical annex). | sdg5 |
For this reasons, nuclear power plants pose more stringent requirements in term of the stability (voltage and frequency permissible variations) and availability of external power supply. For instance, nuclear power plants require redundant electrical connections with the existing grid, which makes for higher connection costs compared with a thermal plant of equivalent size. Attempting to work in “island mode”, i.e. a reactor producing its own electricity for cooling, is a difficult challenge in normal times and would be inappropriate and potentially dangerous in an emergency situation. | sdg7 |
If large portions of these customary lands are leased to private holders, it affects food security and all subsistence activities for those who have previously relied on these natural resources. The dispossessed then squat in urban areas close to the capital. Twenty-one per cent of the participants did unpaid voluntary work in a church or NGO. Only 30 per cent had regular wage employment, and the majority of these were men. Twenty-five per cent said they had a bank account, and 25 per cent said there was a bank near their home. These last considerations are very important logistically when deciding whether or not social protection interventions should be cash transfers. | sdg1 |
Major changes are required in predominant human values during the next two generations to ensure politically and environmentally sustainable societies and a sustainable global order: away from consumerism to a focus on quality of life, away from possessive individualism towards more human solidarity, and away from an assumption of domination of nature, towards a greater ecological sensitivity. After reviewing evidence on these challenges, the chapter analyses their implications and the possibilities for change at personal, societal, and global levels, with special reference to education and its possible contributions and constraints. It discusses the roles of and lessons from internationally oriented postgraduate education in helping form future national leaders and global brokers, drawing examples especially from the past two generations of experience at the International Institute of Social Studies in The Hague. | sdg16 |
Thus, even where vacancy listings are readily accessible, the PES should also offer personal counselling. Current staff resources allow general jobseekers to have a longer counselling session occasionally on a voluntary basis, but more intensive action-plan procedures involving regular contact for up to three months are available only for some particular target groups (see Section 3.3 below). At the same time, the PES workload has tended to increase recently, related to: i) growing numbers of unemployed due to the economic downturn, ii) increases in numbers of social assistance recipients and single mothers in the 2000s, and the desire to improve their difficult situation, and iii) the growth of non-regular employment, which tends to increase labour market flows and has strengthened the PES focus on some groups affected, such as older freeters and dispatched workers. | sdg8 |
National specific applications (N-MODA) and other further applications can use other decisions regarding the cut-off choice, without endangering the basic consistency of the methodology. The first approach accounts for the severity of deprivation by counting the number of deprivations experienced by each child. The second approach uses scalar indices to combine the multiple aspects of deprivation into one single figure. The last approach builds mainly on the counting approaches towards multidimensional poverty, but expands the analysis by measuring the overlap between deprivations, or between poverty and deprivation. The next two sections elaborate the MODA practice for handling multidimensional poverty/deprivation analyses based on counting, distribution, overlap, and multidimensional indices. Counting measures are individual (or householdj-centred approaches, because the method concentrates foremost on the number of deprivations that are experienced by each individual. | sdg1 |
The article proposes elements for a social history of constitutionalism and its relation to the political battles in Argentina. The investment of the different fractions of the political elite in the constitutional interpretation is considered as one of the legitimation strategies of successive political regimes aiming at its formalisation in the juridical technique. The first part deals with the socio-historical contours of Argentine constitutionalism with emphasis on its legitimacy in the academic field. The second part focuses on the intensification of the political uses of Constitutional Law and the modalities of intersection of its agents in the political space. | sdg16 |
The intertwined rhetoric of precedent and fulfillment underlies the biblical rhetoric of the Sermon on the Mount and the legal rhetoric of the common law. This article wants to draw a parallelism b... | sdg16 |
In all countries, domestic workers have significantly lower levels of education than those employed outside the care sector, while care workers in education and health care have significantly higher levels of schooling than the rest of the employed population. Poverty and indigence rates among care workers are higher than average, and they generally have more children and adolescents in their households. Within this highly heterogeneous sector, domestic workers are much more vulnerable than other caregivers. | sdg5 |
Preface to the Paperback Edition Part I. Overview 1. Introduction John T. Nockleby Part II. Substantive Law 2. Constitutional Law Karl M. Manheim 3. Criminal Law Laurie L. Levenson 4. Torts John T. Nockleby 5. Intellectual Property Law Jay Dougherty 6. Contracts & Business Law Victor Gold 7. Ethical Obligations Of Lawyers And Judges Laurie L. Levenson Part III. Litigation and Trials 8. Criminal Process & Procedure Laurie L. Levenson 9. Civil Procedure & Litigation Process Allan P. Ides 10. Evidence Law Laurie L. Levenson Part IV. Appendices A. Legal Research B. 10 Worst Questions asked by Journalists C. 10 Best Questions asked by Journalists D. How to find legal experts E. Constitution of the U.S. | sdg16 |
Products must pass regulatory tests before they can be sold on foreign markets, a process that also requires support from research institutions. It is worth noting that local entrepreneurs have also deployed non-IP strategies to successfully market these types of products. Substantial investment is also needed to maintain high product quality and develop effective marketing strategies to ensure brand recognition. | sdg9 |
Identifying progress towards such goals or efforts would require regular reporting by countries whose performance significantly contributes to meeting those efforts. For example, a commitment by “developed countries” to mobilise climate finance would logically lead to a commitment for all developed countries (rather than “Annex II” countries, as at present) to report on the climate finance they have mobilised. Similarly, identifying progress towards a commitment to long-term emission reductions would require information on current and projected emissions from all but the smallest emitters. | sdg13 |
However, the impact of social policies on inequality has not been fully evaluated yet, as many of them have been implemented only in recent years (Ravallion and Chen, 2007, World Bank, 2009). Section 3.1 reviews income inequality trends in China. Section 3.2 analyses the main trends in income inequality and poverty in China and examines their links with labour market changes. Section 3.3 explores the role of labour market institutions, regulations and policies that have changed considerably in recent years and points out their implications for income inequality. | sdg10 |
Oil and gas production fell by 10%, compared to 2014, to around 165 000 barrels a day in 2015. The non-oil economy, although in relative growth with respect to the rest of the economy, is nonetheless in decline. The recession, corresponding to a drop of 10.2% of GDP in 2015, is likely to continue until 2020 because of unfavourable forecasts for crude oil prices. | sdg11 |
Unlike previous quantitative easing measures, this new programme of $85 billion in monthly asset purchases is open-ended and set to continue until there is a significant improvement in labour market conditions. The European Central Bank, the Bank of Japan and many other advanced economies’ central banks have also undertaken variants of QE and other forms of unconventional monetary policy. Furthermore, in early 2013, Japan outlined plans to start a monthly purchase plan of $145 billion in assets from the start of 2014 to boost growth and combat deflation. | sdg10 |
Some countries Including Benin and Mali have repeated the survey to update their data. Furthermore, the international seminar on the informal economy organised byAFRISTAT in Bamako in October 2008 proposed setting up a unit to coordinate methodological research and implement a pilot project in some African countries, to test the viability of a system of national employment surveys and mixed surveys on the Informal economy. The analysis focuses on employment and socio-economic and demographic characteristics. | sdg2 |
The latter in particular could have a range of highly negative consequences, with 25-110 cm of sea level rise projected by 2100. To cope with these developments, the National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change identifies four objectives: i) information and awareness: ii) reduced vulnerability and increased response capacity, iii) participation, creation of awareness and information, iv) international co-operation. The national strategy also identifies nine key sectors for adaptation relevant specifically for tourism. In a planned next step, sector work groups will work on moving from strategies to actions. | sdg13 |
The needs of those with more severe mental health problems are monitored through a national register of individuals with depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Specialised care for people misusing alcohol and substances is available through the national Institute for Alcoholism and Drug Dependency. There is also a national mental health committee, with representation from citizens and service-users, to monitor the accessibility and quality of mental health care services. | sdg3 |
As the great recession began, public housing authorities (PHAs) were just beginning to experience the full effects of neoliberal policy implementation and devolution. Using 13 case studies of the largest PHAs in the Pacific Northwest, this paper outlines activities that PHAs undertook to balance public mission with private-market means. PHAs made trade-offs among five paths that emphasize agency survival, producing housing for the poorest households, identifying as a nonprofit housing provider, poverty alleviation, or gaining other public powers. This diversity of responses points to the under-valued attribute of PHAs as local organizations with diverse mandates. Dependence on the federal government, local charter, and the degree of integration with local government likely contributed to PHAs' propensity to develop non-US Department of Housing and Urban Development-assisted affordable housing. Even with this creativity, adequate resources are necessary to meet the demand for affordable housing for the poo... | sdg16 |
Up until about 2000, most of the work on gender and international relations (IR) was nonpositivist in nature. Since 2000, there has been a burst of positivist gender/IR scholarship, much of it quantitative. This work has addressed several important areas in IR, including terrorism, interstate war, human rights, civil war, violence against civilians, public opinion, international norms, globalization, and others. Much of this work has developed new data, advanced theory, and employed rigorous empirical methods. This article surveys this positivist scholarship. It discusses how positivist and nonpositivist gender/IR work complement each other. This article makes recommendations about directions for future scholarship on gender and IR. | sdg16 |
Among ASEAN countries, Myanmar has the lowest per capita agricultural expenditure in PPP terms and the lowest share of agricultural expenditure to agricultural GDP (Table 9.1). Last year of data available is 2007. More balanced public expenditures across various public goods, including rural infrastructure but also research and development and education, may help enhance agricultural growth. | sdg2 |
The class A units are modern slaughterhouses supplying high quality carcasses to processors and factories producing packed fresh meat and sausages for retailers. A range of small- and medium-sized market-oriented enterprises provide slaughter facilities and supply bazaars and shops with fresh meat or provide sausage and other meat products. These enterprises have problems meeting international veterinary and hygiene standards, and most sausages have a shelf life of less than a week (FAO, 2010b). High-income urban consumers are more often concerned that the beef has passed through Class A slaughterhouses and factories with strict sanitary controls. | sdg2 |
To explain: Households vary greatly in size - in a wealthy country, an income of $10,000 might be enough to support someone living on their own but could pose problems for a family of four. That’s not to say that such a family needs four times what a single individual needs - one TV set, one fridge should be enough to meet their needs. But such economies of scale don’t apply quite so much in other areas, like clothing and food. The equivalised figure takes account of all this. | sdg10 |
Annual employee earnings are available from the survey, while annual hours worked (total weeks work*hours worked per week) are derived using monthly vectors of labour force activity (PL211A-PL211L) and as well as weekly hours worked variable (PL060). All wages are expressed in national currency units and are CPI adjusted. Hourly wages are computed as monthly earnings divided by the total number of hours worked per week (x4). | sdg1 |
These can be classified in two groups: factors that restrict the supply of financial services and those that hinder demand. The first group identifies the high operational cost of supplying financial services to people located in areas of sparse population and relatively low income levels, as well as the high risk of financing poorly diversified activities that face productive and market risks. This is compounded by the moral hazard that cannot be mitigated through traditional guarantees owing to low rates of formal property ownership. | sdg9 |
These policy pointers could help improve the recruitment and retention of teachers especially in disadvantaged schools, although the financial costs could be considerable. One of the challenges for immigrant students in teacher education programmes (such as bridging programmes for people with foreign degrees in teaching - sometimes referred to as ULV in Swedish) is that it is difficult to complete the course while holding a job. Offering sufficient financial support for student teachers could reduce the significant financial burdens that many student-teachers bear (Turley and Nakai, 2000[i9ij). | sdg4 |
The OECD-IDRC study New Entrepreneurs and High-Growth Enterprises in the Middle East and North Africa (2013) concludes that, in addition to the general unfavourable business climate, both women's economic participation and entrepreneurs’ access to finance are amongst the most important factors affecting entrepreneurship negatively in the region. This is all the more important as the creation, survival and growth of SMEs have been negatively affected by socio-political changes that have taken place in a number of MENA economies since 2011, coupled with the global financial crisis. While banks in the MENA region are generally considered to be more averse to risk and more conservative than in other parts of the world, they tend to be both financially stable and modernising, and could certainly play a greater role in lending to SMEs. Indeed, bank financing is the main source of external financing for SMEs. | sdg5 |
Given the ideological currents of the time, that discussion was strongly shaped by an emerging development narrative focused on overcoming “market failures”, seen as endemic in infrastructure provision, and requiring government involvement through public utilities (power, telecommunications, water, etc.), Infrastructure was again the focus of attention, but from an opposing perspective, in the 1980s, as talk of “government failures” accompanied the sharp neoliberal policy turn. At that time, privatization became the instrument of choice to boost efficiency, along with measures to enhance private participation in infrastructure provision by making it more profitable. This included - in a sense coming full circle - tying infrastructure to the right business environment to enable participation in global value chains. The 2030 Agenda has once again broadened the debate with a more ambitious infrastructure agenda. Answering this requires unpacking the term “infrastructure” to consider the requirements, implications and consequences of different types of infrastructure creation. | sdg9 |
Incentives were also provided in the past by the Greek government to promote the renewal of the fleet of public transport buses, aiming at the replacement and modernization of old vehicles. The Special Land Planning Framework for Tourism (Government Gazette 1138/B/2009), currently in force, provides for restrictions concerning the protection of the environment. For instance, article 6 paragraph E1, referring to tourist sports and especially to golf, imposes various measures regarding the protection of the environment and particularly water resources from the danger of overuse and pollution. Ski tourism too raises the need for measures to protect the environment, particularly on issues concerning improving accessibility and limiting the repercussions on the special characteristics of the areas concerned. A new Special Land Planning Framework expected at the end of 2010 will include more restrictions. According to its recently published guidelines, tourism enterprises can make applications under this programme if they want to install eco-friendly equipment, use alternative sources of energy for their everyday operations, or pursue other environmental protection goals. | sdg13 |
This article critically considers Michael Burawoy’s ‘public sociology for human rights’ through the lens of Timothy W. Luke’s ‘rites of rule’. The author argues that, while admirable in its stated aim, public sociology for human rights neglects to reveal its roots in governmentality and thus does not recognize the empirical practice of human rights within cosmopolitan global governance as a shift to consolidated contragovernmentality. The author concludes that public sociology for human rights as it is currently framed stabilizes the practice of human rights as rites of rule in an attempt to stabilize knowledge and the relations that it orders. | sdg16 |
From 1970 to 1987, pollution of oxygen-binding substances was reduced by 80%, in spite of increased economic activity. Reductions were especially significant for companies discharging to state waters, reflecting the earmarking of revenues for pollution-control subsidies and the supporting activities of RIZA. Between 1970 and 1989, over 70% of industrial investments for water-pollution control were financed by subsidies provided from the state levy. | sdg6 |
In line with the learning organisation emphasis on feedback loops, ensuring the impact of professional development of leaders is also highlighted (Huber, 2011). Leadership is, and should be a continuous process of learning (MacBeath and Dempster, 2008). The school leader as “lead learner” (Barth, 2001) engages seriously in their own learning - alone and with colleagues (Robertson, 2016, in press), is exposed to the best theories and practices on school leadership for learning and teaching to thrive (Hamzah et al., | sdg4 |
In developing countries, though, there is still ample of room for growth, with 45 per cent of individuals using the Internet. In the world's 47 least-developed countries (LDCs), Internet uptake remains relatively low and four out of five individuals (80 per cent) are not yet using the Internet. With the exception of fixed-telephony, all indicators showed sustained growth over the last decade. | sdg9 |
Situated only 20 kilometres from Berlin and 70 kilometres from Poland, Schonefelder Kreuz offers access to both national and international business regions. Around 100 000 people live here. Leading global companies are based in the region as well as scientific institutes and a variety of small and medium-sized enterprises. | sdg9 |
This report finds that Mexico has a long way to go on the road to gender equality. Mexican women's economic outcomes, including labour force participation, continue to lag behind those in most other OECD countries. Mexico's adolescent pregnancy rate remains high, and the share of young women not in employment, education, or training is nearly four times the share for young men. Mexican women continue to suffer from high levels of violence and face pervasive gender stereotyping. | sdg5 |
Attempts to measure and interpret the distribution and abundance of floating plastics in the surface ocean need to be placed in the context of this natural variability. Plastics occur in all five compartments, and there will be processes acting both within and between compartments which will affect the fate and distribution of the plastic material. Plastics that are inherently buoyant (e.g. PE) can be expected to remain in the upper ocean, unless there is a change in density, for example by the attachment and growth of sessile organisms. | sdg14 |
The success of the health care system depends on the accuracy, correctness and trustworthiness of the information, and the privacy rights of individuals to control the disclosure of personal information. A national policy on health informational privacy should be guided by ethical principles that respect individual autonomy while recognizing the important collective interests in the use of health information. At present there are no adequate laws or constitutional principles to help guide a rational privacy policy. The laws are scattered and fragmented across the states. Constitutional law is highly general, without important specific safeguards. Finally, a case study is provided showing the important trade-offs that exist between public health and privacy. For a model public health law, see www.critpath.org/msphpa/privacy. | sdg16 |
For instance, the CTF has as one of its core outcome indicators the “number of additional passengers (disaggregated by men and women if feasible) using low-carbon public transport as a result of CIF intervention” (CIF, 2012a). The CTF also provides a useful example of how gender considerations can be mainstreamed into existing evaluations and indicators. Increased energy access can have positive impacts on access to basic services such as clean water (e.g. through desalinisation systems powered by renewable energy) and food security (e.g. through education on climate-resilient agriculture or deployment of drought early-warning systems). | sdg13 |
Considering the steep fall in unemployment in the recent period, the imbalance between labour supply and demand seems to account for an ever-increasing proportion of persistent unemployment (Bassi and others, 2012, Cazes andVerick, 2013). To achieve this, it is important to create national vocational education and training systems that recognize the triple relevance of knowledge-building and skills development, meaning that training and educational content accords with employers' requirements, the aspirations of individuals —especially young people— and sustainable development needs (Biavaschi and others, 2012). In this context, and in view of the identified weaknesses, special emphasis must be laid on non-university technical training (lacinto, 2013). | sdg8 |
It holds the overall responsibility for schooling and is in charge of developing the curriculum, national objectives and guidelines for the education system. To reduce the gap between immigrant and native students, Sweden’s government will need to use tools such as funding and guidelines to promote policies to reduce it. One of the core components, school choice, was a radical change from the previously enforced location-based system. The reformed policy mandated the provision of vouchers for any school, public or independent, regardless of geographic location in order to create a more democratic educational system by introducing ‘freedom of choice’ and allowing local schools a higher degree of autonomy (Lund, 2015(12]). | sdg4 |
The main objective of value-based cost sharing is to reduce the purchase of health care with a low-cost effectiveness. They argue that to reap efficiency gains it is important to increase the consistency of policy settings within a system, while no system is superior to another. The cost of assessing the value of health care services and operating value-based cost sharing is, however, high and several countries have thus abandoned value-based policies. | sdg3 |
The space should allow some flexibility in its use to suit changing needs. When streets and plazas accommodate multiple activities, they are activated always, even if used differently at different times. World Vision International, for instance, engages children as change agents who inform planning decisions for better and safer spaces. | sdg11 |
Educational gaps overlap with the leadership gap in part because the pool of women in science and technical fields is limited and not growing. There can be no doubt that SECURICO has developed into a world-class security services organization recognized for its ISO certifications and industry awards, more than 20 in over a decade. In 2013, Divine was voted African Woman of the Year and also won the 1st Runner-Up UNCTAD Empretec Women in Business Award. | sdg5 |
The national report on the implementation of the Cartagena Protocol, elaborated in 2016 at the request of the National Biosafety Committee, includes proposed activities with that aim. Mongolia does not have any bilateral, regional or multilateral agreement with non-parties regarding transboundary movements of LMOs, neither has it ever imported or exported LMOs to a non-party. International funding has been essential for activities implemented and for compliance with the Cartagena Protocol. Mongolia w ill be the lead country of the Asian BCH Family for the period 2018-2020. | sdg15 |
Discourses of public education reform, like that exemplified within the Queensland Government's future vision document, Queensland State Education‐2010 (QSE‐2010), position schooling as a panacea to pervasive social instability and a means to achieve a new consensus. However, in unravelling the many conflicting statements that conjoin to form education policy and inform related literature ( ), it becomes clear that education reform discourse is polyvalent ( ). Alongside visionary statements that speak of public education as a vehicle for social justice are the (re)visionary or those reflecting neoliberal individualism and a conservative politics. In this paper, it is argued that the latter coagulate to form strategic discursive practices which work to (re)secure dominant relations of power. Further, discussion of the characteristics needed by the ‘ideal’ future citizen of Queensland reflect efforts to ‘tame change through the making of the child’ ( , p. 201). The casualties of this (re)vision and the refu... | sdg16 |
Results are summarised in Table 6.8. Pure public goods do not decline in availability or quality no matter how many people benefit from them. In economic terms, they are non-rivalrous, while congestible goods are rivalrous. Therefore, they can be provided in the same amount and at the same cost regardless of the number of immigrants. Identifying such goods is not always straightforward, since certain apparently pure public goods may in fact be extended when the population grows. | sdg8 |
At the present time, the reinsurance company MiCRO is in the process of extending its operations to Nicaragua and Guatemala. Given that situation, governments and the international community have developed a variety of systems to increase the resilience of the most exposed zones, together with social protection programmes that have components to support households (particularly the most vulnerable ones) whose means of subsistence have been impaired. To better illustrate a number of practical experiences in other developing regions, three cases have been selected, which the literature has spotlighted for their successes, errors, and implementation difficulties. | sdg13 |
Drawing even further on Indigenous traditions and ways of learning than is currently the case through the PEIB presents an opportunity to enable Indigenous students to learn better. There are channels of communication between Indigenous communities and the national government, but there is a large room for improving this dialogue. Some communities claim the need for developing their own pedagogical techniques and teaching their knowledge (saberes). | sdg4 |
ABSTRACTDelegation of legislative power to the Executive occupies a unique place within the constitutional division of power. As a matter of necessity, efficiency, responsiveness, and a desire for increased participation from industry, delegation of legislative power is common but surprisingly under-theorised and under-studied. For decades in Australia it has been the domain of the Parliament to determine the appropriate exercise and level of scrutiny for delegated legislative power. But the constitutional landscape may be changing. In the 2012 decision Williams v Commonwealth (No 1), the Australian High Court indicated a greater willingness to scrutinise more robustly the performance of Parliament's supervisory functions. Against the background of the Court's new interest in responsible government, we argue that the current parliamentary practice of review of the exercise of delegated power is unable to achieve robust accountability. Informed by the High Court's jurisprudence in Williams (No 1) and the t... | sdg16 |
A RENEWW Zone placed at the outer edge of an existing informal settlement would provide a bridge to an adjacent urban extension. In addition to the housing, transportation and planning provisions, the Agenda includes leveraging and protecting cultural and natural heritage, developing platforms for meaningful participation in decision-making, enhancing disaster risk reduction, promoting environmentally sound waste management, and providing publicly accessible open and green space. | sdg11 |
The Identity Solutions Symposium held in Jonesboro, Arkansas, 2007 brought together academic, industry, and government experts working on radio frequency identification (RFID), biometrics, sensors, animal identification, identity cards, RFID-enabled passports, identity theft, terrorism, retail and healthcare supply chains, demographics, privacy, security, middleware, and legislation. One observation was universal in the presentations - identity matters. Identity-related technologies can considerably optimize supply chains while reducing threats from terrorism and natural disasters. But we must solve social, political, ethical, and technical puzzles along the way | sdg16 |
In both countries, fertiliser subsidies offset a large part of fertiliser production costs (Table 5). In order to comply with the biofuel mandate, a large quantity of biofuel feedstock has to be produced for which a large quantity of fertiliser is required. If the biofuel mandates are abolished, the biofuel feedstock market collapses as does the demand for fertiliser, leading to a price decline in fertiliser. In several countries, mandates are complemented with tax concessions and other budgetary measures (Table 2), thus shifting the cost of maintaining the biofuel mandate from the fuel consumer to the taxpayer. A removal of mandates and budgetary support would result in much lower biofuel use in most countries (Figure 8) due to higher production costs of biofuels compared to fossil fuels under the assumed crude-oil price. | sdg2 |
The system covers many common nationwide trade skills, in a large variety of industrial sectors. Since its introduction in FY 1959, about 4 million people have become certified skilled workers, and every year there are about 200 000 additional applicants for skills certification (MHLW, 2006, and 2007). These figures suggest, however, that only about 5% of the current workforce is certified. | sdg8 |
Libraries promote cultural diversity, linguistic diversity and local content given that their collections feature national works in the language of the country. There are various aspects to library digitization, including digital books, the digitization of key national heritage documents and the availability of a digital or electronic card catalogue. Several initiatives to digitize libraries are described in Box 4.1. | sdg9 |
As land is a factor input into many economic activities, competing demands and conflicting uses may become constraints to both economic development and environmental protection. This requires integrated land use and territorial planning, coherence with sectoral policies (mining, agriculture, forestry manufacturing, transport, energy), appropriate governance and the use of a mix of policy instruments, including ownership rights, property' and other taxes, and protected area networks. This delivers important messages about competing uses of land and pressures on biodiversity that may alter habitats. | sdg15 |
This is another reason why poverty eradication, or at least alleviation, must be essential to a green economy strategy for Jamaica. The middle class is small, and also clinging to its standard of living. Costly adjustments to its standard of living will be instinctively resisted, unless there is a successful education programme on the long-term benefits of a green economy. | sdg12 |
The new law (passed by the Danish parliament on 29 May 2012) allows municipalities to ban construction in certain areas solely due to climate change adaptation reasons. Woik is underway by the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing (MMAH) on the development of the next edition of the Building Code to make new buildings in Ontario resilient to climate change impacts and to enhance their ability to conserve water and energy. The plan comprises national actions (regulations, information-based instruments) shared across levels of government, as well as local projects. This put in place a framework that will allow the spatial plans of the Lander and regions to be gradually supplemented with the aspect of provision for the spatial requirements of climate adaptation during their redrafting process. | sdg6 |
These countries have inherited their pension systems from the former USSR which they have to reconsider in terms of eligibility criteria, retirement ages, and the linkage between contribution rates and benefit payments in order to safeguard the financial sustainability of their pension systems. This balance is desirable as different segments of the population tend to benefit from different forms of social protection. This balance is lacking among low-income countries, where, spending per recipients of a social insurance benefits is very high at over 60% of GDP per capita. | sdg1 |
In these and related tasks, the NEA works in close collaboration with the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna, with which it has a Co-operation Agreement, as well as with other international organisations in the nuclear field. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre fran^ais d'exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) [email protected]. | sdg7 |
New laws and policies are currently being developed to increase online security and to strengthen the protection of personal data. National security concerns have also been raised about the misuse of such data and the consequences of the digital transformation on national security. Governments need to apply a whole-of-govemment response to form coherent policies to seize the opportunities and tackle the evolving challenges of the digital transformation. | sdg9 |
The fourth industrial revolution has been heralded as having the potential to connect billions more people and to improve dramatically the efficiency of organizations. The underlying assumption is that people and enterprises are actually connected to one another and to new technologies via the internet or transport intrastructure. This is most challenging for households and firms in remote areas. | sdg9 |
European Journal of Population/Revue europeenne de Demographie, 27(2), 157-184. Why are suicide rates rising in young men but falling in the elderly? A time-series analysis of trends in England and Wales 1950-1998. Nervous and depressive symptoms in a longitudinal study of youth unemployment—selection or exposure? | sdg3 |
AbstractCitizen Voice and Action (CV&A), a rights- and strengths-based social accountability approach developed in the global South, helps communities marginalized by unfair power relations to counter low accountability. By creating a dynamic of entitlement within communities and obligation by duty-bearers, it improves power relations and frees communities to build shared agency through reciprocity which advances health rights claims. After outlining capability theory and linking it to human rights, this paper explains CV&A’s origins in democratic struggles for rights and its current praxis. Using Ugandan case studies, it examines how people suffering its low accountability claim health and human rights by culturally engaging with each other and with duty-bearers. When interpreted as a set of collective freedoms and capabilities to struggle, social accountability helps explain how democratic action with and for communities at multiple levels aligns policy implementation with service performance to produce... | sdg16 |
The fear of the husband having a second family in the Russian Federation may lead women to have more children in order to guarantee a tighter family connection (Olimova and Bosk, 2003) or to facilitate coming along with her husband. Even when both spouses migrate to die Russian Federation, this does not ensure diat die marriage will last, facing the challenge of a lack of intimacy due to crowded accommodations, some spouses get divorced (Kalandarov, 2012). First, divorce can transpire without the existence of a second family, following long-lasting separation and/or a lack of tight connections between the spouses. | sdg5 |
About 60 per cent of population in the LDCs are under 25 years of age (UNDESA 2011). Consequently, the propensity for mobility tended to be high in these countries. As a World Bank (2008) study pointed out, in 2005 almost 22 million or 2.9 per cent of the population left an LDC for overseas. However, during and after the global economic and financial crises period, the flow of migrants to the USA, a major traditional destination, as well as to other developed countries, slowed down.5 Whilst the destination of the overwhelming majority of emigrants from the Asian LDCs was found to be the developing countries, for small Pacific island LDCs the common feature was intra-regional migration. This was also true for African LDCs, where a significant number of migrant workers were destined for countries within the continent. In terms of quality, workers with higher education and professional skills tended to go more to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries (Docquier and Marfouk 2006, Docquier et al. | sdg10 |
These events have increased awareness about the need to invest in flood prediction and cooperate with neighbouring countries in developing such systems. Testing of the Accident Emergency Warning System (AEWS) in March 2007 on the Danube revealed that half of the stations did not react in a timely fashion. The development of the structure and content of a pilot Geographical Information System (GIS) on the Dniester River Basin as the information basis for water management is supported in an Environment and Security Initiative (ENVSEC) project. | sdg6 |
It does so by measuring the extent to which RFMOs apply best practices against IUU fishing and pointing to the remaining gaps. Information gathered from RFMOs' resolutions and recommendations introducing conservation and management measures (CMMs), other publicly available sources and direct communication with RFMOs" secretariats was analysed and summarised into five indicators reflecting the most important management tools targeting IUU fishing at the disposal of RFMOs. Indicators show overall progress among RFMOs, but discrepancies remain, suggesting scope for improvement by learning from best performers. | sdg14 |
They also highlight the importance of being aligned with broader policy goals and broader efforts by the international community to scale up climate finance. As such, it is consistent with views of the development community that effectiveness is enhanced when individual interventions are consistent with nationally determined priorities. As the level of assets of IIGCC signatories dwarfs that covered by the climate finance commitments under the UNFCCC, moves towards greater effectiveness by IIGCC members could have a significant impact. For example, at the international level, greater discussions and co-ordination between development donors and partners can help align different actors behind common objectives. | sdg13 |
Freshwater fish accounts for approximately 33 per cent of the value and about 14 per cent of the volume offish consumed in Nigeria. Food consumption patterns have also been shifting, and by 2006, fish consumption exceeded meat consumption in the country (Dixie and Ohen, 2006). The firm refined the farming systems while selling catfish and subsequently diversified into selling feed, fingerlings, and other varieties offish, including tilapia (although catfish is still the primary fish product). Throughout this process, Durante built the foundation for a new farming sector, making continuous improvements and expanding into different activities within the catfish value chain. | sdg7 |
In other countries, the range of services actually covered by secondary coverage depends both on the scope of the basic benefit package, on effective access to covered care, and on government regulations on possible roles for private health insurance. In several countries for instance, PHI is not allowed to cover cost-sharing left by the public system (see Table 19). This is the case in Australia, Canada, and Switzerland. Such coverage is allowed in Finland, but only for health care services dispensed by providers that are not eligible for funding by public health coverage. | sdg3 |
There are diverse opinions today on whether such programmes have contributed to women's empowerment or, on the contrary, have reinforced traditional gender roles, increased the time women are forced to devote to unpaid domestic and care work and limited their participation in the labour market. It must also be considered that making autonomous income dependent on a conditional cash transfer from the State treats women as just another adjustment variable for the economic crises that the region's countries face on a cyclical basis. As many cases have confirmed, o+nce a crisis sets in and public spending is reduced to address it. The result is income fragility with very little certainty of continuity. | sdg10 |
The framework combines top-down indicators that assess institutional (adaptive) capacity and bottom-up indicators that measure vulnerability. The proposed indicators are linked to national level indicators already being measured on a regular basis. To monitor these actions, 63 national level, process-based indicators measuring institutional adaptive capacity were identified. | sdg13 |
Infrastructure relating to the building stock and urban layouts are so long-lived, that the decarbonisation issue is not usually considered as a stranded asset problem, but rather a question of how to retrofit improvements, as complete replacements for these items are hardly feasible over reasonable timescales. But within these categories are areas where manufacturers face real dilemmas. Energy distribution systems (such as gas pipelines) could be at risk, as well as choices over transportation energy systems. | sdg7 |
Since April 2009 judicial reviews may be dealt with at regional centres and in Cardiff. This change significantly relaxed the hitherto highly centralised system of judicial review in England and Wales. The main aims were to improve access to public law redress by enabling cases to be listed and heard at the most appropriate regional location. Despite recognition of the need to improve regional access, fears exist that this reform will threaten the standing and authority of judicial review in this jurisdiction, that it will contribute to a fragmentation of judicial review and, in the regions, reduce the quality of public law adjudication, legal advice and representation. Drawing on an empirical study on the regional use of judicial review, this paper assesses these matters and considers the early effects of regionalisation on access to judicial review and the development of regional markets for legal services in public law. | sdg16 |
Digitalization is expected to lead to a significant increase in self-employment (the “gig economy”), as firms will in-source more services through peer-to-peer networks. This will further weaken the capacity of trade unions and employers’ associations to guarantee common labour standards and employment conditions through collective bargaining agreements. Available from http://www.nber.org/papers/w22252.pdf, Daron Acemoglu Pascual Restrepo, “Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets,” NBER Working Paper No. World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2017. | sdg9 |
It also aims to design and implement digital tools based on users’ needs. Founded in 2014 by USAID, the US Global Development Lab serves as an innovation hub to test new ideas and solutions and harness the power of science, technology and new innovative tools and approaches that accelerate development impact. It funds researchers and partners with universities to address global development challenges, promotes and mobilises additional funds through private-public partnership for digital inclusion and digital finance, and develops new applications and solutions to improve the use of digital technologies and data in development programmes. | sdg9 |
These have the potential to offset the production of a share of new mobile phones and mobile phone components and the associated extraction of materials and thus reduce environmental burdens. The models are described in detail in 2.3.1. These comprise: mobile phone producers, electronics retailers, network service providers, mobile phone repairers and finally/ refurbishers and second-hand sellers. | sdg12 |
If the rise of, say, the proportion of tertiary-educated workers from the US level to the level observed in country i is relatively small, the effect can be linearised. In fact, the composition effects strongly rely on differences between the means of the explanatory variables which are known with relatively high precision. By contrast, the rate-of-return effects strongly rely on differences between the estimated rates of return which are intrinsically less accurate. | sdg10 |
Assessing the effectiveness of water information systems and databases in bridging the information gap is a difficult task. It requires conducting a cost-benefit analysis at local, regional, national and international levels, to determine how current water information and data are collected and used by policymakers, and the costs and benefits of collecting, analysing and communicating this information. Increased efforts are needed to communicate messages from the reporting and analysis of water data to policy advisors and the wider public. | sdg6 |
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