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One interesting extension of this exercise consists in checking whether the strength of the link between inequality and educational attainments varies with countries’ institutional characteristics or policy setting. This could help shed light on the potential role of policies in offsetting the adverse long-run consequences of widening inequality. The characteristics of education systems and the effectiveness of educational expenditure in levelling the playing field would be examples for capturing such policies. One would expect that the both the degree of intergenerational persistence in education (i.e. the distances between average attainments of High, Medium and Poor PEB individuals) and their sensitivity to inequality to be lower in countries with low costs education (i.e. those with low tuition fees and/or high scholarships availability). | sdg10 |
This may end up marginalising subnational entities in greater financial distress, as they cannot afford to pay the remaining share of the matching funds (Kim et al., Standardised, earmarked and conditional grants in Korea often end up restricting the flexibility of local authorities, thus reducing their ability to meet local demands and risking sub-optimal spending (Jones and Yokoyama, 2005). Interestingly, this concern seems to fade when comparing the per-capita amount of subsidies from MOLIT and the financial independency rate of local governments, which shows a strong negative correlation: the higher the financial independency rate of the metropolitan city or the province, the less subsidies the latter received from MOLIT (Figure 1.23). | sdg11 |
As an alternative, a number of water districts in the High Plains region of the United States have introduced regulations based on historically-irrigated areas, e.g. Nebraska (NE DNR and TPNRD, 2013). For example, the National Water Initiative in Australia, an agreement that all states have signed, governs groundwater law. In general, the Initiative requires a move towards economic water management and, as a result, a number of incentive-based groundwater policies have been implemented. | sdg6 |
Therefore, both building a global production network and establishing a global supply chain network should be an essential part of the national strategy for the development of technology-intensive industries (UNIDO, 2017b). Integration into a global production network by focusing on specific tasks, including final assembly, is advantageous for low-income countries, in particular, which are likely to be suppliers in the global value chain. Having sufficient production capabilities reduces dependence on imports as domestic demand can be met with local goods. | sdg9 |
After the relationship is estimated, it is then possible to predict the individual expenditures and the individual poverty status of all individuals in our household survey in order to simulate the actual implementation of the policy. By comparing the predicted and actual (according to the household survey expenditure data) poverty status of the survey households, we are able to evaluate likely targeting errors: namely under-coverage (poor individuals excluded from the social safety programme because predicted as non-poor) and leakage (non-poor individuals benefiting from transfers because erroneously identified as poor). The administrative costs faced by the governments to put in place the policies proposed here are not taken into account and we thus only include the total amount of cash transfers allocated or the cost of the subsidies provided. We made the hypothesis that all the transfers received by children living in the same household are pooled and shared equitably among all the household members. As we cannot know what allocation rule is in force within each household, we adopted a relatively neutral approach. Therefore, the model requires a benchmark data set presented in the form of a SAM. | sdg1 |
Overall, it is clear that cities need to involve local communities in designing appropriate solutions in order to better tackle evolving urban safety and security concerns. In so many areas—urban services, urban housing, growing inequality and exclusion, and safety and security— new challenges are emerging, even when old patterns persist. These challenges will in part frame the attempt to find a new, and more current urban agenda in order to better structure and regulate the forces of social, economic, technological and political change that are pulsing through our cities. | sdg11 |
For rice, wheat, maize and soybeans, trade actions by countries related to export restrictions, buying to increase stockholdings, and removal of import restrictions or import subsidies all contributed to the price spikes. The exaggerated price movements created by the application of insulation policies in other countries created worse outcomes than would have otherwise occurred. From a global perspective, the various individual country interventions targeted at improving food security lessened it. | sdg2 |
This made it possible to set tariffs at an appropriate level, covering costs, while keeping end-user prices stable. A discussion of the proper level of tariffs for transport and internal distribution of natural gas is beyond the scope of this study, but a simplified estimation approach was used. Although this is only an approximation, it gives some idea of the magnitude of the subsidy. Our estimates show a significant reduction of subsidies to gas consumers in Moldova in 2015 by comparison with previous years. | sdg7 |
I. Gianluca, R. Sylvia, W. David, "Reducing Network Energy Consumption via Sleeping and Rate-Adaptation," in NSDI'08: Proceedings of the 5th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, Berkeley, pp. F., "Optimal Spectrum Sensing Framework for Cognitive Radio Networks," IEEE Transaction on wireless communications, vol. Low-cost energy delivery encourages people to use communication services. | sdg7 |
The informal economy cannot be regarded as a temporary phenomenon. It has been around for decades and it is not evidently in decline. It has a more noticeably fixed character in countries where income and assets are unequally distributed (Becker, 2004) and where access to formal jobs, primarily in economic sectors where government is the dominant employer, is a function of association with influential social networks (Avirgan et al., | sdg4 |
First, more effective monitoring and verification of performance on international commitments are needed. As regards establishing the corresponding mechanisms of common accountability, lessons can be drawn from existing modalities in other areas, such as the trade policy review process of the World Trade Organization. | sdg2 |
List of Contributors. Introduction Mark Brown and John Pratt Part I: Dangerousness: A Social History 1. Risk societies and the government of crime Pat O'Malley 2. The birth of dangerousness John Pratt Part II: Legal Responses and Responsibilities 3. Guerillas in our midst? Judicial responses to governing the dangerous Arie Freiberg 4. Civil commitment as social control: Managing the risk of sexual violence Eric Janus Part III: Practical Risks: Danger in the Penal Context 5. Calculations of risk in contemporary penal practice Mark Brown 6. Criminal careers, sex offenders and dangerousness Rod Broadhurst 7. Danger and penal politics Richard Sparks Part IV: Violence, Danger and Modern Government: The Future 8. Naturalising danger: Women, fear and personal safety Elizabeth Stanko 9. Drugs and dangerousness: Perception and management of risk in the neo-liberal era Adam Sutton 10. Dangerous states Nils Christie | sdg16 |
Some schemes involved land-related transactions: the commune of Saint-Ivy, France, bought former farming land and converted it to woodland to protect the aquifer, partly because landowners in France cannot impose crop choices on tenants (Barraque et al., In other cases, the schemes involved designing performance contracts: in Santa Cruz County, California, the Resource Conservation District and the Driscoll’s strawberry company piloted a performance-based conservation initiative to monitor and improve groundwater quality, and better manage quantity. The plan includes targets, new monitoring mechanisms and incentive payments for conservation to participating farmers (Levy and Christian-Smith, 2011). | sdg6 |
It was opened by Datin Paduka Dyg Apsah bte Hj Abd Majid, Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Education. The theme was 'Embracing Diversity: Effective Inclusive Schools' and the keynote address, 'Embracing Diversity: Strengthening Inclusive Schools' was made by guest speaker Dr Lori Bradshaw. The materials include the statutory requirements, early identification, a model for developing school-wide procedures, inclusive systems and ensuring staff ownership. These were developed as part of the Enhancing Effective Practice in Special Education project. | sdg4 |
The court developed a test detailing when a State must act to protect an individual: "For a positive obligation to arise, it must be established that the authorities knew of or ought to have known at the time of the existence of a real and immediate risk to the life of an identified individual from the criminal acts of a third party and that they failed to take measures within the scope of their powers which, judged reasonably, might have been expected to avoid that risk." Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Legal Standards related to gender equality and women's rights in the Inter-American Human Rights System: Development and Application (OEA/Ser. In particular, they provide that the responsibility for prosecuting violence against women lies with prosecution authorities and not with victims of violence, regardless of the level or type of injury. Victim safety and well-being are paramount goals of criminal justice response. | sdg5 |
In particular, reducing food wastage may contribute significantly to the sustainability of the food system. Currently, it is estimated that 32 per cent of the total food produced globally is wasted. In order to substantially reduce the quantity of food lost and wasted, changes have to take place at different levels of the food chain: production, storage, transportation and consumption. In developed countries, efforts are most needed at the retail and consumer end, owing in part to management practices and consumption habits. | sdg2 |
All these programmes included measures for habitat conservation as well. Sea turtles are nationally listed as in danger of extinction and legally protected via the national Wildlife Law (Ley General de Vida Silvestre). There is a complete and permanent ban on the harvest, use and trade of all sea turtles and turtle products (DOF, 2002, SEPESCA, 1991). | sdg15 |
These results are directly translated into net trade effects. Net trade changes may imply shifts in the direction of trade Source: Derived from IMPACT results. Significant trade effects are found in large countries especially for the most impacted commodities. The reduction of the trade balance for cotton in China results in increased of cotton exports by other countries, including Brazil (+6%), and Australia (+143%). Significant changes are also found in the maize market with increase in exports from Brazil and from the United States (+7%). Net trade increases are spread out across countries for rice, potatoes and vegetables. | sdg6 |
We recognize the value of the Forum as a policy forum for the promotion of sustainable forest management and decide on the continuation of the international arrangement on forests, emphasizing the need to use the potential of the Forum efficiently and to contribute to cooperation and synergies. We welcome forest-related developments in other forums, in particular the Rio conventions,1 their continued contribution to sustainable forest management and the importance of cooperation and synergies between these forums and the international arrangement on forests. We affirm that the international arrangement on forests beyond 2015 should play a key role in promoting the achievement of forest-related sustainable development goals and targets that will be considered for adoption at the United Nations summit in September 2015. We underscore the need to accelerate efforts at all levels to achieve the objectives of the international arrangement on forests beyond 2015 and the need to establish a stronger, more effective and solid arrangement for the period 2015 to 2030. | sdg15 |
However, which such an acute focused health care system, Korea’s starting point today is behind that of many other OECD countries. Turning this situation around will demand a consistent policy commitment to developing effective primary care services over a long period of time. Better remuneration and more primary care practices will help set the foundations, but will need to be supported by a workforce dedicated to primary care and better information to help the single insurer direct funding to areas of need. | sdg3 |
It is further important that some elements of local control should be constrained by higher level priorities because local preferences for specific land uses may not be compatible with broader social welfare objectives. In Greater Clermont-Ferrand, specific local conditions provide important limitations and opportunities for development and hence for specific uses of land. The limitations imposed by this geographical feature has at the same time created the necessity to develop local and co-ordinated land use policies in order to avoid local competition and land use conflict. | sdg11 |
Weller (2008, p. 21), describes labour-market institutions as "mechanisms with differing degrees of formality that establish the rules of behaviour for participants in the labour market". The ultimate goal of labour-market institutions is to generate high-quality employment by means of labour market regulation, unemployment protection systems and active labour market policies (which are not part of social protection per se). To achieve this goal, institutions must meet two objectives: "they must ensure an efficiently functioning labour market, i.e. the optimal allocation of resources, and they must guarantee protection and support for the weakest players in a market characterized by structural inequalities among participants" (Weller, 2008). At the same time, to maintain the coherence of social protection policies there needs to be coordination among the various State institutions, as well as information systems for monitoring their actions and oversight and conflict-resolution mechanisms. For instance, non-contributory social protection programmes are often managed by public social development institutions (such as ministries of social development, social investment funds or specialized programmes). | sdg1 |
So if the contribution of water to the regional economy is USD 1 billion, and there is a 10% reduction in its availability, then a first-order guess at the welfare cost would be 0.10*USD lbill. This is just a first-order estimate, since any reduction in available water will affect the marginal value product of water. It is also the kind of estimate which can be generated without resource to an economy-wide model. Of course, such a shortage will also interact with other features of the economy - hence the need for economic modelling in the context of the CIRCLE project. | sdg6 |
In particular, both central and local governments are focusing on reducing reliance on cars, sometimes adopting a “road diet” approach, and promoting public transport and soft mobility. For example, the approach of reducing road lanes and parking space is applied drastically in Sejong, Korea's most recently created city (see detailed profile in Chapter 3). Implementing such a vision requires a holistic approach to the metropolitan area’s development. Well-integrated transport, spatial and economic policies have contributed to making it possible for 90% of morning journey's to be by public transport or non-motorised modes (TfL, 2015). | sdg11 |
This situation has implications for competitiveness, and ultimately for the price of services. In contrast, thanks to competitive pricing arrangements prices in Rwanda and Uganda differ very little from what consumers pay in Tanzania, a neighbouring country with access to undersea cable. These countries use cross-border terrestrial connections (Schumann and Kende, 2013). Bhutan has invested in aerial fibre-optic cabling using the power-line infrastructure of the Bhutan Power Corporation, negotiations with Indian service providers to add more fibre-optic cable connections for greater reliability and quality are ongoing. | sdg9 |
For example, in Slovenia, all the provisions of the employment contract remain in force, including the ones relating to assignment to a specific post. In Luxembourg, as the replacement is only temporary, the exact position is held for an individual on leave. In the Czech Republic, national legislation guarantees that employees can return to the exact same or similar position (depending on the particularities of the situation). | sdg5 |
Procedural environmental justice refers to fairness in processes of decision-making. It recognises that environmental victimisation, while an injustice in and of itself, is usually underpinned by unjust deliberation procedures. Although green criminology tends to focus on the former, distributional dimension of environmental justice, this article draws attention to its procedural counterpart. In doing so, it demonstrates how the notions of justice-as-recognition and justice-as-participation are jointly manifest within its conceptual boundaries. This is done by using the consultation process that occurs with indigenous peoples on proposed oil sands projects in Northern Alberta, Canada, as a case study. Drawing from ‘elite’ interviews, the article illustrates how indigenous voices have been marginalised, and their Treaty rights misrecognised, within this process. As such, in seeking to understand the procedural determinants of distributional injustice, the article aims to encourage broader green criminological scholarship to do the same. | sdg16 |
The Maastricht Treaty is ten year old. Its fiscal rules played a key role in kick starting and sustaining the budgetary retrenchment efforts in European Union countries in the run up to EMU. The experience of the Maastricht-induced fiscal consolidation shows that the political economy dimension of the rules is key for their success. It remains to be seen whether the Stability and Growth Pact, which complements the Treaty, aims at locking EMU members into a fiscal discipline commitment while allowing for flexibility to cushion cyclical fluctuations. In order to succeed in this undertaking, EU governments and institutions have to bank on the political economy “drive” which made Maastricht a success while tackling a number of open issues in the implementation of the Pact. | sdg16 |
Chapter 4 provides an overview of the most relevant frameworks to support business in providing accountability to their stakeholders. The Corporate Register9 database collects the environmental, sustainability and integrated reports most of the worlds’ largest organizations. It has collected almost 6 000 reports, the majority of which (almost 3.000 reports) come from Europe. Figure 1 shows how the content of these reports has moved gradually from an almost exclusive focus on environmental issues towards a more holistic approach, involving the reporting of social and economic issues as well. | sdg12 |
These assets may be threatened by continued lack of investment in the public transport infrastructure necessary to accommodate sustainable growth. Without a carbon tax, carbon emissions trading programme or strong renewable power mandates backed-up by significant and sustained federal investment, the region may not be able to capitalise on the potential for green job growth. Pacific Rim cities like San Diego, California, Portland, Oregon and Vancouver, British Columbia are all potential competitors for investment capital and positioning in the green space and have formed innovation hubs and industry and research partnerships to foster green cluster development. The Metropolitan Plan for Sydney 2036 describes a new approach to infrastructure planning that is promising. However, LGAs, working in collaboration with other agencies such as RDA-Sydney, should consider forming a coalition to press for investment in a few key projects around which consensus can be built. The coalition might be called something like Move Sydney Green and it might focus on getting an identifiable light-rail extension, clean freight rail corridor and renewable power project constructed. | sdg7 |
Some countries, including Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Italy, Japan, Ihe Netherlands and Spain, also provide explicit tax incentives for training, over and above the standard deductibility of training costs and of wages paid to trainees and apprentices. Lessons from recent evaluations show that the effectiveness of tax incentives depends on their design. For example, a highly complex design can reduce take-up rates, result in sub-optimal lax-relief claims, or lead to high non-compliance rates. | sdg4 |
They expected neither a geographical nor a sectoral expansion, but saw the greatest likelihood of some expansion coming in the trades sector or care-giving. There was some concern over whether, if such an expansion occurred, Samoa would have adequate human resources to respond without significant losses. In Samoa there was a pro-Savai’i bias, but although Savai’i is relatively poor it is not clear if this was a pro-poor bias (Gibson et al. | sdg10 |
A dense (and growing) population, the effects of climate change, an existing arid climate in much of the basin, and growing demand among competing users - coupled with the need to ensure sufficient water to protect aquatic and ecosystem health - all place significant pressure on the basin. Further compounding the challenge is the requirement that 50% of the annual natural flow must pass to Saskatchewan, a neighbouring province. In addition, the province evolved its water allocation policies and the associated legislation, culminating in the proclamation of a new Water Act in 1999. Pursuant to the Water Act, the right to divert and use water is granted by a licence or registration under the Water Act. | sdg6 |
The paper deals with the extra-legal references of the European Convention of Human Rights, differing form the way in that such axiology is the state or general international law. The latter cumulates both intra and extra legal values in the category of the general principles of law and these constructs, together with the general clauses enter the international human rights law. Paper accepts the concept of the clauses not restricting them to the category of the limitation clauses. The various regulations of the Convention had been analyzed in that light both from the point of the international and state law perspectives, since use of the clauses by the state agencies are controlled by the European Court of Human Rights. | sdg16 |
Through the broadband policy, the government would like to incentivise all operators to engage in fast broadband expansion and specifically to generate material improvements for users outside the most densely populated areas enabling Sweden to be completely connected (Government Offices of Sweden, 2016). An investigation of household coverage by high capacity fixed broadband at a local level (figure 12.3), i.e. municipalities, in the Nordic Region shows a more varied picture than that at the regional level (figure 12.2). The average figure for Nordic municipalities was 63% in 2016, with more homogeneous figures in Denmark and Sweden than in Norway and Finland. | sdg9 |
Each spouse is allowed to use the joint property in accordance to need and joint property may be sold or donated only with the consent of both spouses. The law also provides that a woman has equal rights with her husband in divorce and that wives and husbands have equal rights to common property after marriage (see also case study 5 on South Africa and chap. Under a community of property regime, all of a couple’s assets and liabilities are pooled and shared equally by the spouses, irrespective of whether they were acquired before or during the marriage, unless expressly excluded by a donor or testator. All profits and losses are borne equally by the spouses and each spouse assumes joint control with his or her partner over the estate. While a spouse in a marriage subject to a community of property regime may perform "any juristic act with regard to the joint estate without the consent of the other spouse", a number of restrictions apply, and a spouse shall not perform certain acts, such as the sale of immovable property (including the matrimonial home) forming part of the joint estate, without the consent of the other spouse. Upon divorce or death, each spouse or the surviving spouse of a marriage subject to a commu nity of property regime is entitled to half the joint estate. | sdg5 |
While international human rights treaties refer to "equality", in other sectors the term "equity" is often used. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has emphasized in its general recommendations and concluding observations on different countries, e.g., in its general recommendation No. The word "equity" has sometimes been understood as more accessible to a broader public and suggests a need for redistribution. | sdg5 |
In Ethiopia, for example, 22.2 per cent of rural women are engaged in non-farm activities, compared with 16.4 per cent of men (Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia and World Bank, 2013). In Lao People’s Democratic Republic, 48 per cent of the household members involved in non-farm activities are women, the great majority (77 per cent) of them working in wholesale and retail trade (FAO/SIDA, 2010b). Artisanal agroprocessing is a traditionally female occupation in many countries, and agro-industrial processing of high-value products such as fish, flowers and livestock products exhibits a marked occupational pattern by gender, characterized by predominantly female employment (table 4,4) and significant occupational segregation by sex. | sdg5 |
The lack of robust evidence of the patient safety measurement in primary and ambulatory care settings can partly be explained by the fragmented nature of this setting described in the introduction. In fact, survey responses suggest that the fragmented nature of primary and ambulatory care ‘systems’ , and lack of overall system governance, are the most important barrier to implementing safety measurement and interventions (see Chapter 4). This means infonnation can rarely be linked. These technical barriers may prohibit capturing accurately the full picture of the frequency and magnitude of patient harm occurring along the patient pathway. | sdg3 |
It is important to acknowledge the immense physical and psychological pain confronted by survivors of such violence, and the far-reaching consequences not only for the victim but also for her entire family. In the face of abuse, women often suffer from isolation and a limited ability to work and care for themselves and their children. A1 (2014), and ONFP (2010). | sdg5 |
This helps avoid reaching the final stages of a project that citizens do not support or recognise as their own. Akims and senior public managers should express at the outset commitment to the process and the principles of the purpose and scope of the exercise. One way to start would be by understanding what people value about the city and engaging on these terms. It is recommended that akims and senior officials from different levels of government engage in regular discussions about the process. | sdg11 |
For instance, in some countries, such as Ireland and the United Kingdom, children typically enter primary education at age 5, while in Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Poland and Sweden, they typically enter at age 7. In all the other countries, children typical enter primary education at age 6. In pre-primary education, annual expenditure per child for both public and private settings averages USD 8 070 in OECD countries, while annual expenditure for early childhood educational development averages USD 12 501. In early childhood educational development (ISCED 01), public sources account for an average of 69% of total expenditure, while in pre-primary education (ISCED 02), it amounts to 83%. | sdg4 |
The introductory chapter offers an elaboration of peacebuilding as corporeal event that becomes into being in mundane encounters. The objective is to argue that Peace and Conflict Studies can be revitalized by employing feminist theorizing, non-representational ethnography, post-colonial thinking and critical theorizing of everyday life. The chapter shows how taking the body seriously introduces phenomenological registers that prioritize the relational and vulnerable elements of human being and, thereby, mundane practices of peacebuilding and peace. In addition to that, the chapter urges a novel ethical stance to peacebuilding that is based on the Scandinavian research tradition where one of the initial goals was to study the ordinary mechanisms of conflict resolution and peace maintenance, not just violence and its management. | sdg16 |
There is an urban dimension to this, since broadband Internet access has developed much more quickly in Almaty City than in Astana or other regions (Figure 1.35). Dispersing scarce public funding over a number of specialised sciences or smart cities, or several innovation clusters based in special economic zones (SEZs), may detract from the success of any one city, including Almaty City. The risk is also that the complex layers of priorities and institutions ultimately exceed the capacity of the national and subnational bureaucracies. | sdg11 |
Budapest, Brussels: European Community Programme for Employment and Social Solidarity (2007-2013). Child Poverty in Perspective: An Overview of Child Well-Being in Rich Countries, Innocenti Report Card 7. Florence: Innocenti Research Centre. Capability deprivation and income poverty in the United States, 1994 and 2004: Measurement outcomes and demographic profiles. | sdg1 |
Maladaptation (entailing further environmental deterioration, increased vulnerability or decreased welfare) may arise owing to inconsistency among these sectoral adaptation policies, or among short-term solutions and long-term adaptation needs. Maladaptation may then result in greater vulnerability in the future or in negative effects on other communities or sectors. An integrated policy approach, in contrast, possesses the advantage of taking into consideration different priorities and various sources of information, which are crucial in the policymaking process, in order to prevent maladaptation. | sdg13 |
For example, higher bargaining power, as proxied by larger age gap, positively affects the amount of time that husbands spend on market work and that wives spend on household work. It has no effect on time spent by husbands on household work or wives on market work. On the other hand, the education gap proxy seems to negatively affect the amount of time husbands spend on household and care work, positively affect both the wife's and husband's time spent on market work, and does not significantly affect the time spent by the wife on household work. This suggests that die household division of labour and in particular women's household and care work time may not be subject to negotiation. | sdg5 |
Difference between estimated reform-effect on the rich (a=6) and the poor (o=-4). The illustrative reform scenarios point to the heterogeneity of the effects of structural reforms on household incomes across the income distribution (Figure 21). The inequality implications from structural reforms depend on how inequality is measured, i.e. on the differential emphasis that different measures attribute to different portions of the income distribution. In turn, this choice partly reflects social preferences, that is, inequality aversion. | sdg10 |
In particular, a large literature documents the existence of a deep divide, within the formal sector, between jobs offering permanent contracts and those offering fixed-term contracts. The distinction is especially relevant from a job quality perspective since fixed-term jobs tend to be, on average, second best jobs characterised by lower earnings quality, higher labour market risk (due to both higher risk of joblessness and to lower unemployment benefit coverage) and lower quality of the working environment (OECD, 2014, Chapter 3). Furthermore, these forms of fixed-term employment are quite widespread in emerging economies, notably in Latin American countries and China. | sdg8 |
Factors that increased the chances of moving down at least one decile were mostly related to household socioeconomic composition and included variables such as the number of children in the household, the presence of a disabled household member and participation in own-account agriculture (independent farmer without employees). However, belonging to an ethnic minority did not appear to be significantly correlated with relative income mobility. More than two-thirds of the employed working-age population in Viet Nam is self-employed. This heterogeneous group includes representatives from the most vulnerable categories, such as own-account workers and contributing family workers. General conclusions about the relative well-being of self-employed workers compared to wage employees are difficult to state with certainty. A recent study on Viet Nam found that self-employment can be better remunerated than wage work (Nordman, Nguyen and Roubaud, 2013). | sdg10 |
Another measure of programme success is the extent to which voucher recipients have further contracted public research organisations for follow-up assignments paid through other means (Box 4). Around 22% of the Scottish partners are already working on a new project, while 33% are discussing future project opportunities (BIGGAR Economics, 2010). Nearly 50% of the Austrian partners have already embarked on a continuation of the collaboration started in the framework of the IS and ISplus programmes, and a further 17% plan to do so (KMU Forschung, 2015). Finally, almost 60% of the German participants indicated their willingness to have a follow-up project (BMWi, 2015). | sdg9 |
Their report focused heavily on the tolling highway lanes rather than a scheme focused on limiting travel into the central business district in Chicago. The study found support for this concept among a range of stakeholder groups, although there are concerns about equity issues (MPC/Wilbur Smith Associates, 2010). In some cases, such as the schemes introduced in Norwegian cities, the primary objective was to raise revenues for infrastructure expansion rather than to control traffic congestion levels. | sdg7 |
Abstract This paper investigates the effect of governance on levels of water pollution for all industrial activities as well as by some specific industry category in a sample of OECD economies. Using an institutional ecological economic conceptual framework, the effects of several measures of governance are empirically examined. Our findings reveal that the rule of law, regulatory quality, control of corruption, government effectiveness and voice and accountability are negatively and statistically significantly correlated with water pollution across all industrial activities as well as specific industry groups. We conclude that governance matters for mitigating industrial water pollution. This novel paper adds to the existing literature on industrial water pollution by developing a modeling approach that empirically examines questions that have so far not been explored in institutional ecological economics and demonstrates the importance of the framework for addressing real life ecological problems that are common across the world. Policy implications are drawn. | sdg16 |
Increasingly, companies are applying innovative solutions, including through the IoT, cloud computing, miniaturization and 3D printing, which will enable more interoperability and flexible industrial processes and autonomous and intelligent manufacturing. The physical components of industrial production are being transformed by smart, digital networking into cyber-physical systems, allowing for the management of production processes in real-time across great distances and customized products. It could further enable the transition to a circular economy, or industrial economy in which end-of-life products are reused, remanufactured and recycled. | sdg9 |
In addition, the Ministry of Telecoms launched the Lebanese IGF initiative, in which OGERO is handling secretariat activities. This project is relevant to SDGs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 11. Ltd., created the project Security and Integrated Flood Network System, relevant to SDGs 9, 11, 13 and 17. Under the Smart Community initiative, the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission has developed a few key projects to foster challenges in fulfilling the objectives of Smart Nation, which include access to digital technologies. | sdg9 |
In Amsterdam, own-source revenues are increasingly important. For example, national operational subsidies for public transport are declining, which is placing pressure on the city to both establish a more cost-effective transit system and cover operational costs in the interim. It bears noting that water boards are in a much better fiscal situation given that they can raise taxes to cover their programme needs. | sdg11 |
In general, donor funding for MPAs is part of a wider portfolio of finance, and tends to support establishment costs, training, and other forms of capacity building. It also aims to put frameworks in place so that MPAs can become financially self-sufficient. Such support, however, is often short-term and can be vulnerable to changes in donor priorities (Carr-Dirick and Klug, 2002). | sdg14 |
But the average teacher salary is still only half that of an individual with a tertiary education, which might limit attractiveness of the teaching profession and hinder recruitment. Schools are evaluated through well-structured, evidence-driven external inspections. Expenditure in education is lower than the OECD average, despite increases in spending on tertiary education. The financial crisis has affected education funding, particularly for nonteaching staff in small schools. | sdg4 |
There are opportunities to further raise ow n revenue, in particular tariffs and user charges. Attracting private investment should also be emphasised: FDI inflows have been lower in the Philippines than in other countries of the Southeast Asian region, in particular because of the strong restrictiveness imposed by the central government. Opportunities also lie in Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) which are currently encouraged at the subnational level through the PPP Centre of NEDA, however, the impact of such initiative is not yet visible in Cebu. | sdg11 |
As seen throughout this chapter, the assignment of roles based on unequal power relationships and the unfair social organization of care have strong implications for gender inequality between men and women, between women of different socioeconomic groups and between territories (Bidegain Ponte, 2017). In particular, it underscores time-use surveys as a key instrument for generating data that would serve as inputs for public policies aiming to significantly improve the measures adopted to guarantee women's right and autonomy (ECLAC, 2017). These data also serve as inputs to calculate the economic value of unpaid work and show that through domestic and care work, women finance and sustain national economies and often subsidize limited social policies in this area (Bidegain Ponte. | sdg5 |
Another obstacle to proper implementation of the WFD is the conflict between national authorities and the regions, as well as regulatory uncertainty due to the perception of continuous changes in the institutional framework. Indeed, when the river basin authorities became river district authorities, the central government acquired more power regarding river basin management while the distribution of power among the state and the regions had previously been more clearly defined. The district authority is now considered a source of conflict between the state and regions, instead of being a planning and co-ordinating authority. | sdg6 |
In the Netherlands PHI also covers physiotherapists, contact lenses, and alternative care, as well as cost-sharing by basic health insurance on dental care. In Switzerland supplementary PHI covers dental care and alternative medicine, as well as additional costs in hospitals related to private or semiprivate accommodation or choice of doctor. In Canada, PHI provides coverage for pharmaceuticals for two-thirds of the population. In Israel, PHI covers 80.3% of the populationfor services that are not included in the basic benefit package, the most significant medical service covered by this private insurance (complementary and duplicate) is the choice of physician for surgical procedures. | sdg3 |
In contrast, given men’s stability in terms of employment rates, the impact of male employment at the household level was neutral overall (Annex 5.A3, Figure 5.A3.1). For instance, in the Nordic countries the total share of social transfers represents close to 20% of household income (25% in Sweden), while in Australia and the United States it constitutes 8% and 7%, respectively. The respective contributions of earnings and other income sources to overall inequality can be estimated (see OECD, 2011), and it is interesting to consider the extent to which the contributions of gender-specific income components can be estimated. | sdg5 |
A harmonised definition of urban areas as “functional economic units” would be useful in designing and implementing green growth strategies according to functionally integrated areas, rather than administrative entities. It w'ould also increase comparability of metropolitan areas, and therefore Metro Cebu can learn draw' positive lessons from best practices in other FUAs, thereby encouraging more effective coordination. Smart city solutions may also help to create more channels for governance linkages between LGUs. | sdg11 |
As a non-Annex I country, Montenegro has only general obligations such as reporting to UNFCCC. However, those general obligations should be fulfilled if the country is to be eligible for technical and economic assistance. The Second National Communication (SNC) has been adopted by the Government in March 2015. | sdg13 |
Green' energy RSD budgets include: energy efficiency, renewables, nuclear, hydrogen and fuel cells, other power and storage technologies, and other technology or research. While the United Kingdom remains a leader in marine energy innovations, its ranking declined in batteries, electric and hybrid vehicles, nuclear, methane, heating, solar, fuel injection and waste. However, the falls appear to be due to higher growth in patenting activity in emerging economies such as Korea, rather than a major decline in the UK. | sdg13 |
Make the benefits from registration more visible and substantial. Original data extractions were needed since the available datasets (e.g. labour force statistics published by OECD and ILO) do not provide distinct information on the self-employed with and without employees. This disaggregation is highly relevant because gender differences are generally more marked for the class of business owners with paid employees (self-employed with employees or “employers”). Both unincorporated and incorporated female and male employers are included in Figure 22.1 when the information is available. | sdg5 |
Where MoEs or other government departments are involved, in-service teacher training on ESD tends to be undertaken on an ad hoc basis or through donor-funded projects. As such it remains somewhat peripheral to the core of teacher development. There is little evidence from any of the focus countries of systematic MoE-led teacher training on ESD, or relevant policies that would make such training broadly available or mandatory. | sdg13 |
In OECD countries, there is a trend to move away from compulsory towards elective courses which are open for students from different faculties and schools. This approach facilitates the formation of teams of students with different backgrounds and interests. Interdisciplinary team efforts allow individuals to concentrate on what they know and like best and at the same time become familiar with new knowledge that can be associated in a new way of solving a problem or creating a new product or service. To what extent these courses use creative teaching methods and are tailored to the needs of the undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate students is not clear. | sdg4 |
Costa Rica's private hydropower companies, resorts, domestic airlines and the national soccer teams were among the first participants. An online airiine-travel, carbon-offset calculator and payment system was also established. Combined, these programmes generate approximately US$2.4 million per year. | sdg15 |
For Israel as a whole, only about 20% of the Arab population age 15 and over has attained tertiary education compared to about 45% for the Jewish population (Figure 2.1). The younger age group of Arabs is increasingly better educated, but the gap between the Arab and Jewish population aged 25-34 remains stark (Figure 2.2). If strong measures are not taken to revise this trend and with the global shift towards a more knowledge-based economies, in 10-15 years Galilee’s labour force will see an influx of young workers who lack the appropriate skills that are needed in the economy. While educational outcomes of the Arab population are improving, they still lag behind those of the Jewish population even in the younger cohorts. | sdg4 |
La mobilite est entravee par le sous-developpement du marche du logement locatif et il serait possible d’ameliorer l’efficacite des transports publics pour davantage encourager les deplacements domicile-travail. Broadly speaking, mismatches can be defined as imbalances between labour supply and demand across geographic regions, sectors, occupations and skills. In Hungary, the main mismatch is a large structural excess of low-skilled labour supply, resulting in a very low' employment rate among this group (Figure 2, Panel A, Fazekas and Scharle, 2012). In contrast, high-skilled labour is in somewhat tight supply in certain fields, such as medical professions, and more companies report skill shortages than the European Union (EU) average (European Commission, 2013a). | sdg4 |
This report presents the opinions of Michigan’s local government leaders regarding the direction in which the state is headed, as well as their evaluations of the job performance of Governor Rick Snyder, the Michigan Legislature, and 14 individual state agencies or offices. These findings are based on statewide surveys of local government leaders in the Spring 2014 wave and comparisons to previous Spring waves of the Michigan Public Policy Survey (MPPS). | sdg16 |
Faculty and students are engaged in outreach activities. Some activities are also carried out in rural communities, bridging the gap between the university and the society. The higher education institutions have also contributed to developing co-operative strategies that respond to issues that are difficult to address through inter-governmental co-operative efforts. Major achievements include the development of co-operative initiatives that address needs in the region, such as Universiti Sains Malaysia’s efforts in sustainability and the AIDS Action and Research Group (AARG) which has become a national model. | sdg4 |
The countries with larger proportions of 10-year-olds in their populations are poorer than those with relatively smaller proportions of 10-year-olds. While they share the same chronological age, there is tremendous variation around the world in the ways they live their lives, with significant implications for both their own future and that of the planet. This section examines some of the key components of their lives, focusing in particular on the areas where clear patterns emerge. The situation is particularly acute in countries that have recently experienced significant upheavals such as war or natural disasters. | sdg5 |
None of them has a management plan, on-site administration or infrastructure and equipment of their own. Natural resources (e.g. pistachio, liquorice) are extracted from some of them, but no quotas or sustainable management regimes for such activities exist. In accordance with the directions set out in this document, several projects and initiatives have been implemented or are being implemented at the moment. | sdg15 |
Finally, high rates of waste generation point to opportunities for increased recycling. In addition, the metro-region is also home to several coal-fired power plants (i.e. Crawford and Fisk) that are among the oldest operating in the US and thus exempt from federal regulations requiring the use of the best available pollution control technology (ELPC, 2010). Electricity consumption levels in Chicago-CMAP (10.35 MWh/capita) are similar to those of other interior North American city-regions, falling between Toronto (10.04 MWh/capita) and Denver (11.49 MWh/capita). | sdg7 |
Background: Prevention of cardiovascular disease at population level has proven to be both possible and successful. The European Heart Health Charter (EHHC) outlines goals for successful cardiovascular (CV) prevention both in individuals and at a national level. The objective of this study was to explore key European health policymakers’ perceptions of their country’s proximity to the EHHC-targets and their views on obstacles to domestic CV health and on the actions needed to improve it.Design: Questionnaire, descriptive.Method: The questionnaire was distributed to health policy leaders (n = 116) within the Ministries of Health, public health institutes, cardiac societies and heart foundations in 32 European countries, assessing previous knowledge, goal fulfilment of the EHHC, perceived obstacles to CV health, actions deemed to be important to improve the CV situation, and measures to promote CV health.Results: The response rate was 68%. The general consensus was that the national CV situations were far f... | sdg16 |
In El Salvador, Guatemala and Mexico self-employment income dropped, and wages and salaries increased, while in Uruguay the opposite occurred. In Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras and Uruguay, transfers accounted for over 50% of the increase in total income. In countries that saw their poverty reduced the most, such as Brazil, Chile, Ecuador and Panama, transfers accounted for about 20% of the increase in total income. It is not possible in every case to determine from available data exacdy which types of transfers resulted in income increases, because surveys taken around 1990 tended to capture aggregate data. | sdg1 |
The 1937 Fishing Ordinance regulates the use of fisheries, so that it is sustainable, fish stocks are not depleted, and the wider aquatic environment is protected against fishing-related externalities (e.g. pollution and the death of sea turtles). Fishing is overseen by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. In 2008, all fish cages in the Gulf of Eilat/Aqaba were dismantled and mariculture in the Red Sea ceased due to concern about impacts on the vulnerable reef complex, a major tourism attraction (Chapter 3). | sdg15 |
There can be internal and external pressure to expand or reduce the spectrum of stakeholders to be engaged. Promoters of stakeholder engagement sometimes try to avoid involving the “usual suspects”, which has become a term of denigration for actors with vast interests in water-related decisions (typically water service providers, farmers, etc.). Stakeholders should be involved because they are the relevant actors to the decision-making process in question. | sdg6 |
The countries involved might be affected differently, and so they would be if the habitat of a given fish stock is largely or wholly displaced from one country’s EEZ to another’s. This could upset existing agreements on sharing fish stocks. First, one should begin with what might be expected, drawing on the Fourth Assessment Report of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA), and past experience. The reproduction of the stock from one year to the next depends on how much of the stock is left after fishing in both countries’ zones, the stock remaining in Country B’s zone after fishing returning to Country A’s zone. | sdg14 |
Without these efforts, biodiversity will diminish, with serious consequences for the ecosystem services upon which all people depend. A value of zero indicates that all species have gone Extinct. This means they are increasingly threatened with extinction. Over the past 50 years, the conservation status of many taxonomic groups has been comprehensively assessed. | sdg15 |
However, inequality measured by the Gini index is higher in high-income countries than in low-income countries. It is obvious that countries with greater improvement in trade facilitation are more likely to have lower poverty and higher per capita GDP. The relationship between the Gini index and the level of trade facilitation are less clear. | sdg10 |
These fish spawning grounds and migratory routes are not protected or managed sustainably, and infrastructure development projects, planned or existing hydropower plants, pollution of rivers or the coastal zone and extraction of sand and gravel are ongoing. These developments have damaging impacts on sturgeon populations. Two major types of logging can be distinguished - for fuelwood and for construction timber. Many rural households cannot afford to purchase alternative energy resources such as liquified gas. | sdg15 |
This article asks whether democratization, under certain historical conditions, may relate to the deteriorating rule of law. Focusing on Mexico City, where police corruption is significant, this study argues that the institutionalized legacies of police power inherited from Mexico's one-party system have severely constrained its newly democratic state's efforts to reform the police. Mexico's democratic transition has created an environment of partisan competition that, combined with decentralization of the state and fragmentation of its coercive and administrative apparatus, exacerbates intrastate and bureaucratic conflicts. These factors prevent the government from reforming the police sufficiently to guarantee public security and earn citizen trust, even as the same factors reduce capacity, legitimacy, and citizen confidence in both the police and the democratically elected state. This article suggests that when democracy serves to undermine rather than strengthen the rule of law, more democracy can actually diminish democracy and its quality. | sdg16 |
This is a much higher share than in most other EU countries. The practice of making informal payments is rooted in the early 1950s and remains deeply embedded in the Hungarian health care system as an informal method to get quicker access to and better-quality care. Moreover, informal payments have been used indirectly as an argument for governments to keep the official income of health care professionals persistently low. The lack of a dear and consistent legal framework leaves room for acceptance of informal payments and keeps this practice alive. | sdg3 |
Statement at a joint hearing ofthe Committee on Commerce and Committee on Foreign Relations ofthe US Senate by A.J. Parkinson from the Arctic Investigations Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States Department of Health and Human Services, on the Arctic Human Health Initiative, 26 September, 2006. Tuberculosis in Canada 2006, Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada. Suicide among Indigenosu Sami in Arctic Norway, 1970-1988", European Journal of Epidemiology No.9 September 2006. | sdg3 |
Taking the receipt persistence perspective implies that every member of a family should be represented in the data set. The distinction between recipient and claimant is complicated by the fact that a person may become a claimant or stop being a claimant separately from whether or not the person’s family is in receipt. For example, consider a lone mother who is a benefit claimant (and in receipt) in year t. At t+l, she re-partners with a man and it is he who is now the benefit claimant (and family head). | sdg1 |
New and emerging technologies that combine algorithms and data with the physical and biological sphere could open new opportunities for technology transfer but also unforeseen challenges. In this context, free and open-source software (FOSS) has explicit copyright and end-user licenses that permit users to copy and redistribute software without restrictions. This makes FOSS particularly easy to transfer and absorb. It requires that authors of a programme make its source code publicly available and permits “looking under the hood,” thereby supporting human capacity development in ICT and computer science. This is a particularly important issue given the challenge of improving absorptive capacity and therefore the likelihood of a successful technology transfer in many developing countries. For example, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) developed the Automated System for Customs Data (ASYCUDA), a computerized customs management system whose implementation strategy aims to ensure the full transfer of know-how on custom automation to ensure national long-term sustainability (see box 3). | sdg9 |
Herderian ideas on a nation’s soul and language have had a strong resonance in European national movements, including the Balkans. Not only have language developments been influenced by nationalism, but language politics has played a significant role in nationalist politics. Namely, the rise and fall of a common official Serbo-Croatian language has paralleled political aspirations and developments in the Balkans. The importance of language in nationalist movements has long been recognised. More recently, language rights have been taken up in international conflict management. Affirming linguistic identity is seen as enhancing the sense of group security and social stability. The OSCE envisages a ‘pluralist, multicultural model of societal organisation’, where rights protection supports ‘“integrating diversity”, that is the simultaneous maintenance of different identities and the promotion of social integration’ (Holt and Packer, 2001, p. 102). | sdg16 |
Abstract This article demonstrates the applicability of classification theory to various textual-analytic approaches such as grounded theory, content analysis, discourse analysis, and conversation analysis/membership categorization analysis. This applicability is based on three factors: extant and elicited texts can be broken down into categories that are essentially classification systems created and defined by the researcher, extant texts are themselves explicit or implicit classification systems, and classificatory frameworks can be applied to extant and elicited texts “in order to clarify their contribution to processes of meaning-making” (Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing discourse: Textual analysis for social research . London: Routledge, p. 11). The recommendation is made that classification theory should be incorporated in the teaching of textual-analytic approaches in university-level research-methods courses, especially in the field of library and information science (LIS). | sdg16 |
The evaluation of outreach noted that in some communities, the visiting specialist service was the “most stable” health service providing continuity for patients. Other issues were a lack of physical space to provide services, and broader social and economic issues affecting the most disadvantaged remote communities (Health Policy Analysis, 2011). A good example of this was in Aurukun in far north Queensland, where the general physician and paediatrician had conducted regular clinics in the community for more than 20 years. | sdg3 |
The silver-leaved nightshade is one of nine IASs identified by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (OEPP) as pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests (none of the other eight species within the list are indicated as occurring in Morocco). Compiled from data available from the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (as of December 2012). This species is not listed within the GISD list. There thus appears to be some lack of coordination and synthesized information concerning the occurrence and status of IASs in Morocco, at least in terms of what is publicly available. | sdg15 |
These economic responses to climate change could lead to indirect consequences in changing pollutant runoff and leaching rates as well as soil erosion rates, which may increase or diminish pollution from agriculture assuming no economic or policy response. Also various strategies for mitigating greenhouse gases in agriculture would for the most part be beneficial for water systems, such as through afforestation and other increases in green cover providing a buffer for soil sediment and contaminant flows across agricultural land (Wilcock et al., But the expectations are that whatever the impacts on water quality, the task of achieving water quality objectives in agriculture will become more difficult in the coming years as a result of climate change. | sdg6 |
They can overcome preconceptions in the face of new information, even when that information is contrary to expectations. They are capable of recognising what is provided in a text, both conspicuously and more subtly, while at the same time being able to apply a critical perspective to it, drawing on sophisticated understandings from beyond the text. This combination of a capacity to absorb the new and to evaluate it is greatly valued in knowledge economies, which depend on innovation and nuanced decision-making that draw on all the available evidence. | sdg4 |
Vocational college graduates rank programming first, but the following skills in the ranking are similar to those of university graduates: speaking, negotiation, persuasion and judgement and decision making. This suggests that there is wide variation in the quality of research. Furthermore, as regards patent citations, China has a gap to fill with countries at the technology frontier (Kwon et al., Producing more patents can boost productivity only if they are used or effectively commercialised. | sdg4 |
Using structural equation modelling (SEM) we analysed the link between corruption and effective internal audit function (EIAF) in Ghana through a survey of directors and managers of selected public sector organizations. A decade after the promulgation of the Internal Audit Agency Act (IAAA), 2003 (Act 658) as an instrument to fight administrative corruption in Ghana, there is little empirical evidence to show its impact on corruption, though anecdotal evidence suggests it has played a critical role in maintaining financial discipline and public sector accountability and transparency. We established that full implementation of Act 658, size of the internal audit department and independence of the audit department significantly affect the effectiveness of the internal audit function which negatively impact on corruption. We conclude that strict adherence to and the implementation of regulations and laws as well as independence of the internal audit function will help fight administrative corruption in Ghana. | sdg16 |
It is a business model aimed at the greatest societal benefits from economic, social and ecological perspectives. It outlines the ideas behind CSF as a business model, and how it was first put into place in the United States. Secondly, we describe how this idea is currently being put into practice in Skane with the innovation project Oresundsfisk, which was originally set up by SEA-U Marine Science Centre in Malmo, an economic association partly funded by the City of Malmo. The case study describes some of the challenges with CSF such as logistics and mobilizing funding. | sdg14 |
One implication, thus, is that “poverty traps” exist for some groups who live in ultra poverty, while convergence works more effectively for those living in subjacent and medial poverty. This is particularly important since the experience of the People’s Republic of China — with nearly 70 per cent of the region’s population - would dominate the regional trends in East Asia and the Pacific. At the same time, trends in South Asia would be dominated by India. Unfortunately, we do not have country level information for most of the Asia Pacific LDCs. | sdg1 |
Subsets and Splits