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These scenarios produce a chain reaction where individuals react to the policy changes first and then, depending on the design of the model, may also react to the reaction of other individuals. The results are the potential future outcome of the reform and are often compared with the base case to evaluate the potential impact of the reform. Microsimulation models require large amounts of data to effectively assemble a sample that adequately represents the whole population of interest and includes all of the characteristics of interest. Data are often gathered from a variety of sources, and sophisticated statistical techniques are often required to standardize the various databases so that they can be used to populate all of the desired attributes of individuals included in the sample. | sdg3 |
AbstractSeven decades after its first publication, Karl Polanyi’s The Great Transformation remains one of the most insightful readings about the socioeconomic changes associated with the Industrial Revolution, and the ways in which law facilitated, or countered, moves towards the commodification of land at that time. As today’s global land rush brings competing land claims into contest, new transitions are occurring between more commodified and more ‘socially embedded’ conceptualisations of land. Using Polanyi’s framework, this article analyses the role of international law in these processes. International investment law construes land as a commercial asset, can facilitate access to land for foreign investors and imposes discipline on the exercise of regulatory powers in land matters. But shifts in the political economy that underpins international investment law and growing recourse to international human rights law are creating new opportunities for reflecting the non-commercial (cultural, social, poli... | sdg16 |
In other words, women are less likely to have business leadership positions in economies where their property rights are constrained. Lastly, each regional analysis will conclude by examining countries' results on a composite index measuring the gaps between women and men on labour force participation, remuneration for the same work and on career advancement. The section itself will end with a summary and a number of conclusions based on the data reviewed. | sdg5 |
This is particularly true for investment in general skills that are useful in other jobs or companies, such as skills in languages, problem-solving and coding. The returns on education - greater productivity for firms, and/or higher wages for workers - materialize only after investments are made. Reasons for this include concern that the borrower has limited skills that will stymie future earning power (known as adverse selection), the risk that the borrower may not take full advantage of skills programmes (moral hazard), and a lack of information about programme outcomes and the borrower’s ability to reimburse dues. | sdg9 |
Although information about such individuals does not feature directly in absolute poverty statistics, their absence may affect who is identified as being in poverty, depending on the type of threshold used. And it can have a direct impact on measurements of relative poverty (inequality) where the threshold is set with respect to the mean. It is recommended that NSIs explore the feasibility of extending this coverage. | sdg1 |
In the years from 1950 to 1955, only a few countries had a level of life expectancy greater than 70 years, and only 1.0 per cent of the world’s population lived in such countries. At that time, 71.9 per cent of the world’s population lived in countries where the life expectancy at birth was less than 60 years (figure 1). The reductions of mortality since the middle of the twentieth century have been so substantial that the proportion of the population living in countries with a life expectancy below 60 years had decreased to only 8.5 per cent for the period between 2010 and 2015. | sdg3 |
Belgium implemented comprehensive smoking cessation services, and smoke-free policies were also implemented (WHO, 2015). As in many other countries, mass media campaigns were launched to promote the '5 a day’ target for fruit and vegetable consumption. Belgium imposed a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages in 2016, as is the case in France and Finland, but abandoned a sugar tax on food products. | sdg3 |
Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), p. 53. See also "Beijing and its follow-up", available from www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/ (accessed 8 November 2013), and Sally Engle Merry, Human Rights and Gender Violence, Translating International Law into Local Justice (University of Chicago Press, 2006), p. 21. In the earlier global 1975 and 1980 world conferences on women, gender violence was not treated as a major issue. Country visits by the Special Rapporteur on violence against women have shown that domestic violence remains widespread and affects women of all social strata (A/66/215). | sdg5 |
It is also part of the IGAD Drought Disaster Resilience and Sustainability Initiative (IDDRSI), for the period of 2013 to 2027, and has its own national plan within this process. It also discusses forced displacement as a cause and consequence of this, across borders and within countries. Technical experts (e.g. agronomists, meteorologists, veterinarians and water engineers), funded by international organizations, have worked on issues related to drought and its effects on pastoralism and agriculture for many years. | sdg11 |
Harmful and degrading practices, such as dowry-related violence or so-called honour crimes, also continue, without systematic monitoring, punishment or redress, despite advances in legislation prohibiting them. Examples of such violence can be rape/sexual assault, sexual harassment, violence within institutions, violence against women migrant workers, witchcraft-or sorcery-related violence or killings (A/66/215 and A/HRC/1 1/2). Although in the majority of cases younger women are at higher risk of witchcraft-related violence, in some parts of Africa older women are more vulnerable to sorcery-related femicide owing to their economic dependence on others or the property rights that they hold (A/HRC/20/16). This type of violence can include gender-based violence during conflict, disappearance or extrajudicial killings, custodial violence, violence against refugees and internally displaced women, or women from indigenous or minority groups (A/66/215). | sdg5 |
Abstract The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights recently adopted General Comment No 2 to interpret provisions of Article 14 of the Protocol to the African Charter on the Rights Women. The provisions relate to women’s rights to fertility control, contraception, family planning, information and education, and abortion. The present article highlights the General Comment’s potential to promote women’s sexual and reproductive rights in multiple ways. The General Comment’s human rights value goes beyond providing states with guidance for framing their domestic laws, practices, and policies to comply with treaty obligations. General Comment No 2 is invaluable in educating all stakeholders—including healthcare providers, lawyers, policymakers, and judicial officers at the domestic level—about pertinent jurisprudence. Civil society and human rights advocates can use the General Comment to render the state accountable for failure to implement its treaty obligations. | sdg16 |
See Annex II for a list of reporting member States.) This suggests that at the end of the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, which was the UNECE Strategy’s original implementation period, a total of 51 countries (91 per cent of ECE member States) have engaged wholly or in part to advance ESD. Since the Strategy was adopted, only five countries have never reported to either ECE or UNESCO on their progress—representing just 9 per cent of ECE member States. | sdg4 |
Average yields of maize are higher in South Africa than in all other SADC countries, with the exception of Mauritius. Hence, South Africa produces more maize per unit of water consumed than in most other SADC countries. Some authors will propose utilizing international trade to alleviate national or regional water shortages, while others will suggest that other national issues and goals might limit reliance on international trade. | sdg6 |
Affiliation is widespread among public-sector employees: averaging almost 88% for pension systems and a little over 90% for health systems, and these figures are relatively similar to those recorded in 2002 (albeit seven percentage points higher in both cases). Among wage earners employed in the private sector by small, medium-sized or large enterprises, affiliation falls to 66% in the case of pension systems and 73% in the case of health systems, although with some improvement between 2002 and 2011. Even lower levels were recorded among wage earners employed by microenterprises (20% and 39%, respectively), with no significant improvement between 2002 and 2011. | sdg1 |
These are among the lowest entitlements in the OECD, and the fact that paternity leave is sponsored by an employer rather than the government likely reduces fathers' take-up. Participation in ECEC in Mexico has grown enormously over the past decade, especially following the introduction of compulsory preschool. Children aged three- through five-years-old are now enrolled in preschool at rates comparable to the OECD average. Notwithstanding this progress, demand for ECEC still far outpaces supply, especially for children under age three, and quality of care remains a concern. Mexico's share of young women not in employment, education, or training (so-called "NEETs") is 35% - the second-highest rate in the OECD. Young women are nearly four times as likely as young men to be NEETs in Mexico. | sdg5 |
It reached 1.8 trillion US dollars (purchasing power parity) in 2014—1.7 per cent of global GDP. In 2016,95 per cent of the world's population was in range of at least a second-generation (2G) signal and 84 per cent received at least a third-generation (3G) signal. More than half the world's population, or nearly 4 billion people, lived in cities in 2015. | sdg5 |
This period was a critical one for global organizing as women learned to reach across the continents even though it was still the pre-Internet communications era, and to understand their diversity as a source of both strength and creativity. However, continuing crises shaped policies even as feminists began making links and connections among issues such as macroeconomics, ecology and sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) as a substitute for traditional population control policies. The ability of the developmental state to respond to feminist demands at the national level was eroding, as its institutions fragmented under the neoliberal onslaught. | sdg5 |
The evaluation of prevention and health promotion programs is one component of the broader field of evaluation research or social program evaluation. Evaluation research applies the practices and principles of social research to assess the conceptualization, design, implementation, effectiveness, and efficiency of social interventions (Rossi & Freeman, 1993). Prevention program evaluation is one component of evaluation research that draws on knowledge and traditions from several disciplines and fields of study, including public health, psychology, sociology, education, social work, social policy, and public administration. | sdg16 |
Phelan, William. (2012) What Is Sui Generis About the European Union? Costly International Cooperation in a Self-Contained Regime. International Studies Review, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2486.2012.01136.x It is widely agreed that the EU is a sui generis international organization, but current scholarship rarely specifies why. This paper identifies the EU as a “self-contained regime”, a treaty institution that imposes costly requirements on its member states but rejects the use of inter-state countermeasure and reciprocity mechanisms. As a self-contained regime, the EU is a puzzle because international relations theory emphasizes the importance of inter-state countermeasures as incentives for states to fulfill costly obligations, as is illustrated by scholarly debates on the politics of both trade and human rights regimes. | sdg16 |
The PPA also commissioned KEMA International in 2012 to undertake a study to quantify the power system energy losses in southern Pacific utilities, which included all the Commonwealth Pacific small states except Vanuatu (PPA and KEMA 2012). Following on from the recently completed Pacific Appliance Labelling and Standards Programme, which aimed to increase the importation and sale of more energy efficient appliances, the Pacific Efficient Lighting Strategy (PELS) is being implemented to assist in the Pacific’s transition to high efficiency and environmentally sound lighting by 2020. The projected electricity savings are over 2,100 gigawatt hours, with associated fuel import savings of about 720 million litres and emission savings of 1.9-2.0 metric ton equivalent carbon dioxide. | sdg7 |
As primary care expands relative to inpatient care as the authorities intend, then the scope-of-practice rules for nurses could widen if backed up by better and longer training. The bulk of the remainder comes from the MHI system where, for example, insurers may pay providers on an activity basis. Such arrangements may dilute any incentives to reduce hospital supply: if all funding came via one source (or through one channel) it would be easier to influence behaviour. | sdg3 |
The mechanisms involved are far more complex than is suggested by the argument that travel times increase with traffic volumes, as used in the basic rationale for charges. Charges are always an approximation to the theoretical ideal, so that decisions must be made on what approximation is best. Experience demonstrates that analytical approaches using disaggregated network models are more likely to produce an efficient result than prices based only on common sense. | sdg11 |
It serves as a resource and forum for agencies, aiming to achieve a comprehensive federal government approach to policy on women and girls. Council members are the heads of every federal agency and major White House office, reinforcing the statement of former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright that in “our government, responsibility for the advancement of women is not the job of any one agency, it’s the job of all of them.” After analysing each federal agency’s focus on women, the council works to ensure that each agency is directly improving the economic status of women, as well as developing and evaluating policies that establish a balance between work and family. The council has also focused on finding new ways to prevent violence against women through co-operation with the Vice President and the Justice Department’s Office of Violence Against Women. | sdg5 |
It was based on the establishment of production-related direct aid payments and gave a prominent role to agri-environmental instruments to support farmers’ income. In June 2003, the EU decided to replace, from 2006 onward, most of the direct aid with a single farm payment scheme that is not linked to production. Beneficiaries will be obliged to accomplish certain environmental and food safety requirements, being those almost identical for irrigation and rain-fed farms. The EU Commission recognized, within the launching of the ‘CAP’S Health Check’, that a new CAP should achieve climate change and water management objectives by means of cross compliance. These authors show that the price support delivered to cotton producers in the region is largely responsible for the large benefit of water in the region. | sdg6 |
Monetary measures may be accurate "on average" but not at the household level. Yet the MPI requires each indicator to accurately depict deprivation status at the household level. If a relative poverty line is used for income (as in Alkire and Apablaza 2016), then the poverty focus and deprivation axioms do not hold. Having a mixture of relative and absolute cut-offs also is conceptually challenging. For example, in the case of Mexico, it appears that economic and non-economic aspects of poverty are equally weighted. But in fact, the identification procedure is designed to exclude all persons who are not income poor from having the possibility of being identified as poor. | sdg1 |
Similarly, women made up 31 per cent of labour migrants from Kyrgyzstan in 2015,13.4 per cent from Uzbekistan and 9.6 per cent from Tajikistan, with the average for the CIS States being 15.7 per cent.10 Kyrgyzstan also has the highest share of women among holders of temporary and permanent residence permits in comparison with all other countries: in 2015, die share was 58 per cent while the average was 49 per cent. Among migrants from Uzbekistan widi this type of document, 45 per cent were females, for Tajikistan, the figure was 34 per cent (OECD, 2016, p. 45). For details, see OECD (2016, p. 56). | sdg5 |
Tamiz Shahar JSC started its activities with public campaigns and an inventory of dumps currently located in the Baku area as well as an upgrade of the Balakhani disposal site, which was selected as the central and sole place for the disposal of MSW generated in Baku and in the future for the entire Absheron peninsula. The new containers are clearly labelled and waste is regularly collected by specialized vehicles. However, in cases when all waste is collected in a single vehicle, this discourages people to separate waste properly. | sdg12 |
From 2010 to 2012, the position of women in leadership positions increased from 9.32 per cent to 14.75 per cent and is projected to reach 22 per cent by 2016. While increasing numbers are a positive factor, this example illustrates the very marginal gains women are making in leadership positions, particularly in private sector management. For example, due to heightened awareness and attention brought by MWA, the State Services Commission, in partnership with public service chief executives, has developed a centrally co-ordinated talent identification initiative for senior public servants. | sdg5 |
Action will be needed in the pre-2020 period to build capacity and strengthen the reporting framework so that Parties are ready for implementation by the time the Paris Agreement comes into effect. The process of developing BURs can help to build capacity since one of the purposes of the BUR process is to identify capacity building needs. These decisions also initiate revisions to Annex I national communications guidelines and request submission of national communications from non-Annex I countries every four years. | sdg13 |
Central determination of curricula and other institutional policy promotes uniformity and hinders adaptation to the unique needs of regions. As a consequence there is limited alignment of education provision to regional needs. Public and private institutions operate under different regulatory and financing rules, resulting in the absence of a unified education system. To date, development plans for these two sectors are undertaken separately. | sdg4 |
A dual system of waste collection involving door-to-door and drop-off-systems should be combined in the barangays to allow for efficient collection of segregated waste based on convenience and practicality. To date, there have been a number of contracts signed among LGUs such as cities of Naga, Carcar, Lapu-Lapu, and Minglanilla with a private firm (FDR-IRRMi) to manage their solid waste collection, recycling and composting, and final disposition systems. It now runs the first integrated resource recovery facility in the City of Naga, which handles over 130 tons of solid waste a day. | sdg11 |
Still others join caravans to engage in trade activities. The largest Saharan caravanners, the Touareg Kel Ewey (and the Kel Gres) of Niger, are farmer-pastoralists with concessions and gardens in Air or millet fields in Ader. Some cross the Tenere desert to trade their farm products for salt and dates (e.g., Fachi, Bilma and Djado). | sdg2 |
For example, an intervention that seeks transformational change in a given sector may be judged effective at the project-level if it produces the expected outputs (e.g. off-grid renewable electricity, number of people trained in drought-resistant agriculture). However, if the intervention’s is not replicated at scale, the transformational impacts of the intervention will be limited. Climate finance programmes and projects can involve multiple actors, each with different views and objectives relating to climate finance effectiveness. There is increased pressure on public providers of climate finance in developed countries to demonstrate the results achieved in developing countries with this finance. | sdg13 |
Concern for the recognition, support, and rights of victims within the criminal justice system has grown in recent years, leading to legislative and procedural changes in the administration of justice that have improved the experiences of victims. What is not clear is whether all victims have benefited from changes in the system regardless of race and social class. This study investigates the experiences Aboriginal people who are victims of sexual violence have with the Canadian criminal justice system. The authors seek to explore perspectives about their encounters with the judicial system from the point of first contact with the police through involvement with the court and community service providers, utilizing grounded theory qualitative methodology. They conclude that race is a key determinant in the manner in which a victim will be perceived by the people in the justice system and the manner in which the victim will approach the judicial process. | sdg16 |
With further application of the ecosystem approach the CCAMLR has developed a mechanism to disperse the fishing effort once a trigger level is reached in order to avoid concentration of fishing in easily accessible areas or other negative effects on local populations of marine animals. Under Conservation measure 51-01 (CCAMLR 2008) in area 48, the Antarctic Peninsula, once a trigger level of 620 000 tones is reached the catch must be dispersed into smaller scale units. For the other side of the continent, in area 58.4.1, the catch of krill was set under the KLM to 440 OOOt and split into an eastern and western division until further scientific measures are to hand. | sdg14 |
The large uncertainties involved, which can produce results that change considerably over time or between comparable projects, are also easy targets for detractors. Others have pointed to social factors as one of the impacts that will remain outside the scope of even very comprehensive efforts. Estimates established for the social cost portion of the full costs of electricity provision will never be able to mimic the more reliable information about individual and social preferences conveyed by market prices. | sdg7 |
Les programmes de developpement de l’agriculture doivent prendre en consideration l’impact environnemental des objectifs de croissance et des mesures de soutien sous-jacentes car certaines ont un effet non negligeable sur l’environnement (i.e. les subventions actuelles au titre des pesticides et des engrais, les subventions par tonne au titre du betail ou de la volatile , les projets d’investissement pour la construction de pares d’engraissement et de complexes pour la production laitiere , les subventions a l’irrigation). Ils sont soumis aussi a des prix eleves et a des risques financiers qui, ces demieres annees, sont aggraves par l’instabilite des marches mondiaux des capitaux et des produits. Les risques ont une incidence sur la capacite du secteur a generer des revenus, et a attirer le credit et l’investissement. | sdg2 |
In the same vein, Article 3 of the Paris Agreement implies that developing countries, particularly CDDCs that are forced to strand their natural resources, will need assistance in implementing the mitigation and adaptation measures required to address climate change. However, given that many Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) submit information on their commitments through nationally determined contribution (NDC) documents by sector, it is possible to identify the key commodity sectors of CDDCs that will be impacted by climate change and the implementation of the Paris Agreement. By 23 June 2019, 81 of the 88 CDDCs had communicated their first NDCs to the UNFCCC secretariat. | sdg13 |
Farmers purchasing water in market transactions to finish an irrigation season or to ensure water supply for perennial crops might pay prices that exceed USD 100 per m3 for a portion of their irrigation supply (Wichelns, 2010b). It is equivalent to a water tariff a term commonly used in the domestic/urban water sector when differential charges are set. Sometimes the term water charge is replaced by the term irrigation service fee, as the term charge is disliked by some policy makers as it suggests water is taxed. | sdg6 |
The Twenty-fifth Meeting of Heads of National Drug Law Enforcement Agencies, Latin America and the Caribbean, was held in San Pedro Sula, Honduras, from 5 to 9 October 2015. Among the major issues discussed were: (a) prevention, investigation and prosecution of microtrafficking and its links to transnational criminal networks, (b) border management, (c) ways to address current trends in trafficking in cocaine, and (d) curbing access to the supply of precursor chemicals. Possession for personal use will be treated as an administrative offence, similar to a traffic violation, with a 30-day period to pay the administrative fine. The amendment also allows each household to cultivate up to five cannabis plants. | sdg3 |
That is why they cannot afford the expenses to run an election campaign, for meetings and other expenditure for political purposes (Panday 2006). Education is not a requirement to become a Union Parishad member, so many women who contest elections are illiterate and may not know about their rights and responsibilities. Often relatives or vested interest groups control them (Islam and Islam 2012). Nonetheless, NGOs play a highly effective role in creating consciousness among the voters. | sdg5 |
Depression has also been shown to increase risky and unhealthy behaviours, including smoking (Naylor et al., Work in Scotland by Barnett et al. ( People with mental disorders, especially with anxiety disorders, have been found to be more likely to divorce, and to be married for a shorter period of time than populations without a mental disorder (Kessler et al., Mild-to-moderate mental illnesses have been shown to have a strong relationship with higher unemployment, higher absenteeism, lower productivity in the workplace, and a rising burden of disability benefits claims (Alonso et al., | sdg3 |
In Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Iceland, the increase in forest cover also has contributed to the increase in forest biomass stock. In Finland, even though forest cover decreased slightly between 1990 and 2010, annual increment in growing stock was far greater than annual harvest and thus the net annual increment was positive and overweighed the biomass removal due to decrease in forest cover. It is projected that in all Nordic countries and thus in the whole Nordic region, the forest biomass will continue to increase steadily until 2050.23 This corresponds to the fact that the net annual increment in forest growing stock will be positive in the Nordic countries in coming decades. Finland and Norway forest growing stock data are available already from mid 1920ies corresponding to the beginning of forest inventory in these countries. | sdg15 |
This share is expected to continue to increase to at least two thirds over the coming decades. At present, 2.7 billion people continue to rely on traditional, non-commercial fuels typical for pre-industrial societies. They use only between 15 and 50 GJ of primary energy per capita, delivering about 2-5 GJ of per capita in useful energy services. Growth of per capita energy use in developing countries has accelerated since 1975, whereas use in developed countries has stagnated (figure II.2). | sdg7 |
While an individualist society prizes personal control, autonomy and individual accomplishments, a collectivist one puts a premium on loyalty and cohesion and imposes mutual obligations in the context of in-groups. It has been argued that, in contrast to collectivism, individualism will promote economic development directly by sharpening individual incentives to invest, innovate and accumulate wealth. In this article, I argue that the individualist–collectivist dimension can also affect development through its impact on the quality of government. The in-group favoritism inherent to collectivist societies is likely to engender corruption, nepotism and clientelism in the public sphere. In individualist societies, the relative weakness of in-group pressures and an emphasis on personal achievement and worth will contribute towards a more meritocratic and efficient public sector to the benefit of long-run growth. Empirical evidence is provided suggesting that insofar as individualism affects economic development it does so because it promotes good governance. | sdg16 |
Recommendations of the second report of the CBD HLP on Global Assessment of Resources thus include that human and institutional capacity development programmes should include an increased focus on the sharing of practical knowledge and experience in developing effective policies and instruments for mainstreaming that support increased investment in conservation and sustainable use. This is illustrated with a case study ffom South Africa in the section on reporting and information management (Case study 16, pg. The approach includes analysis of current policy and institutional frameworks affecting biodiversity and ecosystem services both positively and negatively, and quantification of related investments through comprehensive reviews of past and current (baseline) public and private expenditures. Analyses of impact, effectiveness and coherence will provide key opportunities for mainstreaming, aimed at reducing the cost of biodiversity management, such as through the removal of biodiversity-harmful incentives. | sdg15 |
However, removing the charge for water does not support the objective of improving resource efficiency and supporting environmental sustainability. However, there appears to be potential for overlap in projects awarded at the central and local government level. Moreover, extension projects have a strong production focus with less attention paid to meeting demand requirements, e.g. how to market, engage in contracts, meet food safety requirements, etc. The simple average MFN applied tariff on agricultural products was 16% in 2013. The average agricultural tariff is just 3.4% and 5.4% on imports from ASEAN members and China respectively. | sdg2 |
This paper uses a case-study approach to describe how organizational characteristics may influence program outcomes in humanitarian aid situations. Organizational structure and human resource management are discussed as organizational factors that influence the vulnerabilities of clients and employees. Interview and archival data from a program on reintegrating refugee and internally displaced women and girl survivors of sexual violence in Sierra Leone and observations based on the author’s experience with the organization provides a relevant basis for isolating the firm as an important context within which refugee programs are embedded. | sdg16 |
In most jurisdictions, teachers reach the first level of accreditation from the relevant authority upon graduation from an approved initial teacher education programme. Currently, each teacher registration authority has its own distinct set of standards for registration/accreditation, however, from 2013 jurisdictions will be progressively introducing the Australian Professional Standards for Teachers2 (the Standards) which will provide a national measure for teachers’ professional practice and knowledge. Advancement to frill registration (or professional competence) is achieved after a period of employed teaching practice and, from 2013, an appraisal against the Standards at Proficient level. In all states and territories, after teachers have initially become registered within their jurisdiction, they must renew their registration. | sdg4 |
Further, to avoid that domestic resources get skewed towards the collection of data for externally financed programmes, providers of development co-operation may consider more flexible mechanisms for supporting statistical institutes in partner countries (Bedi et al., Lessons from poverty reduction strategies are summarised in Box 2.2. Despite this support, a number of challenges remain. | sdg13 |
In particular, spending on children and families is running at well below the OECD average in Greece, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Spain, Switzerland, and the United States. And in all of these countries the lack of priority for children in national budgets shows through in the correspondingly small reductions in relative child poverty that each achieves. Both have strengths and weaknesses. Taken together, they offer two different but complementary measures and offer the best currently available comparative picture of child poverty in the world’s wealthiest nations. | sdg1 |
The framework also functions as a bridging mechanism between the narrowly construed MEAs pertaining to chemicals and waste, which include the Stockholm, Rotterdam, Basel, and Minamata Conventions. The Dubai Declaration, which expresses high-level political support forthe framework. The Overarching Policy Strategy (OPS), which contains the five key thematic objectives of SAICM: (1) risk reduction, (2) knowledge and information, (3) governance, (4) capacity-building and technical cooperation, and (5) illegal international traffic in chemicals. The OPS also lays down the scope, needs, underlying principles, and approaches of SAICM and elaborates on implementation and progress review mechanisms. The Global Plan of Action, which is an evolving and practical toolkit for implementation that currently lists more than 270 activities that can be undertaken by diverse stakeholders to operationalize SAICM. | sdg12 |
The exception was the US-Viet Nam Bilateral Trade Agreement, signed on 13 July 2000 and entered into force on 10 December 2001. Viet Nam was granted MFN trade status, providing it with substantially better access to the United States: average tariffs fell from 40% to less than 3%. In return, Viet Nam agreed to open up some of its services sectors (banking, insurance, and telecommunications), enhance protection of intellectual property rights and improve its foreign investment regime (WTO, 2013). The Agreement was prepared on the basis of WTO principles and was regarded as a very important step towards WTO membership (Vo, 2005). | sdg2 |
Nevertheless, fulfilment of this obligation has been very limited, as has the extent of the resulting technology transfer to LDCs (Moon, 2008, 2011). A more rigorous implementation of this provision of the TRIPS Agreement in respect of energy-related technologies (including end-use technologies) could provide a means of operationalizing the technology-transfer provisions of the UNFCCC. This could usefully be supported by a more systematic approach to monitoring WTO Members’ compliance with their obligations under this Article 66.2 (UNCTAD, 2016b). South-South and triangular cooperation mechanisms can also help to facilitate the sharing of technological learning and knowledge. | sdg7 |
Even though deposit-refund systems generate the first best solution in resource allocations they have relatively high transaction costs and is in general more costly to administrate (monitoring and verifying for charging and refunding). This implies that large waste flows or other economies of scales in waste management systems (e.g. standardised product design such as a beverage bottles) are often needed for cost-efficiency. It is therefore not surprising that deposit and refund systems are usually implemented for goods with large waste flows such as packages and specifically beverage containers. There exist also several empirical studies in the economic literature on household responses to policy instruments and how household waste generation and recycling behaviour are influenced by attitudes and socio-demographic attributes in the context of present policy instruments. | sdg12 |
Some statistics have been developed by the ILO to measure outcomes of labour inspectorate. The same survey also show that punishment for such cases is perceived to be high in Lithuania (11% very high and 44% high), the highest in the Baltic Sea region. Some conferences were organised during the New Social Model process to which social partners where convened, together with researchers and representatives from public institutions, during which they could express their opinion and possibly influence the experts. Source: European Working Conditions Survey. | sdg8 |
Hours required to qualify for benefits remains at 600h in the past 12 months. Mothers will also be able to start maternity benefits up to 12 weeks before the birth of their child but the total weeks of maternity leave is still 15 weeks. Parental leave insurance benefit can be received by parents returning to work, up to a certain limit. Until August 11, 2018, a “Working While on Claim” pilot project is in place which changes the way the weekly EI parental benefits is treated for parents returning to (part-time) work. Under this pilot project, once the parent has served the waiting period, he/she is able to keep 50 percents of the EI benefits for every dollar earned, up to 90% of the weekly insurable earnings that is used to calculate the EI benefit amount. Any money earned above this threshold is then deducted dollar for dollar from the parental benefit. | sdg1 |
The main objective of NPRT is to establish public access points in municipalities where there is no 3G coverage. This will lead to greater IT infrastructure centralization and to several autonomy gains through interconnection using IP routing and optical fibre connections. The geographical distribution will take place in an evolutionary way and according to a set of socio-demographic criteria. | sdg9 |
The duration of the fund’s stake in a company is five to seven years. It also provides them with advice and technical assistance, and develops studies to serve as the basis for equity investments. This type of financial stake is open to any unlisted company in the start-up or growth stage, with high growth potential, excluding those involved in real estate and trading activities. | sdg5 |
If the transparency framework is to provide clarity on whether these features are met, Parties need either a common understanding of “progression”, “scaled up”, and how country strategies are accounted for, or each would need to provide an explanation of how they interpret these requirements. By itself, aggregation of the information requested from individual Parties on mitigation and support will be insufficient to meet the objectives of the stocktake.1 This is because there are information gaps regarding the expected overall effect of NDCs, aggregate financial support provided and mobilised, and whether mitigation actions and finance flows are consistent with low-emission and climate-resilient development pathways. These information gaps are partly due to the lack of common methodologies for estimating the expected effects of mitigation policies, unresolved and divergent views on the definitions and methods to estimate mobilised climate finance, and limits to aggregating country-level information on climate finance provided and mobilised. | sdg13 |
Introduction of the invasive species Marenzelleria spp. Reasons behind the change are thought to be climate variation and overfishing (Alheit etal., Fish communities are also affected by other human pressures, for example, the abundance of perch and cyprinids have been associated with increased eutrophication in many coastal areas (Adjers et al., | sdg15 |
As in other Latin American countries, this momentum mainly benefited from the impulse given by international organisations such as UNESCO (Finnemore, 1993) and support from multilateral financial institutions. The very limited number of non-academic public research institutes, or for that matter public technology centres (with the exception of the health and agricultural sectors)5 highlighted in Chapter 4, is a Costa Rican peculiarity which will prove to have a negative effect on technology diffusion activities that universities w'ere less prepared to assume. In 1974, the four public universities increased their co-ordination in budgetary and planning tasks, thus opening the way to extending their academic autonomy to a progressive control over budget appropriations guaranteed by the Constitution and to be formally managed by the National Council of Rectors (Consejo Nacional de Rectores, CONARE) established in 1977. Since then, CONARE has played a dominant role in all decisions concerning public funding of research characterised by the overwhelming prevalence of institutional funding (as discussed in Chapter 4). | sdg9 |
Forestland in Republika Srpska is divided into two main categories: areas appropriate for afforestation and management (168,851 ha or 16.9 per cent) and areas not appropriate for afforestation and management (63,108 ha or 6.3 percent). In addition, some public forests w'ithin the protected areas are managed by public institutions responsible for management of protected areas (e.g. national parks, protected landscapes). Financial resources for forest management come mainly from selling wood and wood products. The largest surface area of karst, 144,061 ha or about 83 per cent of uncovered forestland, could be suitable for afforestation and management. | sdg15 |
These include improving quality information to enable performance-based contracting, creating room for providers and health insurers to develop alternative payment methods based on performance and financial risk-sharing (e.g. risk-adjusted capitation payments) and allowing (limited) vertical integration of health insurers and providers. In addition, hospitals’ access to capital markets could be expanded by revoking their mandatory non-profit status, a move that should be accompanied with measures to secure the orderly exit of bankrupt hospitals, notably in terms of providing essential services, and to ensure an effective and transparent merger control. They could also encourage patients to make choices that take price and quality into consideration. | sdg3 |
However, specifically in urban areas, the predominant factors that contributed to the fertility decline that occurred between 1997 and 2002 were, in order of magnitude, an increase in induced abortion, duration of postpartum infecundability and postponement of marriages. During the same period, the leading factors responsible for the fertility decline in rural areas, in order of magnitude, were postponement of marriages, increase in induced abortion and contraceptive use. Among women living in rural areas, the declining role of post-partum infecundability is of concern if it is not compensated by increased use of effective family planning methods. | sdg5 |
The light blue indicates the 12 countries with a lower poverty rate in the individual category, the mid-blue denotes the average performers, while the dark blue marks the 12 countries with the highest levels of poverty. Overall, the country composition of the groups is quite stable, as expected, but with some exceptions. Thus Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands and Norway are among the best performers as might be expected (for the total child poverty rate, in the first column, and also for the individual risk categories) while Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania and USA are stable in the group of the worst performing countries on relative poverty. | sdg1 |
That information is used to manage dams and water bodies, minimising risks of floods and droughts. This application enhances K-water’s capacity to deliver its mandate on water quantity management and prevention of scarcity and flood risks. It can serve similar purposes abroad, where other agencies have a similar mandate. Water suppliers in Korea are confronted with the need to renew existing infrastructure, as ageing affects its performance, in particular as regards leakage. | sdg6 |
Political and social violence includes cultural, economic, and structural subtypes. Social violence includes discrimination, domestic violence, rape, and murder. Economic or structural violence keeps groups entrenched in poverty or limits their ability to improve their working and living conditions. Cultural violence prevents people from perpetuating their cultural heritage. Political violence includes denial of citizenship, wrongful detention, enslavement, forced eviction, and statelessness. The health effects of political violence are extensive: death, disability, adverse birth outcomes, infectious and chronic diseases, mental illness, and damage to healthcare systems. Violent environments can be healed through accountability, reconciliation, and a commitment to human rights. | sdg16 |
Experiences in other economies reveal that much more aggressive policy and programme initiatives to assist women in their marketing efforts are possible. A good practice from Pakistan in supporting women exporters is profiled in Box 6.6. They further stressed the importance of expanding cluster linkages for women-owned SMEs and including them in value- and supply-chain initiatives. | sdg5 |
The volume of fertiliser is in turn determined through a bottom-up process. In each village a definitive plan needs group (Rencana Definitif Kebutuhan Kelompok, RDKK) of farmers establishes their fertiliser requirements. This is aggregated up at the district and provincial levels to obtain a national volume of fertiliser demand. For non-urea fertilisers, the subsidy is presented to offset the fertiliser selling price. | sdg2 |
While a sectoral approach to FSN policy and strategy is necessary, it is not a sufficient condition to impact rural livelihoods and reduce inequalities (between rural and urban areas, across rural areas or across individuals). In addition to the availability dimension, there is a need to address the issues of access to food (both economic and physical), the nutritional quality of food (utilisation), and the stability of both the availability and access dimensions in the long run. Other causes of food insecurity' are generally attributed to low incomes, unemployment, health, education, nutrition status, natural resource degradation and weak political commitment, which exacerbate vulnerability to risk. As noted by the FAO, fighting rural poverty and food insecurity will require resilient and diversified rural economies that offer employment and income opportunities. Helping small farmers improve farm productivity can help, but in most contexts, it is not enough to lift all rural poor out of poverty (FAO, 2013). | sdg2 |
See Koch (1984) for detailed results of time dependent variations and trends in the car-borne recreational use of the four selected forest areas. Also detailed description of the methodology and discussion of counting errors are given. In 2006, the measurement scheme was expanded to include social indicators related to the recreational use of the Danish forests. | sdg15 |
Women's election to urban local government has increased their social respectability and provided them with the ability to solve the problems of ordinary people (Ibid.). In Chennai, too, several Resident Welfare Associations concerned about the absence of educated middle-class citizen's in public life, fielded their members, including women, as candidates. Regardless of having a number of prominent and powerful female politicians, women's participation in politics in both countries is very low. Despite the provision for reservation of one-third of the seats in local governments, women members are not able to participate effectively. | sdg5 |
The UN Convention Against Corruption is the only truly global convention in corruption control. Separate and rather difficult negotiations were conducted on a mechanism for the implementation of the treaty. These negotiations broke ground by providing, for the first time, peer review of a United Nations treaty. This article, which is based on the authors' close observations and interviews with key participants, seeks to show how the dynamics between technical experts and diplomats led to a resolution that would not have occurred if either the technical experts or the diplomats had acted alone. | sdg16 |
This aligns with research by Maldonado, Najera and Segovia (2005) from Mexico that showed that significant income increases to women may threaten men’s status causing husbands with more traditional gender views to reassert control through violence. Overall, however, the risk of increased IPV could also decline over time as both men’s individual attitudes and broader social attitudes become more accepting of women’s increased economic activity and financial autonomy (Ahmed 2005). For example, some participants in the South African IMAGE intervention reported that the increased self-confidence, social support and communication skills gained from being part of a combined micro-finance and training initiative resulted in improved partner communication, preventing any conflict escalating into violence (Kim et al., | sdg5 |
Concentrating first on associations with changes in expenditure on social cash transfers, results from Table 3, Panel A suggest that, ceteris paribus, many social cash transfers frequently share no real clear and systematic association with changes in relative child poverty rates over time. Given a certain level of pre-transfer child poverty produced by market earnings, changes in per head spending on unemployment benefits, on parental leave benefits, on family allowances, on social assistance, and on other cash benefits share no clear and significant association with changes in the relative child poverty rates. Only three social expenditure programmes share an association with changes in child poverty rates (Table 3, Panel A). | sdg1 |
These can be broadly summarised as single stream (comingled), dual stream (two separate mixtures), and multi-stream (separate compartments on vehicle for each material). In the absence of services being provided by local authorities, private contractors may provide the only alternative. In these situations, waste may be stored on the premises of the house owner, dumped or burned in the street, or transported to informal dumpsites further away. These methods of uncontrolled disposal, lead to increases in disease vectors and environmental pollution. | sdg12 |
Remedial measures are adopted within the process of continuous assessment when students arc not progressing at an appropriate rate. All decisions regarding student assessment arc made jointly by the leaching team (within the framework established by education authorities). At the end of each year, all the teachers of the group jointly decide on each pupil's promotion after considering the attainment of the objectives of the year. | sdg4 |
On average, school associations comprise between 6 and 12 schools. In 2010, the vast majority of schools (96.7%) belonged to a school community, and most of the schools that have not joined a school community provided special needs education. The key goal of this initiative is to strengthen schools’ organisational and leadership capacities through increased co-operation. | sdg4 |
A number of local and international partners provided some 20% of the required investment, mainly covered through a grant, jointly applied for. North Sailing supplies researchers with boats and sometimes the researchers come along on the tours to tell about their research. North Sailing also cooperates with the whale museum in Husavik, providing its researchers use of their boats. | sdg12 |
This general behavioural pattern limits the employment of women, whose professional occupation may be viewed as “optional” vis-a-vis men’s duty to be the breadwinner. This factor, in turn, may contribute to an increase in women’s unemployment relative to men’s. Each spouse retains individual ownership of assets brought into the marriage, and assets obtained during the marriage are registered in their individual names. | sdg5 |
A data point below (above) the 45 degree line indicates that the change in the educational composition of the workforce is associated with a fall (rise) in earnings inequality. The Drivers of Labour Earnings Inequality - An Analysis Based on Conditional and Unconditional Quantile Regressions", OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. An upper-secondary degree is today typically considered the minimum needed to find a decent job (OECD, 2010a).17 Moreover, while the returns to lower-secondary education have declined over time, those to post-secondary education have surged (e.g. Lemieux, 2006/?, A simple panel regression analysis that regresses the average rate of return to a tertiary degree on the share of employed and unemployed individuals holding such a degree and country-fixed effects lends support to this negative relationship. | sdg10 |
Box 4.2 describes three idealised scenarios of efficient water allocation between urban and rural consumers (for the case of a renewable resource). Policy makers might in some cases favour the equity and fairness of the resulting allocation profiles over their economic efficiency. For example, low-income farmers in water-stressed regions may not receive enough water to sustain their livelihoods, an equitable allocation would therefore require shifting water resources to the more vulnerable groups in society at the expense of economic efficiency. Chapter 5 will further emphasise procedural equity, i.e. participation of all stakeholders in the way water is managed as a whole, especially when it crosses urban and rural areas. | sdg6 |
The International Criminal Court (ICC) came into effect on 1 July 2002. This article gives an account of the historical background to the ICC and an overview of the Court's Statute, remit and powers. It is argued that the ICC is a highly politicized legal institution which will only be effective through inter-state cooperation. Despite its lengthy historical antecedents and legal precedents, prudence suggests that — due to the nature of international politics — the establishment of the ICC should be viewed as the beginning of a cumulative process of reforming the politics of international justice rather than the end of a process of transformation in international law. | sdg16 |
These studies represent a large and important knowledge base, and they have influenced education policy development globally. The Nordic countries represent a unique "laboratory" for in-depth analyses of the outcomes of these studies because of the many cultural similarities combined with clear national characteristics with respect to results and policy development. The biannual Northern Lights publications aim to present highly policy-relevant analyses in a Nordic context in order to enhance the use and understanding of the data from large-scale assessments, and to stimulate Nordic cooperation. | sdg4 |
Herwartz and Theilen (2010) suggest that the income elasticity could be directly correlated with age. Such an assumption is introduced by the Dutch CPB, the Italian RGS model and the USA CBO long-term model, among others. In the CBO case, the assumption is labelled as “Excess Cost Growth (ECG)” and refers specifically to the percentage points by which the growth of various components of health expenditure (e.g. Medicare, Medicaid, or health care generally -per beneficiary or per capita) are assumed to exceed the growth of nominal gross domestic product (per capita). Under the assumption that excess cost growth rates for spending on Medicare, Medicaid, and all other health care continue increasing indefinitely at their average values from 1975 to 2005, federal expenditure on health in the United States could reach 99 percent of GDP by 2082 (Orszag, 2008) (Figure 6). It is obvious that such a long-term forecast is totally implausible and therefore the validity of the GDP+X growth hypothesis is questionable for long-term projections. | sdg3 |
There is also a flyway through the West Plain, part of the Tisa Plain, shared with Hungary and Serbia, which is used by cranes and Passeriformes. The secondary flyroutc passes through the Transylvanian basin, from northwest to southwest. The most recent CoP adopted the Protocol on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Black Sea from Land-Based Sources and Activities and a revised Strategic Action Plan. The entry into force of the Protocol is still pending and there are implementation problems related to financing. | sdg15 |
However, the progress achieved has been uneven and many people are still being left behind. Prom the Millennium Development Goals, which established a target of halving the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water2 to the General Assembly’s recognition of water and sanitation as a human right, the United Nations has laid the foundations. This goal, as well as other related goals and targets, aims to address all issues related to the water cycle, including access to adequate water and sanitation, improving quality and efficiency of water delivery, sustainable water management as well as strengthening international cooperation. At the upcoming high-level political forum on sustainable development, we will learn of progress being made on SDG 6, including at the national level. | sdg6 |
A commission appointed by the governor and legislature in Massachusetts has called for reform of the state’s health policy in the next five years that would end payments for service, switching instead to a system that pays a fixed fee to cover a person’s care for a whole year. The aim is that by working within a set budget, providers would have to better coordinate patients’ care, with the hope that quality would improve and costs fall. The new policy will require the creation of integrated care, from the family doctor to specialists and hospitals. Massachusetts would be the first state to adopt such a “global payment” … | sdg16 |
In Sweden, Ireland, Norway and Iceland, fewer than 5% of children in migrant families are deprived. In France and Italy the proportion is more than 20% (and in a further four countries more than 25%). It presents a remarkably consistent picture in which the same seven countries -Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, the Netherlands and Ireland — feature in the top third of the table no matter which at-risk category is chosen. | sdg1 |
The two Commissions grant each other observer status.__________________________________ The concept of twinning suggested by the Netherlands at the Second World Water Forum in 2000 in The Hague implies that river basin organizations located in different regions of the world have valuable experience to share, and that the exchange of such experience could contribute to their institutional strengthening, improvement of activities and increased efficiency. Ultimately, such exchange is an instrument contributing to the implementation of IWRM. | sdg6 |
The results indicate that the largest 2006 VAT contributions amongst the foreign-born subpopulations were made by individuals from other ECOWAS countries (1.2%), followed by those originating in non-African countries (0.48%) and those from non-ECOWAS African countries (0.16%). International aid through the provision of grants (related to projects, programmes, HIPC and MDRI) as well as the liberalisation of trade were important for this achievement (Quartey et al., Yet, foreign aid may also be a burden on the government of Ghana as its overreliance on international financing has increased the country’s level of debt (Niyonkuru, 2016). Taxes on international trade were solely applied to individuals aged 18 and above. | sdg8 |
Led by the Heads of ASEAN Power Utilities/Authorities (HAPUA). It is recognized as the authoritative electricity organization in South-East Asia, with the mandate to coordinate multilateral electricity trading by 2018. However, bilateral agreements have no yet been integrated into the regional power grid, which will require further efforts to harmonize policies and regulation. | sdg7 |
For a full overview, please consult the respective references. In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities (IPCC, 2014). Capacity may include infrastructure, institutions, human knowledge and skills, and collective attributes such as social relationships, leadership and management (UNISDR, 2017). | sdg13 |
This paper engages with “researcher reflexivity” in terms of a set of discourse analytical imperatives which derive from the work of Pierre Bourdieu and as a set of epistemological implications which follow from my ethnographic-interventionist engagement with a specific field of (institutionalized) practice (broadly, child protection in Flanders). The focus of the paper is on a reflexive discourse analysis of two data events (qualitative interviews with a lone parent who had/has an adolescent in public care). My key claim is that a reflexive discourse analysis which succeeds in revealing the role of social class as an interpretative filter on data events and their histories, can result in a deepened research design which also sets a specific agenda for relevant social-theoretical understandings of Late Modernity (I engage with Bourdieu, Bernstein and Giddens). | sdg16 |
In Spain, this high-level consultative agency was created in 2009 and includes autonomous communities, local entities, river-basin authorities, and professional and economic unions related to water. These include, for example, the consultation of private actors (including citizens’ groups, water users “associations and civil society”) and financial transfers and incentives across levels of government (e.g. earmarked versus general-purpose grants for financing infrastructure). Other instruments they can consider are co-ordination agencies, contractual arrangements, (multi)sectoral conferences, performance indicators, regulations, shared databases, river basin organisations, regulation and performance indicators, and intermediate bodies. Box 3.4 provides some examples of the use of performance indicators in a number of OECD countries. Some OECD countries have chosen to use all the mechanisms listed above (e.g. France, Mexico), while others have adopted none, due to highly centralised water policy and limited involvement of sub-national actors (Korea, Israel). The STOWA (institute of Applied Scientific Research) is leading the drive toward standardisation of monitoring systems for water quality, water quantity and ecology. | sdg6 |
Les menages sont presents sur les marches essentiellement pour vendre le surplus de leur consommation personnelle, et ils sont moins influences par les signaux du marche que les producteurs commerciaux. Ce schema cadre avec celui que l’on observe plus generalement dans les economies emergentes. Les plus fortes hausses concernent le financement des services d’inspection (systemes phytosanitaire et veterinaire). Le financement de la recherche-developpement a egalement augmente, en particulier a la fin des annees 2000. Fluctuantes, les depenses d’infrastructures ont culmine entre 2001 et 2003, sous l’effet de grands chantiers d’amelioration des reseaux d’irrigation et de drainage. | sdg2 |
Per capita consumption in 2010 was 90 m3/person/year. The reduction to 2050 will occur in response to increasing water efficiency. It may result from the mixing of seawater with fresh water, as in estuaries, or may occur in brackish fossil aquifers. Thus, Israel is committed to a net supply of 35 million m3/year of potable water to Jordan (Chapter 3). | sdg6 |
Most important was the relaxation of restrictions on rice exports. The export quota was increased from less than one million tonnes in 1992 to 4.5 million by 1998. However, the right to export was limited, allocated to two central government established SOEs - Vinafood I (also known as the Northern Food Corporation) and Vinafood II (Southern Food Corporation) - and a number of provincial SOEs (Kirk and Nguyen, 2009).6 Internal barriers to trade in rice that had restricted the flow of rice from the south to the north were relaxed. | sdg2 |
Agricultural growth affects poverty and overall economic growth directly and indirectly through linkages with the non-agricultural sector, at the same time, reinforcing economic activity in rural areas has a significant impact on the disproportionately large number of poor living in those areas (see empirical studies on Ethiopia by Diao and Nin-Pratt, 2007, on Ghana by Breisinger et al., Nin-Pratt et al. ( The authors stress the mismatch between the old-fashioned, low productivity and high risk production patterns that are still prevalent in the region and the role of the agricultural sector as the main provider of employment, rural livelihoods, export revenues, and more generally national income. | sdg2 |
Subsets and Splits