text
stringlengths 119
1.42k
| label
stringclasses 16
values |
|---|---|
Some infrastructure projects are underway with the objective to process 69% of the total wastewater collected by 2014. Notably, it would involve a recruitment process based on competences and terms of appointment that do not coincide with political cycles. In the absence of a merit-based civil service, virtually all water managers and other municipal officials are politically appointed and likely to leave at the end of the mayor’s three-year term. | sdg6 |
Despite shifts in rhetoric and some positive movement, Americans with the disease of addiction are still often stigmatized, criminalized, and denied access to evidencebased care. Dramatically reducing the number of lives unnecessarily lost to overdose requires an evidence-based, equity-focused, well-funded, and coordinated response. We present in this brief article evidence-based and promising practices for improving and refocusing the response to this simmering public health crisis. Topics covered include improving clinical decision-making, improving access to non-judgmental evidence-based treatment, investing in comprehensive public health approaches to problematic drug use, and changing the way law enforcement actors interact with people who use drugs. | sdg16 |
In the Netherlands, for instance, farmers are exempted from a groundwater tax (up to a certain threshold), which has encouraged them to use multiple smaller pumps to avoid the tax (OECD, 2008). Such market systems are a cost-effective method to achieve any given water use reduction or hydrologic target as they allow equalisation of the values of marginal products (Kuwayama and Brozovic, 2013, Palazzo and Brozovic, 2014). There are, however, significant preconditions to a successful groundwater market: a strong property rights system, a robust price determination mechanism with information, and infrastructures are required (Skurray et al., Although they may not generate revenue for the regulator,16 they do result in transfers of funds between buyers and sellers of water entitlements. | sdg6 |
In the past, NUS have been ignored by agricultural research, not included in agricultural extension curricula, and did not benefit from organized value chains. Flowever, due to their adaptability and nutritional qualities, many NUS could make a major contribution to increased food availability, affordability and nutrition security. | sdg2 |
About 39.9 per cent of the women workers were employed as skilled agricultural and fisheries workers in 2011-2012 as against 28.1 per cent of men workers (Table 9-1). Though 8.3 per cent of men workers in 2011-2012 were legislators, senior officials and managers, only 3.8 per cent of the women workers were in that category. The place of work of about 34.9 per cent of women workers in 2011-2012, as against 11.4 per cent of men, was own dwelling or adjacent areas (Table 10-1). | sdg5 |
The requirement to demonstrate labour market relevance is thus one of several quality criteria examined during the accreditation process conducted by Norwegian Agency for Quality Assurance in Education (NOKUT) at the institution level and by accredited institutions at the programme level. In addition, the regulations state clearly that institutional accreditation conducted by NOKUT must include one representative from “social or working life”, which ensures that the perspective of social partners is captured during the accreditation process (Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research, 2017b). The RSAs were created in 2011 by the Norwegian government to facilitate a more structured and binding collaboration between higher education and the world of work and strengthen the labour market relevance of degree programmes and continuing education and share information. | sdg4 |
Government health services principally serve those from the low and middle-income strata, whereas private facilities mainly serve the smaller subset of wealthier households and take up a significant share of overall health spending. Indeed, South Africa relies more on voluntary private health insurance financially than any other country in the world. Yet experience from both OECD and non-OECD countries shows that voluntary private health insurance rarely provides adequate coverage for the poor and those most prone to serious illness, and often has high administrative costs. | sdg3 |
For example, a country that has introduced mobile number portability, permitted infrastructure sharing for mobile operators, allowed foreign investment in operators that own spectrum, legally promoted a competitive environment and required interconnection prices to be made public would have penetration levels 2.3 per cent higher than a country without these measures in place, all other things being equal. Moreover, all the accompanying coefficients to these variables are different from zero, as certified by the F test27 results. While the overall explanatory power of the model (r-squared) is moderate (36.1%), it nevertheless provides evidence of the importance of regulation on ICT services uptake. | sdg9 |
In 10 of the 14 countries in the study there is a monthly wage penalty for care workers in education compared with similar workers outside the care sector (see table III.9). However, this penalty disappears in most countries (except Chile, Nicaragua, Paraguay and Peru) when it refers to hourly wages. In 10 of the 14 countries in the study, there is a monthly wage premium for care workers in the health sector that holds in almost all of those countries for hourly wages (except Chile, where the coefficient was no longer significant). This finding is probably linked to the fact that a larger proportion of these workers are employed in the public sector. | sdg5 |
Again, even when universities are owned and operated by the national government, it is important to have budgetary provision for institutions’ regional engagement. This not only provides the needed financial support, but also orientates the institution’s activities. Currently, the criteria for staff recruitment and promotion in Penang higher education institutions do not sufficiently encourage activities related to local engagement. | sdg4 |
A fundamental thesis is that while there are some instruments that can be beneficial irrespective of the time horizon, there are nevertheless difficult trade-offs between short and long-term priorities, and a strategic framework needs to acknowledge those trade-offs. Smallholders may be efficient in the technical or allocative sense, but they often struggle to be competitive, either because of their lack of endowments, or because they confront missing or under-developed markets. Insufficient farm size may also be an issue, although other assets, such as farm management skills may also be lacking.2 The competitiveness of smallholders may also be undermined by external factors, such as subsidised exports arriving on internal markets. | sdg2 |
This introduction to the special issue in honor of Professor Yoram Barzel provides an overview of his scholarship and a summary of the contributions to this special issue. Each contribution advances or elaborates upon major themes in Barzel's theoretical and applied work on property rights, transaction costs, and political economy. The contributions fall into three categories: an examination of the foundations and implications of the ‘Barzelian’ method for social scientific analysis, Barzel's economics of property rights and transaction costs to historical case studies, and advances to Barzel's theory of the state, which includes an analysis of the origins of democracy and the rule of law. | sdg16 |
Typically, each district has one larger disposal site, which serves the district administrative centre, and a number of smaller/rural dumpsites serving one or more villages. Based on the dumpsite inventory done in the Development Region South and local research, there are approximately 20 to 25 rural dumpsites operating by the decision of local authorities and, in addition, more than 100 illegal dumpsites per district. In most cases, the licensing procedure is formal and the majority of approved dumpsites do not, to a large extent, follow the requirements for construction, environmental protection and human health. For comparison, if the plant is operated at full capacity (three shifts) this corresponds to the annual MSW generation of Chisinau. | sdg12 |
It outlines information on climate-related development finance and sectors w'here such finance is directed, as well as policies directly or indirectly relating to mobilisation of finance for climate actions. This amount covers both finance for adaptation and mitigation, while excluding overlapping finance for both mitigation and adaptation. It accounts for 7.1% of the total climate-related development finance committed globally in 2013 and 2014 (i.e. USD 47.3 billion per year on two-year average). More specifically, climate-related development finance committed to mitigation in the EECCA is 8.3% of that for all the recipients globally, while adaptation finance accounts for 3.5% of the global total. | sdg13 |
The share of individual facing different employment barriers is lower than or broadly in line with the six-country average for most of the indicators. In particular, the recent strengthening of the labour market in Estonia led to relatively few individuals in the target population being affected by “scarce job opportunities” or “no past work experience”. An exception is the share of individuals facing health limitations, which is significantly higher in Estonia (43%) than in other countries (the six country average is 32%). “ | sdg8 |
The correlation between the progressivity index based on tax schedules (for single taxpayers and under the assumption of a similar distribution of income across countries) and the Kakwani progressivity index based on household surveys is 0.58, significant at 5%. Due to the various tax reliefs for low-income earners with children, the US personal income tax is much more progressive for families with children than for single tax payers. The Slovak Republic replaced the progressive personal income tax system by a flat rate system in 2004. | sdg10 |
A key driver of demand for urban nature recreation is user preferences for site attributes. For example, mountain bikers may tend to prefer (and are willing to pay for) artificially designed and engineered trails while hikers may prefer a "wilder" trail (Table 1 identifies some common attributes that provide welfare for different recreation users). Note also that the availability of nearby substitutes sites can affect the value of a given site. | sdg15 |
The APIDT advocated an increase of industrial R&D, supported by greater public resources via matching grants and soft loans, to reorient part of the activities of existing research laboratories and institutes toward industry-oriented and market-driven research (EPU, 1990). The plan aimed to promote cluster approaches where small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) could build upon their relationships with the MNEs they supply to enhance their capability (called “cluster-based industrial development” strategy). The Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) can be seen as a key initiative in that regard: w'orld-class infrastructure is made available on a specific territory to attract the E&E leaders. The foundation acts as a broker, identifying both the needs and the relevant experts, and assists the commercial arrangement. | sdg9 |
However, these arrangements pose distributional dilemmas (transfers from single individuals to married couples) and tend to reinforce traditional family patterns and gender roles. Other arrangements, such as contribution credits that compensate for the impact that time dedicated to take care of children or elderly members of the family can have on women’s pension entitlements, are a positive measure but may not overcome all gender gaps in pension benefits on their own. Policies need to includes package of measures to address inequalities from their origins (i.e., reducing gender gaps in the labour market, promoting a more equal distribution of care work in the family and avoiding gender-blind policies) as well as to compensate for gender gaps in old age protection when they emerge. | sdg5 |
While not specific to agriculture, firms responding to the OECD Business Survey on Stale Influence on Competition in International Markets suggest that some state trading enterprises have been able to exploit a number of advantages of state ownership, influencing market outcomes (predominately through limiting sales). The countries with more state trading enterprises were China (25), India (14), and Colombia (14). In a recent survey of members on export competition, the WTO only had 36 responses to questions on export credits (including the European Union counted as one) (WTO, 2016a). | sdg2 |
In that case the outcome is similar to capacity markets discussed later. In any case, such option products require well-functioning energy markets, in particular, that electricity prices can be high enough during scarcity conditions. This may be the case for products to solve network congestion (counter trading), products to ramp-up or ramp-down capacity to follow demand and renewable output variations, or products for voltage control during certain hours. Some countries such as Spain are considering the creation of new short-term, flexible products markets, using existing electronic market platforms as the tertiary reserves market. | sdg7 |
In addition to the high levels of misuse of prescription opioids reported by many countries in Asia and Africa,112 there is growing evidence of the non-medical use of tramadol in some countries in Africa and the Near and Middle East. These have been corroborated in recent years by seizures of considerable amounts of tramadol in North, West and Central Africa and in the Near and Middle East.118 Between 2012 and 2014, the Islamic Republic of Iran, countries in the Near and Middle East and many countries in Africa reported to UNODC that seizures had been made of large amounts of tramadol that was being trafficked into those countries. Countries in the Middle East reported seizures of 310 kg in 2012, a quantity that increased to over 22 tons in 2014. | sdg3 |
In addition, the loT and Blockchain may simplify verification and certification procedures, and real-time translation and online platforms facilitate communication in different languages. Innovations in cross-border payment systems have had their largest impact in developing countries and for MSMEs. Hence, the potential of new technologies to facilitate trade for MSMEs and developing countries disproportionately can be large. | sdg9 |
Data for Turkey is for 2006 rather than 2010. Data for the Netherlands is for 2005 rather than 2010. The Nordic countries, Estonia and Slovenia, where the share of women in general government is 20 percentage points higher than their share in total employment (OECD 2012a), display the largest difference. Estonia experienced the largest rise in female employment over the period 2001-2010, women accounted for three-quarters of general government employment in 2010, more than any other OECD member country. | sdg5 |
Though CAES requires a suitable geological location, it is possible to construct the air storage and both CAES plants mentioned here use a solution-mined salt cavern as air storage location. In addition to the utility scale CAES systems, a small scale adiabatic 2 MW, 500 MWh storage plant was commissioned in Gaines, Texas in late 2012 (General Compression, 2014). A demonstration plant operating on the adiabatic CAES principle is scheduled for completion in 2016 (RWE Power AG, 2010). | sdg7 |
Eight countries participated in the first wave of data collection, which took place in 2011: Bolivia, Colombia, Ghana, Laos, Sri Lanka, Ukraine, Vietnam, and the Yunnan province of China. The second wave, which look place in 2012-13, involved five countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kenya and Macedonia. The STEP Survey asked respondents to report on their use of such skills in daily life and at work (if they work). | sdg4 |
Given its tourism-oriented economy, the city has also set up a mobile app, which informs both tourists and locals of what to do in Phuket. To illustrate this trend, outdoor concentrations of fine particulate matter (PMJS), which is hazardous to health, is commonly used as a proxy measure of pollution. Practically all urban residents in the region are exposed to ambient air pollution exceeding the WHO guidelines on the concentration of fine particulate ambient air pollution (i.e., 10 PM2.5 pg/m3). Only 0.2% of urban residents in Emerging Asia live in areas with pollution concentrations at or below this level (Figure 2). | sdg11 |
Providing and Paying for Long-Term Care, OECD Health Policy Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1787/9789264097759-8-en. Monitoring and Improving Quality in Long-term Care, OECD Health Policy Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264194564-en. The Quality of Life, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. | sdg5 |
For instance, the African Agricultural Technology Foundation established a partnership with CIMMYT (the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center), the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, BASF and NGOs to provide herbicide technology to Kenyan farmers. Because climate is a critical factor in applying agricultural technology in the field, NARS play a very important role in this process. The mechanism for distributing scientific knowledge and technology from the CGIAR system and Centers to farmers through NARS has been successful. | sdg2 |
Measurement campaigns are also carried out to evaluate concentrations of heavy metals and hazardous substances. Managing environmental air monitoring networks is the responsibility of the Regional Development Co-ordination Committees (CCDRs) in co-operation with the Portuguese Environment Agency (APA). Since 2004, installations subject to industrial permitting are required to carry out self-monitoring of air emissions and report to the CCDRs and to the APA. | sdg6 |
While decentralization seems to provide a way to strengthen the quality of public education, the existing literature on the subject matter is far from being specific in pointing out the concrete way in which this has to be done. Regardless of the aforementioned hypothesis, this present paper states that three basic requirements are to be ensured in the process of decentralizing this function of the State. They are the accountability of those in charge, the control over costs by these same authorities and their real capacity to decide on the structure of expenditures to be made. In this context, this paper proposes the implementation of school districts in Chile, which are to be funded by unconditional grants from the central government. | sdg16 |
Panel A compares Sweden to Hirkey: in Turkey all bottom-sensitive income standards grew much faster than the average, whereas top-sensitive income standards grew more slowly, implying a marked decline in inequality. In Sweden, the opposite occurred, implying a sharp increase in inequality. A similar picture emerges from the comparison between Germany, where inequality increased, and Italy, where it decreased (Figure 2, Panel B). | sdg10 |
However, given that foreign-born women are more often outside the labour market, and therefore ineligible to parental leave, and given that when they find employment they tend to be concentrated in lower paying jobs, the incentive to remain at home engendered by the allowance is likely to play more forcefully upon their choices. And, though the benefits of day care, such as language and social learning, tend to be particularly pronounced for children from disadvantaged or immigrant families, the children of foreign-born women are more likely to be cared for at home for longer spells. Worryingly, this is particularly marked among those children whose parents come from refugee-sending countries. | sdg4 |
Informal recyclers in developing countries do manage to make a living simply from the revenues from selling the recovered materials.39 But with increasing resource scarcity and rising prices, situations also arise in which people can make a living by removing recyclables from the 'formal' systems in developed countries, or where it becomes in the interest of large national manufacturing companies in developing countries to 'compete' with both the city and the informal sector in offering MSWM sen/ices, in order to secure access to raw materials (see Box 5.1). A private collector can have higher profits by only focusing on densely populated regions where recoverable waste quantities can be collected within a small area, leading to regional 'cherry-picking'. In such cases, only the non-profitable regions are left to be serviced by public authorities. | sdg12 |
Transparent and complete reporting, combined with subsequent third-party consideration, helps to increase trust and confidence in the information reported. The current reporting component of this UNFCCC framework lays out which countries are to report what information, in which format and with what frequency. This framework is delivering mixed results: according to UNFCCC reviews, information on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and trends is generally being reported in a transparent and complete manner by Annex I countries. The expert review teams also indicate that information on the provision of “means of implementation” (MOI), i.e. climate support via climate finance, technology or capacity building, by Annex II countries is usually “mostly transparent” and “mostly complete”. | sdg13 |
Vulnerable groups are those with a higher probability of falling into poverty in any given year. Internationally comparable numbers in this report are based on two regional data harmonisation efforts known as SEDLAC and LABLAC, joint efforts of the World Bank and CEDLAS at the National University of La Plata in Argentina. Unless otherwise noted, indicators for LAC are calculated using data from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay (LAC-17). Although the analysis does not include the racial/ethnic dimension, it is another relevant consideration for discrimination and inequality in LAC. | sdg8 |
Clearly, a good representation of technology switching is important when projecting adaptation to climate change. Nonetheless, the major technologies are specified in the model in a crop- and region-specific manner. No other land use types are incorporated into the model, limiting its ability to fully account for land use changes. | sdg2 |
The governance advice that is offered to Africa usually identifies a list of ‘good governance’ goals like stable property rights, a rule of law, low corruption and government accountability as preconditions for development. These goals are difficult to implement not only because they are expensive public goods but in addition their enforcement is typically at variance with powerful interests in the political settlements of developing countries. The historical evidence and much institutional theory suggests that during their social transformations successful developing countries had a different set of ‘developmental’ or ‘growth-enhancing’ governance capabilities that enabled their states to support critical property rights transformations and assist firms in acquiring and learning to use new technology. The institutions and policies they used differed because their political and institutional starting points were different. There are therefore no blueprints for Africa or anywhere else, but certainly the go... | sdg16 |
In the case of assessment for qualification and certification in upper secondary education, certificates convey information in particular to higher education institutions and the labour market. As such, certification fulfils an important social function (Remesal, 2011). The extent to which certificates and individual grades are valued by stakeholders varies, and in some cases, the reputation of the attended school has a significant signalling value. Schools may be especially concerned about their signalling ability if the national education system holds schools accountable on the basis of their students’ performance. | sdg4 |
In Mexico, gender gaps have been found to exist both in wages and in employer-provided benefits (De la Cruz Toledo, 2016). The gap in monthly earnings reflects both gender differences in hourly wages and in hours worked. When looking at the hourly gender w'age gap, however, Mexico performs better: the hourly wage gap of full-time workers is 6.0%, compared to 14.1% on average the OECD (OECD estimates of labour force surveys). | sdg5 |
It is precisely this willingness to look beyond the conventional drivers of growth, integrating action to tackle climate change and increase environmental sustainability with future economic growth models, which represents an enormous opportunity to deliver “Greener Growth” at a local, national and global level. However, it is also true, and perhaps more likely, that existing jobs will evolve into “greener” jobs as the requirements of the economy (and jobs) adapt, driven by changing consumer demand, government regulation and technological and market innovations. Irrespective of the definition, it is almost certain that many existing jobs and workplaces will begin to adapt to incorporate sustainability practices in the workplace, and that the skills the economy needs will change too, as green growth becomes the goal of governments, businesses and communities and environmental sustainability is incorporated into everyday life. There is no standard or agreed definition of “quality work”. | sdg7 |
This should be done in a manner that does not undermine local structures and processes, but ensures coherence with the national system. Some checks and balances may be required regarding local mechanisms to ensure a degree of due process or to protect against certain types of discrimination. In turn, mechanisms may be needed to ensure locally achieved resolutions are then protected within the broader national system. | sdg6 |
The IV procedure allows purification of the health variable from its correlation with the error term e_it, that is, from its sources of endogeneity. However, finding a strong and valid instrument is often difficult, at best. For instance, looking at the relationship between obesity and wages, Cawley (2004) used sibling’s weight as an instrument for individual weight. | sdg3 |
The Department of Education established a strategic medium-term Action Plan (2009-12) for the Institutionalisation of Gender Equality in the Education System. The plan falls under the framework of the National Strategy for Gender Equality through the Integration of Gender Objectives in Public Policies and Development Programmes, which was adopted by the government in May 2006, as well as the NAJAH Emergency Plan (2007), which aimed to give new impetus to educational reform. It also aims to ensure that the state secretariat in charge of education has the adequate institutional capacity to mainstream gender in the educational system in terms of the design, budgeting, delivering, monitoring and evaluation of educational services. | sdg5 |
In its decision in Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v Vavilov the Supreme Court of Canada fundamentally altered Canadian administrative law. For the most part, the Court’s analysis was comprehensible and comprehensive. But on a number of key issues, the implications of Vavilov are obscure. In order of importance, these unresolved issues are: how does Vavilov apply to internal statutory appeals, what framework governs procedural fairness in administrative law, is arbitration subject to administrative law principles, are administrative decisions touching the Charter of Rights and Freedoms still to be reviewed deferentially, and what are the constitutional foundations of Vavilovian judicial review? In my Hugh Ketcheson QC Memorial Lecture, I will explain the importance of these issues and lay out answers and solutions which are faithful to the Vavilov framework. | sdg16 |
They further lay out the rights and duties of contractual users of wild plant and animal resources. Liabilities for infringements are also set out. In addition, the conservation of fauna and flora, including in the context of construction and infrastructure projects, is regulated. Conservation measures include in situ and ex situ conservation methods. Species on the Red List are exempt from use (apart from tightly controlled exceptions). | sdg15 |
These searchable on-line databases and their annual reporting summaries are valuable tools for federal and state science managers and scientists. In addition, CRIS has been a critical resource for retrospective assessments of the economic impacts of agricultural research. Using data that measure research resource flows to specific subject areas and specific geographic areas, and linking them to subsequent changes in farm productivity, economists have been able to conduct cost-benefit analysis of public investments in agricultural research. A summary of the findings from these studies is given in Chapter 7. | sdg2 |
This article considers the relationship of international law and the media through the prism of human rights. In the first section the international regulation of the media is examined and visions of good, bad, and new media emerge. In the second section, the enquiry is reversed and the article explores the ways in which the media is shaping international legal forms and processes in the field of human rights. This is termed the ‘mediatization of international law’. Yet despite hopes for new media and the Internet to transform international law, the theoretical work of Jodi Dean warns of the danger to democracy of commodification through the spread of ‘communicative capitalism’. | sdg16 |
Given that so many college students take Introduction to Sociology or Social Problems or both, we wondered about the amount of content overlap in these courses. We designed a study that used content analysis of syllabi from these courses in order to measure the amount of convergence between the two classes. In our sample, nearly 70 percent of the content was similar. More worrisome, some significant concepts, such as research methods and symbolic interactionism, were barely mentioned in either course. Given the new political economy of general education and more specifically higher education, we raise questions about the implications of such course content convergence and encourage the discipline to begin to address these issues. | sdg16 |
Since almost everyone gains from faster growth, but some may lose out from equity-promoting growth, causing political tensions and loss of economic efficiency, it is difficult to reject the appeal of the absolute definition of PPG and its associated policies. These developments have helped the PPG debate to converge around the terms of a presumed trade-off between equity (benefiting the poor relative to the rich) and growth (benefiting everyone). As McKinley (2009, pp. | sdg1 |
This article examines the early years of democratization in the small Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan. Once a reclusive country, Bhutan embarked on a gradual path of socioeconomic modernization and opening up to the rest of the world. A most significant step on that path was the decision to democratize. The first national democratic elections were held in 2007–2008. In 2013, the second national elections took place and marked an appropriate moment to assess the progress of democratization in Bhutan. This article not only analyzes the electoral experience but also evaluates what has occurred in other areas of democratization including the rule of law, accountability of government, civil society, and freedom of expression. The article concludes that Bhutan has made good progress in democratization on many fronts but that its trajectory is unique, reflecting the particular context of Bhutan and the overriding concern with stability in political and social life. | sdg16 |
Remote sensing and GIS could be valuable tools but their application to inland fisheries and aquaculture is lagging far behind that in other sectors. Such data deficiencies can result in mistaken policies. For example, the SmartFish project12 pointed out that some African countries' food security and nutrition policies overlooked fish despite its importance in people's diets as evidenced through dedicated surveys. Moreover, the contribution of women is poorly assessed and, thus, gender-aware policies cannot be adequately formulated. | sdg14 |
Nevertheless, Mexican women continue to face gender stereotyping, discrimination, and very high rates of violence. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Yet the share of Mexican women in the workforce remains among the lowest in the OECD, the gender gap in labour force participation is very high, and Mexican women tend to have lower-quality jobs than their male counterparts. The challenges common to the development process hit w'omen particularly hard: female workers are much more likely than male workers to hold informal jobs, and many women live in poverty. This includes a bird’s-eye view of gender gaps in education, the labour market and political life, and discusses how' attitudes and stereotypes -while evolving- still impede women’s opportunities and empowerment. | sdg5 |
A long and healthy life for all South Africans. All people in South Africa are and feel safe. Decent employment through inclusive economic growth. A skilled and capable workforce to support an inclusive growth path. An efficient, competitive and responsive economic infrastructure network. Vibrant, equitable and sustainable rural communities with food security for all. | sdg11 |
In spite of increasing women migrants, proper social programs based on human rights are hardly found. In this paper, with the implication of 'diaspora', the essential term of multi-culturalism from the perspective of migrant women is briefly discussed. Also, social programs for migrant women are suggested through looking into the experiences of EU. EU policies and social programs are reorganized through data analysis and policy contents analysis. EU has longer history of immigration, and has provided the proper and long-term programs to accept migrant women as the qualified social member. EU social programs are based on the principles of non-discrimination, full employment, human rights and citizenship. Social programs should imply long-term inclusive policy for migrants, and help migrants to experience empowerment in the society. By looking into some examples of social programs of employment, education and general knowledge, useful social programs are to be suggested. | sdg16 |
Some information on the requirements for monitoring control and surveillance included in management decisions adopted is also provided in Box 13. The OM is conditioned on data and generates new data when projected forward. The OM is often more complex than the assessment model, and there may or should be more than one OM to account for different versions of reality. | sdg14 |
Further strengthening the leadership team in schools, including their mandate and skills, is necessary to ensure that all schools have leaders capable of steering change. Pursuing the reform of school supervision will also be important to signal clearly that what is expected from school leaders is to improve their schools, and that supervision is an ally rather than an obstacle in this regard. Single-teacher schools are likely to struggle to make these changes, and a specific policy is needed to improve schooling in rural areas. The responsibilities of Costa Rican principals are far-ranging. | sdg4 |
The dichotomy between small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) and large corporations, with their corresponding effects on job creation, will continue, but its modalities will change in directions which the region's countries would do well to monitor. The most advanced countries have been proactively promoting this type of manufacturing, which has often translated into a resurgence of industrial policymaking and a return to more advanced manufacturing activities in former production hubs. The current thinking on this topic as well as the actions taken in these and other countries compel Latin America to address the issue in all its technological and public policy dimensions. The productivity gap, limited research and development in technology and weak industrial policies in most of the region's countries are problems that must be tackled concomitantly. | sdg10 |
The use of renewable energy sources has increased steadily to reach 41% of total primary energy supply (TPES) in 2012 (Figure 1.5). Renewables account for 83% of electricity generation, far above the OECD average of 21% (IEA, 2014a). Iceland and Norway are the only OECD countries that source more power from renewables (Annex l. | sdg15 |
Average market incomes of the bottom 20% in Portugal also nearly doubled over the period, but high-income earners there did even better. The World Value Survey is one useful source. It contains a number of questions on attitudes towards inequality, which are formulated in a consistent way across a number of countries and years (see www.worldvaluessui-vey.org). Figure 2 shows changes over time in respondents’ answers to one such question (they were asked to locate their response on a scale with the two end points “Incomes should be made more equal” and “We need larger income differences as incentives”). While this interview-based indicator is not an ideal measure of redistribution preferences, the figure suggests that only in a few countries did preferences remain relatively unchanged since the late 1980s.10 Both the direction and the extent of attitudinal changes vary markedly across countries. | sdg10 |
The first such zone opened in Malaysia in 2017, to facilitate e-commerce trade between that country and China. Logistics firms are also trying to make cross-border shipments more efficient. Another approach that has been taken by the largest companies is to set up what they call "fulfilment centres". Making use of big data analytics, they can anticipate demand for particular products, export them in the traditional way, import them and keep them in warehouses of the importing country. This way, they can very quickly ship products directly to consumers. One recent variation of this model is keeping the products in free zones and importing the small shipments after each order. | sdg9 |
In particular the 25lh (25.7), the median (28.67), and the 75lh (31.7). Years of schooling: A summary measure of the above mentioned changes in the level of formal education is given by the count of years of schooling (YS). The remaining columns correspond to alternative specifications of the control set X, which are detailed in the table note. | sdg10 |
Public concessionaires with softer budget constraints are usually allowed to show losses, thus reducing the need to cross-subsidise (Zerriffi, 2007). However, as the current rural electrification strategy could well lead to rapidly rising electricity tariffs, the tariff impact of LpT was limited to 8%, which in turn strongly affected the concessionaires’ ability to proceed with rural electrification. In fact, since 2005 there have been twelve cases of concessionaires that had to interrupt their rural electrification programmes before reaching universal access because of this restriction (Instituto Acende Brasil, 2007a). | sdg7 |
They might also be linked to the greater societal tolerance accorded to men, rather than to women, to participate in illicit activities. These dynamics can be exacerbated by outside agencies, be it national or international security' actors, if and when they aggressively target men and boys of particular ethnic, religious or social profiles as suspected trouble-makers. Thereby, they often foreclose other possibilities for them not to join gangs, political pressure groups or movements seen as extremist. | sdg5 |
Following the statements by the Co-Chairs, an interactive discussion ensued and statements were made by the representatives of Zambia, Switzerland, Malaysia, Fiji, the Netherlands, China, Spain, Canada, Guinea, the Czech Republic, Norway, Sweden, Gabon, South Africa, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Cameroon, Cambodia and Jamaica. Statements were also made by the representatives of the Central African Forests Commission, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and the International Network for Bamboo and Rattan. A statement was made by the representative of FAO. The Co-Chairs made concluding remarks. | sdg15 |
Affordability has a bigger impact on the amount of data people already online can consume. A more competitive mobile Internet market is the main way to lower prices via regulatory actions such as infrastructure sharing, open and cost-based access to wholesale facilities, liberal spectrum policy, and encouragement of IXPs. These actions will lead to dropping prices and a variety of bundles to suit different economic circumstances. | sdg9 |
Lessons learned from development practice can, therefore, inform development support targeted at enhancing data availability for adaptation. For example, experience has shown that efforts to enhance data availability are more likely to succeed and be sustained if they fit within the broader national strategy for the country’s statistical system. This refers to the entire network of providers of data and other information. | sdg13 |
Ces enfants sont souvent confrontes a de multiples aspects de la privation materielle (y compris de mauvaises conditions de logement et un manque de possibilites d'education), ce qui appelle une strategic globale de lutte contre la pauvrete dans toutes ses dimensions. Changes in living standard of children in two-parent very low income families, 2007-2014.58 Figure 21. For instance, the child poverty rate is lowest in Denmark at around 4%, but almost 25% in Israel and Turkey. | sdg1 |
Are the supportive policies adjusted in view of progress? This is all the more important given that renewable technologies have shown a high learning rate. During 2011, prices of PV modules dropped by another 45%, reaching USD 0.90/W installed at the start of 2012 (BNEF, 2012).20 Overall, this amounts to a 75% drop in prices since 2008 (UNEP FI, 2012). On the one hand, lower cost of production for clean technologies is an opportunity to increase the ambition of the overall long-term clean energy objectives. | sdg7 |
These acquisitions brought the total current size of its purse seine fleet to 34 and the number of fishmeal plants to 6, thus further consolidating its competitive position in Peru and increasing economies of scale. Strategically, this also ensures that the Group secures its long-term access to more fish resources. As a result, many vessels were available to fish under various types of access arrangements or on the high seas on a low-cost basis (with a view to just covering their variable costs). | sdg14 |
Energy costs will be controlled through improvements in energy efficiency and the limits that higher energy prices put on economic growth. There will be continued reliance on fossil based sources. Scarcity will exist for those without indigenous resources, but those with indigenous resources will progress, creating tensions on resource availability. | sdg7 |
As the DNA approved proposed CDM projects, delays in establishing them also delayed interest and therefore funding from potential CDM project developers. For example, the Amazon Fund (focused on REDD+ in Brazil) ensures full access to external auditors of its records (Amazon Fund, 2008), and the Adaptation Fund has signed up to the International Aid Transparency Initiative in April 2013 (IATI, 2013). While GHG-related impacts of mitigation interventions accrue globally, the impacts necessary for climate-resilience are more directly linked to local conditions. This has led a number of institutions and funds to develop indicators to capture biodiversity and environmental cobenefits of interventions (see e.g. UK, 2013, Thamrin, 2013, CIF, 2011, and AF, 201 la). | sdg13 |
However, some of the countries with a high level of inequality in terms of disposable income (Mexico, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the United States) show the largest decline in inequality (above 21%), while it is smallest for Slovenia (17%), the country with the lowest inequality in terms of disposable income. Can groups of countries sharing similar inequality patterns be identified? This section uses two approaches - country profiles and a cluster analysis - to answer these questions. | sdg10 |
There is a multidisciplinary academic subfield that has been quietly gaining momentum? transparency. Transparency is not just the latest buzzword, it is also a subject that has garnered serious academic attention. Anthropology, business administra tion, economics, geography, journalism, law, political science, public administration, public policy, and soci ology scholars all have turned their attention to this topic. They have focused on openness and secrecy in public organizations, private organizations, public private partnerships, quasi-public organizations, and multinational organizations. Public administration topics that fall under the umbrella of transparency include freedom of information laws, whistle-blowing, open meetings, secret military budgets, e-governance, public archives, and performance reporting. | sdg16 |
Using the data and literature, a range of default values should be developed as benchmarks for policy makers to use in assessing the outcomes from energy efficiency policy. This will enable governments assess the potential of energy efficiency policy to meet their priorities. A longer term goal would be to begin to calculate this for different countries and regions and ultimately for the global economy. This can help channel funds into investments in energy efficiency. | sdg7 |
Even countries with modern anti-discrimination laws and well-designed incentives for employers may find it difficult to curtail discriminatory practices if, de facto, the law is not enforced. Policy makers should ensure that equality bodies, labour inspectorates and other agencies that are in charge of enforcing anti-discrimination laws are sufficiently resourced and staffed with adequately trained personnel. Similar concerns apply to the policy initiatives to curb informality outlined in the next section. Fighting informality requires concerted policy action based on three pillars: increasing the benefits of formalisation, reducing the costs of formal employment and strengthening enforcement mechanisms (see OECD, 2015b, and OECD, 2008, Chapter 2 for a detailed discussion). | sdg5 |
For this reason and in order to incorporate income measures at the same time, the current study was based on household surveys, which are available for all countries in the region and include satisfactory data for implementing both methodologies. To make these estimates, the indicators were adapted to the data available in household surveys. Not only did this meet the data availability criterion, it also recognized the necessary sociocultural relevance of the exercise of rights, especially to determine the thresholds for identifying when a child or adolescent was experiencing extreme child poverty or total child poverty.2 The deprivation thresholds established in the 2003 global measurement based on the Bristol indicators had been confined to the severest situations of child deprivation. For Latin America, it was decided to follow the above criterion but to also define thresholds to identify situations of moderate deprivation, as they too reflect needs that, when unmet, affect children's well-being and development. | sdg1 |
A comprehensive reform in 2010, discussed in detail in the 2011 Economic Survey of Greece (OECD, 2011b), strengthened the long-term viability of the system by reducing its generosity (including through reduced pensions, increased retirement age, and extended contribution periods to qualify for a pension). Certain elements of the reform, however, such as the increase and equalisation of the retirement ages, enhance equity (Box 2.4). In particular, a new two-tier structure is to be introduced in 2015 that distinguishes between a basic pension (amounting to EUR 360 per month in 2010 prices) and a contribution-related proportional pension (calculated as lifetime earnings multiplied by annual accrual rates multiplied by the number of insurance years). | sdg10 |
The private sector is increasingly called upon to help solve or alleviate social and environmental problems, and many companies are heeding the call. Supposedly, there is today not a single company in the Fortune 500 that does not have some kind of policy regarding responsibility. Companies are engaging in a variety of activities that have hitherto been associated with the state/government or civil society, such as philanthropy and community investment, environmental management, workers’ rights and welfare, human rights, animal rights, corruption, corporate governance, and legal compliance. Companies are increasingly presenting themselves as good corporate citizens and making contributions to sustainable development in the broadest sense. Corporate managers are showing a willingness to let their actions and decisions be guided by the demands and expectations of a broad variety of stakeholders, rather than the narrow financial interests of owners/shareholders alone. | sdg16 |
Calculations based on simplifying assumptions indicate that increasing household direct taxes would reduce income inequality, while cutting transfers by the same amount would have a larger and opposite effect on inequality. However, raising progressive labour income taxes could have adverse effects on long-run growth. Cuts in government wages and employment can yield fast consolidation gains but need to be accompanied by increases in efficiency of service delivery to avoid that reductions in public services mainly hit the poor. | sdg10 |
Even after controlling for income and other factors, several studies find that the unemployed are less happy than the employed (Di Telia et al., As shown by Goldsmith etal. ( The duration of unemployment also matters, since well-being deteriorates as unemployment spells increase. Compared to pre-crisis levels, unemployment duration has increased substantially. | sdg10 |
ABSTRACTThe normative elements underlying efficiency are more complex than generally portrayed and rely upon ethical frameworks that are generally absent from classroom discussions. Most textbooks, for example, ignore the ethical differences between Pareto efficiency (based on voluntary win-win outcomes) and the modern Kaldor-Hicks efficiency used in public policy assessments (in which winners gain more than losers lose). For the latter to be ethically palatable, society must have in place basic institutions of justice, transparency, and accountability. Normative economics thus requires a pluralist approach that includes considerations of virtue and duty, closer to Adam Smith's Enlightenment conceptions. This surprising finding should embolden economics teachers to engage students with critical thinking problems that are controversial and relevant, and which better prepare students for a complex world. | sdg16 |
Also, sea temperatures and sea levels are rising and ocean currents shifting, resulting in biodiversity and habitat loss, changes in fish stock composition and migration patterns, and higher frequency of severe ocean weather events. The prospects for future ocean development are further aggravated by land-based pollution, in particular agricultural run-off, chemicals, and macro- and micro-plastic pollutants that feed into the ocean from rivers, as well as by overfishing and depleted fish stocks in many parts of the world. The projections suggest that between 2010 and 2030 on a “business-as-usual” scenario basis, the ocean economy could more than double its contribution to global value added, reaching over USD 3 trillion. | sdg14 |
The seller ofthe vehicle is to contribute with a discount which amounts to the same as the government subsidy. Through the price signal of the new car registration tax scheme, linked with the emission output of a car, the Latvian Government aimed to motivate end-users to buy environment-friendly cars and to make car manufacturers penetrate the market with more efficient vehicles. Thus, since 2009, when the new scheme has practically been brought to force, the average CO2 emissions of new cars decreased by 3.2% in 2013 (147.1 g/km) and by 4.5% in 2014 (140.4 g/km). | sdg7 |
ABSTRACTUse of the Indian Ocean as a major drugs trafficking route – particularly for heroin originating in Afghanistan – poses a maritime security and a maritime law enforcement challenge. This article seeks to explore one dimension of this challenge – the lack of a ‘legal finish’ (such as prosecution) for the majority of drug seizures made within international waters in the Indian Ocean region. The article proposes three possible avenues towards improved outcomes: Formally combining the issues of terrorism and terrorist financing in Afghanistan with Indian Ocean heroin trafficking, in order to better leverage existing authorisations relating to the former, taking a more robust approach to asserting follow-on jurisdiction over unflagged vessels, and better utilisation of existing obligations, mechanisms and networks in order to achieve improved interdiction rates over flagged vessels. | sdg16 |
It is unknown, however, whether the availability of courses and programmes is sufficient to meet the needs and demands of adult learners. Other approaches that have demonstrated effectiveness with adults, such as work-based programmes and on-line courses targeted to adults were not so readily available. Furthermore, as earlier noted, the Galilee, and particularly its Arab population appears to be underserved by the Open University. The college provides programmes for teachers to prepare for changes in the math and science curriculum. The Gordon College conference centre organises meetings and conferences in fields such as gifted education, green education, that provide opportunities for teacher professional development. | sdg4 |
In such cases, providing better information on the success rate of female-led businesses at school or through broader awareness campaigns may have a positive effect on female entrepreneurship. As such misperceptions are often the result of lack of experience with female borrowers, facilitating women’s access to credit through the policy levers discussed above may have the added positive effect of dissipating harmful stereotypes. Effective anti-discrimination laws can also play an important role. This places significant constraints on their time availability for paid employment with detrimental effects on their labour market outcomes. | sdg5 |
The TCFD report outlines a set of recommendations for voluntary, climate-related disclosures to be made as part of mainstream financial filings. The recommendations should help organizations identify and disclose information needed by investors, lenders, and insurance underwriters to appropriately assess and price climate- related risks and opportunities. While the Nordic countries can offer solutions at major grid level, also multiple solutions for smaller scale and distributed (minigrids) are available. The experience gained through the Nordic energy market (Nord Pool, covering nine countries) is of increasing interest for developing countries aiming for regional energy collaboration and accessing benefits of market integration. | sdg13 |
Any additional country-specific policy instruments that address emissions under the cap may reduce them in a given country, but, as long as the cap is binding, will not affect overall emissions. Hence for instance, measures facilitating entry of renewable energy producers - which can have various other benefits - will have no effect on the total emission levels. By lowering the price of emissions, the additional measures can however yield less tangible, though not necessarily less important benefits, such as facilitating future tightening of the cap (Braathen, 2011). | sdg10 |
The Law outlines some practical steps in the organization of the legal, financial, scientific and technical support specified in its provisions. However, weak institutional capacities at central and local levels inhibit enforcement of RES policies. Small HPPs with capacity below 1,000 kW are exempt from royalties. | sdg7 |
In addition, Brazil performs poorly in organic waste management, despite the very high share of such waste in total MSW (51%). In 2008, less than 2% of organic waste collected was disposed of at composting facilities, which are almost non-existent (MMA, 2012b). It is estimated that only 27% of recyclable collected waste is effectively recovered. As in many developing or emerging countries, recovery is dominated by waste pickers (catadores), who earn their living by collecting recyclables and selling them to private recycling companies (Chapter 3). | sdg15 |
Most of the catchment area is mountainous. In Tajikistan, groundwaters occur in Quaternary deposits consisting of boulders, gravels, and sands, with an average thickness of 30 m (maximum 160 m), with medium links with surface waters. In Tajikistan there are no measurements of discharge, water levels only are measured at some stations. | sdg6 |
It is also not clear whether significant numbers of teachers have been trained to date. However, while new competences and skills are being defined, new courses developed and TVET programming revised in some member States, less than half of member States indicate that significant progress has been made. A number of challenges and obstacles have persisted throughout the Strategy for ESD period, such as securing structural reform of education systems and embedding ESD in mainstream budgets, preparing educators, strengthening mechanisms for cooperation and engagement across a broader cross-section of stakeholders, and addressing the need for more ESD research, monitoring and evaluation. | sdg4 |
The impact of human rights on counterterrorism cooperation has been the subject of speculation, but not of systematic analysis. This study offers such an analysis by examining an important channel of cooperation against terrorism: international police liaisons, such as the FBI agents deployed worldwide. It is hypothesized that police liaisons are less likely to be sent to countries where human rights violations are widespread, since repressive governments see threat in foreign agents stationed on their territory. Survival analysis finds support for this hypothesis. An FBI presence does not require democratic government or a strong rule of law in the host country, but human rights abuse reduces the likelihood of an FBI deployment. These findings substantiate a link between human rights and counterterrorism cooperation, offering insights for the study of cross-border law enforcement and transgovernmental networks. | sdg16 |
The challenge is further complicated by the fact that people who are extremely poor or highly vulnerable to extreme poverty have very little access to retirement or other pensions (in most countries in the region, the proportion is only around 5% or less). At the same time, social security coverage (the percentage of employed workers paying contributions) is under 40% (ECLAC, 2006, p. 45). In view of this trend, ECLAC (2010b, pp. If this transfer were to be targeted at all over-65s living in vulnerable households, it would cost between 0.3% of Brazil’s gross domestic product (GDP) and 4.2% of the GDP of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. | sdg1 |
The work was overseen by Simon Buckle (Head of Climate, Biodiversity and Water division) and Anthony Cox (Deputy Director, Environment). It is based on the OECD Environment Working Paper, “Climate-Resilient Infrastructure: Getting the Policies Right”, by Lola Vallejo and Michael Mullan. Extreme events illustrate the extent of this potential exposure. | sdg13 |
Drawing on the capability approach as conceptual framework, the Alkire-Foster method is applied to the German context. The proposed multidimensional poverty index for Germany strongly relies on these insights and recommendations, in particular in Stiglitz et al. ( Moreover, the specification also relates to the public debate on poverty and deprivation in Germany. | sdg1 |
These statements set out what universities and colleges offer to their students to support their employability and transition into employment and beyond (http://www.hefce.ac.uk/). The evaluation system essentially focuses on measuring the extent to which intended learning outcomes are achieved in terms of three major concepts: i) knowledge and comprehension: ii) competency and skills, and iii) judgment. Hie description of learning outcomes and professional qualifications emerge in close co-operation with professional associations. | sdg4 |
In OECD countries, this approach was chosen by Belgium, Chile, France, Korea, Luxembourg and New Zealand. In the Palestinian Authority, the ministry’s mandate is to facilitate gender mainstreaming across the government and to carry' out monitoring and evaluation of programmes and policies aimed at advancing women’s situation. Single ministries with a minister for gender equality bring visibility and enable advocacy for gender equality concerns in the Cabinet. | sdg5 |
Member States presented a wide range of non-formal and informal ESD learning initiatives, but acknowledged that many of these have been undertaken independent of, or in partnership with, a range of government agencies. Non-govemmental organizations (NGOs) appear to be playing a significant leadership role in the promotion of ESD in non-formal and informal settings. However, less is known about the extent and effectiveness of these efforts as there is no central mechanism for documenting initiatives and they are rarely evaluated. | sdg4 |
Subsets and Splits