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Effect of climatic variability on childhood diorrheo and ils high risk periods in northwestern ports of Ethiopio. Global Nutrition Report 2017: Nourishing ihe SDGs. According to this report, in Cambodia: one in four children under five is underweight, one in ten suffers from wasting, ond one in three is stunted. | sdg2 |
The Employment Promotion Law includes regulations on fair employment, employment service and supervision, occupational education and training, employment assistance, monitoring, inspection and legal liability. It is stipulated as follows: all government levels shall create a fair employment environment, eliminate employment discrimination and take measures to support and assist people who have difficulty finding jobs to obtain employment. It prohibits discrimination against female workers, minority workers, disabled workers, workers with infectious diseases and migrant workers in cities from rural areas. | sdg10 |
The share of primary agriculture24 in GDP continues to fall worldwide between 2007 and 2025 (Figure 3). Structural change is quicker in the latter countries, implying that more labour will be released from the agricultural sectors in these countries. In consequence, particularly regions dominated by agricultural activity and with little employment opportunities in other sectors may thus require adjustment measures reducing problems of unemployment and income losses. At a global level, oilseeds - stimulated by strong demand from the biodiesel sector - are projected to show the highest growth (55%). | sdg2 |
Addressing these inequalities will require a better understanding of who these children are, their vulnerabilities and the challenges they will face as they transition through adolescence into adulthood. One in five lives in the 48 countries defined by the United Nations as least developed (34 in sub-Saharan Africa, 13 in Asia and the Pacific, and one in Latin America and the Caribbean), where the challenges to the fulfilment of their potential are the greatest and the institutions to support them are the weakest. Greater levels of gender inequality have higher Gils. | sdg5 |
It is therefore important that countries' INDCs are supported by comprehensive and robust national investment plans. The four selected cases present a diverse spectrum of country profiles and challenges to advance climate action both in the field of mitigation and adaptation. Whilst within sectors and for either mitigation or adaptation it is likely that similar opportunities and barriers can be observed across different countries, the nature and degree of importance of each barrier depends on country-specific factors such as existing institutional frameworks, market maturity and general technical capacity. | sdg13 |
Argues in this wideranging paper that the legitimacy of international law depends on the principle that pacts should be respected, reviewing the issues of self‐preservation, proportionality and human rights in relation to this. Focuses on the economic war against terrorism by the USA preeminently, as expressed in the PATRIOT Act and the International Emergency Economic Powers Act and the Anti‐Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act. Concludes that the Patriot Act and the Homeland Security Act give the Executive branch of government extraordinary and warlike powers: but wars have an end whereas terrorism does not. Looks at the role of the US Federal courts in the context of national security, proportionality and human rights concerns, and finds them deficient, reports specific cases concerning Iranian resistance movements and their status as regards terrorism, and the Bajkajian, Austin and Alexander cases as regards proportionality. | sdg16 |
AbstractIn light of biculturalism's prevalence as a power-sharing agreement between New Zealand Maori and the Crown, any attempts to establish a state-sponsored project of multiculturalism have been treated by Maori with suspicion and controversy. This article presents cosmopolitanism as an appropriate solution to citizenship and cultural diversity in New Zealand that can coexist in harmony with the country's biculturalism that enjoys a constitutional-like status. A state-sponsored policy of liberal multiculturalism comparable to the legal species found in Western democracies, it is argued, would remain mutually exclusive and hostile towards biculturalism. This work concludes with a discussion on the theoretical applications of cosmopolitanism in New Zealand and how it could work empirically, in practice, without attenuating biculturalism. | sdg16 |
This chapter highlights Lucius Caflisch's dissent from the majority judgment of the Grand Chamber of European court of human rights in Al-Adsani v. United Kingdom . In 2000, a Grand Chamber of the European court of human rights was faced with three separate cases all claiming the European convention on human rights had been violated due to restrictions placed on access to court by applications of sovereign state immunity. The cases were decided in the wake of the Pinochet litigation, and the jus cogens references in those judgments provided much of the ballast for the applicants' arguments. Their arguments provide the groundwork for judges to read the jus cogens prohibition on torture as overriding international obligations to grant states and their agents full immunity in cases alleging torture. Keywords: Al-Adsani dissent, European court of human rights, international law commission (ILC), jus cogens prohibition, Lucius Caflisch, prohibition against torture, sovereign state immunity | sdg16 |
The wish to re-orient the study of crime from conventional criminology smacks of arrogance and must be justified by reference to advantages that might be gained from such a re-orientation. It is contended that an eclectic approach seeking contributions across science disciplines would stimulate cross-discipline research, undermine the separation of natural and social science reflected in the structure of both Home Office and Research Councils and the content of university courses on crime, and remove obstacles to topic-led developments and the emergence of hybrid journals (which are characteristic of faster-advancing areas of scholarship). Examples of actual and potential cross-discipline work are provided and the mushroom growth of criminology as a discipline in tertiary education is argued to be inimical to the re-orientation advocated in this article. | sdg16 |
The nature of international law as a legal system which, on the one hand, responds to the need for interaction between states inherent to international society and, on the other hand, is based on agreement between states, categorically excludes viewing international law as the product of a specific regional, i.e., European, tradition. Yet it is still asserted that international law is a European tradition. Such assertions are not only conceptually flawed, but are also unsupported by evidence. The origins of international law lie outside Europe, and at no stage of its development has international law been a truly European system. This holds true not only in terms of general international law, but also in relation to certain ideas developed at the European level, including the 'public law of Europe', and of modern European projects that appear to be based on ideas of a regional solidarity in Europe. | sdg16 |
The handbook provides a conceptual framework for measuring equity in education and offers thorough methodological guidance on how to calculate and interpret various types of equity indicators. Each of these programmes plays an important role in preparing students for the labour market. Participation of 15-24 year-olds in technical-vocational programmes in secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary and short-cycle tertiary education (Thematic Indicator 4.3.3) varies widely across countries, from 4% in Brazil to 30% in Slovenia,1 and has a strong association with both gender and socio-economic status. | sdg4 |
abstract Corporate social responsibility remains an embryonic and contestable concept. This paper assesses three key approaches and offers a perspective gauging little prospect of theoretical synthesis. Ethical responsibility theory advocates strong corporate self-restraint and altruism duties and expansive public policy strengthening stakeholder rights. Economic responsibility theory advocates market wealth creation subject only to minimalist public policy and perhaps customary business ethics. These two viewpoints embed competing moral frameworks and political philosophies. Any theoretical synthesis must discover some subset of ethical principles yielding corporate competitive advantage. Corporate citizenship language invokes a political metaphor providing neither true intermediate positioning nor theoretical synthesis. Two conflicting interpretations abandon responsibility language without adopting the economic viewpoint. An instrumental citizenship interpretation expands philanthropy as a strategic lever for increasing corporate reputation and market opportunities while retaining managerial discretion. An ideal citizenship interpretation restates ethical responsibility into voluntarism language intended to influence managerial discretion concerning universal human rights. | sdg16 |
The upper secondary general school-leaving certificate (Abitur) is obtained after 12 or 13 years of education. There is strong co-operation between educational institutions, employers and other social partners who also work together on adjusting curricula. In 2011, employment rates of adults who attained vocational upper secondary level were 17 percentage points higher than for those who attained general programmes (compared to the OECD average gap of 5 percentage points). | sdg4 |
Restraining patients physically (usually with straps on a bed can occur when hospital staff feel that a patient is out of control, presenting a danger to themselves or others, or is causing disruption. While staff working in hospitals, including nurses and psychiatrists, may feel that such action is necessary or justified, restraint can be very stressful and traumatic for the patient, and can result in injury or even death. A report on the use of restraint in England found that in 2011 alone there were eight deaths linked to the use of restraint, and in 2012 there were 1 000 injuries resulting from the use of restraint (MIND, 2013). Seclusion of patients, where patients are kept in a confined space, is often used for similar reasons to restraint, but again can be highly distressing to patients and can have a lasting impact on their mental wellbeing, and their confidence in hospital staff (National Mental Health Consumer & Carer Forum, 2009). | sdg3 |
The 1980s were an accelerated time for change. For many academics, it was somewhat a baffling time in understanding Richard’s direction. Richard had turned to spirituality that he insisted was necessary in any materialistic critique of political economy and the nature of social order and social control. His formal writing in criminology had taken drastically new directions often counter to even mainstream critical criminology. But Richard was undeterred by the criticism and pushed on. His quest was for discovery, and spirituality was a key. | sdg16 |
Figure 1.3 presents time-series data on the number of PYLL due to CVD as well as for all other causes of death by using the age limit of 70. The vertical axis represents the average number of PYLL per 100 000 population across OECD countries. Among men, CVD accounts for approximately 18% of the total number of PYLL. | sdg3 |
Accordingly, Silveira and Fernandes (2007) find that the number of indigent people Page | 20 decreased from 12.4% in 2001 to about 7.6% in 2005, and the number of poor people from 28.7% to 20.8%.10 Brazil has thus already met the Millennium Development Goal of reducing substantially the number of people living in poverty (World Bank, 2009a). Though poverty has been alleviated in the past few years, extreme poverty still affects a large population, particularly in the country's rural parts of the north-east (Presidency of the Republic, 2007, Silveira et al., Average rural per-capita income is substantially lower than in urban areas: BRL 312 (USD 171) against BRL 689 (USD 377.5) (IBGE, 2007b). | sdg7 |
In South Africa, the budget programme and classification is based on sector and line items rather than on programs and policy objectives, hindering articulation of cross-sectoral initiatives to achieve wider policy objectives. For example, conditional grants (see section 3.1 for further detail) aim to strengthen government priority areas that are usually cross-sectoral issues (such as HIV/AIDS). However, they are designed and implemented by one particular national department, without fully articulating this initiative with other relevant departments. | sdg3 |
1. Introduction by Michael Wadsworth and John Bynner 2. Politics, Citizenship and Social Capital by Lindsay Paterson 3. Family Structure, Family Policy and Practice by Lynda Clarke and Ceridwen Roberts 4. Education Policy and Practice by Gary McCulloch 5. Economic Policy and Practice by Hugh Pemberton 6. Labour Market, Employment and Skills by David Ashton and John Bynner 7. Health Policy and Practice by Michael Wadsworth 8. Leisure, Stability and Change by Ken Roberts 9. Changing Britain, Changing Generations by John Bynner and Michael Wadsworth Appendix 1: Key Elements of the Five Large-scale British Birth Cohort Studies Appendix 2: Timeline of Salient Events, Acts of Parliament and Relevant Public Inquiries | sdg16 |
Equal employment opportunity policies were introduced in Australia in the 1980s in response to women's disadvantaged workforce position. Australia's unique form of affirmative action was underpinned by legislation, and aimed to promote gender equity in the workplace via employer action. Throughout the 1990s there has been a policy shift away from collectivism towards individualism, and away from externally driven social programmes at the workplace towards managerialist driven social programmes. The main process for implementing progressive and inclusive equity programmes at the workplace is through human resource management policies that link employment diversity to organisational objectives (for example, productivity and profitability). Programmes titled “Managing diversity” have been introduced into some organisations, and today there are a variety of approaches towards equity policies in Australian organisations. The article proposes that a distinctive Australian version of managing diversity will develop in some organisations based on the prior national legislative framework. | sdg16 |
These types of small scale uses are usually considered “insignificant” in terms of their impact of the overall resource. Source: See country profiles associated with this publication at iounu.oeccl.org/enuironmentAuater-resources-aHocation-9789264229631-en.htm. Several allocation examples (Yukon Territory in Canada, the Yellow River Basin in China, Costa Rica, Luxembourg and the Waikato Region in New Zealand) also indicate water use for emergencies or to deal with exception circumstances or threats, such as firefighting, floods, droughts or other emergencies do not require entitlements. In most cases, it is used to establish priority access to water during times of scarcity, when “exceptional circumstances” have been declared, such as in the case of drought. | sdg6 |
The concepts of land rights and territorial sovereignty have changed. The underlying principal of nomadism as a space open to negotiated rights is being sorely tested as a viable political and social model. The bonds of lineage are holding firm, but based on different lines of reasoning, with the reactivation of trade and sedentarism. Nomadic groups are reorganising along territorial lines to ensure pastoral mobility and to control the movement of persons and goods. | sdg2 |
To give full effect of the Bangalore Principles by making reference to International Conventions and Treaties. To embrace the notion of persuasive authority and exercise judicial creativity and judicial activism as they adjudicate on CEFM. To enhance their roles in court by embracing ‘out of the box’ methods outside the Courtroom e.g. through advocacy, mentorship, personal efforts in their immediate communities or social organisations (Churches, Rotary, School Boards etc.) | sdg5 |
The disincentives for individuals to invest in education and training that are created by Ihe general design of the tax system can be mitigated with targeted tax concessions. In most OECD countries, employers may fully deduct the costs of employer-sponsored training for income-tax purposes in the year the costs are incurred. Such "expensing" is similar to business expenditure on intangibles, such as advertising and R&D, but more generous than investment in buildings and machinery where tax relief is spread over time, in line with the assumed rale of depreciation of assets. | sdg4 |
In this context, a gender impact assessment was introduced in 2004. In 2011, Korea adopted the Gender Impact Assessment Act, which applies to all laws, decrees, and projects of the central and local governments. Existing guidelines have also been revised to ensure that the gender impact assessments are applied to new government activities. | sdg5 |
The Australian founding seems to be little understood and of little consequence for most Australians. To address this problem of the 'forgotten founding', extensive civics education programs have been proposed and implemented. The paper argues that these civics programs need to engage an underlying cause of this problem: the tension between the two traditions - the common law and liberal constitutionalism - that have shaped Australia. In delineating the nature of this tension, the paper argues that a dominant common law tradition, which locates the ultimate constitutional authority in the common law and not the people, has depreciated the founding, divided scholarship into the legal and the political, and thereby constrained the study of Australian constitutionalism. | sdg16 |
As part of the ‘War on Terror’ declared in response to the 11 September 2001 attacks, countries introduced legislation to bolster national security, often at the expense of personal freedoms and long-established legal principles. Like the Cold War, the ‘War on Terror’ is cast as a global struggle of good against evil. New Zealand defied Cold War logic with its anti-nuclear policy. Examining the difficulties of upholding personal freedoms and the rule of law while bolstering national security, this article analyses New Zealand's anti-terrorism legislation and shows that it has steadily moved away from its initial measured approach. It argues that New Zealand could and should develop an anti-terrorism model appropriate to low-risk societies, and that, like its anti-nuclear stance during the Cold War, such an independent approach would be a valuable contribution to the world community. | sdg16 |
Transferring this to central government would support national planning and, by pooling capacity and expertise, may spur innovation in service delivery. Contracting with more private sector providers should be based on clear cost and quality selection criteria, with outcomes pre-specified in contracts. National standards and guidelines for care, as described earlier, will be needed to underpin this. | sdg3 |
Developed regions dedicated almost 2.4 per cent of their GDP to research and development in 2013, while the average for the least developed countries and landlocked developing countries was less than 0.3 per cent. Globally, third-generation mobile broadband covered 89 per cent of the urban population in 2015, but only 29 per cent of the rural population. The number of passengers carried by air transport and the volume of freight are interesting indicators of the dynamism and quality of air transportation. | sdg9 |
In democratic political life, political philosophy, law, and public policy are often interrelated. John Rawls’s abstract thought experiment to develop, behind a veil of ignorance, basic institutions for already well-ordered and law-abiding societies, may not be relevant to the correction of practical injustice. Amartya Sen’s idea of addressing human capabilities and practices of applicative justice, better addresses real-life injustice. Concerns about affirmative action and racial profiling involve questions about their injustice. The US Supreme Court has upheld affirmative action only as part of a full range of individual qualifications. Police racial profiling has led to homicides against unarmed young black men, although police discretion has been upheld by the US Supreme Court. | sdg16 |
In Latvia, the very large spikes in exits from SA benefits must probably be attributed to data entry errors in the administrative information. Similar as for SA benefits, the time trends in rates of housing benefit receipt appeal- to be driven primarily by changes in exit rates. An exception is again the large change in HB transition rates for Latvia during the recession years. | sdg1 |
While the increase is modest as a percentage change, it is considerable in coverage when viewed as a net number. This reflects the high population growth rates in Arab countries and the importance of pursing water-related investments for increased service provision for the un-served as well as keeping pace with population growth trends.27 Figure 8 compares access to drinking water from the “piped on premises” source (or house connection), other improved sources and unimproved sources for the years 1990 and 2011. Despite the lack of complete data sets for all Arab countries, available national averages were used in calculating the regional average in order to compare and report on the progress of access to drinking water sources and sanitation facilities in the Arab region during the period 1990-2011. It is therefore important to highlight that the presented number of population with access to improved water sources and sanitation facilities at the regional level are approximate. | sdg6 |
This article is about the politics of ‘the exception’ and the role of ‘exceptionalism’ in contemporary international theory. The concept of ‘the exception’ was coined by Carl Schmitt and has in recent years become an inspiration for international relations theorists and foreign policy analysts, especially when engaging with issues such as great power politics, humanitarian intervention and the war against terrorism. It is concluded that attempts to apply Schmitt’s concept of ‘the exception’ seldom are persuasive and sometimes even contradictory to Schmitt’s theory. When dealt with out of context, ‘the exception’ becomes just an expression about something else. It is shown that there are other ways of handling the kind of political problem observed by Schmitt than what he and his followers are offering. | sdg16 |
For example, residents have voluntarily been enforcing a car-free day per month on a few selected streets in the neighbourhood. This raises a number of issues, such as congestion, the risk of road accidents, a lack of parking space and potential loss in quality of life due to congestion. Suwon is gradually expanding its subway network to provide its citizens with alternative modes of transport. | sdg11 |
However, co-ordination efforts are often led in a bilateral way between CONAGUA, ministries and public agencies such as the Federal Commission of Electricity and the Federal Commission of Forestry. In addition, the potential for policy coherence at watershed level is not fully exploited. There are many good practices on the ground that could be further replicated, while letting the governance system adjust to local features. | sdg6 |
There is also a number of construction and operations contracts across the country for wastewater treatment plants, desalination facilities and reverse osmosis units. Because agriculture accounts for 71% of water usage, there are some arrangements whereby farmer associations in the Jordan Valley have been contracted by the local authority to manage water distribution in the area. The number of associations is expected to increase to ten by 2020 (EDP 2011-13). | sdg7 |
The amendment eliminated price variations between different regions or supply sources and created one price that all farmers pay for irrigated water (World Bank, 2017[53]). Farmers have progressively switched to high-value crops and implemented greater selectivity of food crops grown for export (World Bank, 2017(53]). They have adopted irrigation efficiency technologies with support from regional irrigation companies and the Agricultural Extension Service of Israel (Ibid). | sdg6 |
It is a forward-looking study, based on the expected cost of commissioning these plants in 2020. ( For example, despite significant declines in solar PV module costs in recent years, prices for entire PV installations vary significantly among countries for similar system types. Though not a cost study per se, the MTRMR tries to identify the most dynamic markets for solar PV deployment over the medium term and focuses cost evaluation efforts on these areas (IEA, 2014). | sdg7 |
This paper seeks to describe the political behavior of transnational corporations (TNCs) related to sugars and dental caries. The paper begins by exploring dental caries as a political issue. It then provides a brief overview of key actors (expanders--e.g. public health advocates working to make policy action on sugar likely, and containers--e.g. TNC’s working to prevent policy action on sugar) and the importance of problem defi nition in public policy making. The paper then compares how expanders and containers frame the problem of sugars and dental caries. Based upon a policy analysis framework, categories used to frame problems include incidence, causality, severity, crisis, characteristics of the problem population, values, and solutions. These categories are discussed with application to debates about public policy solutions to the problem of dental caries. It then concludes by highlighting some tensions that remain in tackling dental caries through legislation and regulation. | sdg16 |
Disentangling these different factors is impossible, in practice. A Deloitte report15 found that policy uncertainty was detrimental to investment in baseload electricity, including combined cycle gas turbines, and as a result, OCGT was considered the lowest risk investment as it has lower capital costs. Deloitte calculated the cost of policy uncertainty, in terms of sub-optimality in investment, characterised by a preference for OCGT rather than OCGT. | sdg7 |
Its recommendations will be presented to the Executive Group to be reviewed for implementation by GSIC. It will refresh the UNDP gender parity strategy with a view to achieving a more holistic approach to gender parity issues in UNDP. Greater focus will be put on improving capacity for gender analysis, accuracy and consistency in gender marker ratings and gender in areas of profession. | sdg5 |
While sample weights are required for obtaining unbiased estimators of means and other indicators for descriptive statistics purposes, we follow the argumentation in Wooldridge (2002) and O’Donnell et al. ( This is the case provided that the source of the differences between the sample and the population proportions is not driven by the variable of interest, in this case infant mortality. Assuming that infant mortality does not strongly influence the choice of geographic residence, we therefore prefer the use of unweighted estimators. | sdg3 |
Ajar-African Journal of Aids Research, 8(2), 181-192. Culturally Compelling Strategies for Behaviour Change: A social ecology model and case study in malaria prevention. Soc Sci Med, 62(11), 2810-2825. Practitioner Review: Engaging Fathers-Recommendations for a Game Change in Parenting Interventions Based on a Systematic Review of the Global Evidence. | sdg5 |
Maintaining good governance practices regarding ethics and transparency in Thailand's local governments is very challenging. The lack of ethics and transparency are due to the abuse of power and misconduct by local politicians and officials and loopholes in the rules and regulation. This mixed-method study was conducted in the northeastern municipalities of Thailand. The research found that the factors of accountability, persons and structure were significantly associated with good governance practices of ethics and transparency with correlation levels of 0.88, 0.88 and 0.81, respectively. In-depth interview results indicated that good governance practices in local governments were not improved, although the military had seized power in May 2014. During this time, the abuse of power, misconduct and allegations of fraud committed by local politicians and officials continued. | sdg16 |
This article argues that the content of the legal term “peaceful purposes,”as used in international space law is changing. Peaceful Purposes as understood throughout the bulk of the Space Age has encompassed not only the UN Charter’s prohibitions on the use of force, but also a number of customary international law principles that enhanced it beyond mere non-aggression. Through an examination of state practice with regards to the military uses of outer space, this article concludes that the legal content of peaceful purposes is eroding towards an alignment with “non-aggressive” as understood in the law concerning the use of force. Specifically, this article argues that geopolitical and technological changes are encouraging states to pursue disruption in the space environment rather than stability, and this has been matched with state practice and rhetoric that exhibits that states are moving toward more offensive, rather than defensive, stances in the space environment. | sdg16 |
Although the timing of national policy evaluations may be more flexible, political pressures would make it difficult to commit resources for adaptation evaluations on the basis that results will potentially only be known 20-30 years in the future. At the same time, the value of an evaluation and the lessons it generates may be lost if the evaluation is postponed too far into the future. One option to overcome this challenge is to focus assessments on the achievement of intermediate outcomes, through ongoing monitoring and real-time evaluation. | sdg13 |
At the same time, it is mandatory to acknowledge and recognize the differential knowledge in the community while reviving interest in traditional knowledge. The vertical and horizontal stratification operating in a given society defines the access to various resources including cultural and natural resources. The approaches of organic farming and LEISA are potential alternative systems and more environment-friendly forms of agriculture, which provides scope to create links between traditional and scientific knowledge systems. The promotion of organic farming and its standards needs to respect the traditional ecosystems and knowledge of the farmers. It is important to assimilate strategies that combine traditional knowledge and modern science-based practices to achieve sustainable and equitable use and development. Such changes would require a shift in research and development approaches towards farmer/user-led participatory development, which is right now being practised among developmental agencies. | sdg2 |
The indicators should tell something of the health of an ecosystem. Key species should be used as indicators for the health of ecosystems and the indicators should be sensitive to change. From a management perspective the indicators would need to be an early warning system, which will indicate if something will merit a closer look. | sdg15 |
There should also be strong links with the public technical-pedagogical support services (ATP) and their new school improvement framework as well as private technical-pedagogical consultancies (ATE). Second, concerning the school evaluation process itself, the Agency should continue to focus on the formative dimension of school evaluations that leads to lasting changes to practice. School evaluation that is meaningful should involve: an accurate assessment of the effectiveness of schools, an assessment of strengths and areas for development, followed by feedback, coaching, support and opportunities for development, an opportunity to celebrate, recognise and reward the work of schools and to identify best practice, and an opportunity to identify underperforming schools. Third, school self-evaluation should be central in any national approach to school improvement and as school systems mature schools should take on a greater role for driving their own improvement. | sdg4 |
The monitoring and reporting of the projects is based on the activities proposed by the compensating entity and approved by CONAFOR in each project and the results of the project are measured against its project design. However, the environmental attributes of these activities have no direct link to a specific change in use of land approved by SEMARNAT, thus there is no possibility of tracking whether the environmental impacts or attributes aimed to compensate are being achieved by the projects. One way to partially redistribute available funds is to assign the interests accrued by the Forest Fund to those federal states with additional successful applications but that have reached their assigned budget. | sdg15 |
Here, documentation and registration primarily means documentation of bio-diversity, key habitats, and other important biotopes in forests. This is a collection of standards for sustainable forest management, first established in 1998 and later revised in 2006, as a consensus between stakeholders in forest management and the forest industry, environmental and outdoor recreation organisations, trade unions and consumer interests - called the Living Forests Council. In the public hearing of the Regulation on sustainable forestry this linking to Living Forests was heavily criticized by e.g. several environmental and outdoor recreation NGOs, since it is a voluntary certification system. | sdg15 |
A recent Spanish study examined effects of water markets as an institution that can substitute for growing economic risk caused by unreliable water in the Gaudalquivir Valley District in southern Spain (Calatrava and Garrido, 2005). Recent work from Mexico found considerable benefit in the use of water markets to promote water transfers from irrigators to urban users to address growing water scarcity in that country (Gastelum and Stewart, 2009). More recent work from both Spain and Mexico found that either water markets or reservoirs or both can reduce the risks of unreliable of water supply (Iglesias and Garrido, 2003, Unver and Gupta, 2003). | sdg6 |
In addition, machine learning can support R&D cost reductions of between 10 and 15 per cent and time-to-market improvements of up to 10 per cent, while automation rates of 30 per cent are possible across functions (McKinsey, 2017a). Data are often referred to as "the new oil", presenting substantial revenue opportunities for businesses within and beyond the ICT sector. Most industries are investing in turning the massive amount of data flowing from loT sensors, industrial meters, connected devices, smartphones, wearables, and any kind of web-based services, into actionable insights. | sdg9 |
About 25 per cent of the annual budget is raised from sale of publications and about 33 per cent is through voluntary contributions from countries and energy stakeholders. Duplication of all activities would be ill-advised. It is envisaged that the Asia-Pacific Energy Centre will eventually have about a third as many staff members as the IEA and so the annual budget will also be proportionately lower, or about $10 million. | sdg7 |
Correcting that misallocation is critical, both for economic growth and for job creation. Social inclusiveness policies in particular address discrimination in labour markets by demonstrating the potential of certain social groups and changing the attitudes of employers and investors towards them. They also foster social mobility and inclusion by integrating disadvantaged groups in more productive activities of the economy. | sdg9 |
We address issues of language of instruction in schools in terms of efforts to retain heritage languages and to ensure that students acquire the national languages of commerce and higher education. We also address Indigenous education, focusing on efforts to increase Indigenous control over education and new ways to use and transmit that Indigenous knowledge and ways of teaching and learning, whether within or external to the formal school systems. And finally we look at student achievement issues, focusing especially on the gender gap between females and males and on the continuing underperformance of Indigenous students across much of the North. | sdg4 |
At present, different land uses—industrial activities, farming, natural areas, touristic zones, infrastructure, and residential zones—are sometimes located in close proximity to one another, which can lead to conflict. The increasing emphasis on natural resource based tourism is exacerbating some associated land use conflicts. Increased tourism numbers leads to congestion at a minimum and may reduce the inherent quality of the natural resources that are a primary reason for visiting the region, especially in the mountains and the hillsides near the city of Clermont-Ferrand. | sdg11 |
Jamaican law permits only manual eradication. Eradication of cannabis increased in 2014, with the destruction of 588 ha, compared with 247 ha in 2013. In the Dominican Republic, the cannabis cultivated is mainly for local consumption, and seizures are concentrated in the northwestern and south-western provinces that border Haiti. | sdg3 |
It is the first year since 2006 that no stocks managed solely by the Australian Government have been classified as subject to overfishing. The statement is the first step in fulfilling the Australian Government’s commitment to work with industry to develop a national aquaculture strategy. Parties to the agreement focused on developing foundation documents, including rules of procedure and financial regulations to help ensure the long-term conservation and sustainable use of non-highly migratory fish stocks in the high seas of the southern Indian Ocean. | sdg14 |
Moreover, the country will not be in full compliance with the Urban Waste Water Directive until 2011, six years late. Many sewage treatment stations have a poor record regarding statutory effluent limits, and there is no inspection regime for septic tanks. A fundamental and politically sensitive issue in Irish water policy is pricing household consumption of water, the absence of household water charges impedes the development of an economically, environmentally and socially efficient water services sector. | sdg6 |
Third National Report or i Biodiversity Conservation i n Kyrgyz Republic. According to the new forest policy, the State is going to broadly involve local population in joint forest management. This process is aimed at mobilization of international efforts of Governments, producers, consumers and donors to combat illegal logging and corruption in the forestry sector. | sdg15 |
In addition to having a detrimental impact on job creation in the formal sector, their usefulness, effectiveness and redistributive impact are questionable. The largest parafiscal is a 4% contribution, which is collected and managed by several private entities, the Cajas de Compensation Familiar (CCF). Since informal workers and the unemployed are not entitled to receive their services, they benefit the well-off most: the richest quintile receives 32% of the total, while the poorest receives only 2% (Moller, 2012). | sdg1 |
Old trams and trolleybus lines are progressively disconnected because of the poor service and high operation and maintenance costs. In most cities, public transport relies on buses, and the light-rail transit (LRT) networks suffer from serious lack of rationalisation. Delegation of communal services to the private sector will work only if the national government helps city governments modernise communal infrastructure. However, city akimats need to be more pro-active in finding ways to refurbish urban infrastructure. | sdg11 |
While the redevelopment of brownfield sites has been the mainstay of public agencies and private developers, this paper argues that in order to promote just redevelopment that encourages participation and targets weak market sites, a community-based approach to brownfield redevelopment should be encouraged. Furthermore, this paper maintains that community development corporations (CDCs) could be the ideal agents to spur community development and address environmental justice concerns through their increased involvement in brownfield redevelopment projects. In order to promote these positions, we first describe this new approach, which focuses on building the capacity of CDCs to meaningfully participate in brownfield redevelopment. We then offer four proposals designed to increase this capacity. We conclude with a discussion of how community-based brownfield redevelopment connects to larger issues of democratic decision-making, environmental justice, and urban revitalisation. | sdg16 |
Agreements to do so can be reached at the bilateral, regional or multilateral levels. The pursuit of food self-sufficiency to mitigate international risks is a costly policy that undermines the function of the international trading system, making markets thinner, more volatile and therefore riskier than if countries were to adopt open trade policies. In the face of both international and domestic risks, such as that of a failed harvest, a country which uses trade barriers to promote self-sufficiency because of the fear of trade interruptions may find itself exposed to greater potential losses than if it had remained open to international trade. At the national level, some developing countries may be vulnerable to imported instability, notably if their consumption is centred around just one or two food staples, and if their imports are sourced from just one or two countries. These risks can be mitigated by promoting more diversified diets (something that happens naturally to a degree as incomes rise) and by diversifying trading partners. | sdg2 |
This article aims to analyze the options and opportunities available to environmental governance, starting from a definition of the global environmental crisis. The article provides a detailed analysis of the three clusters under which the international relations theory has investigated the collective management of this environmental crisis as well as the effectiveness of current institutional answers. Finally, the article reexamines matters pertaining to trade and environment and to environmental security. | sdg16 |
To do so, it will identify the most salient gender issues in Malta, as well as shed light on the vulnerabilities generated by the complex interactions of gender with age, disability and migration status. In addition, it will stress the importance of including women and women’s rights activists in DRR initiatives and decision-making, identifying gaps and opportunities within existing political and social structures and presenting suggestions for gender mainstreaming in DRR in Malta. This analysis hopes to inspire DRR research and prevention work that is attuned to gender issues and at the same time, embraces an intersectional perspective, acknowledging that there cannot be resilience without gender equality. | sdg5 |
The regression results are summarised in Figures 8 and 9, and Table 3. Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States. For the most part, the BMA technique used here confirms the conclusions drawn in OECD (2011a). | sdg10 |
It should be understood that minimum wage policies need to be designed to minimize any potential adverse impact. For instance, in China, minimum wage laws are regularly reviewed and revised at least once every two years to ensure that changes are not too drastic and do not have a significant short-term impact on overall economic growth. In Thailand, upon the announcement of the minimum wage hike in 2012, the government introduced several policy support measures to smoothen the adjustment phase for businesses, such as providing tax allowances and reducing employers’ social security contributions. | sdg10 |
Chapter four examines what Big Data is, looking at where ICT regulators, policy makers and other public authorities, have set or should set some boundaries. Chapter six provides an analysis of the economic influence of data and their impact on business models. Chapter seven reviews the principles of performance monitoring, examines the increasingly broad scope of broadband plans and discusses how the implementation of broadband plans and strategies can be monitored, while overall conclusions are drawn in Chapter eight. | sdg9 |
Tax allowances (e.g. voluntary pension contributions, long-term savings to finance construction, dividends that have been taxed at the company level), deductions (e.g. mandatory and some voluntary health care contributions, mortgage interest payments for residential housing) and exemptions (e.g. 25% of wages under a threshold, most pension payouts) are so generous that less than 40% of the income of the top 1% is deemed taxable (Alvaredo and Londono, forthcoming). This percentage decreases further with income - for the top 0.01%, only 11% of their income is taxable. The law has hitherto stated that if an individual is not required to file a PIT return because gross income is lower than the filing threshold, then the withholding tax operates as a definitive tax. | sdg1 |
Gyllensten et al (2014) estimated the direct financial impact of ADEs in Sweden. Assuming that at least half of these ADEs originate in primary and ambulatory care, this corresponded to USD10.5 million per 100 000 population in 2008, which equates to approximately 2.5% of Swedish health expenditure in 2008. Hospitalisation accounted for 54% of the direct cost of ADEs. | sdg3 |
In 1992, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) was established to support developing countries in the implementation of environmental conventions. Since 1991, the GEF has provided $13.5 billion in grants and leveraged $65 billion in co-financing for 3,900 projects in more than 165 developing countries. For 23 years, developed and developing countries alike have provided these funds to support activities related to biodiversity, climate change, international waters, land degradation, and chemicals and waste in the context of development projects and programs. | sdg15 |
It carries out on-site control and monitoring required for food security and consumer protection, and performs the necessary actions in cases of epizooties and other emergency situations under its competence. The FVS also cooperates with relevant authorities of other EU MS and third countries, and is authorised to perform controls to ensure compliance of exporters with provisions set out by relevant third countries. There are two institutions under the supervision of the MEPRD that are related to fisheries management - the State Environmental Service which is responsible for surveillance, control and enforcement of fishing activities and the Nature Conservation Agency which ensures implementation of a unified nature protection policy. | sdg14 |
In addition, benefit values are highly location-specific (depending on the prevalence of water-related diseases or the condition of receiving water bodies, for example) and cannot be easily aggregated. Approximately 10% of the global burden of disease worldwide could be prevented with improvements to water, sanitation and hygiene and better water resource management worldwide. The burden of water-related diseases falls disproportionately on developing countries and particularly on children under five, with 30% of deaths of these children attributable to inadequate access to water and sanitation. | sdg6 |
This article revisits the question of the “Ottoman caliphate,” the doctrine defining the Ottoman sultan as the universal sovereign and protector of Muslims throughout the world in addition to the territorial ruler of the Ottoman Empire itself. In existing scholarship, a wide gap divides those who describe this doctrine as a construct of modernity, with a history that goes back no farther than the late eighteenth century, and those who maintain a direct line of transmission from the earlier Abbasid caliphate to the Ottoman dynasty. This article proposes an “early modern alternative” to these two opposing narratives, which acknowledges a dynamic history of reinvention for the caliphate but locates its rebirth not in the period of colonial modernity but rather in the sweeping reconfiguration of space, time, and sovereignty ushered in by the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. | sdg16 |
However, the Orme (2001) and Wooldridge (2005) estimators can be applied to unbalanced panels if it assumed that sample dropout is ignorable - the unobservable determinants of attrition are not correlated with the unobservables determining SA receipt. The main arguments against balancing are that its enforcement may introduce potentially nonrepresentative samples (because a specific type of sample drop-out is being imposed by the researcher), reduce sample size, and coverage in calendar time. To derive most of their results, Cappellari and Jenkins (2008a) use an unbalanced panel in which the majority of the benefit histories begin in 1991 but some start in later years (the maximum sequence length is 15 years). However, they also examine the sensitivity of their findings by re-running their basic DREP model on (i) an unbalanced panel in which all individuals’ histories begin in 1991 and (ii) a balanced panel in which every individual contributes 15 years of data (which reduces sample size substantially). The state dependence is [also] similar” (2008: 54). | sdg1 |
However, only 1.3 per cent of children under five were threatened by acute malnutrition (WFP Food Security Update 2010, cited in World Bank, forthcoming). Fourteen per cent of children are stunted indicating chronic malnutrition (UNICEF and ISAE 2009). Table 4 summarizes health and nutrition indicators for the five Central Asian countries. | sdg1 |
The perceived insinuation is that the child is not fully functional because he or she speaks his/her mother's tongue better than Swedish".' This can stem from traditional cultural or religious beliefs about health and well-being, different customary practices around health care, or living in distinct locations with unique health challenges. In order to achieve better equity in health outcomes, these different viewpoints must be taken into consideration in policy development and service delivery. Pikkarainen and Brodin, 2008, p. 30. | sdg3 |
Can these benefits provide a new stream of revenue (public or private) to finance the costs of investing in and operating SWM for the management of flood and drought risks in the agriculture sector? What are the potential benefits of such extension for the broader community (e.g. when agriculture water can supply cities in cases of severe droughts, or agriculture land can provide a buffer to manage flood risks)? This may be appropriate in the Korean context, but may create difficulties in developing countries. The diffusion of SWM abroad should be combined with the construction, operation and maintenance of ICT facilities considering the unique economic and social situations of each country. | sdg6 |
Gross fixed capital formation increased rather solidly in line with the improving investment climate. Public consumption also stepped up, with a slightly higher share in GDP in 2012 relative to the past several years. Employment growth, however, decelerated from 2.4% in 2011 to 1.3% in 2012. Higher job creation in the formal sector remains a key challenge for inclusive growth. | sdg8 |
In contrast, the population has increased by more than 20% in the regions of Mangystau, South Kazakhstan and the cities of Astana and Almaty during this period. In 2013, more than half of the population (9.4 million) lived in urban areas and an increasing trend towards urbanisation was observed (IAC, 2014). The most urbanised regions were Karaganda (79% of urban population), Pavlodar (70%), Aktobe (62%) and East Kazakhstan (59%). | sdg4 |
The increases over time across groups reflect improvements in the programme’s design and implementation as time goes on. The Role of‘Graduation’ in Social Protection Programs”, Research Report commissioned by the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), AusAid, Canberra. The Ford Foundation and Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) are working on ten pilots in Ethiopia, Ghana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Pakistan, Peru and Yemen to do just this. | sdg1 |
This will probably happen in the context of sustainable cocoa, for example, within the next ten years (Cosbey 2015). Where the retailers in question control a large share of the market, these voluntary labels have mandatory characteristics (Arcuri 2013). While private retailers’ carbon-based labels have receded in popularity since a surge almost a decade ago (e.g. food miles labels have disappeared and retailers such as Walmart and Tesco have quietly backed off from their ambitious plans for comprehensive PCF labelling), there are still some private sector labels with major market influence. | sdg13 |
Countries may choose to apply reporting provisions differently, in a way that matches their capacities - applying the most ambitious guidelines in areas where they have sufficient capacity, reporting in a less complete way in other areas, and enhancing the completeness and transparency of their reporting over time. The enhanced transparency framework will rest on common MPGs (Art. The development of MPGs is to draw upon experience from existing transparency arrangements, to build on and enhance these arrangements, but also to eventually supersede the current measurement, reporting and verification system (Decision 1/CP.21 Paragraph 98). While the Cancun reporting arrangements continued to refer to previous reporting guidelines for national communications (NCs), the Paris Agreement text suggests MPGs will be standalone documents that can refer to new guidance documents being prepared as part of the enhanced transparency framework (e.g. accounting guidance) rather than previous guidance. | sdg13 |
The National Agency of Natural Resources has reported volumes of mining waste accumulated in heaps and tailing ponds (Table 7.5). The cost of remediation will be covered by profits from the sale of copper. There is no record of health-care waste generation, but according to the first EPR of Albania (2002) there were 51 hospitals in Albania producing about 7.3 tons of medical and other hospital waste per day in seven cities. | sdg12 |
This article analyzes the transformation in the scholarship of legal ethics that has occurred in Canada over the last decade, and maps out an agenda for future research. The author attributes the recent growth of Canadian legal ethics as an academic discipline to a number of interacting factors: a response to external pressures, initiatives within the legal profession, changes in Canadian legal education, and the emergence of a new cadre of legal ethics scholars. This article chronicles the public history of legal ethics in Canada over the last decade and analyzes the first and second wave of scholarship in the area. It integrates these developments within broader changes in legal education that set the stage for the continued expansion of Canadian legal ethics in the twenty-first century. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. | sdg16 |
The project has been able to provide evidence about where and when the greatest needs for water are experienced. Although the Kenyan water regulator had an existing mandate for regulating water supply in rural areas, it was not able to engage effectively, as it lacked concrete data about the situation. Now that more data are forthcoming, the water regulator is better able to manage resources. | sdg15 |
The newest Additional Protocol to the European Charter of Local Self-Government on the right to participate in the affairs of a local authority can be understood as the proof of the absence or inadequacy of the existing measures for the right to participate in the affairs of the local authority. The informational technology, public information, applications based on open government, wider voice of citizens as statistically more reliable experts and a general approach for solving local problems, presented in this paper are some of the measures that can be used for the present and future era if there is a commitment of public institutions and the citizens to make a difference. | sdg16 |
About 26% of students are required to repeat and 14% are estimated to drop out in 7th grade, the highest rates across all levels of compulsory schooling (MEP, 2016). Improving retention in secondary' education is a top priority of the current government, which has designed a flagship initiative Yo Me Apunto (I'm in) to ensure that schools with the highest dropout rates receive additional support (Chapter 4). Among those 15-year-olds who are still in education, PISA 2015 shows that while socio-economically advantaged students tend to perform as well as their peers in many OECD countries, disadvantaged students are behind by the equivalent of around two years of schooling. | sdg4 |
First, the time pedestrians are given to cross the street has been calculated not with their real needs in mind (especially for the elderly) but considering the needs of moving cars. Second, at many intersections, turning on red has been allowed (i.e. cars can turn into an intersecting street and go over a crosswalk when it is green for pedestrians). Both decisions can make crosswalks more dangerous for pedestrians, especially those who walk more slowly or have vision problems. Green time for pedestrians remained the same, but it was enough for the smaller distance. | sdg11 |
For example, ethanol is widely used as a gasoline extender and octane number enhancer, biodiesel is an alternative fuel derived from vegetable oils and animal fats. Standards are critical to evaluate the safety of alternative fuels. Ethanol fuel produces less greenhouse gas emissions than gasoline or diesel. " | sdg7 |
The problem of human trafficking continues to be one of the vilest human rights abuse and manifestation of social injustice around the world. A lot of antitrafficking efforts have been put in place. However, there is still a lot of emphasis on the criminal aspect of the problem. This has meant that human and practical aspects of the problem have not received sufficient attention, including assessing the problem, victims, and perpetrators in their environments. The ecological perspective helps practitioners, researchers, and policy makers to better understand the problem. This article uses the main concepts in this theory to frame the problem. Discussions are directed toward understanding the different aspects of the problem from an ecological perspective. | sdg16 |
The dominating plastic types used in the EU are polypropylene (PP), and low-density polyethylene (LDPE), common plastic types for packaging. The plastic demand per plastic type in the EU is presented in Figure 1. To some extent the product groups also match the waste flows that the products eventually will end up in, but this picture is not entirely true. There are separate collection systems for packaging, ELVs and WEEE in place, whereas the situation for consumer products, products for children, and for furniture is different. | sdg12 |
Further, early agreement among Parties on the precise aim and scope of the Paris Agreement transparency framework's provisions on climate finance would facilitate upcoming work on developing the MPGs (e.g. whether the purpose as laid out in Article 13.6 is to provide clarity solely on “support provided and received”, and on the “aggregate financial support provided” or whether clarity is also needed financial support mobilised, which is an important part of the climate finance picture). However, such systems are currently still in the early stages of development in most developing countries. Both developed and developing countries face significant challenges in resolving the remaining gaps, particularly in reporting in a consistent and transparent way on private finance mobilised, and climate finance received. | sdg13 |
Establish systematic collaboration with employer agencies and enterprises as effectiveness measures of mental health care systems. However, only around half of people with severe mental disorders are treated, and treatment rates are substantially lower for individuals with milder mental illnesses. This is an important shortcoming, because adequate or enhanced treatment can improve work outcomes. One critical aspect is the involvement of mental health specialists. If seeking treatment, people mostly seek help from general practitioners, only one in four are treated by a specialist. A more extensive use of specialist mental health care, as therapists or consultants to other health care providers, would improve health care outcomes. | sdg3 |
Early on Friday, 19 April 2013, officials at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth learned that one of the Boston Marathon bombing suspects was an enrolled student. That morning, the entire campus was transformed into both a crime scene and a potential target for an act of domestic terrorism. This article examines the campus response to this crisis, based on interviews with campus officials and a review of a task force report produced to review the campus response. This case study speaks to three important issues in the crisis management literature. Having a crisis plan helps (1), but testing of these plans is critical for an effective response (2). Furthermore, the plan must allow for real-time decision making that is both centralized and decentralized (3). | sdg16 |
In the last stage of the circle of manufacturing consumption, the decline in the price of goods through an amplified technological progress is essential. These effects lead to a further increase in the purchasing power of all consumers, thus boosting the discretionary income even further, which feeds into the start of a new virtuous cycle (DeLong, 2000, Jong, 2015). First, the demand for new goods (variety effect) through affordability and availability grows. | sdg9 |
There is a large literature that reviews the different regulatory models in use globally. While a detailed description of these models is outside the scope of this report, this chapter focuses on describing the main regulatory models for water services. It identifies the establishment of dedicated regulatory bodies as a growing trend among countries and sheds some light on the motivations behind this trend. One recent trend, the development of dedicated regulatory bodies for drinking water and wastewater services (WWS), stands out as a consistent response to some of the challenges to regulating water services (including the fragmentation of roles and responsibilities in the sector and the difficult political economy of tariff setting). | sdg6 |
The partial import of the north-american precedents system by the new Code of Civil Procedure brought important consequences in the model of interpretation and application of the rules in the Brazilian legal system. Based on legal and doctrinal examination of the matter in comparative law, this research seeks to present a historical overview of the common law and Roman-Germanic family, examine the precedent system in Brazilian law and criticize the simple import of those tolls, identifying the parameters of the Scandinavian and North American legal realism, as well as the risks of decisionism and judicial arbitrariness . | sdg16 |
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