text
stringlengths 119
1.42k
| label
stringclasses 16
values |
|---|---|
Specifically, it tries to answer questions such as: How does the educational composition of the workforce influence the distribution of labour earnings? Does the sector composition of employment matter for the distribution of labour earnings? Do the share of fixed-term work contracts and the share of self-employment play a role in shaping the distribution of labour earnings? | sdg10 |
Section 6 then shows the results obtained from the econometric work and Section 7 concludes by providing a brief discussion of the key policy implications of the findings. In parallel, income inequality has risen in a large number of OECD countries and some emerging economies (OECD, 2011a, OECD, 2014) and become, once again, a hotly debated policy concern (OECD, 2008, OECD, 201 la, OECD 2013b). Economic analysis can help identify some of the potential sources of inequality—including international trade— as well as establish links between inequality and other measures of economic performance such as, for example, economic growth. | sdg10 |
The programme is targeted on poor households with children aged 5-16, as well as on the elderly, persons with disabilities, pregnant or lactating women, altogether it covers about 5.8 million children, two-thirds of whom are aged under 15 years. In addition, it has contributed to a reduction in the prevalence of low height-for-age and increased muscle mass among beneficiary children (World Bank, 2009b). The same results are reported by two different studies using experimental data. According to Shamah et al (2007), the rate of anaemia has decreased three times more compared to the control group due to nutrition based on the enriched milk. | sdg1 |
Table 4.3 provides a few estimates of the scope of the problem, specifically in agriculture regions.7 Other countries, like Mexico, have experienced unauthorised use, eased in particular by the use of falsified well and concession registration, and which could represent up to 50% of total concession authorisations in the Valley of Mexico (OECD, 2013b). In Spain, efforts to complete an inventory and the registration of all wells in the 1990s at an estimated total cost of EUR 66 million led only to partial results in 2001 (Fornes et al., Some of the river basin management plans, like that of Guadalquivir, explicitly expressed the goal of combatting illegal abstraction, but have not been able thus far to address the problem completely, in part because of the complexities of enforcement and the low impact of fines and legal consequences (ECA, 2014, EEA, 2013). There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). | sdg6 |
Sustainable and equitable agricultural development”, Futures, Vol. Cunningham, K. (2009), “Rural and urban linkages: Operation Flood’s role in India’s dairy development”, IFPRI Discussion Paper, No. The number increased to 246 million in 2004-06, but higher agricultural production and stronger economic progress resulted in a reduction of about 33 million undernourished people to an estimated 213 million by 2010-12. | sdg2 |
Many if not most of these small scale entrepreneurs are poor with few options and likely no access to alternative livelihoods. They are unlikely to have knowledge of environmentally improved technologies, nor the means to adopt these technologies. The suppliers that do exist may lack access to the latest technologies and expertise, and may lack access to business capital. Often the policy drivers required to create demand for their products and services are not in place, and high levels of poverty and low levels of economic activity severely restrict the potential market demand. Barriers often exist to the adoption of innovative financing mechanisms such as the Energy Service Company (ESCO) model. In many of the countries where notable improvements in public sector capacity have been attained, private sector demand for competent public services and better governance has been a major stimulus to change. | sdg7 |
In Afghanistan, for every mile the journey to school is reduced, girls’ enrolment increases by 19 percentage points, compared to 13 among boys (Burde and Linden, 2012). Data from 40 low- and middle-income countries show that up to 10% of adolescent girls reported incidents of forced sexual intercourse or other sexual acts at school in the previous year (UNICEF, 2014). In South Africa, 8% of girls in secondary school reported that they had been sexually assaulted or raped at school in the previous year (Burton and Leoschut, 2013). Formal and informal laws, social norms and practices reinforce the social expectation that women and girls should handle household chores (Ferrant et al., | sdg5 |
The initiative, building on the experience of the Rhouda Centre and Enterprise Qatar, will study barriers to entrepreneurship, introduce a business plan competition and encourage internships in domestic, regional and international enterprises” (p. 151). Also, gender-sensitized legislation will be developed to encourage more women to take active roles in society, and a thorough review of gender equity in public sector employment will serve as a first step in removing existing social and cultural barriers”(p.l76). For example, Yemen’s Strategic Vision 2025 sets a target to increase women’s labour force participation rate to 50% by 2025. | sdg5 |
Nevertheless, these households are also affected by higher energy tariffs as they will have to pay higher prices for alternative energy sources, such as gas bottles, kerosene and possibly even firewood. Many reports have been produced recently on the impact of the food and fuel price crisis and the subsequent global economic crisis on poverty and child well-being. However, so far there is little evidence on the impact of the recent crises on child well-being and vulnerability. | sdg1 |
Furthermore, science committee and fishery resource management committee were newly organized to coordinate joint participation and role assignments to relevant stakeholders. So far, 10 FSRPs have been established and operated, and it is planned to be expanded to 20 species by 2012. The result of pilot projects show that stocks are increasing after the introduction of FSRPs. For instance, the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of sandfish in the East Sea has increased from 0.44 in 2005 to 0.78 in 2007. | sdg14 |
The growth of transnational environmental harm is not only leading to new obligations between states, it is also recasting democratic accountability for the crossboundary environmental performance of public and private actors. Informed by pragmatist ideas on public discourse, I propose a conceptual schema for understanding the moral geography of these new transnational environmental obligations: they mark out non-territorial spaces of public communication delimited according to moral precepts of harm prevention, inclusiveness and impartiality. I outline how the recognition of transnational affected publics is reconstituting and rescaling environmental accountability within international regimes of harm prevention and liability. The critical geopolitical challenge in institutionalizing non-territorial domains of environmental accountability will be the mapping and empowerment of transnational affected publics. | sdg16 |
Public sector innovation is rarely institutionalised in government budgets, roles and processes, and there is limited knowledge and awareness of the full range of tools available to policymakers for accelerating innovation (OECD, 2012). They are reaching out to the private sector and citizens, to become partners in solving key social challenges (UNDP, 2016). Recognising this new push for co-design and co-production, the UN Development Programme (UNDP) Global Centre for Public Service Excellence partnered with Social Innovation Camp Asia to explore social innovation as an approach to improve the reach, access and quality of public services. | sdg9 |
Characteristics of such an environment include the availability of affordable and relevant ICT infrastructure - an area which is still characterized by significant divides. There is also a need to ensure access to adequately trained human resources and a legal and regulatory framework that supports the uptake and productive application of ICTs. A firm-level study covering 56 developing countries found that “ICT is playing an important role in allowing businesses to grow faster and become more productive - this alone suggests that creating an appropriate environment to exploit ICT is important” (World Bank, 2006: 72). | sdg9 |
Lowlands of Europe United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Denmaik, Germany, Poland Sedimentary basin region Thick sedimentary plains Medium humid Abundant resources. Major aquifer (Paris Basin), limestone aquifer (Chalk aquifer in UK), sandstone aquifers. Mountains of Central and Southern Europe Portugal, Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Hungary, Greece. | sdg6 |
Businesswomen’s associations exist in almost all MENA countries and provide some form of business support (mentoring, trade fairs, seminars) despite their limited financial, human and technical resources. They provide a wealth of information on the business constraints and support needs of their members, but their policy advocacy role is often limited because they are excluded from national policy dialogue. The WBF is an inter-regional network of government, private sector and civil society representatives which works with governments to improve policies and legislation impacting women’s economic integration. It also works with businesses, NGOs and academia to facilitate an exchange of experiences and good practices for providing concrete support to female entrepreneurs. | sdg5 |
Avoid punishing short or interrupted labour market histories. Policies for this purpose include making vesting periods required for a pension adequate for the working patterns of women in each country, ensuring that the requirements to access minimum pensions allow for the incorporation of most women. This also involves designing benefit formulas in a way that does not punish time out of work (for instance, regarding how career breaks are filled). In defined contribution systems, this also relates to ensuring that administrative fees in individual accounts do not disadvantage workers with low accumulation or discontinuous contribution patterns. | sdg5 |
Historically, this has entailed a sequential process of learning by latecomers in skills, process technology, design technology and new product development (Lee, 2005). A few countries, notably the Republic of Korea and Taiwan Province of China, have achieved rapid economic growth by successfully leapfrogging in the development of a limited number of short-cyde technology sectors such as semiconductors and other electronic goods, skipping certain stages through which leading foreign firms passed in technological development. Typically, such latecomers have begun with assembly of final goods using imported parts, moving on to the development of tow-tech and then progressively higher-tech components, before learning to modify the design of existing products, and ultimately to develop new products (Lee and Lim, 2001). | sdg9 |
These include 60% of vertebrates, over 80% of fungi and most mosses, ferns, horsetail varieties and club mosses. Large groups of flowering plants and insects live in, or are in some way associated with, forest ecosystems. Moreover, the Bialowieza Primeval Forest is the only primeval forest remaining in Europe, and thus its protection is especially important. | sdg15 |
As the analysis below describes, the City of Sydney’s Sustainable Sydney 2030 offers a bold vision of sustainability. A well-designed cluster strategy for the green economy targets a particular green sector (such as renewable energy, green buildings, transportation, waste and recycling) based on a realistic assessment of a city’s competitive advantages84. It builds on existing assets and collaborative dynamics. It draws on data and analysis to identify clusters, inform initiatives and track performance. | sdg7 |
In fact, female-led firms only receive 7% of venture capital financing according to the recent study by Gompers and Wang (2017(13]). In addition to starting their businesses with significantly lower levels of financial capital than men, women raise significantly lower amounts of incremental debt and equity in years two and three (Coleman and Robb, 2009[i4]). A significant gender gap is also found in the early-stage angel investment market (Becker-Blease and Sohl, 2007(15]). | sdg5 |
However, this work on asbestos stopped and the objectives dealing with development of standards and regulations, a control system and disease registration were not implemented. The asbestos testing laboratory was established at the National Centre for Public Health but is not functional today. No monitoring of the presence of asbestos fibre is carried out in public buildings such as schools or medical centres. Due to the use of asbestos, additional cases of asbestos-related diseases could be identified in the future. | sdg3 |
There is also unequal access to improved sanitation between urban and rural areas in the region: the gap was approximately 30% in 2015. Levels of improvement in terms of access to sanitation differ considerably (WHO/UNICEF, n.d.). Since 2000, the proportion of people in rural areas with access to basic sanitation has increased by 0.8% per year, compared with 0.5% per year in urban areas (UNESCAP, 2017). | sdg6 |
Les documents peuvent etre telecharges a partir de: http://www.oecd.org/dev/wp ou obtenus via le mel ([email protected]). Fontana and Paciello (2009) show for Kenya that the participation of women in sugar production has entailed a decrease of their body mass index because additional work exceeded the increase in caloric intake. In the same country, most women belonging to tea-producing households have a high level of malnutrition because they have not enough time for their own crops, whereas husbands tend to spend the income from tea for their own consumption. | sdg5 |
The decision of the California Supreme Court in Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Superior Court, 1 Cal.5th 783 (2016), is fully consistent with the due process standards recognized by this Court in International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310 (1945), as well as with recent doctrinal developments applying and elaborating those standards. The state high court’s substantial connection standard bridges the jurisdictional lacuna between specific and general jurisdiction and operates in a manner that is fully consistent with the federal common law doctrine of pendent personal jurisdiction. We, therefore, urge this Court to affirm the decision of the California Supreme Court. | sdg16 |
Data from 2010 on net enrolment rates of ages 5 to Mas a percentage of the population aged 5 to 14. Data from 2010 on net enrolment rates of ages 15 to 19 as a percentage of the population aged 15 to 19. Data from 2010 on net enrolment rates of ages 20 to 29 as a percentage of the population aged 20 to 29. This figure includes includes all 20-29 year olds, including those in employment, etc. | sdg4 |
This question needs to be answered if technological change is to be beneficial for SMEs, which create employment for many of the world's poorest and most vulnerable households. In addition, automation has opened the door to new ways of interacting with clients, whether in delivering goods and services or providing customer service. From firms that own and control their resources to those that manage and orchestrate them, technological change has revolutionized production, connectivity and distribution. | sdg9 |
Of comparable impact is flooding, with the highest water levels in spring. In the area of Lvov and Busk towns in Ukraine, a high level of pollution by ammonium-nitrogen is observed. In the Ukrainian part, in the light of hydrochemical indicators, water quality got somewhat worse in 2009 as compared with 2008, which is consistent with a stable trend of deteriorating water quality as a result of the increase in discharges of non-treated and insufficiently treated urban and industrial wastewaters into the Bug. With the exception of Ambukov, located below the confluence of Hutshva River (where water was in quality category 4, class III, i.e. clean water according to the Ukrainian classification), water quality has been in category 3, class 111, i.e. “relatively clean water”. In the river section in Ukraine close to the border with Belarus, the most commonly occurring quality problems in 2008-2009 were phosphorus, nitrates and metals. Belarus reports that water flowing from upstream has an elevated level of dissolved solids. | sdg6 |
Established in 2004-2005, these courses used to be offered by various institutions, including schools, training centres and polytechnics and enlisted more than 12 000 participants in 2014-2015. As of 2015-2016, polytechnics are no longer authorised to offer these courses. Student numbers declined that year to 6 300. | sdg4 |
Foreign vessels would be subject to the same, effective system of surveillance as Icelandic vessels to hinder illegal catches and unreported landings. In 2009, a Committee appointed by the Minister of the Environment published a report on reducing GHG emissions (Ministry for the Environment, 2009). According to the report, from a purely technical viewpoint the fishing industry can contribute considerably. | sdg14 |
These are found at the national and regional levels in France and the Netherlands (six regions in Figure 4.7). In France, under the 2006 Loi sur I'Eau et les Milieux Aquatiques, the Prefets can create zones of environmental constraints on which they can impose water restrictions (Barraque et al., In recent years, the Upper Republican Natural Resources District has had an active land retirement program, spending USD 10 million to purchase 3 300 acres (1 300 hectares) of irrigated land in 2011 (in the Rock Creek area) and joining with the Middle and Lower Republican Natural Resources Districts and the Twin Platte Natural Resources District to purchase almost 20 000 acres (8 100 hectares) of land for USD 83 million in 2012 (McCabe, 2013). In both cases, the Natural Resources District is constructing stream augmentation projects that will link wells to nearby streams directly with a pipeline. | sdg6 |
The rise in the proportion of single-parent families is associated with an increase in “absolute” child poverty, measured as the proportion of children living below the mid-2000s poverty line. Therefore, maternal employment has played an important in maintaining family living standards despite the growth of relative poverty observed in many countries in the aftermath of the Great Recession. This makes sense since children in low-income households or households where one parents is unable to work are eligible for these benefits. More surprisingly, increases in spending on pensions are also associated with decreases in child poverty. | sdg1 |
Create opportunities for rural livelihoods that are as attractive and sustainable as possible (ideally in places of origin of potential migrants) and remedy infrastructural, institutional and policy failures in rural areas (and related secondary cities and rural towns) to reduce the push factors driving rural migration. Develop human capital in rural areas through education and training opportunities, and remove gender-related constraints so that rural residents, regardless of their gender, can take advantage of opportunities available through migration. Manage the effects of climate change on agriculture and rural areas by developing risk-management strategies for agriculture and related sectors, including investments to prevent, mitigate and cope with the negative impacts of extreme weather events. | sdg2 |
An Empirical Analysis of Extreme Events in Germany”, Institute of Energy Economics at the University of Cologne, March 2010, EWI Working Paper, No. Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C., United States. January 2012, report commissioned to Parsons Brinckerhoff by the Department of Energy and Climate Change, January 2012. | sdg7 |
The analysis in this paper is based on bilateral ODA and multilateral outflows. Taking the developing country angle makes more sense to assess the amount of resources available to countries towards the attainment of the SDGs. Instead of counting core funding to multilateral agencies, the analysis includes research activities performed by multilateral agencies based on the same criteria as for bilateral donors. | sdg9 |
The Department of Labour is planning to introduce an electronic system whereby vacancies registered with them by employers are disseminated to all labour offices more rapidly, and this would be a useful step. The UYF was created in January 2001, and reports to the Ministry of Labour while maintaining its own independent status. The UYF functions as a development finance agency and is tasked with promoting entrepreneurship, job creation, skills development and skills transfer among South Africans between the ages of 18 and 35. | sdg8 |
Abstract Portugal has often been considered as a case of successful democratic consolidation, and in fact the same ethical standards underpin democratic government and the rule of law – equality, transparency, accountability, impartiality, legality and integrity – as are found in most other mature Western European democracies. However, there is something singular about the Portuguese case that may be of interest to scholars of other southern European countries and the consolidating democracies of Eastern Europe: The coexistence of modern/rational and pre-modern/family-based relations between citizens and the public administration. This means that corruption in Portugal is not only about bribery but also about a series of other practices and conducts – ones in which the exchange of money for decisions is neither clear-cut nor automatic. Drawing on European and national survey data, this paper sets out to demonstrate that beneath the apparently consensual condemnation of corruption at a symbolic level, citi... | sdg16 |
In particular, topics like politics (23% women), the economy (14% women) and crime (22% women) feature low proportions of women in the 2015 GMMP. When looking at Danish web news on politics, the proportion of female news subjects was only 10% in the latest GMMP (Jarndrup & Bentsen 2015). Only 33% of the guest politicians in factual programmes were women even though at the time of the study nearly half of all Danish ministers and 40% of the members of the parliament were women (Andreassen 2016: 91). | sdg5 |
These are useful to focus attention but the numbers should be treated with some caution due to the large uncertainties involved. Some of the most important land-based sources of larger plastic objects (macroplastics) include: construction, household goods, packaging, coastal tourism, and food and drink packaging. How much of this material enters the ocean will be dependent largely on the extent and effectiveness of wastewater and solid waste collection and management. | sdg14 |
The analysis considered averages, drought events would have greater impact. The south and east of England is already water stressed from a combination of low rainfall and high demand. But the wetter west and north could not be relied upon to make up any shortfall: the analysis suggested that these catchments would be most affected by climate change consequences. | sdg6 |
However, the new national health policy (2009) not only transfers females in the case of at risk pregnancy, but also consolidates low-risk pregnancies in clusters at regional hospitals. Between 1953 and 1992 women in Greenland gave birth in their local communities and as late as 2000, it was still uncommon for women to leave their communities to give birth. Females often feel isolated when they have to go to the larger cities, where hospital nurses and doctors do not speak Greenlandic. | sdg3 |
Entering new markets is complicated. Companies can also find a wealth of learning content and help from experts on the platform. This allows Swiss businesses to gain the kind of information about markets and countries that is becoming increasingly important in the age of e-commerce,’ says Alberto Silini, Head of Consultancy at Switzerland Global Enterprise. | sdg9 |
These markets shield products from full commercial competition in the initial stages of product development, based on the expectation that some end-users would be willing to pay a higher price for high-quality technologies, and that as a result these technologies will not need to be subsidized. However, as there are few niches today in which cost-insensitive end-users are willing to pay for environmental public goods, this strategy is less appropriate for green technologies. As discussed below, policies aimed at market formation include environmental regulations, minimum production quotas, public procurement policies, subsidies and feed-in tariffs, as well as risk-sharing policies designed to encourage greater private sector investment. | sdg7 |
It also provided targeted protection to support the emergence of heavy industries, promoting research and development. Alexander Hamilton, the first US treasury secretary, is widely considered the father and inventor of the infant industry argument. Between 1830 and 1945, the United States had some of the highest trade barriers in the world. In the same period it invested heavily in infrastructure (Pacific railways, Midwestern canals and agricultural infrastructure), higher education, and research and development. | sdg1 |
The results show that the Maradi market has a large influence on markets in Niger and also Burkina Faso. As pointed out by the authors, the inclusion of Nigeria, and in particular the Dawanau market in Kano, would probably have changed these results. Another, problem is related to the different roles individual markets occupy in a market shed which should be accounted for in analyses. | sdg2 |
Currently, the most important national policy development related to forestry and forest management is the transfer of ownership, rights to use and responsibilities for the management of what is ultimately planned to be 60 per cent of Albania’s forests and pastures to local communes. In 2009 the forestry lands (high forests, low forests/coppices, shrubs and other areas with forest vegetation) encompassed 1,071,880.2 ha, which accounts for 37.28 per cent of the territory of Albania. The structure of the Albanian forest resources (forest fund), namely its division into different forest types, surface covered and stand volume for the dominant forest species is presented in table 8.1. Areas overgrown by bushes accounted for some 24 per cent of the total forest area and 9.3 per cent of the total timber volume. | sdg15 |
The final section provides a summary of the requirements that must be met in order for the goals considered in this chapter to be realized. The objectives to be pursued in building climate resilience alone encompass multiple sectors, thereby increasing the need for substantive coordination and integration of policy interventions. Particularly within the context of climate hazards, resilience requires that instead of focusing on individual risks, the policymaking process take a more integrated approach to management of change and uncertainty (Arup, 2014). While poverty and development status, for example, are obvious determinants of the capacity of people to cope with and adapt to shocks, there is also an underlying connection between vulnerabilities and multiple inequities in access, for example, to assets, land, work and political processes. Addressing these inequities requires simultaneous actions, as they all play a role in determining exposure to climate hazards and the capacity to cope and adapt. | sdg13 |
In addition, the country faces severe water scarcity issues, adding to the pressure put on water resources and systems. The Clean Water Act of 2004 requires LGUs and water districts to create septage management programmes in areas w'ithout sew'erage systems. However, most LGUs and water districts have lacked the capacity, technical knowledge, or funds to take action since the passage of the Act. | sdg6 |
The analysis that follows aims to present dynamic new information about pressing law of the use of force and peacemaking developments in Africa. It is meant to be more descriptive than analytic. It will discuss, among other things, the evolution of the international law of the use of force by assessing state practice and treaty law developments in Africa since the end of the Cold War. | sdg16 |
According to school principals who participated in PISA 2015, the average student across OECD countries attends a school where 84% of teachers have been fully certified, but this proportion ranges widely, from 100% in Macao (China) to around 10% in Colombia. Findings show that the proportion of teachers who have been certified to teach is positively associated with student performance in only a few selected countries, both before and after accounting for the socio-economic profile of students and schools (Figure 1.9). This overall weak impact is not surprising, given the different standards used in different countries to certify teachers and the fact that most countries have a high percentage of certified teachers. | sdg4 |
The Adaptation Committee, together with the LDC Expert Group, will also help to develop modalities and methodologies for two out of the four objectives of the adaptation-related components of the global stocktake (AC, 2016a). Jordan’s INDC, for instance, states that their mitigation and adaptation measures should be linked and also aligned with specific Sustainable Development Goals. In terms of communication on adaptation-related information, it may be useful to explore whether monitoring and reporting exercises under the Paris Agreement could help to inform the work being done under separate but mutually-supportive development agendas (and vice versa). | sdg13 |
Second, spectrum is a limited resource and telecommunication operators compete with other actors in the use of spectrum. As such, the capacity of mobile broadband is limited and more traffic can affect speed and quality of service (ITU, 2018(13]). Therefore, it is imperative for developing countries’ long-term development to also invest in fixed infrastructure and offload traffic through mobile networks. By 2018, half of the world’s population is using the Internet. | sdg9 |
Moreover, some analysts have stressed that informal firms generate efficiency losses because, by avoiding taxes, they rob more productive formal competitors of market shares (Farrell, 2004). Data on micro-firms in Mexico from 1992 to 2008 show that the percentage of female owners increased more in the informal sector than in the formal one (Figure 29.2). Source: OECD Secretariat estimates based on six waves of INEGI Encuesta Nacional de Micronegodos (ENAMIN). The data are representative of Mexican urban areas. | sdg5 |
Calculations are based on net hourly earnings adjusted for social transfers. The corresponding risk figure therefore represents the share of employed working-age individuals living in households with a monthly disposable income of less than 6 000 Russian rubles (this corresponds to an hourly low-pay threshold of 1.14 PPP-adjusted international dollars for a member of a two-earner family working full-time). In most countries where data are available, women’s jobs are less secure than men’s along both dimensions (Figure 4.17). Focusing on the risk of unemployment per se, however, does not paint a comprehensive picture of labour market risks in emerging economies, as the lack of effective safety nets makes unemployment unaffordable for many workers and pushes them into jobs of "last resort” (OECD, 2015b, Chapter 5). | sdg5 |
Almost a decade after 9/11, this paper seeks to assess the broad implications of the resurgence of fears about terrorism on the practice of human rights in Canada. It analyzes that impact from the point of view of an increased national security apparatus, modifications to the judicial process, and terrorism's role in framing human rights issues in a transnational light. | sdg16 |
In particular, Paul Krugman, another Nobel laurate, stated in the early 1990s that "either the technology isn't all it's cracked up to be, or we haven't yet seen the impact of the new technology on the economy"9, while Robert Gordon concluded that computers made only a small contribution to productivity because "there is something wrong with computers"10. This led to the development of a new theory based on growth accounting economics that could not only pinpoint the economic impact of information technology, but also identify differential effects by region of the world11. For example, a study relating labour productivity growth on ICT investments on an industry level concluded that the faster productivity growth in the US compared to EU countries can be attributed to a larger employment share in the ICT producing sectors and a faster growth in industries that intensively use ICT12. No one doubts today that computing in particular and ICT in general have significantly contributed to economic growth in the industrialized world during the 1990s and 2000s. As detailed above, the study of the economic effects of broadband presents several methodological challenges. Research has confronted these challenges by proceeding along three avenues. | sdg9 |
The chapter looks at fixed- and mobile- broadband prices, and the affordability of services in developed and developing regions. In addition to addressing supply-side barriers, it examines demand-side barriers outside the ICT ecosystem, including broader socio-economic inequalities, digital and analogue skills, and the availability of relevant local content. Internet uptake has been found to bring great benefits for people, governments, organizations and the private sector. It has opened up new communication channels, provided access to information and services, increased productivity and fostered innovation, and it facilitates trade in goods and services. Information and communications connectivity and use are key building blocks of the digital economy, and indispensable drivers of e-commerce. | sdg9 |
The past decades have seen enormous changes in our perceptions of 'security,' the causes of insecurity and the measures adopted to address them. Threats of terrorism and the impacts of globalisation and mass migration have shaped our identities, politics and world views. This chapter analyses these shifts in thinking and, in particular, critically engages with the concept of 'human security' from legal, international relations and human rights perspectives. We consider the special circumstances of non-citizens, such as refugees, migrants, and displaced and stateless persons, and assess whether, conceptually and practically, 'human security' helps to address the multiple challenges they face. | sdg16 |
The effect varies, however, across OECD countries. The redistributive impact of taxes and transfers depends on the size, mix and the progressivity of each component. Some countries with a relatively small tax and welfare system (e.g. Australia) achieve the same redistributive impact as countries characterised by much higher taxes and transfers (e.g. Germany) because they rely more on income taxes, which are more progressive than other taxes, and on means-tested cash transfers. | sdg10 |
The Public Debt Committee consists of the Central Bank, the Ministry of Planning and the Ministry of Finance. It is positive that there are high-level decision-making bodies in Jordan that can give mandate to PPP projects. However, it appears that they may have difficulty in performing their tasks effectively. | sdg6 |
A proactive fiscal policy influences the macroeconomic situation and the overall tax base through its impact on private sector incomes (see also TDR 2011, chap. Where private consumption and investment are weak, an appropriate expansionary fiscal policy can boost demand expectations and the willingness to invest, thereby enlarging the tax base. This will also enhance the scope of governments to raise additional revenue to finance expenditure that reduces inequality, or to restructure the pattern of taxation across different income groups. By contrast, general fiscal retrenchment, as currently pursued in many developed countries, but also under adjustment programmes in developing and transition economies, owing to its negative impact on aggregate demand and the tax base, will lead to lower fiscal revenues and thereby reduce the scope for such fiscal action. | sdg10 |
Amongst others, robust skills at basin and state levels lack to ensure proper enforcement and compliance of the law, to strengthen inspection powers and capacity, and to improve the water information systems. Water policies are often long-term endeavours that involve planning, ex ante evaluation, consultation, several stages of implementation, and ex post evaluation. Short-term considerations and vested interests can result in action that is potentially counterproductive. | sdg6 |
The largest disparities in the perceived quality of material resources between schools with different socio-economic profiles are observed in CABA (Argentina), Lebanon, Macao (China), Mexico, Peru and the United Arab Emirates. By contrast, in FYROM, Iceland and Latvia, 15-year-olds attending disadvantaged schools enjoy greater access to educational resources than their peers in advantaged schools. And in about half of the countries/economies that participated in PISA 2015, students in disadvantaged schools appear no more likely than students in advantaged schools to have access to better or more resources. The relationship between access to educational resources and student performance is analysed in Chapter 6 of PISA 2015 Results (Volume II): Policies and Practices for Successful Schools (OECD, 2016c). | sdg4 |
However, there are typical factors generally improving treatment access and treatment adequacy, which have been promoted by guidelines from the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute for Clinical Excellence in the United Kingdom. No specialist” includes general practitioner, pharmacist, nurse, social worker or “someone else”. Similar successful initiatives have been undertaken by the Australian Government (“Better Access” initiative, “Access to Allied Psychological Services” initiative, see above, e.g. Harris et al., In most of the countries participating in the current project, a majority of psychiatric inpatients will be discharged within one week from the psychiatric clinic. | sdg3 |
This, therefore, calls for a deeper understanding of how fiscal policies and distributional programmes of governments could help reduce income inequality and promote shared prosperity. For the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, addressing inequality is not only crucial for political stability and social cohesion, but is also good economics and a development imperative. The objective of this chapter is to examine how governments’ fiscal and distributive policies have impacted inequalities and, based on the findings, to suggest how these policies can help accelerate the reduction of inequality in the continent. Income inequality is high, and according to the latest Gini index figures available, it fell from 0.475 to about 0.435 between 1993 and 2010 (Cornia, 2016:6). | sdg10 |
But the promise of these growth paths will be challenged by a low-road distribution of social reproduction. Diagonal movements in Table 5-1 involve changing both the supply and demand regimes, seemingly a more challenging prospect but one that is facilitated by the role of care in both growth and the distribution of social reproduction. A globalizing developing economy that seeks to protect its citizens from the volatility of global integration by implementing social insurance may simply exchange time squeeze for wage squeeze, thereby continuing to struggle with finding a sustainable path for growth and development. | sdg5 |
This was indeed the case, but during the 1960s and 1970s, the developed country share of world agricultural exports rose and its share of world agricultural imports fell, while for developing countries the reverse was true. By 2010 developed country export (and import) shares had fallen to 60% of the world total, while developing country export (and import) shares had risen to 40% of the total. Developing countries include transition economies. First, the developing country agricultural trade balance is heavily influenced by the phenomenal export performance of Brazil (Figure 3.2). When Brazil is excluded from the developing country aggregate, the sharp deterioration in the net agricultural trade balance of the remaining developing countries becomes clear. | sdg2 |
By exposing students to college level coursework and college culture it familiarises and prepares students for the academic expectations of college. In 2001, 15% of high school students in Florida earned college credits. After several years of professional experience graduates from technical and agricultural vocational colleges are granted the title “Engineer”. The vocational colleges are also accessible for graduates from other upper secondary programmes. Increasingly vocational colleges provide an important route into tertiary education: one in four university students, and almost one in two Fachhochschulen students, are now vocational college graduates. | sdg4 |
By reducing discretionality, these technical mechanisms can act as barriers to the practices of clientelism which have characterized traditional welfare programmes (Sojo, 2007). Monitoring shared responsibility is perhaps one of the most demanding aspects of conditional transfer programmes in relation with the installed capacity of public services. Several authors have mentioned the considerable resources that countries have to use just to ensure that the transfer conditions are met (Villatoro, 2008, Parra Correa and Perez Ribas, 2008), but there is as yet no clear picture of the associated costs. A study on Honduras, Mexico and Nicaragua (Caldes, Coady and Maluccio, 2006) shows that the cost of targeting and monitoring can be as much as 60% of the annual budget for a programme such as Progresa. Fiszbein and Schady (2009), however, point out that those costs depend on the stage that programme implementation has reached. | sdg10 |
In countries as diverse as Bhutan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Vanuatu, between a quarter and a fifth of women had been married when they still were children. Available from httpi'/wvvw.wotldbankorg/en/news/opinion/2012/11/25/the-human-and-c-cannot-afford. See also http//wwwendvawnow.org/erVarticles/301-consequences-and-costs-. | sdg5 |
In US conservation banking, the use of federal government money to establish a bank does not preclude its participation in the scheme, but the number of credits allocated for sale is made pro rata according to the level of private funding. A conservation bank that creates ten credits but was financed with 30% federal government money, for example, would only be allocated seven credits for sale, reflecting the proportionate contribution of private funding (USFWS, 2003). In France, the Ministry of Environment, Sustainable Development and Energy has formally recognised the additionality of the habitat banking experiment that was launched in 2008 in Saint-Martin-de-Crau. | sdg15 |
These include: a strong commitment at both the national and international levels to support and mobilise private investment for green growth, policies and regulations to provide a level playing field for more environment-friendly investments, policies to encourage more environmentally responsible corporate behaviour, an institutional capacity to design, implement and monitor policies to foster green growth objectives, financial mechanisms for green investment, and policies to support private sector involvement in green projects (Corfee-Morlot et al., The targeted use of official development finance is particularly relevant to set the right incentives (e.g. fiscal, economic, legislative, etc.) In particular, since some green sectors operate in highly regulated markets (e.g. energy), development finance could support opening up markets for private actors or help set regulatory environment conducive for private investments in these sectors. | sdg13 |
This process can prioritise NAMAs and enhance their implementation through a longer-term consideration of the supporting institutional and policy framework. Some countries do not have the current capacity to develop a LEDS, and thus could continue to take action on NAMAs and consider moving towards a LEDS in the future. Preparing a LEDS is an opportunity to consider how NAMAs work together towards a national strategy over a longer time frame, and should be an evolving process over time. Building on existing development plans and involving policy makers in economic planning can enhance the opportunity of climate change strategies to influence policy. | sdg13 |
Therefore, a concerted effort by MoNP, NIDFF and all relevant national institutions - possibly with international donor support - is needed to collaboratively establish a national biodiversity monitoring system, based on existing monitoring schemes in State reserves. To achieve these goals, MoNP could seek assistance from international donors. | sdg15 |
It can also reduce the time they spend in hospital after a medical problem. Should conventional gender roles and a lack of public alternatives continue to prevail, women may find their choices to be increasingly constrained. In countries with weak health services the burden often falls on caregivers working silently within the home. In these circumstances people are expected to sacrifice themselves for their families and communities, even putting their own well-being at risk. Traditional gender-differentiated roles then result in a further restriction of options for women, often greatest for the poor, who can least afford them. | sdg5 |
AbstractThis paper highlights the relationships between resource rights, governance practices and conflict in Nepal. The discussion is focused on policies, strategies, laws and regulations, and decisions and actual governing practices in natural resources. The good governance framework is used as a conceptual basis to analyse the relationships. This framework is for the purpose of this paper consensus oriented, participatory, guided by the rule of law, effective and efficient, accountable and transparent, responsive, equitable and inclusive. Within this framework, the paper examines the role of resource governance in creating or minimising scarcity and conflict in Nepal. It is based on my current research project on ‘livelihood security, environmental security and conflict mitigation’ in Nepal. It highlights power relations, feelings of injustice, mistrust, the intervention of new technologies, contradiction between customary practices and statutory laws as sources of research. Resource conflicts produce ... | sdg16 |
In any event, while citizenship education might open the possibility of global allegiances and responsibilities, the current reality of the nation-state must be acknowledged, and educational interventions must also prepare students for this context. In development studies, Nussbaum is best known for her contributions to the capabilities approach, along with Amartya Sen. This report, however, will draw primarily on the proposals for educational aims relating to citizenship. The most extensive formulation of these is found in the book Cultivating Humanity (1997), and relates primarily to a defence of the liberal curriculum in universities, although it can be applied to all forms of education. The first is the ability to examine closely one’s own assumptions and positions, and the arguments put forward by others, to be able to question and critique them, and put forward coherent responses. | sdg4 |
For firms to face a meaningful incentive for waste-reducing innovation in product design, the costs bome by each producer participating in the scheme would need to be very accurately related to the waste management costs generated by its own products. Most schemes in international practice involve simple cost-sharing rules between firms, and these do not provide strong incentives for waste-reducing product innovation. This flexibility can reduce the burden on producers, but it also means there is a greater risk that the policy could fail to achieve the intended outcomes. For this reason, it is essential that policy design start from a clear assessment of the objectives of the policy and the elements needed to ensure their achievement. | sdg12 |
Results from PISA suggest that, across OECD countries, schools and countries where students work in a climate characterised by expectations of high performance and the readiness to invest effort, good teacher-student relations and high teacher morale tend to achieve better results, on average across countries and particularly in some countries. Even after accounting for socio-economic background and other aspects of the learning environment measured by PISA, the results show that reading performance is positively related to higher values on the PISA index of teacher-student relationship in 10 OECD countries, including the United States, on the index of disciplinary climate in 16 OECD countries, including the United States, and on the index of teacher-related factors affecting school climate in 14 OECD countries, including the United Stales (Table IV.2.13c in PISA 2009 Results Volume IV). It is noteworthy that in no country is there a negative relationship between any of these factors and learning outcomes. | sdg4 |
Teachers should be adequately selected, trained and incentivised to attain greater gender parity in the choice of subjects and learning outcomes. A growing literature shows that the quality and motivation of school personnel can be a crucial bottleneck in the process of improving school quality in emerging economies (e.g. Duflo, Rema and Ryan, 2012). Recent evidence also shows that hiring more female teachers may have a positive impact on girls’ school outcomes (Glewwe and Kremer, 2006). | sdg5 |
The quality of the output of entrepreneurship education initiatives have a direct bearing on the future level and quality of entrepreneurial activity, which implies there should be strong ties between the economic ministries and the Ministry of National Education. Opportunities to support students involved in entrepreneurship courses in gaining venturing experiences and building bridges to the world of work should be further explored. One of the keys for the future will be investing in the entrepreneurial development of the young to prepare an incoming generation of more informed and competent entrepreneurs, such as the instruction and training of non-business students in entrepreneurial skills and mindsets, supported by practical support programmes to engage students and graduates in entrepreneurial activity. | sdg8 |
However, they may well constitute the impacts most acutely felt by electricity producers and may in the long run have the most profound effect on the operations and structure of electricity markets. Table 1.1 provides a first indication of the losses in load factors. It shows that those most heavily affected in the short run are the technologies with the highest variable costs, which are hit hard by the unavoidable decline in electricity prices due to the influx of 10% or 30% of electricity with zero marginal cost that will push the supply curve towards the right. In the long run (not included in Table 1.1), the situation changes as high fixed cost technologies will leave the market because of reduced numbers of full load hours. | sdg7 |
During the 1997 special session on the review of five years of implementation of the agenda, the United Nations General Assembly identified transport as the largest end user of energy in developed countries and the fastest growing one in most developing countries. The General Assembly also noted, "Over the next twenty years, transportation is expected to be the major driving force behind a growing world demand for energy." Subsequent global agendas have increasingly reinforced the significance of transport to global and local development. | sdg11 |
To the extent that agricultural growth leads to a diversification of the demand pattern and hence of activities that can meet domestic demand, the employment-generating potential of an “agricultural push” strategy can be quite significant. The experience of developed countries demonstrates the critical importance of developing manufacturing activities and related producer services, so as to benefit from synergies and increasing returns to scale and to provide employment for the younger population. Modernization of agricultural production processes generates a growing surplus of labour in rural areas, and that labour surplus then seeks productive employment in urban centres. Improving the prospects for subsistence workers of finding jobs in more modern activities is essential for the structural transformation of the economy. This is the second prong of the approach outlined in this Report, focusing on employment opportunities in tradables sectors. | sdg8 |
Methods of collecting and calculating the data vary across and within countries and are also subject to errors of measurement. Sources of data for irrigation freshwater withdrawals include sample surveys of irrigators, and are sometimes estimated using information on irrigated crop acreages along with specific crop water-consumption coefficients or irrigation-system application rates. In other cases irrigation water withdrawal data may reflect water allocations, which may differ substantially from actual withdrawals depending on annual climatic conditions. | sdg6 |
God lavishes Indonesia with natural resources are very abundant, so we are proud to say "what the hell do not we have?". On the other hand, there are still many residents of this country are still far below the poverty line. Naturally, the question arises advanced "what's wrong?". The research method used is qualitative method used descriptive exploratory approach. Approach descriptive exploratory study conducted by the document. Based literature review concluded that there had been "mismanagement" in the management of natural resources (as above), should any sda management policy rests on the principles of good governance which is the organizing principle of good State: 1) Participation, 2)Rule of law, 3) Transparancy, 4) Responsive, 5) Consensus Orientation, 6) Equity, 7) Effectiveness and efficiency, 8) Accountability, 9) Strategic vision. | sdg16 |
On the basis of information from 11 countries showing the contraction of regional output and the concomitant weakness of employers' demand for labour, it has been estimated that the number of wage workers fell slightly (-0.2%). In contrast, own-account work continued to follow a markedly countercyclical trend, rising by 2.7%. The processes driving up unemployment rates were different for men and women. In the case of men. | sdg8 |
The average violation eradication rate was 81.4 per cent, varying from 68.7 to 94.1 per cent. Measures taken for non-compliance vary from warning to penalties or suspension of activity'. The significance of a food-bome disease outbreak depends on the number of people exposed to the contaminated food and to the nature of the contaminant. | sdg3 |
It presents a conceptual framework for indicator use and, building on the indicator frameworks under the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), provides an overview' of indicators that are beginning to emerge. The chapter concludes with an overview of possible indicators that could be used to monitor and evaluate mainstreaming biodiversity efforts across the range of different types of policy responses. Other structures see failure to deliver expected results as an opportunity- for learning. National Climate Change Adaptation: Emerging Practices in Monitoring and Evaluation, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264229679-cn. | sdg15 |
On the external front, continued weakness in commodity exports, in particular petroleum products, was partly offset by solid performance of electrical and electronics exports. The decline in the import of intermediate goods also implied a growing value-added contribution of the electrical and electronics sector (World Bank, 2015b). Private consumption could be constrained by expected slower growth in inflation-adjusted earnings as price pressures build up slowly in coming years. On the other hand, accommodative monetary policy would continue to support consumption, with the policy interest rate being left unchanged and the reserve requirement ratio having been reduced by 50 basis points in January 2016. | sdg8 |
In addition, only 15% of adults (25-64 year-olds) possess good ICT and problem solving-skills - the lowest rare among OECD countries participating in the OECD Survey of Adult Skills. In order to better promote the development of its human capital and reduce skill mismatches in the labour market, Poland should continue its efforts to strengthen adult learning. Between 2010 and 2012 GDP grew faster than educational expenditure, resulting in a slight decrease in the share (0.3 percentage points while the OECD average remained stable over the same period). | sdg4 |
Source: ESCAP/ADB/UNDP 2010. Thus, the data do not take into account the impact of the crisis. Indeed, the LDCs have felt the adverse impact of the economic, food, and fuel crises beginning from 2007 through lower economic growth, lower government revenues, higher debt burdens, decline in investments, increases in inflation and cost of living, job losses, and reduced remittances (see ESCAP 2010b, 2010c). | sdg1 |
Tax policy is also typically set nationally - including in the European Union, where each country sets its own policy. Both elements of policy can help to require manufacturers and encourage consumers to move towards more efficient vehicles. These policies are among the most important for countries to cut oil demand, lower oil dependence and C02 emissions, and move towards more sustainable page | 50 transport systems. | sdg7 |
The series of events leading up to the US invasion of Iraq on 19 March 2003 is examined from the perspective of theoretical and practical rationality and in the light of The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, the Charter of the United Nations (1945) and elements of just war theory. Strikingly, even without assuming the authority of the Charter of the United Nations and the validity of just war theory, the decision to wage war pre‐emptively and outside the bounds of international law proves to be equally unjustifiable on pragmatic grounds alone. | sdg16 |
Water savings have ranged between 25 and 50 per cent, input cost savings per hectare are estimated to be 23 per cent, due mainly to the use of fewer agrochemicals, and farmers' incomes have increased substantially. However, the involvement of formal research institutions has been more marginal, with some positive experiences in China and Indonesia. The Governments of Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia and Viet Nam have endorsed these innovations and included them as part of their national strategies for food security (Africare, Oxfam America and WWF-ICRISAT Project, 2010, p. 3). | sdg2 |
See, for example, the three national systems described in Box 4.2. The leadership of the country aims at transforming it into one of the top 30 most competitive economies in the world by 2050. Education and training are among the policy areas declared to be of decisive importance in achieving this goal and the SPED 2011-2020 (SPED) sets out an impressive list of reforms to modernise and equip the sector for its important role (see Chapter 1 for an overview). | sdg4 |
Its Exclusive Economic Zone covers 2 981 211 km2 and inland waters cover 5 400 km2. Production is comprised of 5 061 680 tonnes of marine capture fisheries (41%), 347 420 tonnes of inland capture fisheries (3%), 2 671 723 tonnes of cultured finfish and other aquatic animals (22%), and 4 305 027 tonnes of cultured seaweed and algae (34%). The total gate value of fisheries products amounted to USD 14.1 billion (data from 2010, USD 1 = IDR 9 090). Indonesia also has the world's second highest number of fishers (2 730 510) and aquaculture farmers (3 351 448, data of 2010), as well as the world's second highest number of powered (394 630) and non-powered (162 510) fishing vessels. | sdg14 |
At the same time it poses clear risks to the provision of equitable and sustainable mobility for all. Nonetheless, they are starting to have an impact of trip-making behaviour where they are present and are starting to be seen as a potential complement for first and last mile connections. In low density regions difficult to service with public transport and areas where public transport is available but quality is perceived to be lacking, ride services may also come to be seen as an alternative. Most of these initiatives are taking place in the United States - partly because of the popularity of ride services there, partly because many urban areas there have difficulty providing attractive public transport. Many of the partnerships described in this report are pilot projects or promotional campaigns and at present there is no evidence for a permanent shift in public transport service delivery towards structural partnerships with ride services. Nonetheless, authorities and ride-service operators are using these pilots to test new ways of improving mobility outcomes where it is difficult to provide quality public transport. | sdg11 |
In remote rural regions, food supply can be a major challenge, as can access to food. Moreover, because these regions have small populations that tend to be politically disenfranchised, they are not a high-priority constituency for national governments when food insecurity challenges emerge. For poor households, food consumption typically accounts for around half of all expenditures, making them particularly susceptible to price increases. | sdg2 |
Monitoring and sanctions, while very strict in principle, are in practice far less stringent, as proof of job search is often perfunctory and benefit cancellation seldom enforced. Welcome progress has been made in the evaluation of programmes to help the unemployed, and these efforts should be further strengthened and used to channel scarce resources into the most effective programmes. Estatisticas da Educagao 2012/2013, DGEEC/MEC, Lisbon. | sdg1 |
To ensure that workshop trainers were fully prepared for the specific needs and interests of the target group, they had to undertake a number of training courses provided by the employment service (OECD/EU, 2016). These coaches provide professional advice related to regulatory and social norms, business plan development, available funding sources and personal skills development (OECD/European Commission, 2013). Since the objective of the programme is to develop multi-disciplinary, cross-sectional projects, there is a shortage of appropriate project evaluators at a local level. | sdg9 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.