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In Brazil, the federal government sets the general standards for schools but does not have direct responsibilities, with a few exceptions, on primary and secondary schools, which are mainly local (municipalities) and regional (states). Both levels have a large degree of autonomy in determining their curriculum. The group also aimed at providing the technical advice needed to shape the programme in accordance with educational official methodology, as well as to facilitate the inclusion of financial concepts into the normal curriculum of primary and secondary schools. | sdg4 |
The relative loss in pension entitlements in Germany is of similar size at different eamings levels and even larger for a ten-year career intemrptioa with pension entitlements falling by more than 20% (OECD, 2015). Germany is one of few OECD countries to give the same additional credits to mothers who continue to w'ork and those who interrupt their careers for child cate reasons. As a consequence, women on average eamings who interrupt their careers for five years to care for two children lose more pension entitlements than in other OECD countries. | sdg5 |
According to Noronha (2005), the literature does not reflect any consensus as to the best approach to use in order to classify self-evaluations of health status. The indicator of deaths of live-born children is an indirect measurement of premature death and general health standards. In addition to being important in and of itself, education is a vehicle for training as defined in the capability approach in that it facilitates the exercise of agency in a series of functionings, such as being in good health, having a decent job, exercising citizenship, appreciating works of art and cultural events, etc. | sdg1 |
In Estonia, rates fell by nearly 50% over the 20-year period, but not before rising substantially in the mid-1990s. Death rates from suicides have increased in countries such as Japan and Korea. In Japan, there was a sharp rise in the mid- to late 1990s, coinciding with the Asian financial crisis, but have remained stable since. Suicide rates also rose sharply at this time in Korea, but unlike Japan, rates have continued to increase. | sdg3 |
The only available policy tool for cross-sectoral collaboration is the SRC project funding, but this addresses policy concerns in priority societal challenges. Norway and the Netherlands display shares of 50% and 41%, respectively. According to Statistics Finland’s last R&D survey, large firms with more than 500 employees represented about 76% of BERD in 2014. | sdg9 |
Service providers, for example, should give clear instructions and use data visualization techniques to allow users to access and understand the fundamentals of the services provided and their contingencies.316 Other stakeholders, including governments and non-profit organizations, should offer easily navigable spaces (online or face-to-face) to increase understanding of consumer and business rights. Younger entrepreneurs and consumers could also benefit from financial literacy and awareness programmes on the fast-paced digital age. This is particularly the case in low income countries and remote rural areas. | sdg9 |
Kerekere is a form of reciprocity in which one may ask neighbours, friends and relatives for goods and services to meet one’s basic socio-economic needs, or for the purpose of fulfilling certain social obligations (Ratuva, 2006). Some of these customs are traditions, such as the utu (extended family), karekare (taking turns at joint work with non-utu members), te aiai (sharing fire), bubuti (the requesting of gifts based on family relationships), te Katabetabe (burden sharing, especially at funerals) and tekaonono (sharing food with people outside the utu). The Mata (chiefly title) system in Samoa that controls all local government is a traditional, well-organized social protection system. | sdg1 |
Assemblage thinking and actor-network theory (ANT) have been at the forefront of a paradigm shift that sees space and agency as the result of associating humans and non-humans to form precarious wholes. This shift offers ways of rethinking the relations between power, politics and space from a more processual, socio-material perspective. After sketching and comparing the concepts of the assemblage and the actor-network, this paper reviews the current scholarship in human geography which clusters around the four themes of deterritorialisation/reterritorialisation, power, materials, objects and technologies, and topological space. Looking towards the future, it suggests that assemblage thinking and ANT would benefit from exploring links with other social theories, arguing for a more sustained engagement with issues of language and power, and affect and the body. | sdg16 |
A number of programmes were implemented under the AgriRecovery framework to assist producers in dealing with the impacts of flooding, drought and disease that had hit producers in parts of Canada. The new rules for PROCAMPO were published in April 2009 with three main changes. First the rate of payments was made more progressive from 2009, providing higher payment rates for smaller farmers. | sdg2 |
The case-law of the Romanian courts reveals significant disparities concerning the interpretation and application of the two main European sources in the field of human rights - the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the European Convention on Human Rights. It is because of this reason that the present chapter deals with case-law of Romanian courts concerning the said issue raised in requests for a preliminary ruling, covering both references for a preliminary ruling and judgments rendered by Romanian courts in which those courts rejected such requests. The subject-matter is liable to trigger a heated debate about limits of powers and their exercise by courts in relation to references involving the application of different legal standards - national law, European Union law and the European Convention on Human Rights. | sdg16 |
Inflation rates, after a hike in 2008, are back to pre-crisis levels (Figure 2), but consumer prices will remain under pressure. In the oil-importing countries (Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan), one can expect further rounds of energy price increases following the developments of global energy prices and ongoing utility reforms necessitating further rounds of tariff adjustments (World Bank 2010b). The recent increase in international wheat prices could put further upward pressure on consumer price indices in the region if international prices are passed through to domestic consumers (IMF 2010a). | sdg1 |
An outline of the indicator framework is shown in Table 5.1. The five themes covered include: the environment and resource productivity of the economy, the natural asset base, the environmental dimensions of quality of life, economic opportunities and policy responses, and context indicators covering the socio-economic characteristics of growth. What are the lessons that other local areas can leam from Schonefelder Kreuz, and what are the critical markers of transition and how effective have policy responses been in encouraging this transition? | sdg9 |
The area includes dozens of riverine and indigenous villages that live off small-scale agriculture and extractive activities. Officially recognised in December 2010, the mosaic aims to improve the management of its participating protected areas by adopting a shared and participatory management model. This structure allows park managers to share expertise, infrastructure and equipment and better engage with communities residing in border areas. | sdg15 |
The individual institutions, the research councils and the national authorities bear a responsibility for the formulation of research and innovation policy. The term "innovation” is increasingly used in research policy to mean not only product and quality development, but also service innovations, the use of new technologies, more innovative use of public resources, etc. Thus innovation is defined in relatively broad terms. | sdg5 |
An example is the adoption of the internet as a means of communication. To correct for these biases time fixed effects are introduced under the assumption that the source for unobserved heterogeneity does not vary across countries. They propose the use of a dynamic specification using a Least Squares Dummy Variable Corrected (LSDVC) estimator to account for this. Additionally complications in the estimation can also arise from the truncated nature of the dependent variable. The Gini coefficient which is used as dependent variable lies in the 0-1 interval and this may require the use of a logistic estimation. | sdg10 |
This will occur gradually once the legislation currently in Congress proposing PROT as a statutory planning instrument is approved. These should not be confused with the central government’s established Strategic Regional Plans (one for each region). Strategic Regional Plans are top-down documents designed as a roadmap for Intendentes to ensure the President’s Programme of Government is executed at the regional level. | sdg11 |
Some aspects can be local, such as traditional social norms and hierarchy, while others are global. In general, socio-economic inequalities, such as in economic status and educational achievements, are critical determinants of health inequalities. A Criticism of the Millennium Development Goals and Why They Cannot Be Measured", Plos Medicine, vol. | sdg3 |
Decisions on introducing questions that address new topics within themes will be informed by reflections on recent research literature, or by interests expressed by TALIS participants, often in relation to prior TALIS findings. The inclusion of core questions held constant for the purpose of time-series analyses will reflect the indicators that education systems still prioritise as key indicators of how well they are functioning. The TALIS conceptual framework serves to structure the constructs and instruments in a way that facilitates decisions on which constructs and measures to include in TALIS 2018. | sdg4 |
Enchantment and Disenchantment: The Role of Community in Natural Resource Conservation", World Development, 27(4), 629-649. Aguilar, L., Quesada-Aguilar, A. and Shaw, D.M.P. (2011). Forests and Gender, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Women's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO), Gland, Switzerland and New York. | sdg15 |
The series includes reviews, (such as this one) involving an in-depth analysis of a country system leading to a set of policy recommendations backed by analysis. In addition there are commentaries. These simpler exercises are largely descriptive but also include an assessment of strengths and challenges in the country system. | sdg4 |
Consequently, they have less social capital than men, who occupy more central and more remunerative positions in the value chain. This marginalisation of women requires public policies that consider not only the attributes of women but their social relations. Structural causes also explain the fragmentation of the governance network involved in the economic activities of women (Chapter 51. | sdg5 |
As the international security forces prepare to depart from Afghanistan, this Adelphi turns attention to the ability of a ravaged country to tackle its myriad security problems, overcome crippling poverty and corruption and somehow revive its devastated economy. The government faces daunting challenges, ranging from the threat of insurgency and cross-border terrorism to the difficulty of reintegrating and reconciling former Taliban figures and combatants into a political settlement. It must do so against the background of continuing and potentially increasing regional instability, with the country's neighbours tempted to step up their interference in Afghan affairs. Stability depends upon drawing the wider Pashtun community into the ruling coalition, while simultaneously maintaining security, increasing the capability of the state and balancing the interests of its neighbours and regional powers. This volume draws together expert analysis to provide a comprehensive study of the obstacles that Afghanistan ... | sdg16 |
When necessary, these lists are split and then grouped according to the sectors being analysed. Specifically, the governance analysis of a nexus assessment looks at the legislative, insti' tutional and policy framework of the basin, the countries and the region." For other definitions, see the Glossary of Terms in ECE (2015). | sdg6 |
Clearly, inequality is much more likely to increase when absolute inequality is the yardstick. When the absolute Gini index is analysed, however, an increase is found in most of the countries, with a decline in just five (see figure 11.4). The reversal in the income distribution trend in the region's countries and the improvement that has taken place over the past decade is undoubtedly good news. | sdg10 |
Both of these papers also conclude that the optimal generosity of UI rises in a recession, because its role in smoothing consumption for unemployed workers who are liquidity constrained becomes more important. However, this evidence must be viewed as very preliminary and weighed against the much more extensive evidence supporting a link between permanent increases in benefit generosity and duration, and increases in the equilibrium unemployment rate associated with a stable rate of inflation (the so-called “NAIRU”) (De Serres et al., In Canada, both the number of hours required to qualify for regular benefits as well as regular employment insurance (El) benefit duration automatically vary based on the unemployment rate in the region where unemployed individuals live (there are 58 economic regions across Canada). Building on the automatic features of the regular El benefit programme, a discretionary choice was made to temporarily extend El benefit duration for long-tenured workers in 2009 and 2010.54 In Israel, benefit coverage was temporarily extended through a reduced qualifying period (i.e. having worked nine out of the last 18 months instead of 12 out of 18 months) conditional on the national unemployment rate exceeding 7.5%. | sdg10 |
Data for Indonesia represent 2011 and for China represent 2010. The challenge facing Brazil in this area is largely rooted in the fact the quality of instruction and teachers lagged behind the growing number of students involving large teachers’ hiring over a relatively short period of time. The policies should be oriented at setting uniform standards for teachers, funding of teachers’ training and learning materials, linking teachers’ pay with performance more strongly rather than with the seniority status. | sdg2 |
The current Plan requirements, introduced in 2013, include specific regional targets, and several targets are also defined through the fee schedule. ‘ Health Japan 21" sets a target to prevent disease associated with adult life habits. Compliance to guidelines is voluntary and the impact of guideline developments on quality is not clear. This is because there is a lack of comprehensive and actionable indicators to support quality improvement. | sdg3 |
Embarking on more inclusive and sustainable business practices is pivotal for helping businesses meet sodal and environmental demands and for overcoming the challenges of socioeconomic development both nationally and globally. This approach is rapidly changing the role of businesses by placing them at the forefront of inclusive and sustainable development. Integrating the SRB agenda into business strategies and operations helps companies meet not only shareholder expectations, but also consumer and stakeholder expectations. Although there have been many successful SRB activities in the region, most Asia-Pacific businesses have not implemented SRB practices that align with international principles and national legislation. Consequently, governments should facilitate the business community's embrace of SRB practices. There is considerable room for developing stronger and more effective frameworks that can enable SRB implementation. | sdg12 |
The tables in appendix 3 provide information on the composition of the group of deprived children according to the European Child Deprivation Index by the characteristics of the households they live in. Analysis of the combination of deprivations that children experience and of the combination of household and personal characteristics that identifies deprived children in more detail, are the next logical step. A first approximation of the overlap analysis is given in the next section. This analysis is presented on the pooled data for all countries in table 10. | sdg1 |
It takes a broad international perspective, but with a particular focus on developing countries, spotlighting recent developments and best practices. The chapter is divided into six sections: Section 2 addresses the changing technology and market environment, Section 3 discusses the expanding scope of public policy, Section 4 discusses the evolving role of regulators, Section 5 then proposes the shape of fourth-generation regulation, and Section 6 then points the way for next steps and best practices. This section addresses the current changing environment in terms of technology, networks, suppliers and consumer services. | sdg9 |
For example, although South Asia has seen a significant decrease in the poverty rate (from 61 per cent in 1981 to 36 per cent in 2008), given the increase in population size this means that the absolute number of the poor increased from 568 million to 571 million over that period (figure II. In sub-Saharan Africa, the absolute number of the poor increased from 205 million to 386 million in the same period, while the poverty rate fell from 52 per cent in 1981to48 per cent in 1981. Whereas in 1981, poverty had been concentrated in East Asia and the Pacific, with 57 per cent of the worlds poor living in that region, by 2008 the concentration of poverty had shifted to South Asia and subSaharan Africa, which now account for 44 per cent and 30 per cent, respectively, of the world’s poor. | sdg1 |
This is largely due to the relatively long timeframe (e.g. 2030 and 2050) of adaptation planning and implementation, and deep uncertainties faced by decision making on adaptation-related measures (OECD, 2015c). Some adaptation components of INDCs have expressed that they will use existing systems to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of adaptation actions. For instance, Zambia will use the existing monitoring and evaluation frameworks, since the INDC is a part of the national development and planning process for climate change issues, which has already been put in place in the country. | sdg13 |
For example, the United States nuclear regulatory authority permits load changes only under direct control of the staff. Automatic load following or frequency regulation in response to a control signal from the grid operator is therefore not possible in American nuclear power plants. In addition, for economical considerations, many utilities prefer to use nuclear power plants as pure baseload technologies, leaving load following, frequency control and other ancillary services to generating plants with higher marginal costs of operation. | sdg7 |
The scope for budget reallocation is thus strictly constrained. The very slight increase of public expenditures on education and health (as a share of GDP) in some regions since 2000, has led to an incremental convergence between developed and developing countries. Despite some progress in the deployment of social protection in developing countries over the last decade, weaker public revenue mobilization put a strain on the range of social protection programmes that can be funded, as well as on their quality and coverage, including through discriminatory conditionalities imposed on potential social protection recipients, especially elderly people and women (Razavi et al. In Latin America, for instance, the rise of left-leaning governments since 2000 facilitated the progressive move towards a more rights-based approach to social spending, including social protection. | sdg10 |
Forestry will play a key role within the future green economy. The United States and Canada averaged lower declines over this period with GDP declining by 3.0%/quarter and 2.2%/quarter, respectively. The Russian Federation averaged the highest decline in GDP over this period with an average of -6.5%/quarter. The effect on the global economic meltdown and subsequent recession has had a significant impact on the forest sector in the UNECE. For example, in the United States, with the largest demand for wood products in the UNECE, multifamily unit starts fell 13.3% in July while single family homes was at a stagnant low of annual rate of 490,000 starts, down from a high of over 2.2 million starts in 2005. | sdg15 |
The Agency’s formative approach to school evaluation has made it an explicit goal to foster school’s capacity for self-evaluation and the Agency should further pursue this direction. To begin with, it is an opportunity to raise quality expectations in initial teacher education. Accreditation processes will need to send clear signals about the quality standards initial teacher education programmes need to reach. | sdg4 |
Machines need to be able to “speak" to each other regardless of the technology used and of whether the loT, 3D printing or blockchain technologies are involved, and ITC services can enable this. Nevertheless, such progress has not been uniform across and within countries, nor between urban and rural populations. The wide adoption of digital technologies is changing the composition of trade in different categories of services and goods, and is redefining intellectual property rights in trade. Beyond facilitating trade in traditional services, digital technologies are enabling new services to replace trade in goods, ensuring the continued importance of services in the composition of trade. For example, new developments in the field of remote controlled robotics (such as telesurgery) have opened new ways to trade services and could trigger extensive changes in international trade. A further reduction in trade costs enabled by digital technologies could give rise to increased trade in certain goods, most notably time-sensitive, certification-intensive and contract-intensive goods. | sdg9 |
An important ongoing effect is the increased miniaturisation of electronics. Despite a large increase in unit sales of TVs, monitors, laptops, and tablets, the total amount of 'electronics' and, thus gold content, is rapidly declining. However, recovering a larger range of more diluted materials poses future recycling challenges. | sdg12 |
In Central America and Mexico, the terms of trade deteriorated and competition stiffened from Chinese manufactures (in labour-intensive sectors) in the United States market. These difficulties were partially offset by higher oil prices (in the case of Mexico) and larger remittance flows from migrant workers, the importance of which points up the inability of these countries to create jobs, skilled or unskilled. In the resource-rich countries of South America, rising terms of trade (particularly for mineral exporters) and robust exports produced a positive shock. | sdg10 |
The EPPE study concluded that what parents do is much more important for children’s development than who they are, in terms of socio-economic status, education levels, and racial and linguistic backgrounds. When children’s early development has not progressed well in the initial years, ECEC can be effective in helping children to get back on track in their development, especially in key areas such as language. In addition, ECEC can assist children to develop other key skills such as self-regulation, empathy, trust in others, prosocial skills, gross and fine motor skills and early numeracy (OECD, forthcoming). | sdg4 |
For example, while the output of a capacity building exercise on the impact of climate change on agricultural productivity can be identified relatively easily (e.g. x number of people trained), identifying the outcome of this activity (e.g. drought-resistant crops planted on y hectares of land) is more difficult to identify. The impacts of such an activity (e.g. improved food security) will be even more difficult to attribute, given time lags, natural variability in weather patterns, “shifting” baselines due to the effects of climate change, and interactions with outcomes/impacts from other related interventions. While assessing the effectiveness of an intervention in producing project-level outputs is relatively straightforward, attributing long-term, global impacts to an intervention is extremely challenging. Lamhauge, 2013, per s. comm.). | sdg13 |
Community care services would need to be easy to get to, and allow individuals to live in communities where they have support systems - friends, family, social services and health care services -, and opportunities to work, socialise, and pursue interests. When existing psychiatric inpatient facilities are geographically isolated, or difficult to reach, a transformation of their function to emphasise outpatient care will not help secure high quality community-based mental health care. To make this happen the Japanese Government will have to take a strong stance: in other OECD countries where many hospital beds and institutions were closed they were state-owned, for example in the United States and the United Kingdom, while in Japan hospitals are 90% privately owned. The Japanese Government will have the difficult task of reducing demand for inpatient care by improving community services, and reducing the incentive for keeping beds open, by cutting back on reimbursement for inpatient care. Without access to appropriate out-of-hours care, hospital care is the default option after 6pm, which can drive up unnecessary emergency admissions. | sdg3 |
Many benefit from women's unpaid labour, including care for others, performed in households.19 Firms, for example, rely on the human resources that are produced and sustained through such work. The unequal distribution of the costs of care therefore supports economic growth, since those who benefit from these investments in the next generation do not pay the associated costs. The World Bank has examined this relationship and concluded that improving gender equality is 'smart economics’ that is, it contributes to growth and economic development.21 In fact, whether greater gender equality or greater gender inequality is associated with economic growth depends on the specific indicator used. | sdg5 |
This article aims to assess the impact that the European Convention of Human Rights, incorporated into British law through the Human Rights Act 1998, has had on the control order regime in the United Kingdom. It will discuss recent British jurisprudence on the topical question of whether there can be a true balance between the civil liberties of an individual and the need to protect state and society from a continuing terrorist threat. The article compares the UK’s present control order system of summer 2010 with similar legislation, which the Commonwealth jurisdictions of Australia and Canada have enacted to protect their nations from the threat of terrorism. It will conclude with a discussion of possible reforms as well as other security measures which have been identified as alternatives to control orders and which form the basis of present UK governmental initiatives to limit the scope and impact of anti terrorism legislation. | sdg16 |
The retreat of the ice sheet formed a variety of post-glacial formations, like De Geer moraines, a specific feature of the Kvarken Archipelago. The High Coast, on the other hand, is known for its high islands and steep shores, characteristics very different as compared to its eastern counterpart that displays totally contrasting features-shallow waters and big boulders. Maintaining traditional land use forms, preserving the built heritage linked to the fishing communities, and documenting traditions like seal hunting, form the basis for displaying the rich history of the region. | sdg8 |
Thus, direct hierarchical involvement in investment projects is not how vertical co-ordination issues are typically dealt with in Sweden. Instead, the different levels of government together with central government agencies and all other relevant actors engage in continuous dialogue. The OECD Review recommended that it could be fruitful to better link dialogue with the evidence obtained from the indicator system and case-specific impact evaluations, as a means to make a stronger case for co-financing arrangements. | sdg11 |
Improvements in climate resilience can support development, while inclusive development can help to build climate resilience. Achieving this will not only mean climate-proofing existing development pathways, but also considering how the pathways themselves may need to change in light of the challenges posed by climate change. This chapter outlines the need for climate-resilient development, which provides a strategic approach to addressing current vulnerabilities while preparing for the effects of a changing climate. | sdg13 |
Without taking a position on centralization versus decentralization, this chapter reviews the local governance system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The chapter alleges that local government hierarchies in Saudi Arabia seem to suggest a higher degree of decentralization, while the actual separation of powers between local and national levels of government suggests a high degree of centralization. This raises questions about electoral politics at the local level—where little power resides. This chapter provides a thorough background on Saudi demographic, political, administrative, and economic conditions. Then, it considers the issues that are specific to local governance including local government structure and organization. The final section addresses the main claim of this chapter about the effectiveness of local governance in Saudi Arabia and makes some recommendations. | sdg16 |
Authorship is usually collective, but principal writers are named. The papers are generally available only in their original language - English or French - with a summary in the other. This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD or its member countries. | sdg5 |
Inequalities between groups have also been called “horizontal inequalities” (Stewart, 2009), because they result from group identities - as opposed to vertical inequalities that can be traced back to inequalities in incomes. It can have a polarising effect on society, isolating, alienating and increasing the likelihood of conflict. Civil conflicts resulting from an unequal distribution of resources do not spring from economic interpersonal inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient of income or consumption, but rather from a lack of social cohesion caused by inter-group inequality (Sambanis, 2005). | sdg10 |
That said, different indicators can, of course, be helpful to formulate and communicate government policy. To be precise, one would need to speak in the terminology introduced by Frank Knight (1922) about uncertainty rather than about risk. The important point is that the expected utility hypothesis breaks down in the case of uncertainty when probability functions are unknown. | sdg7 |
Substantially transforming structural policy alone will be difficult considering various social, historical, cultural and geographical conditions. This category comprises large-scale agriculture like that in the United States. It is difficult to perform as mixed agriculture, but, because it requires energy obtained from biomass, it can produce grains on the most fertile land if high-yield technologies are implemented. On low-fertility marginal land, the zoning of food and bioenergy will progress as types of vegetation are planted that produce large quantities of biomass and do not require fertilization. | sdg2 |
One of the most significant examples is that of NCPCs supported by UNIDO and UNEP. Among other activities, NCPCs assist companies, large and small, in professional training and coaching of cleaner production auditors. Many experts from NCPCs are also engaged in the educational and research processes of higher education institutions and participate in policy advocacy processes in their respective countries. More information on the NCPCs is given in Chapter 7. | sdg12 |
Following the creation of modern nation states in Western Asia starting in the first half of the 20th century, most of the region's major rivers and many aquifer systems were found to cross political borders. However, their management did not emerge as a major problem until increasing freshwater scarcity exposed dependencies on internationally shared water resources. Large-scale irrigation projects boosted investments in and socio-economic dependencies on the water and agricultural sectors. | sdg6 |
Professor Eleanor Kinney long served as a foundational scholar at the intersection of law and public health, pushing scholarship forward across the fields explored in this special issue. Yet, while this special issue is largely confined to the domestic legal space, Professor Kinney also served as an early and influential scholar on the international human right to health, and this contribution has proven central to the field of health and human rights over the past two decades. Having worked alongside Professor Kinney throughout these years, drawing on her research in framing our own scholarship, it is an honor to reflect on her seminal works that have defined the field and influenced rights-based health policy – developing the right to health under international law and implementing that right in U.S. health policy. | sdg16 |
Further, this strategy is consistent with present aims to increase density in central Clermont-Ferrand and to improve the efficiency of land use in the suburbs. Finally, the strategy could be used to enhance the relationship between Clermont and its hinterland and rebalance the perception that the hinterland is solely at the service of the city. In order to avoid the risk of an increased polarisation of the rural activities towards the Lyon metropole, it is important to build strong linkages with these territories to counteract such an effect. The volume of opposition between various land users remains quite high. Consequently, land based conflicts have arisen, resulting from both the lack of space and the intense competition between different development projects, supported by individuals or groups of people. This crucial requirement maybe fulfilled by an increased involvement of the local population at the earlier stages of the decision making process and by creating bilateral exchanges between the local planners and developers on the one hand, and the local population on the other. | sdg11 |
An inclusive culture that engages women in the design, operation, and maintenance of water and sanitation systems leads to better responsiveness and customer satisfaction. As satisfaction increases, so does willingness to pay for services and maintenance of water systems, which is key to sustainability. Its targets 6.1 and 6.2 are measurable by access to safely managed drinking water and sanitation services, coupled with hygiene promotion and an end to open defecation. Special attention is paid to gender and social inclusion, which brings sustainability into focus. Other targets respond to the environmental considerations and needs, along with a focus on international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water and sanitation-related activities and programmes. | sdg6 |
The relationship between place and disadvantage, and particularly the question of whether, and how, geographical concentration of disadvantaged households exacerbates disadvantage is of growing concern to social science and urban policy. Despite many calls for a subtle and complex approach to constructing knowledge about these issues, a positivist approach based on statistical indicators, appears to dominate policy making. This approach reifies place and distracts attention from strategies which might effectively address disadvantage at the local level. This article describes two examples of small area redevelopment where such an approach has been used to suggest that redevelopment and dispersal of public housing concentrations are in the interests of current residents, whose lives would be improved through replacement of existing housing forms with more diverse, or at least tenure-mixed, suburbs. Yet the process by which this improvement will occur is yet to be explicated or even adequately theorised by ... | sdg16 |
As they are not detailed lessons plans, the resources require (and assume) strong teacher agency and autonomy. They are addressed to expert teachers who can design their learning environment and lessons. However, as was experienced in the field, pedagogical resources are not sufficient for most teachers and have to be supplemented by other learning resources. | sdg4 |
The top international vendors have risen to the challenge and are all pursuing technologies that can offer ever faster and cheaper fixed and wireless network solutions based upon Internet protocol (IP). High-speed, broadband fixed, 3G and now Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks (commonly known as "fourth generation" or "4G") have enabled the progressive development of increasingly "smarter" phones and terminals and a growing environment of applications and services. Research companies such as NPD3and IDC4 are reporting that some 50 per cent (around 900 million) of all mobile phones sold in 2013 have been smart phones. | sdg9 |
Their respective comparative advantages, skills, experiences and resources can be pooled, and can help connect sectors and overcome institutional silos. In addition to addressing the risks to, and from, the road project in each and every phase of the project management cycle, the contractors received targeted risk management instructions to fully understand the rationale behind risk-informed road construction. The University Centre has started a network of 23 public and private sector institutions at state, federal and international level, called REDESASTRE. | sdg11 |
These varieties included Norin 10 wheat and Yukara rice, which were bred by Japan in the 1950s and successfully contributed to heavier yields of tropical wheat and rice, an event called the Green Revolution. Because this was partly a product of revolutions in engineering technology and biotechnology, it can also be described as the industrialization of agriculture, which subsequently promoted the twentieth-century agricultural revolution in the world’s most industrialized nations. Because this revolution involves petroleum-dependent agriculture, flat topographical conditions have made an extremely important contribution to its progress. | sdg2 |
In addition, collaboration between private and public spheres is well developed. Innovation policy involves many public and private actors, notably through the development of innovation alliances to coordinate and support joint research. The share of government expenditure on R&D financed by industry was more than twice the OECD average (9.3% vs. 3.8%) and the same holds for higher education expenditure on R&D (15.1% vs. 6.4%). For instance, the German Environmental Innovation Programme supports large scale demonstration projects in the heat and electricity sectors by providing soft loans. | sdg7 |
The terms "sex" and "gender" became interchangeable. Even now, gender is often used to mean women. The Conference highlighted the fact that women were disproportionately impacted by poverty: "Women's poverty is directly related to the absence of economic opportunities, autonomy, lack of access to economic resources, including credit, land ownership and inheritance, lack of access to education and support services and their minimal participation in the decision-making process. Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14June 1992 (United Nations publication, Sales No. | sdg5 |
For instance, the gender gap in employment captures the status of women’s labour force participation relative to that of men’s, indicating the extent of gender equitable access to employment. As a proportion of male employment, female employment in the Asian and Pacific region has hovered at about 62 to 65 per cent since the early 1990s, which mirrors the global average. Notable variations between subregions exist, with North and Central Asia having just above 90 females employed for every 100 males, and South and South-West Asia counting just above 36 females employed for every 100 males. | sdg5 |
Ethical principles and concerns are at the heart of criminological research and can arise at the planning, implementation and reporting stages. It is vital that researchers are aware of the issues involved so that they can make informed decisions about the implications of certain choices. This cutting-edge book charts the changing topography of ethics, governance and accountability for social science research in criminology, contributes to the developing discourse on research ethics and demonstrates the importance as to why research ethics should be taken seriously. Bringing together a range of experts who consider both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. This book examines the key issues and challenges of ethical research. | sdg16 |
Young people and adults are entering, staying, and ending partnerships in ways different from previous generations, and education and services must respond to these changes. Young people need services between their first sexual experiences and when they marry. Services and information should be made available to adults who are separated from their partners or in new partnerships later in life. | sdg5 |
The program has been popular among private forest owners because of its bottom-up approach and because the program is a voluntary commitment. The Finnish World Heritage sites include e.g. the Fortress of Suomenlinna in Helsinki, wooden town in Old Rauma, Petajavesi Old Church, The Verla Groundwood and Board Mill and Kvarken Archipelago. Thus, the degree of restrictions to human use varies depending on the type of protection and it can vary among different sites. | sdg15 |
Understanding the dynamics of masculinity and femininity is pivotal to bringing about progressive gender change and building more equal societies in conflict and in peace. In peacetime as well as war gender is structural to the definition of ethnicity and culture. In contemporary Western societies, minority groups have often claimed rights on the base of their ethnicity. | sdg5 |
For example, Bangladesh now prohibits sexual harassment, thanks to a milestone decision issued in 2009 by the High Court. Thanks to a training manual titled "CEDAW Made Easy", empowering traditional leaders in Cameroon to use the Convention to bring about concrete improvements in the lives of women in their communities, they are changing traditional practices that are harmful to women. The CEDAW denounced the prevalence of early marriage in several countries, some of which have thus changed their legal age of marriage, which in turn has reduced the prevalence of such practices: the average prevalence of early marriage across developing countries has decreased from 21% in 2009 to 17% in 2012 (Cerise et al., This paper considers the CEDAW ratification date as good predictor of the level of discriminatory social institutions. | sdg5 |
At the international level, sustainable development represents a challenge, as effective multilevel governance would require the renegotiation of priorities between different agreements and the revision of an international architecture in which sustainable practices can, for example, be challenged by trade agreements (chapter 7). This chapter has argued that a turn to eco-social policies can support the achievement of the 2030 Agenda. Despite the progress that has been made in the promotion of resilience and sustainability, particularly at the local level, mainstream debates too often neglect questions of power and the social structures and institutions that reproduce unsustainable outcomes. | sdg13 |
Eugenics before 1945An appropriate understanding of eugenics before 1945 implies that this break is questioned and put into perspective. The article conceives eugenics as a multifarious project of modernity that derived from the biopolitical aspiration to improve public health and enhance human capabilities. Consequently, it was supported across the political spectrum. In the course of the Twentieth Century, an international eugenics movement took shape and found widespread and transnational resonance in the public opinion. However, the conflation of the Aryan myth, racial purity and medical coercive measures in Nazi-Germany discredited the concept of eugenics after 1945. Nonetheless, such measures, often combined with elements of soft coercion, were applied in many countries, particularly in the U.S., the Scandinavian countries and Switzerland up to the 1970s. Meanwhile, the feasibility of Reproductive Medicine gave rise to a «liberal eugenics» which is entrenched in the promises of health and happiness ... | sdg16 |
This is perhaps surprising as many immigrants originate from countries with significantly lower life expectancy than our Nordic countries. This is largely due to increased rates of heart disease, alcohol-related diseases and cancer (Socialstyrelsen, 2009). In Finland, mortality rates of those born in North Africa and Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa, and Asia is 30-50 percent lower than among native Finns. | sdg3 |
Crops Statistics—Concepts, definitions and classifications", available from www.fao.org /fileadmin/templates/ess /ess_test_folder/documents /Production_trade/definitions /Crops_statistics_concepts _definitions_classifications.doc (accessed 4 August 2017). Livestock impacts on the environment". Livestock are animal species that are raised by humans for commercial purposes, consumption or labour (ISIC Rev. 4, Section A, Division 01). Usually raised in agricultural settings, typical livestock species include cows, poultry, pigs, goats and sheep. | sdg6 |
Consistent with previous findings in the literature, differences in the way personal characteristics are rewarded in the labour market account for a large share of the observed cross-country differences in wage dispersion. Differences in completed years of education and in returns to education, much more than differences in skill endowments and returns, seem to play a prominent role in this respect. However, the fact that, even after controlling for direct measures of proficiency, the returns to formal education continue to play a very prominent role, suggests that labour market institutions are a crucial factor in explaining the observed international differences in earnings inequality by affecting the way in which certain characteristics are rewarded. | sdg10 |
Regular flooding is an essential event for the delta because it supports the ecological system that provides the foundation for tourism, biodiversity and livelihoods. Through promoting regional cooperation and sharing benefits, OKACOM aims to reduce unsustainable activities in all three countries and prevent development activities that exceed the constraints of the system, while enhancing the ecosystem services of the basin for the benefit of all riparian countries (OKACOM, 2015). The institution strives to deepen cooperation to ensure that the three countries define and respect those system thresholds, or the upper limits of sustainable abstraction. Historical political alliances have formed trust, which is still a key success factor, primarily because those alliances encourage a shared vision among the countries, facilitating water policy in a way that preserves the ecological integrity of the basin and protects the system's socioeconomic benefits. | sdg7 |
Many countries in the region have a renewed focus on this mode of transport, with 19 countries in the ESCAP region adopting either national or subnational policies to promote the use of non-motorized modes of transport such as walking and cycling. However, according to the 2013 Global Status Report, only seven countries in the ESCAP region have a policy to separate VRUs from high speed traffic at the national level, while nine countries have a policy at a subnational level. Measures to reduce speeds, in particular in urban areas with high concentrations of VRUs, can significantly limit the incidence of death and injury. | sdg11 |
The information on training participation needs to be complemented by an indication of the quantity and quality of the training received. To this end, the statistical framework includes an indicator regarding the volume of job-related training as well as an indicator that attempts to capture the quality of job-related training (measured as the worker's perception of whether the most recent training has helped improve work). Skills can be acquired not only via formal and non-formal education, but also informally. The paradox of job quality in the affluent economy. | sdg8 |
The IUCN Red List ofThreatened Species. The IUCN Red List ofThreatened Species. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2 Rice, T. (2007). A Catalog ofDealers' Pricesfor Shells: Marine, Land and Freshwater, 23rd edition. In A Field Guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and the western Indian Ocean Islands (ed. | sdg14 |
Hence, most irrigators using water from the State Water Project must pay more than USD73 per 1,000 m3 for that portion of their water supply. Farmers in some portions of California’s San Joaquin Valley have seen their annual water supplies reduced by more than 50% in some years. When possible, some have purchased water from other farmers at prices that reflect prevailing supply and demand conditions. | sdg6 |
An added benefit of lower temperature washing may be reduced fibres in wastewater and eventually in the natural environment. It could also include broader advice on resource efficiency measures like encouraging reuse, sharing etc. The symbol provides a www address which users can follow to find tips on environmentally advantageous care and maintenance.22 This could form the basis for mandatory labels. The QR code could link to tips that are specifically designed for that garment with its particular fibre mix. | sdg12 |
It represents an important step towards establishing childhood deprivation as a lead indicator for social policy in Mali, and towards understanding the complex interaction between financial constraints and other household factors in determining children's wellbeing. The analysis is primarily based on the MICS (2009-10) dataset and covers 12,542 households with children, and has a sample with a total of 71,055 children. The MICS data covers various aspects of child well-being and is therefore particularly suitable for the child deprivation analysis. | sdg1 |
Given that they have not been addressed properly, most problems remain (Poppe, 2009). Such flexibility allows for relatively uniform tariffs throughout the country, so that customers in remote places do not have to pay disproportionately high bills because they are difficult to reach by the concessionaires or other service providers. These discounted tariffs make cost recovery extremely difficult even with LpT subsidies, particularly for utilities that in addition have low rates of rural electricity access (ESMAP, 2005). In these cases, privately owned concessionaires often charge their wealthier, urban consumers higher tariffs in order to cross-subsidise rural consumers. | sdg7 |
This article examines the guitar trade (i.e. making, collecting and dealing) to examine the political ecology of the guitar from forests to construction: delving both into its environmental impacts and attempts to protect endangered species, it focuses on the impact of two pieces of legislation have on guitar making, the international guitar trade, and guitar ownership: the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), and the Lacey Act Amendments of 2008. In so doing, it examines the underlying problems (deforestation, endangered species, illicit trade in wood, and unfair trade advantages) that these pieces of legislation were meant to address, and the politicization of these efforts that has the US Congress deadlocked. This account also analyzes the practical difficulties that legal compliance presents, and finally examines what alternatives may exist. | sdg16 |
Local officials understand the need to work with their counterparts in nearby municipalities, counties, and states, to maintain and improve the region’s transportation infrastructure and services. Each MPO is responsible for engaging in integrated planning in the areas of transportation, housing, land use, open space, and economic development within their state-mandated metropolitan jurisdiction and has recently been engaged in developing metropolitan plans. The expertise of institutions like CMAP, NIRPC, SEWRPC and the other metropolitan planning organisations responsible for regional transportation planning will be essential - all the more so, given these institutions’ ability to engage in long-term planning for the range of social, economic and environmental issues that will determine the region’s long-term viability and attractiveness. | sdg7 |
This immense decline and the regions lead on the global level have been mainly due to the poverty reduction in China and India, as these two countries alone have lifted 650 million people out of extreme poverty. The highest incidence of extreme poverty is recorded in South and South-West Asia (28.7 per cent in 2010), whereas the lowest is in North and Central Asia (1.0 per cent in 2011). It is noteworthy that, since 1990, East and North-East Asia and South-East Asia have recorded the fastest absolute reductions in poverty rates compared with those in other subregions. | sdg1 |
Cybersecurity sits at the intersection of public security concerns about critical infrastructure protection and private security concerns around the protection of property rights and civil liberties. Public-private partnerships have been embraced as the best way to meet the challenge of cybersecurity, enabling cooperation between private and public sectors to meet shared challenges. While the cybersecurity literature has focused on the practical dilemmas of providing a public good, it has been less effective in reflecting on the role of cybersecurity in the broader constitution of political order. Unpacking three accepted conceptual divisions between public and private, state and market, and the political and economic, it is possible to locate how this set of theoretical assumptions shortcut reflection on these larger issues. While public-private partnerships overstep boundaries between public authority and private right, in doing so they reconstitute these divisions at another level in the organization of political economy of liberal democratic societies. | sdg16 |
First, the predominant form of innovation in firms is incremental, and this points to the central role of the broader workforce in the generation, adaptation and diffusion of technical and organisational change. Second, achieving high academic standards within a country for the largest proportion of school students not only supports high participation in post school education and training but creates a workforce with greater potential to engage productively with innovation. Third, the extent to which a firm’s workforce actively engages in innovation is strongly determined by particular work organisation practices. Finally, there are large differences across advanced nations in workforce skill formation systems, especially for vocational skills. Such differences result in large disparities across nations in the share of their workforce with formal vocational qualifications, and in the level of these qualifications. The resulting differences in the quantity and quality of workforce skills are a major factor in determining the observed patterns of innovation and key aspects of economic performance. | sdg4 |
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre francais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. R. (2005), "Property rights in fisheries: Iceland's experience with ITQs", Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 15(3): 243-264. | sdg14 |
An examination is undertaken of how the rhetoric of benevolence impedes concepts essential to property relationships acknowledged by the Australian common law tradition and thereby sunders attributes of ownership and personhood from Indigenous communities. It is argued that this rhetoric did not just perpetuate paternalism, a colonising strategy that subordinated Indigenous culture to non-Indigenous protectors but deflected debate from the harm caused by the distortion of Indigenous knowledge and appropriation of cultural rights. | sdg16 |
Contrary to system costs, however, they do possess their own, if rather limited, constituencies that ensure that they are taken into account at least in a partial, if imperfect internalisation process. The complexity and duration of the process makes covering, reporting, disseminating and absorbing the relevant information much more difficult. An accident with 50 fatalities once every ten years will get infinitely more media and policy attention than 1 000 premature deaths coupled with increased morbidity in a large population because of a constant level of pollution over the same time span. While individual human suffering cannot be calculated and compared, dispassionate reflection with an aim to improve general welfare would suggest that the far larger number of casualties due to air pollution would demand at least as much attention as rare accidents. | sdg7 |
Many academic programs in the United States, and elsewhere around the world, focus on the social studies of science, technology, and public policy. Indeed, the bulk of the programs listed in the AAAS guide to graduate education in science, engineering, and public policy fall in this category. In contrast, the number of programs that combine deep technical education and understanding with modern social science and policy analytic knowledge and skills is very limited. | sdg16 |
Doing so will help diversify export bases, strengthen fiscal revenues, and reduce vulnerabilities to commodity price fluctuations and the negative impact of extreme weather events and climate change. This goal thus aims to develop reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure that is of good quality. This includes regional and cross-border infrastructure to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all. | sdg9 |
Continuous reform has reshaped the Lithuanian health system to meet health care needs more effectively and deliver health services more efficiently. Lithuania has the highest level of alcohol consumption in the EU (50% higher than the EU average) and more than one in three men report heavy alcohol consumption on a regular basis. Obesity is relatively low but increasing, particularly among adolescents. As a share of GDP, health spending has increased from 5.6% in 2005 to 6.5% in 2015 but is the sixth lowest in the EU. | sdg3 |
The main target, set at municipality level, was to improve students’ reading skills, so the reading programmes were allocated more time than the AfL programmes. This is also one of the main findings from struggling municipalities that were included in this report: they do not seem to be able to co-ordinate competing programmes initiated by the Directorate, and so sometimes AfL is not prioritised due to lack of capacity. Both school leaders and teachers express concerns and a sense of guilt when they are not able to work on AfL, as they know it is a part of the Education Act. Despite the shortcomings listed above, how'ever, the school leader from School 1 was satisfied with the municipality-level support in general. | sdg4 |
The manuals include the definitions and criteria of ODA and guide researchers through the process of developing a research proposal, for which the funding would qualify as ODA. For example, one university manual in the United Kingdom states that “while the UK ODA spend remains 0.7% of GNI, the establishment of GCRF will see diversion of funding from other development activities to research, potentially diverting support away from the world's poorest. As such, some peer reviewers may feel that applicants have a moral responsibility to undertake research under the Newton Fund and the GCRF which is not only excellent but which is also ethical, genuinely beneficial, and impactful” (University College London, 2017[37j). | sdg9 |
The traditional community and kinship structures are being eroded and families are under increased strain due to micro-economic forces driving social change: migration (resulting in absence of a father), chronic poverty, joblessness, food scarcity and illness. Previous research has linked paternal absence with adolescent sexual risk and suggests these adolescents suffer from less social support. Sibling-headed households comprise children of the same generation some of whom may be over 18 years of age. Child-headed households are a subset of this group whose members are all under 18 years. Reciprocity in the sense of mutual care, support, respect and valuing of the other are prioritised by adolescents in their relationships with parents. Several studies from diverse settings corroborate the importance of these parenting qualities, but the details of how these are achieved are poorly understood. | sdg5 |
The former affect childrens health directly (for example, feeding practices, preventive activities, care during pregnancy and childbirth), while the latter do so indirectly, through their impact on the proximate determinants (for example, mother’s education and knowledge, household income, access to health facilities). The next section reports on the findings of a recent cross-country study of socioeconomic differences in child mortality (Gaigbe-Togbe, 2015), which examines the association between key determinants of children’s health and observed levels of mortality using information from the Demographic and Health Surveys for 50 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Within each wealth category, the figure presents the population-weighted average relative level of child mortality compared to the poorest category across 50 low- and middle-income countries. Gross differentials are based on observed death rates, derived using available data and direct calculation methods. | sdg3 |
Plans are being developed to produce a series on television and radio, as well as other forms of promotion that will serve to sensitise the public. For example, a series of training workshops has been conducted to address the role of police officers as partners and first responders in the fight against domestic violence. These materials are distributed to homes, schools, agencies, social service district offices, community centres and local businesses. | sdg5 |
Due to the relentless efforts of women's rights advocates from across the globe, the 2030 Agenda's commitment to gender equality is prominent, comprehensive and cross-cutting, building on the commitments and norms contained in the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). The 2030 Agenda makes clear that development will only be sustainable if its benefits accrue equally to both women and men, and women's rights will only become a reality if they are part of broader efforts to protect the planet and ensure that all people can live with respect and dignity. What is needed to bridge the gaps between rhetoric and reality? | sdg5 |
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