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Vanuatu also had a better pre-disaster position than Dominica, as it had significantly lower debt levels and had a wider range of disaster-financing instruments at its disposal. On the other hand, Dominica's pre-existing conditions limited its options and fell far short of meeting the total costs of Hurricane Erika, even though those costs have probably been underestimated. Moreover, to Vanuatu's advantage, bilateral and multilateral donors were more responsive to relief and reconstruction efforts than for Dominica, where the government found it more difficult to secure donor grant funding. | sdg11 |
This chapter concerns middle-class attitudes towards the urban poor. It considers whether the state of sections of the working classes was felt indicative of an inexorable threat that industrialized modernity posed to the collective health of the nation. It will argue that ulterior concerns, rooted primarily in debates about economic policy and the role of the state in public life, conspired to prevent worries about racial decline from becoming a prominent feature of English cultural life. Rather than a manifestation of a general malaise, forceful declarations about racial decline were instead a contingent outcome of certain national and local struggles, whereby the rhetoric of racial decline could be harnessed in a transitory fashion as a weapon for particular political purposes. | sdg16 |
The prevalence of conflict among adolescents is very common. At times adolescents use violence to handle conflicts. As such, this problem needs to be addressed. This quasi-experimental study investigated the effectiveness of Peer Conflict Resolution Focused Counseling (PCRC) in promoting peaceful behavior (nonviolence and hostility, conflict resolution strategies, and peaceful friendship) among adolescents. Participants were 80 senior high school students in Mataram, Indonesia. Instruments used were Aggression Questionnaire (AQ) for nonviolence and hostility, Conflict Dynamic Profile (CDP) for conflict resolution strategy, and Human Relation Skill Questionnaire Scale for measuring peaceful friendship. Results showed that the experimental group had significantly higher scores than the control group on peaceful behavior. This implies that counseling, particularly PCRC was effective in promoting peaceful behavior among adolescents. | sdg16 |
Sears and Herriot examine the complex interplay between and among religion, citizenship and social justice in education. Beginning with a discussion of the diverse ways individuals and groups understand these concepts, the chapter moves on to consider several key themes including: the idea that religion is a ubiquitous and persistent part of modern societies, the anomaly that religious people, groups, and institutions are sometimes the victims of social injustice and discrimination and sometimes the purveyors of those same things, and the fluid and contested nature of human rights. The chapter concludes by arguing that negotiating the complexities of the intersections between religion, citizenship and social justice requires a high degree of religious literacy. | sdg16 |
On balance, they suggest that trade is likely to become increasingly important as a supplement to domestic production in ensuring adequate food availability (and as a source of export earnings and income as will be seen in the following section). The Global Harvest Initiative’s 2012 GAP report compares the growth in projected demand in each region with the growth in projected supply based on a continuation of current growth rates in agricultural total factor productivity. It concludes that, on this business-as-usual scenario, 74% of the growth in total demand can be met by maintaining the current TFP growth rate, leaving a significant gap to be met by imports. In South and South-east Asia, the proportion is 82% and in the Middle East and North Africa it is 83%. | sdg2 |
A few households earned income from baking or hair dressing, while only 1% of the 10% earned income through woodwork using electricity. The community benefits cited were the ability to start small businesses (65%), improved security (42%) and better use of schools. The ambition is to achieve a national grid-based supply, and the plan is to complete the full-scale national electrification by 2014. | sdg7 |
They foster the innovation capacity of individuals and firms located in peripheral regions, as well as in disadvantaged neighbourhoods within large urban areas. For example, the Encouraging R&D in Traditional Industries programme in Israel offers both financial support (in the form of giants) and non-financial support (in the form of professional counselling services) to firms in traditional sectors that decide to undertake an R&D project. This is to ensure that firms make the most of the funding provided, and to guide them in the design of a more innovation-focused business strategy. | sdg9 |
Examples of some of the key specific strategies of sustainable agriculture are: organic farming, low external input sustainable agriculture, integrated pest management, integrated production and conservation tillage. Moreover, increased diversity of food crops available to farmers resulted in more varied diets, and thus improved nutrition. For 20,000 farmers in Tigray, previously one of the most degraded regions of Ethiopia, crop yields of major cereals and pulses have almost doubled through the use of ecological agricultural practices such as composting, water and soil conservation activities, agroforestry and crop diversification (UNCTAD, 2009a). Today, LDCs have lower productivity in agriculture than half a century ago: between 1983 and 2003 agricultural productivity declined in two thirds of the LDCs for which data were available (UNCTAD, 2006). | sdg7 |
This chapter has been produced with the financial and substantive assistance of the European Union, as part of the OECD project “Defining, Measuring and Assessing Job quality and its Links to Labour Market Performance and Well Being” [VS/2013/0108 (S12.666737)]. The contents of this chapter are the sole responsibility of the OECD and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. This project is a joint undertaking between the OECD Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs and the OECD Statistics Directorate, and it runs until September 2015. The project also encompasses Chapter 3 of the 2014 Employment Outlook and Chapter 4 of this publication. | sdg8 |
In Portugal, mortality amenable to health care interventions has been reduced - by 40% between 2000 and 2014 - and is now below the EU average. However, the rate is higher than in neighbouring countries such as Spain and France. Ischaemic heart diseases accounted for 23% of amenable deaths in 2014. Other important causes of amenable deaths were cerebrovascular diseases (20% of the total) and cancer of the colon and rectum (15% of the total). Timeliness of treatment is greatly aided by effective screening: for breast cancer the screening rate for Portuguese women aged 50-69 is over 80%. There are no permanent inter-sectoral structures or bodies, and decisions in areas such as urban planning or transport are not carried out in partnership with the health sector. | sdg3 |
The President also defines targets for waste recycling and the list of goods that are subject to the extended producer responsibility system. These permits are issued by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection. This Ministry is specifically responsible for regulating management of waste generated by health-care facilities. | sdg12 |
As such, these systems decrease climate risks in general and may prevent large yield losses during droughts on land where these systems are installed. Investment in more efficient irrigation systems may otherwise also benefit other sectors in the economy when the “saved”’ water is directed out of the agricultural sector. Or it may be used to increase the lifetime of aquifers. In all of the projected scenarios, improved water efficiency contributes to lower agricultural prices. | sdg2 |
This is more than the OECD average (22.6%). The number of elderly fatalities per 100 000 people has been reported at 30.5, and this is more than 3 times compared to the OECD average of 10.0. In literature 65 years or older is often chosen to be the age limit for being an “older citizen”, or “senior citizen” or “old”, or “elderly” (Amann et al. | sdg11 |
There is also a capacity challenge: not all facilities have sufficient management skills to handle increased delegations, and facilities need to have access to the Treasury’s Basic Accounting System (BAS) to ensure timely information on budget execution. These include quantitative targets for health outputs such as reduced infant and maternal mortality rates, or service outputs such as increased coverage of antiretroviral treatments. Targets are set nationally and then cascaded down by province, with annual performance plans detailing how these health-related targets can be met through various health activities. | sdg3 |
For example, only 30 per cent of Cambodia's land has been officially registered, with the remainder under varying degree of state ownership. Therearea number of ways of addressing these issues. The RUPES-ICRAF programme has strengthened land use rights in return for more sustainable land management. No matter what solution is used, it is important to ensure that the prospect of a PES deal does not stimulate "land grabs". | sdg15 |
All the measures at the national level concerning clusters are implemented by PARP. The OP IE includes measures to support investments and counselling services related to development of co-operative relations and clusters and the establishment and development of business-support networks on a supra-regional scale rendering services related to innovative activities of entrepreneurs. Co-operation between entrepreneurs (including at the start-up stage), as well as between firms and business-support institutions, mainly scientific entities, is intended to create conditions that facilitate development and diffusion of new solutions (technological, product and organisational), know-how exchange and better utilisation of resources. Under the OP EPD, there are additional measures for clusters development covering those situated in eastern Poland. | sdg8 |
They pointed to crop and variety diversification, as well as geographic dispersion, but noted there were limits to geographic dispersion as most production is concentrated in one region (Box 7). For example, a typical dairy farm receives 93% of its agricultural gross revenue from milk. A typical sheep and beef farm receives 86% of gross revenue from sheep and beef returns (of which 59% comes from sheep meat and 41% from beef). | sdg2 |
While some cultural norms and practices empower women and promote women’s human rights, many are also often used to justify violence against women. For example, the phenomena of “date rape” and eating disorders are tied to cultural norms but are not often labeled as cultural phenomena.6 New “harmful practices” are constantly developing, and existing “harmful practices” have altered as a result of globalization and migration. There is therefore no exhaustive list of “harmful practices" against women. Practices such as dowry and bride-price have escalated and altered as a result of rising levels of consumerism in the countries in which they are practiced. | sdg5 |
The indicator has an indirect relevance to food waste prevention since the more food waste that is avoided the lower should be the amount of food that is purchased for consumption to provide for the same intake of nutrients. It should be noted that the indicator is only relevant to reducing food waste at the end point of consum p-tion i.e. in households, restaurants canteens etc. However, the indicator can be affected by factors which are unrelated to waste prevention. These can include changes in food consumption behaviour-i.e. However, the indicator has been criticised in the past due to assumptions made in the calculations. Its acceptability as a food waste indicator might also be reduced as it has not been used in this context before. | sdg12 |
In addition, the Albanian government launched a large campaign in 2015 to fight informality. The campaign involved a significant number of stakeholders and resulted in an increase in more than 70 000 new registrations as employees or self-employed. Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo have the lowest scores, at 1.5 each. While legal provision and functioning institutions (e.g. labour inspectorates) that address informal employment are in place in both of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s entities, their efforts are rather fragmented and do not address the issues systematically. Similarly, there is no coherent approach for tackling informal employment in Kosovo. | sdg8 |
Although programmes of this type are less frequent, some are under way, such as the National In-home Care Programme in Argentina, the In-home Care Programme for Severely Dependent Persons in Chile, the Comprehensive Elderly Care Programme in Cuba, and the home care programme for severely dependent persons within SNIC in Uruguay. There are also training and education programmes for caregivers in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay and Uruguay. The Joaquin Gallegos Lara voucher in Ecuador provides US$ 240 per month to the caregiver, and, the voucher and the provision of the Home Care Programme for Severely Dependent Persons in Chile pays US$ 35 per month. In terms of articulation between social care and protection policies, the Tekopora conditional transfer programme in Paraguay, implemented by the Social Action Secretariat (SAS) of the Office of the President of the Republic of Paraguay, in coordination with the National Secretariat for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (SENADIS), includes a cash transfer to families that have a person with severe disability, in order to contribute to their care.20 Another interesting case is the Pregnancy Allowance for Social Protection programme in Argentina. | sdg5 |
Africa has achieved the same transformation in almost half the time: 60 years. Africa’s urbanisation is estimated to have gained 5.9 percentage points between 2000 and 2015, second only to Asia, which gained 10.7 percentage points during the same period. In 2015, almost 472 million Africans lived in urban areas (authors’ calculations based on UN DESA, 2014). The size of Africa’s urban population nearly doubled in 20 years from 237 million in 1995 to 472 million in 2015. | sdg11 |
In some cases, the initial shock comes from the structures. For example, the emergence of new technological paradigms can rapidly weaken an institutional arrangement that seemed solid. Witness the impact that information and communication technologies (ICTs) had on different markets, from telecommunications to the recording industry, forcing a redefinition of the institutional framework (formal and informal) in which those markets operated. | sdg10 |
Households in rural areas are deemed not deprived if they have some form of sanitation (including latrines) with removal and disposal of waste neither aboveground nor in rivers or seas. Households are said to be energy poor when they do not consume enough energy to meet their daily requirements and use fuel that is hazardous to the health of their members (Nussbaumer and others, 2011). The resources of households have been linked to the level of toxicity and the efficiency of the fuel that they use, with the worst fuels being waste matter, wood and charcoal, in that order16 (Duflo and others, 2008). | sdg1 |
Citizens increasingly occupy a central role in the policy rhetoric of British National Security Strategies, and yet the technocratic methods by which risks and threats are assessed and prioritized do not consider the views and experiences of diverse publics. Equally, security studies in both ‘traditional’ and ‘critical’ guises has privileged analysis of elites over the political subject of threat and (in)security. Contributing to the recent ‘vernacular’ and ‘everyday’ turns, this article draws on extensive critical focus-group research carried out in 2012 across six British cities in order to investigate (1) which issues citizens find threatening and how they know, construct and narrate ‘security threats’, and (2) the extent to which citizens are aware of, engage with and/or refuse government efforts to foster vigilance and suspicion in public spaces. Instead of making generalizations about what particular ‘types’ of citizens think, however, we develop a ‘disruptive’ approach inspired by the work of Jacqu... | sdg16 |
This finding is also different from the findings of the Canadian research (CIBC, 2005). As we summarised in the previous section, younger, well-educated and single women are more successful in the Canadian case. An overall evaluation of the study show that independent women who start and run businesses on their own had working experience in the fields in which they were interested in starting their businesses, they were educated and knew how to gain more knowledge that could help them develop their businesses. A common characteristic of these independent women is that they are coming from a modern family with a modern attitude toward women, have a high level of education, working experience and other types of human capital that can be counted as a socioeconomic resource for immigrant businesswomen. | sdg5 |
Kemadrin is apparently mixed with other substances to produce hallucinogenic effects. It appears that Jordan is used as a transit country as more than 98 per cent of the drug was destined for Iraq. The change of trafficking routes and modi operandi used by traffickers were among the possible reasons for the decrease in seizures. | sdg3 |
A LAG owned project does not demand as much time from the fishers and other external participants. The LAG decided to collect them under an umbrella project run by the person responsible for the ESSF. The general goal of the project was to contribute in practice to the development of a profitable and sustainable coastal fishery that does not threaten the marine environment in Oresund. | sdg14 |
However, city akimats usually do not have budget allocations to order district-specific plans (Akimat of Uralsk City, 2015). In many cases, local governments have to attract additional financial resources to implement the plans. The short-term budget provisions diminish the city akimats’ capacity to forecast and be prepared for the long-term development of the city. | sdg11 |
It identifies three principles and related issues, which policy makers might wish to assess the financial dimension of their water policies and to strengthen it. The next section compiles recent developments on the use and the relevance (and limitations) of economic instruments to lower the costs of water management and generate revenues to cover these costs. Finally, a set of related issues are explored, such as governance and the role of the private sector. | sdg6 |
Forest Stewardship Council disassociates from the DLH Group. Forest Stewardship Council suspends Polish national office. Romania passes new forestry code, considers export ban. Available at: http://gtf-info. World wood views at Global Timber Forum summit. Available at: http//gtf-info.com/ news/promoting-wood-products/1986-world-wood-views-at-global-timber-forum-summit Howe, J, Fernholz, K., Malmsheimer, R. and Bowyer, J. 2015. | sdg15 |
The portfolio markers are practising teachers with at least five years of experience in the same teaching area and level as the teacher being evaluated. They examine the evidence provided by teachers and assign the performance ratings for the different dimensions evaluated by the portfolio. Portfolio markers receive proper training for their function by the Docentemas team and benefit from a detailed set of assessment rubrics describing the meaning of Unsatisfactory, Basic, Competent and Outstanding performance across the different elements analysed by the portfolio. | sdg4 |
This can be considered a valuable achievement of the Doha Round negotiations. According to most influential analytical exercises, plausible Doha proposals (based on 2008 modalities) can add $360 billion in new trade each year (The Economist. Despite sceptics’ scrutiny about the relative magnitude of these potential benefits, the latter should be regarded as quite significant, particularly since they exclude the gains from new policy disciplines, additional bindings by countries, trade facilitation measures and AfT support. | sdg10 |
Finding an analytical framework to understand the complex dynamics of the international system after September 11th, 2001, has turned to be the main challenge for the discipline of International Relations. The systemic current of the geopolitics has faced this complex task by stating an interconnected and interdependent world system where agents compete against each other in different arenas in order to establish dominant positions that enable some influence on others’ behavior. Thus, taking into account some tenets drawn from Gerard Dussouy about the systemic geopolitics and the South American subsystem considered as a testing ground, this paper addresses this topic by proposing a model for further analysis to approach the role of non-state actors in the international system, as well as the interconnection between fields of action as a principle of empowerment within global relations. | sdg16 |
Although the level of women's political activism has peaked and ebbed since 1893, women have continued in a variety of ways to work within their communities and politically for recognition of the equality of women and their right to fully contribute to all aspects of the society in which they live. The key factors that provide women with agency to advance their interests in modern day New Zealand are: (1) the high level of education for women, (2) changes in the electoral laws, and (3) the political activism of women through community organisations and political parties. The main barriers to women's political leadership have been comparatively a lack of access to political institutions (the political parties and the parliament), limited legal rights, and economic dependence. The underlying commitment to the values of enlightenment brought to New Zealand by many colonists in the nineteenth century included a commitment to equality, the rule of law and democratic decision-making through an electoral process. | sdg5 |
The electrical and electronics industry (E&E), which accounts for 64% of manufacturing export and 42.6% of FDI, cluster around Penang and Kulin. However, the share of FDI directed to Malaysia within the South East Asia region has diminished from 31% to 11% over the 1985-2005 period. The reduction of FDI flows point to the need to improve the attractiveness of the country and Penang in order to regain competitiveness. | sdg4 |
On the other hand, affirmative action by imposing gender quotas in the labour market can entail greater efforts of firms to identify qualified women (Holzer and Neumark, 2000) and can encourage more women to participate in the competition for jobs (Niederle et al., It distinguishes between “legitimate” differences in outcomes due to different choices made and “illegitimate” differences in outcomes that arise from discrimination or other impediments beyond one’s control (Robeyns, 2006). The pursuit of equality of opportunities between the genders means to strive for equal access to education, health and the labour market, and, in a nutshell, the elimination of any barriers that may hamper men and women to realise their individual aspirations. | sdg5 |
The capacity building activities to promote ESCO and awareness campaigns have been organized in the framework of various energy efficiency promoting projects that are implemented and/or in process of implementation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Due to that fact, both public and private sector become familiar with principles and benefits of ESCO concept. This Law regulates generation, transmission, distribution and supply of electricity, organization and functioning of the electricity market, transmission, distribution, storage, trade and supply of petroleum products and gas, and the production and distribution of heat. | sdg7 |
A 500 kilometre-long coast, a population of 5 million and an aggregated gross domestic product (GDP) of USD 200 billion may only have a limited impact if no effective governance is in place to help local partners identify a common goal: leverage their combined spending power and implement their action plans together. Conversely, governance alone can do little to empower a territory where there is no compelling economic, social and institutional rationale for collaboration - a political construct on its own is bound to hit its limits soon enough. To accomplish its objective of becoming a strong and attractive megaregion in the global arena, Western Scandinavia needs to work on achieving a clear agreement about its own vision and collectively define the concrete steps to take. First, it maps the institutional landscape in Western Scandinavia. | sdg11 |
This expectation in turn was associated with high rates of child marriage.57 But data show that the age of marriage is rising, fertility rates are declining, and an increasing number of women are not marrying at all, which suggests that attitudes about both universal marriage and high fertility have shifted over time, giving girls in particular more opportunities to pursue education. As societies relax expectations concerning both universal marriage and child marriage, girls in particular may have more opportunities to pursue education. But what of girls who do not excel in school? | sdg5 |
The study of space politics is presently inhibited by a paucity of available data. This paper introduces spaceTexts, a new dataset of speeches in the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. These yearly statements in the preeminent forum for space diplomacy shed new light on the positions and preferences of state and nonstate actors on a topic which has received relatively scant political science attention. The corpus is described and explored through unsupervised machine learning methods, namely structural topic models. The dataset is relevant to space policy and natural language processing research, as well as any scholar interested in the employment of textual data to better understand UN politics, the formation of international law and arms control regimes, and the evolution of dimensions of diplomatic conflict in international relations. | sdg16 |
This proportion is lower than most studies that are subject to the data limitations pointed out by Park (2008). As the parameter a increases, the GE measures become less sensitive to inequality at the lower end of the distribution and more sensitive at the upper end. The cases of special interest are a values of 0,1 and 2. When a =0 it corresponds to the mean log deviation, a = 1 corresponds to the Theil index of inequality and a = 2 corresponds to one half the squared coefficient of variation. | sdg10 |
The Government of India has the intention to implement a direct transfer of subsidy to the farmers in the next few years in place of the current system of transfer through the fertiliser industry. This will encourage the industry to take independent commercial decisions and focus on innovation in fertiliser products and services to the farmers. This box is based on inputs provided by the Fertilizer Association of India, under the direction of Director General Satish Chander. | sdg2 |
However, taking advantage of these opportunities, and ensuring the efficient operation of energy systems, depends upon the availability of the necessary skills. The mining segment appears to generate more jobs than the utilities segment in less than one third of the 41 LDCs, reflecting on the one hand the uneven distribution of fuel resource endowments, and on the other the capital-intensive nature of extractive industries, especially in the case of oil and gas. In statistics these are part of wholesale and retail trade employment, but detailed data are not available. Looking to the future, progress towards universal access and a transition towards a more modern energy sector have important implications for employment in the energy industry (as is also expected to happen with its value added generation). | sdg7 |
The EIF is also assisting South Sudan in producing its first national trade policy and is supporting the country’s WTO accession process. In addition, the EIF is financing the preparation of e-trade readiness assessments in Liberia, Nepal, Samoa, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. New projects have been approved in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Djibouti and Guinea to finance the development of pharmaceutical products, electronic commerce, tourism and quality standards. Through better farming practices, farmers are able to receive double the market price for their products and increase their exports by working collectively. | sdg1 |
In Norway, a review of community mental health services found that GPs generally are regarded as competent, involved and accessible partners by the community mental health workers (Slettebak et al., This is a good base on which Norway should build. However, given that GPs will likely remain at the forefront of diagnosing and treating mild-to-moderate disorders, there is an on-going need to assure a high quality of care for mental disorders. The availability of training for CBT, and reimbursements for GPs delivering CBT, is an interesting development. | sdg3 |
Consumption of fuels in sectors such as agriculture and industry remains largely untaxed. The economy-wide effective tax rate on CO2 emissions is, therefore, one of the lowest among OECD countries and the BRIICS group of emerging economies (Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China, South Africa) (OECD, 2015c). The finance ministry has undertaken a comprehensive assessment of carbon pricing options, including a carbon tax and a cap-and-trade system, with a view to providing policy recommendations in 2017. This is a step in the right direction and could build on previous attempts to introduce subnational GHG emission trading systems. | sdg15 |
The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author!s). The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). Authorship is usually collective, but principal author(s) are named. The papers are generally available only in their original language -English or French- with a summary in the other language. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. | sdg6 |
Analysis of overlap in income and domain poverty suggests considerable mismatch across the board, regardless of the particular country under consideration. The lack of overlap between groups of deprived children in Germany, France, the Netherlands and the UK points towards a considerable breadth of child poverty in these countries. In other words, deprivation in monetary and nonmonetary terms does not seem to be concentrated on a few particular groups but rather spread out across the population. Hence, instead of a small number of children experiencing deprivation in large numbers of domains, large numbers of children are likely to face deprivation in a few domains. | sdg1 |
The Agency’s classification better reflects the diversity of Sweden’s rural landscape because it captures better the reality of the large size and internal differences within administrative regions and the fact the rural Sweden is characterised by a dispersed population with settlements of various sizes. Functional economic areas measured by labour market interactions provide a better way to capture this reality. These functional geographies are identified through the analysis of journey-to-work data. | sdg11 |
Collection of excess mortality and suicide after discharges will continue, as will research and development work on inpatient suicide. For those indicators that are being reported publically Norway’s data collection appears to be improving year-on-year, which is very promising. However, there are clear shortcomings, as identified in Table 4.3. | sdg3 |
To this end, we estimate poverty elasticities relative to income and inequality, specifying two dynamic econometric models estimated via the generalized method of moments (GMM) system developed by Arellano and Bond (1991), Arellano and Bover (1995) and Blundell and Bond (1998). The model-estimated results prompt the conclusion that the income growth effect on poverty reduction is smaller when the initial development level is low. The same is found when the initial inequality level is high. | sdg1 |
One solution can consist in creating networks to explore opportunities to enhance uptake of localised solutions through customisation. In India, the Honey Bee Network helped license the Groundnut Digger - a groundnut-sorting machine developed by a farmer - to an entrepreneur for the purpose of cleaning beaches. Such networks are particularly relevant to the discussion of policy options supporting inclusive innovation (Chapter 3), as national-level support for small-scale projects is difficult to obtain, while policy support for reaching scale can be substantial. | sdg9 |
Combining the duration curve with data on fixed and variable costs of different generating technologies, it is possible to derive the optimal generation mix to satisfy a given electricity demand. The residual load curve is obtained by subtracting the electricity produced by the low marginal cost technology from the electricity load. Once calculated the residual load curve for a given amount of renewable energy, it is then possible to derive the “new” optimal generation mix, which satisfies that specific load at the least-cost. | sdg7 |
The network connects more than 1 200 companies (www.erfolgsfaktor-familic.de/). They bring together stakeholders (employers, unions, local authorities, foundations, churches, employment agencies, universities, child care providers, etc.) The independent Hertie Foundation audits companies - assessing their processes, identifying their goals, and, where necessary, suggests new workplace arrangements - then certifies them “family-friendly” if they meet criteria. Large firms make the widest use of such audits - 42% of companies with more than 1 000 employees are certified. | sdg5 |
The survey took place in January 2011, just months after the largest oil spill in history, the Deepwater Horizon, took place in the Gulf of Mexico, between April and July 2010. It can be speculated that this may well have influenced the respondents concerns. Frequency of responses is illustrated by the size of the text, with pollution noted most often (reproduced from Buckley and Pinnegar 2011). A number of sectors were chosen, including: design and manufacturing, maritime industries, policy makers, media organizations, education and environmental organizations. | sdg14 |
In this era of political conditionality and good governance, anti-corruptionhas emerged as a top priority (at least in theory) for all major donors. Thisis almost always linked to support for democratisation efforts, with onenotable exception – the World Bank. The Bank is constricted by anon-political mandate which forbids it supporting one particular politicalsystem through its lending and other activities. Nonetheless, the languageit uses (e.g., accountability, transparency, participation, etc.) and theprojects it supports seem to endorse the spirit of liberal democracy. I arguethat the Bank's mandate is in conflict with a politically sensitive issue likeanti-corruption, and that it is impossible to separate economic issues frompolitical ones in this instance, however, given the lack of consensus on therelationship between democracy, development and corruption, this may bethe best state of affairs for now. | sdg16 |
This study aims to explore the relations between governance and agricultural performance of countries. Data Envelopment Analysis was used to find out agricultural performance of 81 countries at first stage. Panel data regression was employed in the second stage to assess the relations between performance levels of countries and their governance. Six governance indicators namely, voice and accountability, control of corruption, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and political stability and violence were analyzed in this stage. Findings show that firstly, governance indicators are highly correlated with each other. Secondly, developed countries are more efficient and have better governance than developing and undeveloped countries. Finally, a quadratic form of regression was the fitting model that is the marginal effects of good governance on performance are increasing in high values of governance. | sdg16 |
The Pacific SIDS see the imperative for a concrete pathway for States, with specific timelines, targets and milestones to facilitate the sustainable management of oceanic resources and increase the share of benefits from their utilization. This should include enhanced direct economic participation and capacity-building. The cooperation and assistance of the international community is also necessary to enable SIDS to realize their development aspirations. | sdg14 |
Environmentalists, for instance, led the charge for improved transparency of WTO negotiations and dispute settlement and spurred many governments to take more seriously the need for stakeholder participation in domestic trade policy-making processes. Since 1999, failed efforts to launch a Millennium Round of negotiations at the Seattle WTO Ministerial have served as a reminder of the power of environmental constituencies to alter the political feasibility of new trade deals. The views expressed in this essay are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the Commonwealth Secretariat. | sdg14 |
This has resulted in higher inflation and a higher current account deficit. Mongolia is the only exception, it has a large current account deficit due to its imports of machinery for the mining sector and strong domestic demand because of the economy’s double-digit growth. In 2012, the current account as a share of GDP remained positive at about 2.6% in China, 1% in Japan and 3.9% in the Republic of Korea. | sdg8 |
Notwithstanding the fact that an integrated policy process can benefit greatly from the recognition of diverse interests, circumstances, sociocultural contexts and expectations, in practice integration remains an immense challenge (IPCC, 20l4d). While improvement of womens livelihoods, for example, is undeniably a necessary condition for inclusive and sustainable development, such an initiative sometimes clashes with social norms and cultural values. In some communities in India, for example, participation of women in the labour force has decreased, in spite of rapid economic growth in recent years. | sdg13 |
Preferential trade agreements have become a tool for the external institutionalisation of a state’s preferred economic governance model, with the US and EU at the forefront of exchanging market access for acquiescence of their preferred rules. The institutionalisation and codification of the relationship with the TTIP was intended to create the world’s largest market and largest regulatory institutional arrangement, whose structural power and gravitational pull would bring other states towards it and its rules and norms. It should have been the Treaty that would bring an end to bilateral treaties. However, the underlying differences in EU and US preferences on this, as revealed in the comparison on recent agreements in this chapter, the potential for politicisation and contestation, and the importance of power asymmetries in negotiations have derailed negotiations. Yet these challenges were severely underestimated at the highest political levels, when the original ambitions for TTIP were set out. | sdg16 |
However, the level of violence varies greatly between and within countries. The review referred to levels of violence perpetrated by intimate partners affecting, according to the data, women ranging from 68 per cent in Kiribati to 6 per cent of women in Canada. It will also reviewdata available on girls aged 15 to 19 reporting forced sex before turning 18, and the experiences of married or co-habiting girls dealing with emotional, physical or sexual violence committed by an intimate partner during the last 12 months. | sdg5 |
It could increase the risk of not meeting the potential energy production by the Tabqa hydroelectric station due to the upstream river flow regulations (Tilmant, 2007). Due to lower than expected water flow from Turkey, as well as lack of maintenance, the hydroelectric station only generates 150 MW instead of 800 MW. This almost led to a war between the two countries. | sdg6 |
Students who successfully complete their programme and pass rigorous assessments, should obtain a credential that is recognised by employers as a meaningful proof of occupational skills. Depending on whether a unitary system is chosen or not, this may be called a NQ or a degree, the crucial point is that junior college graduates should hold a credential that is widely recognised in the labour market. To address these issues, the chapter recommends further enhancing the career information provided to prospective students and balancing student choice with signals of employer needs. | sdg4 |
Location of population far away from large cities, industrialized regions and connecting major transport routes also limits human impact on natural ecosystems. In 2015, areas under roads, networks, cities, villages and other settlements constituted only 0.8 per cent of the country’s territory (figure 12.1). Furthermore, some 580 species of moss, 1,033 species of lichens, 2,003 species and subspecies of algae and 574 species of fungi were present. | sdg15 |
Even though poverty rates do not differ significantly between men and women when the comparison is made for the total population, the result is different when the comparison is made for adults with the highest probability of participating in the labour market. In practically all the countries of the region, the poverty rate is higher for women than for men. The poverty incidence is highest for persons who have had no more than three years of schooling and it diminishes gradually as the number of years of schooling of the population increases. | sdg1 |
Whereas the rational choice approach to international law has been widely accepted in legal scholarship and international relations theory, challenges to the rational choice paradigm in economic analysis of international law have hitherto not been systematically explored. Nevertheless, behavioral law and economics and psychology have been successfully applied to national law constellations. Behavioral economic insights have furthermore been used in international relations scholarship under the heading of political psychology but international norms are neglected. Building on all those insights, the article explores the potential and challenges of extending the behavioral law and economics approach to public international law and thus to further refine our understanding of international law. It looks specifically at treaty design problems and compliance questions. This ties in with increased use of empirical research in international law: a clear desideratum for evidence-based international law. | sdg16 |
It reviews the institutional factors related to access to finance for women and the broader elements of enterprise support. The wide range of financial services required by SMEs and individuals is covered, given that non-credit products are an important entry point into the formal financial sector. Time and time again the discussion about women has centred on social issues, as a result, statistics about the scale of women’s presence in the economy have been poorly documented and under-reported, creating a chasm of opportunity to be crossed with targeted products and services. | sdg5 |
A study in Australia found that in larger companies, mentoring services and buddy schemes were more common than in smaller firms (Bednarz, 2014). If conflict arises during an apprenticeship, in small firms there is no dedicated human resources department for the apprentice to discuss a grievance with (Dickie, McDonald and Pedic, 2011). This should improve the cost-benefit balance to employers by helping apprentices complete their training, and by building their skills more effectively along the way. | sdg4 |
The events of 11 September made it painfully clear that the political, social, and economic problems of other countries have a direct impact on American national security. While the roots of terrorism are complex, it’s safe to say that the United States was attacked by a criminal organization that in large part has had great success in recruiting new members in nations that offer young men little political voice and limited economic opportunity.1 Even before the smoke had settled from the 11 September attacks in New York and Washington, DC, US Trade Representative Robert Zoellick launched a series of speeches arguing that global trade liberalization was a central plank of the counteroffensive against terrorism. In a thoughtful essay, “Countering Terror with Trade,” Zoellick’s main premise was as follows: | sdg16 |
It does not challenge, however, the underlying premises on which the economy is built, for instance, profit maximization, competitiveness, concentration and accumulation. Without substantive changes such as proper internalization of social and environmental costs, supported by effective regulatory and global governance, the environmental problems we are facing today will be reproduced (chapter 7). These include normative biases in development objectives, power asymmetries and inequalities. Avoiding multiple injustices and adverse impacts on poor and vulnerable groups associated with climate change and green economy approaches requires applying a social lens, implementing comprehensive social policies and creating strong public institutions. | sdg13 |
EU directives on AML (anti-money laundering)/CTF (counter-terrorism financing) entail involuntary public policy-making by for-profit professionals on politically sensitive issues. This raises fundamental questions on the role of private actors in public policy-making apart from their roles as lobbyists and contractors. From a democratic perspective, the involuntary public policy-making by European lawyers is particularly problematic as it involves guardians of the rule of law who, we argue, are simultaneously forced to act as agents of the state. In the case of AML/CTF, lawyers are within the political system rather than outside it. We show that expectations concerning how lawyers are to work closely with the state in the United Kingdom and Sweden differ, and that the policy-making styles lawyers apply in practice were either ‘pragmatic’ (UK) or ‘evasive’ (Sweden). Our findings provide a first step in understanding the new role of for-profit professionals as involuntary public policy-makers, and its possible effects. | sdg16 |
The misalignment of fund allocation with transit-oriented development is evident, for example, in the fact that investment in road infrastructure between 2004 and 2013 for the business and commercial district of Santa Fe was double the cost of installing the five lines of Metrobus (Medina, 2014). As a result, projects are limited by the lack of physical and operational complementarity, and they cannot benefit from shared knowledge and good practices. Both the regulatory framew'ork for Metrobus and Mexibus and the financial schemes for implementing corridors are significantly different.31 Segmented implementation limits knowledge sharing and harmonisation of quality. | sdg11 |
The new European Union member states in Eastern Europe do not have fully consolidated democracies. True, popularly elected legislatures are responsible for lawmaking, and citizens can challenge the case-by-case implementation of the law. But most statutes are not self-implementing. Before they can be put into effect, governments need to issue general regulations and guidelines that add specificity to the statutory scheme. At present, this type of government policy making often is not democratically accountable. Procedures inside government lack transparency and accountability, and organized civil society groups that are engaged in advocacy and oversight are few in number and often weakly institutionalized. The Central European experience has lessons for countries further to the east that are poorer and less democratic. Here, full-fledged public participation in the government rule making may not be feasible, but other aspects of the transition to democracy in Central Europe may provide relevant models—for... | sdg16 |
Consistent with a pattern found, on average, across the OECD, the mathematics and science scores of the highest-performing boys (the top decile) exceed that of girls. Policy makers across OECD member countries have employed a range of instruments to improve student achievement - including smaller class sizes, increased school autonomy, changes to teacher training and recruitment, or stringent accountability requirements for teachers, school leaders, or school founders (Hanushek, Piopiunik and Wiederhold, 2016). Given the current state of primary and lower secondary schooling in Lithuania -marked by small classes, wide school autonomy, and the reluctance on the part of educators and families to introduce assessment-based accountability arrangements - the most promising policy options for improvement in learning appear to be the amount and quality of instruction time. | sdg4 |
The ‘White Savour’ is a timeworn vehicle for celebrities in Hollywood film, where actors perform as heroes who save the day against dark and ominous adversaries. Pop stars take on personas and ‘exotic’ characters as well. And with increasing visibility, the famous perform real-life hero roles as philanthropists for social causes around the so-called ‘developing’ world. This essay explores how the celebrity philanthropist is constructed as redeemer of distant Others and how this role mingles with a celebrity’s on-stage personas to create the White Saviour, a powerful brand of cultural authority. It examines the power of Bono, Jolie and Madonna as key figures in contemporary African celebrity aid and diplomacy work, and at Madonna and Jolie as famous mothers. I argue that their campaigns employ a universalizing rhetoric of individualism that reinscribes colonial narratives of Africa’s diverse peoples as passive and helpless, and that ultimately burnishes the celebrity brand. | sdg16 |
In Latin America, domestic logistics costs, including stock management, storage, transport and distribution, can add up to more than 42 per cent of total sales for MSMEs, as compared to 15 to 18 per cent for large firms (WTO, 2016a). Low reliability and high shipping costs also represent significant barriers for US-based MSMEs exporting to the European Union (USITC, 2014). Hence, cheaper and more reliable logistics services can disproportionately benefit MSMEs. | sdg9 |
As JET is involved in many aspects of ESD, as well as research and advocacy on sustainability issues, the organisation is well-positioned to help connect these children with additional learning opportunities as they grow. In addition to hosting world-class research scientists and international student groups, the centre runs a broad range of outreach and educational programmes for the youth of the local indigenous communities. Among other community-oriented programmes, IIC runs wildlife and conservation clubs, providing for many local youth a first opportunity for systematic and scientifically-inclined learning about their natural environment. Unlike the urban youth mentioned above, these local youth come with vast knowledge and experiences developed through their lifelong immersion in the local area and their enculturation within the indigenous knowledge system. | sdg13 |
The notion of social justice is used in a variety of policy discourses, including urban regeneration policy. At least in rhetorical terms, this usage has been particularly strong in Scotland (Mooney, G., and Scott, G., 2005. Introduction: themes and questions. In: G. Mooney and G. Scott, eds. Exploring social policy in the ‘new’ Scotland. Bristol: Routledge.), for several reasons, including the strengthening of national policy following the creation of the Scottish Parliament (Keating, M., 2005. The Government of Scotland: Public policy making after devolution. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.) and the promotion of national distinctiveness in many aspects of policy. However, this article asks the question: to what extent has this promotion in rhetoric been matched by the reality of policy application? To answer this question, the experience of urban regeneration policy in Scotland since 1997 is examined, highlighting a broad similarity with policy in England (in spite of espoused distinctiveness), a... | sdg16 |
Third, marginal income tax rates for second earners, typically women, are very high, creating disincentives for working long hours. Fourth, a non-negligible net wage gap (about 7%) triggers specialisation whereby the least paid person in the household spends relatively more time looking after the children. Finally, women often hit a “glass ceiling”, making it difficult to mount the corporate ladder to senior positions of responsibility, which are rarely available on a part-time basis. | sdg5 |
The good news is that these countries do not face serious security of supply issues before at least the end of the decade. As a result, most governments and policy makers are not very concerned with electricity security of supply, except in a few countries. They have time in front of them to prepare well in advance possible evolutions of market arrangements, if and where needed. | sdg7 |
This may have substantial consequences for water quality, especially in the Mississippi river and the northern Gulf of Mexico (De la Torre Ugarte et al., If nutrient inputs are required for wood plantations, infiltration and runoff of nitrogen may also pose a risk to groundwater (Lattimore etal., Another important conclusion is that the location of production and the type of tillage production, crop rotation system and other farm management practices used in producing feedstocks for bioenergy production will also greatly influence water quality (De la Torre Ugarte et al., | sdg6 |
If a home visit is deemed necessary, the GP decides if the patient's condition is suitable for an ECP, or whether a GP is required (Halter et al., Variations on this model enable the patient to be transferred to another health service, such as a primary care centre, instead of an emergency department. These initiatives should be considered particularly in the rural context, and scaled up where appropriate. | sdg3 |
Infrastructure for municipal solid waste (MSW) improved with two controlled sanitary landfills and waste separation plants going into operation. The structure of industry is refocusing from mining and metal production towards tourism and services, which has an impact on the types of waste generated. A facility for storage of radioactive waste has received a permit for operation, which allows safe storage of this waste according to international standards. Involvement of the public in waste separation can also be improved. | sdg12 |
This illustrates very clearly that the rebalancing between sectors may be very much more significant than the total aggregate employment effect. These shifts in response to energy taxes could be used as a guide to the employment response to an equivalent increase in energy prices as a result of a move towards more sustainable energy technologies. Reprinted with permission from International Association for Energy Economics, Publishers of the Energy Journal. | sdg7 |
Beyond technical adjustments of benefit entitlements, a re-orientation towards more active social policies is needed. Activation policies, including both rights and responsibilities for benefit recipients, are one way of making transfers more responsive to labour-market conditions: they ensure that benefit expenditures decline when labour demand picks up, and they provide a means for making benefits more easily accessible when job prospects are poor (e.g., by tailoring job-search requirements and other eligibility criteria to labour-market conditions). Activation policies also contribute to better targeting (e.g., by making support conditional on job-search efforts, Immervoll, 2010). | sdg10 |
The Agenda establishes modalities for preferential treatment to LDC members, giving these countries greater flexibility in undertaking commitments during their negotiations on trade in services and on trade facilitation. As a result, under the Doha negotiations, LDCs are able to undertake only those commitments that are in accordance to their administrative and institutional capabilities and that respond to their development, financial, and trade needs. Under TRIPS, for example, LDCs were granted an 11-year transition period to meet their obligations regarding copyrights, trademarks, patents, trade secrets and other intellectual property rights. | sdg10 |
The implicit tax penalty for married women should also be removed, as the Federal Council is currently considering. More flexibility in working arrangements could further alleviate women’s cost of reconciling work and family life. For instance, facilitating flexi-time, annualised hours, job-sharing, part-time and telework options for both women and men, and creating paternity and/or consecutive, take-it-or-leave-it parental leave could facilitate transition in and out of the labour market. | sdg5 |
Chronic conditions such as cancer, heart disease or diabetes (also known as non-communicable diseases, NCDs) now' place the greatest demand on Colombia’s health care system, accounting for 71% of all deaths (Figure 1.5). At the same time, deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal or nutritional conditions (12%), and deaths due to injuries (17%) remain substantial. Cancers were the second most common cause of death, amounting to 17% of all deaths in 2012. | sdg3 |
In this entry we outline some of the principal questions regarding relationships between ideas about linguistic human rights (LHR), also called language rights, and selected theoretical and practical issues in language policy and planning (LPP). Keywords: language planning, language policy, civil rights, ethnicity, heritage languages, ideology | sdg16 |
It is likely these two funds can utilise their superior financial clout to drive health providers to improve performance more effectively than the smaller plans may be able to. Evidence of improvement across key indicators highlights that monitoring and feedback is a useful force in driving improvements in the quality of care. As a start, Israel should expand the number of domains covered to include major chronic conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure and mental health. | sdg3 |
Some research shows that young entrepreneurs in Hanoi rely mostly on informal social networks, such as family and friends, to get financial help to set up or expand a business, because bank loans and other forms of formal credit are difficult to obtain for smaller businesses (Turner and Nguyen, 2005). In such cases, however, kinship ties may oblige entrepreneurs to employ unskilled family members. Mutual trust is established by kinship, which also underpins relationships based on paternalism. | sdg10 |
Responsibilities and functions of different agencies as well as of different levels of administration should be clarified to improve the effectiveness of public programmes in meeting stated objectives. Coherent data on budgetary support to agriculture combining support from all sources, including various ministries, central and provincial governments, and overseas development assistance are missing. While data on budgetary expenditures on key programmes under the responsibility of MARD are publicly available, data on expenditures to support agriculture from other sources remain sporadic and not necessarily defined in a way allowing comparisons over time and matching them with other funds targeting the same objective. Moreover, while data on budgeted amounts are occasionally released, data on amounts actually spent are missing. | sdg2 |
This has been done by applying climate elements to public expenditure reviews, in the form of climate change public expenditure and institutional reviews (CPEIR), climate change finance assessments or analyses, or a mitigation fiscal framework (in Indonesia) (World Bank, 2014). Different countries have established, or are using these analyses to establish, tagging or tracking systems to identify climate-relevant expenditures, and put in place institutional arrangements as necessary (UNDP, 2015). They have also been reporting on support needs within their national communications and BURs. | sdg13 |
It can provide better recreational and cultural facilities but also create overcrowding, traffic congestion, litter, vandalism and crime (UNESCAP 2003). Started as the World Tourism Organisation in 1970 when its statutes were adopted, it became a working entity in 1975 with Headquarters in Madrid and joined the UN system in 2003, becoming known as UNWTO. Following the recommendations of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI) that “developed countries must take the lead" in accelerating the shift towards more sustainable consumption and production, each of the Marrakech Task Forces was chaired by a developed country. | sdg12 |
Gender gaps in the labour market are small and continue to narrow (Figure 32). Illustrative calculations show that increases in female employment account for 15% of total GDP per capita growth over the past 40-50 years (OECD, 2018(76]). The full-time work gap is defined as the difference between men and women in the shares working fiill-time (at least 30 hours per week). | sdg8 |
The discipline of international criminal law deals with the most serious crimes of concern to the international community, for which the responsible individuals shall bear criminal responsibility. Being firmly entrenched in substantive laws of national legal jurisdictions, the principle is not novel in international criminal law and is traceable to the celebrated Nuremberg Judgment. At the outset of the trial in Nuremberg, it was challenging to argue that the precedent of individual criminal responsibility for core international crimes, which called for the universal condemnation, a priori existed. In his renowned opening statement, Robert Jackson laid down his arguments as to the relevance and necessity of the principle of individual criminal responsibility in international law: | sdg16 |
The effects of violence may include direct costs, such as the destruction of property and the loss of human lives, and indirect costs in the form of resources allocated to criminal justice and incarceration, as well as high health expenditures. In a more general sense, the rise in violence and insecurity undermines social cohesion and breeds public distrust with respect to the effectiveness of the rule of law as a means of ensuring people’s safety. The outcome document was presented at the eighteenth Ibero-American Summit of Heads of State and Government, held in El Salvador in October 2008, which focused on youth and development. This information was supplemented with data from other agencies also working on the implementation of policies aimed at reducing and eradicating youth violence. The second section outlines the major policies, programmes and approaches being applied to preventing youth violence, focusing in particular on legislative reforms and changes. | sdg5 |
Subsets and Splits