text
stringlengths 119
1.42k
| label
stringclasses 16
values |
|---|---|
Only 1% are deprived in nutrition on its own, 1% are deprived in nutrition and child development but not in housing, and 3% are deprived in child development without being deprived in any of the other two. The biggest differences were observed for "computer" and "internet" in the information dimension (see Table A2 in Annex 1). Figure 5 decomposes the deprivation rate for nutrition, child development and housing (separately) into the proportions of children deprived in this dimension alone and the proportions deprived in this dimension as well as in two, three or more dimensions simultaneously. | sdg1 |
The strong presence of financial sector workers among top earners documented in Section 2 may not be undesirable if their very high earnings can be explained by very high productivity. One concern, however, is that the very high incomes not only reflect productivity but also rents accruing to financial sector employees. Financial institutions which benefit from highly valuable public support, especially government guarantees, or barriers to entry can create economic rents. | sdg10 |
Honduras’ murder rate, the highest recorded in the world at 90 per 100,000 people per year, was often cited in the news media as a leading reason for die exodus of unaccompanied minors from that country to the United States in mid-2014 (Patton et al., In a positive development that demonstrates that the right investments can save lives, such deaths “among adolescents have declined significandy since 2000,” accoiding to the World Health Organization. “ This decline is particularly noticeable in the regions where maternal mortality rates are highest. The Southeast Asia, Eastern Mediterranean and African regions have seen declines of 57 per cent, 50 per cent and 37 per cent, respectively.” | sdg5 |
Indicators of performance are mainly limited to grade repetition and student dropout, and school supervisors do not systematically evaluate school quality (see Policy Issue 3.2). A school census-based assessment would provide a stronger basis to identify where additional teachers should be allocated, focus incentives to attract high quality teachers, and target training to staff who face particularly challenging classrooms. These are critical measures to raise student learning and tackle dropout (see Chapter 4). | sdg4 |
This would match decision making to capacity and accountability lines, and result in less unimplemented decisions. This way forward does not imply deflating the role of the national and state water resources councils or overlooking the role of basin commissions. In a democracy, roles and jurisdictions should be assigned in a very clear way, and holding deliberative powers is not the only way of having effective influence on the decisions. | sdg6 |
However, women’s labour market participation and employment still remains significantly lower than men’s. In the OECD area, the gender gap in employment tended to converge in the 1990s, thanks to higher employment growth rates for women compared to men, and to remain constant in the period from 2000 to 2007. In the early years of the recent economic crisis, in most OECD countries gender gaps in employment shrank, mostly due to heavy job losses in male-dominated sectors. | sdg5 |
In: Ocampo JA, Jomo KS and Sarbuland K, eds. Policy Matters: Economic and Social Policies to Sustain Equitable Development. Hyderabad, London and Penang, Orient Longmans, Zed Books and Third World Network: 305-333. My family eats this money too: Pension sharing and self-respect among Zulu grandmothers. | sdg10 |
In total, around 45% of total EU emissions are covered by the EU ETS (EC, 2013). Installations are required to measure direct emissions each year, and provide emissions reports verified by an accredited verifier. In addition, the EU Directive on financial reporting was amended in 2014 to require large public interest entities with more than 500 employees to also report on non-financial information (EC, 2014). | sdg13 |
It examines how competition for water resources is growing due to shifting demand, climate change, and changing societal preferences. The chapter also discusses how these pressures increase the value of well-designed allocation regimes that perform well across a range of conditions (averages as well as extremes) and can adapt to changing conditions at least cost. They trace their roots to previous decades or even centuries and have usually evolved in a piecemeal fashion. | sdg6 |
Lessons from these past trends are helpful to formulate future policies helping improving opportunities for displaced workers. On average each year, one-fifth of jobs are created and/or destroyed and one third of workers are hired or separate from employers (OECD, 2018). This is part of the normal reallocation of resources to their most productive uses in response to shocks. | sdg8 |
Implemented initially in 200 districts across the country, the act was notified to another 200 districts in 2008 and it now operates in all of rural India accounting for a total expenditure equivalent to 0.3 of the national GNR NREGA is now the world’s biggest “right to work” programme and providing work opportunities for some 45 million poor rural households. In the wake of the global economic crisis, the number of days of work to which beneficiaries are entitled was increased from 100 to 200. By this token, NREGA contributed to buffer the effects of slower economic growth on the poorest households, in particular for those workers returning to rural areas after they lost their jobs in the cities. The scheme had an influence in providing “livelihood security” for large numbers of people and in ensuring that minimum wages are actually paid for unskilled, casual agricultural work - by far the primary source of earnings for poor households. | sdg8 |
The ethical aspects of biobanks and forensic DNA databases are often treated as separate issues. As a reflection of this, public participation, or the involvement of citizens in genetic databases, has been approached differently in the fields of forensics and medicine. This paper aims to cross the boundaries between medicine and forensics by exploring the flows between the ethical issues presented in the two domains and the subsequent conceptualisation of public trust and legitimisation. We propose to introduce the concept of ‘solidarity’, traditionally applied only to medical and research biobanks, into a consideration of public engagement in medicine and forensics. Inclusion of a solidarity-based framework, in both medical biobanks and forensic DNA databases, raises new questions that should be included in the ethical debate, in relation to both health services/medical research and activities associated with the criminal justice system. | sdg16 |
In learning about their rights and active citizenship, girls can bring fresh perspectives to family and school issues, and even to the development of their communities (UNICEF, 2011). School speaking or debate clubs, community forums with space reserved for girls to voice their ideas, and youth parliaments that include younger age cohorts are among the options. Processes to foster participation need to be carefully managed, however, since many end up dominated by adults, and even among young adolescents, girls are already likely to be more reticent than boys. One essential protection from these risks is as simple as a birth certificate. | sdg5 |
The concept of a “social protection floor” has been in use in recent years to mean a set of basic social rights, services and facilities that global citizens should enjoy. The report of the World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization states: “a minimum level of social protection for individuals and families needs to be accepted and undisputed as part of the socio-economic floor of the global economy”. A “social protection floor” could consist of two main elements - services (access to water and sanitation, health and education) and social transfers, in cash or in kind that help to realize respective human rights (ILO, 2010/11: 17). | sdg1 |
The past decade was the first in two centuries with increasing C02 emissions intensities, owing to a “coal revival,” in contrast with the rapid conversion to natural gas in the 1990s. In 2012, the global share of coal reached an estimated 29 percent, which, in relative terms, was higher than and, in absolute terms, about twice as large as the time of the first oil crisis in 1973. In the 2000s, China alone added more coal power capacity each year than the total installed capacity in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (International Energy Agency, 2010, p. 202). Most recently, global C02, emissions have grown at a slower pace, namely 1.4 percent in 2011 and 1.1 percent in 2012 and thus decisively below the 2.9 percent average since 2000. The recent short-term trend was driven mainly by absolute decreases of emissions in the EU and the United States as well as a below-trend increase in China, which was primarily due to the lingering economic effects of the global financial crisis. | sdg7 |
Under this proposal, UBN indicators would be able to account for access to goods provided through public investment, while income indicators would measure private consumption. This method attempted to determine the extent of deprivation in each dimension in order to establish gaps, as is the case with the poverty line. Nevertheless, for the time being, the significance of asymmetries within households (not all household members are affected in the same way by lack of resources or are able to function with the same degree of freedom) will not be taken into account owing to methodological difficulties and problems with data. | sdg1 |
This concept is the most comprehensive as it also takes into account in-kind transfers, such as education and health care spending. Data issues are discussed in Box 1 and different income inequality measures are discussed in Annex 1. Among the OECD countries, earnings inequality for full-time employees is highest in Chile, the United States and Portugal, while Switzerland, Belgium and Denmark are the most equal countries. | sdg10 |
Available from www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-residents-to-generate-own-water-bills-using-mobile-app-soon/ story-qqmpK06SYZtgzidhyh MwfJ.html. Working paper presented at the International Workshop on Market Based Instruments and International Trade, Amsterdam, 19 March. Available from http: / / rprogress.org / publications /1998 / BTA_1998.pdf. A Climate for Recovery: The Colour of Stimulus Goes Green. Available from http: / / globaldashboard.org / wp-content /uploads / 2009 / HSBC_Green_New_ Deal.pdf. | sdg7 |
These multiple constraints contribute to low agricultural productivity (Chapter 2 of this Report) as well as limiting the dynamic potential of female ventures in rural areas, and thus risk inhibiting the long-term growth and diversification potential of rural economies. Women have land ownership rights in all these countries, and in only one (Democratic Republic of the Congo) is this affected by their marital status. However, formal discrimination persists in inheritance rights in a number of countries: Women have inheritance rights as daughters or surviving spouses in 16 cases, but not in seven others (Bangladesh, Nepal, Senegal, Sudan, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania and Yemen), and in one other (Lesotho) daughters do not have equal rights with sons. | sdg5 |
This is attributed to efforts made to reduce subjectivity in the earlier use of a multiplicative factor by directly consulting the concerned ministries/departments to confirm the contribution of schemes implemented by them towards biodiversity conservation, as well as to the significant difference in rupee-USD conversion rate in 2014. Most of the subsidies benefit the rich more than the poor, however. For example, the poorest 20% reap only about a tenth of electricity subsidies and even less of transport fuel subsidies. Replacing indirect subsidies - artificially low prices for energy' and water - with cash transfers would help the poor, encourage efficient use of energy and water, and help to promote more socially inclusive green growth. | sdg15 |
Compared to other Nordic countries, health expenditure was the second highest after Denmar k. Of total net expenditure on health and medical care services in Swedish county councils and regions in 2010 (202 billion SEK), specialist psychiatric care accounted for 8%, pharmaceuticals excluded (SALAR, 201 la). In terms of total health expenditure, the share of private insurance is marginal, accounting for merely 0.1% in 2000, which increased only to 0.3% in 2010 (OECD, 2012b). It typically provides supplementary coverage (mainly coverage for elective surgery) to the public health system. In 2010, 382 000 people had supplementary voluntary insurance, compared to approximately 103 000 people in 2000 (Anell et al., | sdg3 |
Ensuring equal opportunities for all immigrant students - regardless of which school they attend - is of critical importance. The second section, on funding strategy, presents approaches to managing inequities through targeted funding to disadvantaged areas, schools or particular student groups after careful consideration of educational priorities. Finally, the third section underlines the importance of monitoring and evaluation in ensuring the quality of migrant education. | sdg4 |
This contrasts with the debate of the early 1990s, when the rise in the average wage of the newly industrializing economies (NIEs) relative to that of the United States was used to allay fears about the effect of trade on income inequality. This may be partly due to a declining growth in labour supply and restrictions on geographical labour mobility (TDR 2010, chap. Moreover, the new labour contract law, which came into effect in 2008, stipulates minimum wage requirements and allows a strengthening of the bargaining power of employees.9 Finally, labour compensation has also increased because of rapidly rising labour productivity. According to Banister and Cook (2011), labour productivity in China's industrial sector (including manufacturing, as well as construction, mining and utilities) increased at an average annual rate of about 10 per cent betw een 1991 and 2008. The reason for this rapid productivity growth is a combination of sizeable and growing capital investment and improved education and skill levels of Chinese workers, along with the use of advanced technologies by transnational corporations (TNCs) engaged in international production sharing, as discussed below . | sdg10 |
This article takes as critical point of departure the currently individualized nature of mainstream social psychology. It is argued that by using the concept of ideology, social psychology may be transformed into a more societal social psychology and thereby a discipline more relevant to individual, society and social life. Based on the interplay between language usage and ideology, moreover, a methodology for assessing ideological changes in society by identifying shifts in language usage in the public discourse (newspapers) is presented. Research conducted by this methodology, including comparative studies of how the globalized neoliberalism with its strong individualism merges with local ideologies in various societies around the world is then reviewed. Finally, analyses of a society’s ideological reactions upon terrorism, is presented. | sdg16 |
Yet a considerable proportion of youth in Latin America are neither working nor engaged in education nor training (NEET). These activities can help “NEETs" develop skills that will pay off later by making them more employable or opening up better opportunities for career advancement. The NEET rate is a good measure of the youth educational and labour market reality, reflecting both the risk of unemployment and inactivity. | sdg8 |
This scheme, under which duly registered families are paid a subsidy to receive, under appropriate standards, older adults who need care, has been implemented in the Famflia Acolhedora (Foster Family) programme in Brazil19 and the Care Network for Comprehensive Care of Older Persons, Solidarity Families component, in Costa Rica. In some cases, these are considered as respite services for caregivers and include training schemes to bring them into the formal sector. They may include subsidies for the hiring of personal assistants, cash transfers to unpaid caregivers, or temporary access to care centres outside the home. | sdg5 |
The OECD is grateful to all stakeholders who took part in the event and all those who provided information on relevant country experience. Their experiences and insights have provided valuable inputs into this report. Within the OECD the authors would like to thank Deborah Roseveare, Tanja Bastianic, Simon Field, Nicolas Jonas, Malgorzata Kuczera, Anthony Mann and Pauline Musset for their valuable feedback on drafts of this report. | sdg4 |
In particular, prices on domestic markets are strongly dependent on trade policies pursued in the countries concerned. In fact, there is effectively no way that stockholding policies in any country can permanently override the domestic market price effects of its government’s trade policy unless the country concerned is either extremely large relative to the world market or has an unlimited budget and storage capacities. Chapter 4 found that on closer inspection the track record of the national stock policies analysed was far less convincing. | sdg2 |
Nowadays, any activity that may change the conditions in the cave requires official permission. They form part of the Transboundary Biosphere Reserve and the Ag-gtclek (Hungary) and Slovensky kras (Slovakia) National Parks. Both are included in the World Heritage List, and are part of the Natura 2000 network. There is good cooperation in terms of cultural programmes, tourism and sport, public events and publications. An Agreement on cooperation between the State Nature Conservancy of Slovakia and the Ag-gtelck National Park Directorate in Hungary (2001) is followed up through annual implementation protocols. | sdg6 |
The Australian state of Victoria funds a programme, specifically targeted at boys, called “Boys, Blokes, Books & Bytes” that promotes learning styles that are appealing to boys, and involves adult men as positive role models and reading partners. The programme is based on peer learning, as teachers leam from and with each other with the support of a tutor. Once fully developed, the programme will be offered to teachers from pre-school to upper secondary' school. New York City’s Young Men’s Initiative includes reading and math classes for young black and Latino men who are not yet ready to take the General Education Development (high school equivalency) test. | sdg4 |
Several NGOs claimed the construction required separate permitting, as well as public participation and assessment procedures, under the EIA Directive and the UNECE Aarhus and Espoo conventions, arguing that the work should legally be considered a new project. However, obligations under the EIA Directive took effect at the time of accession, on 1 May 2004. Given that the project was initiated, authorised and partly built prior to accession, the EIA Directive is not applicable. Nevertheless, the Slovak authorities informed the Commission that they had voluntarily initiated a new EIA procedure for units 3 and 4 before issuing the permits for commissioning and operations. Source: UNECE, 2010. However, the current SEA legislation contains a number of shortcomings. | sdg6 |
The Fisheries Research Agency, (IFOP), is responsible for conducting basic research. Additionally, institutions such as the police and the Navy may inspect and control the enforcement of fisheries and aquaculture regulations in their relevant jurisdictions. The main tools used in the management and conservation of fishing resources include prohibiting fishing for specific species in defined areas, temporary or permanent prohibition of capture of species protected by agreements to which Chile is a party, annual catch quota per species in specific areas, declaration of marine parks to ensure the conservation and diversity of marine species, allowable percentages of species landed as bycatch, minimum extraction sizes or weights per species in a determined area and restrictions on dimensions and characteristics of fishing gears and nets. | sdg14 |
A robustness check however indicates that the distributions of spell durations vary little over the observation periods. In particular, the shares of spells with durations of at least six, twelve, and 24 months among spells starting in a given month are surprisingly stable over time (not shown). The only exception to this is Latvia, where the proportion of spells with longer durations surges along with the rise in benefit receipt rates in 2009. | sdg1 |
In response to this regional disparity, the government has undertaken the South-North Water Diversion Project, a pipeline transporting water from the Yangzi River to the north of the country. While this might add water resources for agricultural use in the north, it should be complemented by broader policies designed to promote water efficiency. Such policies are particularly important given imminent challenges to water availability such as the development of China’s water-intensive shale gas industry and the prospect of increased aridity in the north of the country from further climate change. | sdg2 |
Yet, commitments to promote the cohesion of families cannot be seen in isolation from two critical elements oftheSDGs:the realization of human rights of all, and the achievement of gender equality and empowerment of all women and girls (2030 Agenda, preamble).9 In fact under the SDGs, States explicitly commit to ensuring universal access to family planning (SDG 3.7) and the promotion of shared responsibility within the family (SDG 5.4). The impact of diseases is felt particularly in African countries. See, e.g., Mokomane 2012 and UNDG Western and Central Africa 2015. | sdg5 |
In value terms, imports amounted to around EUR 5 billion and exports to EUR 1.4 billion, resulting in a balance-of-trade deficit of around EUR 3.6 billion (source: French Customs and Excise). This free-trade agreement, which may take some time to ratify, is the blueprint for another agreement currently being negotiated with the United States, the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). | sdg14 |
As forest ecosystems continue to accumulate carbon for a long time, protection of forest carbon stocks by increasing the amount of old forest is a credible policy option that will also benefit biodiversity conservation. In managed forests, prolonged harvesting cycles will also increase forest carbon stocks. It still remains, however, to develop more complete life cycle analyses to address the sink strength of old forests or prolonged harvest rotation compared to alternative management options and systems. | sdg15 |
The high performance of Switzerland’s health system is reflected in high levels of patient satisfaction. Switzerland’s population is older than that in most other OECD countries. At the same time, lifestyle changes today presage the rise of health risks within the Swiss population in the future. While still low, the prevalence of obesity is rising, particularly amongst young people. These trends, along with advances in medical technology, should result in Swiss residents being more likely to live with a chronic condition over the next few decades than they are today. Indeed, they may live with more than one chronic condition or morbidity. | sdg3 |
As a result, teachers may perform at a level lower than expected at the concerned career stage for a number of years. While it is a strength of the system that processes exist to move ineffective teachers either out of the school system or into non-teaching roles, there remain opportunities for underperforming teachers to remain in the system for long periods of time. If sustained underperformance by teachers is not tackled this has adverse consequences not only on student learning but also on the reputation of both schools and the teaching profession. | sdg4 |
Studies of its impact on total employment find negative effects in some countries and none at all in others. Much of the evidence comes from Latin America, which tends to have both more costly job security provisions (Heckman and Pages, 2000) and more available data. This suggests that measures of job protection legislation and its cost taken across countries tend to hide important differences in implementation. The inference is that the quality and details of employment protection legislation matter. | sdg10 |
The overarching model of policy implementation was applied to the public policy described in the first chapter: social and administrative renewal. the empirical model test focusses on the programs formulated in three local authorities. the local authorities differ in the extent to which political control is exercised. This chapter contains a short introduction to Dutch local authority policy making and three case studies—which provide a concise substantive overview of the policy programs. | sdg16 |
State subsidies for education could be utilised to reduce the gap between private and social returns, internalising some of the externalities. The first one is a macro approach, drawing on the empirical growth literature. The role of human capital accumulation in explaining income differences across countries and over time is explored extensively (Mankiw etal., | sdg4 |
In this sense, our analysis is best described as the initial or early impacts of the crisis on children. With this caveat, our results indicate a strong relationship between country exposure to the crisis and child outcomes, with those hardest hit showing the largest increases in child poverty. Some downward trends in well-being are observed for all countries, not just those most exposed to the crisis, this is especially true for young people’s labour market outcomes. | sdg1 |
Women and girls with disabilities have historically been denied the freedom to make their own choices in matters relating to their reproduction. In the healthcare sector they experience multiple discriminatory practices. Women and girls with intellectual disabilities are particularly vulnerable to coerced or forced medical interventions. The present article considers the contribution the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities makes towards affirming the rights of women and girls with disabilities to enjoy reproductive autonomy, including autonomy related to reproductive health, on an equal basis with individuals without disabilities. The Convention is paradigm-setting in its maximal approach to affirming the rights of individuals with disabilities to make autonomous choices under conditions of equality and non-discrimination. The Convention is the first human rights treaty to clearly affirm that impairment of decision-making skills is not a justification for depriving a person with cognitive or intellectual disability of legal capacity. | sdg16 |
These enable the payer to specify the outcomes it wishes a care provider to deliver, while allowing the care provider flexibility in how services are designed to deliver those outcomes. Australia is already experimenting with advance payments for bundles of care for patients with complex needs in its Diabetes Care Project. The trial’s evaluation should inform future policy. This will oblige both levels of government and their respective policy makers to try to develop a more meaningful assessment of the needs of these communities and tailor their ways of paying them to suit the maintenance of needed services. | sdg3 |
From a technical point of view, this provision does not clearly distinguish between the different issues of patentable subject matter on the one hand and novelty on the other hand. The extent to which countries admit the patentability of known substances in new compositions varies, ibid. The above-mentioned scenario of a known active ingredient claimed in a new composition has to be distinguished from the case where the active ingredient as such is new. | sdg3 |
Among these resources, only shrimp stocks in NAFO 3L and 3M are in good shape. Fisheries permits are to be issued for at least ten nets at a time. This requirement entered into force in 2009. There are no restrictions for foreign capital, and foreigners can freely invest in the fish harvesting and processing sectors. | sdg14 |
Whereas the general dynamics of the biomass and carbon associated with forest trees up to and just beyond their harvestable age are reasonable well understood, this is much less the case for carbon dynamics in old forests and of soil carbon in particular. We also have several poorly known issues on the linkages between biodiversity and the ecosystem functions of the carbon cycle. Will mortality factors like wind throws, breakage, insect and fungal attacks reduce biomass or will gap-filling dynamics balance or compensate biomass losses? | sdg15 |
Abstract Through a review of the scholarly and non-governmental organization (NGO) literature, this paper seeks to contribute to an emergent dialogue on the cultural citizenship of children in art museums. A comprehensive search of the current literature on this topic reveals a paucity of attention and understanding in this area, despite an increasing focus on children's services in art museums. In order to bridge this gap, the United Nations' Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) is highlighted as an international vehicle for entrenching the participatory rights of children in cultural life and the Arts from birth. Lundy's model for participation based on ‘space, voice, audience and influence’ is interpreted for an art museum setting. Promoting children's cultural rights shapes museums into more democratic institutions, thereby activating the public art museum's founding principles. | sdg16 |
Other traits such as Emotional Stability, Openness to Experience, and Agreeableness are also associated with longer lives. However there is evidence that Self-Control (associated with Conscientiousness), Emotional Stability, and Agreeableness are important protective factors against criminal activity (John et al.1994, Agnew et al. Controlling for the influence of education and cognitive ability, these traits appear equally predictive of lower criminal activity (Heckman, Stixrud, and Urzua, 2006). This provides a new perspective on the direction of social and educational policy interventions. | sdg8 |
Research from the 1980s reported that a large majority of El recipients received their full benefits, but the proportion receiving their full benefits must have fallen since then, because in 2008 31% of El recipients found a job with more than two-thirds of their benefit period remaining. Early re-employment is promoted by the Re-employment Allowance, which is paid to people who start work with at least a third (or in some cases, at least half) of their remaining benefit entitlement period remaining. It is a lump sum corresponding to 30% (recently increased to 40%) of the unused entitlement. | sdg8 |
This makes it possible to compare food insecurity levels among men and women. Table 4 provides the breakdown of adults suffering from severe food insecurity by sex and reveals different situations for each subregion. However, there are subregional differences, with a higher percentage of women in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and European CIS affected by severe food insecurity. | sdg2 |
Oromia accounted for the largest share of spending on HIV/AIDS activities (average annual spending of ETB 189 million) followed by Amhara (average annual spending of ETB 4.5 million). Oromia allocates 2%2 of operating expenditure for HIV/AIDS-related prevention, awareness creation and support to poor living households containing sufferers. Humanitarian relief accounted for the majority of spending on Focus Area 1 over this period and its share increased significantly, from 60.2% in 2012/13 to 79.2% in 2015/16. | sdg1 |
To date, user orientation of statistics is not sufficient. The accuracy of data on volumes produced and consumed of agricultural commodities, the value of production by commodity, farm structures in terms of ownership and use, the level and structure of rural household incomes (both from agricultural and non-agricultural sources), and on agricultural land is far from adequate. Data collection could be less expensive if combined with a revitalisation of extension and research services. | sdg2 |
The efficacy of information and the media as weapons against corruption having been documented, this chapter discusses the complementary role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Including ICT can be more effective in combating corruption than relying on traditional media alone. ICT enables citizens to access many government services online, which weakens the role of bureaucrats as intermediaries between the government and the public. Moreover, citizens can use the “social web” to communicate their opinions, suggest possible solutions, expose misbehaviour and promote ethical behaviour over long distances very quickly. Very importantly, ICT greatly facilitates investigation and asset tracking. Empirical findings reveal that ICT does indeed have a significant role in reducing corruption. Interestingly, e-government and internet penetration do a better job of explaining variations in corruption among countries than bureaucratic quality and law enforcement. | sdg16 |
These indicators can, for instance, be used to monitor trends in climate exposure and vulnerability, realised impacts of climate events, and/or assess either adaptation processes or outcomes. This in turn allows a country to improve on planning or implementing adaptation policies. A country’s learning priorities may depend on progress made in national adaptation planning. | sdg13 |
The issue of death penalty under international law can be described by pointing out specific legal norms or lack of them in treaties regarding human rights (e.g. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights), humanitarian law (i.e. Geneva Conventions), international criminal law (i.e. Rome Statute). Moreover, international institutions address issue of death penalty in soft law and in judicature. Following history of those norms, abolistic tendencies are explicit and particularly strong in the post-World War II international society. | sdg16 |
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. As mentioned in the competition section, opening the electricity market to independent power provision can be very helpful in promoting private investment in clean electricity generation. Keeping the energy market competitive and ensuring that the needs of end-users are met also requires careful regulation and oversight of the sector, both by a competition authority and a sector-specific regulator. | sdg7 |
In cooperation with the 10-Member Group of high-level representatives, it has undertaken joint activities in seven subgroups on the STI Forum, the TFM online platform, STI roadmaps for the SDGs, joint capacity building, new and emerging technologies, and gender and STI. Partnerships are also emerging with scientific and technological communities and other stakeholders. The IATT has continued this work and has collected inputs from over 100 contributors (box 4). | sdg9 |
The Foreign Ministry sets the overall strategic direction, while implementation is the responsibility of the Austrian Development Agency (Chapter 3). Funding is provided by federal ministries, the Lander and municipalities. Austria provided USD 1.11 million (0.28% of gross national income) in total ODA in 2012, slightly below the average for members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC). According to DAC figures, only USD 6.2 million of Austrian bilateral ODA in 2011 (USD 2.3 million in 2010) was identified as having climate change adaptation as a principal objective, with a further USD 8.9 million of projects having adaptation as a significant objective (USD 3.3 million in 2010). | sdg13 |
Those options include energy efficiency and new approaches to existing sources, as well as the utilization of new energy sources. This is followed by a discussion of the links among energy, growth and development and what is implied by ensuring income and energy convergence while meeting the climate challenge. The following section considers the big investment push onto a low-emissions growth path. Finally, some elements of an integrated strategy combining energy security, energy access, expanded capacity and research and development are proposed. | sdg7 |
Center for Global Health Policy, “WHO Regional Director for Africa Discusses Abuja Declarations”, Science Speaks: HIV & TB News, 8 May 2010, (http://sciencespeaks. African Union, “An African Common Position for the UN General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on AIDS, New York, June 2006”, Sp/Assembly/ATM/3 (I) Rev.2, (http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/conferences/past/2006/may/summit/doc/en/ UNGASS_Common_Position.pdf) (accessed 5 September 2011). Resolution AFR/RC55/R6, “Acceleration of HIV Prevention Efforts in the African Region”, 25 August 2005, Maputo, Mozambique. | sdg3 |
Some time-use surveys in the region identify the time spent on this type of care and compare attendance at day-care centres. There is no significant difference when comparing men in the two groups, as the activities that fathers carry out with their children (playing, going for walks, transporting them from place to place) are not affected by the hours that children spend at home. Women, however, are responsible for compulsory activities that need to be carried out on a daily basis and at set times (feeding, cleaning, health care) (Batthyany, 2009). | sdg5 |
This paper proposes a holistic institutional approach to provide insight into the policy reforms necessary to progressively achieve compliance with internationally recognized labor-related human rights. Drawing on institutions theory from political economy, the paper reframes international legal norms as holistic institutions, comprised of rules, social norms, and actual behaviors, the so-called rules of the game. In this way, problems in implementing labor-related human rights that may result in violations of international law are also considered as employment practices and, like other employment practices, are embedded in a web of formal and informal rules – institutions that govern work and employment. Based on the understanding that institutions contribute to violations, this holistic institutional approach also includes a framework to improve regulation and compliance based on Harold Koh's compliance theory from international law. The approach is illustrated using the example of forced obligatory overtime in textile assembly (maquilas) in Honduras and Nicaragua. | sdg16 |
Though amounts to the South and Central Asia region declined by USD 1.2 billion, Far East Asia increased by USD 5.1 billion, mainly due to major commitments to Indonesia (energy) and the Philippines (transport and storage). It should be noted, however, that allocations to Asia fluctuate significantly from one year to the other. In general, this is caused by large biennial commitments from Japan and the ADB towards economic infrastructure. | sdg9 |
The right to privacy, being a civil and political right falls under the first generation of human rights and its importance cannot be undermined in any sense. The Council of Europe in 1950 adopted the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) for the promotion of democracy, rule of law, human rights and social development. This paper will examine the right to privacy as adjudicated upon in the case of Copland vs United Kingdom and discuss some of the principles in that case and how the said principles have laid down the foundation for the application of the right to privacy as we have it today. The privacy practice around the world and other analogous issues are also briefly discussed in this paper. | sdg16 |
In visits with schools and with municipal officials, stakeholders described this autonomy. In some municipalities there are a minimum number of teachers required, based on the number of classes the municipality determines a school should have. Otherwise, however, the school principal can determine which types of and how many staff members are hired. | sdg4 |
Additional funding will be provided to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to study measures to curb heroin overdose deaths and provide naloxone, which is used to rapidly counteract the effects of opioid overdose, to first responders and train them in its use. Part of the earmarked funds will also be used to offer substance abuse treatment to all eligible federal prison inmates through the Department of Justice’s Federal Bureau of Prisons. In July 2015, Health Canada announced that it was reviewing the prescription requirement for naloxone. That initiative comes at a time when opioid overdoses continue to increase across the country. As a first step towards facilitating access to the medicine, the federal Government was undertaking consultations with provincial and territorial health authorities to collect information about the use of naloxone, in particular with respect to the possibility of allowing a wider range of professionals, including first responders, to inject patients with naloxone. | sdg3 |
Completion rates of vocational education and apprenticeship programmes, which are key for at-risk youth, remain relatively low. To improve Year 12 attainment levels, programme completion and reduce disparities across groups and regions, the Australian Government as well as the states and territories have implemented various innovative and targeted strategies over the last decade. They notably leave schools and social service providers a lot of flexibility in adapting service to the local needs, but these programmes are usually short-lived. | sdg4 |
A value under 1 indicates greater educational attainment by men. Among the economically active population, the average number of years' education was higher among women of all ages and income quintiles. However, when the population aged 15 and over is considered, men's educational attainment was higher for all income quintiles in both 1997 and 2005, but in 2013 the gender parity index stood at 1 or above for four of the five quintiles. | sdg1 |
Framing—selecting certain aspects of a given issue and making them more salient in communication in order to “frame” the issue in a specific way—is a key concept in the study of communication. At the same time, it has been used very differently in scholarship, leading some to declare it a “fractured paradigm,” or an idea whose usefulness has expired. In studies of climate change communication, frame analyses have been used numerous times and in various ways, from formal framing approaches (e.g., episodic vs. thematic framing) to topical frames (both generic and issue-specific). Using methodological approaches of frame analysis from content analysis over discourse analysis and qualitative studies to experimental research, this research has brought valuable insights into media portrayals of climate change in different countries and their effects on audiences—even though it still has limitations that should be remedied in future research. | sdg16 |
The impact of law in shaping the way in which spatial planning is conducted is often overlooked and attitudes to law are often purely instrumental. This paper looks at how the concept of the rule of law has evolved in England, and what effect it has had on public administration and on spatial planning processes in particular. It looks particularly at the role of equity within the common-law tradition and the way in which equitable judgment has coloured administrative decision-making. It concludes that by comparison with legal processes decision-making in spatial planning is often insufficiently rigorous. | sdg16 |
On World Environment Day, June 5, 1999, former prime minister Krishna Prasad Bhattarai made a public appeal to resist cutting standing trees. But his words were later twisted into a blanket ban on felling living trees in community forests. This happened in 2010 following increased reports of smuggled goods from valuable forests in the southern plains. | sdg15 |
In addition they are able to export excess energy to BC Hydro in British Columbia, Canada, thereby generating a much needed financial input to the region. Income from state-owned transmission lines will provide the funds necessary to build the Southeast Intertie connecting all of the Southeast’s communities by 2030 thus enabling a substantial portion of the Alaskan population to have access to a renewable energy supply. Or it is small scale diesel or gas generators just connected to a local network supplying typically a municipality, a town ora village. | sdg7 |
One finding is that shorthand proxy groupings that are frequently used in the policy debate in fact contain several different sub-groups, each of whom face significantly different sets of employment challenges. For example, the clustering reveals two different groups of economically inactive mothers with young children with very different levels of education, skills and work experience and different levels of household income. Similarly, the analysis reveals three groups of individuals with health difficulties, who differ in terms of their age, work experience and benefit entitlements. The statistical clustering also identified two groups of youth with labour market difficulties who differ in terms of their employment record and the job opportunities likely to be available to them. | sdg8 |
While there are several hundred inter-communal structures, most of them are small and rarely embrace a large population. Moreover the responsibilities of those structures are still poorly defined and their creation has tended to generate higher public spending, and thus higher taxes. Vertical coordination through the State-Region Planning Contracts (CPER) has had more success. | sdg9 |
This type of financing is commonly used by large businesses, w hich can issue bonds on marketplaces in order to raise large sums of money. Eligible for this funding are start-ups with an innovative project in the fields of engineering sciences, life sciences and new ICTs. The fund can invest between 10% and 35% of the company’s equity, up to a maximum of MAD 4 million, by buying a stake in the equity and quasi-equity of the company. | sdg5 |
Thus, the decision to proceed with a project should be based solely on the merits of the project (as assessed using a cost-benefit or cost-effectiveness analysis) and not the delivery mode in itself. If a project meets the standards set by the social return target or other economic criteria, it should, at that point, be subject to an analysis of the merits of alternative delivery modes. Processes that bypass this sequence are more likely to generate poor choices both in terms of projects and delivery modes. | sdg9 |
This article explores the international politics regarding Muammar Muhammad Gaddafi's regime and the civil war in Libya in a context of liberalization and democratization of the Arab Spring. The study presents the varying positions taken by the five permanent member states of the UN Security Council, and their levels of adherence to the spirit of Responsible to Protect (R2P). The analysis explores the content of Resolutions 1970 and 1973, and statements made by external parties before, during, and after those resolutions were enacted. It is argued that although R2P has been proclaimed to be a core principle for human security, the Libyan crisis shows much discrepancy and confusion by the international community regarding how that principle should be applied to enduring dictatorial regimes. | sdg16 |
Largely inspired by Max Weber’s instrumental vision of social science, the modern political science likes to see itself as an enterprise where researchers choose freely among different methods for the only sake of advancement of knowledge. Adam Przeworski, for example, a name in comparative politics and in democratization studies, calls his methodology eclectic and opportunistic. This presentation challenges the understanding of modern political science as an eclectic and opportunistic methodological enterprise. My conclusions are based on the analysis of the writings of a few authors in the discipline, including Przeworski. I will show that despite the full academic freedom to choose among different research techniques and methods of interpretation, most scholars prefer to stick with limited number of similar instruments. I will investigate the reason(s) why these authors, including Przeworski himself, do not answer the call for eclectics and opportunism. | sdg16 |
The average annual 9.5% increase in aid-for-trade commitments has contributed to reversing the trend-which started in early 1980-of a declining share of ODA devoted to promoting economic growth. In 2015, the share of aid for trade in-sector allocable aid stood at 33.3%. Most of the increase was centred in the area of transport and storage, which rose by USD 3.0 billion, compared to 2014, and has almost tripled in volume since the 2002-05 average baseline. | sdg9 |
Thus, to best benefit from tenders, governments should first clearly identify the objective behind the tender based on due diligence and needs assessments. Bid design should also minimise opportunities for bid rigging (see question 3.9). Prime mover technology must have been in use for at least 12 months with 80% technical availability. | sdg7 |
These gender roles are firmly engrained in the local culture and institutions. While it was implicitly assumed in the past that the household head would compensate family members for their labour with the income gained from oil palm production, in reality, female household members were often not being compensated for their work. In many cases, this led to intra-household struggles and to women withdrawing their labour from loose fruit collection and focusing instead on vegetable production, which allowed them to earn, and keep, an income. | sdg5 |
The Committee can, like the regional committees, issue licences endorsed by the government for certain fisheries. The regional and local* sea fishery committees, for their part, provide the industry with technical assistance and information and are actively involved in drawing up measures taken at the national level regarding regional committees (issuing of licences) and social initiatives. | sdg14 |
In particular, the significant drop in the number of students enrolled in short vocational programmes causes shortages of certain occupations. This number dropped by over 50% (from about 2 000 students to about 1 000) between 2007 and 2009. Middle vocational programmes also saw large declines in enrolment from over 18 000 students in 2007 to around 12 000 students in 2009. | sdg4 |
The Child Development Index: Holding Governments to Account for Children's Wellbeing. London: Save the children UK. Commodities and Capabilities, New Delhi: Oxford University Press. The Idea of Justice, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Children's Experience of Multidimensional Deprivation: Relationship with household monetary poverty, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 56, 43-56. Poverty in the United Kingdom: A survey of household resources and standards of living. | sdg1 |
Since more redistributive tax-transfer systems tend to be more effective as a backstop to widening earnings gaps, redistribution in the US was also less effective at offsetting the substantial increase in the market-income inequality in the 2-3 decades leading up to the GR. Focussing on more recent policy changes, we then calculate income gains and losses that can be attributed to reforms shortly before and after the GR at different points in the earnings spectrum. The results show that a combination of discretionary and automatic policy changes in the US have significantly narrowed the pre-GR gap between the equalising capacities of US and European redistribution measures, and between their abilities to cushion the effects of economic shocks on household income. We argue, however, that this is unlikely to signify any longer-term convergence, and that Europe/US comparisons need to go beyond the common focus on differences in redistribution levels. | sdg10 |
This paper explores the emerging concept of place-based economic policy. It reviews recent literature on place-based economics policy, especially regional competitiveness policy, and explores the adoption and diffusion of this concept by economic development practitioners and social science researchers. It attempts to answer the question: Are place-based economic policy and the underlying conceptual foundations lasting innovations, or are they fads which economic development practitioners and social scientists will adopt until another fad emerges? The conclusion is that economic development practitioners and social scientists do tend to respond to fads. To ensure that regional economic development policy is not dominated by fads, social scientists must get out in front of economic development practitioners far enough to thoroughly develop and test regional competitiveness and other place-based economic theories. | sdg16 |
It represents a wider grouping of stakeholders, including agricultural, industrial, urban and environmental organisations with interests in water management. The aim is to conduct a collaborative governance process led by stakeholders, to recommend reform of New Zealand’s fresh water management. The Forum leads a consensus process to identify shared outcomes and goals for fresh water, as well as relevant policies to achieve them. Co-ordinating strategic planning of water policy: OECD examples (cont.) | sdg6 |
It is expected that fossil fuels will continue to play an important role in the medium to long term. The efficiencies of a number of regions are shown in the figure below, which highlights that the energy efficiencies are generally lower in most non-OECD countries than in OECD countries. Possible explanations for lower efficiencies include outdated generation technologies. The necessary capital for state-of-the-art technologies such as combined cycle gas turbines is not always available and the equipment requires regular maintenance in order to maintain design efficiencies. Figure 9 highlights the importance of renewable energies in the future generation mix in all regions. The upfront costs of renewable energies are usually higher compared to fossil fuel generation technologies but the operation cost is close to zero for some renewable technologies such as solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines. | sdg7 |
In parallel, river basin councils were to remain the main institutions under federal authority for water management at the river basin level and users’ concerns and opinions were to be taken into account through the councils’ general assemblies. Respectively led by the federal government and CONAGUA, these two strategic documents are implemented over the same period of time (6 years), and both feature objectives regarding sustainable management of water resources at the river basin level. Objective 2 (Chapter 4, Section 4.1 of the National Development Plan) focuses on integrated and sustainable management of water resources. | sdg6 |
In Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, Albania and Romania stand out with half of the housing lacking piped water. As in the case of water supply, sewerage services are most problematic in Albania, Romania and the EECCA countries. The data indicate that a limited share of the housing has a bath or shower—Uzbekistan (13.3 per cent), Bosnia and Herzegovina (22 per cent), Kyrgyzstan (24 per cent) and the Republic of Moldova and Turkmenistan (30 per cent). | sdg11 |
Teachers began to classify pupils into three groups - safe cases, suitable for treatment, and hopeless cases - and subsequently focused primarily on the middle group, seeing that this group had the most potential for improvement. In this same case, it was found that weaker pupils received less attention. Status and growth models refer to how outcomes are measured and they each create different objectives and incentives for schools. Status models measure the percent of students who achieve certain levels of proficiency and require schools to raise performance to meet the proficient level (Krieg, 2008, Neal and Schanzenbach, 2010 cited in Figlio and Loeb, 2011). | sdg4 |
This intersection carries large flows of bus, pedestrian, and motor traffic. The Ring Road, which is a major arterial road, and Aurobindo Marg forms the AIIMS grade-separated interchange. Traffic data collection allowed the study of road user behaviour earlier when the AIIMS junction was an at-grade, signalized intersection and presently when the site is a grade separated interchange with no traffic signal control. | sdg11 |
The main - and most contentious - item related to the redefinition of the respective roles of trade unions and work councils in companies. In the previous labour code, work councils could be established but only in companies where no trade union was present, and they had collective bargaining rights.19 The new Labour Code establishes a division of competences between trade union and work councils, with trade unions being in charge of collective bargaining matters and w'ork councils responsible for all employees’ information and consultation activities. In addition, work councils can be created in companies where trade unions are active, unless more than one third of the employees belong to the trade union (against 50% before the March 2017 negotiations at the Tripartite Council). After the March 2017 negotiations, trade unions are automatically allocated one seat in the work council, which should avoid complete side-lining of trade unions from information of and consultation with employees. | sdg8 |
These include marginal abatement cost curve analysis, options analysis, impact assessments, cost-benefit analysis, and multi-criteria analysis. However, information and data constraints can limit their application. In particular, limited evidence and knowledge to provide good appraisals and identify market failures and barriers as well as inherent uncertainties in appraising climate adaptation projects are cited as key barriers to identifying effective projects ex-ante. Such methodologies can help to direct allocation of future climate finance to projects and programmes with the highest overall results (for example, the UK’s DFID/DECC Greenhouse Gas Appraisal Guidance and the World Bank Source Book). | sdg13 |
Since 2007, more than half of the world’s population has been living in urban areas and the figure is estimated to exceed 70 per cent by 2050. This is a hallmark of the transformation of humans’ economic base and social structure, inasmuch as, previously, populations lived and worked primarily in rural areas. By concentrating people, investment and resources (a process known as agglomeration), cities heighten the possibilities for economic development, innovation and social interaction. More specifically, cities also make it possible to lower unit costs so as to provide public services such as water and sanitation, health care, education, electricity, emergency services and public recreational areas (Polese, 2009, Satterthwaite, 2010). Along these lines, cities also face challenges that threaten their efforts to achieve sustainability, for example, through improvement of access to, and efficiency in the use of, public services, as well as reduction of their ecological footprint and financial fragility, and the building of resilience against the adverse impact of natural hazards. | sdg11 |
Evans and Meade (2006) note that traders in countries like New Zealand are exposed to market power arising from scale economies and co-ordination/consolidation issues in international shipping, given that much of the nation’s agricultural output is destined for time-sensitive overseas markets. The figure below shows that during the 20-year period studied, variations in the exchange rates typically counterbalanced variations in world prices, with the exception of only four years. They concluded that by offsetting global market swings, exchange rate fluctuations have reduced the overall volatility of prices received by New Zealand producers and that policies to stabilise the exchange rate would harm, not help, these sectors. However, exchange rate movements were not found to be stabilising for beef, wool, seafood and forestry products, implying that the exchange rate has indeed been a source of volatility in these sectors. | sdg2 |
The centre, located at the University Hospital of Dakar, also provides a methadone maintenance programme, drug dependence treatment services, outreach programmes and programmes for the treatment of HIV infection and hepatitis infection for drug users. Cabo Verde is piloting a “one-stop shop” for drug abusers, a centre offering multiple drug abuse treatment services in a vulnerable neighbourhood in the capital city of Praia, promoting the implementation of a community-based treatment approach. In Kenya, after an opioid substitution treatment facility (known locally as a medically assisted therapy clinic) was opened in Nairobi in December 2014, a second facility was opened in Malindi in February 2015 and two others were opened in Mombasa in September 2015. | sdg3 |
These differences in needs come as a result of intrinsic and extrinsic inequalities and trends in societal roles for each demographic, whether in regards to men and women or in regards to different minorities or regional populations. In 2010/11, the National Report on the Progress of Jordanian Women in Justice and Participation was launched. Several CSOs participated in delivering a Jordanian women’s manifesto, which included several topics to encourage women’s legal and political rights in the media and economic spheres. | sdg5 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.