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As noted above, although there are a variety of financial education initiatives, these are often disjointed and are limited to transmitting a few basic concepts, and not necessarily to strengthening the capacities of the users in a comprehensive way (Garcia and others, 2013). The Dominican Republic's National Strategy for Economic and Financial Education stresses the development of financial capacities based on the incorporation of issues that are relevant to the national education system, and the formulation of an institutional governance framework for its implementation. This programme, operated by the National Savings Bank and Financial Services (BANSEFI), provides technical assistance to popular saving and loan institutions to achieve the financial inclusion of rural clients in highly marginalized areas. | sdg9 |
The goal of the programme is to support the development of new innovations with smart, innovation-friendly public procurements. The programme encourages public buyers to use procurement to solve societal problems, renew public services, and improve market access for new products and services. Over the period 2009-16, funding covered a total of EUR 11 million for 73 ended projects. The main areas that received funding are environment/building (36%) and social and health (26%). | sdg9 |
Ministry of Employment and Economy. Available at: http://www.tem.fi/?s=2845 [Cited 11th September 2012]. Nowadays the right to access forests for recreation purposes is granted to the general population and this right is widely used as 75% of the population visit forests at least once per year. According to a study about nature awareness 2011 (Studie Naturbewusstsein 2011) the German population finds nature protection and biodiversity important and is willing to support respective initiatives. | sdg15 |
A step-change in the pace of emission reductions is required to put the UK on the path towards its ambitious 2050 target. Given the central role of the EU emissions trading scheme, a key element of the UK strategy should be to seek tighter quotas within the EU scheme. Preparations to adapt to climate impacts also need to be stepped up, focusing on the provision of more information, better risk-assessment frameworks and more advanced metrics for monitoring and evaluation of adaptation planning. | sdg13 |
In this sense, it is meant to lead to legitimacy and ownership of the stakeholders, meaning that they deeply understand the issues and really are committed to the proposed solutions. Participatory governance is thus an essential precondition for implementation. In many systems, seeking consensus and common solutions is increasingly more common (See Alemanno (2015) for an analysis of enablers and barriers to this process). Both de-traditionalisation and professionalisation have eroded the significance of representative organisations (Elchardus, 2003). The rise of new technologies has made it much easier both for people to participate and organise themselves and for institutions to reach out to a broader set of actors. | sdg4 |
If it does not effectively address that challenge, India will continue to face weak private investment and modest economic growth. The Government's policy initiatives have centred around the so-called 4Rs - recognition, resolution, recapitalization and reforms (India, Ministry of Finance, 2018). The central bank strengthened its asset quality review in 2015, which found significant quantities of non-performing assets. | sdg8 |
Only one state makes the revenue transfers conditional on quality indicators of protected area status and on municipal resources dedicated to conservation actions. This mechanism is potentially more effective in encouraging good protected area management, but entails additional cost, including for periodic inspection of the areas. Germany is the largest donor to the programme. While international co-operation accounts for a limited share of the SNUC budget, it has helped leverage domestic finance and improve resource use effectiveness. | sdg15 |
In contrast, in an NIS or systems approach, the role of government is to correct systemic failures, which might include market failures, but can also include weak relationships between agents or institutions which are difficult to capture in traditional economic models. A systemic analysis also focuses on how changing incentives in one area negatively affect incentives in others. Knowledge in its pure form is a public good, insofar as it is available to everyone and its use by one person does not limit its use by others. | sdg7 |
Typical indicators for this sample biodiversity levels, population levels, habitat extent etc. Indicators presented in this table appear very broad with very few or even no clear links to the state of biodiversity. While the indicators may be useful for sampling policies and streams of funds, they appear rather unsuitable for sampling the actual effects of these policies and funds. Hence, the effects on biodiversity may never or only in a long-term perspective be traced, and links between specific impacts - positive or negative - on biodiversity appear problematic to establish. | sdg15 |
For instance, targeting rules generally result in job losers having to first tap into their savings and, in some cases, to dispose of a portion of their non-financial assets before becoming eligible for social assistance. In addition, eligibility generally depends on the labour market and income situation of other household members. The increase was particularly sharp in Estonia, Spain and the United States. | sdg10 |
Between now and 2050, the urban population of Africa is likely to triple and that of Asia to increase by 61 per cent, so that by 2050 most of the world’s urban population will be concentrated in Asia (52 per cent) and Africa (21 per cent). In 1990, 10 urban agglomerations were characterized as “megacities”, with each hosting more than 10 million inhabitants. Together, they accounted for 7 per cent of the global urban population. | sdg11 |
The unmet need for modern contraceptive methods is found to be the highest (20 per cent) in the region (Casterline and Sinding, 2000, Guttmacher Institute and Likhaan, 2010). Gillespie and others (2007) also found that there was high inequity in outreach of family planning workers in Philippines. Initially, the country's family planning programme was supported by private stakeholders. The Government completely took it over in 1970. | sdg5 |
I told the secretary to come to my house and take my signature because I have so much to do in the house, looking after kids, household chores, if I have to attend meetings I will have to have someone to do my chores.' In the urban sector, it is 13.8 for females and 55.4 for males. The total employment of women in the organised sector was 19.5 per cent in 2007 (Women and Men in India 2011). | sdg5 |
The bilateral investment treaty (BITs) with the United States includes a preamble stating that investment can be encouraged without “relaxing health, safety and environmental measures of general application”. Jordan also signed a BIT with Canada (2009), which includes environmental provisions (Article 11). Specifically, Article 11 states that “it is inappropriate to encourage investment by relaxing domestic health, safety or environmental measures” and that both parties can consult with each other if one of them thinks the other party has waived its environmental measures in order to encourage investment. No other BITs to which Jordan is a Party include environmental provisions, although this omission is common among OECD and non-OECD countries (Gordon and Pohl, 2011). | sdg7 |
To legally hunt in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the public must obtain a hunting license or permit through the concessionaire, and individuals are restricted to hunting only within that concessionaire’s game management area. The concessionaire sets the price for each game management area. The concessionaire strictly controls hunting operations (where, when, which species, how many of each species) and must account for every animal taken through annual reporting to MoAFWE. | sdg15 |
That is even more true in the Gulf and the USA (both significant destinations for health workers). Without expanded national training capacity in metropolitan Pacific rim countries, demand will continue to exceed supply, but in most recipient countries there are weak prospects of domestic supply increasing significantly, and national gaps between supply and demand have tended to widen rather than contract. As greater numbers of migrants settle overseas, diasporas and remittances have assumed a new importance. | sdg10 |
Therefore, it is possible to identify and analyse the role of key commodity sectors - including agriculture, energy, forestry and mining - in the climate change mitigation and adaptatbn plans of individual Parties. Six other CDDCs had not submitted an NDC but had communicated an intended nationally determined contributor (INDC), a preparatory document that anticipates voluntary natbnal climate targets, without prejudice to their legal nature. Commodity sectors feature prominently in the climate change mitigatbn and adaptbn contributions of CDDCs, including in the form of strategies, actbns, targets and priorities. | sdg13 |
Even if Ethiopia’s own GHG emissions are inconsequential globally, this focus both confers moral legitimacy on Ethiopia, and is potentially attractive to emerging international climate finance. Moreover, as a single factor relevant to all sectors, it is relatively easy to include GHG levels in a wide range of sector plans, mainstreaming several biodiversity, pollution, and soil and water conservation issues - albeit issues that may often be of greater importance locally - is trickier and consequently is rarely done effectively. The CRGE’s Green Economy component focuses on Ethiopia’s particular resource endowments, addresses some of the biggest economic risks facing the country, identifies the lowest-cost GHG abatement options, and makes the case to attract international finance. | sdg13 |
Traditionally used by governments or public entities, PCG are also being more recently used by sub-sovereign governments, municipalities and private companies to borrow domestically from commercial banks or issue in the domestic capital market in local currency. A Partial Credit Guarantee can lift the borrower’s credit rating above a critical threshold, at which access to the market is possible. The guaranteed coverage level is set to achieve a target bond rating to facilitate bond issuance, or at a level required to encourage commercial bank lenders to participate. | sdg6 |
To reach this goal, Parties agreed on the need for global emissions to peak and start declining as soon as possible - recognising that this will take longer for developing countries - and to undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with the best available science. Nevertheless, both the text and the country-level strategies for emissions reduction, which are outlined in the forni of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), recognise the threat which climate change poses to sustainable food production and offer opportunities for agriculture to be an active part of the solution to climate change. Article 4.1, for example, states governments' aim to “achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century. Reference is made in Article 5.1 to carbon sinks which should be conserved and enhanced. These include financial support by developed countries, such as the ongoing collective goal to mobilise USD 100 billion per year until 2025 for adaptation and mitigation in developing regions, a figure which should be increased from 2025 onwards. | sdg2 |
Growth in forest biomass exceeding drain due to harvesting and natural mortality explains this removal. However, between 2000 and 2005, the Danish forests were a carbon source releasing between 1 and 2 million tonnes of CO2 each year. During that period the age distribution became skewed towards mature forests, which were eventually harvested and the cleared land was regenerated with saplings (Danish CEE 2012). This resulted in negative net increment in forest biomass and thus turned the Danish forests as a net source of carbon. | sdg15 |
The strategy is to focus on a few activities such as life sciences (see Box 3.3.). For this purpose an Innovation and Pre-Seed Fund has been developed and structured cooperation among companies launched. Furthermore disciplinary clusters are being developed in co-operation with the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labour (MOITAL). | sdg4 |
It is important to note in these circumstances that introducing competition does not automatically mean that prices for electricity will fall, for a range of reasons. But we must consider the baseline for energy prices, which may be increasing, for example because the cost of inputs (such as fuel) is increasing. In this instance, prices for electricity are likely to grow regardless of the supply model adopted, and may rise less under a competitive model than they would have under a regulated model. | sdg7 |
However, despite efficiency increases, Al and all the other emerging technologies clusters will require an ever-increasing use of electricity, creating more pollution and waste (e.g., e-waste, nano-waste, and chemical wastes). Such outcomes demand that environmental considerations be incorporated into the design of these technology systems from their inception. Ethical and normative considerations that should guide our thinking on these issues have to spring from our shared vision—the values contained in the United Nations Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Rio+20 outcome “The Future We Want”, and most recently the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. | sdg9 |
The MRA forms an important platform in this regard with voluntary municipal commitments to a joint spatial vision. The regional transport authority offers another venue for inter-municipal co-operation. These metropolitan governance structures are discussed in Chapter 3. One of the few organisations in place today that can provide such co-ordination is the Austrian Conference on Spatial Planning (Osterreichische Raumordungskonferenz, OROK) that assembles representatives from all levels of government to discuss spatial policies. Further, as it is located at the centre of government (within the Office of the Chancellor), it may also be able to carry out the necessary cross-sectoral policy co-ordination between different branches of the national government. Its decision-making body is chaired by the Federal Chancellor and its members include all federal ministers, the heads of all federated states and representatives of associations of local governments. | sdg11 |
There are more than 370 million self-identified indigenous peoples in some 70 countries. They may not have the legal or financial resources to access health care in their host countries and may therefore develop physical or mental problems that are aggravated by poor transit and living conditions. When they are able to access health care, they may not find health practitioners experienced in treating diseases that are uncommon in the host country, such as tropical diseases in northern latitudes or the psychological trauma associated with migration. | sdg1 |
Metsahallitus Parks and Wildlife Finland - a state-governed organization in charge of most of the protected areas in Finland - has demonstrated how the economic impact of protected areas and cultural sites can be calculated. The methodology has been incorporated into the visitor monitoring system of Metsahallitus (Box5). Assessing and monitoring the management effectiveness from a nature conservation point of view is an integrated part pf the organisations's management system. However, various stakeholders including the government, but especially local and regional decision-makers frequently ask for arguments that would justify nature protection and investments from an economic and regional development perspective. | sdg11 |
Wheat and paddy rice production, key food crops, also show strong growth with 50% by 2025 and are impacted by fertiliser-related support in key production regions such as the Russian Federation, China, Indonesia and India. The growth of livestock markets is more responsive to income growth than crops and is the highest in countries such as China and India - key markets on both the production and domestic consumption side. In other regions, including the EU and the United States, only some crops show significant growth potential, in the EU, the biggest potential is in oilseed production and in the United States in coarse grains production. | sdg2 |
It is now attracting interest from other donors including Norway and Denmark. It will channel finance at the national level (through the CRGE Facility), and sector level (direct financing through ongoing programmes such as the Productive Safety Net Programme], disaster risk management, forestry etc.). This was done by EPA through collaboration with the African Climate Policy Centre. | sdg13 |
By 1985, Saudi Arabia had 24 desalination plants, including 17 plants on the western coast along the Red Sea and 7 plants on the east coast along the Arabian Gulf. These plants were producing 1.82 million m3/day and 3,630 MW of electric power. More than 70 per cent of that country’s water needs are provided by desalination, and its plants currently generate more than 4,600 MW of electric power. In 2008, the total amount of desalinated water produced by Saudi Arabia was an estimated 10.6 million m3/day. | sdg6 |
This must be put in the context of the population of the LDC group, which accounts for 13% of the world total. Distinguishing the website as a government portal through a second level domain (e.g., .gov, .go or .gouv) is present on 60% of LDC portals. Nine LDCs use a generic top-level domain fortheir central government portal (e.g., .com, .org) suggesting a problem usingtheir ccTLD such as a delegation dispute or the registry being hosted abroad.71 Four LDCs (Central African Republic, Guinea Bissau, Haiti and Somalia) do not have a central government website. | sdg9 |
Such a plan would allow prioritization and proper costing of water and sanitation needs as well as elaboration of technical designs for all new projects. The Water Strategy appeared to be not realistic financially. The revised Strategy is based on key strategic documents adopted by the country, such as the 2005 Millennium Development Goals, revised in 2007, the NDS for the period 2008-2011, the National Regional Development Strategy for the period 2010-2012, and the targets and target dates under the Protocol on Water and Health approved by the 2010 Joint Order of the Minister of Health and the Minister of Environment. The revised Strategy includes an action plan for implementation within the first three years (2012-2014), which describes targets and capacity that will be necessary for the management and monitoring of those actions. | sdg6 |
The total forest biomass carbon sink - the carbon sequestered each year by ECE Region forest ecosystems - amounts to 255 million tonnes of carbon per year between 2005 and 2010. The ECE forests are a significant carbon sink although there is uncertainty over the exact size of the sink, and its underlying causes. Forest management has the possibility to continuously maintain a carbon stock over larger forest estates, while at the same time sustainably producing wood products and biomass for bioenergy. | sdg15 |
Such growth, moreover, is often (though not always) correlated with a broad set of social indicators, including poverty reduction, which together describe a more inclusive development path. This path does not emerge spontaneously, however, and even after a period of rapid growth, countries can get stuck or fall back. An important part of the early development policy debate focused on how to quickly raise the share of investment in national income to a level that would trigger a virtuous circle of rising productivity, increasing wages, technological upgrading and social improvements. The required investments are often closely connected, depend on the reaching of a minimum scale to be efficient and may become profitable only over a long period of time. | sdg7 |
Water footprint analysis, which is based largely on calculations of virtual water, is gaining the attention of international organizations and policy makers. We endeavor to resolve some of the uncertainty regarding whether or not virtual water and water footprint analysis can be used to guide public policy decisions. We review the literature, describe pertinent economic concepts, and provide several examples that might be helpful in understanding the policy limitations of the virtual water metaphor. Professor Tony Allan chose the term to describe the water used to produce crops traded in international markets. | sdg6 |
The Welsh Government has overall responsibility for planning of the system, while local Health Boards, trusts and local authorities also have established mechanisms for setting out how resources (financial, workforce and infrastructure) will be deployed to yield maximum benefit in order to address areas of population health need and improve health outcomes, improve the quality of care, and ensure best value from resources. Health Boards in Wales are responsible for assessing the needs of their population as a whole, and for ensuring services are provided that meet those needs. Wales’ 22 local authorities, with locally elected politicians, are responsible for local government including social services. They are statutorily required to work with the NHS and non-statutory partners using a variety of joint arrangements such as local strategic partnerships. Groups of local authorities have coterminous boundaries with Health Board (Figure 3.1). Health Systems in Transition, Vol. | sdg3 |
He has also linked principles of equality, non-discrimination and participation as an approach to commenting on ‘the impact of foreign debt and related policy conditionalities on the realization of women's rights, in particular their economic, social and cultural rights’ (ibid., International financial institutions in relation to loans and conditionalities often fail to consider and address the needs of women (ibid., Without this perspective, policies contribute to the ‘feminization of poverty and deepening gender inequality’ (ibid., States should promote women’s involvement in development planning and decision-making related to debt management (ibid., | sdg5 |
Engaging key stakeholders (e.g. teacher unions, universities, pedagogical advisors) in their development will be critical to build a shared understanding of "good teaching" and ensure that standards are accepted and used. Costa Rica should consider creating a professional body for teachers to support this work and provide input to teacher policy development more broadly. Strengthen teachers' initial training and recruitment. | sdg4 |
These rates are typically lower than the comparable mortality rates in low and lower-middle income economies, they range from 435.4 deaths per 100,000 people in Viet Nam to 847.5 in Armenia. In 2013, malaria affected almost 2.3 million people, or 59 of every 100,000 people living in Asia and the Paciic. | sdg3 |
Some of the shortcomings were exogenous to the country itself and included lack of additionality of AfT funds, poor donor co-ordination and misalignment of donor objectives with the country’s priorities. This may be partly due to definitional problems and partly the result of poor information flow and lack of co-ordination among line ministries and implementing agencies. The WTO Task Force defined AfT as ‘whatever a partner country considers trade-related’. Therefore, no common definition of AfT exists. | sdg10 |
A decline in export volumes and prices is expected. Indeed, in recent years, Burkina Faso's exports are increasingly dominated by products that are dependent on global demand conditions, in particular cotton fibre and livestock products (Figure 2). The expected decline in exports is mainly attributable to a contraction in the volume of exports of cotton and, consequently, the fall of 56 per cent in cotton price from its peak in March 2008 to March 2009 (figure 6). Since then, the prices of cotton rebounded by 49 per cent between mid- and end 2009. | sdg1 |
Donors have a great deal of experience in approaches that seek to involve and empower poor people including participatory planning, participatory rural appraisal and community based management. These approaches have been used in donor funded projects, the development of Poverty Reduction Strategies and the design and delivery of sector programmes. Most general budget support programmes involve associated donor support for the role of organised civil society in policy making and programme planning at national and local level in order to strengthen the voice of poor people and improve accountability to them. | sdg1 |
As understanding increases, data requirements will change and an iterative conceptual modelling approach will allow this to be clarified. Although the project is led nationally by policy makers (Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs - Defra - and the Environment Agency), it will encompass the interests of all other relevant sectors in a collaborative approach, including the farming community, water companies, environmental non-governmental organisations, and the research community. The development of communities of practice, which develop approaches to fit their discrete geographical and local circumstances, but are also able to learn from each other and serve as examples to communities in other catchments, is an overarching goal of the DTC programme. | sdg6 |
Men and boys are much more likely to collect water when they can use mechanized transport like bikes, scooters and trucks. A survey of water collection in Mongolia showed that in Ulaanbaatar men made up the majority of water collectors across all forms of water collection, but were particularly prominent in water collection by vehicle and by animal (Hawkins and Seager 2010). In 70% of urban households that collected water by vehicle men were the sole collectors, and in urban households that used horses to collect water only men performed this task. | sdg6 |
Learning programmes are more successful when all stakeholders are involved, with co-funded models showing strong potential. Consolidation of these capacities helps support investment in new technologies at the local level through the creation of ‘maker spaces’283 and innovation hubs, incubation centres, technology parks and clusters. It has not proved easy to replicate successful apprenticeship systems, such as those in German-speaking countries, in countries that lack the relevant historical and institutional arrangements. Current technological change entails the additional difficulty of identifying the appropriate companies where training should take place. | sdg9 |
Similarly, the anticipated capacity of 11.8 GW from renewable electricity sources (wind, small hydro, biomass, waste and solar) will not meet the original target of 14 GW. It does not however present scenarios aiming for deep C02 reductions. The policy envisages C02 emissions for India in 2031/32 to be between Page | 46 5.5 Gt C02 and 3.9 Gt C02, compared to 1.34 Gt in 2007, while the BLUE Map Scenario in ETP2010 (IEA, 2010a) limits the C02 emission increase to 2.2 Gt in 2030. | sdg7 |
Psychiatric inpatient care in Japan is provided principally by private not-for-profit hospitals - which account for 90% of all inpatient beds - but also by public hospitals. Psychiatric inpatient bed numbers, and average length of stay (ALOS), have been falling steadily, although taken as reported ALOS and numbers of psychiatric patients are still high relative to the OECD average. When considering the typically reported ALOS (298 days, compared to an OECD average of 36 days) and psychiatric bed numbers (2.6 beds per 100 000 population, compared to the OECD average of 0.7) it is important to note that in Japan a high number of psychiatric care beds are utilised by long stay chronic patients which might not be reported under the psychiatric bed category by other OECD countries. | sdg3 |
As such, countries are especially interested in learning more about their own teaching and ECEC workforce, and making comparisons with other countries to develop more effective policies to improve teaching and learning (OECD, 2014b). They may also be called pedagogue, educator, childcare practitioner or pedagogical staff in pre-primary education, while the term teacher is almost universally used at the primary' level. Data sourced from the OECD’s Education at a Glance Indicators exclusively covers this category. Assistants are more common in pre-primary education than in primary education. | sdg4 |
Their significant role in this region is well known, despite, in some cases, limited available data for this sector. Since millennia, the small-scale fishing sector has supported livelihoods within coastal communities. The role it plays in sustaining economic activity and ensuring food security within vulnerable coastal communities is not to be overlooked, particularly in the current context of ever-increasing rural to urban migration. Furthermore, SSF play a key role in maintaining local traditions and culture, creating added value for other sectors, such as the restaurant and tourism industries. | sdg14 |
Further considerations include the general disease situation in the area and whether there are any risk factors that can compromise the welfare of farmed fish. Within a defined endemic zone for pancreas disease, a prioritisation criterion will apply in addition to other criteria. This entails that new licenses for salmon are allocated in accordance with a regional strategy for mitigating the disease risk. Risk for spread of disease to wild fish stocks is also considered. | sdg14 |
Article 6 on co-operative approaches, Article 9 on finance, and Article 11 on capacity building. Further relevant provisions are contained in Decision 1/CP.21. The purpose of the transparency framework for mitigation is to provide a clear understanding of climate change mitigation action, to track progress towards NDCs and to inform the global stocktake. | sdg13 |
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, conservation, the sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+), an international forest-based climate policy framework, is aimed to be implemented in developing countries and has direct relevance to tropical forests. It does not have any direct implication for forests in the Nordic countries. The region has just under one-third of forests in Europe excluding Russia. | sdg15 |
The largest importer for New Zealand's fisheries products is People's Republic of China (27%), Australia (18%), the European Union (11.5%), the United States (10.7%), followed by Japan and Hong Kong, China (Panel B). The amount transferred to fisheries sector has been increasing to USD 68 million, i.e. by 12%. There is cost recovery charges associated with fisheries management service and conservation services (Panel C). | sdg14 |
In this regard, there is scope to expand the use of economic instruments. This underlines the importance of adequate provision for fair and equitable benefit sharing from the use of genetic resources, in line with the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol. Some steps have been taken, including the establishment of some rights of indigenous people in legislation. | sdg15 |
This article suggests that innovative provisions in Albanian company law provide a promising initial framework for the future construction of multinational corporations’ accountability for environmental and human rights abuses. Such robust national provisions hold out hope for overcoming the limitations and inhibitions presented by extraterritoriality, while exceeding the promise of universal jurisdiction, to offer a relatively detailed ‘enterprise liability’ construct in national company law. | sdg16 |
Rapid income growth has been concentrated in coastal areas which benefited from deep trade integration as a result of policies promoting openness pursued since the mid-1980s. These effects are magnified when structural change occurs in economies that undergo significant ownership changes, such as land ownership reform and the dismantling of State-owned enterprises (SOEs). In China, for example, the acceleration of land ownership and labour-market reforms in the late 1990s was followed by a decline of employment in manufacturing in most provinces. | sdg10 |
This technology bank for the LDCs was officially established on 23 December 2016, through the adoption of the UN General Assembly Resolution A/71/L.52. In addition, ITU's Membership recognized the importance of ICTs for LDCs by adopting specific targets for the LDCs in its Connect 2020 Agenda (ITU, 2014). Target 2, on inclusiveness, includes specific targets on household access to ICTs, Internet use, and affordability in the LDCs. Most have been primarily based on basic, low-bandwidth mobile cellular technologies. | sdg9 |
Information on other types of souvenirs appears to be unavailable. This is not necessarily the case with some niche tourism products and services. Although niche tourism or special interest tourism does not have a dominant market share in SIDS, there is increasing interest in this area as an additional direct and indirect revenue stream that could have more linkages to the local economy and employment than the traditional mass tourism market. These tourists are generally motivated to learn something new or practise a hobby or sport (e.g. diving) and, perhaps more importantly, seek locally-sourced products and services (including accommodation, restaurants, visitor attractions and transport). Niche tourists are typically professionals with higher disposable incomes, seeking a holiday that is the antithesis of the all-inclusive, mass tourism experience and has the potential to generate more economic linkages along the tourism supply chain, particularly in the shoulder season. A study by Nurse (2001) of festival tourism in two Caribbean states, Trinidad and St Lucia, is presented in Box 2.2. | sdg12 |
The community care subprogramme is complemented by other services including the Circulos de Abuelos, (Grandparents Circle) attended by 43.7% of the country’s older adult population and the Programa de atencion al anciano solo (Care for elders alone) which covers 71.2% of the total elderly population living in singleperson households. There are 144 older persons’ homes in the country (84% State-run) with a total of 7,920 residents (0.46% of the country’s older adult population). These facilities are staffed by physicians, nurses, physical therapists and psychologists among others. The National Office for Older Persons’ Care and Social Services evaluate the management of these homes and offer performance support. | sdg3 |
Meanwhile the victim has refused to leave the ‘so-called husband’s’ home. The accused is HIV positive while the victim is HIV negative.35 It may also be due to the fact that the issue of marriage is a civil matter and as such, it is incumbent upon an individual to file or not to file a suit against the person who has wronged her. However, in Kenya and Rwanda, which have clear marriage laws, the prosecution process may be commenced upon violation of the law. | sdg5 |
This complements the detailed discussion of the comparability of the income from the three data sets that is presented in section 2.1 of the report. The 1993 and 2000 data sets have been publicly available and widely used for a number of years. Therefore, our commentary on these data sets will be veiy brief. Therefore, our description of this data set is more extensive. There is good baseline information to provide the data for monitoring changes in South Africa since the democratic transition. | sdg10 |
For Berea district some copies of a questionnaire were distributed by the researcher to few schools while a certain portion of the copies of the questionnaire were completed by Berea primary teachers who converged at LCE in Maseru for contact sessions for part-time B.Ed primary programme. Lastly, it must also be noted that some of Maseru primary teachers who participated in this study were B.ED part-time students who had also converged at LCE for mid-term contact sessions. Biographical information was sought in section I of the questionnaire. These included information on the names of districts, schools, age groups and qualifications. The numbers of male and female teachers as well as the gender of principals and the deputy principals were sought and used for validation of the existing statistical data in respect of feminisation of the teaching profession in Lesotho primary schools. The names of individual schools are not used in analysis of the data for confidentiality. | sdg4 |
This article critically engages with recent scholarship that casts Russian foreign policy either in terms of a gradual evolution towards neo-imperialism, or alternatively as an episodic series of shifts on issues such as terrorism, energy, relations with great powers, and Russia's geostrategic position in contemporary international politics. It argues that since the end of the Cold War what has been striking about Russian foreign policy has been its continuity. To do this it examines several key policy arenas, including Russia's attempts to construct regional architecture to embed its hegemonic position, its recent preference for resource diplomacy, and its use of military force. It finds that while Russia has struggled to maintain hegemony in the former Soviet space due to the ongoing problem of weak material capabilities, the ‘assertive’ form of realism that characterizes its foreign policy has not altered significantly since shortly after the collapse of the USSR. | sdg16 |
Investments in this activity should be privately driven. Apart from inspection on public health grounds, appropriate public policy is similar to that for all private activities: facilitating entry and exit, minimising administrative costs, and setting clear rules for doing business. The priority for public investment is to improve rural roads. Private investment is not trivial: a modern long-distance meat truck with 20-22-tonne capacity costs EUR 160 000 and poor quality rural roads increase running costs. | sdg2 |
Based on these estimates, citizens of Ulaanbaatar currently generate about 360 kg of household waste per person per year. In 2016, 1.7 million tons of MSW were collected in Mongolia, of which 40 per cent was in Ulaanbaatar. It is estimated that about 27,000-54,000 tons of hazardous w'aste is generated annually in Mongolia. | sdg15 |
The opinions expressed and the arguments employed are those of the authors. Comments on Working Papers are welcomed, and may be sent to the Environment Directorate or the Trade and Agriculture Directorate, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. Comments on Working Papers may also be sent to [email protected] or [email protected]. | sdg12 |
This strong performance has been facilitated by the more competitive cost situation, time zone compatibility with the United States of America, the high quality of human resources and Government policies. In addition, new software start-ups have taken advantage of growing use of the Internet and opportunities created around online and cloud-based services. This resulted in a 10-year plan (2004-2014) aimed at making the national software system more competitive internationally. The software law of 2004 (Law 25.922) provides tax incentives and other benefits to legal entities established or operating in Argentina, as long as they export software services, pursue quality certifications and dedicate efforts to R&D. In 2011, Law 26.692 modified some of the measures and extended certain tax benefits targeting the software industry until the end of 2019. | sdg9 |
The move also entails a shift in stewardship arrangements: in contrast to its traditional 'command and control' role of direct management, the Ministry of Health is expected to exercise influence via its newly adopted role as the contractor of services. The contracts were heavily redacted when presented in the public domain and have been referred to the National Audit Office for scrutiny by the Ministry of Health. The reform will need to be monitored carefully, not least to ascertain whether it is contributing to the fiscal sustainability of the health system and meeting other goals such as maintaining equitable access and improved quality of care. | sdg3 |
There are examples of private sector leadership. Indonesia’s Malang Migrant Workers Training Centre is a privately owned training centre for female migrant workers, specialising in domestic works in Hong Kong, China and Singapore. The company that runs the centre has branches nationwide and offers training services for prospective migrants to the electronics sectors of neighbouring Malaysia (mostly men) as well. | sdg4 |
The mutual support networks of Fureai Kippu ("ticket for a caring relationship") emerged in urban grassroots mutual-help groups such as the Help of Daily Living Association in Tokyo and the Kobe Life Care Association. They can save these Fureai Kippu for their own use in the future or transfer them to someone of their choice, typically a parent or family member. In some cases they can convert Fureai Kippu into a cash equivalent. | sdg5 |
The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). Document only available in pdf format. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. | sdg8 |
While the share of solar and wind in the overall energy mix still remains below the country’s potential (just over 6% in 2016), Chile has become a leading solar producer in the Latin American region. In response to Argentina’s curtailment of natural gas exports in 2007, Chile has initiated efforts to reduce its dependence on fossil fuel imports and tap into domestic renewable energy resources. Moreover, public discontent has put pressure on the future development of large-scale hydropower projects. | sdg7 |
Are key stakeholders engaged and their partnerships leveraged? The workshop featured presentations of PES applications, providing an insight to the range of application of PES in the Asian and Pacific region. Selected experiences are outlined below. Many more cases have been researched, implemented and documented by the RUPES/ICRAF programme, among other institutions. | sdg15 |
In the case of school leaders, they play dual leadership roles—an external one in which their partners are school owners, and an internal one in which they lead the instructional programme of their schools (the internal role of school leader is treated in the section on school improvement). A possible response could eventually be the consolidation of smaller municipalities as Finland has already done, but this is beyond the scope of this report, or a rationalisation of schooling responsibilities. In the current governance structure, it calls for the Directorate to ensure that every municipal and county education official and the school leaders of all 1 200 lower secondary schools have the capacity to work together to deliver the country’s agenda. | sdg4 |
However, his analysis did not explicitly consider either gender or the provision of care (Razavi 2007, Orloff 1996). This group includes New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States and, to a lesser extent, Australia and Canada. The most extreme variant is the US model, where markets supplement a very basic public safety net that is highly targeted (Esping-Anderson 1996). The result from a gender inequality perspective is a sort of two-tiered system of social welfare, with men’s insurance centred on labour market issues and women’s being family-related and primarily means-tested social assistance (Orloff 1996). | sdg5 |
Of course, it is not guaranteed that every organisation w'hich deals with at least two different issues addresses the complexities of metropolitan area governance in a meaningful way. Nevertheless, the distinction between organisations that focus on one issue and organisations that focus on many issues is an operationally useful and objective w'ay to identify organisations that work across individual policy fields. The national government reintroduced municipalities as the basic building block of subnational government in 1990 as part of the process of restoring democratically elected governments. Municipalities were given significant responsibility for local administration and planning, with each municipality having independence from oversight by other municipalities. | sdg11 |
It is important to overcome those barriers. Families and communities have to be involved, as well as systematic actions at district and national levels, to improve adolescents’ access to skilled care services. However, countries are at different stages of health system development and access to facility care. | sdg3 |
Although they may never fully compensate for the loss in income, they can smooth their consumption to some extent, thereby decreasing fluctuations in consumption. However, the more children living in a household, the greater the poverty risk and the lower the ability to smooth consumption (World Bank 2010b). For poor households, the strategies available are even more limited and can have detrimental effects impacting their well-being in the future, leading to chronic poverty and the transmission of poverty over generations (Ravallion 2009, Ortiz et al. For the poorest households, subsistence farming may be a viable option. | sdg1 |
In addition, professional standards are an expression of what a profession stands for - its objectives, its expectations of members in meeting those objectives, the career path and the level of commitment members of the profession make to the community they serve. The Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership’s (AITSL) National Professional Standards for Teachers describe w'hat is expected of teachers across the four career stages: Graduate, Proficient, Highly Accomplished and Lead (AITSL, 2016). The General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTC, 2012) goes further. The GTC has developed an overarching career-long standard or nest of standards which regulate the career path from provisional registration as a teacher to full registration, career-long professional learning, middle leadership and then full school leadership (see Box 3.2). | sdg4 |
Numbers of new IDPs also surged in 2017 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iraq and South Sudan. Such displacement tends to be temporary (IDMC, 2018c) (Figure 4.1b). A machine learning tool reads, filters and analyses news and UN or non-government reports and extracts information, which is then validated (I DMC, 2018d). | sdg4 |
The plan will be adjusted based on careful monitoring of the drivers of risk to obviate the need for emergency measures (Wong and others, 2014, box 5-1). It may be noted that the newly revised estimates of the speed of melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet highlighted above has implications for the options under the plan. This stems from the fact that incremental policies designed to address immediate needs must be consistent with longer-term investments and initiatives aimed at facilitating the more substantial transformative changes required to address the underlying determinants of poverty, marginalization and vulnerability to climate hazards. | sdg13 |
In the final section, the chapter recommends economic policy pathways for the future. In the 2011 Global Monitoring Report of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, it is noted that, while countries that had higher per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in 1990 were more likely to have better performance in MDG indicators, an even better predictor is the rate of per capita GDP growth. “ Countries that have reached or are on track to reach the targets show, on average, the fastest per capita GDP growth over 1990-2009” (World Bank, 2011a, p. 4). Economic growth is generally found to be supportive of progress towards achieving the MDGs. | sdg10 |
It appeared that an informal grouping on sustainability was beginning to take place and this could be the first step to a more strategic group as appetite for a more senior group develops. In order to do this the LDA worked alongside Innovas and DTZ to define and develop a working definition of the low carbon economy and the number, type and skills levels of low carbon jobs in the London labour market. This Innovas study draws from over 720 sources. It includes activities undertaken by companies across the whole environmental supply chain, from R&D, through manufacturing into distribution, retail, installation and maintenance services. | sdg7 |
In a number of developing countries, the gap is narrowed by an array of microcredit and other financing arrangements targeted specifically at women and often administered by international agencies or NGOs. They are not, however, substitutes for the equitable treatment of loan requests from male and female entrepreneurs by the regular financial institutions and banks. Hence the need to collect more gender-specific data in this area. | sdg5 |
This finding highlights that male and female incentives to migrate differ, suggesting gender-sensitive migration factors. Additional control variables are included: distance, contiguity, population of origin and destination countries, income and language differentials, female education and female unemployment rates in origin and destination countries. The exclusion variable in the selection equation is diplomatic exchange. ***, **, | sdg5 |
For example, in 2007, the same public official served as the Plenipotentiary of Ukraine for the Agreement of 1994 with the Republic of Moldova and for the Agreement of 1997 with Romania. In 2001, these commissions signed a Memorandum of Understanding. The Joint Danube-Black Sea Technical Working Group was established to support the implementation of the Memorandum. | sdg6 |
Secondly, the range of species to be commercially hunted includes the same species whose conservation status has always been adversely influenced by poaching and illegal trophy hunting, namely, the Siberian ibex and Marco Polo sheep. In 2011, the park’s 54 staff included only 19 rangers, the recruitment of 10 more rangers was planned for 2013. Park rangers are not properly equipped for area patrolling. | sdg15 |
Appraisal constitutes one opportunity for giving feedback on school leader’s efforts to assume wider leadership tasks and responsibilities and can be used to point school leaders towards opportunities to engage in activities that may help improve the wider system. Research has increasingly stressed the benefits of using multiple tools to form a fair, valid and reliable picture of a school leader’s performance from a comprehensive perspective. However, school leaders and evaluators need to have the necessary capacity and competence to choose suitable instruments and understand fairness, reliability and validity concerns. | sdg4 |
This adversely affected their ability to participate in skill training, employment and other activities. Second, labour market restructuring led to an increase in the role of women as “labour of last resort” concentrated in low-wagejobs lacking social benefits. Third, tensions from economic hardship and shifting gender roles in the family gave rise to domestic and other forms of violence against women. | sdg5 |
Fast increases in productivity will therefore be key to sustained economic growth in the long run. Following the footsteps of resource-rich OECD countries, such as Australia and Norway, which have successfully managed the transition from resource extraction to high-productivity services-based economies, will require structural reforms in these areas. There is also room to enhance the country’s long-term growth performance by better utilising labour resources, as the labour market participation of women and youth remains low from an OECD perspective. | sdg4 |
Furthermore, any time a poverty threshold expressed in per capita terms is used, there is a tendency to underestimate the minimum amount needed to cover the basic needs of those who live alone, as is often the case of older persons (see box 1.5). In most of the countries in the region, the poverty femininity index is higher than 1.0.11 The highest index ratings are in Argentina, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Chile, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Panama and Uruguay, where the poverty rate of women is 1.15 times or more that of men. Several countries have seen the gap widen between men and women. | sdg1 |
This article examines one initiative aimed at taking advantage of new technologies to build new transnational connections between a political movement in the “homeland” and a diaspora population in the United States. It analyzes an initiative by Ulster loyalists in Northern Ireland to mobilize Americans of Ulster Protestant descent in support of their cause, while simultaneously attempting to undermine the American support base of their Irish nationalist opponents. By contrast with Irish nationalists, Ulster loyalists have never had significant support networks in the United States. This attempt to mobilize a distant diaspora has met with little success. This article argues that loyalist understandings of their imagined audience in the United States are built on a misleading caricature of Irish-American support networks for Irish republicans. These misunderstandings direct loyalists towards a strategy that places undue weight on the role of homeland propaganda in converting shared ancestry into political ... | sdg16 |
As these activities increase, risks to marine and coastal ecosystems will also increase. To this end, the management of chemicals and waste (Target 12.4) will be critical and it is important that countries honour treaties related to marine pollution (see Goal 12). The IAEG-SDGs proposed 14 indicators to monitor this goal, of which three are Tier 1 indicators (see Appendix 2.1). Given the breadth of targets and the limited relevant Tier 1 indicators to cover them, an overall assessment for Goal 15 is not possible. | sdg15 |
The term covers basic research, applied research and experimental development. Demonstration is a fundamental part of the development of new technologies and is defined as a project involving an innovation operated at or near full scale in a realistic environment to aid policy or promote the use of innovation (OECD, 2012a) and to show the viability of its application to manufacturers and potential buyers. Industrial priorities for R&D focus on shorter term, incremental improvements designed to maximise returns on these investments. | sdg7 |
A high value (near the outer circle of the diagram) indicates good performance. Dhaka, Ho Chi Minh City, Surabaya and Surat. The development of a joint monitoring framework is spearheaded by UN-Habitat in collaboration with various partners, and spells out a budgeted activity plan covering the next few years. | sdg11 |
The drawback is that they may provide weak incentives to maintain or improve the quality of care. Fee-for-service and salary schemes are likely to lead to overprovision of healthcare. However, there have been attempts within fee-for-service schemes to limit cost increases by reducing fees and combining them with hard budget constraints (Moreno Serra, 2013, Paris and Devaux, 2010). Under the GPs' fundholding policy, GPs could choose to have a fixed budget to finance some types of elective surgery for their patients and retain any surplus. | sdg3 |
Correspondingly, the target groups of these community services are very broad, including also milder disorders. The position of psychiatrists and psychologists within the service system varies widely across countries. Correspondingly, the characteristics of patients in private specialised practice differ. | sdg3 |
Contributing authors: Lars Gamfeldt, Hege Gundersen, Susanna Jernberg, Pia Norling, Hannele llvessalo-Lax, Michael Koie Poulsen, Jan Sorensen, Tero Mustonen, Guri Sogn Andersen, Marie Kvarnstrom, Anna-Stiina Heiskanen, Hakan Tunon. Important habitats across the Nordic coastal region include sea grass beds, kelp forests, blue mussel beds and soft sediments. Declines in sea grass have occurred since the 1970's, most likely due to eutrophication and overfishing. Norwegian kelp forests are recovering following severe losses in the 1960-1970's, most likely due to increased water temperature and changes in grazing pressure. | sdg15 |
For these agencies, it is assumed that all their activities support STI. In total, the analysis includes developing activities from 77 providers. While core funding to a multilateral agency may indirectly support STI-related activities performed within that agency, it difficult to determine the share of core funding dedicated to these activities from support to other programmes within the same agency. | sdg9 |
However, we believe attention must now shift to the implementation agenda and to policy sequencing. This includes translating the goals into practical action by the WTO members within the existing framework of multilaterally agreed trade rules. In this regard, the outcomes from the 10,h WTO Ministerial Conference (MC10) reflected in the “Nairobi package” were sub-optimal. | sdg14 |
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