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In 2014 manufactured goods accounted for 41.9 per cent of intra-African exports, compared with only 14.8 per cent of Africa’s exports outside the continent (UNECA and ODI, forthcoming)1. Regional economic communities are one forum where regionally significant policies and infrastructure can be planned, in line with national systems. Countries scoring high on the African Regional Integration Index in the category of infrastructure are listed in figure 4.9. | sdg11 |
Software tools such as Marxan and MarZone which aid systematic reserve design have been used in several cases but could be adopted more widely. Monitoring both ecological and socio-economic data is important, initially to define the baseline, as well as regularly thereafter to assess trends in performance over time. This has often not been undertaken as rigorously as needed, and challenges encountered include lack of sufficient human and financial resources, equipment and infrastructure. | sdg14 |
However, Portugal slightly overspent according to both criteria. One of the drawbacks of focusing on this measure is that the ratio may increase as a result of a decline in GDP alone and not because of an increase in social security payments per se. As a complement to the previous analysis, Figure 1.14 examines the 2007-09 change in the absolute level of general government expenditures in real terms.34 It disaggregates the change in general government expenditures into two components: general government social security benefits and general government expenditures other then social security benefits. | sdg10 |
Still, inequality remains considerably below the OECD average in this group. Income dispersion has increased in three of them since the early 1990s, by 24% in China, 16% in India and 4% in South Africa while it has remained broadly stable in Indonesia and declined by around 10% in Brazil. While income dispersion trends have diverged across these countries, absolute poverty has declined in all of them, thanks to rapid economic growth. | sdg10 |
A BEACON AGAINST THE PASSAGE AND IMPLEMENTATION OF REPRESSIVE LAW Following the felling, by aircraft, of the twin towers of the New York World Trade Centre on 11 September 2001, Western democracies have each passed a raft of ‘anti-terrorist’ or security legislation consistently criticised for breaching human and civil rights. On February 23rd 2007 the Canadian Supreme Court unanimously determined that provisions of Immigration and Refugee Protection Act 2001 (Canada) purporting to protect citizens from terrorism and terrorists infringe the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ‘the Charter’).1 Albeit not going as far as the Applicants wished, the decision is an affirmation that governments and parliaments do not have carte blanche for restricting the rights of persons within a state’s borders in the name of protection and security. | sdg16 |
It is also clear that the weaknesses identified in this chapter have been well recognised in Australian policy research reports, with evidence that policy makers are addressing these areas of weakness as resources permit. Consequently, this section will concentrate on four recommendations that aim to develop opportunities and reduce threats for enterprises that are leading the development of the green economy in Sydney. At detailed level, it is individual enterprises that identify and respond to such opportunities, but this can be assisted by the provision of authoritative information by independent third parties. | sdg7 |
Data issues are discussed in Fredriksen (2012). It has been argued that the generous public pension scheme in Sweden may have reduced asset accumulation at the lower end of the income distribution. Moreover, among the countries covered by the LWS, Sweden stands out as having a low home-ownership rate, with housing wealth being typically more equally distributed than financial wealth. | sdg10 |
Air travel for example, causes atmospheric pollution by definition and hotels, particularly those in remote locations, place a significant burden on infrastructural facilities such as sewage and waste treatment and water and electricity supply. Simultaneously, tourism is affected by climate change: the choice of destinations is often dependent on the expected climate and many tourist activities such as skiing, trekking or surfing are climate-driven. Some predict that with global warming becoming a reality, there will be a shift in preference from the lower latitudes with warmer climates to the higher latitudes and cooler climates. | sdg12 |
New Realist critics of international law, like many international relations realists who came before, are taking aim at human rights for its hopeless legalism. These critics rely on a regulative model that narrowly conceives of human rights laws as potentially enforceable rules without teeth. The article defines and elaborates an alternative constitutive model of human rights law, which understands the role of law as being both constituted by, and generative of, political interactions. This understanding is superior to legalist and regulative models because it better describes a number of rights-related phenomena observed in the world. | sdg16 |
Many countries have adopted digital development strategies. Digital strategies are cross-sectoral plans that address policy objectives related to the development of a digital economy and society. Common objectives include developing broadband infrastructure, promoting digital firms, both international and local (the “digital sector”), strengthening e-government, and encouraging businesses and SMEs to adopt digital technologies, as well as promoting general ICT skills and competencies. The priorities in any country's strategy generally depend on the level of digital adoption in that country, with less digitalized economies focusing more on connectivity and promoting digital skills and adoption, and more digitalized economies seeking to upgrade to high-speed internet and to promote user and data protection. | sdg9 |
This is where measures such as compensation and adjustment assistance come into play. This is sometimes interpreted (if not criticised) as an ideological position representing the entrenched philosophy of economic liberalism (or neoliberalism). Yet, there are veiy good practical reasons behind that principle. Three thoughts are particularly relevant. | sdg2 |
Over the last 25 years, China successfully moved from agriculture to manufacturing activities and saw an annual trend of real gross domestic product (GDP) growth of just under 10 per cent (Ghosh, 2008a). China’s manufacturing sector doubled its share of the workforce and tripled its share of output. The rate of extreme poverty at the national level declined from a high of 84 per cent in 1981 to a low of 16 per cent in 2005. | sdg1 |
A Commodity Levy Act (1990) empowers producers to self-impose levies through a vote in order to finance the “industry good” activities. Once voted, the levy becomes obligatory for all commercial producers of a commodity and is charged on each unit marketed as a type of sales tax. Levies are collected by downstream operators and transferred to industry good bodies.17 The obligatory character of the levy is grounded by the necessity to avoid a “free-rider problem”. However, this compulsory levy is introduced through voting and therefore is self-imposed. | sdg2 |
In many countries, the increasing availability of paid paternity leave is helping to ensure that fathers and mothers have an equal stake in caregiving, thus reducing barriers to women’s labour force participation. Since 2013, approximately two-thirds of OECD countries have introduced pay transparency measures to address wage inequities. Countries are increasingly implementing and strengthening policies aimed at violence against women, which remains endemic worldwide. Affirmative action measures are successfully helping to increase the number of women in public and private senior leadership. | sdg5 |
Overgrazing and agriculture are additional pressure factors. Up until recently, neither a management plan, nor any transboundary cooperation on the wetland existed. However, there has been some bilateral cooperation for determination of the border along the lagoon between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Soviet Union, as well as between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkmenistan. A number of reservoirs and dams on the Kura also help with flood regulation. | sdg6 |
Both the government and opposition are committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 5% below 2000 levels by 2020, and, in the case of the government, by up to 15-20% if there is a global agreement. The Australian Government has established a target of an 80% reduction by 2050. To date, the Australian economy has escaped the worst impacts of the Global Financial Crisis and the Great Recession, but uncertainties remain. Key trade exposed sectors such as manufacturing, tertiary education, and tourism have been negatively impacted by strong terms of trade associated with a resources boom that is predominantly benefiting the resource rich northern and western states and territories. | sdg7 |
This is especially true in countries where women lack crucial assets (e.g., experience, capacity, cash flows, collateral) that are valued by lenders, as well as in countries where there is a cultural bias against women’s ability to be business owners (OECD, 2012). Although participation in formal banking has improved in Mexico, access to formal credit remains low for both men and women. Although micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises account for almost all of the companies in Mexico, the financing they receive is quite low in comparison to larger firms, and the interest rates for these smaller companies tend to be higher than what their levels of risk should imply (CONAIF, 2016). | sdg5 |
With nearly 5 million workers, the region boasts the third largest labour market in the US and draws workers from beyond the metropolitan area’s outlying counties. Over 21 000 workers living in the Milwaukee metropolitan region (part of the 21-county Tri-State region) commute to work in metropolitan Chicago, around 17% of these workers travel into the City of Chicago. An equal number commute from the Indianapolis metro-region (which lies beyond the 21-county region) into the Chicago metro-region. The region offers a large, diversified pool of highly qualified workers, with a diverse and rich set of skills and attributes. | sdg7 |
The NBSAP included an action plan for reaching targets set for 2010. The main foci of the actions are species oriented conservation measures, protected areas, restoration of degraded habitats, actions oriented towards invasive alien species, genetic resources, genetically modified organisms. Also, actions related to information, education and public relations regarding biological diversity were included. | sdg15 |
Correspondingly, a cultural emphasis, often couched in religions terms, on girls remaining virgins before marriage may result in parents feeling compelled to arrange the marriage of their daughters at an early age in order to prevent premarital sexual relations.63 Parents’ expectations generally play a huge role in dictating when and w'hom daughters marry, and at times girls are certainly married off by their parents expressly against the girls’ own wishes.64 However, the question of who dte primary decision maker is in the context of child marriage is complicated. In some cases girls themselves also articulate a preference to marry, this is not surprising given that social norms and expectations are generally internalized. Early Marriage Child Spouses, p. 6. Some reasons given for this decision include curiosity, as well as fears that they will grow old and never marry. | sdg5 |
Information on educational attainment by gender is taken from the revised Barro-Lee dataset [Barro, R.J. and J.W. Lee (2010), “A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010”, NBER Working Paper, No. As the gender ratio of education increased on average by around 0.09% each year, it suggests that it contributed to increasing annual economic growth by a further 0.07% per annum (i.e. 0.09% * 0.81). Information on educational attainment by gender is taken from the revised Barro-Lee dataset [Barro, RJ. | sdg5 |
Toshiko Takaezu (1922–2011) was an important postwar Asian-American artist from Hawai‘i. My exploration of Takaezu’s work is closely informed by scholarship on hybridity and performative identity, which examines artists with hyphenated identities that bridge multiple personal and cultural formations. Takaezu has occupied an ambiguous and fluid space between cultures, artistic traditions, and assigned gender roles as Asian and American, as potter and sculptor, and as a woman who paid deference to traditional Japanese female culture but was also a pioneer artist who consistently identified with male forms of power. The essential paradoxes of Takaezu’s life and her struggle to find ways to create and perform her ethnicity without becoming trapped within it make her a fascinating case study. Her work reflects the implications of transnational flows and circulations, her clay works speaks to a heritage of migration, dispersal and the need to recapture a sense of lost homeland. | sdg16 |
The reason is that computers can replace routine tasks such as assembly-line or clerical work, while nonroutine tasks are more difficult to digitize, and computers facilitate large-scale data analysis, which complements the tasks of skilled workers. However, these developments can also be explained by trade-related arguments that emphasize the rapid increase of trade in intermediate products, such as parts and components - a key feature in electronics industries - and the offshoring of service activities. Trade in intermediate products and offshoring have often figured prominently in the trade-inequality debate in developed countries. Less costly and more sophisticated ICTs have enabled firms to profitably manage multifaceted procedures and undertake different stages of production in different geographical locations. As a result, some of the production of intermediate goods has moved from developed to developing countries, thereby spurring international trade in those goods. | sdg10 |
In total, 65 entities have been identified to support STI, of which 27 are classified as universities or other research institutes (See Annex Table A.3). While some activities implemented by these entities may already have been identified in the first stage, it is imperative to also include additional development activities, which may have been classified according to a different sector code. The list is also not exhaustive as it is solely based on the 355 entities on the DAC list of channels of delivery. It is likely that there are additional entities that receive financing from official sources and support STI in developing countries. | sdg9 |
By 2007, UCLG ed that local expenditures in Brazil were to 8.3 per cent of its GDP - the highest n Latin America. While it has waxed and waned in many countries as central governments have failed to fully relinquish financial control over municipalities even when directed to do so by legislation, cities have emerged with generally stronger financial tools than they had going into the period. But as their growth has continued to outpace their ability to provide services for their citizens, they have had to deal frontally with one of the central issues of the Habitat Agenda: the need to provide adequate housing, particularly for the poor. | sdg11 |
Pesaran and Smith (1995) show that, under slope heterogeneity, GMM (and simple Least Square Dummy Variable) dynamic fixed effect estimates of the speed of convergence are usually affected by a downward heterogeneity bias. Accordingly, Arnold et al (2011) rather looked at an error correction (ECM) version of equation A3.8, using Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimators which allow the speed of convergence to the steady state differ across countries. This is a realistic approach, as both exogenous (i.e. Solow) and endogenous (i.e. Uzawa-Lucas) growth models imply that the speed of convergence to the steady state differs across countries because of cross-country heterogeneity in population growth, technical change and progressiveness of the income tax. Moreover, the approach permits to discriminate between growth theories by glancing at the estimated parameters. In fact, for plausible values of the parameters, the Solow model implies a much slower speed of convergence to the steady state than that implied by the Lucas model (the paper concludes that the estimated speed of convergence is compatible with endogenous growth theories). As mentioned, this empirical approach could not be taken in the case of present analysis due to the lack of time series variation in inequality data. | sdg10 |
Technical assistance to farmers in meeting with quality standards would help to expand their opportunities for participation in larger markets. Most of the recent stories of innovation characterized by pro-poor and positive environmental impacts have also entailed the active participation of international and national civil society organizations, which, among others, can serve as intermediaries between research and agricultural practices, facilitate collective action and creation of farmers’ organizations for the purchase of inputs and marketing of food, and strengthen the capacity of women to participate in marketing production and innovation. While any government’s policy will have to respond to the specific context of its own country, building stronger partnerships within an SAIS will require the participants to collaborate in developing a clear-cut strategy directed toward achieving the objectives of agricultural reform and ensuring that there are resources adequate for expanding rural infrastructure and supporting provision of services to small-scale farmers. | sdg2 |
Ethiopia Climate Project Receives Africa’s First Forestry Carbon Credits under the CDM, http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/10/090/ethiopia-climate-project-receives-africa-s-first-forestry-carbon-credits. Ethiopia: A Country Study on the Economic Impacts of Climate Change. Washington, DC: World Bank, Sustainable Development Department, Africa Region. They also draw on the information kindly provided by individuals interviewed separately in the same week. | sdg13 |
It describes the principles and practices underlying software process maturity and is intended to support software organizations in improving their software processes. A characteristic of this model is the five maturity levels for process areas ranging from level one (initial) to level five (optimizing). The scheme is most commonly used among companies that service the North American market. | sdg9 |
Studies in the mid-1990s and in mid-2000s either do not mention the strategy (Wilson et al., The finding is consistent with the falling percentage of dairy farmers diversifying on-farm operations between 1992 and 2004. Horticultural farmers indicated to the OECD that they use diversification of various kinds to manage risk. | sdg2 |
Microfinance institutions are valuable channels in this respect for small enterprises to access formal credit lines. Indeed, in many LDCs, and Bangladesh in particular, such institutions have served as effective instruments for including a large group of poor people in formal financial channels. Despite their benefits, however, these channels cannot be relied on as sources of credit mobilization for productive asset creation and the development of a dynamic enterprise sector. | sdg8 |
This increase can, with a fair degree of certainty, be attributed in part to climate change induced by human activity. Deforestation, degradation of natural coastal protection and poor infrastructure have increased the likelihood that weather shocks will turn into human disasters, especially in the least developed countries. Thus, business as usual is not an option. Even if we were to stop the global engines of growth, the depletion and pollution of our natural environment would continue because of existing consumption patterns and production methods. | sdg10 |
There is an interesting technical side-argument here regarding the de-optimisation of the residual system. If VREs had to earn their revenue on the market rather than receive fixed remuneration, the revenue they would earn would be lower than the average of all the prices during the 8 760 hours of the year. This is because VRE production is self-correlated and concentrated during a limited number of hours of the year during which processes are particularly low, precisely because of high VRE production. Since this effect is precisely proportional to the variability of the VREs, the negative externality of system de-optimisation would, in fact, be directly internalised through the price system (see NEA, 2012a). However, as long as VRE receive fixed FITs, which protect them against this effect, the system de-optimisation due to over-deployment of VREs, from the point of view of economic efficiency, continues to impose an uninternalised social cost or “technical externality” on the electricity system. While they can impose highly unwelcome impacts on certain parties, e.g. traditional utilities, which may raise issues from a distributional or political point of view, they do not as such constitute social costs and rationales for public intervention. | sdg7 |
At the same time, official information on the national tests clearly repeats the message that the national tests only measure a discrete area of student knowledge and skills - providing a snapshot of student achievement in select learning targets - and that supplementary assessments are necessary to fully gauge student process. Research from different countries indicates that while assessment is primarily intended to measure the progress and outcomes of learning, it also has effects on the learning process itself (Somerset, 1996). Several authors have described this influence of assessment on teaching and learning as the “backwash effect” of student assessment (Alderson and Wall, 1993, Baartman et al., | sdg4 |
They are therefore difficult to deal with in any one way. Strengthening of developing country institutions related to fisheries management institutions is critical to taking up those options effectively. If resources are in excess of domestic needs, foreign fishing companies can be brought in through licensing, FDI or as harvesting services. | sdg14 |
This includes situations where expectations have been based on misunderstood or unrealistic projections of what external investors and authorities are able to and willing to provide, as well as cases where false expectations have been created in the process of establishing the project. Conflict can also arise when realistic expectations are not met. When clear terms in the concession, agreements with local authorities or stakeholders, or oral promises are not honored, or are disputed or protracted, this can lead to disappointment and material disadvantage. | sdg6 |
Increasing the supply and demand of regionally produced greens goods and services, which we define as those that reduce negative environmental externalities, the impact on natural resources and the pressure on ecosystem services. The first is the Chicago Metropolitan Planning Agency’s Go To 2040 Comprehensive Regional Plan, which covers the seven Illinois counties surrounding the City of Chicago (CMAP, 2010a). The plan provides indicators, recommendations, implementation actions and financing strategies for four core themes: i) liveable communities, human capital, efficient governance, and regional mobility. | sdg7 |
Without the progress of these countries, the global poverty record would have appeared far less successful. Poverty has remained high in these countries partly because economic growth rates have been comparatively low (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 2007). The prospects for halving poverty remain a major challenge, however, for Papua New Guinea, the Philippines and Timor-Leste. | sdg1 |
Rio markers could move towards a more exact definition and quantification by moving away from the binary classification approach and towards a percentage allocation for each project. The DAC could follow the lead of the World Bank Group, as they are currently working towards tracking the adaptation and mitigation ‘co-benefits’ of their investments, based on a percentage of each sub-sector in each investment, across their entire portfolio and all core funding sources.60 Australia is also testing such a system. For the definition of the Rio marker for adaptation: www.oecd.org/dataoecd/l/45/45303527.ndf (page 5). These will be based on a series of vetted investment activity typologies. | sdg13 |
The 2011 disaster at Japan's Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear power plant poses important questions for environmental communication scholarship and practice. This forum examines questions that were emerging one month into the Fukushima crisis, when a panel examined its implications as part of North Carolina State University's second annual research symposium on Communication, Rhetoric, and Digital Media (details available at http://crdm.chass.ncsu.edu/symposium2011/). Expanding those initial analyses, we identify implications across the contexts of environmental communication, expert-public engagement, public discourses of nuclear energy, uses of new media, risk and crisis communication, and organizational and institutional communication. The first essay (Kinsella) addresses some implications of Fukushima from the perspectives of constitutive communication theory, risk analysis, and risk communication. The second essay (Ionescu) examines an effort to foster dialog between technical experts and a concerned public... | sdg16 |
This refers to the manufacture, use and disposal of lifestyle goods such as electronics and clothing. Key sectors of high impact include food, housing and transport. In these sectors, wafer, energy and waste can be considered as crosscutting sectors affecting and affected by almost every lifestyle domain. | sdg12 |
There are two main cannabis products found on the European illicit drug market: cannabis herb and cannabis resin. Cannabis is both illicitly cultivated in countries of the region and also trafficked, in sizeable amounts, within the region and from other regions. There is an increasing tendency for criminal groups operating in the region to run numerous small-scale cannabis plant cultivation sites, usually indoors, rather than fewer but large-scale outdoor plantations, in order to mitigate the risk of detection. | sdg3 |
These areas initially comprised less than 10% of the entire land mass, later expanded to 13%. The remaining 87% of the agricultural land was made available to the white population for large-scale operations. The Act created a system of land tenure that meant that the majority of South Africa's inhabitants did not have the right to own land which had major socio-economic repercussions (Mahlangeni, 2013, PLASS 2015). | sdg2 |
This implies setting up monitoring mechanisms to collect and update data from reliable sources and on a regular basis. Such data should cover, amongst others, consumption levels, the quality of drinking water and wastewater, as well as tariffs. This important information will enable “informed” citizens to take part more effectively in discussions related to drinking water and sanitation. Such an independent stock-taking and assessment exercise should clearly set out the upsides as well as downsides of change and raise awareness among priority target audiences (e.g. households) on the role, responsibility and contribution of the private actors in the water sector. | sdg6 |
She returned to Kenya to process her husband's papers under the family reunification visa category, and he joined her in Australia in 2008.They had three more children - the oldest son is now 10 years old, while the youngest is 9 months. She described her life as a cycle of ‘Study and stop, give birth, study and stop’. At the time of the interview, she was in study mode, taking a course that would qualify her to work in childcare while her older children were in school and theyoungest in family day care. | sdg5 |
Japan, the largest donor, with commitments of USD 11.8 billion directed most of its funding to Asia mainly for transport/storage and energy sectors in Asia. Other main bilateral contributors are Germany, with USD 5.6 billion, followed by the United States with USD 3.4 billion and France with USD 2.8 billion. The United Arab Emirates is also becoming an important aid-for-trade provider, with commitments in 2015 reaching USD 0.9 billion, followed by Kuwait with USD 394.2 million. Most bilateral donors provide the majority of their support in the form of grants, with the exception of Japan and Germany, which also provide a large share in loans. | sdg9 |
The two main actors responsible for the development of clinical guidelines are the government and academics (i.e. the Korean Academy of Medical Sciences). Since 2004, clinical research centres in Korea have specialised in specific Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) is responsible for quality assurance and auditing of claims for publicly reimbursed medical services. Both HIRA and KOIHA undertake public reporting on health care providers. | sdg3 |
There has rarely been a concerted approach to the implementation and monitoring of policy packages, which would multiply single-policy benefits. Such implementation demands financial resources and effective management, yet finance is scarce and planning and management skills may also have been lost through migration. Adequate finance is crucial for recruitment and training in the public sector. | sdg10 |
Almost half of the Turkish basin share is cropland, and some 30% is grassland. Georgia has much less cropland (7%), and almost 30% grassland. In general, Georgia estimates the ecological and chemical status of the river as satisfactory. However, a wastewater treatment plant for Posof Municipality has not yet been planned. | sdg6 |
A microeconometric decomposition exercise presented by ECLAC (2011) notes that income per adult, and specifically earnings, were the main factor in the fall in inequality. The demographic factor was found to have had a modest effect on inequality, as the dependency ratio fell fairly evenly across all income levels. On the basis of an analysis of four middle-income countries in the region (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Peru), Lopez-Calva and Lustig (2010) conclude that two main factors account for the easing inequality in the countries: a narrowing of the wage gap between high-skilled and low-skilled workers and, to a lesser extent, an increase in government transfers to the lowest-income households. | sdg10 |
As this chapter argues, improvements in these areas have the potential to raise medium-term prospects significantly both for sustained agricultural growth, but also for economic development more widely. The South and Centre-West regions of the country have higher rainfall, better soils and more developed infrastructure. Farms in these regions use purchased inputs more intensively and are equipped with higher technologies. Central Brazil contains substantial areas of degraded grassland with potential for crop production. Most of Brazil’s grains, oilseeds and other export crops are produced in the South and Centre-West regions, although soybean production is increasing in the MaToPiBa region, containing the states of Maranhao, Tocantins, Piaui and Bahia. | sdg2 |
More worryingly, in the countries that distributed the PISA parent questionnaire, disadvantaged parents are significantly more likely than advantaged parents to report that "low expenses" and "financial aid" are very important factors to consider when choosing a school. While parents from all backgrounds cite academic achievement as an important consideration when choosing a school for their children, advantaged parents are, on average, nine percentage points more likely than disadvantaged parents to cite this criterion as "very important". These differences suggest that disadvantaged parents may believe that their choice of schools for their child is limited, due to the cost of some schools. | sdg4 |
How do strategies of state capture adapt to tight fiscal conditions? The article uses a historical institutionalist approach and content analysis to study the case of Greece. Three theoretically relevant patterns of institutional adaptation are unearthed: first, limited resources for state capture do indeed trigger self-limitation initiatives as expected, but these initiatives replace costly benefits with less costly ones. Second, different forms of capture have different implications for the terms of political competition. Third, there is a mutually reinforcing relationship between clientelism and corruption, which becomes pronounced in the creative ways by which strategies of capture adjust to shifting opportunities and constraints. Clients are appointed in state offices and extract bribes directly from citizens. ‘Client corruption’ replaces extraction from the state with extraction through the state, which is less costly for the public finances: the benefit the governing party gives to its clients is the ‘right’ to extract rents for themselves. | sdg16 |
The implementation of the programmes can introduce new approaches to management in traditionally segmented public bodies as they foster sectoral links and promote joint efforts between entities from different levels with the hierarchy. To improve the population’s education and health through the conditional delivery of monetary resources, first, the relevant services must exist, and second, the supply must be of good quality. In the context of conditional transfer programmes, considerable efforts have been made to create sophisticated procedures and techniques to select the beneficiaries in order to minimize errors of exclusion and inclusion. The results have generally been satisfactory, and it can be said that conditional transfer projects are successful in reaching the poor (Fiszbein and Schady, 2009, Villatoro, 2007). | sdg10 |
This chapter examines the legal norms governing investigations of possible international law violations during an armed conflict. It begins by setting forth those rules derived from the 1949 Geneva Conventions, 1977 Additional Protocols and customary law. Since human rights norms also apply in armed conflicts, the chapter surveys human rights investigatory standards, and how they interact with corresponding international humanitarian law rules. Since international humanitarian and human rights law on the subject lacks granularity, State practice is surveyed in order to tease out prevailing practices that may either reflect on how treaty law is applied or reveal the broad outlines of customary law. The chapter offers conclusions as to the applicable legal standards for such investigations. | sdg16 |
Interview with Christof Delatter, Director INTERAFVAL (Association of Flemish Cities and Municipalities), July 2009. Interview with Christof Delatter, Director INTERAFVAL (Association of Flemish Cities and Municipalities), July 2009. Council of the European Union, (October 20,2008), “A new framework for waste management in the EU” Available from: www.consi\ium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/misc/103477.pdf. Commission of the European Communities, (July 16, 2008) COM(2008)397 final, “Communication From the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - On the Sustainable Consumption and Production and Sustainable Industrial Policy Action Plan”. | sdg12 |
We argue that a focus on practices can enrich the study of global governance by drawing attention to a wealth of informal processes and their politics. After explaining the usefulness of a practice approach, we examine four pervasive practices in contemporary world politics: hosting a global conference, accrediting NGOs, mandating a group of experts, and forming multistakeholder partnerships. For each of these established ‘ways of doing things,’ we provide a definition, decline its variations, and analyze its politics. Through our case studies, we show that global governance practices often generate competing social effects, by which inclusionary trends combine with more exclusionary tendencies. This common dialectic of inclusion and exclusion provides an analytical key to better understand the politics of global public policy making, including its power dynamics. | sdg16 |
We are grateful to Dr. Sreedharan of the Public Affairs Centre, who patiently monitored and supervised the surveys by personally visiting the slums in Chennai. We thank Nivedita Kashyap, who provided assistance during various stages of the study. We thank Tamil Nadu’s Secretary, Housing and Urban Development, for extending his support to the study. | sdg1 |
Companies that make capital expenditures to reduce their energy consumption are eligible for a 100 percent investment tax allowance on the qualifying expenditure over five years. The package also features import duty and sales tax exemptions (APERC 2010a). A cost-based tax incentive offers a 125 percent tax break on investments improving energy efficiency. A performance-based incentive allows companies to deduct 30 percent of the energy savings from their taxes up to a ceiling of $60,000. | sdg7 |
Although the 2003 Iraq invasion was not wholly framed as a ‘humanitarian intervention’, the rhetoric of bringing liberation, democratization and human rights to the Iraqi people was widely advanced by the coalition and supporters as a legitimating reason for war. This article assesses the role played by press photography in legitimizing or challenging this crucial framing during the invasion across a range of UK national newspapers. Privileging visual content in research design, the study presents selected results from a comprehensive content and framing analysis of press photography during the invasion period (March–April 2003), specifically examining the prominence and treatment of photographs in the humanitarian-related visual coverage, along with the accompanying words used to define, support or detract from the events depicted. While finding that the rationale of humanitarianism generally played well for the coalition during this study period, this article explores the problematic nature of the narra... | sdg16 |
This ratio has proven roughly constant for most technologies - although it differs significantly from one technology to another. However, the fact that the progress ratio is usually constant means that technology learning occurs more quickly from market experiences when technologies are new than when they are mature. This is why new techniques, although more costly at the outset, may become cost-effective over time if they benefit from sufficient dissemination. | sdg7 |
The researchers were testing whether the selection of respondents with victimization experiences could be completed as effectively with a shorter version of the questionnaire, thereby reducing the time required to complete an interview, response burden, and cost. When the lifetime prevalence rates obtained by the two methods were compared, the shorter (French) version was found to have obtained lower overall prevalence rates (Killias, Simonin and de Puy, 2005). In addition to the draft survey instrument, experts should also be provided with information regarding the objectives of the study, the resources allocated to the study and the methodology of the project. | sdg5 |
The European Commission publishes this annual benchmarking reports including information about the mandate of regulators in Europe. In some other world regions such information might be at hand less readily. The indicator may to some extent denote a safeguard for guaranteeing the availability of sufficient network investments. Indirectly, this may favourably affect the investment climate for nuclear. | sdg7 |
These measures can be decomposed to reflect the contribution of sub-group poverty levels (e.g. by ethnicity, geographic area) to the overall poverty rate. They can also be broken down to show the relative contribution of each dimension to the poverty rate within sub-groups or within the overall poverty rate. The Alkire-Foster methodology has also been applied to multiple national studies of multidimensional poverty. It recognizes that poverty and deprivation may affect children differently to adults. However, MODA differs from both the Bristol approach and the existing applications of the Alkire-Foster method, such as the MPI, as it distinguishes between the needs of children of different ages: early childhood, middle childhood and adolescence. It acknowledges that different dimensions may be relevant for children at various stages of their life cycle. | sdg1 |
For some countries and habitats these can directly be used for defining levels of degradation in the EU 4-level model. Finland and partly Estonia have used this approach and have implemented it in management, but this is now abandoned for Finland (see below and chapter 6.2). Remaining countries have not done so, but Norway and Iceland seem to have systems that can be adopted or transformed into the 4-level model. | sdg15 |
This is particularly important in countries that cannot employ monetary policy for that purpose. Unemployment benefit replacement rates and duration, as u/ell as social assistance benefits, should be set at levels that do not excessively discourage job search and, especially where they are relatively generous, be made conditional on strictly enforced work-availability criteria as part of well-designed “activation” policies, moderate benefit sanctions should be part of an activation strategy. Employment services should offer unemployed workers in-depth interviews and, job-search assistance, and participation in active labour market programmes should be compulsory after a certain length of joblessness. Per/ormance of employment services should be rewarded on the basis of job placement rates and stability in jobs of re-employed workers, active labour market programmes should be regularly assessed to ensure that inefficient programmes are terminated, and that the mix of programmes is adjusted to suit the needs of jobseekers and the labour market. | sdg8 |
To accompany the development of its Low Carbon Development Strategy, the Government of Guyana in 2011 established a new Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment (MoNRE). Similarly, recognising needs of its own, the Government of Tonga recently established a new Ministry of Training, Employment, Youth and Sport (MoTEYS), affirming a commitment to training and employment in the country. There is also a growing recognition of the need to revisit the existing structure of line ministries. | sdg13 |
When located in the arable fields, the nest may be destroyed by vehiclesand other agricultural equipment used in the cultivation ofthefields. Ifthe nest is located in permanent habitats such as field edges and road sides etc. To some extent, both elements are controlled by the chosen agricultural scheme: Organic farming or intensive farming. In organic farming, no pesticides are applied and thus there is no control of the availability and production of non-crop plants and invertebrates. | sdg15 |
Accession, ratification, and signature are used to signify States’ ratification status to international human rights and humanitarian instruments. The term accession is used when a State accepts the opportunity to become part of a treaty that lias been negotiated and signed by other member States. Signature of a treaty expresses the State’s willingness to be part of the treaty-making process, prior to establishing consent to be bound by the treaty. | sdg5 |
In this paper, ontology-based Tantra Social Information Management Framework is proposed to manage information about a complex system such as society in a unified manner. The objective of Tantra Framework is to usher in good governance and social change by playing a prominent role in E-Governance. Tantra Framework enables four different viewpoints of social information: (1) collection of entities, (2) hierarchy of macrostates and microstates, (3) multi-modal social network and (4) social system with macrolevel properties and propensities. An entropy construct is crafted as an instrument for validation of Tantra Framework that can work with each of these viewpoints. With its generic nature and power of detailing, Tantra Framework can become a harbinger of next-generation information systems. | sdg16 |
Technology Transfer Offices should be strengthened and organised at an arms length from the university in order to be managed as a quasi market service reporting to the university but independent from it. Incentives for higher education institutions should be strengthened to increase their capacity to act as technology transfer “agents” to bring non-local knowledge to the region and to create community partnerships. Incentives for higher education institutions and their staff to engage in local and regional development should be developed. The government should seek to encourage greater collaboration between higher education institutions through joint investments in R&D facilities and incentive programmes. | sdg4 |
These services remain a constraint for many SMEs, because the banks that dominate them often have stringent requirements, cumbersome processes and high service fees. Globally, over half of trade finance requests by SMEs are rejected, compared with just 7% for multinational companies, for example. These include supply chain finance and solutions based on information and communications technology (ICT). | sdg9 |
This prompted new legislation in 2016 that now makes access to health care a right for all Greek citizens and provides comprehensive coverage not only to them but also to irregular migrants and refugees (see also Box 3). Previously, the different occupation-based SHI funds had their own contribution rates and benefits packages, resulting in fragmented and unequal access to services. Today, the public benefits package is relatively broad and dental services have been added under the legislation establishing the new primary care system. In 2015 alone, the state and non-governmental organisations dealt with approximately 870 000 new arrivals, providing shelter, food and required medical assistance. | sdg3 |
Courses of this kind aim to address the need to rapidly develop a general understanding of emerging issues where there is limited capacity. Introduction level and general courses are then superseded by more specialised technical courses and /or integration into vocational and masters training courses. Multi-stage courses combine on-the-job-learning and assignments with one or more intensive training sessions, often involving exposure to projects or other real-life management situations that provide the experience participants need to build their own capabilities. Participants then complete assignments and projects based on their workplace (or volunteer) experience (Coley and others, 2002). | sdg14 |
However, once total social spending and working-age unemployment were accounted for, the effects of the minimum income protection indicator were no longer statistically significant. Social spending was associated with lower risks of child poverty at the start of the crisis only, when many European countries implemented fiscal stimulus packages, while unemployment had large effects on both poverty and deprivation throughout the entire period 2008-2012. This suggests that social safety nets and social spending did not shield children from the effects of labour market turbulence during the Great Recession. | sdg1 |
Hence in 1995, global water use would have been 6% higher, and irrigation water depletion would have been 11% higher, if not for international trade (de Fraiture et al., The authors caution against inferring that trade will be helpful in mitigating global water scarcity, however, given that water savings cannot always be re-allocated to beneficial uses, and that political and economic considerations might have greater influence than water scarcity in determining national trading strategies. In their analysis of data describing water availability and international trade for 146 countries, the authors find that observed trading patterns are not consistent with those predicted by the virtual water metaphor. | sdg6 |
The initiative includes more than 8,000 corporate participants, of which 55% are SMEs. It is collaborating with UN entities such as the International Trade Centre (ITC) and the UN Industrial Organization (UNIDO) to bring SMEs into the sustainability fold. Our Women’s Empowerment Principles (WEPs) offer guidance on women in the workplace, marketplace and community. | sdg9 |
Examples include, at an individual level, “integration stakeholders” that will develop systems for responding to feedback in a way that is accessible, manageable for staff, and capable of being transferred across settings. At a national level, citizens’ panels will create opportunities for people to engage in national policy debate. Notably, a leadership coalition of health and social care service users, carers and leaders in the NHS, local authorities and the third sector will guide the development of the framework and will be chaired by a member of the public. The framework will continue to be developed until the end of 2017. | sdg3 |
A large part of the gain in life expectancy has been after age 65, so Estonian women at 65 have another 20 years to live and men more than 15 years (2015). Mortality from cancer is the second leading cause of death (accounting for 22% of women and 27% of men). External causes come third for both and account for the death of about 10% of men. During the same period, however, mortality from cancer did not fall and remains well above the EU average. Despite policies to combat smoking (see Section 5.1), lung cancer remains the most common cause of cancer mortality. | sdg3 |
These suggest that community services may be struggling to provide adequate care. This chapter explores the extent to which current arrangements are aligned with this ambition and what more needs to be done, particularly in terms of quality monitoring and improvement, to achieve it. The chapter argues that work should start now to professionalise and define a speciality of primary care, based upon a clear, consensual vision of how the speciality will be different in knowledge, skills, roles and responsibilities from current community generalists. Strengthening of the information infrastructure, possible reforms to payment systems, and close attention to primary care specialists’ role in co-ordinating care will also be needed. Section 2.4 describes the challenges, including a super-ageing society that primary care would be expected to address and Section 2.5 considers the extent to which current arrangements are well placed to meet these challenges. Sections 2.6 and 2.7 describe the steps that Japan should take to develop a distinct and specialist primary care workforce and embed quality monitoring and improvement from the start. | sdg3 |
The education factor is seen to represent a greater contribution to total poverty in Uruguay (49.9%) and in Costa Rica (37.6%). The contribution of school attendance among children and adolescents is much lower. There do not appear to be substantial differences in the contribution of income to total poverty based on the poverty rate of the countries. | sdg1 |
Iftotal inputs exceed total outputs, the aquifer will recharge. Reductions in streamflow may lead to impacts on both instream habitat and to downstream or transboundary conflict over shared surface water allocations. If agricultural producers increase the efficiency of their irrigation systems while keeping pumping the same, recharge I3 will decrease, and once again there will be a reduction in outputs, storage, or a combination of the two. | sdg6 |
The estimated correlation is 0.51. See OECD Employment Outlook 2014, notably Annex 3.A1. The need to tailor these models to the self-employed is recognised in the research literature and some progress has been made. For example, rather than autonomy, negotiation power is suggested to be a better indicator of job resources for this group. | sdg8 |
Universiti Sains Malaysia has a structure dedicated to start-up support with facilities for on-campus business incubation. The involvement of key actors, such as the school of computer science in the design and organisation of incubation facilities suggests that the university leadership collaborates, co-ordinates and integrates faculty-internal entrepreneurship support in the US M’s support infrastructure and thus ensure cross-faculty collaboration. Two key issues for further development call for closer links between entrepreneurship education efforts and start-up support, and closer co-operation and referral between internal and external business start-up support organisations. | sdg4 |
Secondly, land tenure arrangements and the urbanisation of agricultural or collectively-owned land (ejido) have left a complex legacy for modern-day housing and urban development. Thirdly, Mexico has managed to address, to a large extent and with remarkable speed, the country’s quantitative housing gap and transition to more permanent housing for an increasing share of the population. Such a rapid expansion of the housing stock has been seen in only a few OECD countries. Fourthly, while public policy in other OECD countries has also tended, to varying extents, to favour home ownership in recent decades, Mexico, along with Italy and Spain, is unusual in focusing its social housing policies on home ownership. Finally, Mexico is now beginning to transition out of a long period in which housing policy has been set by an implementing body (INFONAVIT), housing and urban policy is now in the hands of an explicit policy-making body, SEDATU. | sdg11 |
There is a correlation between economic growth and mobile revenue growth in markets where prepaid is dominant - more than four in every five mobile subscriptions in the developing world were prepaid in 2016. However, between 2014 and 2016, the global increase in data revenues (USD 70.2 billion) was lower than the loss recorded in voice revenues (USD 114.6 billion). In fact, Asia and the Pacific and the United States/Canada were the only two regions in which the increase in mobile data revenues during the period was greater than the loss in voice revenues. Overall, the relative importance of data revenues over mobile revenues is correlated with a country's Internet penetration. | sdg9 |
Of the Arctic States, Russia did not join the second commitment period and Canada had already withdrawn from the Kyoto Protocol in 2011 while the United States had never been a party to it. The formulation does not however make it clear what kind of a legal outcome the parties actually committed themselves to. The goal of this negotiation process is nevertheless to set binding emission reductions after 2020 for all parties - even industrialising countries and the United States. | sdg13 |
Infrastructure — building the roads, ports, and telecommunications that link domestic and global markets. Productive capacity — investing in industries and sectors so countries can diversify exports and build on comparative advantages. And adjustment assistance — helping with the costs associated with tariff reductions, preference erosion, or declining terms of trade” (WTO AfT). | sdg10 |
Confronted with the demands of a knowledge society, this is a challenge for the development of the education sector (Jensen, 2012). For example, the government cannot simply order courses from consultants and have teachers or school leaders passively absorb this knowledge and change their practice in accordance with the governments’ intention. As with education more generally, in professional development the learner is a creative individual who engages in the learning processes in ways we cannot foresee (Lillejord, 2003). | sdg4 |
Information on land-based and sea-based litter sources, however, does not give much guidance on how to "Plug the Marine Litter Tap". These sources have to be broken down to a more detailed level. Usually it is necessary to identify the different activities or sectors that generate waste and assess the risk for littering, whether intentional or accidental. | sdg14 |
Training certificates signed by government officials provide formal recognition of participation, and the support of principals and supplementary resource materials (teachers’ guides), as well as follow-up school support visits by SEP staff, enhance motivation to do the work well. This approach is consistent with many of the recognised best practices in teacher professional development more generally (see for example Garet et al. However, as a CSO, the SEP works with teachers from outside the MoE system, and this limits the potential impact of the work. While CSOs may be able to align much of what they do with MoE systems, MoEs themselves have much more scope to align and support ESD training. | sdg13 |
This has led to a financial squeeze on power generators and forced them to offset losses incurred from power generation by expanding activity in profitable non-core businesses including component manufacturing. Electricity prices to end-users also often deviate from the nationally-determined benchmark, with provincial and local governments at times employing preferential pricing to support industrial objectives (Chen, 2011). Prices also vary geographically depending on the level of affluence, with lower prices offered in poorer regions. Electricity prices are hence used as both a redistributive tool as well as an instrument for industrial policy. However, as environmental protection sometimes lags in the poorer parts of the country, luring businesses to these areas through cheaper energy is likely to be particularly environmentally harmful. | sdg6 |
For instance, in New Zealand’s Waikato region, measures are in place to phase out the exceedance of allocable flows by ceasing new allocations, encouraging voluntary reduction, and promoting augmentation of water supplies. In Australia, a range of programmes have been initiated to recover water entitlements in regions where water abstractions are in excess of the sustainable diversion limit. Responses are summarised in Figure 3.7. | sdg6 |
Consumers and institutions need to be given the right incentives as well as opportunities in order to change behaviours in the long-run. For instance, a start-up from the U.K. introduced a platform rewarding human activity by foot. By walking, a cryptocurrency is transferred to the user, who can use the credit on a decentralised exchange of merchants offering their services ranging from graphic designers, local food retailers, to NGOs receiving donations (Sweatco.in, 2018). | sdg9 |
It would reduce poverty by 5 percentage points in Ecuador and Paraguay and by at least 0.6% in Brazil. If the transfer were to be targeted at everyone aged 65 and over, the measure could cost up to an additional 3% of GDP (ECLAC, 2010b, pp. United Nations publication, Sales No. United Nations publication, Sales No. In 10 of the region’s 18 countries, this percentage is around 5% or under in households living in a situation of extreme poverty or high vulnerability to extreme poverty. | sdg1 |
The great promise of American law is Equal Protection: everyone is equal before the law. Colorado's Ethnic Intimidation statute runs contrary to this promise, by creating preferred classes of victims. Proposed "hate crimes" laws would make the problem even worse. Different groups should not be contending for special status in our criminal law. Identity politics strikes at the heart of the American motto of e pluribus unum, and encourages people to think of themselves as members of particular groups -- rather than as, most of all, Americans first. Laws based on identity politics lead to skewed prioritization of law enforcement resources, and impinge on values of free speech, which includes the freedom to hold and express the most odious ideas. Until Colorado's statute is repealed, it should be improved by stronger penalties for the creation of hoaxes. Language: en | sdg16 |
An alternative policy approach is to allocate resources directly to students' families, including through conditional transfer programmes that offer financial incentives to disadvantaged or marginalised families to encourage their children to enrol in and attend school. Brazil, Mexico and Peru have introduced such programmes. Mexico's Oportunidades (now rebranded as Prospers) and Programa de Becas de Media Superior are examples of cash-transfers programmes to poor families aimed to raise enrolment rates in secondary education, especially among girls (OECD, 2013a). | sdg4 |
Land use plans can direct the land market. Sectoral plans in transport, housing, utilities, and other sectors can be tied to the goals and milestones of comprehensive or strategic spatial plans. Metropolitan planning is vital to coordinated natural resource and infrastructure decision-making, but often run into power games, political resistance is strong in many countries municipal officials resist ceding authority to regional counterparts whilst national officials resist creating strong contenders so as to maintain political bases. Line service delivery agencies are not likely to follow national or urban plans that conflict with their own agency plans, or that are the product of decision p which they had no involvement. | sdg11 |
With the rise of China and it displacing Japan as Australia's major trading partner, successive Australian governments have displayed a policy conundrum: where China is regarded with ambivalence, Japan is treated as Australia's best friend in Asia with enhanced defence and diplomatic ties. This paper examines the question of how the policy conundrum has arisen in terms of issues concerning trade and human rights and Sino–Japan relations, arguing that the inconsistency in approach is fundamentally ontological rather than one of international security. Through an analysis of respective governments’ positions over the past twenty years, this paper contends that the conundrum of Australian governments’ policy in relation to China comes from deep-seated Eurocentric versions of history that locates the West over and above the rest. In performativity, this policy is two-fold: it prioritises ‘diplomatic trade’ with China over human rights, and it asserts ‘value diplomacy’ in Sino–Japan relations. Japan is depicte... | sdg16 |
A school board is established by the school’s organising body allowing parents, students, educational staff, and the public to participate in the administration of the school. School principals are appointed by the organising body and can only be dismissed on the grounds stipulated by the 2005 Education Act. The groups which are typically involved include the Association of Regions, the Association of Towns and Municipalities, teachers’ professional associations (teacher unions and disciplinary associations), employers’ representatives, associations of school principals, experts in education and the association of non-governmental organisations in education (parents’ organisations are involved only in exceptional cases). The Education Act specifies situations in which the opinion of stakeholder groups is required. | sdg4 |
Subsets and Splits