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L_0233 | mesosphere | T_1423 | FIGURE 1.1 Although the mesosphere has extremely low pressure, it occasionally has clouds. The clouds in the photo are mesopheric clouds called noctilucent clouds. | image | textbook_images/mesosphere_20936.png |
L_0237 | metamorphic rocks | T_1432 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/metamorphic_rocks_20939.png |
L_0238 | meteors | T_1435 | FIGURE 1.1 A meteor streaks across the sky. | image | textbook_images/meteors_20940.png |
L_0238 | meteors | T_1435 | FIGURE 1.2 A lunar meteorite originates on the Moon and strikes Earth. Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/186958 | image | textbook_images/meteors_20941.png |
L_0240 | milky way | T_1439 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/milky_way_20944.png |
L_0240 | milky way | T_1439 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/milky_way_20945.png |
L_0246 | moon | T_1473 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/moon_20973.png |
L_0246 | moon | T_1474 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/moon_20974.png |
L_0246 | moon | T_1475 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/moon_20975.png |
L_0246 | moon | T_1475 | FIGURE 1.4 The Moons internal structure shows a small metallic core (yellow), a primi- tive mantle (orange), a depleted mantle (blue), and a crust (gray). The crust is composed of igneous rock rich in the elements oxygen, silicon, magnesium, and aluminum. The crust is about 60 km thick on the near side of the Moon and about 100 km thick on the far side. | image | textbook_images/moon_20976.png |
L_0248 | natural gas power | T_1481 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/natural_gas_power_20980.png |
L_0248 | natural gas power | T_1483 | FIGURE 1.2 A natural gas drill rig in Texas. | image | textbook_images/natural_gas_power_20981.png |
L_0249 | natural resource conservation | T_1484 | FIGURE 1.1 Recycling can help conserve natural re- sources. | image | textbook_images/natural_resource_conservation_20982.png |
L_0250 | neptune | T_1485 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/neptune_20983.png |
L_0250 | neptune | T_1486 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/neptune_20984.png |
L_0250 | neptune | T_1487 | FIGURE 1.3 Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/186951 | image | textbook_images/neptune_20985.png |
L_0251 | nitrogen cycle in ecosystems | T_1489 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/nitrogen_cycle_in_ecosystems_20986.png |
L_0251 | nitrogen cycle in ecosystems | T_1489 | FIGURE 1.2 The nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria either live free or in a symbiotic relationship with leguminous plants (peas, beans, peanuts). The symbiotic bacteria use carbohydrates from the plant to produce ammonia that is useful to the plant. Plants use this fixed nitrogen to build amino acids, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), and chlorophyll. When these legumes die, the fixed nitrogen they contain fertilizes the soil. | image | textbook_images/nitrogen_cycle_in_ecosystems_20987.png |
L_0252 | non renewable energy resources | T_1492 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/non_renewable_energy_resources_20988.png |
L_0252 | non renewable energy resources | T_1495 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/non_renewable_energy_resources_20989.png |
L_0253 | nuclear power | T_1497 | FIGURE 1.1 When struck by a tiny particle, Uranium-235 breaks apart and releases energy. | image | textbook_images/nuclear_power_20990.png |
L_0253 | nuclear power | T_1497 | FIGURE 1.2 Nuclear power plants like this one provide France with almost 80% of its electricity. | image | textbook_images/nuclear_power_20991.png |
L_0253 | nuclear power | T_1498 | FIGURE 1.3 Uranium mine in Kakadu National Park, Australia. | image | textbook_images/nuclear_power_20992.png |
L_0253 | nuclear power | T_1498 | FIGURE 1.4 | image | textbook_images/nuclear_power_20993.png |
L_0255 | obtaining energy resources | T_1503 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/obtaining_energy_resources_20996.png |
L_0255 | obtaining energy resources | T_1504 | FIGURE 1.2 Less energy is being wasted. Non-renewable resources will last longer. The cost is kept lower. | image | textbook_images/obtaining_energy_resources_20997.png |
L_0256 | ocean ecosystems | T_1505 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/ocean_ecosystems_20998.png |
L_0256 | ocean ecosystems | T_1507 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/ocean_ecosystems_20999.png |
L_0256 | ocean ecosystems | T_1507 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/ocean_ecosystems_21000.png |
L_0256 | ocean ecosystems | T_1507 | FIGURE 1.4 | image | textbook_images/ocean_ecosystems_21001.png |
L_0256 | ocean ecosystems | T_1508 | FIGURE 1.5 | image | textbook_images/ocean_ecosystems_21002.png |
L_0257 | ocean garbage patch | T_1510 | FIGURE 1.1 Trash has washed up on this beach. | image | textbook_images/ocean_garbage_patch_21003.png |
L_0257 | ocean garbage patch | T_1513 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/ocean_garbage_patch_21004.png |
L_0257 | ocean garbage patch | T_1513 | FIGURE 1.3 Plastic bags in the ocean can be mis- taken for food by an unsuspecting marine predator. | image | textbook_images/ocean_garbage_patch_21005.png |
L_0258 | ocean zones | T_1516 | FIGURE 1.1 Vertical and horizontal ocean zones. | image | textbook_images/ocean_zones_21006.png |
L_0259 | oil spills | T_1520 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/oil_spills_21007.png |
L_0259 | oil spills | T_1522 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/oil_spills_21008.png |
L_0259 | oil spills | T_1522 | FIGURE 1.3 Burning the oil can reduce the amount in the water. | image | textbook_images/oil_spills_21009.png |
L_0259 | oil spills | T_1522 | FIGURE 1.4 A containment boom holds back oil, but it is only effective in calm water. | image | textbook_images/oil_spills_21010.png |
L_0259 | oil spills | T_1524 | FIGURE 1.5 The toll on wildlife is felt throughout the Gulf. Plankton, which form the base of the food chain, are killed by the oil, leaving other organisms without food. Islands and marshlands around the Gulf have many species that are already at risk, including four endangered species of sea turtles. With such low numbers, rebuilding their populations after the spill will be difficult. | image | textbook_images/oil_spills_21011.png |
L_0260 | overpopulation and over consumption | T_1528 | FIGURE 1.1 Pesticides are hazardous in large quanti- ties and some are toxic in small quantities. | image | textbook_images/overpopulation_and_over_consumption_21012.png |
L_0260 | overpopulation and over consumption | T_1530 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/overpopulation_and_over_consumption_21013.png |
L_0261 | ozone depletion | T_1532 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/ozone_depletion_21015.png |
L_0261 | ozone depletion | T_1532 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/ozone_depletion_21016.png |
L_0261 | ozone depletion | T_1533 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/ozone_depletion_21017.png |
L_0262 | paleozoic and mesozoic seas | T_1536 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/paleozoic_and_mesozoic_seas_21018.png |
L_0263 | paleozoic plate tectonics | T_1540 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/paleozoic_plate_tectonics_21019.png |
L_0264 | petroleum power | T_1544 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/petroleum_power_21021.png |
L_0264 | petroleum power | T_1545 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/petroleum_power_21022.png |
L_0264 | petroleum power | T_1546 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/petroleum_power_21023.png |
L_0264 | petroleum power | T_1546 | FIGURE 1.4 | image | textbook_images/petroleum_power_21024.png |
L_0265 | planet orbits in the solar system | T_1547 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/planet_orbits_in_the_solar_system_21026.png |
L_0268 | ponds and lakes | T_1553 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/ponds_and_lakes_21029.png |
L_0268 | ponds and lakes | T_1553 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/ponds_and_lakes_21030.png |
L_0268 | ponds and lakes | T_1553 | FIGURE 1.3 The Badwater Basin in Death Valley con- tains water in wet years. The lake basin is a remnant from when the region was much wetter just after the Ice Ages. | image | textbook_images/ponds_and_lakes_21031.png |
L_0269 | population size | T_1556 | FIGURE 1.1 In a desert such as this, what is the limiting factor on plant populations? What would make the population increase? What would make the population de- crease? | image | textbook_images/population_size_21032.png |
L_0269 | population size | T_1556 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/population_size_21033.png |
L_0270 | precambrian continents | T_1558 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/precambrian_continents_21034.png |
L_0270 | precambrian continents | T_1559 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/precambrian_continents_21035.png |
L_0270 | precambrian continents | T_1560 | FIGURE 1.3 The Precambrian craton is exposed in the Grand Canyon where the Colorado River has cut through the younger sedimentary rocks. | image | textbook_images/precambrian_continents_21036.png |
L_0271 | precambrian plate tectonics | T_1562 | FIGURE 1.1 Rodinia as it came together about 1.1 billion years ago. | image | textbook_images/precambrian_plate_tectonics_21037.png |
L_0277 | preventing hazardous waste problems | T_1581 | FIGURE 1.1 Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/186861 | image | textbook_images/preventing_hazardous_waste_problems_21048.png |
L_0278 | principle of horizontality | T_1583 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/principle_of_horizontality_21049.png |
L_0279 | principle of uniformitarianism | T_1585 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/principle_of_uniformitarianism_21050.png |
L_0279 | principle of uniformitarianism | T_1586 | FIGURE 1.2 The Mesquite sand dune in Death Valley National Park, California. This doesnt look exactly like the outcrop of Navajo sandstone, but if you could cut a cross-section into the face of the dune it would look very similar. | image | textbook_images/principle_of_uniformitarianism_21051.png |
L_0280 | principles of relative dating | T_1588 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/principles_of_relative_dating_21052.png |
L_0280 | principles of relative dating | T_1589 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/principles_of_relative_dating_21053.png |
L_0281 | processes of the water cycle | T_1593 | FIGURE 1.1 Because it is a cycle, the water cycle has no beginning and no end. | image | textbook_images/processes_of_the_water_cycle_21055.png |
L_0281 | processes of the water cycle | T_1596 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/processes_of_the_water_cycle_21056.png |
L_0281 | processes of the water cycle | T_1599 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/processes_of_the_water_cycle_21057.png |
L_0281 | processes of the water cycle | T_1599 | FIGURE 1.4 | image | textbook_images/processes_of_the_water_cycle_21058.png |
L_0282 | protecting water from pollution | T_1601 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/protecting_water_from_pollution_21059.png |
L_0283 | radioactive decay as a measure of age | T_1605 | FIGURE 1.1 A parent emits an alpha particle to create a daughter. | image | textbook_images/radioactive_decay_as_a_measure_of_age_21060.png |
L_0283 | radioactive decay as a measure of age | T_1606 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/radioactive_decay_as_a_measure_of_age_21061.png |
L_0283 | radioactive decay as a measure of age | DD_0084 | The following diagram provides an example of Alpha Decay, where a Radium atom transforms or decays into a radon atom. Alpha decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (helium nucleus) and thereby transforms or 'decays' into an atom with a mass number that is reduced by four and an atomic number that is reduced by two. Alpha decay only occurs in very heavy elements such as uranium, thorium and radium. The nuclei of these atoms are very äóìneutron richó (i.e. have a lot more neutrons in their nucleus than they do protons) which makes emission of the alpha particle possible. After an atom ejects an alpha particle, a new parent atom is formed which has two less neutrons and two less protons. Thus, when Radium-226 decays by alpha emission, Radon-222 is created. | image | teaching_images/radioactive_decay_8173.png |
L_0283 | radioactive decay as a measure of age | DD_0085 | Gamma decay is the process by which the nucleus of an atom emits a high energy photon, that is, extremely short-wavelength electromagnetic radiation. It is one of three major types of radioactivity (the other two being alpha decay and beta decay). Gamma decay is similar to the emission of light (usually visible light) by decay in the orbits of the electrons surrounding the nucleus. In each case the energy states, and the wavelengths of the emitted radiation, are governed by the law of quantum mechanics. But while the electron orbits have relatively low energy, the nuclear states have much higher energy. Gamma decay is a process of emission of gamma rays that accompanies other forms of radioactive decay, such as alpha and beta decay. Nuclei are not normally in excited states, so gamma radiation is typically incidental to alpha or beta decayóîthe alpha or beta decay leaves the nucleus in an excited state, and gamma decay happens soon afterwards. Gamma radiation is the most penetrating of the three kinds. Gamma ray photons can travel through several centimeters of aluminum. | image | teaching_images/radioactive_decay_7517.png |
L_0283 | radioactive decay as a measure of age | DD_0086 | The diagram below shows the beta decay of carbon 14. The carbon-14 nucleus has a neutron within it change into a proton Then we see both a beta minus particle (an electron with high kinetic energy) and an antineutrino ejected from the nucleus. Carbon 14 has two extra neutrons in its nucleus and that is a higher energy configuration and is a bit unstable, so it can release an electron and have a neutron turn into a proton - forming Nitrogen 14 instead, which is more stable. | image | teaching_images/radioactive_decay_8168.png |
L_0284 | radiometric dating | T_1608 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/radiometric_dating_21062.png |
L_0284 | radiometric dating | T_1610 | FIGURE 1.2 Zircon crystal. | image | textbook_images/radiometric_dating_21063.png |
L_0285 | reducing air pollution | T_1614 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/reducing_air_pollution_21064.png |
L_0285 | reducing air pollution | T_1615 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/reducing_air_pollution_21065.png |
L_0285 | reducing air pollution | T_1615 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/reducing_air_pollution_21066.png |
L_0286 | reducing ozone destruction | T_1619 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/reducing_ozone_destruction_21067.png |
L_0287 | revolutions of earth | T_1621 | FIGURE 1.1 According to Ptolemy, a planet moves on a small circle (epicycle) that in turn moves on a larger circle (deferent) around Earth. | image | textbook_images/revolutions_of_earth_21068.png |
L_0287 | revolutions of earth | T_1622 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/revolutions_of_earth_21069.png |
L_0287 | revolutions of earth | T_1622 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/revolutions_of_earth_21070.png |
L_0287 | revolutions of earth | T_1623 | FIGURE 1.4 | image | textbook_images/revolutions_of_earth_21071.png |
L_0287 | revolutions of earth | DD_0087 | The diagram shows different imaginary lines around the earth. At the very north is the north pole and at the very south is the south pole of the earth. An imaginary line around the earth near the north pole is the arctic circle. It is located at 66.5 Á north of equator. An imaginary line around the earth near the south pole is the Antarctic circle. It is located at 66.5 Á south of equator. Equator is an imaginary line that goes round the Earth and divides it into two halves. The northern half is called northern hemisphere and the southern half is called southern hemisphere. Tropic of cancer and tropic of Capricorn are the two imaginary lines around the Earth on either side of the equator. The Tropic of Cancer is 23Á 26äó» north of it and the Tropic of Capricorn is 23Á 26äó» south of it. | image | teaching_images/earth_poles_8061.png |
L_0287 | revolutions of earth | DD_0088 | This Diagram shows the Earth's rotation. Which is the amount of time that it takes to rotate once on its axis. This is, apparently, accomplished once a day äóñ every 24 hours. However, there are actually two different kinds of rotation that need to be considered here. For one, thereó»s the amount of time it take for the Earth to turn once on its axis so that it returns to the same orientation compared to the rest of the Universe. Then thereó»s how long it takes for the Earth to turn so that the Sun returns to the same spot in the sky. Earth's rotation is slowing slightly with time; thus, a day was shorter in the past. This is due to the tidal effects the Moon has on Earth's rotation. Atomic clocks show that a modern-day is longer by about 1.7 milliseconds than a century ago, slowly increasing the rate at which UTC is adjusted by leap seconds. | image | teaching_images/earth_poles_163.png |
L_0288 | rocks | T_1624 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/rocks_21072.png |
L_0288 | rocks | T_1624 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/rocks_21073.png |
L_0288 | rocks | T_1624 | FIGURE 1.3 Rock samples. Sample Sample 1 Minerals plagioclase, quartz, hornblende, pyrox- ene plagioclase, hornblende, pyroxene Texture Crystals, visible to naked eye Formation Magma cooled slowly Rock type Diorite | image | textbook_images/rocks_21074.png |
L_0289 | rocks and processes of the rock cycle | T_1626 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/rocks_and_processes_of_the_rock_cycle_21075.png |
L_0291 | rotation of earth | T_1635 | FIGURE 1.1 Foucaults Pendulum is at the Pantheon in Paris, France. | image | textbook_images/rotation_of_earth_21079.png |
L_0291 | rotation of earth | DD_0089 | The diagram shows the rotation of the Earth on its axis and how the Sun illuminates its surface. It helps us understand how day and night work. One rotation takes 24 hours, exactly the length of a day. Dividing the Earth into two parts along the Greenwich meridian, the part facing the Sun is illuminated by the daylight, whereas the other part is in the dark. By rotating, the part of the Earth in the dark ends up receiving the daylight and vice versa. When we say the Sun rises in the east it means that the east is facing the Sun. In the same way the west, which is the part in the dark, is where the Sun sets and the Moon and the stars appear. The changing of day and night is the result of the Earth rotating. | image | teaching_images/earth_day_night_86.png |
L_0291 | rotation of earth | DD_0090 | This diagram shows the earth rotating around its axis and the sun's rays hitting the earth. The side of the earth facing the sun has daylight. The side of the earth facing away from the sun is dark and has night. The earth rotates around its axis, once every 24 hours. Hence every part of the earth experiences day and night every 24 hours. There are 5 major circles of latitude that mark the diagram of the earth. There are the Arctic Circle, Tropic of Cancer, Equator, Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle. The arctic circle is the northern most circle and the Antarctic circle is the southern most circle. The equator is the latitude in the middle that divides the earth into the northern and southern hemispheres. The tropic of cancer lies between the Arctic circle and the equator. The tropic of capricorn lies between the Antarctic circle and the equator. | image | teaching_images/earth_day_night_2744.png |
L_0292 | safety of water | T_1640 | FIGURE 1.1 Dracunculiasis, commonly known as Guinea Worm, is contracted when a per- son drinks the guinea worm larvae. | image | textbook_images/safety_of_water_21080.png |
L_0293 | satellites shuttles and space stations | T_1641 | FIGURE 1.1 The space shuttle Atlantis being launched into orbit by a rocket on Cape Canaveral, Florida. | image | textbook_images/satellites_shuttles_and_space_stations_21081.png |
L_0293 | satellites shuttles and space stations | T_1644 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/satellites_shuttles_and_space_stations_21082.png |
L_0293 | satellites shuttles and space stations | T_1644 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/satellites_shuttles_and_space_stations_21083.png |
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