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L_0293 | satellites shuttles and space stations | T_1644 | FIGURE 1.4 | image | textbook_images/satellites_shuttles_and_space_stations_21084.png |
L_0293 | satellites shuttles and space stations | T_1644 | FIGURE 1.5 The space shuttle orbiter Atlantis touches down at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. | image | textbook_images/satellites_shuttles_and_space_stations_21085.png |
L_0294 | saturn | T_1645 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/saturn_21086.png |
L_0294 | saturn | T_1647 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/saturn_21087.png |
L_0294 | saturn | T_1647 | FIGURE 1.3 primitive life may exist on Titan, the extreme cold and lack of carbon dioxide make it unlikely (Figure 1.4). | image | textbook_images/saturn_21088.png |
L_0294 | saturn | T_1647 | FIGURE 1.4 | image | textbook_images/saturn_21089.png |
L_0300 | seafloor spreading hypothesis | T_1667 | FIGURE 1.1 Magma at the mid-ocean ridge creates new seafloor. Since new oceanic crust is created at the mid-ocean ridges, either Earth is getting bigger (which it is not) or oceanic crust must be destroyed somewhere. Since the oldest oceanic crust was found at the edges of the trenches, Hess hypothesized that the seafloor subducts into Earths interior at the trenches to be recycled in the mantle. | image | textbook_images/seafloor_spreading_hypothesis_21094.png |
L_0301 | seasons | T_1670 | FIGURE 1.1 The Earths tilt on its axis leads to one hemisphere facing the Sun more than the other hemisphere and gives rise to sea- sons. | image | textbook_images/seasons_21095.png |
L_0301 | seasons | T_1673 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/seasons_21096.png |
L_0301 | seasons | DD_0091 | the diagram below shows the earth's seasons. During part of the year, Earth is closer to the sun than at other times. However, in the Northern Hemisphere, we are having winter when Earth is closest to the sun and summer when it is farthest away! Compared with how far away the sun is, this change in Earth's distance throughout the year does not make much difference to our weather's Earth orbits the sun, its tilted axis always points in the same direction. So, throughout the year, different parts of Earth get the sunó»s direct rays. | image | teaching_images/seasons_6279.png |
L_0301 | seasons | DD_0092 | The earth revolves around the sun. Its takes one year to make one full revolution. This diagram shows different configurations of the earth and the sun over the course of one year that lead to the four prominent seasons: spring, summer, fall and winter. Since the earth is inclined at an angle of 23.5 degrees, at certain times of the year, the northern hemisphere gets longer days and shorter nights, which causes the season of summer. At the same time the southern hemisphere gets shorter days and longer nights, which leads to winter. June 21 is the longest day of the year in the Northern hemisphere, and is known as the Summer Solstice in the Northern Hemisphere. December 22 is the shortest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere and is known as the Winter Solstice in the Northern Hemisphere. | image | teaching_images/seasons_6281.png |
L_0301 | seasons | DD_0093 | The diagram below shows the earth's seasons. During part of the year, Earth is closer to the sun than at other times. However, in the Northern Hemisphere, we are having winter when Earth is closest to the sun and summer when it is farthest away! Compared with how far away the sun is, this change in Earth's distance throughout the year does not make much difference to our weather. Earth's axis is an imaginary pole going right through the center of Earth from "top" to "bottom." Earth spins around this pole, making one complete turn each day. That is why we have day and night, and why every part of Earth's surface gets some of each. | image | teaching_images/seasons_647.png |
L_0301 | seasons | DD_0094 | The diagram shows the earth's equinox phenomenon. An equinox is an astronomical event in which the plane of Earth's equator passes through the center of the Sun which occurs twice each year during spring and autumn as shown below. On an equinox, day and night are of "approximately" equal duration all over the planet. The equinoxes, along with solstices, are directly related to the seasons of the year. In the northern hemisphere, the vernal equinox (March) conventionally marks the beginning of spring and is considered the New Year in the Persian calendar or Iranian calendars as Nouroz (means new day). On the other hand, the autumnal equinox (September) marks the beginning of autumn. In the southern hemisphere, the vernal equinox occurs in September and the autumnal equinox in March. | image | teaching_images/seasons_672.png |
L_0302 | seawater chemistry | T_1675 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/seawater_chemistry_21099.png |
L_0302 | seawater chemistry | T_1675 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/seawater_chemistry_21100.png |
L_0303 | sedimentary rock classification | T_1677 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/sedimentary_rock_classification_21101.png |
L_0303 | sedimentary rock classification | T_1677 | FIGURE 1.2 Fossils in a biochemical rock, limestone, in the Carmel Formation in Utah. Picture Rock Name Conglomerate Type of Sedimentary Rock Clastic (fragments of non-organic sediments) Picture Rock Name Rock Gypsum Type of Sedimentary Rock Chemical precipitate | image | textbook_images/sedimentary_rock_classification_21102.png |
L_0304 | sedimentary rocks | T_1678 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/sedimentary_rocks_21103.png |
L_0304 | sedimentary rocks | T_1678 | FIGURE 1.2 A river dumps sediments along its bed and on its banks. | image | textbook_images/sedimentary_rocks_21104.png |
L_0305 | seismic waves | T_1679 | FIGURE 1.1 The crest, trough, and amplitude are illus- trated in this diagram. | image | textbook_images/seismic_waves_21105.png |
L_0305 | seismic waves | T_1681 | FIGURE 1.2 unsqueezing Earth materials as they travel. This produces a change in volume for the material. P-waves bend slightly when they travel from one layer into another. Seismic waves move faster through denser or more rigid material. As P-waves encounter the liquid outer core, which is less rigid than the mantle, they slow down. This makes the P-waves arrive later and further away than would be expected. The result is a P-wave shadow zone. No P-waves are picked up at seismographs 104o to 140o from the earthquakes focus. | image | textbook_images/seismic_waves_21106.png |
L_0305 | seismic waves | T_1681 | FIGURE 1.3 How P-waves travel through Earths interior. | image | textbook_images/seismic_waves_21107.png |
L_0306 | short term climate change | T_1686 | FIGURE 1.1 Under normal conditions, low pressure and warm water (shown in red) build up in the western Pacific Ocean. Notice that continents are shown in brown in the image. North and South America are on the right in this image. | image | textbook_images/short_term_climate_change_21109.png |
L_0306 | short term climate change | T_1686 | FIGURE 1.2 In El Nio conditions, the trade winds weaken or reverse directions. Warm wa- ter moves eastward across the Pacific Ocean and piles up against South Amer- ica. | image | textbook_images/short_term_climate_change_21110.png |
L_0306 | short term climate change | T_1687 | FIGURE 1.3 A La Nia year is like a normal year but the circulation patterns are more extreme. | image | textbook_images/short_term_climate_change_21111.png |
L_0311 | solar energy on earth | T_1710 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/solar_energy_on_earth_21126.png |
L_0311 | solar energy on earth | T_1710 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/solar_energy_on_earth_21127.png |
L_0312 | solar power | T_1712 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/solar_power_21128.png |
L_0312 | solar power | T_1712 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/solar_power_21129.png |
L_0312 | solar power | T_1713 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/solar_power_21130.png |
L_0313 | star classification | T_1714 | FIGURE 1.1 A Hertzsprung-Russell diagram shows the brightness and color of main se- quence stars. The brightness is indicated by luminosity and is higher up the y- axis. The temperature is given in degrees Kelvin and is higher on the left side of the x-axis. How does our Sun fare in terms of brightness and color compared with other stars? | image | textbook_images/star_classification_21131.png |
L_0314 | star constellations | T_1717 | FIGURE 1.1 In this image the Big Dipper is outlined and shown next to the Aurora borealis near Fairbanks, Alaska. | image | textbook_images/star_constellations_21132.png |
L_0315 | star power | T_1721 | FIGURE 1.1 A thermonuclear bomb is an uncon- trolled fusion reaction in which enormous amounts of energy are released. | image | textbook_images/star_power_21133.png |
L_0315 | star power | T_1722 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/star_power_21134.png |
L_0315 | star power | T_1722 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/star_power_21135.png |
L_0316 | states of water | T_1724 | FIGURE 1.1 A water molecule. The hydrogen atoms have a slightly positive charge, and the oxygen atom has a slightly negative charge. | image | textbook_images/states_of_water_21136.png |
L_0316 | states of water | T_1724 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/states_of_water_21137.png |
L_0319 | streams and rivers | T_1733 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/streams_and_rivers_21138.png |
L_0319 | streams and rivers | T_1733 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/streams_and_rivers_21139.png |
L_0319 | streams and rivers | T_1734 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/streams_and_rivers_21140.png |
L_0319 | streams and rivers | T_1734 | FIGURE 1.4 The East River meanders through Crested Butte, Colorado. | image | textbook_images/streams_and_rivers_21141.png |
L_0319 | streams and rivers | T_1735 | FIGURE 1.5 | image | textbook_images/streams_and_rivers_21142.png |
L_0319 | streams and rivers | T_1735 | FIGURE 1.6 | image | textbook_images/streams_and_rivers_21143.png |
L_0320 | supervolcanoes | T_1737 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/supervolcanoes_21144.png |
L_0320 | supervolcanoes | T_1738 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/supervolcanoes_21145.png |
L_0321 | surface features of the sun | T_1742 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/surface_features_of_the_sun_21146.png |
L_0321 | surface features of the sun | T_1742 | FIGURE 1.2 Magnetic activity leads up to a small solar flare. | image | textbook_images/surface_features_of_the_sun_21147.png |
L_0321 | surface features of the sun | T_1743 | FIGURE 1.3 A solar prominence. | image | textbook_images/surface_features_of_the_sun_21148.png |
L_0323 | sustainable development | T_1750 | FIGURE 1.1 One of the most important steps to achieving a more sustainable future is to reduce human population growth. This has been happening in recent years. Studies have shown that the birth rate decreases as women become educated, because educated women tend to have fewer, and healthier, children. | image | textbook_images/sustainable_development_21152.png |
L_0326 | testing hypotheses | T_1758 | FIGURE 1.1 Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/185963 | image | textbook_images/testing_hypotheses_21155.png |
L_0329 | thermosphere and beyond | T_1769 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/thermosphere_and_beyond_21156.png |
L_0331 | tides | T_1779 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/tides_21162.png |
L_0331 | tides | T_1781 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/tides_21163.png |
L_0331 | tides | T_1781 | FIGURE 1.3 A spring tide occurs when the gravita- tional pull of both Moon and the Sun is in the same direction, making high tides higher and low tides lower and creating a large tidal range. | image | textbook_images/tides_21164.png |
L_0331 | tides | T_1781 | FIGURE 1.4 A neap tide occurs when the high tide of the Sun adds to the low tide of the Moon and vice versa, so the tidal range is relatively small. | image | textbook_images/tides_21165.png |
L_0334 | tree rings ice cores and varves | T_1789 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/tree_rings_ice_cores_and_varves_21172.png |
L_0334 | tree rings ice cores and varves | T_1790 | FIGURE 1.2 Ice core section showing annual layers. | image | textbook_images/tree_rings_ice_cores_and_varves_21173.png |
L_0334 | tree rings ice cores and varves | T_1791 | FIGURE 1.3 Ancient varve sediments in a rock out- crop. | image | textbook_images/tree_rings_ice_cores_and_varves_21174.png |
L_0335 | troposphere | T_1793 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/troposphere_21175.png |
L_0337 | types of air pollution | T_1798 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/types_of_air_pollution_21176.png |
L_0337 | types of air pollution | T_1798 | FIGURE 1.2 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are mostly hydrocarbons. Important VOCs include methane (a naturally occurring greenhouse gas that is increasing because of human activities), chlorofluorocarbons (human-made compounds that are being phased out because of their effect on the ozone layer), and dioxin (a byproduct of chemical production that serves no useful purpose, but is harmful to humans and other organisms). | image | textbook_images/types_of_air_pollution_21177.png |
L_0337 | types of air pollution | T_1799 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/types_of_air_pollution_21178.png |
L_0338 | types of fossilization | T_1802 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/types_of_fossilization_21179.png |
L_0338 | types of fossilization | T_1802 | FIGURE 1.2 Trilobite. | image | textbook_images/types_of_fossilization_21180.png |
L_0342 | universe | T_1826 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/universe_21198.png |
L_0343 | uranus | T_1830 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/uranus_21199.png |
L_0343 | uranus | T_1830 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/uranus_21200.png |
L_0344 | uses of water | T_1833 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/uses_of_water_21201.png |
L_0344 | uses of water | T_1836 | FIGURE 1.2 Drip irrigation delivers water to the base of each plant so little is lost to evaporation and runoff. | image | textbook_images/uses_of_water_21202.png |
L_0344 | uses of water | T_1837 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/uses_of_water_21203.png |
L_0344 | uses of water | T_1838 | FIGURE 1.4 | image | textbook_images/uses_of_water_21204.png |
L_0344 | uses of water | T_1842 | FIGURE 1.5 Wetlands and other environments depend on clean water to survive. | image | textbook_images/uses_of_water_21205.png |
L_0345 | venus | T_1844 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/venus_21206.png |
L_0345 | venus | T_1845 | FIGURE 1.2 with a bit of sulfur dioxide. They also contain corrosive sulfuric acid. Because carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, the atmosphere traps heat from the Sun and creates a powerful greenhouse effect. Even though Venus is further from the Sun than Mercury, the greenhouse effect makes Venus the hottest planet. Temperatures at the surface reach 465 C (860 F). Thats hot enough to melt lead. | image | textbook_images/venus_21207.png |
L_0345 | venus | T_1846 | FIGURE 1.3 Orbiting spacecraft have used radar to reveal mountains, valleys, and canyons. Most of the surface has large areas of volcanoes surrounded by plains of lava. In fact, Venus has many more volcanoes than any other planet in the solar system, and some of those volcanoes are very large. | image | textbook_images/venus_21208.png |
L_0345 | venus | T_1846 | FIGURE 1.4 | image | textbook_images/venus_21209.png |
L_0350 | water distribution | T_1868 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/water_distribution_21225.png |
L_0350 | water distribution | T_1869 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/water_distribution_21226.png |
L_0350 | water distribution | T_1872 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/water_distribution_21227.png |
L_0351 | water pollution | T_1874 | FIGURE 1.1 Municipal and agricultural pollution. | image | textbook_images/water_pollution_21228.png |
L_0351 | water pollution | T_1876 | FIGURE 1.2 Industrial Waste Water: Polluted water coming from a factory in Mexico. The different colors of foam indicate various chemicals in the water and industrial pol- lution. | image | textbook_images/water_pollution_21229.png |
L_0351 | water pollution | T_1876 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/water_pollution_21230.png |
L_0355 | weathering and erosion | T_1886 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/weathering_and_erosion_21242.png |
L_0356 | wegener and the continental drift hypothesis | T_1888 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/wegener_and_the_continental_drift_hypothesis_21243.png |
L_0356 | wegener and the continental drift hypothesis | T_1888 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/wegener_and_the_continental_drift_hypothesis_21244.png |
L_0356 | wegener and the continental drift hypothesis | T_1889 | FIGURE 1.3 Thermal convection occurs as hot rock in the deep mantle rises towards the Earths surface. This rock then spreads out and cools, sinking back towards the core, where it can be heated again. This circulation of rock through the mantle cre- ates convection cells. | image | textbook_images/wegener_and_the_continental_drift_hypothesis_21245.png |
L_0358 | wind waves | T_1895 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/wind_waves_21248.png |
L_0362 | the microscope | T_1911 | FIGURE 1.10 The head of ant as seen with an electron microscope | image | textbook_images/the_microscope_21258.png |
L_0362 | the microscope | T_1914 | FIGURE 1.11 Cells in cork | image | textbook_images/the_microscope_21259.png |
L_0362 | the microscope | T_1915 | FIGURE 1.12 Van Leeuwenhoeks drawings of animal- cules as they appeared under his micro- scope | image | textbook_images/the_microscope_21260.png |
L_0362 | the microscope | DD_0097 | The image below shows the different parts of an Optical microscope. The Optical microscope is a type of microscope which uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify images of small samples. Optical microscopes are the oldest design of microscope and were possibly invented in their present compound form in the 17th century. Basic optical microscopes can be very simple, although there are many complex designs which aim to improve resolution and sample contrast. All modern optical microscopes designed for viewing samples by transmitted light share the same basic components of the light path. In addition, the vast majority of microscopes have the same 'structural' components. The eyepiece, or ocular lens, is a cylinder containing two or more lenses; its function is to bring the image into focus for the eye. The eyepiece is inserted into the top end of the body tube. Eyepieces are interchangeable and many different eyepieces can be inserted with different degrees of magnification. | image | teaching_images/parts_microscope_7187.png |
L_0362 | the microscope | DD_0098 | This diagram shows the parts of a compound light microscope. The eyepiece is used to view a microscopic item placed on the stage. It can be used to view cells, bacteria, and small objects like insect wings. When holding a microscope, always use the arm and the base. Handle it carefully, as these are expensive and fragile objects. Use the condenser focus and objective lenses to make the object being viewed clearer. The course focus and fine focus can be used to adjust how close the lenses are to the stage. These focus pieces also make the image clearer. | image | teaching_images/parts_microscope_7193.png |
L_0362 | the microscope | DD_0099 | The diagram shows the anatomy of a microscope. There are two optical systems in a compound microscope: The Ocular Lens and the Objective Lens. Eyepiece or Ocular is what you look through at the top of the microscope. Eyepiece Tube holds the eyepieces in place above the objective lens. Objective Lenses are the primary optical lenses on a microscope. They range from 4x-100x and typically, include, three, four or five on lens on most microscopes. Objectives can be forward or rear-facing. Nosepiece houses the objectives. The objectives are exposed and are mounted on a rotating turret so that different objectives can be conveniently selected. Coarse and Fine Focus knobs are used to focus the microscope. Stage is where the specimen to be viewed is placed. Stage Clips are used when there is no mechanical stage. Aperture is the hole in the stage through which the base (transmitted) light reaches the stage. Illuminator is the light source for a microscope, typically located in the base of the microscope. Condenser is used to collect and focus the light from the illuminator on to the specimen. Iris Diaphragm controls the amount of light reaching the specimen. It is located above the condenser and below the stage. Condenser Focus Knob moves the condenser up or down to control the lighting focus on the specimen. | image | teaching_images/parts_microscope_7174.png |
L_0370 | flatworms and roundworms | T_1997 | FIGURE 12.12 Tapeworm life cycle. | image | textbook_images/flatworms_and_roundworms_21316.png |
L_0370 | flatworms and roundworms | T_1997 | FIGURE 12.13 This roundworm named ascaris is the largest and most common parasitic worm in humans. | image | textbook_images/flatworms_and_roundworms_21317.png |
L_0370 | flatworms and roundworms | T_2000 | FIGURE 12.14 Hooks on the mouth end of a hookworm | image | textbook_images/flatworms_and_roundworms_21318.png |
L_0370 | flatworms and roundworms | DD_0117 | This diagram shows the earthworm anatomy. The segmented body parts provide important structural functions. Segmentation can help the earthworm move. Each segment or section has muscles and bristles called setae. The bristles or setae help anchor and control the worm when moving through soil. The bristles hold a section of the worm firmly into the ground while the other part of the body protrudes forward. The earthworm uses segments to either contract or relax independently to cause the body to lengthen in one area or contract in other areas. Segmentation helps the worm to be flexible and strong in its movement. If each segment moved together without being independent, the earthworm would be stationary. | image | teaching_images/parts_worm_7295.png |
L_0370 | flatworms and roundworms | DD_0118 | Flatworms are invertebrates. They belong to Phylum Platyhelminthes. There are over 25,000 species of flatworms in the world.. Not all flatworms are as long as tapeworms. Some are actually only around a millimeter in length. Flatworms reproduce sexually, in most species the individual able to provide both egg and sperm for reproduction. Flatworms go from egg, to larva to adulthood. Flatworm adaptations include mesoderm, muscle tissues, a head region, and bilateral symmetry. Flatworms are free-living heterotrophs or parasites. Roundworms are invertebrates in Phylum Nematoda. Roundworms have a pseudocoelom and complete digestive system. They are free-living heterotrophs or parasites. | image | teaching_images/parts_worm_7321.png |
L_0370 | flatworms and roundworms | DD_0119 | The diagram shows the earthworm's internal anatomy with its key parts and definitions. An earthworm is a tube-shaped, segmented worm found in the phylum Annelida. The body of the earthworm is segmented which looks like many little rings joined or fused together. Segmentation helps the worm to be flexible and strong in its movement. An earthworm's digestive system runs through the length of its body. The digestive system consists of the mouth, the crop, the gut and the gizzard. Earthworms are hermaphrodites where each earthworm contains both male and female sex organs. Some other key features of the earthworm include its brain, which consists of a large cluster of nerve cells connected to a ventral nerve cord which runs the length of the body, and its heart, which is a set of typically five muscular swellings that pump blood through their bodies. | image | teaching_images/parts_worm_7310.png |
L_0371 | mollusks and annelids | T_2002 | FIGURE 12.15 Example of a mollusk: clam | image | textbook_images/mollusks_and_annelids_21319.png |
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