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L_0371 | mollusks and annelids | T_2002 | FIGURE 12.16 Garden snail | image | textbook_images/mollusks_and_annelids_21320.png |
L_0371 | mollusks and annelids | T_2002 | FIGURE 12.17 Radula of a sea slug | image | textbook_images/mollusks_and_annelids_21321.png |
L_0371 | mollusks and annelids | T_2006 | FIGURE 12.18 Segmented earthworm | image | textbook_images/mollusks_and_annelids_21322.png |
L_0371 | mollusks and annelids | T_2009 | FIGURE 12.19 Polychaete worm: feather duster | image | textbook_images/mollusks_and_annelids_21323.png |
L_0374 | introduction to vertebrates | T_2028 | FIGURE 13.1 Examples of Vertebrates: (left to right) Fish, Amphibian, Reptile, Bird, and Mammal. | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_vertebrates_21336.png |
L_0374 | introduction to vertebrates | T_2029 | FIGURE 13.2 This sketch of the vertebral column of a goat shows the groups of vertebrae into which the vertebral column is commonly divided. | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_vertebrates_21337.png |
L_0374 | introduction to vertebrates | T_2030 | FIGURE 13.3 Human endoskeleton | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_vertebrates_21338.png |
L_0374 | introduction to vertebrates | T_2035 | FIGURE 13.4 Phylogenetic Tree of Vertebrate Evolution. The earliest vertebrates evolved almost 550 million years ago. Which class of vertebrates evolved last? | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_vertebrates_21339.png |
L_0374 | introduction to vertebrates | T_2038 | FIGURE 13.5 A water snake climbs onto a rock to bask and warm up in the sun. MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/137118 | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_vertebrates_21340.png |
L_0375 | fish | T_2040 | FIGURE 13.6 Anglerfish | image | textbook_images/fish_21341.png |
L_0375 | fish | T_2041 | FIGURE 13.7 Aquatic adaptations in fish: gill cover; scales; fins | image | textbook_images/fish_21342.png |
L_0375 | fish | T_2043 | FIGURE 13.8 Adult salmon gather near the water sur- face to spawn. hatch. This is called mouth brooding. | image | textbook_images/fish_21343.png |
L_0375 | fish | T_2044 | FIGURE 13.9 Salmon larvae, each with a yolk sac at- tached to it. | image | textbook_images/fish_21344.png |
L_0375 | fish | T_2046 | FIGURE 13.10 Butterfly fish like this one have fake eyespots. The eyespots may confuse larger predators long enough for the butterfly fish to escape. | image | textbook_images/fish_21345.png |
L_0375 | fish | DD_0127 | This diagram depicts the anatomy of a fish. Several parts of the fish such as the cheek, gills, fins and guts are shown in the diagram. The gills are present towards the front of the fish and are a respiratory organ for the extraction of oxygen from water and for the excretion of carbon dioxide. There are several types of fins on a fish. The tail fin is located at the end of the fish and is used for propulsion. The pectoral fins are located at the sides of the fish. The pelvic fins are located below the pectoral fins. The dorsal fins are located at the back of the fish where as the anal fin is located begind the anus, towards the back of the fish. | image | teaching_images/parts_fish_2842.png |
L_0375 | fish | DD_0128 | Here is a diagram of the external parts of a fish. The caudal fin is used for steering. The adipose, anal, and dorsal fins are used for swimming and balance. The pelvic fin helps fish move up and down. The pectoral fin works like a brake, and also helps fish to move left and right. The lateral line is used to detect movement and vibration in the surrounding water. The gill plate/operculum is a flexible bony plate that covers the gills. The preopercle is part of the operculum. The maxillary holds the upper teeth. | image | teaching_images/parts_fish_2913.png |
L_0383 | introduction to the human body | T_2122 | FIGURE 16.1 Different types of cells in the human body are specialized for specific jobs. | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_the_human_body_21395.png |
L_0383 | introduction to the human body | T_2124 | FIGURE 16.2 The human body consists of these four tissue types. | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_the_human_body_21396.png |
L_0383 | introduction to the human body | T_2124 | FIGURE 16.3 Tissues in the heart work together to pump blood. | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_the_human_body_21397.png |
L_0383 | introduction to the human body | T_2125 | FIGURE 16.4 Six human organ systems | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_the_human_body_21398.png |
L_0384 | the integumentary system | T_2127 | FIGURE 16.5 The skin is much more complex that it appears from the outside. | image | textbook_images/the_integumentary_system_21399.png |
L_0384 | the integumentary system | T_2127 | FIGURE 16.6 Layers and structures of the skin | image | textbook_images/the_integumentary_system_21400.png |
L_0384 | the integumentary system | T_2128 | FIGURE 16.7 Melanocytes are located at the bottom of the epidermis. | image | textbook_images/the_integumentary_system_21401.png |
L_0384 | the integumentary system | T_2129 | FIGURE 16.8 Structures in the dermis include hair follicles and sebaceous glands, which produce sebum. | image | textbook_images/the_integumentary_system_21402.png |
L_0384 | the integumentary system | T_2131 | FIGURE 16.9 Acne on a teenaged boys forehead | image | textbook_images/the_integumentary_system_21403.png |
L_0384 | the integumentary system | DD_0129 | This picture shows the layers and structure of the skin. The skin is made up of two distinct layers called the epidermis and dermis. The upper layer of the skin is called the epidermis. It is thick and tough and forms a protective layer. The epidermis consists of cells that contain a lot of keratin. The cells of the epidermis also contains cells that produce melanin which is the pigment that gives the skin much of its color. Below the epidermis, is the dermis. It is made of tough connective tissue. The dermis contains the hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Hair follicles are structures where hairs originate. Each hair grows out of a follicle, passes up through the epidermis, and extends above the skin surface. Sebaceous glands are commonly called oil glands. They produce an oily substance called sebum. Sebum is secreted into hair follicles. Then it makes its way along the hair shaft to the surface of the skin. Sebum waterproofs the hair and skin and helps prevent them from drying out. The red string like object in the diagram is the arrector pili muscle. It is a small muscle connecting a hair follicle to the dermis that contracts to make the hair stand erect in response to cold or fear. | image | teaching_images/hair_follicles_6986.png |
L_0384 | the integumentary system | DD_0130 | This is the diagram of an active hair follicle. A hair follicle is a mammalian skin organ that produces hair. Hair production occurs in phases, including growth (anagen), cessation (catagen), and rest (telogen) phases. Stem cells are responsible for hair production. The shape of the hair follicle has an effect on the hair shape and texture of the individual's hair. The papilla is a large structure at the base of the hair follicle. The dermal papilla is made up mainly of connective tissue and a capillary loop. Cell division in the papilla is either rare or non-existent. Around the papilla is the germinal matrix. The root sheath is composed of an external and internal root sheath. Other structures associated with the hair follicle include the cup in which the follicle grows known as the sebaceous glands. Hair follicle receptors sense the position of the hair. | image | teaching_images/hair_follicles_6985.png |
L_0384 | the integumentary system | DD_0131 | The image below shows the Layers and structures of the skin. Skin has three layers: The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. Below the dermis lies a layer of fat that helps insulate the body from heat and cold, provides protective padding, and serves as an energy storage area. The fat is contained in living cells, called fat cells, held together by fibrous tissue. | image | teaching_images/skin_cross_section_7574.png |
L_0384 | the integumentary system | DD_0132 | The diagram shows the layers and structures of the skin. Skin, glands, hair and nails belong to the Integumentary System. This system serves as a protective barrier that prevents internal body parts from exposure to harmful elements like ultraviolet light, extreme temperature and toxins. The skin covers the entire external surface of the human body and thus, it is the major organ of the Integumentary System. Skin has three main layers: epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The outermost layer of the skin is the epidermis. There are no blood vessels, nerve endings, or glands in this skin layer. Nonetheless, this layer of skin is very active. It contains melanocytes that produce melanin, a brown pigment which gives the skin its color. Attached under the epidermis is the more complex structure called the dermis. This layer contains nerve endings, blood vessels and two types of glands, the sebaceous and sweat glands. The sweat produced by these glands travels out of the body through a pore on the surface of the skin. Sebaceous glands produce sebum which waterproofs the hair. Hair follicles, where hairs originate, are also found in the dermis. Each hair grows out of a follicle, passes up through the epidermis, and extends above the skin surface. Lastly, the hypodermis is the deepest layer of the skin which contains cells that serve as fat and energy storage for the body's use. | image | teaching_images/skin_cross_section_7589.png |
L_0385 | the skeletal system | T_2138 | FIGURE 16.10 The human skeleton includes bones and cartilage. | image | textbook_images/the_skeletal_system_21404.png |
L_0385 | the skeletal system | T_2139 | FIGURE 16.11 Types of tissues in bone | image | textbook_images/the_skeletal_system_21405.png |
L_0385 | the skeletal system | T_2140 | FIGURE 16.12 Example of immovable joint: skull | image | textbook_images/the_skeletal_system_21406.png |
L_0385 | the skeletal system | T_2140 | FIGURE 16.13 Examples of movable joints: shoulder, elbow, and knee | image | textbook_images/the_skeletal_system_21407.png |
L_0385 | the skeletal system | T_2143 | FIGURE 16.14 Bone mass declines with age, leading to osteoporosis in many people by old age. | image | textbook_images/the_skeletal_system_21408.png |
L_0385 | the skeletal system | DD_0133 | This diagram depicts the human skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The skull consists of 28 bones: 8 cranial vault bones, 14 facial bones, and 6 auditory ossicles. From a lateral view, the parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones can be seen. From a frontal view, the orbits and nasal cavity can be seen, as well as associated bones and structures, such as the frontal bone, zygomatic bone, maxilla, and mandible. The interior of the cranial vault contains three fossae with several foramina. Seen from below, the base of the skull reveals numerous foramina and other structures, such as processes for muscle attachment. The vertebral column contains 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar vertebrae, plus 1 sacral and 1 coccygeal bone. Each vertebra consists of a body, an arch, and processes. Regional differences in vertebrae are as follows: cervical vertebrae have transverse foramina; thoracic vertebrae have long spinous processes and attachment sites for the ribs; lumbar vertebrae have rectangular transverse and spinous processes, and the position of their facets limit rotation; the sacrum is a single, fused bone; the coccyx is four or fewer fused vertebrae. The thoracic cage consists of thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum. There are 12 pairs of ribs: 7 true and 5 false (two of the false ribs are also called floating ribs).The sternum consists of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and their girdles. The pectoral girdle includes the scapula and clavicle. The upper limb consists of the arm (humerus), forearm (ulna and radius), wrist (eight carpal bones), and hand (five metacarpals, three phalanges in each finger, and two phalanges in the thumb).The pelvic girdle is made up of the sacrum and two coxae. Each coxa consists of an ilium, ischium, and pubis. The lower limb includes the thigh (femur), leg (tibia and fibula), ankle (seven tarsals), and foot (metatarsals and phalanges, similar to the bones in the hand). | image | teaching_images/parts_skeleton_7256.png |
L_0385 | the skeletal system | DD_0134 | The image below shows the Human Skeleton. The human skeleton is the internal framework of the body. It is composed of around 300 bones at birth, this total decreases to 206 bones by adulthood after some bones have fused together. The human skeleton performs six major functions; support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of minerals and endocrine regulation. Bones are the main organs of the skeletal system. Some people think bones are like chalk: dead, dry, and brittle. In reality, bones are very much alive. They consist of living tissues and are supplied with blood and nerves. | image | teaching_images/parts_skeleton_7266.png |
L_0385 | the skeletal system | DD_0135 | This diagram shows some of the major bones of the human skeletal system. There are 206 bones in a normal human body. The hands and feet contain a large number of those bones--the hand bones are called carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The foot bones are called tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges. The skeletal system has several functions for humans. It gives the body structure and shape. It gives protection to vital organs--for example the skull protects the brain and the ribcage protects the heart and lungs. It helps with movement--muscles attach to the bones and together they help us move. The final function is blood production. Red and white blood cells are made in the bone marrow of the long bones. | image | teaching_images/parts_skeleton_7270.png |
L_0386 | the muscular system | T_2145 | FIGURE 16.15 A soldier prepares for a fitness challenge by doing one-arm pushups. | image | textbook_images/the_muscular_system_21409.png |
L_0386 | the muscular system | T_2145 | FIGURE 16.16 A muscle fiber is a single cell that can con- tract. Each muscle fiber contains many myofibrils. | image | textbook_images/the_muscular_system_21410.png |
L_0386 | the muscular system | T_2147 | FIGURE 16.17 Three types of human muscle tissue | image | textbook_images/the_muscular_system_21411.png |
L_0386 | the muscular system | T_2149 | FIGURE 16.18 Human Skeletal Muscles. Skeletal mus- cles enable the body to move. | image | textbook_images/the_muscular_system_21412.png |
L_0386 | the muscular system | T_2149 | FIGURE 16.19 Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons. | image | textbook_images/the_muscular_system_21413.png |
L_0386 | the muscular system | T_2150 | FIGURE 16.20 Bicep and triceps muscles let you bend and straighten your arm at the elbow. | image | textbook_images/the_muscular_system_21414.png |
L_0386 | the muscular system | T_2153 | FIGURE 16.21 Exercising muscles makes them stronger and increases their endurance. | image | textbook_images/the_muscular_system_21415.png |
L_0386 | the muscular system | T_2153 | FIGURE 16.22 Snowshoeing | image | textbook_images/the_muscular_system_21416.png |
L_0386 | the muscular system | DD_0136 | The diagram shows the huma's body muscular system. Most muscles are attached to bones with tendons. Many muscles derive their name from their anatomical region. For example, the Rectus Abdominis is found in the abdominal region. Other muscles, like the Tibialis Anterior are named after the bone they are attached to, in this case the tibia. Other muscles are classified by form. The Deltoid have a delta or a triangular shape. | image | teaching_images/human_system_muscular_6165.png |
L_0386 | the muscular system | DD_0137 | This diagram shows the structure of human back. The human back is the large posterior area of the human body, rising from the top of the buttocks to the back of the neck and the shoulders. It is the surface opposite to the chest, its height being defined by the vertebral column (commonly referred to as the spine or backbone) and its breadth being supported by the ribcage and shoulders. The spinal canal runs through the spine and provides nerves to the rest of the body. Trapezius is either of a pair of large triangular muscles extending over the back of the neck and shoulders and moving the head and shoulder blade. The triceps brachii muscle is the large muscle on the back of the upper limb of many vertebrates. The latissimus dorsi of the back is the larger, flat, dorso-lateral muscle on the trunk, posterior to the arm. gluteus is any of three muscles in each buttock which move the thigh, the largest of which is the gluteus maximus. | image | teaching_images/human_system_muscular_6166.png |
L_0386 | the muscular system | DD_0138 | The diagram shows the entire muscular system of the human body. Muscles are the main organs of the muscular system. Their main function is movement of the body. Muscles are the only tissue in our bodies that can contract and therefore move the other parts of the body. They are composed primarily of muscle fibers. Many muscles derive their name from their anatomical region. The rectus abdominis, for example, is found in the abdominal region. A function of the muscular system is to produce body heat. As a result of contraction, our muscular system produces waste heat. | image | teaching_images/human_system_muscular_6159.png |
L_0386 | the muscular system | DD_0139 | This diagram depicts the structure of muscle cells. Muscle cells are also known as muscle fibers. The diagram illustrates components such as striated myofibrils, which is exclusive to that kind of cell. Myofibrils consist of filaments. There are thin filaments and thick filaments. Each cell is covered by a plasma membrane sheath which is called the sarcolemma. Tunnel-like extensions from the sarcolemma pass through the muscle fibre from one side of it to the other in transverse sections through the diameter of the fibre. The cell contains sarcoplasm, which is the cytoplasm of muscle cells. | image | teaching_images/muscle_fiber_7082.png |
L_0386 | the muscular system | DD_0140 | This diagram represents the structure of a skeletal muscle. Each skeletal muscle fiber is a single cylindrical muscle cell. Each muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the epimysium. Fascia, connective tissue outside the epimysium, surrounds and separates the muscles. Portions of the epimysium project inward to divide the muscle into compartments. Each compartment contains a bundle of muscle fibers. Each bundle of muscle fiber is called a fasciculus and is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called the perimysium. Within the fasciculus, each individual muscle cell, called a muscle fiber, is surrounded by connective tissue called the endomysium. The connective tissue covering furnish support and protection for the delicate cells and allow them to withstand the forces of contraction. The coverings also provide pathways for the passage of blood vessels and nerves. Commonly, the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium extend beyond the fleshy part of the muscle, the belly or gaster, to form a thick ropelike tendon or a broad, flat sheet-like aponeurosis. The tendon and aponeurosis form indirect attachments from muscles to the periosteum of bones or to the connective tissue of other muscles. | image | teaching_images/muscle_fiber_7083.png |
L_0387 | food and nutrients | T_2157 | FIGURE 17.2 Good sources of carbohydrates | image | textbook_images/food_and_nutrients_21418.png |
L_0387 | food and nutrients | T_2159 | FIGURE 17.3 Good sources of protein include whole grains, vegetables, and beans. | image | textbook_images/food_and_nutrients_21419.png |
L_0387 | food and nutrients | T_2159 | FIGURE 17.4 Good sources of lipids include fish, nuts, and seeds. | image | textbook_images/food_and_nutrients_21420.png |
L_0387 | food and nutrients | T_2160 | FIGURE 17.5 When you are active outside on a warm day, its important to drink plenty of water. You need to replace the water you lose in sweat. | image | textbook_images/food_and_nutrients_21421.png |
L_0389 | the digestive system | T_2171 | FIGURE 17.10 Major organs of the digestive system make up the GI tract. | image | textbook_images/the_digestive_system_21426.png |
L_0389 | the digestive system | T_2172 | FIGURE 17.11 Peristalsis | image | textbook_images/the_digestive_system_21427.png |
L_0389 | the digestive system | T_2176 | FIGURE 17.12 Digestive system organs and glands | image | textbook_images/the_digestive_system_21428.png |
L_0389 | the digestive system | T_2178 | FIGURE 17.13 Teeth are important for mechanical diges- tion. | image | textbook_images/the_digestive_system_21429.png |
L_0389 | the digestive system | T_2181 | FIGURE 17.14 This diagram shows whats inside each of the millions of villi that line the jejunum and ileum of the small intestine. The villus is drawn greatly enlarged. | image | textbook_images/the_digestive_system_21430.png |
L_0389 | the digestive system | T_2187 | FIGURE 17.15 Picnic food is a potential cause of food- borne illness. | image | textbook_images/the_digestive_system_21431.png |
L_0389 | the digestive system | DD_0141 | Below is a diagram of the digestive system. The digestive system, as you can see, is made up of several different organs and parts of the body. The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients into your body. The mouth is the first digestive organ that food enters, and the saliva starts the digestion of the food. The esophagus is the long narrow tube that carries food from the oral cavity to the stomach. The stomach stores the food until the small intestine is empty. The liver and gallbladder produce and store other secretions from the food. For instance, the liver produces bile secretions. The large intestine is where the food enters after it leaves the small intestine, and the large intestine is connected to the anus. The anus is where the body releases the food as waste (feces.) | image | teaching_images/human_system_digestive_3675.png |
L_0389 | the digestive system | DD_0142 | This diagram shows major organs and general functions of the digestive system. The digestive system is the body system that breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. It also eliminates solid food wastes that remain after food is digested. It has several organs such as the liver, stomach, pancreas, colon and intestines. Food enters the digestive system through the mouth and exits the system through the anus. In the stomach, chemicals called enzymes change the food into smaller molecules that the body can use. The pancreas is the part of the digestive system that produces important enzymes and hormones that help break down foods. It is located in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach. In the small intestine, our bodies absorb the nutrients from our food. Finally, colon mixes the solid waste material with water so we can easily eliminate it from our bodies through the anus. | image | teaching_images/human_system_digestive_6091.png |
L_0389 | the digestive system | DD_0143 | This diagram shows the digestive system in humans. Each part of the system plays an important role--although some organs such as the gallbladder can be removed without causing any long term effects on the person. The mouth is the beginning of the digestive process. This is where mechanical breakdown occurs--the teeth, tongue, and saliva break down the food so it can travel down the esophagus more easily. The purpose of the esophagus is to move the food down the digestive tract. The stomach mixes the food with enzymes and continues the breakdown. The intestines continue the breakdown and move the food to the rectum. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine. It is also the shortest part. This is where most chemical digestion takes place. It then moves to the large intestine and then finally the rectum. The rectum is where the remaining food waste leaves the body. | image | teaching_images/human_system_digestive_3678.png |
L_0389 | the digestive system | DD_0144 | The diagram shows the human digestive system. It has several organs such as the liver, stomach, pancreas and intestines. Food enters the digestive system through the mouth and exits the system through the anus. The esophagus is a long tube that connects the mouth and the stomach. In the stomach, chemicals called enzymes change the food into smaller molecules that the body can use. The pancreas is the part of the digestive system that produces important enzymes and hormones that help break down foods. It is located in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach. In the small intestine, our bodies absorb the nutrients from our food. Finally, the large intestine mixes the solid waste material with water so we can easily eliminate it from our bodies through the anus. Overall, there are 9 main organs in the Digestive system. | image | teaching_images/human_system_digestive_3679.png |
L_0390 | overview of the cardiovascular system | T_2189 | FIGURE 18.1 The cardiovascular system transports many substances to and from cells throughout the body. | image | textbook_images/overview_of_the_cardiovascular_system_21432.png |
L_0390 | overview of the cardiovascular system | T_2190 | FIGURE 18.2 Pulmonary and systemic circulation | image | textbook_images/overview_of_the_cardiovascular_system_21433.png |
L_0390 | overview of the cardiovascular system | DD_0145 | This diagram shows the cross-section of the human heart. The human heart is divided into the left and right halves. The heart has an upper chamber called the atrium and a lower chamber called the ventricle in each half. The red arrows show oxygenated blood coming from the lungs into the left atrium which then flows into the left ventricle and leaves the heart through the aorta. The blue arrows show deoxygenated blood coming to the heart from the through the anterior and posterior vena cava, flows through the right atrium, right ventricle and enters into the lungs. | image | teaching_images/human_system_circulatory_3648.png |
L_0390 | overview of the cardiovascular system | DD_0146 | The diagram shows the different components that make up the heart. The heart is the key organ in the circulatory system. As a hollow, muscular pump, its main function is to propel blood throughout the body. The septum is the wall of muscle divides it down the middle, into a left half and a right half. There are 4 chambers in the heart: top chamber is called atrium; bottom chambers are called ventricles. Blood can flow from the atrium to ventricle because of openings called valves. Valves open in one direction like trapdoors to let the blood pass through, then they close, so the blood cannot flow backwards into the atria. There are also valves at the bottom of the large arteries that carry blood away from the heart: the aorta and the pulmonary artery. These valves keep the blood from flowing backward into the heart once it has been pumped out. Blood vessels of the body carry blood in a circle: moving away from the heart in arteries, traveling to various parts of the body in capillaries, and going back to the heart in veins. All of the blood from the body is eventually collected into the two largest veins: the superior vena cava, which receives blood from the upper body, and the inferior vena cava, which receives blood from the lower body region. | image | teaching_images/human_system_circulatory_6068.png |
L_0390 | overview of the cardiovascular system | DD_0147 | The diagram shows the circulatory system. It is the system that circulates blood and lymph through the body consisting of the heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph, and the lymphatic vessels and glands. Arterial circulation is the part of your circulatory system that involves arteries, like the aorta and pulmonary arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from your heart. (The exception is the coronary arteries, which supply your heart muscle with oxygen-rich blood.) Venous circulation is the part of your circulatory system that involves veins, like the vena cavae and pulmonary veins. Veins are blood vessels that carry blood to your heart. Veins have thinner walls than arteries. | image | teaching_images/human_system_circulatory_1379.png |
L_0391 | heart and blood vessels | T_2194 | FIGURE 18.3 Parts of the heart | image | textbook_images/heart_and_blood_vessels_21434.png |
L_0391 | heart and blood vessels | T_2195 | FIGURE 18.4 Blood flows through the heart along two different paths, shown here by blue and red arrows. Notice where valves open and close to keep the blood moving in just one direction along each path. | image | textbook_images/heart_and_blood_vessels_21435.png |
L_0391 | heart and blood vessels | T_2198 | FIGURE 18.5 Arteries, veins and capillaries | image | textbook_images/heart_and_blood_vessels_21436.png |
L_0391 | heart and blood vessels | T_2201 | FIGURE 18.6 Plaque buildup in an artery reduces blood flow through the vessel. | image | textbook_images/heart_and_blood_vessels_21437.png |
L_0392 | blood | T_2203 | FIGURE 18.7 Blood donation | image | textbook_images/blood_21438.png |
L_0392 | blood | T_2205 | FIGURE 18.8 Blood cells include disk-shaped red blood cells (left), spherical white blood cells (right), and small cell fragments called platelets (center). | image | textbook_images/blood_21439.png |
L_0392 | blood | T_2206 | FIGURE 18.9 Normal and agglutinated blood: normal blood smear (left) and agglutinated blood smear (right). MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/137144 | image | textbook_images/blood_21440.png |
L_0392 | blood | T_2213 | FIGURE 18.10 Comparison of sickle-shaped and normal red blood cells | image | textbook_images/blood_21441.png |
L_0393 | the respiratory system | T_2215 | FIGURE 19.1 Structures of the respiratory system | image | textbook_images/the_respiratory_system_21442.png |
L_0393 | the respiratory system | T_2217 | FIGURE 19.2 How the diaphragm controls breathing | image | textbook_images/the_respiratory_system_21443.png |
L_0393 | the respiratory system | T_2218 | FIGURE 19.3 How gases are exchanged in alveoli | image | textbook_images/the_respiratory_system_21444.png |
L_0393 | the respiratory system | T_2222 | FIGURE 19.4 Changes in the lungs due to asthma (top), pneumonia (bottom left), and emphysema (right) | image | textbook_images/the_respiratory_system_21445.png |
L_0393 | the respiratory system | DD_0148 | The diagram shows the structures of the respiratory system. They include the nose, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm. The diaphragm is a large, sheet-like muscle below the lungs. When you inhale, air enters the respiratory system through your nose and ends up in your lungs, where gas exchange with the blood takes place. In the nose, mucus and hairs trap any dust or other particles in the air. The air is also warmed and moistened so it wont harm delicate tissues of the lungs. Next, air passes through the pharynx, a passageway that is shared with the digestive system. From the pharynx, the air passes next through the larynx, or voice box. After the larynx, air moves into the trachea, or wind pipe. This is a long tube that leads down to the lungs in the chest. In the chest, the trachea divides as it enters the lungs to form the right and left bronchi (bronchus, singular). These passages are covered with mucus and tiny hairs called cilia. The mucus traps any remaining particles in the air. The cilia move and sweep the particles and mucus toward the throat so they can be expelled from the body. Air passes from the bronchi into smaller passages called bronchioles. The bronchioles end in clusters of tiny air sacs called alveoli (alveolus, singular). The alveoli in the lungs are where gas exchange between the air and blood takes place. Shown also is the rib (or ribs) the protect the lungs and other vital organs within the chest. | image | teaching_images/human_system_respiratory_6195.png |
L_0393 | the respiratory system | DD_0149 | The diagram shows the structures of the human respiratory system which is a series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. There are 3 major parts of the respiratory system: the airway, the lungs, and the muscles of respiration. The airway includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. In this diagram, we focus on the functions of the nose, mouth, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm. The nose is the primary opening for the respiratory system, made of bone, muscle, and cartilage. The nasal cavity is a cavity within your nose filled with mucus membranes and hairs. Also called the oral cavity, the mouth is the secondary exterior opening for the respiratory system. Most commonly, the majority of respiration is achieved via the nose and nasal cavity, but the mouth can be used if needed. Also known as the wind pipe, the trachea is a tube made of cartilage rings that are lined with pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium. The lungs work together with the other parts of the respiratory system to allow oxygen in the air to be taken into the body while also enabling the body to get rid of carbon dioxide in the air breathed out. The diaphragm is an important muscle of respiration which is situated beneath the lungs. It contracts to expand the space inside the thoracic cavity, whilst moving a few inches inferiorly into the abdominal cavity. | image | teaching_images/human_system_respiratory_3749.png |
L_0393 | the respiratory system | DD_0150 | This image shows the parts of the human respiratory system. Respiration involves taking in air filled with oxygen into the human body or lungs and releasing carbondioxide from the body. Respiration involves breathing through the nose/nasal cavity. The air then travels down into the lungs through the pharynx, followed by the larynx and finally through the trachea. The lungs are located in the chest cavity or thoracic cavity along with the heart. The chest cavity are covered by ribs on the outside. The pleura lines the thoracic cavity and envelopes the lungs.The trachea is subdivded into two bronchi before it enters the lungs. The bronchi are further divided into tiny bronchioles inside the lungs. The bronchioles have a tree like structure. The lungs are separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm. The diaphragm contracts while breathing in and relaxes when breathing outs.The process of resipration is controlled by the respiratory centers located in the brain. | image | teaching_images/human_system_respiratory_1327.png |
L_0393 | the respiratory system | DD_0151 | The diagram shows the parts of the respiratory system. The human respiratory system is a series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. As we breathe, oxygen enters the nose or mouth and passes the sinuses, which are hollow spaces in the skull. Sinuses help regulate the temperature and humidity of the air we breathe. The trachea, also called the windpipe, filters the air that is inhaled, according to the American Lung Association. It branches into the bronchi, which are two tubes that carry air into each lung. The bronchial tubes are lined with tiny hairs called cilia. Cilia move back and forth, carrying mucus up and out. Mucus, a sticky fluid, collects dust, germs and other matter that has invaded the lungs. We expel mucus when we sneeze, cough, spit or swallow. | image | teaching_images/human_system_respiratory_3601.png |
L_0394 | the excretory system | T_2224 | FIGURE 19.5 Water lost in sweat must be balanced in some way for the body to maintain home- ostasis. | image | textbook_images/the_excretory_system_21446.png |
L_0394 | the excretory system | T_2226 | FIGURE 19.6 The kidneys are the main organs of the urinary system. | image | textbook_images/the_excretory_system_21447.png |
L_0394 | the excretory system | T_2226 | FIGURE 19.7 Structures in the kidney | image | textbook_images/the_excretory_system_21448.png |
L_0396 | chemistry of living things | T_2239 | FIGURE 2.6 Model of an atom | image | textbook_images/chemistry_of_living_things_21456.png |
L_0396 | chemistry of living things | T_2239 | FIGURE 2.7 Model of a water molecule | image | textbook_images/chemistry_of_living_things_21457.png |
L_0396 | chemistry of living things | T_2243 | FIGURE 2.8 Starchy foods | image | textbook_images/chemistry_of_living_things_21458.png |
L_0396 | chemistry of living things | T_2244 | FIGURE 2.9 Hemoglobin is an example of a transport protein in the blood. You can see how it works in the Figure 2.9. The heme parts of a hemoglobin molecule bind with oxygen. Each red blood cell has hundreds of hemoglobin molecules and each hemoglobin molecule can carry up to four oxygen molecules. This is how oxygen is carried in the blood to cells throughout the body. | image | textbook_images/chemistry_of_living_things_21459.png |
L_0396 | chemistry of living things | T_2245 | FIGURE 2.10 Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids In saturated fatty acids, carbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible. In other words, the carbon atoms are saturated with hydrogen. Saturated fatty acids are found in fats. In unsaturated fatty acids, some carbon atoms are not bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible. Instead, they share double bonds with other carbon atoms. Unsaturated fatty acids are found in oils. | image | textbook_images/chemistry_of_living_things_21460.png |
L_0396 | chemistry of living things | T_2246 | FIGURE 2.11 A nucleotide | image | textbook_images/chemistry_of_living_things_21461.png |
L_0396 | chemistry of living things | T_2246 | FIGURE 2.12 DNA molecule | image | textbook_images/chemistry_of_living_things_21462.png |
L_0396 | chemistry of living things | T_2247 | FIGURE 2.13 This student athlete is using energy to run a race. | image | textbook_images/chemistry_of_living_things_21463.png |
L_0396 | chemistry of living things | T_2250 | FIGURE 2.14 The products of photosynthesis are oxy- gen (O2 ) and glucose. These two sub- stances are also the reactants of cellular respiration. The products of cellular respi- ration are carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and water (H2 O). These two substances are also the reactants of photosynthesis. | image | textbook_images/chemistry_of_living_things_21464.png |
L_0398 | the nervous system | T_2259 | FIGURE 20.2 Parts of a neuron | image | textbook_images/the_nervous_system_21468.png |
L_0398 | the nervous system | T_2261 | FIGURE 20.3 This diagram shows a synapse between neurons. When a nerve impulse arrives at the end of the axon, neurotransmitters are released and travel to the dendrite of an- other neuron, carrying the nerve impulse from one neuron to the next. | image | textbook_images/the_nervous_system_21469.png |
L_0398 | the nervous system | T_2263 | FIGURE 20.4 The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system. | image | textbook_images/the_nervous_system_21470.png |
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