Hessa/tqa-multimodalContext-all2 · Datasets at Hugging Face

lessonID stringlengths 6 6	lessonName stringlengths 3 52	ID stringlengths 6 21	content stringlengths 10 6.57k	media_type stringclasses 2 values	path stringlengths 28 76 ⌀
L_0428	protein synthesis	T_2544	FIGURE 5.20 Translation step of protein synthesis	image	textbook_images/protein_synthesis_21618.png
L_0428	protein synthesis	T_2544	FIGURE 5.21 Examples of mutagens	image	textbook_images/protein_synthesis_21619.png
L_0432	darwins theory of evolution	T_2584	FIGURE 7.1 Charles Darwin as a young man in the 1830s	image	textbook_images/darwins_theory_of_evolution_21637.png
L_0432	darwins theory of evolution	T_2585	FIGURE 7.2 Route of the Beagle	image	textbook_images/darwins_theory_of_evolution_21638.png
L_0432	darwins theory of evolution	T_2585	FIGURE 7.3 Giant tortoises on the Galpagos Islands varied in shell shape, depending on which island they inhabited.	image	textbook_images/darwins_theory_of_evolution_21639.png
L_0432	darwins theory of evolution	T_2586	FIGURE 7.4 Variation in beak size and shape in Gal- pagos finches	image	textbook_images/darwins_theory_of_evolution_21640.png
L_0432	darwins theory of evolution	T_2589	FIGURE 7.5 Variation in pigeons as a result of artificial selection	image	textbook_images/darwins_theory_of_evolution_21641.png
L_0433	evidence for evolution	T_2594	FIGURE 7.6 Most of what we know about dinosaurs is based on fossils such as this one.	image	textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21642.png
L_0433	evidence for evolution	T_2595	FIGURE 7.7 Fossil footprint of a three-toed dinosaur	image	textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21643.png
L_0433	evidence for evolution	T_2595	FIGURE 7.8 Wasp encased in amber	image	textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21644.png
L_0433	evidence for evolution	T_2596	FIGURE 7.9 Fossils found in lower rock layers are generally older than fossils found in rock layers closer to the surface.	image	textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21645.png
L_0433	evidence for evolution	T_2596	FIGURE 7.10 This whale ancestor, called Ambulocetus, lived about 48 million years ago.	image	textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21646.png
L_0433	evidence for evolution	T_2598	FIGURE 7.11 Front limb bones of different mammals	image	textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21647.png
L_0433	evidence for evolution	T_2600	FIGURE 7.12 From left to right, embryos of a chicken, turtle, pig, and human being	image	textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21648.png
L_0434	the scale of evolution	T_2603	FIGURE 7.13 Fossils show how horses evolved over the past 50 million of years. Horses in- creased in size. Their teeth and feet also changed.	image	textbook_images/the_scale_of_evolution_21649.png
L_0434	the scale of evolution	T_2607	FIGURE 7.14 Darwins finches evolved new traits by natural selection.	image	textbook_images/the_scale_of_evolution_21650.png
L_0434	the scale of evolution	T_2609	FIGURE 7.15 This male anole lizard is puffing out a flap of yellow skin to attract a mate.	image	textbook_images/the_scale_of_evolution_21651.png
L_0434	the scale of evolution	T_2610	FIGURE 7.16 Coevolution of a hummingbird and flower- ing plant	image	textbook_images/the_scale_of_evolution_21652.png
L_0435	history of life on earth	T_2613	FIGURE 7.17 Earths history in a day	image	textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21653.png
L_0435	history of life on earth	T_2615	FIGURE 7.18 Geologic time scale	image	textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21654.png
L_0435	history of life on earth	T_2617	FIGURE 7.19 Model of the earliest cell	image	textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21655.png
L_0435	history of life on earth	T_2619	FIGURE 7.20 How eukaryotic cells may have evolved	image	textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21656.png
L_0435	history of life on earth	T_2621	FIGURE 7.21 Sponges (left) and trilobite fossil (right) from the Cambrian Period	image	textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21657.png
L_0435	history of life on earth	T_2625	FIGURE 7.22 Forest of the Carboniferous Period	image	textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21658.png
L_0435	history of life on earth	T_2626	FIGURE 7.23 The supercontinent Pangaea formed dur- ing the Permian Period.	image	textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21659.png
L_0435	history of life on earth	T_2630	FIGURE 7.24 Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton on display in a museum	image	textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21660.png
L_0435	history of life on earth	T_2633	FIGURE 7.25 Woolly mammoths lived during the last ice age.	image	textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21661.png
L_0435	history of life on earth	DD_0192	The diagram is a representation of the major division of earths history. The geological timescale is a representation of time elapsed after the formation of earth, divided into slices, each differentiated by a geological event whose record is held in rock samples. Geological time is primarily divided into eons, which are divided into eras, which are further divided into periods. The periods are further divided into epochs, and epochs into ages, while eons are grouped into super-eons. The lengths of these eras are often measured by the term "mya," which represents "millions of years ago. The first three eons are grouped under the Precambrian super-eon. The fourth eon, called the Phanerozoic, is ongoing. Although the first three eons together account for most of Earthaó»s history, stretching out for nearly four billion years, there was little of note in terms of biological activity or geological diversity. So, in representations such as the table above, they are usually collectively called the Precambrian. It contains the Hadeon eon, when Earth was forming and the Late Heavy Bombardment took place; the Archeon eon, when water first showed up and the first lifeforms evolved; the Proterozoic eon, when the first multicellular organisms appeared and Earthaó»s atmosphere received oxygen for the first time as a result of the proliferation of cyanobacteria.	image	teaching_images/geologic_time_6924.png
L_0435	history of life on earth	DD_0193	The diagram shows an example of geologic time scale, which is a tool that scientists and historians use to describe and understand the different timeframes of the EarthÕs existence. This geologic time scale shows a timeline of events beginning from the late Proterozoic Era, approximately 650 million years ago. It is divided into eras and periods, and lists the major events that occurred in EarthÕs history each period. From the geologic time scale, we can tell when different creatures evolved and first appeared on Earth. We know that the first amphibians appeared during the Devonian Period in the Paleozoic Era, approximately 400 million years ago. The first dinosaurs appeared during the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era, about 250 million years ago. Humans like us only appeared on Earth approximately 2.6 million years ago, during the Quaternary Period of the Cenozoic Era. The human race is very young, considering the Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years old!	image	teaching_images/geologic_time_6918.png
L_0437	bacteria	T_2650	FIGURE 8.9 Salmonella bacteria	image	textbook_images/bacteria_21670.png
L_0437	bacteria	T_2652	FIGURE 8.10 Bacteria classified by shape	image	textbook_images/bacteria_21671.png
L_0437	bacteria	T_2652	FIGURE 8.11 Gram-positive (left) and gram-negative (right) bacteria	image	textbook_images/bacteria_21672.png
L_0437	bacteria	T_2654	FIGURE 8.12 Bacteria are used to make fermented foods such as these.	image	textbook_images/bacteria_21673.png
L_0437	bacteria	T_2655	FIGURE 8.13 Deer ticks are vectors for the bacteria that cause Lyme disease. The ticks are actu- ally very small and may go unnoticed.	image	textbook_images/bacteria_21674.png
L_0442	adulthood and aging	T_2693	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/adulthood_and_aging_21696.png
L_0449	aquatic biomes	T_2717	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/aquatic_biomes_21707.png
L_0449	aquatic biomes	T_2718	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/aquatic_biomes_21708.png
L_0454	autoimmune diseases	T_2735	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/autoimmune_diseases_21717.png
L_0457	bacteria in the digestive system	T_2745	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/bacteria_in_the_digestive_system_21724.png
L_0458	bacteria nutrition	T_2750	FIGURE 1.1 These mutualistic bacteria-containing nodules on a soybean root help provide the plant with nitrogen.	image	textbook_images/bacteria_nutrition_21725.png
L_0460	barriers to pathogens	T_2756	FIGURE 1.1 This drawing shows that the skin has many layers. The outer layer is so tough that it keeps out most pathogens.	image	textbook_images/barriers_to_pathogens_21727.png
L_0460	barriers to pathogens	T_2757	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/barriers_to_pathogens_21728.png
L_0467	blood types	T_2774	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/blood_types_21741.png
L_0468	blood vessels	T_2777	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/blood_vessels_21742.png
L_0469	bony fish	T_2781	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/bony_fish_21743.png
L_0469	bony fish	T_2785	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/bony_fish_21744.png
L_0470	cancer	T_2788	FIGURE 1.1 The mutations that cause cancer may occur when people are exposed to pathogens, such as the human papilloma virus (HPV), which is shown here.	image	textbook_images/cancer_21745.png
L_0470	cancer	T_2788	FIGURE 1.2 The mutations that cause cancer may oc- cur when people are exposed to chemical carcinogens, such as those in cigarettes. It can be argued that tobacco smoke is the main source of chemical carcinogens.	image	textbook_images/cancer_21746.png
L_0470	cancer	T_2790	FIGURE 1.3 The mutations that cause cancer may oc- cur when people are exposed to radiation, including the radiation from sunlight.	image	textbook_images/cancer_21747.png
L_0471	cardiovascular diseases	T_2792	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/cardiovascular_diseases_21748.png
L_0472	cardiovascular system	T_2795	FIGURE 1.1 The cardiovascular system moves nutri- ents and other substances throughout the body.	image	textbook_images/cardiovascular_system_21750.png
L_0473	cardiovascular system health	T_2796	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/cardiovascular_system_health_21751.png
L_0473	cardiovascular system health	T_2797	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/cardiovascular_system_health_21752.png
L_0481	cellular respiration	T_2818	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/cellular_respiration_21763.png
L_0483	central nervous system	T_2826	FIGURE 1.1 The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system.	image	textbook_images/central_nervous_system_21765.png
L_0483	central nervous system	T_2826	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/central_nervous_system_21766.png
L_0485	chemistry of life	T_2835	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/chemistry_of_life_21772.png
L_0485	chemistry of life	T_2837	FIGURE 1.2 The periodic table groups the elements based on their properties. The table begins with Hydrogen, atomic number 1.	image	textbook_images/chemistry_of_life_21773.png
L_0488	chromosomal disorders	T_2849	FIGURE 1.1 A child with Down syndrome.	image	textbook_images/chromosomal_disorders_21780.png
L_0488	chromosomal disorders	T_2849	FIGURE 1.2 Outside of chromosome 21 and the sex chromosomes, most embryos with extra chromosomes do not usually survive. Because chromosomes carry many, many genes, a disruption of a chromosome can cause severe problems with the development of a fetus. Individuals with one (or more) fewer chromosome usually dont survive either. Can you explain why?	image	textbook_images/chromosomal_disorders_21781.png
L_0489	circulation and the lymphatic system	T_2851	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/circulation_and_the_lymphatic_system_21782.png
L_0489	circulation and the lymphatic system	T_2852	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/circulation_and_the_lymphatic_system_21783.png
L_0494	connecting cellular respiration and photosynthesis	T_2865	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/connecting_cellular_respiration_and_photosynthesis_21791.png
L_0499	diabetes	T_2880	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/diabetes_21799.png
L_0501	digestive system organs	T_2887	FIGURE 1.1 This drawing shows the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. These organs are part of the digestive system. Food does not pass through them, but they secrete sub- stances needed for chemical digestion.	image	textbook_images/digestive_system_organs_21802.png
L_0501	digestive system organs	T_2888	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/digestive_system_organs_21803.png
L_0501	digestive system organs	T_2889	FIGURE 1.3 This is what the villi lining the intestine looks like when magnified. Each one is actually only about 1 millimeter long. Villi are just barely visible with the unaided eye.	image	textbook_images/digestive_system_organs_21804.png
L_0502	diseases of the nervous system	T_2893	FIGURE 1.1 This scan shows a person with encephali- tis.	image	textbook_images/diseases_of_the_nervous_system_21805.png
L_0502	diseases of the nervous system	T_2894	FIGURE 1.2 These bacteria, shown at more than 1,000 times their actual size, are the cause of bacterial meningitis. Despite their tiny size, they can cause very serious illness.	image	textbook_images/diseases_of_the_nervous_system_21806.png
L_0502	diseases of the nervous system	T_2895	FIGURE 1.3	image	textbook_images/diseases_of_the_nervous_system_21807.png
L_0502	diseases of the nervous system	T_2896	FIGURE 1.4 Disease Huntingtons disease Cause An inherited gene codes for an ab- normal protein that causes the death of neurons. An abnormally low level of a neu- rotransmitter affects the part of the brain that controls movement. Abnormal changes in the brain cause the gradual loss of most nor- mal brain functions. Symptoms Uncontrolled jerky movements, loss of muscle control, problems with memory and learning Uncontrolled shaking, slowed movements, problems with speaking Memory loss, confusion, mood swings, gradual loss of control over mental and physical abilities	image	textbook_images/diseases_of_the_nervous_system_21808.png
L_0505	dna the genetic material	T_2903	FIGURE 1.1 DNAs three-dimensional structure is a double helix. The hydrogen bonds be- tween the bases at the center of the helix hold the helix together.	image	textbook_images/dna_the_genetic_material_21812.png
L_0505	dna the genetic material	T_2904	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/dna_the_genetic_material_21813.png
L_0507	echinoderms	T_2909	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/echinoderms_21816.png
L_0507	echinoderms	T_2909	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/echinoderms_21817.png
L_0509	effects of water pollution	T_2914	FIGURE 1.1 Lake Valencia, Venezuela, showing green algal blooms. How did the algal bloom form? What will it do to the lake over time?	image	textbook_images/effects_of_water_pollution_21819.png
L_0509	effects of water pollution	T_2916	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/effects_of_water_pollution_21820.png
L_0510	energy pyramids	T_2918	FIGURE 1.1 As illustrated by this ecological pyramid, it takes a lot of phytoplankton to support the carnivores of the oceans. This energy pyramid has four trophic levels, which sig- nify the organisms place in the food chain from the original source of energy.	image	textbook_images/energy_pyramids_21821.png
L_0511	enzymes in the digestive system	T_2919	FIGURE 1.1 Bile is made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and then secreted into the intestine. It helps break down fats.	image	textbook_images/enzymes_in_the_digestive_system_21822.png
L_0512	evolution acts on the phenotype	T_2922	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/evolution_acts_on_the_phenotype_21823.png
L_0513	excretion	DD_0201	This is the diagram representing the human excretory system. The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body. It has following parts: The aorta begins at the top of the left ventricle, the heart's muscular pumping chamber. The inferior vena cava is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the heart. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs which are present on each side of the vertebral column in the abdominal cavity. The kidney's primary function is the elimination of waste from the bloodstream by production of urine. The ureters are muscular ducts that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder is the organ that collects waste excreted by the kidneys prior to disposal by urination. Urethra is a tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.	image	teaching_images/human_system_excretory_6107.png
L_0513	excretion	DD_0202	This is a diagram of the major organs of the excretory system. The kidneys, ureter, bladder, and urethra all play important roles in this system. The kidneys filter blood and produce urine. The kidneys are shaped like beans and are located on each side of the body. After the kidneys, urine enters into the ureter. Then the urine moves into the bladder. When the bladder is about half full, it then releases into the urethra. This is how urine is filtered out of the body.	image	teaching_images/human_system_excretory_6117.png
L_0513	excretion	DD_0203	The diagram shows the human urinary system. It includes two kidneys, two ureters and a urinary bladder. Blood is filtered by the kidneys to remove waste. Excess water and waste leaves the kidneys in the form of urine through the ureters to the bladder. Contractions of muscles in the ureters move the urine down into the bladder. Urine is excreted from the bladder through the urethra by the process of urination.	image	teaching_images/human_system_excretory_6115.png
L_0514	excretory system problems	T_2925	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/excretory_system_problems_21824.png
L_0514	excretory system problems	T_2926	FIGURE 1.2 During dialysis, a patients blood is sent through a filter that removes waste prod- ucts. The clean blood is returned to the body.	image	textbook_images/excretory_system_problems_21825.png
L_0515	features of populations	T_2928	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/features_of_populations_21826.png
L_0515	features of populations	T_2928	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/features_of_populations_21827.png
L_0516	female reproductive structures	T_2929	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/female_reproductive_structures_21828.png
L_0517	female reproductive system	T_2930	FIGURE 1.1 This represents a human egg, which is the gamete, or reproductive cell, in fe- males. Notice that is does not have a distinct shape, like a sperm cell has. The egg is a round cell with a haploid nucleus in the center. The egg contains most of the cytoplasm and organelles present in the first cell of a new organism.	image	textbook_images/female_reproductive_system_21829.png
L_0518	fermentation	T_2931	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/fermentation_21830.png
L_0521	fish	T_2936	FIGURE 1.1 The humphead or Napoleon wrasse shows some of the general traits of fish, including scales, fins, and a streamlined body.	image	textbook_images/fish_21834.png
L_0521	fish	T_2937	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/fish_21835.png
L_0521	fish	T_2939	FIGURE 1.3 Whale sharks are the largest cartilagi- nous fish.	image	textbook_images/fish_21836.png
L_0522	flatworms	T_2943	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/flatworms_21839.png
L_0523	food and nutrients	T_2945	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/food_and_nutrients_21841.png
L_0525	fossils	T_2948	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/fossils_21844.png
L_0525	fossils	T_2948	FIGURE 1.2 About 25 to 40 million years ago these insects were trapped in a gooey substance, called resin, that comes from trees. The fossils in the movie Jurassic Park were trapped in resin.	image	textbook_images/fossils_21845.png
L_0525	fossils	T_2948	FIGURE 1.3 This device, called a spectrophotometer, can be used to measure the level of radioactive decay of certain elements in rocks and fossils to determine their age.	image	textbook_images/fossils_21846.png
L_0538	harmful bacteria	T_2987	FIGURE 1.1 The Black Death, which killed at least one third of Europes population in the 1300s, is believed to have been caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.	image	textbook_images/harmful_bacteria_21872.png
L_0539	health hazards of air pollution	T_2992	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/health_hazards_of_air_pollution_21873.png

L_0428

protein synthesis

T_2544

FIGURE 5.20 Translation step of protein synthesis

image

textbook_images/protein_synthesis_21618.png

L_0428

protein synthesis

T_2544

FIGURE 5.21 Examples of mutagens

image

textbook_images/protein_synthesis_21619.png

L_0432

darwins theory of evolution

T_2584

FIGURE 7.1 Charles Darwin as a young man in the 1830s

image

textbook_images/darwins_theory_of_evolution_21637.png

L_0432

darwins theory of evolution

T_2585

FIGURE 7.2 Route of the Beagle

image

textbook_images/darwins_theory_of_evolution_21638.png

L_0432

darwins theory of evolution

T_2585

FIGURE 7.3 Giant tortoises on the Galpagos Islands varied in shell shape, depending on which island they inhabited.

image

textbook_images/darwins_theory_of_evolution_21639.png

L_0432

darwins theory of evolution

T_2586

FIGURE 7.4 Variation in beak size and shape in Gal- pagos finches

image

textbook_images/darwins_theory_of_evolution_21640.png

L_0432

darwins theory of evolution

T_2589

FIGURE 7.5 Variation in pigeons as a result of artificial selection

image

textbook_images/darwins_theory_of_evolution_21641.png

L_0433

evidence for evolution

T_2594

FIGURE 7.6 Most of what we know about dinosaurs is based on fossils such as this one.

image

textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21642.png

L_0433

evidence for evolution

T_2595

FIGURE 7.7 Fossil footprint of a three-toed dinosaur

image

textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21643.png

L_0433

evidence for evolution

T_2595

FIGURE 7.8 Wasp encased in amber

image

textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21644.png

L_0433

evidence for evolution

T_2596

FIGURE 7.9 Fossils found in lower rock layers are generally older than fossils found in rock layers closer to the surface.

image

textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21645.png

L_0433

evidence for evolution

T_2596

FIGURE 7.10 This whale ancestor, called Ambulocetus, lived about 48 million years ago.

image

textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21646.png

L_0433

evidence for evolution

T_2598

FIGURE 7.11 Front limb bones of different mammals

image

textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21647.png

L_0433

evidence for evolution

T_2600

FIGURE 7.12 From left to right, embryos of a chicken, turtle, pig, and human being

image

textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21648.png

L_0434

the scale of evolution

T_2603

FIGURE 7.13 Fossils show how horses evolved over the past 50 million of years. Horses in- creased in size. Their teeth and feet also changed.

image

textbook_images/the_scale_of_evolution_21649.png

L_0434

the scale of evolution

T_2607

FIGURE 7.14 Darwins finches evolved new traits by natural selection.

image

textbook_images/the_scale_of_evolution_21650.png

L_0434

the scale of evolution

T_2609

FIGURE 7.15 This male anole lizard is puffing out a flap of yellow skin to attract a mate.

image

textbook_images/the_scale_of_evolution_21651.png

L_0434

the scale of evolution

T_2610

FIGURE 7.16 Coevolution of a hummingbird and flower- ing plant

image

textbook_images/the_scale_of_evolution_21652.png

L_0435

history of life on earth

T_2613

FIGURE 7.17 Earths history in a day

image

textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21653.png

L_0435

history of life on earth

T_2615

FIGURE 7.18 Geologic time scale

image

textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21654.png

L_0435

history of life on earth

T_2617

FIGURE 7.19 Model of the earliest cell

image

textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21655.png

L_0435

history of life on earth

T_2619

FIGURE 7.20 How eukaryotic cells may have evolved

image

textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21656.png

L_0435

history of life on earth

T_2621

FIGURE 7.21 Sponges (left) and trilobite fossil (right) from the Cambrian Period

image

textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21657.png

L_0435

history of life on earth

T_2625

FIGURE 7.22 Forest of the Carboniferous Period

image

textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21658.png

L_0435

history of life on earth

T_2626

FIGURE 7.23 The supercontinent Pangaea formed dur- ing the Permian Period.

image

textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21659.png

L_0435

history of life on earth

T_2630

FIGURE 7.24 Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton on display in a museum

image

textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21660.png

L_0435

history of life on earth

T_2633

FIGURE 7.25 Woolly mammoths lived during the last ice age.

image

textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21661.png

L_0435

history of life on earth

DD_0192

The diagram is a representation of the major division of earths history. The geological timescale is a representation of time elapsed after the formation of earth, divided into slices, each differentiated by a geological event whose record is held in rock samples. Geological time is primarily divided into eons, which are divided into eras, which are further divided into periods. The periods are further divided into epochs, and epochs into ages, while eons are grouped into super-eons. The lengths of these eras are often measured by the term "mya," which represents "millions of years ago. The first three eons are grouped under the Precambrian super-eon. The fourth eon, called the Phanerozoic, is ongoing. Although the first three eons together account for most of Earthaó»s history, stretching out for nearly four billion years, there was little of note in terms of biological activity or geological diversity. So, in representations such as the table above, they are usually collectively called the Precambrian. It contains the Hadeon eon, when Earth was forming and the Late Heavy Bombardment took place; the Archeon eon, when water first showed up and the first lifeforms evolved; the Proterozoic eon, when the first multicellular organisms appeared and Earthaó»s atmosphere received oxygen for the first time as a result of the proliferation of cyanobacteria.

image

teaching_images/geologic_time_6924.png

L_0435

history of life on earth

DD_0193

The diagram shows an example of geologic time scale, which is a tool that scientists and historians use to describe and understand the different timeframes of the EarthÕs existence. This geologic time scale shows a timeline of events beginning from the late Proterozoic Era, approximately 650 million years ago. It is divided into eras and periods, and lists the major events that occurred in EarthÕs history each period. From the geologic time scale, we can tell when different creatures evolved and first appeared on Earth. We know that the first amphibians appeared during the Devonian Period in the Paleozoic Era, approximately 400 million years ago. The first dinosaurs appeared during the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era, about 250 million years ago. Humans like us only appeared on Earth approximately 2.6 million years ago, during the Quaternary Period of the Cenozoic Era. The human race is very young, considering the Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years old!

image

teaching_images/geologic_time_6918.png

L_0437

bacteria

T_2650

FIGURE 8.9 Salmonella bacteria

image

textbook_images/bacteria_21670.png

L_0437

bacteria

T_2652

FIGURE 8.10 Bacteria classified by shape

image

textbook_images/bacteria_21671.png

L_0437

bacteria

T_2652

FIGURE 8.11 Gram-positive (left) and gram-negative (right) bacteria

image

textbook_images/bacteria_21672.png

L_0437

bacteria

T_2654

FIGURE 8.12 Bacteria are used to make fermented foods such as these.

image

textbook_images/bacteria_21673.png

L_0437

bacteria

T_2655

FIGURE 8.13 Deer ticks are vectors for the bacteria that cause Lyme disease. The ticks are actu- ally very small and may go unnoticed.

image

textbook_images/bacteria_21674.png

L_0442

adulthood and aging

T_2693

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/adulthood_and_aging_21696.png

L_0449

aquatic biomes

T_2717

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/aquatic_biomes_21707.png

L_0449

aquatic biomes

T_2718

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/aquatic_biomes_21708.png

L_0454

autoimmune diseases

T_2735

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/autoimmune_diseases_21717.png

L_0457

bacteria in the digestive system

T_2745

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/bacteria_in_the_digestive_system_21724.png

L_0458

bacteria nutrition

T_2750

FIGURE 1.1 These mutualistic bacteria-containing nodules on a soybean root help provide the plant with nitrogen.

image

textbook_images/bacteria_nutrition_21725.png

L_0460

barriers to pathogens

T_2756

FIGURE 1.1 This drawing shows that the skin has many layers. The outer layer is so tough that it keeps out most pathogens.

image

textbook_images/barriers_to_pathogens_21727.png

L_0460

barriers to pathogens

T_2757

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/barriers_to_pathogens_21728.png

L_0467

blood types

T_2774

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/blood_types_21741.png

L_0468

blood vessels

T_2777

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/blood_vessels_21742.png

L_0469

bony fish

T_2781

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/bony_fish_21743.png

L_0469

bony fish

T_2785

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/bony_fish_21744.png

L_0470

cancer

T_2788

FIGURE 1.1 The mutations that cause cancer may occur when people are exposed to pathogens, such as the human papilloma virus (HPV), which is shown here.

image

textbook_images/cancer_21745.png

L_0470

cancer

T_2788

FIGURE 1.2 The mutations that cause cancer may oc- cur when people are exposed to chemical carcinogens, such as those in cigarettes. It can be argued that tobacco smoke is the main source of chemical carcinogens.

image

textbook_images/cancer_21746.png

L_0470

cancer

T_2790

FIGURE 1.3 The mutations that cause cancer may oc- cur when people are exposed to radiation, including the radiation from sunlight.

image

textbook_images/cancer_21747.png

L_0471

cardiovascular diseases

T_2792

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/cardiovascular_diseases_21748.png

L_0472

cardiovascular system

T_2795

FIGURE 1.1 The cardiovascular system moves nutri- ents and other substances throughout the body.

image

textbook_images/cardiovascular_system_21750.png

L_0473

cardiovascular system health

T_2796

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/cardiovascular_system_health_21751.png

L_0473

cardiovascular system health

T_2797

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/cardiovascular_system_health_21752.png

L_0481

cellular respiration

T_2818

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/cellular_respiration_21763.png

L_0483

central nervous system

T_2826

FIGURE 1.1 The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system.

image

textbook_images/central_nervous_system_21765.png

L_0483

central nervous system

T_2826

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/central_nervous_system_21766.png

L_0485

chemistry of life

T_2835

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/chemistry_of_life_21772.png

L_0485

chemistry of life

T_2837

FIGURE 1.2 The periodic table groups the elements based on their properties. The table begins with Hydrogen, atomic number 1.

image

textbook_images/chemistry_of_life_21773.png

L_0488

chromosomal disorders

T_2849

FIGURE 1.1 A child with Down syndrome.

image

textbook_images/chromosomal_disorders_21780.png

L_0488

chromosomal disorders

T_2849

FIGURE 1.2 Outside of chromosome 21 and the sex chromosomes, most embryos with extra chromosomes do not usually survive. Because chromosomes carry many, many genes, a disruption of a chromosome can cause severe problems with the development of a fetus. Individuals with one (or more) fewer chromosome usually dont survive either. Can you explain why?

image

textbook_images/chromosomal_disorders_21781.png

L_0489

circulation and the lymphatic system

T_2851

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/circulation_and_the_lymphatic_system_21782.png

L_0489

circulation and the lymphatic system

T_2852

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/circulation_and_the_lymphatic_system_21783.png

L_0494

connecting cellular respiration and photosynthesis

T_2865

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/connecting_cellular_respiration_and_photosynthesis_21791.png

L_0499

diabetes

T_2880

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/diabetes_21799.png

L_0501

digestive system organs

T_2887

FIGURE 1.1 This drawing shows the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. These organs are part of the digestive system. Food does not pass through them, but they secrete sub- stances needed for chemical digestion.

image

textbook_images/digestive_system_organs_21802.png

L_0501

digestive system organs

T_2888

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/digestive_system_organs_21803.png

L_0501

digestive system organs

T_2889

FIGURE 1.3 This is what the villi lining the intestine looks like when magnified. Each one is actually only about 1 millimeter long. Villi are just barely visible with the unaided eye.

image

textbook_images/digestive_system_organs_21804.png

L_0502

diseases of the nervous system

T_2893

FIGURE 1.1 This scan shows a person with encephali- tis.

image

textbook_images/diseases_of_the_nervous_system_21805.png

L_0502

diseases of the nervous system

T_2894

FIGURE 1.2 These bacteria, shown at more than 1,000 times their actual size, are the cause of bacterial meningitis. Despite their tiny size, they can cause very serious illness.

image

textbook_images/diseases_of_the_nervous_system_21806.png

L_0502

diseases of the nervous system

T_2895

FIGURE 1.3

image

textbook_images/diseases_of_the_nervous_system_21807.png

L_0502

diseases of the nervous system

T_2896

FIGURE 1.4 Disease Huntingtons disease Cause An inherited gene codes for an ab- normal protein that causes the death of neurons. An abnormally low level of a neu- rotransmitter affects the part of the brain that controls movement. Abnormal changes in the brain cause the gradual loss of most nor- mal brain functions. Symptoms Uncontrolled jerky movements, loss of muscle control, problems with memory and learning Uncontrolled shaking, slowed movements, problems with speaking Memory loss, confusion, mood swings, gradual loss of control over mental and physical abilities

image

textbook_images/diseases_of_the_nervous_system_21808.png

L_0505

dna the genetic material

T_2903

FIGURE 1.1 DNAs three-dimensional structure is a double helix. The hydrogen bonds be- tween the bases at the center of the helix hold the helix together.

image

textbook_images/dna_the_genetic_material_21812.png

L_0505

dna the genetic material

T_2904

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/dna_the_genetic_material_21813.png

L_0507

echinoderms

T_2909

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/echinoderms_21816.png

L_0507

echinoderms

T_2909

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/echinoderms_21817.png

L_0509

effects of water pollution

T_2914

FIGURE 1.1 Lake Valencia, Venezuela, showing green algal blooms. How did the algal bloom form? What will it do to the lake over time?

image

textbook_images/effects_of_water_pollution_21819.png

L_0509

effects of water pollution

T_2916

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/effects_of_water_pollution_21820.png

L_0510

energy pyramids

T_2918

FIGURE 1.1 As illustrated by this ecological pyramid, it takes a lot of phytoplankton to support the carnivores of the oceans. This energy pyramid has four trophic levels, which sig- nify the organisms place in the food chain from the original source of energy.

image

textbook_images/energy_pyramids_21821.png

L_0511

enzymes in the digestive system

T_2919

FIGURE 1.1 Bile is made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and then secreted into the intestine. It helps break down fats.

image

textbook_images/enzymes_in_the_digestive_system_21822.png

L_0512

evolution acts on the phenotype

T_2922

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/evolution_acts_on_the_phenotype_21823.png

L_0513

excretion

DD_0201

This is the diagram representing the human excretory system. The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body. It has following parts: The aorta begins at the top of the left ventricle, the heart's muscular pumping chamber. The inferior vena cava is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the heart. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs which are present on each side of the vertebral column in the abdominal cavity. The kidney's primary function is the elimination of waste from the bloodstream by production of urine. The ureters are muscular ducts that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder is the organ that collects waste excreted by the kidneys prior to disposal by urination. Urethra is a tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.

image

teaching_images/human_system_excretory_6107.png

L_0513

excretion

DD_0202

This is a diagram of the major organs of the excretory system. The kidneys, ureter, bladder, and urethra all play important roles in this system. The kidneys filter blood and produce urine. The kidneys are shaped like beans and are located on each side of the body. After the kidneys, urine enters into the ureter. Then the urine moves into the bladder. When the bladder is about half full, it then releases into the urethra. This is how urine is filtered out of the body.

image

teaching_images/human_system_excretory_6117.png

L_0513

excretion

DD_0203

The diagram shows the human urinary system. It includes two kidneys, two ureters and a urinary bladder. Blood is filtered by the kidneys to remove waste. Excess water and waste leaves the kidneys in the form of urine through the ureters to the bladder. Contractions of muscles in the ureters move the urine down into the bladder. Urine is excreted from the bladder through the urethra by the process of urination.

image

teaching_images/human_system_excretory_6115.png

L_0514

excretory system problems

T_2925

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/excretory_system_problems_21824.png

L_0514

excretory system problems

T_2926

FIGURE 1.2 During dialysis, a patients blood is sent through a filter that removes waste prod- ucts. The clean blood is returned to the body.

image

textbook_images/excretory_system_problems_21825.png

L_0515

features of populations

T_2928

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/features_of_populations_21826.png

L_0515

features of populations

T_2928

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/features_of_populations_21827.png

L_0516

female reproductive structures

T_2929

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/female_reproductive_structures_21828.png

L_0517

female reproductive system

T_2930

FIGURE 1.1 This represents a human egg, which is the gamete, or reproductive cell, in fe- males. Notice that is does not have a distinct shape, like a sperm cell has. The egg is a round cell with a haploid nucleus in the center. The egg contains most of the cytoplasm and organelles present in the first cell of a new organism.

image

textbook_images/female_reproductive_system_21829.png

L_0518

fermentation

T_2931

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/fermentation_21830.png

L_0521

fish

T_2936

FIGURE 1.1 The humphead or Napoleon wrasse shows some of the general traits of fish, including scales, fins, and a streamlined body.

image

textbook_images/fish_21834.png

L_0521

fish

T_2937

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/fish_21835.png

L_0521

fish

T_2939

FIGURE 1.3 Whale sharks are the largest cartilagi- nous fish.

image

textbook_images/fish_21836.png

L_0522

flatworms

T_2943

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/flatworms_21839.png

L_0523

food and nutrients

T_2945

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/food_and_nutrients_21841.png

L_0525

fossils

T_2948

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/fossils_21844.png

L_0525

fossils

T_2948

FIGURE 1.2 About 25 to 40 million years ago these insects were trapped in a gooey substance, called resin, that comes from trees. The fossils in the movie Jurassic Park were trapped in resin.

image

textbook_images/fossils_21845.png

L_0525

fossils

T_2948

FIGURE 1.3 This device, called a spectrophotometer, can be used to measure the level of radioactive decay of certain elements in rocks and fossils to determine their age.

image

textbook_images/fossils_21846.png

L_0538

harmful bacteria

T_2987

FIGURE 1.1 The Black Death, which killed at least one third of Europes population in the 1300s, is believed to have been caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.

image

textbook_images/harmful_bacteria_21872.png

L_0539

health hazards of air pollution

T_2992

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/health_hazards_of_air_pollution_21873.png