Hessa/tqa-multimodalContext-all2 · Datasets at Hugging Face

lessonID stringlengths 6 6	lessonName stringlengths 3 52	ID stringlengths 6 21	content stringlengths 10 6.57k	media_type stringclasses 2 values	path stringlengths 28 76 ⌀
L_0664	respiratory system organs	T_3356	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/respiratory_system_organs_22115.png
L_0664	respiratory system organs	T_3356	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/respiratory_system_organs_22116.png
L_0665	rna	T_3357	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/rna_22117.png
L_0667	roundworms	T_3362	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/roundworms_22120.png
L_0675	segmented worms	T_3389	FIGURE 1.1 Leeches are parasitic worms. Notice the presence of segments.	image	textbook_images/segmented_worms_22135.png
L_0676	sex linked inheritance	T_3391	FIGURE 1.1 A person with red-green colorblindness would not be able to see the number.	image	textbook_images/sex_linked_inheritance_22136.png
L_0677	sexually transmitted infections	T_3393	FIGURE 1.1 This graph shows data on the number of cases of chlamydia in U.S. males and females in 2009. Which two age groups had the highest rates of chlamydia? Why do you think rates were highest in these age groups?	image	textbook_images/sexually_transmitted_infections_22137.png
L_0677	sexually transmitted infections	T_3394	FIGURE 1.2 This lip blister, or cold sore, is caused by a herpes virus. The virus is closely related to the virus that causes genital herpes. The genital herpes virus causes similar blisters on the genitals. If youve ever had a cold sore, you know how painful they can be. Genital herpes blisters are also painful.	image	textbook_images/sexually_transmitted_infections_22138.png
L_0678	skeletal system joints	T_3395	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/skeletal_system_joints_22139.png
L_0678	skeletal system joints	T_3395	FIGURE 1.2 The joints between your vertebrae are partially movable.	image	textbook_images/skeletal_system_joints_22140.png
L_0678	skeletal system joints	T_3396	FIGURE 1.3 Your hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint. The ball end of one bone fits into the socket of another bone. These joints can move in many different directions.	image	textbook_images/skeletal_system_joints_22141.png
L_0678	skeletal system joints	T_3396	FIGURE 1.4 Hinge Joint. The knee joint is a hinge joint. Like a door hinge, a hinge joint allows backward and forward movement.	image	textbook_images/skeletal_system_joints_22142.png
L_0678	skeletal system joints	T_3396	FIGURE 1.5 Pivot Joint. The joint at which the radius and ulna meet is a pivot joint. Movement at this joint allows you to flip your palm over without moving your elbow joint.	image	textbook_images/skeletal_system_joints_22143.png
L_0679	skin	T_3397	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/skin_22144.png
L_0679	skin	T_3400	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/skin_22145.png
L_0679	skin	T_3402	FIGURE 1.3	image	textbook_images/skin_22146.png
L_0680	smooth skeletal and cardiac muscles	T_3403	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/smooth_skeletal_and_cardiac_muscles_22147.png
L_0682	sources of water pollution	T_3407	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/sources_of_water_pollution_22152.png
L_0691	the carbon cycle	T_3428	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/the_carbon_cycle_22166.png
L_0694	timeline of evolution	T_3437	FIGURE 1.1 The geologic time scale is used to de- scribe events that occurred millions and billions of years ago. The geologic time scale of Earths past is organized ac- cording to events that took place during different periods on the time scale. Ge- ologic time is the same as the age of the Earth: between 4.404 and 4.57 billion years. Look closely for such events as the extinction of dinosaurs and many marine animals.	image	textbook_images/timeline_of_evolution_22170.png
L_0695	touch	T_3439	FIGURE 1.1 The spines on this cactus are like needles; they help keep away animals that might want to eat the cactus.	image	textbook_images/touch_22171.png
L_0697	transcription of dna to rna	T_3444	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/transcription_of_dna_to_rna_22174.png
L_0697	transcription of dna to rna	T_3444	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/transcription_of_dna_to_rna_22175.png
L_0698	translation of rna to protein	T_3445	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/translation_of_rna_to_protein_22176.png
L_0698	translation of rna to protein	T_3445	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/translation_of_rna_to_protein_22177.png
L_0698	translation of rna to protein	T_3445	FIGURE 1.3 This chart shows the genetic code used by all organisms. For example, an RNA codon reading GUU would encode for a valine (Val) according to this chart. Start at the center for the first base of the three base codon, and work your way out. Notice that more than one codon may encode for a single amino acid. For example, glycine (Gly) is encoded by a GGG, GGA, GGC, and GGU. Notice there are 64 codons. Of the 64 codons, three are stop codons.	image	textbook_images/translation_of_rna_to_protein_22178.png
L_0702	types of echinoderms	T_3459	FIGURE 1.1 The giant red brittle star, an ophiuroid echinoderm.	image	textbook_images/types_of_echinoderms_22187.png
L_0704	types of nutrients	T_3469	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/types_of_nutrients_22189.png
L_0704	types of nutrients	T_3471	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/types_of_nutrients_22190.png
L_0704	types of nutrients	T_3472	FIGURE 1.3 can lead to heart disease. 2. Unsaturated fats are found mainly in plant foods, such as vegetable oil, olive oil, and nuts. Unsaturated lipids are also found in fish, such as salmon. Unsaturated lipids are needed in small amounts for good health. Most lipids in your diet should be unsaturated.	image	textbook_images/types_of_nutrients_22191.png
L_0705	urinary system	T_3474	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/urinary_system_22192.png
L_0709	vision correction	T_3489	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/vision_correction_22201.png
L_0709	vision correction	T_3489	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/vision_correction_22202.png
L_0716	acids and bases	T_3519	FIGURE 10.6 Blue litmus paper turns red when placed in an acidic solution.	image	textbook_images/acids_and_bases_22216.png
L_0716	acids and bases	T_3520	FIGURE 10.7 Acids are used widely for many purposes.	image	textbook_images/acids_and_bases_22217.png
L_0716	acids and bases	T_3523	FIGURE 10.8 Red litmus paper turns blue when placed in a basic solution.	image	textbook_images/acids_and_bases_22218.png
L_0716	acids and bases	T_3524	FIGURE 10.9 Bases are used in many products.	image	textbook_images/acids_and_bases_22219.png
L_0716	acids and bases	T_3529	FIGURE 10.10 This pH scale shows the acidity of several common acids and bases. Which substance on this scale is the weakest acid? Which substance is the strongest base?	image	textbook_images/acids_and_bases_22220.png
L_0716	acids and bases	T_3529	FIGURE 10.11 Acid fog and acid rain killed the trees in this forest.	image	textbook_images/acids_and_bases_22221.png
L_0716	acids and bases	T_3529	FIGURE 10.12 What neutral products are produced when antacid tablets react with hydrochloric acid in the stomach?	image	textbook_images/acids_and_bases_22222.png
L_0717	radioactivity	T_3531	FIGURE 11.1 X-rays are a form of energy that can pass through skin and muscle but not bone. Thats why bones show up clearly in an X-ray, while the rest of the body is barely visible.	image	textbook_images/radioactivity_22223.png
L_0717	radioactivity	T_3533	FIGURE 11.2 This periodic table highlights elements that have only radioactive isotopes.	image	textbook_images/radioactivity_22224.png
L_0717	radioactivity	T_3534	FIGURE 11.3 This sign is used to warn people of dan- gerous radiation.	image	textbook_images/radioactivity_22225.png
L_0717	radioactivity	T_3535	FIGURE 11.4 A Geiger counter detects radiation.	image	textbook_images/radioactivity_22226.png
L_0717	radioactivity	T_3536	FIGURE 11.5 This machine scans a patients body and detects radiation.	image	textbook_images/radioactivity_22227.png
L_0718	radioactive decay	T_3538	FIGURE 11.6 Alpha decay results in the loss of two protons and two neutrons from a nucleus.	image	textbook_images/radioactive_decay_22228.png
L_0718	radioactive decay	T_3539	FIGURE 11.7 In beta decay, an electron and a proton form from a neutron (another unusual particle, called an antineutrino, is also produced). Only the electron is emitted from the nucleus. How does this change the atomic number and atomic mass of the atom?	image	textbook_images/radioactive_decay_22229.png
L_0718	radioactive decay	T_3541	FIGURE 11.8 Its easy to stop alpha particles and even beta particles. However, its very difficult to stop gamma rays.	image	textbook_images/radioactive_decay_22230.png
L_0718	radioactive decay	T_3542	FIGURE 11.9 This diagram models the rate of decay of phosphorus-32 to sulfur-32.	image	textbook_images/radioactive_decay_22231.png
L_0718	radioactive decay	T_3544	FIGURE 11.10 After organisms die, the carbon-14 they contain is lost at a constant rate.	image	textbook_images/radioactive_decay_22232.png
L_0719	nuclear energy	T_3547	FIGURE 11.11 This pellet of uranium-235 can release a huge amount of energy if it undergoes nuclear fission.	image	textbook_images/nuclear_energy_22233.png
L_0719	nuclear energy	T_3547	FIGURE 11.12 The fissioning of a nucleus of uranium-235 begins when it captures a neutron. MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/5018	image	textbook_images/nuclear_energy_22234.png
L_0719	nuclear energy	T_3547	FIGURE 11.13 In a nuclear chain reaction, each nuclear reaction leads to more nuclear reactions.	image	textbook_images/nuclear_energy_22235.png
L_0719	nuclear energy	T_3548	FIGURE 11.14 This diagram shows the main parts of a nuclear power plant.	image	textbook_images/nuclear_energy_22236.png
L_0719	nuclear energy	T_3550	FIGURE 11.15 In this nuclear fusion reaction, nuclei of two hydrogen isotopes (tritium and deu- terium) fuse together. They form a helium nucleus, a neutron, and energy.	image	textbook_images/nuclear_energy_22237.png
L_0719	nuclear energy	T_3552	FIGURE 11.16 The extremely hot core of the sun radiates energy from nuclear fusion.	image	textbook_images/nuclear_energy_22238.png
L_0719	nuclear energy	T_3552	FIGURE 11.17 In the thermonuclear reactor modeled here, radiation from fusion is used to heat water and form steam. The steam can then be used to turn a turbine and gen- erate electricity.	image	textbook_images/nuclear_energy_22239.png
L_0719	nuclear energy	T_3553	FIGURE 11.18 Albert Einstein is considered by many to be the greatest physicist of all time.	image	textbook_images/nuclear_energy_22240.png
L_0719	nuclear energy	DD_0204	This Diagram shows how a Nuclear plant Work. heat is used to boil water into steam and drive a turbine which turns a generator, making electricity. There are two separate water systems involved. One pumps fluid around the core of the reactor, absorbing the heat and keeping the pile from going into a meltdown. This liquid is kept separate because it's highly radioactive. It's pumped through carefully sealed pipes that go through a second water tank. The heat from the irradiated water heats these pipes, and then the pipes heat the the second water tank, turning that water into steam. The steam is used to spin turbines, which are kind of like an RC car's motor except kind of opposite like, this generate electricity. The turbine water is clean and relatively safe, because it's not in direct contact with the irradiated systems.	image	teaching_images/nuclear_energy_7093.png
L_0719	nuclear energy	DD_0205	Nuclear energy is the energy released in nuclear reactions. Two types of reactions that release huge amounts of energy are nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. The diagram demonstrates Nuclear Fusion. Nuclear fusion is a nuclear reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei come close enough to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons and/or protons). In the diagram, there are two hydrogen isotopes, Deuterium and Tritium. These combine to form a single, larger nucleus. They form a helium nucleus and a neutron. A great deal of energy is also released.	image	teaching_images/nuclear_energy_8115.png
L_0719	nuclear energy	DD_0206	The diagram illustrates the process of Nuclear fission. Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus of an atom into two smaller nuclei. This type of reaction releases a great deal of energy like heat and radiation from a very small amount of matter. Illustrated in the diagram is a neutron colliding with a uranium nucleus causing it to split into two smaller daughter nuclei. This process releases a large amount of energy and also releases three more fast neutrons. This type of reaction is used to create a chain reaction. If a nuclear chain reaction is uncontrolled, it produces a lot of energy all at once. This is what happens in an atomic bomb. If a nuclear chain reaction is controlled, it produces energy more slowly. This is what occurs in a nuclear power plant. The radiation from the controlled fission is used to heat water and turn it to steam. The steam is under pressure and causes a turbine to spin. The spinning turbine runs a generator, which produces electricity.	image	teaching_images/nuclear_energy_8118.png
L_0719	nuclear energy	DD_0207	This is how we get electricity from nuclear power. The water near the cooling towers is through the reservoir and then back up to a filter. the water then goes through the reactor core and turns into steam. The steam from the reactor then travels into the condenser and turbines were it then goes through the generator and produces electricity.	image	teaching_images/nuclear_energy_7101.png
L_0720	distance and direction	T_3556	FIGURE 12.1 These are just a few examples of people or things in motion. If you look around, youre likely to see many more.	image	textbook_images/distance_and_direction_22241.png
L_0720	distance and direction	T_3556	FIGURE 12.2 To a person outside the bus, the buss motion is obvious. To children riding the bus, its motion may not be as obvious.	image	textbook_images/distance_and_direction_22242.png
L_0720	distance and direction	T_3557	FIGURE 12.3 These students are running a 100-meter sprint.	image	textbook_images/distance_and_direction_22243.png
L_0720	distance and direction	T_3560	FIGURE 12.4 This map shows the routes from Mias house to the school, post office, and park.	image	textbook_images/distance_and_direction_22244.png
L_0721	speed and velocity	T_3561	FIGURE 12.6 Speed limit signs like this one warn drivers to reduce their speed on dangerous roads.	image	textbook_images/speed_and_velocity_22246.png
L_0721	speed and velocity	T_3562	FIGURE 12.7 Cars race by in a blur of motion on an open highway but crawl at a snails pace when they hit city traffic.	image	textbook_images/speed_and_velocity_22247.png
L_0721	speed and velocity	T_3564	FIGURE 12.8 This graph shows how far a bike rider is from her starting point at 7:30 AM until she returned at 12:30 PM.	image	textbook_images/speed_and_velocity_22248.png
L_0721	speed and velocity	T_3566	FIGURE 12.9 These vectors show both the speed and direction of motion.	image	textbook_images/speed_and_velocity_22249.png
L_0722	acceleration	T_3567	FIGURE 12.11 How is velocity changing in each of these pictures? sudden. You feel yourself thrust forward. If the car turns right, you feel as though you are being pushed to the left. With a left turn, you feel a push to the right. The next time you ride in a car, notice how it feels as the car accelerates in each of these ways. For an interactive simulation about acceleration, go to this URL: http://phet.colorado.edu/en/	image	textbook_images/acceleration_22251.png
L_0722	acceleration	T_3568	FIGURE 12.12 Gravity helps this cyclist increase his downhill velocity.	image	textbook_images/acceleration_22252.png
L_0722	acceleration	T_3569	FIGURE 12.13 This graph shows how the velocity of a runner changes during a 10-second sprint.	image	textbook_images/acceleration_22253.png
L_0722	acceleration	DD_0208	As time increases, distance increases as well. Over time, there is a steady speed and then a straight line indicates a stationary moment in time. It then returns to the start.	image	teaching_images/velocity_time_graphs_8216.png
L_0722	acceleration	DD_0209	Figure 1 presents different velocity-time graphs. A velocity-time graph shows how an object's velocity or speed changes over time. The y axis represents velocity (v), while the x axis represents time (t). In the graph for constant velocity, the line remains horizontal, showing that the velocity of the object does not change over time. In the graph for constant acceleration, the line slopes upwards, showing that the velocity of the object increases over time. This increase in velocity is called acceleration. In the graph for constant retardation, the line slopes downwards, which means that velocity decreases over time. This decrease is called retardation. Retardation can also be called negative acceleration or deceleration. A moving object can both accelerate and decelerate. In the graph for irregular motion, the line moves up and down. This means that the velocity of object increases and decreases several times.	image	teaching_images/velocity_time_graphs_8213.png
L_0722	acceleration	DD_0210	This Diagram shows a Velocity-time that is used for determine the acceleration of an object. The vertical axis of a velocity-time graph is the velocity of the object and the horizontal axis is the time taken from the start. When an object is moving with a constant velocity, the line on the graph is horizontal. When an object is moving with a steadily increasing velocity, or a steadily decreasing velocity, the line on the graph is straight, but sloped. The diagram shows some typical lines on a velocity-time graph. The steeper the line, the more rapidly the velocity of the object is changing. The blue line is steeper than the red line because it represents an object that is increasing in velocity much more quickly than the one represented by the red line.	image	teaching_images/velocity_time_graphs_8220.png
L_0723	what is force	T_3571	FIGURE 13.1 When this girl pushes the swing away from her, it causes the swing to move in that direction.	image	textbook_images/what_is_force_22254.png
L_0723	what is force	T_3571	FIGURE 13.2 Forces can vary in both strength and direction.	image	textbook_images/what_is_force_22255.png
L_0723	what is force	T_3573	FIGURE 13.3 A book resting on a table is acted on by two opposing forces.	image	textbook_images/what_is_force_22256.png
L_0723	what is force	T_3575	FIGURE 13.4 When unbalanced forces are applied to an object in opposite directions, the smaller force is subtracted from the larger force to yield the net force.	image	textbook_images/what_is_force_22257.png
L_0723	what is force	T_3575	FIGURE 13.5 When two forces are applied to an object in the same direction, the two forces are added to yield the net force. If you need more practice calculating net force, go to this URL: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/U	image	textbook_images/what_is_force_22258.png
L_0724	friction	T_3576	FIGURE 13.7 Sometimes friction is useful. Sometimes its not.	image	textbook_images/friction_22260.png
L_0724	friction	T_3577	FIGURE 13.8 The surface of metal looks very smooth unless you look at it under a high-powered microscope.	image	textbook_images/friction_22261.png
L_0724	friction	T_3578	FIGURE 13.9 The knife-like blades of speed skates min- imize friction with the ice.	image	textbook_images/friction_22262.png
L_0724	friction	T_3579	FIGURE 13.10 When you rub the surface of a match head across the rough striking surface on the matchbox, the friction produces enough heat to ignite the match.	image	textbook_images/friction_22263.png
L_0724	friction	T_3580	FIGURE 13.11 A dolly with wheels lets you easily roll boxes across the floor.	image	textbook_images/friction_22264.png
L_0724	friction	T_3581	FIGURE 13.12 Static friction between shoes and the sidewalk makes it possible to walk without slipping.	image	textbook_images/friction_22265.png
L_0724	friction	T_3584	FIGURE 13.13 The ball bearings in this wheel reduce fric- tion between the inner and outer cylinders when they turn.	image	textbook_images/friction_22266.png
L_0725	gravity	T_3587	FIGURE 13.16 A scale measures the pull of gravity on an object.	image	textbook_images/gravity_22269.png
L_0725	gravity	T_3588	FIGURE 13.17 Sir Isaac Newton discovered that gravity is universal.	image	textbook_images/gravity_22270.png
L_0725	gravity	T_3591	FIGURE 13.18 The moon keeps moving around Earth rather than the sun because it is much closer to Earth.	image	textbook_images/gravity_22271.png
L_0725	gravity	T_3591	FIGURE 13.19 Einstein thought that gravity is the effect of curves in space and time around mas- sive objects such as Earth. He proposed that the curves in space and time cause nearby objects to follow a curved path. How does this differ from Newtons idea of gravity?	image	textbook_images/gravity_22272.png
L_0725	gravity	T_3593	FIGURE 13.20 A boy drops an object at time t = 0 s. At time t = 1 s, the object is falling at a velocity of 9.8 m/s. What is its velocity by time t = 5 ?	image	textbook_images/gravity_22273.png
L_0725	gravity	T_3594	FIGURE 13.21 The cannon ball moves in a curved path because of the combined horizontal and downward forces.	image	textbook_images/gravity_22274.png
L_0725	gravity	T_3595	FIGURE 13.22 Aiming at the center of a target is likely to result in a hit below the bulls eye.	image	textbook_images/gravity_22275.png
L_0725	gravity	T_3595	FIGURE 13.23 In this diagram, "v" represents the forward velocity of the moon, and "a" represents the acceleration due to gravity. The line encircling Earth shows the moons actual orbit, which results from the combination of "v" and "a."	image	textbook_images/gravity_22276.png
L_0727	newtons first law	T_3598	FIGURE 14.2 Pool balls remain at rest until an unbal- anced force is applied to them. After they are in motion, they stay in motion until another force opposes their motion.	image	textbook_images/newtons_first_law_22281.png
L_0727	newtons first law	T_3600	FIGURE 14.3 The tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion depends on its mass. Which box has greater inertia?	image	textbook_images/newtons_first_law_22282.png
L_0727	newtons first law	T_3601	FIGURE 14.4 Force must be applied to overcome the inertia of a soccer ball at rest. Once objects start moving, inertia keeps them moving without any additional force being applied. In fact, they wont stop moving unless another unbalanced force opposes their motion. What if the rolling soccer ball is not kicked by another player or stopped by a fence or other object? Will it just keep rolling forever? It would if another unbalanced force did not oppose its motion. Friction in this case rolling friction with the ground will oppose the motion of the rolling soccer ball. As a result, the ball will eventually come to rest. Friction opposes the motion of all moving objects, so, like the soccer ball, all moving objects eventually come to a stop even if no other forces oppose their motion.	image	textbook_images/newtons_first_law_22283.png
L_0728	newtons second law	T_3603	FIGURE 14.6 Hitting a baseball with greater force gives it greater acceleration. Hitting a softball with the same amount of force results in less acceleration. Can you explain why?	image	textbook_images/newtons_second_law_22285.png

L_0664

respiratory system organs

T_3356

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/respiratory_system_organs_22115.png

L_0664

respiratory system organs

T_3356

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/respiratory_system_organs_22116.png

L_0665

rna

T_3357

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/rna_22117.png

L_0667

roundworms

T_3362

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/roundworms_22120.png

L_0675

segmented worms

T_3389

FIGURE 1.1 Leeches are parasitic worms. Notice the presence of segments.

image

textbook_images/segmented_worms_22135.png

L_0676

sex linked inheritance

T_3391

FIGURE 1.1 A person with red-green colorblindness would not be able to see the number.

image

textbook_images/sex_linked_inheritance_22136.png

L_0677

sexually transmitted infections

T_3393

FIGURE 1.1 This graph shows data on the number of cases of chlamydia in U.S. males and females in 2009. Which two age groups had the highest rates of chlamydia? Why do you think rates were highest in these age groups?

image

textbook_images/sexually_transmitted_infections_22137.png

L_0677

sexually transmitted infections

T_3394

FIGURE 1.2 This lip blister, or cold sore, is caused by a herpes virus. The virus is closely related to the virus that causes genital herpes. The genital herpes virus causes similar blisters on the genitals. If youve ever had a cold sore, you know how painful they can be. Genital herpes blisters are also painful.

image

textbook_images/sexually_transmitted_infections_22138.png

L_0678

skeletal system joints

T_3395

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/skeletal_system_joints_22139.png

L_0678

skeletal system joints

T_3395

FIGURE 1.2 The joints between your vertebrae are partially movable.

image

textbook_images/skeletal_system_joints_22140.png

L_0678

skeletal system joints

T_3396

FIGURE 1.3 Your hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint. The ball end of one bone fits into the socket of another bone. These joints can move in many different directions.

image

textbook_images/skeletal_system_joints_22141.png

L_0678

skeletal system joints

T_3396

FIGURE 1.4 Hinge Joint. The knee joint is a hinge joint. Like a door hinge, a hinge joint allows backward and forward movement.

image

textbook_images/skeletal_system_joints_22142.png

L_0678

skeletal system joints

T_3396

FIGURE 1.5 Pivot Joint. The joint at which the radius and ulna meet is a pivot joint. Movement at this joint allows you to flip your palm over without moving your elbow joint.

image

textbook_images/skeletal_system_joints_22143.png

L_0679

skin

T_3397

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/skin_22144.png

L_0679

skin

T_3400

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/skin_22145.png

L_0679

skin

T_3402

FIGURE 1.3

image

textbook_images/skin_22146.png

L_0680

smooth skeletal and cardiac muscles

T_3403

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/smooth_skeletal_and_cardiac_muscles_22147.png

L_0682

sources of water pollution

T_3407

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/sources_of_water_pollution_22152.png

L_0691

the carbon cycle

T_3428

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/the_carbon_cycle_22166.png

L_0694

timeline of evolution

T_3437

FIGURE 1.1 The geologic time scale is used to de- scribe events that occurred millions and billions of years ago. The geologic time scale of Earths past is organized ac- cording to events that took place during different periods on the time scale. Ge- ologic time is the same as the age of the Earth: between 4.404 and 4.57 billion years. Look closely for such events as the extinction of dinosaurs and many marine animals.

image

textbook_images/timeline_of_evolution_22170.png

L_0695

touch

T_3439

FIGURE 1.1 The spines on this cactus are like needles; they help keep away animals that might want to eat the cactus.

image

textbook_images/touch_22171.png

L_0697

transcription of dna to rna

T_3444

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/transcription_of_dna_to_rna_22174.png

L_0697

transcription of dna to rna

T_3444

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/transcription_of_dna_to_rna_22175.png

L_0698

translation of rna to protein

T_3445

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/translation_of_rna_to_protein_22176.png

L_0698

translation of rna to protein

T_3445

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/translation_of_rna_to_protein_22177.png

L_0698

translation of rna to protein

T_3445

FIGURE 1.3 This chart shows the genetic code used by all organisms. For example, an RNA codon reading GUU would encode for a valine (Val) according to this chart. Start at the center for the first base of the three base codon, and work your way out. Notice that more than one codon may encode for a single amino acid. For example, glycine (Gly) is encoded by a GGG, GGA, GGC, and GGU. Notice there are 64 codons. Of the 64 codons, three are stop codons.

image

textbook_images/translation_of_rna_to_protein_22178.png

L_0702

types of echinoderms

T_3459

FIGURE 1.1 The giant red brittle star, an ophiuroid echinoderm.

image

textbook_images/types_of_echinoderms_22187.png

L_0704

types of nutrients

T_3469

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/types_of_nutrients_22189.png

L_0704

types of nutrients

T_3471

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/types_of_nutrients_22190.png

L_0704

types of nutrients

T_3472

FIGURE 1.3 can lead to heart disease. 2. Unsaturated fats are found mainly in plant foods, such as vegetable oil, olive oil, and nuts. Unsaturated lipids are also found in fish, such as salmon. Unsaturated lipids are needed in small amounts for good health. Most lipids in your diet should be unsaturated.

image

textbook_images/types_of_nutrients_22191.png

L_0705

urinary system

T_3474

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/urinary_system_22192.png

L_0709

vision correction

T_3489

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/vision_correction_22201.png

L_0709

vision correction

T_3489

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/vision_correction_22202.png

L_0716

acids and bases

T_3519

FIGURE 10.6 Blue litmus paper turns red when placed in an acidic solution.

image

textbook_images/acids_and_bases_22216.png

L_0716

acids and bases

T_3520

FIGURE 10.7 Acids are used widely for many purposes.

image

textbook_images/acids_and_bases_22217.png

L_0716

acids and bases

T_3523

FIGURE 10.8 Red litmus paper turns blue when placed in a basic solution.

image

textbook_images/acids_and_bases_22218.png

L_0716

acids and bases

T_3524

FIGURE 10.9 Bases are used in many products.

image

textbook_images/acids_and_bases_22219.png

L_0716

acids and bases

T_3529

FIGURE 10.10 This pH scale shows the acidity of several common acids and bases. Which substance on this scale is the weakest acid? Which substance is the strongest base?

image

textbook_images/acids_and_bases_22220.png

L_0716

acids and bases

T_3529

FIGURE 10.11 Acid fog and acid rain killed the trees in this forest.

image

textbook_images/acids_and_bases_22221.png

L_0716

acids and bases

T_3529

FIGURE 10.12 What neutral products are produced when antacid tablets react with hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

image

textbook_images/acids_and_bases_22222.png

L_0717

radioactivity

T_3531

FIGURE 11.1 X-rays are a form of energy that can pass through skin and muscle but not bone. Thats why bones show up clearly in an X-ray, while the rest of the body is barely visible.

image

textbook_images/radioactivity_22223.png

L_0717

radioactivity

T_3533

FIGURE 11.2 This periodic table highlights elements that have only radioactive isotopes.

image

textbook_images/radioactivity_22224.png

L_0717

radioactivity

T_3534

FIGURE 11.3 This sign is used to warn people of dan- gerous radiation.

image

textbook_images/radioactivity_22225.png

L_0717

radioactivity

T_3535

FIGURE 11.4 A Geiger counter detects radiation.

image

textbook_images/radioactivity_22226.png

L_0717

radioactivity

T_3536

FIGURE 11.5 This machine scans a patients body and detects radiation.

image

textbook_images/radioactivity_22227.png

L_0718

radioactive decay

T_3538

FIGURE 11.6 Alpha decay results in the loss of two protons and two neutrons from a nucleus.

image

textbook_images/radioactive_decay_22228.png

L_0718

radioactive decay

T_3539

FIGURE 11.7 In beta decay, an electron and a proton form from a neutron (another unusual particle, called an antineutrino, is also produced). Only the electron is emitted from the nucleus. How does this change the atomic number and atomic mass of the atom?

image

textbook_images/radioactive_decay_22229.png

L_0718

radioactive decay

T_3541

FIGURE 11.8 Its easy to stop alpha particles and even beta particles. However, its very difficult to stop gamma rays.

image

textbook_images/radioactive_decay_22230.png

L_0718

radioactive decay

T_3542

FIGURE 11.9 This diagram models the rate of decay of phosphorus-32 to sulfur-32.

image

textbook_images/radioactive_decay_22231.png

L_0718

radioactive decay

T_3544

FIGURE 11.10 After organisms die, the carbon-14 they contain is lost at a constant rate.

image

textbook_images/radioactive_decay_22232.png

L_0719

nuclear energy

T_3547

FIGURE 11.11 This pellet of uranium-235 can release a huge amount of energy if it undergoes nuclear fission.

image

textbook_images/nuclear_energy_22233.png

L_0719

nuclear energy

T_3547

FIGURE 11.12 The fissioning of a nucleus of uranium-235 begins when it captures a neutron. MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/5018

image

textbook_images/nuclear_energy_22234.png

L_0719

nuclear energy

T_3547

FIGURE 11.13 In a nuclear chain reaction, each nuclear reaction leads to more nuclear reactions.

image

textbook_images/nuclear_energy_22235.png

L_0719

nuclear energy

T_3548

FIGURE 11.14 This diagram shows the main parts of a nuclear power plant.

image

textbook_images/nuclear_energy_22236.png

L_0719

nuclear energy

T_3550

FIGURE 11.15 In this nuclear fusion reaction, nuclei of two hydrogen isotopes (tritium and deu- terium) fuse together. They form a helium nucleus, a neutron, and energy.

image

textbook_images/nuclear_energy_22237.png

L_0719

nuclear energy

T_3552

FIGURE 11.16 The extremely hot core of the sun radiates energy from nuclear fusion.

image

textbook_images/nuclear_energy_22238.png

L_0719

nuclear energy

T_3552

FIGURE 11.17 In the thermonuclear reactor modeled here, radiation from fusion is used to heat water and form steam. The steam can then be used to turn a turbine and gen- erate electricity.

image

textbook_images/nuclear_energy_22239.png

L_0719

nuclear energy

T_3553

FIGURE 11.18 Albert Einstein is considered by many to be the greatest physicist of all time.

image

textbook_images/nuclear_energy_22240.png

L_0719

nuclear energy

DD_0204

This Diagram shows how a Nuclear plant Work. heat is used to boil water into steam and drive a turbine which turns a generator, making electricity. There are two separate water systems involved. One pumps fluid around the core of the reactor, absorbing the heat and keeping the pile from going into a meltdown. This liquid is kept separate because it's highly radioactive. It's pumped through carefully sealed pipes that go through a second water tank. The heat from the irradiated water heats these pipes, and then the pipes heat the the second water tank, turning that water into steam. The steam is used to spin turbines, which are kind of like an RC car's motor except kind of opposite like, this generate electricity. The turbine water is clean and relatively safe, because it's not in direct contact with the irradiated systems.

image

teaching_images/nuclear_energy_7093.png

L_0719

nuclear energy

DD_0205

Nuclear energy is the energy released in nuclear reactions. Two types of reactions that release huge amounts of energy are nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. The diagram demonstrates Nuclear Fusion. Nuclear fusion is a nuclear reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei come close enough to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons and/or protons). In the diagram, there are two hydrogen isotopes, Deuterium and Tritium. These combine to form a single, larger nucleus. They form a helium nucleus and a neutron. A great deal of energy is also released.

image

teaching_images/nuclear_energy_8115.png

L_0719

nuclear energy

DD_0206

The diagram illustrates the process of Nuclear fission. Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus of an atom into two smaller nuclei. This type of reaction releases a great deal of energy like heat and radiation from a very small amount of matter. Illustrated in the diagram is a neutron colliding with a uranium nucleus causing it to split into two smaller daughter nuclei. This process releases a large amount of energy and also releases three more fast neutrons. This type of reaction is used to create a chain reaction. If a nuclear chain reaction is uncontrolled, it produces a lot of energy all at once. This is what happens in an atomic bomb. If a nuclear chain reaction is controlled, it produces energy more slowly. This is what occurs in a nuclear power plant. The radiation from the controlled fission is used to heat water and turn it to steam. The steam is under pressure and causes a turbine to spin. The spinning turbine runs a generator, which produces electricity.

image

teaching_images/nuclear_energy_8118.png

L_0719

nuclear energy

DD_0207

This is how we get electricity from nuclear power. The water near the cooling towers is through the reservoir and then back up to a filter. the water then goes through the reactor core and turns into steam. The steam from the reactor then travels into the condenser and turbines were it then goes through the generator and produces electricity.

image

teaching_images/nuclear_energy_7101.png

L_0720

distance and direction

T_3556

FIGURE 12.1 These are just a few examples of people or things in motion. If you look around, youre likely to see many more.

image

textbook_images/distance_and_direction_22241.png

L_0720

distance and direction

T_3556

FIGURE 12.2 To a person outside the bus, the buss motion is obvious. To children riding the bus, its motion may not be as obvious.

image

textbook_images/distance_and_direction_22242.png

L_0720

distance and direction

T_3557

FIGURE 12.3 These students are running a 100-meter sprint.

image

textbook_images/distance_and_direction_22243.png

L_0720

distance and direction

T_3560

FIGURE 12.4 This map shows the routes from Mias house to the school, post office, and park.

image

textbook_images/distance_and_direction_22244.png

L_0721

speed and velocity

T_3561

FIGURE 12.6 Speed limit signs like this one warn drivers to reduce their speed on dangerous roads.

image

textbook_images/speed_and_velocity_22246.png

L_0721

speed and velocity

T_3562

FIGURE 12.7 Cars race by in a blur of motion on an open highway but crawl at a snails pace when they hit city traffic.

image

textbook_images/speed_and_velocity_22247.png

L_0721

speed and velocity

T_3564

FIGURE 12.8 This graph shows how far a bike rider is from her starting point at 7:30 AM until she returned at 12:30 PM.

image

textbook_images/speed_and_velocity_22248.png

L_0721

speed and velocity

T_3566

FIGURE 12.9 These vectors show both the speed and direction of motion.

image

textbook_images/speed_and_velocity_22249.png

L_0722

acceleration

T_3567

FIGURE 12.11 How is velocity changing in each of these pictures? sudden. You feel yourself thrust forward. If the car turns right, you feel as though you are being pushed to the left. With a left turn, you feel a push to the right. The next time you ride in a car, notice how it feels as the car accelerates in each of these ways. For an interactive simulation about acceleration, go to this URL: http://phet.colorado.edu/en/

image

textbook_images/acceleration_22251.png

L_0722

acceleration

T_3568

FIGURE 12.12 Gravity helps this cyclist increase his downhill velocity.

image

textbook_images/acceleration_22252.png

L_0722

acceleration

T_3569

FIGURE 12.13 This graph shows how the velocity of a runner changes during a 10-second sprint.

image

textbook_images/acceleration_22253.png

L_0722

acceleration

DD_0208

As time increases, distance increases as well. Over time, there is a steady speed and then a straight line indicates a stationary moment in time. It then returns to the start.

image

teaching_images/velocity_time_graphs_8216.png

L_0722

acceleration

DD_0209

Figure 1 presents different velocity-time graphs. A velocity-time graph shows how an object's velocity or speed changes over time. The y axis represents velocity (v), while the x axis represents time (t). In the graph for constant velocity, the line remains horizontal, showing that the velocity of the object does not change over time. In the graph for constant acceleration, the line slopes upwards, showing that the velocity of the object increases over time. This increase in velocity is called acceleration. In the graph for constant retardation, the line slopes downwards, which means that velocity decreases over time. This decrease is called retardation. Retardation can also be called negative acceleration or deceleration. A moving object can both accelerate and decelerate. In the graph for irregular motion, the line moves up and down. This means that the velocity of object increases and decreases several times.

image

teaching_images/velocity_time_graphs_8213.png

L_0722

acceleration

DD_0210

This Diagram shows a Velocity-time that is used for determine the acceleration of an object. The vertical axis of a velocity-time graph is the velocity of the object and the horizontal axis is the time taken from the start. When an object is moving with a constant velocity, the line on the graph is horizontal. When an object is moving with a steadily increasing velocity, or a steadily decreasing velocity, the line on the graph is straight, but sloped. The diagram shows some typical lines on a velocity-time graph. The steeper the line, the more rapidly the velocity of the object is changing. The blue line is steeper than the red line because it represents an object that is increasing in velocity much more quickly than the one represented by the red line.

image

teaching_images/velocity_time_graphs_8220.png

L_0723

what is force

T_3571

FIGURE 13.1 When this girl pushes the swing away from her, it causes the swing to move in that direction.

image

textbook_images/what_is_force_22254.png

L_0723

what is force

T_3571

FIGURE 13.2 Forces can vary in both strength and direction.

image

textbook_images/what_is_force_22255.png

L_0723

what is force

T_3573

FIGURE 13.3 A book resting on a table is acted on by two opposing forces.

image

textbook_images/what_is_force_22256.png

L_0723

what is force

T_3575

FIGURE 13.4 When unbalanced forces are applied to an object in opposite directions, the smaller force is subtracted from the larger force to yield the net force.

image

textbook_images/what_is_force_22257.png

L_0723

what is force

T_3575

FIGURE 13.5 When two forces are applied to an object in the same direction, the two forces are added to yield the net force. If you need more practice calculating net force, go to this URL: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/U

image

textbook_images/what_is_force_22258.png

L_0724

friction

T_3576

FIGURE 13.7 Sometimes friction is useful. Sometimes its not.

image

textbook_images/friction_22260.png

L_0724

friction

T_3577

FIGURE 13.8 The surface of metal looks very smooth unless you look at it under a high-powered microscope.

image

textbook_images/friction_22261.png

L_0724

friction

T_3578

FIGURE 13.9 The knife-like blades of speed skates min- imize friction with the ice.

image

textbook_images/friction_22262.png

L_0724

friction

T_3579

FIGURE 13.10 When you rub the surface of a match head across the rough striking surface on the matchbox, the friction produces enough heat to ignite the match.

image

textbook_images/friction_22263.png

L_0724

friction

T_3580

FIGURE 13.11 A dolly with wheels lets you easily roll boxes across the floor.

image

textbook_images/friction_22264.png

L_0724

friction

T_3581

FIGURE 13.12 Static friction between shoes and the sidewalk makes it possible to walk without slipping.

image

textbook_images/friction_22265.png

L_0724

friction

T_3584

FIGURE 13.13 The ball bearings in this wheel reduce fric- tion between the inner and outer cylinders when they turn.

image

textbook_images/friction_22266.png

L_0725

gravity

T_3587

FIGURE 13.16 A scale measures the pull of gravity on an object.

image

textbook_images/gravity_22269.png

L_0725

gravity

T_3588

FIGURE 13.17 Sir Isaac Newton discovered that gravity is universal.

image

textbook_images/gravity_22270.png

L_0725

gravity

T_3591

FIGURE 13.18 The moon keeps moving around Earth rather than the sun because it is much closer to Earth.

image

textbook_images/gravity_22271.png

L_0725

gravity

T_3591

FIGURE 13.19 Einstein thought that gravity is the effect of curves in space and time around mas- sive objects such as Earth. He proposed that the curves in space and time cause nearby objects to follow a curved path. How does this differ from Newtons idea of gravity?

image

textbook_images/gravity_22272.png

L_0725

gravity

T_3593

FIGURE 13.20 A boy drops an object at time t = 0 s. At time t = 1 s, the object is falling at a velocity of 9.8 m/s. What is its velocity by time t = 5 ?

image

textbook_images/gravity_22273.png

L_0725

gravity

T_3594

FIGURE 13.21 The cannon ball moves in a curved path because of the combined horizontal and downward forces.

image

textbook_images/gravity_22274.png

L_0725

gravity

T_3595

FIGURE 13.22 Aiming at the center of a target is likely to result in a hit below the bulls eye.

image

textbook_images/gravity_22275.png

L_0725

gravity

T_3595

FIGURE 13.23 In this diagram, "v" represents the forward velocity of the moon, and "a" represents the acceleration due to gravity. The line encircling Earth shows the moons actual orbit, which results from the combination of "v" and "a."

image

textbook_images/gravity_22276.png

L_0727

newtons first law

T_3598

FIGURE 14.2 Pool balls remain at rest until an unbal- anced force is applied to them. After they are in motion, they stay in motion until another force opposes their motion.

image

textbook_images/newtons_first_law_22281.png

L_0727

newtons first law

T_3600

FIGURE 14.3 The tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion depends on its mass. Which box has greater inertia?

image

textbook_images/newtons_first_law_22282.png

L_0727

newtons first law

T_3601

FIGURE 14.4 Force must be applied to overcome the inertia of a soccer ball at rest. Once objects start moving, inertia keeps them moving without any additional force being applied. In fact, they wont stop moving unless another unbalanced force opposes their motion. What if the rolling soccer ball is not kicked by another player or stopped by a fence or other object? Will it just keep rolling forever? It would if another unbalanced force did not oppose its motion. Friction in this case rolling friction with the ground will oppose the motion of the rolling soccer ball. As a result, the ball will eventually come to rest. Friction opposes the motion of all moving objects, so, like the soccer ball, all moving objects eventually come to a stop even if no other forces oppose their motion.

image

textbook_images/newtons_first_law_22283.png

L_0728

newtons second law

T_3603

FIGURE 14.6 Hitting a baseball with greater force gives it greater acceleration. Hitting a softball with the same amount of force results in less acceleration. Can you explain why?

image

textbook_images/newtons_second_law_22285.png