Hessa/tqa-multimodalContext-all2 · Datasets at Hugging Face

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L_0098	bathymetric evidence for seafloor spreading	T_0941	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/bathymetric_evidence_for_seafloor_spreading_20627.png
L_0099	big bang	T_0943	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/big_bang_20629.png
L_0099	big bang	T_0945	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/big_bang_20630.png
L_0103	carbon cycle and climate	T_0961	FIGURE 1.1 The carbon cycle shows where a carbon atom might be found. The black num- bers indicate how much carbon is stored in various reservoirs, in billions of tons ("GtC" stands for gigatons of carbon). The purple numbers indicate how much carbon moves between reservoirs each year. The sediments, as defined in this diagram, do not include the ~70 million GtC of carbonate rock and kerogen.	image	textbook_images/carbon_cycle_and_climate_20641.png
L_0103	carbon cycle and climate	T_0964	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/carbon_cycle_and_climate_20642.png
L_0103	carbon cycle and climate	T_0965	FIGURE 1.3	image	textbook_images/carbon_cycle_and_climate_20643.png
L_0104	causes of air pollution	T_0968	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/causes_of_air_pollution_20644.png
L_0104	causes of air pollution	T_0970	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/causes_of_air_pollution_20645.png
L_0104	causes of air pollution	T_0970	FIGURE 1.3	image	textbook_images/causes_of_air_pollution_20646.png
L_0106	characteristics and origins of life	T_0979	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/characteristics_and_origins_of_life_20649.png
L_0106	characteristics and origins of life	T_0979	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/characteristics_and_origins_of_life_20650.png
L_0107	chemical bonding	T_0980	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/chemical_bonding_20651.png
L_0107	chemical bonding	T_0980	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/chemical_bonding_20652.png
L_0107	chemical bonding	T_0980	FIGURE 1.3	image	textbook_images/chemical_bonding_20653.png
L_0107	chemical bonding	T_0980	FIGURE 1.4 Water is a polar molecule. Because the oxygen atom has the electrons most of the time, the hydrogen side (blue) of the molecule has a slightly positive charge while the oxygen side (red) has a slightly negative charge.	image	textbook_images/chemical_bonding_20654.png
L_0109	cleaning up groundwater	T_0992	FIGURE 1.1 Test wells are drilled to monitor groundwater pollution.	image	textbook_images/cleaning_up_groundwater_20660.png
L_0110	climate change in earth history	T_0995	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/climate_change_in_earth_history_20661.png
L_0110	climate change in earth history	T_0995	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/climate_change_in_earth_history_20662.png
L_0111	climate zones and biomes	T_0999	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/climate_zones_and_biomes_20663.png
L_0111	climate zones and biomes	DD_0073	The diagram shows a biome pyramid. It consists of four regions: Arctic region, Subarctic region, Temperate region and Tropical region. The Arctic region consists of Tundra. The Subarctic region consists of Boreal forest. The Temperate region consists of Temperate forest, Grassland, Chapparal, and Desert. The Tropical region consists of Tropical forest, Grassland, and Desert. The temperature and the dryness of a place decide its region. As the temperature increases, there is a change in the different regions. The hottest and driest region is the Desert. The coldest and the driest region is the Tundra. The coldest and the least dry region is the Tropical forest.	image	teaching_images/biomes_6557.png
L_0111	climate zones and biomes	DD_0074	This is a map showing ten different biomes and where they can be found in on a world map. A biome is a group of similar ecosystems with the same general abiotic factors and primary producers. The oceans on the map are all classified as marine biomes, while the rivers and lakes are freshwater biomes. The northernmost parts of North America, Europe, and Asia are ice, tundra, and taiga biomes. The central parts of North America, Europe, and Asia are classified as grassland and temperate forest. The southern parts of North America, Europe, and Asia, as well as the northern parts of Africa, are classified as savana, desert, and temperate forest. South America and the south eastern part of Africa are classified as tropical rainforest, desert, and savana. Australia is made up mostly of desert and grassland. Antarctica is entirely ice.	image	teaching_images/biomes_8018.png
L_0111	climate zones and biomes	DD_0075	This is a map showing where different biomes are found around the world. A biome can be defined a group of similar ecosystems with sharing abiotic factors and primary producers. In this map we can see bands of color stretching East to West, showing how similar latitudes often share similar biomes. Near the equator we see deserts and rainforests. In the North we see tundra and taiga. Most of central Europe is temperate broadleaf forest. In USA we see mostly temperate forest in the East, temperate steppe in the middle, and in the West there is a lot of montane forest as well as arid desert.	image	teaching_images/biomes_6562.png
L_0113	coal power	T_1012	FIGURE 1.1 Bituminous coal is a sedimentary rock.	image	textbook_images/coal_power_20667.png
L_0113	coal power	T_1015	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/coal_power_20668.png
L_0114	coastal pollution	T_1016	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/coastal_pollution_20671.png
L_0116	comets	T_1025	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/comets_20676.png
L_0118	conserving water	T_1033	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/conserving_water_20679.png
L_0119	continental drift	T_1035	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/continental_drift_20680.png
L_0119	continental drift	T_1035	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/continental_drift_20681.png
L_0120	coriolis effect	T_1036	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/coriolis_effect_20682.png
L_0121	correlation using relative ages	T_1039	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/correlation_using_relative_ages_20683.png
L_0121	correlation using relative ages	T_1040	FIGURE 1.2 The white clay is a key bed that marks the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary.	image	textbook_images/correlation_using_relative_ages_20684.png
L_0123	deep ocean currents	T_1045	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/deep_ocean_currents_20687.png
L_0123	deep ocean currents	T_1046	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/deep_ocean_currents_20688.png
L_0124	determining relative ages	T_1047	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/determining_relative_ages_20689.png
L_0127	distance between stars	T_1054	FIGURE 1.1 Parallax is used to measure the distance to stars that are relatively nearby.	image	textbook_images/distance_between_stars_20691.png
L_0128	distribution of water on earth	T_1056	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/distribution_of_water_on_earth_20692.png
L_0131	dwarf planets	T_1064	FIGURE 1.1 In 1992, Plutos orbit was recognized to be part of the Kuiper belt. With more than 200 million Kuiper belt objects, Pluto has failed the test of clearing other bodies out its orbit.	image	textbook_images/dwarf_planets_20696.png
L_0131	dwarf planets	T_1065	FIGURE 1.2 This composite image compares the size of the dwarf planet Ceres to Earth and the Moon.	image	textbook_images/dwarf_planets_20697.png
L_0131	dwarf planets	T_1066	FIGURE 1.3	image	textbook_images/dwarf_planets_20698.png
L_0132	early atmosphere and oceans	T_1068	FIGURE 1.1 The gases that create a comets tail can become part of the atmosphere of a planet.	image	textbook_images/early_atmosphere_and_oceans_20699.png
L_0132	early atmosphere and oceans	T_1073	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/early_atmosphere_and_oceans_20700.png
L_0140	earths core	T_1099	FIGURE 1.1 An iron meteorite is the closest thing to the Earths core that we can hold in our hands.	image	textbook_images/earths_core_20715.png
L_0144	earths magnetic field	T_1115	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/earths_magnetic_field_20720.png
L_0148	eclipses	T_1123	FIGURE 1.1 A solar eclipse, not to scale.	image	textbook_images/eclipses_20727.png
L_0148	eclipses	T_1123	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/eclipses_20728.png
L_0148	eclipses	T_1124	FIGURE 1.3 The Moons shadow in a solar eclipse covers a very small area.	image	textbook_images/eclipses_20729.png
L_0148	eclipses	T_1124	FIGURE 1.4 A lunar eclipse.	image	textbook_images/eclipses_20730.png
L_0148	eclipses	DD_0078	This diagram shows a lunar eclipse. In a lunar eclipse, the earth lies in between the sun and the moon. The shadow of the Earth can be divided into two distinctive parts: the umbra and penumbra. There is no direct solar radiation within the umbra. However solar illumination is only partially blocked in the outer portion of the Earth's shadow, called the penumbra. This is because of the Sun's large angular size. In this diagram, the moon lies in the umbra of the earth. This leads to a total lunar eclipse.	image	teaching_images/earth_eclipses_1631.png
L_0148	eclipses	DD_0079	This image shows the types of solar eclipses. When a new moon passes directly between the Earth and the Sun, it causes a solar eclipse. When the sun, moon and Earth are lined up, the Moon casts a shadow on the Earth and blocks our view of the Sun. When the Moons shadow completely blocks the Sun, it is a total solar eclipse. If only part of the Sun is out of view, it is a partial solar eclipse. An anular eclipse occurs when the edge of the sun remains visible as a bright ring around the moon.	image	teaching_images/earth_eclipses_4570.png
L_0148	eclipses	DD_0080	The diagram shows the lunar eclipse. The lunar eclipse occurs when the moon passes behind the earth into its umbra region. During the total lunar eclipse, moon travels completely inside the earth's umbra. But in partial lunar eclipse, only a portion of the moon passes through earth's umbra region. When moon passes through earth's penumbra region, it is penumbral eclipse. Since earth's shadow is large lunar eclipse lasts for hours and anyone with the view of moon can see the eclipse. Partial lunar eclipse occurs at least twice a year but total lunar eclipse is rear. The moon glows with dull red coloring during total lunar eclipse.	image	teaching_images/earth_eclipses_1671.png
L_0148	eclipses	DD_0081	This diagram shows solar eclipse. Moon rotates around the earth on an orbit that is shown in the picture. During solar eclipse, the moon lies between sun and earth so there will be a shadow on earth. Certain regions of earth will be dark due to the shadow of the moon since sun rays do not reach those regions. Moon is smaller than earth so the shadow covers a small region of the earth. The areas marked by Penumbera experience a partial eclipse, while Umbra areas experience full eclipse.	image	teaching_images/earth_eclipses_1654.png
L_0150	effect of latitude on climate	T_1128	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/effect_of_latitude_on_climate_20733.png
L_0151	effects of air pollution on human health	T_1131	FIGURE 1.1 A lung tumor is highlighted in this illustra- tion.	image	textbook_images/effects_of_air_pollution_on_human_health_20734.png
L_0154	electromagnetic energy in the atmosphere	T_1139	FIGURE 1.1 The electromagnetic spectrum; short wavelengths are the fastest with the high- est energy.	image	textbook_images/electromagnetic_energy_in_the_atmosphere_20740.png
L_0154	electromagnetic energy in the atmosphere	T_1139	FIGURE 1.2 A prism breaks apart white light.	image	textbook_images/electromagnetic_energy_in_the_atmosphere_20741.png
L_0155	energy conservation	T_1141	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/energy_conservation_20742.png
L_0155	energy conservation	T_1142	FIGURE 1.2 A: One way is to look for this ENERGY STAR logo (Figure 1.3).	image	textbook_images/energy_conservation_20743.png
L_0155	energy conservation	T_1142	FIGURE 1.3	image	textbook_images/energy_conservation_20744.png
L_0156	energy from biomass	T_1143	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/energy_from_biomass_20745.png
L_0157	energy use	T_1147	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/energy_use_20746.png
L_0157	energy use	T_1147	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/energy_use_20747.png
L_0158	environmental impacts of mining	T_1148	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/environmental_impacts_of_mining_20748.png
L_0161	exoplanets	T_1158	FIGURE 1.1 The extrasolar planet Fomalhaut is sur- rounded by a large disk of gas. The disk is not centered on the planet, suggesting that another planet may be pulling on the gas as well.	image	textbook_images/exoplanets_20755.png
L_0162	expansion of the universe	T_1160	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/expansion_of_the_universe_20756.png
L_0162	expansion of the universe	T_1161	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/expansion_of_the_universe_20757.png
L_0165	faults	T_1170	FIGURE 1.1 Joints in rocks at Joshua Tree National Park, in California.	image	textbook_images/faults_20764.png
L_0165	faults	T_1171	FIGURE 1.2 Faults are easy to recognize as they cut across bedded rocks.	image	textbook_images/faults_20765.png
L_0165	faults	T_1172	FIGURE 1.3	image	textbook_images/faults_20766.png
L_0165	faults	T_1172	FIGURE 1.4	image	textbook_images/faults_20767.png
L_0165	faults	T_1173	FIGURE 1.5	image	textbook_images/faults_20768.png
L_0167	flooding	T_1179	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/flooding_20774.png
L_0167	flooding	T_1179	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/flooding_20775.png
L_0167	flooding	T_1180	FIGURE 1.3	image	textbook_images/flooding_20776.png
L_0167	flooding	T_1183	FIGURE 1.4	image	textbook_images/flooding_20777.png
L_0169	folds	T_1187	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/folds_20779.png
L_0169	folds	T_1189	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/folds_20780.png
L_0169	folds	T_1189	FIGURE 1.3	image	textbook_images/folds_20781.png
L_0169	folds	T_1189	FIGURE 1.4 Basins can be enormous. This is a ge- ologic map of the Michigan Basin, which is centered in the state of Michigan but extends into four other states and a Cana- dian province.	image	textbook_images/folds_20782.png
L_0169	folds	T_1189	FIGURE 1.5	image	textbook_images/folds_20783.png
L_0170	formation of earth	T_1193	FIGURE 1.1 Earths interior: Inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust.	image	textbook_images/formation_of_earth_20784.png
L_0170	formation of earth	T_1195	FIGURE 1.2 The Allende Meteorite is a carbona- ceous chondrite that struck Earth in 1969. The calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions are fragments of the earliest solar system.	image	textbook_images/formation_of_earth_20785.png
L_0171	formation of the moon	T_1198	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/formation_of_the_moon_20786.png
L_0172	formation of the sun and planets	T_1201	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/formation_of_the_sun_and_planets_20787.png
L_0173	fossil fuel formation	T_1202	FIGURE 1.1 This wetland may look something like an ancient coal-forming swamp.	image	textbook_images/fossil_fuel_formation_20788.png
L_0173	fossil fuel formation	T_1202	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/fossil_fuel_formation_20789.png
L_0174	fossil fuel reserves	T_1204	FIGURE 1.1 Worldwide oil reserves.	image	textbook_images/fossil_fuel_reserves_20790.png
L_0174	fossil fuel reserves	T_1204	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/fossil_fuel_reserves_20791.png
L_0175	fresh water ecosystems	T_1206	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/fresh_water_ecosystems_20792.png
L_0175	fresh water ecosystems	T_1208	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/fresh_water_ecosystems_20793.png
L_0175	fresh water ecosystems	T_1210	FIGURE 1.3 A swamp is characterized by trees in still water.	image	textbook_images/fresh_water_ecosystems_20794.png
L_0176	galaxies	T_1212	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/galaxies_20795.png
L_0176	galaxies	T_1212	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/galaxies_20796.png
L_0176	galaxies	T_1213	FIGURE 1.3 The large, reddish-yellow object in the middle of this figure is a typical elliptical galaxy. What other types of galaxies can you find in the figure?	image	textbook_images/galaxies_20797.png
L_0176	galaxies	T_1213	FIGURE 1.4 Astronomers believe that these dusty el- liptical galaxies form when two galaxies of similar size collide.	image	textbook_images/galaxies_20798.png
L_0176	galaxies	T_1214	FIGURE 1.5	image	textbook_images/galaxies_20799.png
L_0177	geologic time scale	T_1216	FIGURE 1.1 The geologic time scale is based on rela- tive ages. No actual ages were placed on the original time scale. Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/186648	image	textbook_images/geologic_time_scale_20800.png
L_0178	geological stresses	T_1218	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/geological_stresses_20801.png
L_0178	geological stresses	T_1218	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/geological_stresses_20802.png
L_0178	geological stresses	T_1219	FIGURE 1.3 With increasing stress, the rock under- goes: (1) elastic deformation, (2) plastic deformation, and (3) fracture.	image	textbook_images/geological_stresses_20803.png

L_0098

bathymetric evidence for seafloor spreading

T_0941

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/bathymetric_evidence_for_seafloor_spreading_20627.png

L_0099

big bang

T_0943

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/big_bang_20629.png

L_0099

big bang

T_0945

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/big_bang_20630.png

L_0103

carbon cycle and climate

T_0961

FIGURE 1.1 The carbon cycle shows where a carbon atom might be found. The black num- bers indicate how much carbon is stored in various reservoirs, in billions of tons ("GtC" stands for gigatons of carbon). The purple numbers indicate how much carbon moves between reservoirs each year. The sediments, as defined in this diagram, do not include the ~70 million GtC of carbonate rock and kerogen.

image

textbook_images/carbon_cycle_and_climate_20641.png

L_0103

carbon cycle and climate

T_0964

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/carbon_cycle_and_climate_20642.png

L_0103

carbon cycle and climate

T_0965

FIGURE 1.3

image

textbook_images/carbon_cycle_and_climate_20643.png

L_0104

causes of air pollution

T_0968

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/causes_of_air_pollution_20644.png

L_0104

causes of air pollution

T_0970

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/causes_of_air_pollution_20645.png

L_0104

causes of air pollution

T_0970

FIGURE 1.3

image

textbook_images/causes_of_air_pollution_20646.png

L_0106

characteristics and origins of life

T_0979

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/characteristics_and_origins_of_life_20649.png

L_0106

characteristics and origins of life

T_0979

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/characteristics_and_origins_of_life_20650.png

L_0107

chemical bonding

T_0980

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/chemical_bonding_20651.png

L_0107

chemical bonding

T_0980

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/chemical_bonding_20652.png

L_0107

chemical bonding

T_0980

FIGURE 1.3

image

textbook_images/chemical_bonding_20653.png

L_0107

chemical bonding

T_0980

FIGURE 1.4 Water is a polar molecule. Because the oxygen atom has the electrons most of the time, the hydrogen side (blue) of the molecule has a slightly positive charge while the oxygen side (red) has a slightly negative charge.

image

textbook_images/chemical_bonding_20654.png

L_0109

cleaning up groundwater

T_0992

FIGURE 1.1 Test wells are drilled to monitor groundwater pollution.

image

textbook_images/cleaning_up_groundwater_20660.png

L_0110

climate change in earth history

T_0995

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/climate_change_in_earth_history_20661.png

L_0110

climate change in earth history

T_0995

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/climate_change_in_earth_history_20662.png

L_0111

climate zones and biomes

T_0999

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/climate_zones_and_biomes_20663.png

L_0111

climate zones and biomes

DD_0073

The diagram shows a biome pyramid. It consists of four regions: Arctic region, Subarctic region, Temperate region and Tropical region. The Arctic region consists of Tundra. The Subarctic region consists of Boreal forest. The Temperate region consists of Temperate forest, Grassland, Chapparal, and Desert. The Tropical region consists of Tropical forest, Grassland, and Desert. The temperature and the dryness of a place decide its region. As the temperature increases, there is a change in the different regions. The hottest and driest region is the Desert. The coldest and the driest region is the Tundra. The coldest and the least dry region is the Tropical forest.

image

teaching_images/biomes_6557.png

L_0111

climate zones and biomes

DD_0074

This is a map showing ten different biomes and where they can be found in on a world map. A biome is a group of similar ecosystems with the same general abiotic factors and primary producers. The oceans on the map are all classified as marine biomes, while the rivers and lakes are freshwater biomes. The northernmost parts of North America, Europe, and Asia are ice, tundra, and taiga biomes. The central parts of North America, Europe, and Asia are classified as grassland and temperate forest. The southern parts of North America, Europe, and Asia, as well as the northern parts of Africa, are classified as savana, desert, and temperate forest. South America and the south eastern part of Africa are classified as tropical rainforest, desert, and savana. Australia is made up mostly of desert and grassland. Antarctica is entirely ice.

image

teaching_images/biomes_8018.png

L_0111

climate zones and biomes

DD_0075

This is a map showing where different biomes are found around the world. A biome can be defined a group of similar ecosystems with sharing abiotic factors and primary producers. In this map we can see bands of color stretching East to West, showing how similar latitudes often share similar biomes. Near the equator we see deserts and rainforests. In the North we see tundra and taiga. Most of central Europe is temperate broadleaf forest. In USA we see mostly temperate forest in the East, temperate steppe in the middle, and in the West there is a lot of montane forest as well as arid desert.

image

teaching_images/biomes_6562.png

L_0113

coal power

T_1012

FIGURE 1.1 Bituminous coal is a sedimentary rock.

image

textbook_images/coal_power_20667.png

L_0113

coal power

T_1015

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/coal_power_20668.png

L_0114

coastal pollution

T_1016

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/coastal_pollution_20671.png

L_0116

comets

T_1025

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/comets_20676.png

L_0118

conserving water

T_1033

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/conserving_water_20679.png

L_0119

continental drift

T_1035

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/continental_drift_20680.png

L_0119

continental drift

T_1035

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/continental_drift_20681.png

L_0120

coriolis effect

T_1036

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/coriolis_effect_20682.png

L_0121

correlation using relative ages

T_1039

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/correlation_using_relative_ages_20683.png

L_0121

correlation using relative ages

T_1040

FIGURE 1.2 The white clay is a key bed that marks the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary.

image

textbook_images/correlation_using_relative_ages_20684.png

L_0123

deep ocean currents

T_1045

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/deep_ocean_currents_20687.png

L_0123

deep ocean currents

T_1046

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/deep_ocean_currents_20688.png

L_0124

determining relative ages

T_1047

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/determining_relative_ages_20689.png

L_0127

distance between stars

T_1054

FIGURE 1.1 Parallax is used to measure the distance to stars that are relatively nearby.

image

textbook_images/distance_between_stars_20691.png

L_0128

distribution of water on earth

T_1056

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/distribution_of_water_on_earth_20692.png

L_0131

dwarf planets

T_1064

FIGURE 1.1 In 1992, Plutos orbit was recognized to be part of the Kuiper belt. With more than 200 million Kuiper belt objects, Pluto has failed the test of clearing other bodies out its orbit.

image

textbook_images/dwarf_planets_20696.png

L_0131

dwarf planets

T_1065

FIGURE 1.2 This composite image compares the size of the dwarf planet Ceres to Earth and the Moon.

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textbook_images/dwarf_planets_20697.png

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dwarf planets

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FIGURE 1.3

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early atmosphere and oceans

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FIGURE 1.1 The gases that create a comets tail can become part of the atmosphere of a planet.

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early atmosphere and oceans

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FIGURE 1.2

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earths core

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FIGURE 1.1 An iron meteorite is the closest thing to the Earths core that we can hold in our hands.

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earths magnetic field

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FIGURE 1.1

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eclipses

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FIGURE 1.1 A solar eclipse, not to scale.

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eclipses

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FIGURE 1.2

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eclipses

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FIGURE 1.3 The Moons shadow in a solar eclipse covers a very small area.

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eclipses

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FIGURE 1.4 A lunar eclipse.

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eclipses

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This diagram shows a lunar eclipse. In a lunar eclipse, the earth lies in between the sun and the moon. The shadow of the Earth can be divided into two distinctive parts: the umbra and penumbra. There is no direct solar radiation within the umbra. However solar illumination is only partially blocked in the outer portion of the Earth's shadow, called the penumbra. This is because of the Sun's large angular size. In this diagram, the moon lies in the umbra of the earth. This leads to a total lunar eclipse.

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eclipses

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This image shows the types of solar eclipses. When a new moon passes directly between the Earth and the Sun, it causes a solar eclipse. When the sun, moon and Earth are lined up, the Moon casts a shadow on the Earth and blocks our view of the Sun. When the Moons shadow completely blocks the Sun, it is a total solar eclipse. If only part of the Sun is out of view, it is a partial solar eclipse. An anular eclipse occurs when the edge of the sun remains visible as a bright ring around the moon.

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eclipses

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The diagram shows the lunar eclipse. The lunar eclipse occurs when the moon passes behind the earth into its umbra region. During the total lunar eclipse, moon travels completely inside the earth's umbra. But in partial lunar eclipse, only a portion of the moon passes through earth's umbra region. When moon passes through earth's penumbra region, it is penumbral eclipse. Since earth's shadow is large lunar eclipse lasts for hours and anyone with the view of moon can see the eclipse. Partial lunar eclipse occurs at least twice a year but total lunar eclipse is rear. The moon glows with dull red coloring during total lunar eclipse.

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eclipses

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This diagram shows solar eclipse. Moon rotates around the earth on an orbit that is shown in the picture. During solar eclipse, the moon lies between sun and earth so there will be a shadow on earth. Certain regions of earth will be dark due to the shadow of the moon since sun rays do not reach those regions. Moon is smaller than earth so the shadow covers a small region of the earth. The areas marked by Penumbera experience a partial eclipse, while Umbra areas experience full eclipse.

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effect of latitude on climate

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FIGURE 1.1

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effects of air pollution on human health

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FIGURE 1.1 A lung tumor is highlighted in this illustra- tion.

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electromagnetic energy in the atmosphere

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FIGURE 1.1 The electromagnetic spectrum; short wavelengths are the fastest with the high- est energy.

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electromagnetic energy in the atmosphere

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FIGURE 1.2 A prism breaks apart white light.

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energy conservation

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FIGURE 1.1

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energy conservation

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FIGURE 1.2 A: One way is to look for this ENERGY STAR logo (Figure 1.3).

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energy conservation

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FIGURE 1.3

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energy from biomass

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FIGURE 1.1

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energy use

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FIGURE 1.1

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energy use

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FIGURE 1.2

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environmental impacts of mining

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FIGURE 1.1

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exoplanets

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FIGURE 1.1 The extrasolar planet Fomalhaut is sur- rounded by a large disk of gas. The disk is not centered on the planet, suggesting that another planet may be pulling on the gas as well.

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expansion of the universe

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FIGURE 1.1

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expansion of the universe

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FIGURE 1.2

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faults

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FIGURE 1.1 Joints in rocks at Joshua Tree National Park, in California.

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faults

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FIGURE 1.2 Faults are easy to recognize as they cut across bedded rocks.

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faults

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FIGURE 1.3

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faults

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FIGURE 1.4

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faults

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FIGURE 1.5

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flooding

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FIGURE 1.1

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flooding

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FIGURE 1.2

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flooding

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FIGURE 1.3

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flooding

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FIGURE 1.4

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folds

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FIGURE 1.1

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folds

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FIGURE 1.2

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folds

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FIGURE 1.3

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folds

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FIGURE 1.4 Basins can be enormous. This is a ge- ologic map of the Michigan Basin, which is centered in the state of Michigan but extends into four other states and a Cana- dian province.

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folds

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FIGURE 1.5

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formation of earth

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FIGURE 1.1 Earths interior: Inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust.

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formation of earth

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FIGURE 1.2 The Allende Meteorite is a carbona- ceous chondrite that struck Earth in 1969. The calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions are fragments of the earliest solar system.

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formation of the moon

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FIGURE 1.1

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formation of the sun and planets

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FIGURE 1.1

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fossil fuel formation

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FIGURE 1.1 This wetland may look something like an ancient coal-forming swamp.

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fossil fuel formation

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FIGURE 1.2

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fossil fuel reserves

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FIGURE 1.1 Worldwide oil reserves.

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fossil fuel reserves

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FIGURE 1.2

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fresh water ecosystems

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FIGURE 1.1

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fresh water ecosystems

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FIGURE 1.2

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fresh water ecosystems

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FIGURE 1.3 A swamp is characterized by trees in still water.

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galaxies

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FIGURE 1.1

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galaxies

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FIGURE 1.2

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galaxies

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FIGURE 1.3 The large, reddish-yellow object in the middle of this figure is a typical elliptical galaxy. What other types of galaxies can you find in the figure?

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galaxies

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FIGURE 1.4 Astronomers believe that these dusty el- liptical galaxies form when two galaxies of similar size collide.

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galaxies

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FIGURE 1.5

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geologic time scale

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FIGURE 1.1 The geologic time scale is based on rela- tive ages. No actual ages were placed on the original time scale. Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/186648

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geological stresses

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FIGURE 1.1

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geological stresses

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FIGURE 1.2

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geological stresses

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FIGURE 1.3 With increasing stress, the rock under- goes: (1) elastic deformation, (2) plastic deformation, and (3) fracture.

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