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Cledaucus | Table of Content | Short description, References, External links |
Clotenus | Short description |
Clotenus was a legendary king of the Britons as accounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He came to power in 209BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons
He was preceded by Cledaucus and succeeded by Gurgintius.Sacred Texts website, Histories of the Kings of Britain (Book III), by Geoffry of Monmouth, tr. by Sebastian Evans, (1904) |
Clotenus | References | References
Category:Legendary British kings
Category:2nd-century BC legendary monarchs |
Clotenus | Table of Content | Short description, References |
Pedometer | Short description | thumb|A digital Omron HJ-112 pedometer
thumb|Mechanical pedometer
A pedometer, or step-counter, is a device, usually portable and electronic or electromechanical, that counts each step a person takes by detecting the motion of the person's hands or hips. Because the distance of each person's step varies, an informal calibration, performed by the user, is required if presentation of the distance covered in a unit of length (such as in kilometers or miles) is desired, though there are now pedometers that use electronics and software to determine how a person's step varies automatically. Distance traveled (by walking or any other means) can be measured directly by a GPS receiver.
Used originally by sports and physical fitness enthusiasts, pedometers are now becoming popular as an everyday exercise counter and motivator. Often worn on the belt and kept on all day, it can record how many steps the wearer has walked that day, and thus the kilometers or miles (distance = number of steps × step length). Some pedometers will also erroneously record movements other than walking, such as bending to tie one's shoes, or road bumps incurred while riding a vehicle, though the most advanced devices record fewer of these 'false steps'. Step counters can give encouragement to compete with oneself in getting fit and losing weight.
A total of 10,000 steps per day, equivalent to , is recommended by some to be the benchmark for an active lifestyle, although this point is debated among experts, and the target originated in a marketing campaign by a manufacturer of pedometers. Thirty minutes of moderate walking are equivalent to 3,000-4,000 steps as determined by a pedometer. Step counters are being integrated into an increasing number of portable consumer electronic devices such as music players, smartphones, mobile phones and watches (called activity trackers) |
Pedometer | Usage | Usage
Pedometers can be a motivation tool for people wanting to increase their physical activity. Various websites exist to allow people to track their progress; however, many will also find entering their daily step count and a heart-beat count onto a calendar to be motivational as well.
Clinical studies have shown Pedometers to increase physical activity and reduce blood pressure levels and Body Mass Index. A study published in the Journal of The American Medical Association Nov. 2007 concluded, “The results suggest that the use of a pedometer is associated with significant increases in physical activity and significant decreases in body mass index and blood pressure.”
A daily target of 10,000 steps was first proposed.
The target has been recommended by the US Surgeon General and by the UK Department of Health. The main criticisms of setting a universal target are that it is not achievable for older persons with mobility problems or people with chronic diseases, but on the other hand, the target is probably too low for children.
One criticism of the pedometer is that it does not record intensity, but this can be done by making step goals time limited (for example, 1000 steps in 10 minutes counts as moderate exercise). |
Pedometer | History | History
thumb|Historical pedometer, Southern Germany, 1590
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) envisioned a mechanical pedometer as a device with military applications. The Germanic National Museum in Nuremberg has a pedometer in its collection from around 1590 (see photo). In 1685 Gottfried Leibniz wrote of his time in France, "...several years ago [1672–1674] I saw for the first time an instrument which, when carried, automatically records the number of steps taken by a pedestrian." In 1780 Abraham-Louis Perrelet of Switzerland created a pedometer, measuring the steps and distance while walking; it was based on a 1770 mechanism of his to power a self-winding watch.Trackers, book by Richard MacManus A mechanical pedometer obtained from France was introduced in the US by Thomas Jefferson. It is not known if he modified the design; although this pedometer is widely attributed to Jefferson, proof is difficult to obtain as he did not apply for patents on any of his inventions. |
Pedometer | Japan | Japan
In 1963, in the lead up to the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, Dr Iwao Ohya, head of one of Tokyo's biggest clinics, told Tokyo engineer Juri Kato of clockmaker Yamasa Tokei Keiki (Tokei means clocks and Keiki meters) how concerned Ohya was at the low levels of physical activity in 1960s Japan; the solution, said Ohya, was for everyone to walk 10,000 steps a day. In 1965, after two years of tinkering, Juri Kato produced the Manpo-kei — the ten-thousand step-meter. A pedometer called a manpo-kei (meaning "10,000 steps meter" ) was marketed in 1965 by Y. Hatano, who claimed that 10,000 steps a day was ideal.
The effect in 1965 of the release by Yamasa of the Manpo-kei pedometer in Japan was significant. Soon after, the Japan 10,000-step Walking Association sprang up, which shortly had chapters in all 47 prefectures, organising regular walks that could be measured with the Yamasa device.
On 26 February 1980, Juri Kato's son Yasuji Kato filed a pedometer patent with the USPTO, currently assigned to Yamasa Tokei Meter Co Ltd.
In 2015, the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare also recommended 10,000 steps per day. However, this recommendation is not based on solid evidence. |
Pedometer | Technology | Technology
The technology for a pedometer includes a mechanical sensor and software that counts steps. Early forms used a mechanical switch to detect steps together with a simple counter. If one shakes these devices, one hears a lead ball sliding back and forth, or a pendulum striking stops as it swings. Today advanced step counters rely on MEMS inertial sensors and sophisticated software to detect steps. These MEMS sensors have either 1-, 2- or 3-axis detection of acceleration. The use of MEMS inertial sensors permits more accurate detection of steps and fewer false positives. The software technology used to interpret the output of the inertial sensor and "make sense of accurate steps" varies widely. The problem is compounded by the fact that in modern day-to-day life, such step-counters are expected to count accurately on locations where users frequently carry their devices (attached to the belt, shirt/pants pocket, hand bag, backpack). In recent years more advanced approaches to measure steps have been made with the use of computer vision. |
Pedometer | Accuracy | Accuracy
The accuracy of step counters varies widely between devices. Typically, step counters are reasonably accurate at a walking pace on a flat surface if the device is placed in its optimal position (usually vertically on the belt clip).
Although traditional step counters are affected dramatically when placed at different angles and locations, recent advances have made them more robust to those non-ideal placements. Still, most step counters falsely count steps when a user is driving a car or makes other habitual motions that the device encounters throughout the day. This error accumulates for users with moderate commutes to work. Accuracy of distance measurement also depends on the user entered step-length.
The best pedometers are accurate to within ± 5% error. |
Pedometer | Integration in personal electronic devices | Integration in personal electronic devices |
Pedometer | Apple products | Apple products |
Pedometer | Nike+iPod Sport Kit | Nike+iPod Sport Kit
thumb|Nike+iPod Sports Kit
Apple and Nike, Inc. introduced the Nike+iPod Sport Kit, which uses a motion sensor that fits into a Nike shoe or in a pocket worn on the laces of other brands of shoes. The sensor communicates with an iPhone (3GS or higher), iPod touch (2nd generation or higher), iPod nano (4th generation or higher), or dedicated adapter to transmit workout information such as elapsed time, distance traveled, and calories burned. |
Pedometer | Apple iPhone 5s | Apple iPhone 5s
The iPhone 5s was the first iPhone to contain an Apple Motion Coprocessor which was denoted the M7 chip paired with the first 64-bit ARM-based Apple processor, the Apple A7 SoC (System on a Chip). The addition of the separate always on coprocessor allows the main CPU to snooze while it tracks the motion of the phone, through the use of an inertial measurement unit (IMU) consisting of an accelerometer, MEMS gyroscope and digital compass. This means that it will know when you're jogging or when you're in the car, and can take that information and store it without needing to drain the battery by having the main CPU run. It can retrofit the data to apps that you download at a later date, meaning any M7-enabled app that uses the new CoreMotion API will be able to give you information on recent training. |
Pedometer | Apple iPhone 6 | Apple iPhone 6
The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus contains the next generation of the Apple Motion Coprocessors with the M8 motion coprocessor, this chip was paired with the vastly improved Apple A8 SoC processor and gained the added sensor input of a Bosch Sensortech Barometer allowing the M8 to sense changes in elevation by the change in barometric pressure. |
Pedometer | Apple iPhone 6s | Apple iPhone 6s
The iPhone 6s and 6s Plus improved the Apple Motion Coprocessors by integrating it into the die of the new Apple A9 SoC processor. This saves space allowing for the reduction of the logic board size as well as reduced power usage within the phone. This chip is also at the heart of the first-generation iPhone SE. A variant of the Apple A9, the Apple A9X also incorporates the M9 processor on-die and drives the Apple iPad Pro. |
Pedometer | Apple Watch | Apple Watch
The Apple Watch extended step-counting capability to Apple's first wearable device using the accelerometer and gyroscope integrated in the Apple S1 SIP (System in package). Apple Watch works in parallel with a connected iPhone to improve accuracy of the user's step count.apple.com/watch |
Pedometer | Fitbit | Fitbit
The Fitbit is an always-on electronic pedometer, that in addition to counting steps also displays distance traveled, altitude climbed (via a number of flights of steps count), calories burned, current intensity, and time of day. Worn in an armband at night, it also purports to measure the length and quality of a user's sleep. Inbuilt is a daily target, of 10,000 steps and 10 flights of stairs. Connected by USB with a computer, the user's data is automatically uploaded and displayed via a web-based profile page, that keeps track of historical data, to which can be added food consumption data. Based on activity users are awarded badges for daily step and climbing targets, as well as 'lifetime' awards for same. In the US and UK users can also download an iOS or Android app for recording and display of data. Most Fitbit devices estimate distance traveled based on steps counted, the intensity of the steps and the user's profile data (specifically gender and height). Individuals can improve the accuracy of their stride length settings by measuring and calibrating their average stride length. Some higher-end Fitbit models include additional features such as heart rate monitoring and GPS tracking. |
Pedometer | Pedometers for Smartphones/MP3 players | Pedometers for Smartphones/MP3 players
Since most smartphones, iPod Touches and some MP3 players are enhanced with an integrated accelerometer it is possible to introduce pedometer functionality to these devices. This option was successfully realized by a number of smartphone application developers, enabling any fitness-savvy smartphone owner to track the number of steps taken as well as distance travelled and calories used. |
Pedometer | NTT DoCoMo Fujitsu Pedometer Phone | NTT DoCoMo Fujitsu Pedometer Phone
This is the first integrated phone with an always-on pedometer which counts steps like a traditional pedometer. The sensor is made by ADI. This handset was introduced in Japan in 2004 and has sold over 3 million units. |
Pedometer | Nokia products | Nokia products |
Pedometer | Nokia 5500 Sports Phone | Nokia 5500 Sports Phone
The Nokia 5500 Sports Phone uses an embedded 3 axis MEMS inertial sensor to detect the steps a user takes. The pedometer application tracks steps taken, time elapsed and distance traveled. However the application cannot run continuously as it drains the phone's battery and is therefore of limited use. |
Pedometer | Nokia Sports Tracker | Nokia Sports Tracker
Nokia Sports Tracker features pedometer for Nokia Symbian phones with an Accelerometer. Accelerometers are included in phones to save correct orientation on photos and to improve the GPS positioning feature. |
Pedometer | Nokia Step Counter | Nokia Step Counter
Nokia Step Counter is a free application available at Nokia Beta Labs which works on a wide range of N-Series Nokia phones. The pedometer application tracks steps taken, time elapsed and distance traveled. This application can be left running all day as it is not a huge drain on the battery. |
Pedometer | Sony Ericsson W710 Walkman phone, W580 Walkman phone | Sony Ericsson W710 Walkman phone, W580 Walkman phone
The Sony Ericsson W710 and W580 Walkman phones use embedded 2 axis MEMS inertial sensors to detect the steps a user takes. The W710 is a clamshell phone and displays the user's steps on the external display. The W710 must be closed in order for it to count steps. When the step counter is activated, it counts detected steps during the day, and at midnight it stores the counter in a day-by-day history and resets it to zero. |
Pedometer | Nintendo Consoles | Nintendo Consoles
On November 1, 2008, Nintendo released the Nintendo DS title , which includes two pedometers. They connect to the game card via infrared signals.
On September 12, 2009, Nintendo released Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver in Japan. Each game comes bundled with a device called a Pokéwalker, which functions as a pedometer and allows players to transfer one Pokémon from their game to the Pokéwalker via infrared signals. Unlike the Personal Trainer: Walking pedometers, the Pokéwalker features a small LCD screen and multiple buttons. Walking with the Pokéwalker earns experience points for the Pokémon.
The Nintendo 3DS, released March 27, 2011, features an internal pedometer that counts and records daily step counts while in sleep mode. Every hundred steps earns a Play Coin, which can be spent on a variety of extras and bonuses. This pedometer is easily fooled, however, and 'steps' can be created by simply lifting the device up and down in the hand with a motion similar to walking.
On October 31, 2013, Nintendo released Wii Fit U, which was able to interface with the Fit Meter, which was a pedometer with similar hardware to the Pokéwalker, but instead themed around Wii Fit U and with the ability to store and display the user's Mii. It could be checked into the game via the infrared transceiver on top of the Wii U Gamepad, and could track the altitude of the player while walking. |
Pedometer | Philips Activa Workout Monitoring MP3 Player | Philips Activa Workout Monitoring MP3 Player
Released May 2010, by Philips. This MP3 capable pedometer measures aerobic intensity and matches songs on the playlist to keep the user engaged and motivated. |
Pedometer | Tractivity | Tractivity
Tractivity is a group of health-related services that include a sensor that is worn on a shoe. The Tractivity sensor logs the distance a person walks or runs, the calories burned and the time the person was active, which they can then view on a private web page. Tractivity's online web application provides a graphical experience and motivational resource to encourage people to lead healthier lifestyles. Tractivity accounts for the variation in a walker's or runner's stride length that occurs as pace changes. The sensors wirelessly transfer activity data to a secure server for viewing on an individual's computer. |
Pedometer | Android | Android
Android integrates a step counter with version 4.4 (KitKat).
A device already supporting this sensor is the Nexus 5. Another smartphone is the Samsung Galaxy S5, which features a built-in pedometer that uses the S Health (later renamed to Samsung Health) software to display daily step counts, as well as other fitness information. Most Samsung devices now include this software bundled as standard. |
Pedometer | References | References |
Pedometer | External links | External links
Pedometer Information Sheet from Alberta Centre for Active Living
Collection with descriptions of old mechanic pedometers
Category:Exercise equipment
Category:Measuring instruments
Category:Walking |
Pedometer | Table of Content | Short description, Usage, History, Japan, Technology, Accuracy, Integration in personal electronic devices, Apple products, Nike+iPod Sport Kit, Apple iPhone 5s, Apple iPhone 6, Apple iPhone 6s, Apple Watch, Fitbit, Pedometers for Smartphones/MP3 players, NTT DoCoMo Fujitsu Pedometer Phone, Nokia products, Nokia 5500 Sports Phone, Nokia Sports Tracker, Nokia Step Counter, Sony Ericsson W710 Walkman phone, W580 Walkman phone, Nintendo Consoles, Philips Activa Workout Monitoring MP3 Player, Tractivity, Android, References, External links |
Gurgintius | Short description |
Gurgintius () was a legendary king of the Britons as accounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He came to power in 203BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons
He was preceded by Clotenus and succeeded by Merianus.Sacred Texts website, Histories of the Kings of Britain (Book III), by Geoffry of Monmouth, tr. by Sebastian Evans, (1904) |
Gurgintius | References | References
Category:Legendary British kings
Category:2nd-century BC legendary monarchs |
Gurgintius | Table of Content | Short description, References |
Merianus | Short description | Merianus () was a legendary king of the Britons as accounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He came to power in 197BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons
He was preceded by Gurgintius and succeeded by Bledudo. |
Merianus | References | References
Category:Legendary British kings
Category:2nd-century BC legendary monarchs |
Merianus | Table of Content | Short description, References |
Bledudo | Short description |
Bledudo () was a legendary king of the Britons as accounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth and the second to bear this name. He came to power in 191BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons
He was preceded by Merianus and succeeded by Cap.Sacred Texts website, Histories of the Kings of Britain (Book III), by Geoffry of Monmouth, tr. by Sebastian Evans, (1904) |
Bledudo | References | References
Category:Legendary British kings
Category:2nd-century BC legendary monarchs |
Bledudo | Table of Content | Short description, References |
Cap of Britain | Short description |
Cap () was a legendary king of the Britons as accounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He came to power in 185BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons
He was preceded by Bledudo and succeeded by Oenus.Sacred Texts website, Histories of the Kings of Britain (Book III), by Geoffry of Monmouth, tr. by Sebastian Evans, (1904) |
Cap of Britain | References | References
Category:Legendary British kings
Category:2nd-century BC legendary monarchs |
Cap of Britain | Table of Content | Short description, References |
Oenus | Short description | Oenus was a legendary king of the Britons as accounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He reigned approximately 179–173BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons
He was preceded by Cap and succeeded by Sisillius III.National Library of Wales, Welsh Classical Dictionary page 584 |
Oenus | References | References
Category:Legendary British kings |
Oenus | Table of Content | Short description, References |
Meycauayan Church | Short description | Saint Francis of Assisi Parish Church, commonly known as Meycauayan Church or locally as , is a Roman Catholic church located in Meycauayan, Bulacan Philippines. It is one of the oldest parishes in Bulacan which even predates the Malolos Cathedral established in 1580 and the Barasoain Church established in 1859. It is also the province's largest parish with an estimated population of about 80,000 parishioners. The church is the seat of the vicariate of St. Francis of Assisi in the Diocese of Malolos. |
Meycauayan Church | History | History |
Meycauayan Church | Parish foundation | Parish foundation
thumb|left|upright|Church PHC historical marker installed in 1939
The parish was founded in 1578 by Fr. Juan de Plasencia and Fr. Diego de Oropeza, the first batch of Franciscan priests to reach the Philippines in 1577. They built a small church made of nipa thatch and bamboo in a small area called Sitio Torril, which is now part of Brgy. Bahay Pare in Meycauayan. The church was blown by a typhoon in 1588.
The Franciscans also brought a wooden missionary cross when they arrived in Meycauayan, similar to Magellan's Cross. The cross was later found to be in the possession of a resident of Brgy. Bahay Pare. [The cross, now known as The Cross of Sitio Torril, is probably the oldest known religious relic in Meycauayan. Every October 4 during the feast day of the town's patron saint, Saint Francis of Assisi, this cross is brought from Brgy. Bahay Pare to the parish church for public veneration.] |
Meycauayan Church | Transfer to the second site | Transfer to the second site
A request was made to build a stone church, and on November 16, 1588, Dr. Santiago de Vera, made justified by such request, instantly dispatch Secretary Gaspar de Azebo to Christoval de Asquera, Mayor of the Province of Meycauayan.El P. Fr. Juan Francisco de S. Antonio, Chronicas de la Apostolica Provincia de S. Gregorio, Papa. El Magno…. Sampaloc, Extra-muros de la Ciudad de Manila, 1741 P. 317 By the order of St. Pedro Bautista, it was transferred to a place called Lagolo, by R. P. Fr. Antonio de Nombela, Minister of the town.Huerta 1865, pg. 71 In 1589, by the decree of the "Superior Govierno", a church made up mainly of adobe (volcanic tuff) was built. The said church was the place of worship of Meycaueños until 1668. |
Meycauayan Church | Present location | Present location
thumb|right|200px|The 1668 Parish Church of St. Francis of Assisi and the patio
The church was transferred to its site in the present poblacion (town center) due to the attacks of the native Aetas. In 1668, Fray Nicolas Santiago started the construction of the stone church that measured "sixty yards long by wide twelve and a half wide" ( The church also served as one of the prototypes of city planning in accordance to the Spanish government's reduccion policy; Meycauayan was among the first towns in the colony that has the parish church and the city or municipal hall adjacent to each other, if not housed within the same vicinity. The construction of the present convent was started in 1731 by Fr. Juan Francisco de San Antonio. It was continued by Fray Miguel de San Bernardo and was completed in 1739 under the administration of Fray Jose Sellez. It was described as the best convent among the Franciscan Province of St. Gregory the Great.Fr. Joaquin Martinez de Zúñiga, OSA and Wenceslao E. Retana, Estadismo de la Islas Filipinas o mis viajes por este pais, 1893, p. 352 In 1784, the wooden portions of the church were replaced with hewn-stones by Fray Jose Cantos.
In 1800, the bell tower was constructed by order of Fr. Francisco Gascueña, OFM. The said tower is one of the two of its kind in the Philippines with a large arch bridge connecting the church and the tower. The tower belfry housed five bells named Maria Concepcion, the biggest, which was made by order of Fr. Antonio de Guadalajara in 1878; the San Francisco, dedicated to the town's patron saint made by the order of Fr. Juan Fernandez in 1881; San Jose, the smallest made by the order of Fr. Francisco Gascuena; and two others.
As a result of a furious typhoon, the entire town got flooded in 1802, causing much damages that the value of a sack of rice reached four pesos with four reales the following year. After this crisis, Fr. Gascueña managed to construct the narthex (an arch made of stone sustaining the choir) in 1804. Through the span of thirty-one years, Fr. Gascueña has showed all the kind virtues and charity to the poor, to whom he never denied alms whether they may be their parishioner or from other towns. He died in Meycauayan on November 18, 1831, and was buried beneath the main altar of the church.Huerta 1865, pg. 73
Under the direction of Rev. Fr. Balbino de Consuerga, all wooden parts were renovated in 1832. The sacristy was constructed and over it, a spacious hall was added followed by other useful improvements year after year until 1850 when Fr. Benito de Madridejos took over the church and carried the work of his predecessor the best way possible. In 1851, Fr. Benito conducted repairs on several damages inside the church and commissioned a new main altarpiece. In 1853, the convent underwent repairs on which several parts were converted as the Parochial School.
A cemetery gate was constructed in 1880. The church-convent complex was seriously damaged by a strong typhoon in 1882. |
Meycauayan Church | Secularization | Secularization
The first native clergyman to be assigned as parish priest in Meycauayan was Fr. Esteban Daez, a native of Polo, Obando, Bulacan. He was a coadjutor priest in 1892 before he became the cura parroco interino (interim parish priest) from 1898 to 1900. |
Meycauayan Church | American occupation | American occupation
Both the Meycauayan Church and convent were occupied and became the temporary headquarters of the American soldiers in May 1899 after it was captured from the Filipinos revolutionaries during the Philippine–American War. Some of the church possessions were believed destroyed or looted during their stay in the church complex. Following its return to the Catholic Church in 1903, a claim was filed by the Catholic Church in the Philippines to be paid by the United States of America regarding the church properties occupied, damaged or otherwise destroyed by American troops from 1899 to 1903 that amounted to 2,200 pesos with a monthly rental of 50 pesos for the convent-turned-to-headquarters.Catálogo de las reclamaciones que por daños y perjuicios inferidos a la Iglesia Católica de Filipinas presenta al Gobierno de los Estados Unidos de América el Arzobispado de Manila, y los Obispados sufragáneos. 1903. Manila: Imp. de “El Mercantil” |
Meycauayan Church | Post-war | Post-war
thumb|left|Church interior in 2024
During World War II, the church survived destruction unlike the churches in Manila. In 1946, then future President Diosdado Macapagal and former Dr. Evangelina Macaraeg were wed at the church in 1946.
The church was destroyed by a massive fire in 1949, known as the Great Fire of Meycauayan. Artifacts such as old memorabilia, statues, church vestments, records, ciboriums and chalices are some of the casualties of the fire. The retablo in the spanish colonial style was destroyed. Only a few church items including the tabernacle were saved from the fire. It was saved from destruction by Fr. Jorge Capistrano (currently on display at the parish museum). After its destruction, a committee was formed for the reconstruction of the present church by the priests together with Anselmo de Leon as its head, which campaigned for donations and help from the people for the church's restoration.
In 1984 one year after Former Senator Ninoy Aquino's assassination, the church became the refuge of political activist when the marchers commemorating the anniversary of Ninoy's untimely death in a political march called Tarlac-to-Tarmac were prevented from entering Metro Manila by the Philippine military with a barricade on MacArthur Highway, between Meycauayan and Valenzuela towns. Support for the marchers snowballed from the residents of Meycauayan and the nearby towns, and the marchers were given an invitation to stay in the Church during the standoff. With the outpouring of support for the marchers, the former strongman President Marcos finally allowed the marchers to proceed to Manila International Airport, the final destination of the march after a day of waiting. In hindsight, it was a small victory for the Filipinos from the former dictator, a precursor of the People Power Revolution.
The church recently had its interior walls restored and its sanctuary renovated recreating the neoclassic altarpiece of Fr. Benito Madridejos under the term of Rev. Msgr. Adalberto G. Vergara, P.C. The church and its altar was solemnly dedicated by Dennis C. Villarojo, D.D., Bishop of Malolos on November 30, 2020. |
Meycauayan Church | Meycauayan bells | Meycauayan bells
thumb|The Meycauayan bells
The Meycauayan bells are hand bells from the Saint Francis Church that was lost during the Philippine–American War. The altar bell are two bells connected by a hard block of dark wood with a handle on top. It is approximately long and about wide. The bells were believed taken as war booty from the Mercauayan Church, after it was captured and headquartered by the Americans. A paper note with inscription is attached to the wooden block of the bells that reads: “Taken from the Church at MEYCAUAYAN, Luczon (sic) Islands after bombardment by Utah Battery March 29, 1899. By P.O. Thomas, Co. A Battalion of Engineers.”(2012-03-09). "DFA turns over Meycauayan bells taken during PHL-US war to National Museum". Official Gazette of the Philippines. Retrieved on November 8, 2014.
The bells were found by archivist Monte Kniffen of the Sisters of Mercy in Omaha, Nebraska in July 2011 among a set of properties that were originally in the possession of their convent in Red Bluff, California. It was not known who gave the bells to the said convent, but Kniffen said that perhaps a small museum or a family could have turned it over to the convent after noting that they were church bells."2 church bells taken by Americans turned over to National Museum". Inquirer.net. Retrieved on November 8, 2014.
On October 8, 2011, the Consul General to Chicago, Leo M. Herrera-Lim, and his wife traveled to Omaha to formally receive the artifact from Sister Judith Frikker, President of the Sisters of Mercy West Midwest Community. Foreign Affairs Secretary Albert Del Rosario turned over the Philippine–American War artifact to Director Jeremy Barns of the National Museum of the Philippines on March 9, 2012.Esplanada, Jerry E. (October 17, 2014). "2 war bells back to Philippines; what about big ones?". Inquirer News. Retrieved on 2014-11-08. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Malolos received the bells on August 6, 2012, and became part of the Diocesan Museum. |
Meycauayan Church | Gallery | Gallery |
Meycauayan Church | References | References |
Meycauayan Church | Notes | Notes |
Meycauayan Church | Sources | Sources
Huerta, Fr. Felix (1865). "Estado geográfico, topográfico, estadístico, histórico-religioso de la santa y apostólica provincia de S. Gregorio Magno". Imprenta de N. Sanchez, Binondo, Manila. |
Meycauayan Church | Further reading | Further reading
N. S. P. SAN FRANCISCO DE ASIS: Kasaysayan ng Buhay Pananampalataya ng Meycauayan by Ronaldo Dionisio, Guiguinto Printing Press, Guiguinto, Bulacan, (2008) |
Meycauayan Church | External links | External links
Category:Roman Catholic churches in Bulacan
Category:1578 establishments in the Philippines
Category:Religious organizations established in the 1570s
Category:16th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the Philippines
Category:Buildings and structures in Bulacan
Category:Meycauayan
Category:Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Malolos |
Meycauayan Church | Table of Content | Short description, History, Parish foundation, Transfer to the second site, Present location, Secularization, American occupation, Post-war, Meycauayan bells, Gallery, References, Notes, Sources, Further reading, External links |
Sisillius III | Short description | Sisillius III () was a legendary king of the Britons as accounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He reigned approximately 173–167BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons |
Sisillius III | History | History
He was preceded by OenusNational Library of Wales, Welsh Classical Dictionary page 584 and succeeded by Beldgabred. He shares his name with one of the sons of Ebraucus and his ancestors Sisillius II and Sisillius I. |
Sisillius III | References | References
Category:Legendary British kings |
Sisillius III | Table of Content | Short description, History, References |
Beldgabred | Short description | Beldgabred () was a legendary king of the Britons as accounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He reigned approximately 167–161BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons
He was preceded by Sisillius III and succeeded by his brother Archmail. Geoffrey says that Beldgabred surpassed all other musicians on every kind of instrument and was claimed to be the god of minstrels. |
Beldgabred | References | References
Category:Legendary British kings |
Beldgabred | Table of Content | Short description, References |
Hygea | # | redirect hygieia |
Hygea | Table of Content | # |
Holoferne | # | redirect holofernes |
Holoferne | Table of Content | # |
Archmail | Short description |
Archmail () was a legendary king of the Britons as accounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He came to power in 161BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons
He was preceded by Beldgabred, his brother, and succeeded by Eldol.Sacred Texts website, Histories of the Kings of Britain (Book III), by Geoffry of Monmouth, tr. by Sebastian Evans, (1904) |
Archmail | References | References
Category:Legendary British kings |
Archmail | Table of Content | Short description, References |
Hunk | wiktionary | Hunk may refer to: |
Hunk | Arts and entertainment | Arts and entertainment
Hunk (film), a 1987 comedy movie starring John Allen Nelson, Steve Levitt, James Coco, and Avery Schreiber
The Hunks a reality television series
Hunk, a movie character, the Scarecrow's Kansas counterpart in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz
HUNK (Resident Evil), a character in the Resident Evil video game series
Hunk (Voltron), a character in the Voltron franchise
Hunking "Hunk" Marriner, a character in the 1937 novel Northwest Passage, a 1940 film and a 1958-59 TV series |
Hunk | Other uses | Other uses
Hunk (nickname)
Amiga Hunk, a codename for AmigaOS executable files
Hero Honda Hunk, a 150 cc motorcycle launched by Hero Honda Motors India Ltd
The changed parts in a diff of files
Beefcake, a sexually attractive or well-muscled man |
Hunk | See also | See also
Hunkar (disambiguation)
Hunker (disambiguation)
Hunky (disambiguation) |
Hunk | Table of Content | wiktionary, Arts and entertainment, Other uses, See also |
Bruce Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape | Short description | Admiral of the Fleet Bruce Austin Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape, (5 February 1888 – 12 February 1981) was a senior Royal Navy officer. He served in the First World War, saw action during the Gallipoli Campaign and took part in the internment of the German High Seas Fleet at the end of the war. He also served in the Second World War initially as Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy and then as second-in-command and afterwards as commander of the Home Fleet, leading the force that destroyed the . He went on to be First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff in which role he assisted in establishing NATO and agreed to the principle that the Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic should be an American admiral, in the face of fierce British opposition. |
Bruce Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape | Early naval career | Early naval career
Born the son of General Alexander Fraser and Monica Stores Fraser (née Smith), Fraser was educated at Bradfield College. He joined the Royal Navy as a cadet in the training ship HMS Britannia in September 1902 and passed out as a midshipman in the battleship in the Channel Fleet on 15 January 1904.Heathcote, p. 88. He transferred to the battleship in the Channel Fleet in February 1905 and, having been promoted to sub-lieutenant on 15 March 1907, he joined the battleship in May 1907. He moved to the destroyer HMS Gypsy in September 1907 and, having been promoted to lieutenant on 15 March 1908, he joined the cruiser in the Mediterranean Fleet.
Fraser transferred to the Home Fleet in August 1910 and remained there serving in until July 1911 when he joined , the Royal Navy's school of Gunnery at Whale Island in Portsmouth harbour where he commenced the 'long course' to qualify as a specialist Gunnery Officer. He assisted on the Advanced Gunnery Course at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, in 1912 and then joined the instructing staff at HMS Excellent in 1913.
Fraser served in the First World War, initially in the cruiser providing naval gunfire support during the Gallipoli Campaign and then carrying troops to protect Egypt's Western frontier. He returned to HMS Excellent early in 1916 and, having been promoted to lieutenant commander on 15 March 1916, he joined the battleship as Gunnery Officer at the end of the year. He spent the remainder of the War with the Grand Fleet and took part in the internment of the German High Seas Fleet in November 1918.
thumb|left|The aircraft carrier , which Fraser commanded in the mid-1930s
After the war and following his promotion to commander on 30 June 1919 and his appointment as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 17 July 1919, Fraser volunteered to serve with the White Russian Caspian Flotilla; however on arrival in Azerbaijan as part of the 1920 Royal Navy Mission to Enzeli, he was captured and imprisoned by Bolsheviks in the Black Hole of Baku until released in November 1920.Heathcote, p. 89. He then returned to HMS Excellent before joining the Naval Ordnance Department at the Admiralty in June 1922. He became Fleet Gunnery Officer for the Mediterranean Fleet in December 1924 and, having been promoted to captain on 30 June 1926, he became Head of the Tactical Division of the Admiralty in January 1927. He was appointed to command the cruiser on the East Indies Station in September 1929 and then became Director of the Naval Ordnance Department at the Admiralty in July 1933.
Fraser returned to sea to take command of the aircraft carrier in May 1936 and then became Chief Staff Officer to the Flag Officer Aircraft Carriers in 1937. He reached Flag rank as a rear admiral on 11 January 1938 and was made chief of staff to the commander-in-chief Mediterranean Fleet in April 1938. He was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1939 New Year Honours. |
Bruce Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape | Second World War | Second World War
In March 1939, shortly before the outset of the Second World War, Fraser was appointed Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy. Promoted to vice admiral on 8 May 1940, he was advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1941 Birthday Honours and became second-in-command, Home Fleet and Flag Officer, 2nd Battle Squadron, in June 1942. He was appointed a Grand Officer of the Dutch Order of Orange-Nassau on 19 January 1943.
thumb|left|Tokyo Bay – Surrender of Japanese aboard . Admiral Sir Bruce Fraser, commanding British Pacific fleet, signs the Instrument of Surrender on behalf of the United Kingdom. Other British representatives stand alongside General Douglas MacArthur at the microphone.
Fraser was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Home Fleet in May 1943 and appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1943 Birthday Honours. In the role of Commander-in-Chief of the Home Fleet, he commanded the Royal Navy force that destroyed the German battleship Scharnhorst at the Battle of the North Cape on 26 December 1943. Units of the Home Fleet regularly escorted convoys to Murmansk in the Soviet Union: Fraser was convinced that Scharnhorst would attempt an attack on Convoy JW 55B, and put to sea in his flagship to reach a position between the convoy and the German battleship's base in North Norway. Scharnhorst had her fighting ability destroyed by repeated hits from Duke of York and her speed reduced by a 14-inch shell hit to a boiler room, which deprived her of the ability to escape.Raven and Roberts, p. 356. She was then hit by an initial wave of four torpedoes and, after concentrated gunfire and further torpedo attacks, sank at 7.45 pm that night. Thus Fraser avenged the destruction of his old command, HMS Glorious, by Scharnhorst three years earlier.Howland, p. 52. After the action Fraser and his fleet returned to Murmansk for refuelling.Golovko, p. 35.
For this action he was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 5 January 1944, and awarded the Russian Order of Suvorov, First Degree on 25 February.
Promoted to full admiral on 7 February 1944, Fraser took command of the Eastern Fleet in August 1944 and then of the British Pacific Fleet in December 1944. He commanded from ashore at his Headquarters in Sydney in Australia and built a strong relationship with the United States Navy, adopting their system of signal communications. Fraser was the British signatory to the Japanese Instrument of Surrender at Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945.Heathcote, p. 90. |
Bruce Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape | Later career | Later career
thumb|Bust of Admiral Fraser in Portsmouth Dockyard
thumb|Memorial to Admiral Fraser at St Michael and All Angels Church in Thursley
On 27 April 1946 Fraser was appointed First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp to the King and, in September, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Fraser of North Cape, of Molesey in the County of Surrey. He became Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth in September 1947 and First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff in September 1948, and was promoted to the rank of Admiral of the Fleet on 22 October. As First Sea Lord he assisted in establishing NATO and agreed to the principle that the Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT) should be an American admiral, in the face of fierce British opposition. He retired in December 1951 and died, unmarried, in London on 12 February 1981, one week after his birthday at the age of 93, upon which the barony became extinct.Heathcote, p. 91. |
Bruce Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape | References | References |
Bruce Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape | Sources | Sources
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Bruce Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape | Further reading | Further reading
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Bruce Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape | External links | External links
Transcription of Official Service Records on www.admirals.org.uk
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Category:1888 births
Category:1981 deaths
Category:People from Acton, London
Category:People educated at Bradfield College
Category:First Sea Lords and Chiefs of the Naval Staff
Category:Lords of the Admiralty
Category:Royal Navy admirals of the fleet
Category:Royal Navy admirals of World War II
Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Category:Grand Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Category:Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class
Category:Knights of the Legion of Honour
Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Dannebrog
Category:Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Category:Royal Navy personnel of the Russian Civil War
Category:Royal Navy officers of World War I
Category:Admiralty personnel of World War II
Category:Barons created by George VI
Category:Military personnel from the London Borough of Ealing |
Bruce Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape | Table of Content | Short description, Early naval career, Second World War, Later career, References, Sources, Further reading, External links |
Redechius | '''Rederchius''' | Rederchius was a legendary king of the Britons according to Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain (1136). He was also known as RhydderchNational Library of Wales, Welsh Classical Dictionary, page 650 and came to power in 143BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons
He was preceded by Redon and succeeded by Samuil Penissel.History of the Kings of Britain 3.19 at Wikisource. Lewis Thorpe's translation for Penguin Classics (p. 105) gives two kings following him, Samuil followed by Penessil. |
Redechius | References | References
Category:Legendary British kings |
Redechius | Table of Content | '''Rederchius''', References |
Cohocton River | short description | The Cohocton River, sometimes referred to as the Conhocton River, is a U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map , accessed August 8, 2011 tributary of the Chemung River in western New York in the United States. Via the Chemung River, it is part of the Susquehanna River watershed, flowing to Chesapeake Bay. The name "Cohocton" is derived from an Iroquois term, Ga-ha-to, meaning "log floating in the water" or "trees in the water".
New York State Route 17 follows the valley of the river along much of its route through Steuben County. The river is a popular destination for fly fishing. |
Cohocton River | History | History
In the 1820s the New York State Legislature commissioned a study for the building of a canal that would link the Cohocton at Bath to Keuka Lake (Crooked Lake) and Seneca Lake. The Crooked Lake Canal connecting the two lakes was built, but the link to the Cohocton was never completed. |
Cohocton River | Course and watershed | Course and watershed
The Cohocton River rises in southeastern Livingston County, approximately northeast of Dansville in Tabor Corners. It flows generally southeast through rural Steuben County, in a winding course through a valley of the Allegheny Plateau, past Cohocton, Avoca and Bath. At Painted Post, just west of Corning, it is joined by the Tioga River from the southwest to form the Chemung, a tributary of the Susquehanna River.
The watershed of the Cohocton River is largely undeveloped, with 61.9 percent being forested, 35.8 percent in agriculture, and only 1.5 percent urban. |
Cohocton River | See also | See also
List of New York rivers |
Cohocton River | References | References
Category:Tributaries of the Chemung River
Category:Rivers of New York (state)
Category:Interstate 86 (Pennsylvania–New York)
Category:Rivers of Livingston County, New York
Category:Rivers of Steuben County, New York |
Cohocton River | Table of Content | short description, History, Course and watershed, See also, References |
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