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Gehn | Short description | thumb|right|200px|The highest hills in the Gehn are over 100 m high
The Gehn is a small ridge of hills between Bramsche and Ueffeln in Germany's Central Uplands, that are an extension of the Wiehen Hills ().
The ridge runs from northwest to southeast and is about long and an average of wide. The highest point is the Kettelberg which is high. The Gehn forms a link between the Wiehen Hills and the Ankum Heights (Ankumer Höhe). It is largely forested and is not - like the Ankum Heights- part of a series of ice age terminal moraines from the latest event of the Saalian glaciation, the so-called Drenthe I stage, but is a ridge of Jurassic rock that was pushed up during the folding towards the end of the Cretaceous period.
Like the Wiehen Hills and the Ankum Heights, the Gehn belongs to the North Teutoburg Forest-Wiehen Hills Nature Park (Naturpark Nördlicher Teutoburger Wald-Wiehengebirge). |
Gehn | Elevations | Elevations
Amongst the main elevations on the Gehn are the:
Kettelsberg ()
Gehnberg (108.1 m)
Heseper Berg (107.9 m)
Frettberg (105.9 m) |
Gehn | External links | External links
F. Bailly, P. Felix-Henningsen, H. Klassen, S. Stephan: Synsedimentäre Paläo-Vertisole im Oberjura des westlichen Wiehengebirges
Category:Ridges of Lower Saxony
Category:Natural regions of the Lower Weser Uplands |
Gehn | Table of Content | Short description, Elevations, External links |
Eldol | Short description |
Eldol () is a legendary king of Britain in Geoffrey of Monmouth's work Historia Regum Britanniae ("The History of the Kings of Britain"). He came to power in 155BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons He was succeeded by Redion.Sacred Texts website, Histories of the Kings of Britain (Book III), by Geoffry of Monmouth, tr. by Sebastian Evans, (1904)
A 6th century hero called Eidol is mentioned in The Gododdin but is unlikely to be the source for Geoffrey's Eldol. He should also not be confused with Eldol, Consul of Gloucester, who lives generations later in Geoffrey's work. |
Eldol | References | References
Category:Legendary British kings |
Eldol | Table of Content | Short description, References |
Shivneri Fort | Short description | Shivneri Fort (known as Killa) (Marathi pronunciation: [ʃiʋneɾiː]) is an ancient military fortification located near Junnar in Pune district in Maharashtra, India. It is the birthplace of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the founder of Maratha Kingdom. |
Shivneri Fort | History | History
Shivneri got its name as it was under the possession of the Yadavas of Devagiri. This fort was mainly used to guard the old trading route from Desh to the port city of Kalyan. The place passed on to the Bahmani Sultanate after the weakening of Delhi Sultanate during the 15th century and it then passed on to the Ahmadnagar Sultanate in the 16th century. In 1595, a Maratha chief named Maloji Bhosale, the grandfather of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, was ennobled by the Ahmadnagar Sultan, Bahadur Nizam Shah and he gave him Shivneri and Chakan. Shivaji maharaj was born at the fort on 19 February 1630, and spent his childhood there. Inside the fort is a small temple dedicated to goddess Shivai Devi (some accounts gives us information that name shivaji came from the name of the fort i.e. Shivneri), after whom Shivaji was named. The English traveller Fraze visited the fort in 1673 and found it invincible. According to his accounts, the fort was well-stocked to feed thousand families for seven years. The fort came under the control of the British rule in 1819 after the Third Anglo-Maratha War.
In 2021, it was added to the tentative list of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee as part of "Serial Nomination of Maratha Military Architecture in Maharashtra". |
Shivneri Fort | Architecture | Architecture
Shivneri Fort is a hill fort having a triangular shape and has its entrance from the South-west side of the hill. Apart from the main gate there is an entrance to the fort from side called locally as the chain gate, where in one has to hold chains to climb up to the fort gate. The fort extends up to with seven spiral well-defended gates. There are mud walls all around the fort. Inside the fort, the major buildings are the prayer hall, a tomb and a mosque. There is an overhanging where executions took place. There are many gates structures protecting this fort. Maha Darvaja is one of the many gates of the fort. Its also called the origin of Tune.
At the centre of the fort is a water pond which is called 'Badami Talav', and to the south of this pond are statues of Rajmata Jijabai and a young Shivaji raje. In the fort there are two water springs, called Ganga and Yamuna, which have water throughout the year. Two kilometers away from this fort there are the Buddhist rock-cut caves, called Lenyadri caves, which is also one of Ashtavinayak temple in Maharashtra. It has been declared as a protected monument. |
Shivneri Fort | Access | Access
The nearest town Junnar is a taluka place and is well connected by road. Junnar is about 90 km from Pune. The fort is at about 2–3 km from the junnar town. It is easy to reach the fort top via main entrance; however, the trekkers with proper climbing equipment can try the chain route which is located on the western scarp of the fort. From the top of the fort, Narayangad, Hadsar, Chavand and Nimgiri forts can easily be seen. |
Shivneri Fort | See also | See also
List of forts in Maharashtra |
Shivneri Fort | References | References |
Shivneri Fort | Further reading | Further reading
Dr. Lahu Kacharu Shivnerichi Jeevangatha, The life-story of fort shivneri, Sanay prakashan, Narayngaon, January 2015. p. 225.
Shivneri Fort - Birthplace of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj for detailed information
Junnar Tourism's official website
Parashar Agritourism website
Category:Buildings and structures of the Maratha Empire
Category:Forts in Pune district
Category:Monuments of National Importance in Maharashtra |
Shivneri Fort | Table of Content | Short description, History, Architecture, Access, See also, References, Further reading |
Sela Ward | Short description | Sela Ann Ward (born July 11, 1956) is an American actress. Her breakthrough TV role was as Teddy Reed in the NBC drama series Sisters (1991–1996), for which she received her first Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1994. She received her second Primetime Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama for the leading role of Lily Manning in the ABC drama series Once and Again (1999–2002). Ward later had the recurring role of Stacy Warner in the Fox medical drama House, also starred as Jo Danville in the CBS police procedural CSI: NY (2010–2013) and starred as Dana Mosier in the CBS police procedural series FBI (2018–2019).
She also played supporting roles in films, including The Man Who Loved Women (1983), Rustlers' Rhapsody (1985), Nothing in Common (1986), Hello Again (1987), The Fugitive (1993), My Fellow Americans (1996), The Badge (2002), The Day After Tomorrow (2004), The Guardian (2006), The Stepfather (2009), Gone Girl (2014), and Independence Day: Resurgence (2016). |
Sela Ward | Early life | Early life
Ward was born in Meridian, Mississippi, to Annie Kate (née Boswell), a homemaker, and Granberry Holland "G.H." Ward, Jr., an electrical engineer. Her father is a native of Meridian while her mother was born in Choctaw County, Alabama, before moving to Meridian as a child. Ward is the eldest of four children with a sister, Jenna, and two brothers, Joseph Brock and Granberry Holland Ward III. She graduated from Lamar School in Meridian.
Ward attended the University of Alabama, where she was Homecoming Queen, a Crimson Tide cheerleader, and joined Chi Omega sorority. She double-majored in fine art and advertising. She graduated in 1977. |
Sela Ward | Career | Career
upright|thumb|Ward in 1994
While working in New York City as a storyboard artist for multimedia presentations, Ward began modeling to supplement her income. She was recruited by the Wilhelmina agency and was soon featured in television commercials promoting Maybelline cosmetics.
Ward eventually moved to California to pursue acting and landed her first film role in the 1983 Burt Reynolds vehicle The Man Who Loved Women. Her first regular role in a television drama series, as a socialite on Dennis Weaver's short-lived CBS series, Emerald Point N.A.S., followed in the same year. Ward continued to land guest roles in both television and films throughout the 1980s, most notably opposite Tom Hanks in 1986's Nothing in Common. In 1991 she was cast as the bohemian alcoholic Teddy Reed on Sisters, for which she received her first Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1994. She portrayed Helen Kimble, the wife of Dr. Richard Kimble (Harrison Ford), in The Fugitive, one of the top films of 1993.
Ward won a CableACE Award for her portrayal of the late television journalist Jessica Savitch in the 1995 TV film Almost Golden: The Jessica Savitch Story. Almost Golden remains Lifetime's most watched TV film to date.
In 1995, Ward was passed over for a Bond girl role for the 1995 movie GoldenEye, learning that even though then-Bond Pierce Brosnan was 42, the casting director said "What we really want is Sela, but Sela ten years ago". In response, she developed and produced a documentary, The Changing Face of Beauty, about American obsession with youth and its effect on women. Later on, Ward would voice the part of former model turned villain Page Monroe in an episode ("Mean Seasons") of The New Batman/Superman Adventures, which focused primarily on the media's obsession with youth.
Ward succeeded Candice Bergen as commercial spokesperson for Sprint's long distance telephone service from 1999 until 2002. She also appeared on Frasier as supermodel/zoologist Kelly Easterbrook in the fifth season opener ("Frasier's Imaginary Friend"). When she read for the role of Lily Brooks Manning on the series Once and Again, its creators (Edward Zwick and Marshall Herskovitz of thirtysomething fame) initially deemed Ward "too beautiful" for the average single mother to identify with. Ward received her second lead actress Emmy and a Golden Globe Award.
In 2004, she played the role of a private investigator in the television film Suburban Madness. The same year, she also appeared in the film The Day After Tomorrow with Dennis Quaid and Jake Gyllenhaal. In 2005, she began a recurring role in the Fox dramatic series House as Stacy Warner, the hospital's attorney and formidable ex-partner of the protagonist Dr. Gregory House (played by Hugh Laurie). In 2006, Ward's character was written off the show. However, she made her last guest appearance in the series finale (which aired on May 21, 2012).
Ward was originally offered both the role of Megan Donner on CSI: Miami and Susan Mayer on Desperate Housewives, but turned both down. Ward was reluctant to commit to another lead role in an hour-long series because of the time away from her family it would require.
Although she was on a brief hiatus from television, she continued to appear in feature films. She starred opposite Kevin Costner in The Guardian in 2006 and starred in the thriller The Stepfather in 2009. In July 2010, Ward signed on to star in the police drama CSI: NY, at the seventh season's start. Ward remained on the show until the ninth and final season's end in February 2013.Goldberg, Lesley (May 10, 2013). "CBS Cancels CSI: NY, Vegas, Rules of Engagement, Golden Boy" . The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
Ward appeared as newswoman Sharon Schieber in Gone Girl (2014), and co-starred in Independence Day: Resurgence, released June 2016, in which she played the President of the United States, President Lanford. She also played the leading role alongside Nick Nolte in the political comedy series Graves. She was in a leading role alongside Missy Peregrym, Zeeko Zaki and Jeremy Sisto in the crime series FBI. |
Sela Ward | Personal life | Personal life
On May 23, 1992, Ward married entrepreneur Howard Elliott Sherman. They have two children: Austin and Anabella.
After meeting two foster children during a holiday trip home to Mississippi in 1997,Guideposts Magazine Ward decided to meet a broader need for abused and neglected children by initiating and partially funding the creation of a permanent group home and emergency shelter, as well as transition houses. Hope Village for Children opened in Ward's hometown of Meridian in January 2002, housed on a property once used as a Masonic-owned and operated orphanage, and is intended to serve as a pilot for a nationwide network of similar shelters. Hope Village had a capacity of 44 residents and served an average of 300 children per year .
In 2002, Ward published her autobiography, Homesick: A Memoir, through HarperCollins' ReganBooks imprint. In 2014, Ward was a part of her first group art exhibition at KM Fine Arts. |
Sela Ward | Filmography | Filmography |
Sela Ward | Film | Film
Year Title Role Notes 1983 Janet Wainwright 1985 Rustlers' Rhapsody Colonel's Daughter 1986 Nothing in Common Cheryl Ann Wayne1987 Hello Again Kim Lacey Steele Justice Tracy 1989 The Haunting of Sarah Hardy Sarah Hardy 1991Child of Darkness, Child of Light Sister Anne 1992 Double Jeopardy Karen Hart 1993 Helen Kimble 1996 My Fellow Americans Kaye Griffin 1998 54 Billie Auster 1999 Runaway Bride Pretty Woman in Bar Cameo2000Catch a Falling StarSydney Clarke 2002 The Badge Carla Hardwick2004 Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights Jeannie Miller Dr. Lucy Hall 2006 Helen Randall 2009 Susan Harding 2014 Gone Girl Sharon Schieber 2016 Independence Day: Resurgence President Elizabeth Lanford |
Sela Ward | Television | Television
Year Title Role Notes 1983–84 Emerald Point N.A.S. Hilary Adams 22 episodes 1985 I Had Three Wives Emily Episode: "Til Death Do us Part"1986 Hotel Isabel Atwood Episode: "Hornet's Nest" L.A. Law Lynette Pierce 2 episodes 1987 Night Court Heather Episode: "Christine's Friend" 1989 Bridesmaids Caryl Television film 1990 Rainbow Drive Laura Demming Television film 1991–96 Sisters Teddy Reed 127 episodes 1995 Almost Golden: The Jessica Savitch Story Jessica Savitch Television film 1997 Frasier Kelly Easterbrook Episode: "Frasier's Imaginary Friend" Stories of Courage: Two Women Marie-Rose Gineste Television film 1999 Page Monroe/Calendar Girl Voice, episode: "Mean Seasons" 1999–2002 Once and Again Lily Manning 63 episodes 2000 Catch a Falling Star Sydney ClarkTelevision film 2004 Suburban Madness Bobbi Bacha 2005–06 House Stacy Warner 10 episodes 2010–13 CSI: NY Jo Danville 57 episodes 2016–17 Graves Margaret Graves 20 episodes 2018 Westworld Juliet1 Episode 2018–2019 FBISpecial Agent in Charge Dana Mosier21 Episodes |
Sela Ward | Legacy | Legacy
A roughly stretch of 22nd Avenue in Meridian (from 6th Street southeast to the Interstate 20 highway interchange) has been named the "Sela Ward Parkway" in her honor. |
Sela Ward | Awards and nominations | Awards and nominations |
Sela Ward | References | References |
Sela Ward | External links | External links
Hope Village for Children
Sela Ward Interview on Sidewalks Entertainment
Category:1956 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Meridian, Mississippi
Category:Actresses from Mississippi
Category:American autobiographers
Category:American film actresses
Category:American television actresses
Category:American voice actresses
Category:American women autobiographers
Category:American women non-fiction writers
Category:University of Alabama alumni
Category:20th-century American actresses
Category:21st-century American actresses
Category:Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (television) winners
Category:Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners |
Sela Ward | Table of Content | Short description, Early life, Career, Personal life, Filmography, Film, Television, Legacy, Awards and nominations, References, External links |
Braided stream | # | redirect braided river |
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Jaques Tati | # | redirect Jacques Tati |
Jaques Tati | Table of Content | # |
Jason Robards Jr | # | redirect Jason Robards |
Jason Robards Jr | Table of Content | # |
Demodicosis | Short description | Demodicosis , also called Demodex folliculitis in humans and demodectic mange () or red mange in animals, is caused by a sensitivity to and overpopulation of Demodex as the host's immune system is unable to keep the mites under control.
Demodex is a genus of mite in the family Demodecidae. The mites are specific to their hosts, and each mammal species is host to one or two unique species of Demodex mites. Therefore, demodicosis cannot be transferred across species and has no zoonotic potential.Izdebska JN, Rolbiecki L. The status of Demodex cornei: description of the species and developmental stages, and data on demodecid mites in the domestic dog Canis lupus familiaris. Med Vet Entomol32:346 – 357, 2018. |
Demodicosis | Signs and symptoms | Signs and symptoms |
Demodicosis | Humans | Humans
thumb|upright=1.3|A 28-year-old man with demodicosis and electron micrograph of his skin showing a Demodex folliculorum, millimeters in length
Demodicosis in humans is usually caused by Demodex folliculorum and may have a rosacea-like appearance. Common symptoms include hair loss, itching, and inflammation. An association with pityriasis folliculorum has also been described.
Demodicosis is most often seen in folliculitis (inflammation of the hair follicles of the skin). Depending on the location, it may result in small pustules (pimples) at the base of a hair shaft on inflamed, congested skin. Demodicosis may also cause itching, swelling, and erythema of the eyelid margins. Scales at the base of the eyelashes may develop. Typically, patients complain of eyestrain. |
Demodicosis | Dogs | Dogs
thumb|upright=1.3|Demodex canis
Minor cases of demodectic mange usually do not cause much itching but might cause pustules, redness, scaling, leathery skin, hair loss, skin that is warm to the touch, or any combination of these. It most commonly appears first on the face, around the eyes, or at the corners of the mouth, and on the forelimbs and paws. It may be misdiagnosed as a "hot spot" or other skin ailment.
In the more severe form, hair loss can occur in patches all over the body and might be accompanied by crusting, pain, enlarged lymph nodes, and deep skin infections.
Typically, animals become infected through nursing from their mother. The transmission of these mites from mother to pup is normal (which is why the mites are normal inhabitants of the dog's skin), but some individuals are sensitive to the mites due to a cellular immune deficiency, underlying disease, stress, or malnutrition,Ectoparasites - Demodex (Mange Mite) Companion Animal Parasite Control (March 2013). which can lead to the development of clinical demodectic mange.
Some breeds appear to have an increased risk of mild cases as young dogs, including the Afghan Hound, American Staffordshire Terrier, Boston Terrier, Boxer, Chihuahua, Chow Chow, Shar-Pei, Collie, Dalmatian, Doberman Pinscher, Bulldog, French Bulldog, English Bull Terrier, Miniature Bull Terrier, German Shepherd, Great Dane, Old English Sheepdog, American Pit Bull Terrier, West Highland White Terrier, Rat Terrier, Yorkshire Terrier, Dachshund, and Pug. |
Demodicosis | Cats | Cats
There are two types of demodectic mange in cats. Demodex cati causes follicular mange, similar to that seen in dogs, though it is much less common. Demodex gatoi is a more superficial form of mange, causes an itchy skin condition, and is contagious amongst cats. |
Demodicosis | Other | Other
Demodectic mange also occurs in other domestic and wild animals, including captive pandas. |
Demodicosis | Diagnosis | Diagnosis |
Demodicosis | Dogs | Dogs
For demodectic mange, properly performed deep skin scrapings generally allow the veterinarian to identify the microscopic mites. The demodex mite is rarely found on clinically normal dogs, meaning that the presence of any number of mites in a sample is very likely to be significant. Acetate tape impression of the skin is another method to identify mites. In breeds such as the West Highland White Terrier, relatively minor skin irritation which would otherwise be considered allergy should be carefully scraped because of the predilection of these dogs to demodectic mange. Skin scrapings may be used to follow the progress of treatment in demodectic mange.
Alternatively, plasma levels of zinc and copper have been seen to be decreased in dogs with demodicosis. This may be due to inflammation involved in the immune response of demodicosis which can lead to oxidative stress, resulting in dogs with demodicosis to exhibit higher levels of antioxidant productivity. The catalases involved in the antioxidant pathway require the trace minerals zinc and copper. Dogs with demodicosis show a decrease in plasma copper and zinc levels due to the increased demand for antioxidant activity. Therefore, this may be considered as a potential marker for demodicosis. |
Demodicosis | Treatment | Treatment |
Demodicosis | Dogs | Dogs
Localized demodectic mange is considered a common puppyhood ailment, with roughly 90% of cases resolving on their own with no treatment. Minor, localized cases should be left to resolve on their own to prevent masking of the more severe generalized form. If treatment is deemed necessary, Goodwinol, a rotenone-based insecticide ointment, is often prescribed, but it can be irritating to the skin. Demodectic mange with secondary infection is treated with antibiotics and medicated shampoos.
For more severe generalized cases, Amitraz is a parasiticidal dip that is licensed for use in many countries (the only FDA approved treatment in the USA) for treating canine demodicosis. It is applied weekly or biweekly for several weeks, until no mites can be detected by skin scrapings. Demodectic mange in dogs can also be managed with avermectins, although there are few countries which license these drugs, which are given by mouth daily, for this use. Ivermectin is used most frequently; collie-like herding breeds often do not tolerate this drug due to a defect in the blood–brain barrier, though not all of them have this defect. Other avermectin drugs that can be used include doramectin and milbemycin.
Recent results suggest that the isoxazolines afoxolaner and fluralaner, given orally, are effective in treating dogs with generalized demodicosis.
Because of the possibility of the immune deficiency being an inherited trait, many veterinarians believe that all puppies with generalized demodex should be spayed or neutered and not reproduce. Females with generalized demodex should be spayed because the stress of the estrus cycle will often bring on a fresh wave of clinical signs. |
Demodicosis | Cats | Cats
Cats with Demodex gatoi must be treated with weekly or bi-weekly sulfurated lime rinses. Demodex cati are treated similarly to canine demodicosis. With veterinary guidance, localized demodectic mange can also be treated with a topical keratolytic and antibacterial agent, followed by a lime sulfur dip or a local application of Rotenone. Ivermectin may also be used. Generalized demodectic mange in cats is more difficult to treat. There are shampoos available that can help to clear dead skin, kill mites and treat bacterial infections. Treatment is in most cases prolonged with multiple applications. |
Demodicosis | References | References |
Demodicosis | External links | External links
Category:Dog diseases
Category:Arthropod infestations
Category:Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites of the skin |
Demodicosis | Table of Content | Short description, Signs and symptoms, Humans, Dogs, Cats, Other, Diagnosis, Dogs, Treatment, Dogs, Cats, References, External links |
Jean Jacques Santer | # | redirect Jacques Santer |
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Tacoma Community College | Short description | Tacoma Community College (TCC) is a public community college in Tacoma, Washington with operations in Tacoma and Gig Harbor. It serves the city of Tacoma and the Pierce County portion of the Kitsap Peninsula. |
Tacoma Community College | History | History
TCC's creation was authorized by voters in 1962, and it opened in fall 1965. On 7 December 1966 the Pearl A. Wanamaker Library at Tacoma Community College was named and Pearl Anderson Wanamaker was an honoured guest.
As of 2009, nearly 1/2 million students have attended TCC since its opening. TCC is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities (NWCCU) and is currently in the process of continued accreditation with NWCCU's current cycle of standards. TCC's average student age is 28 years old with over 15,000 students enrolling each year. TCC offers 46 state-approved vocational and technical programs with the average placement rate of 86% for students in their chosen field as of 2009/2010 data.
TCC offers 43 associate degree programs, 3 bachelor's degree programs, and 33 professional and technical certificates.
The bachelor's degree programs include Health Information management, Community Heath and Applied Management. There was seven graduates of these programs in the Class of 2019. |
Tacoma Community College | References | References |
Tacoma Community College | External links | External links
Official website
Category:Community colleges in Washington (state)
Category:Universities and colleges in Tacoma, Washington
Category:Universities and colleges established in 1965
Category:Universities and colleges accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities
Category:1965 establishments in Washington (state)
Category:Two-year colleges in the United States |
Tacoma Community College | Table of Content | Short description, History, References, External links |
Jean Laffite | # | redirect Jean Lafitte |
Jean Laffite | Table of Content | # |
Sopwith Snipe | Short description | The Sopwith 7F.1 Snipe is a British single-seat biplane fighter of the Royal Air Force (RAF). It was designed and built by the Sopwith Aviation Company during the First World War, and came into squadron service a few weeks before the end of the conflict, in late 1918. The Snipe was not a fast aircraft by the standards of its time, but its excellent climb and manoeuvrability made it a good match for contemporary German fighters. It was selected as the standard postwar single-seat RAF fighter and the last examples were not retired until 1926. |
Sopwith Snipe | Design and development | Design and development
In April 1917, Herbert Smith, the chief designer of the Sopwith Company, began to design a fighter intended to be the replacement for Sopwith's most famous aeroplane, the Camel.Lumsden Aeroplane Monthly October 1990, p. 588. The design, the Snipe, was in its initial form a single-bay biplane, slightly smaller than the Camel and intended to be powered by similar engines. The pilot sat higher than in the Camel while the centre-section of the upper wing was uncovered, giving a better view from the cockpit. Armament was to be two Vickers machine guns.Bruce Air International April 1974, pp. 190–191.Davis 1999, p. 136. In the absence of an official order, Sopwith began construction of two prototypes as a private venture in September 1917. This took advantage of a licence that had been granted to allow construction of four Sopwith Rhino bomber prototypes, only two of which were built. The first prototype Snipe, powered by a Bentley AR.1 rotary engine was completed in October 1917.
The second prototype was completed with the new, more powerful Bentley BR.2, engine, which gave in November 1917. This promised better performance and prompted an official contract for six prototypes to be placed, including the two aircraft built as private ventures.Bruce Air International April 1974, pp. 191–192. The third prototype to fly, serial number B9965, had modified wings, with a wider centre-section and a smaller cut-out for the pilot, while the fuselage had a fully circular section, rather than the slab-sided one of the first two aircraft and the tail was smaller. It was officially tested in December 1917, reaching a speed of and was then rebuilt with longer-span [] two-bay wings (compared with the single bay wings).Lumsden Aeroplane Monthly October 1990, p. 589. This allowed the Snipe to compete for Air Board Specification A.1(a) for a high-altitude single-seat fighter. This specification required a speed of at least at and a ceiling of at least while carrying an armament of two fixed and one swivelling machine gun. An oxygen supply and heated clothing were to be provided for the pilot to aid operation at high altitude.Bruce Air International April 1974, p. 191.Lumsden Aeroplane Monthly October 1990, pp. 588–589. The Snipe was tested against three other fighter prototypes, all powered by the Bentley BR.2 engine: the Austin Osprey triplane, the Boulton & Paul Bobolink and the Nieuport B.N.1. While there was little difference in performance between the aircraft, the Sopwith was selected for production, with orders for 1,700 Snipes placed in March 1918.Bruce 1982, p. 548.
The Snipe's structure was heavier but much stronger than earlier Sopwith fighters. Although not a fast aircraft for 1918, it was very manoeuvrable and much easier to handle than the Camel, with a superior view from the cockpit - especially forwards and upwards. The Snipe had a superior rate of climb and much better high-altitude performance compared with its predecessor, allowing it to fight Germany's newer fighters on more equal terms. Further modifications were made to the Snipe during the war and afterwards. The Snipe was built around the Bentley BR2 engine - the last rotary to be used by the RAF. It had a maximum speed of at compared with the Camel's at the same altitude and an endurance of three hours. Its fixed armament consisted of two 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine guns on the cowling and it was also able to carry up to four bombs for ground attack, identical to the Camel's armament. The design allowed for a Lewis gun to be mounted on the centre section in a similar manner to those carried by the Dolphin but this was not fitted to production aircraft.
Production began in 1918, with more than 4,500 being ordered but ended in 1919, with just under 500 being built, the rest being cancelled due to the end of the war. There was only one variant, the Snipe I, with production by several companies including Sopwith, Boulton & Paul Ltd, Coventry Ordnance Works, D. Napier & Son, Nieuport and Ruston, Proctor and Company. Two aircraft were re-engined with a ABC Dragonfly radial engine and these entered production as the Sopwith Dragon. An armoured version entered production as the Sopwith Salamander. |
Sopwith Snipe | Operational history | Operational history |
Sopwith Snipe | First World War | First World War
thumb|William George Barker's Snipe
In March 1918, an example was evaluated by No.1 Aeroplane Supply Depot (No.1 ASD) at St-Omer in France. Lieutenant Leslie Hollinghurst (later an ace in Dolphins and an air chief marshal) flew to in 45 minutes. He stated that the aircraft was tail heavy and had "a very poor rudder", but that otherwise manoeuvrability was good.Bruce Air Enthusiast International April 1974, pp. 195, 206.
The first squadron to equip with the new fighter was 43 Squadron, based at Fienvillers in France, which replaced its Camels with 15 Snipes on 30 August 1918. After spending much of September training, it flew its first operational patrols equipped with the Snipe on 24 September.Bruce Air Enthusiast International June 1974, p. 290. The Snipe also saw service with 4 Squadron Australian Flying Corps (AFC) from October 1918. While 43 Squadron's Snipes saw relatively little combat, the Australians had more success, claiming five victories on 26 October and six on 28 October, while on 29 October, 4 Squadron claimed eight Fokker D.VIIs destroyed and two more driven down out of control for the loss of one of 15 Snipes.Davis 1999, pp. 141–142.Bruce Air Enthusiast International June 1974, pp. 290–291. 208 Squadron converted from Camels in November, too late for the Snipes to see action.Bruce Air Enthusiast International June 1974, p. 291.
One of the most famous incidents in which the Snipe was involved occurred on 27 October 1918 when Canadian Major William Barker attached to 201 Squadron flew over the Forêt de Mormal in France. Barker's Snipe (No. E8102) had been brought with him for personal evaluation purposes in connection with his UK-based training duties and was therefore operationally a "one-off". The engagement with enemy aircraft occurred at the end of a two-week posting to renew his combat experience as Barker was returning to Britain. While on his last operation over the battlefields of France, he attacked a German two-seater aircraft and swiftly shot it down. He was soon attacked by a formation of at least 15 Fokker D.VIIs, an aircraft widely considered to be the best German fighter of the First World War. The ensuing melee was observed by many Allied troops. In the engagement, he was wounded three times, twice losing consciousness momentarily, but managing to shoot down at least three D.VIIs before making a forced landing on the Allied front lines. Barker was awarded the Victoria Cross for this action.Davis 1999, p. 142.Flight 5 December 1918, p. 1369. The fuselage of this Snipe is preserved at the Canadian War Museum, Ottawa, Ontario. |
Sopwith Snipe | Postwar operations | Postwar operations
Following the Armistice with Germany that ended the First World War, Snipes formed part of the British Army of the Rhine, returning to the United Kingdom in August and September 1919, while Snipes replaced Camels in four home defence squadrons based in the United Kingdom. This force was quickly run down and by the end of 1919, only 80 Squadron was equipped with the Snipe.Thetford Aeroplane Monthly November 1990, p. 670.
In 1919, the Snipe took part in the Allied intervention on the side of the White Russians during the Russian Civil War between the Bolsheviks and the counterrevolutionaries, twelve Snipes being used by the RAF mission in north Russia.Davis 1999, pp. 144–145. At least one of the RAF Snipes was captured by the Bolsheviks and pressed into service.Robertson 1970, p. 137. The Snipe of 25 Squadron and 56 Squadron were sent to Turkey during the Chanak Crisis in September 1922, flying demonstration flights over Constantinople to deter Turkish forces from attacking British forces in the Dardanelles.Thetford Aeroplane Monthly November 1990, p. 666. 1 Squadron was moved to Iraq in 1922, flying ground attack missions against Kurdish forces led by Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji until the squadron was disbanded in November 1926.
Although the performance demonstrated by the Snipe was unimpressive (tests at Martlesham Heath in October 1918 had shown that the Snipe was inferior to the Martinsyde F.3 and Fokker D.VII), it was selected as the standard postwar single-seat fighter of the RAF.Bruce Air Enthusiast International June 1974, p. 299. The Martinsyde Buzzard development of the F.3 being 25 per cent more expensive than the Snipe and relying on a French engine that was in short supply (the Hispano-Suiza 8), while the range of fighters powered by the ABC Dragonfly radial engine did not come to fruition owing to failure of that engine.Mason 1992, p. 138.Bruce Air Enthusiast International June 1974, p. 296.Thetford Aeroplane Monthly November 1990, p. 665. Snipes remained in squadron service as a fighter with the RAF until 1926 and was used as a trainer by the RAF until 1927.Thetford Aeroplane Monthly November 1990, pp. 666, 670.Thetford Aeroplane Monthly November 1990, p. 667. It was declared obsolete in 1928. The Canadian Air Force operated the Snipe after the war, but it was phased out in 1923, a year before the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) was formed. |
Sopwith Snipe | Operators | Operators
Australian Flying Corps
No. 4 Squadron AFC in France.
No. 5 (Training) Squadron AFC in the United Kingdom.
No. 8 (Training) Squadron AFC in the United Kingdom.
Brazilian Naval Aviation operated 12 Snipes.Davis 1999, p. 145.
Canadian Air Force
No. 1 Squadron RCAF
Soviet Air Force - Postwar.
Royal Flying Corps / Royal Air ForceHalley 1980, p. 354.
No. 1 Squadron RAF
No. 3 Squadron RAF
No. 17 Squadron RAF
No. 19 Squadron RAF
No. 23 Squadron RAF
No. 25 Squadron RAF
No. 29 Squadron RAF
No. 32 Squadron RAF
No. 37 Squadron RAF
No. 41 Squadron RAF
No. 43 Squadron RAF
No. 45 Squadron RAF
No. 56 Squadron RAF
No. 70 Squadron RAF
No. 78 Squadron RAF
No. 80 Squadron RAF
No. 81 Squadron RAF
No. 111 Squadron RAF
No. 112 Squadron RAFDavis 1999, p. 144.
No. 143 Squadron RAF
No. 201 Squadron RAF
No. 208 Squadron RAF |
Sopwith Snipe | Survivors and reproductions | Survivors and reproductions
thumb|E6655 at the Royal Air Force Museum London
thumb|E6938 at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum, Ottawa
Two complete, original, Sopwith Snipes survive.
E6938 is displayed in the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa. Formerly owned by film star Reginald Denny, it was restored in the 1960s.Thetford Aeroplane Monthly November 1990, p. 670.
E8105 is exhibited at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. Previously, it had been at the Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome, in Rhinebeck, New York. It passed to the NASM after Cole Palen's death in December 1993."Sopwith 7F.1 Snipe". Smithsonian Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
The fuselage (minus landing gear, engine and cowl) of Major William G. Barker's Snipe, E8102 is on display at the Canadian War Museum, Ottawa. |
Sopwith Snipe | Reproductions | Reproductions
Antique Aero in California has completed construction of an airworthy, very detailed reproduction Sopwith Snipe. It awaits a new-build 230 h.p. Bentley B.R.2 engine.
Another Snipe reproduction marked as E8102 was built in New Zealand by The Vintage Aviator Ltd., and was subsequently purchased by Kermit Weeks for his Fantasy of Flight aviation museum in Polk City, Florida. This is airworthy and uses an original Bentley rotary engine.
The RAF Museum in August 2012 took delivery of a static display reproduction of the Snipe. Marked E6655, it was constructed in the Wellington workshops of The Vintage Aviator Ltd. in New Zealand. The inclusion of original, non-airworthy parts precludes this aircraft from flight status.
The first reproduction was built by Richard Lincoln Day of Colonia, NJ. This Snipe, marked as E6837, flew for one summer at the Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome, in Rhinebeck, NY before being purchased by Doug Champlin for his collection in Mesa, Arizona. This collection was later donated to the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington.
Tyabb Airport in Victoria, Australia, hosts a reproduction snipe VH-SNP E8050. The aircraft first flew on the 17th of October 2014, and is powered by a W670 Radial. This snipe has since been relocated to the RAAF Museum in Point Cook, Victoria |
Sopwith Snipe | Specifications (Snipe) | Specifications (Snipe) |
Sopwith Snipe | See also | See also |
Sopwith Snipe | References | References |
Sopwith Snipe | Notes | Notes |
Sopwith Snipe | Citations | Citations |
Sopwith Snipe | Bibliography | Bibliography
Bruce, J. M. The Aeroplanes of the Royal Flying Corps (Military Wing). London: Putnam, 1982. .
Bruce, J. M. British Aeroplanes 1914–18. London: Putnam, 1957.
Bruce, J. M. "Sopwith Snipe...the RAF's first fighter: Part 1". Air Enthusiast International, April 1974, Vol 6 No 4. Bromley, Kent, UK: Fine Scroll. pp. 190–195, 206–207.
Bruce, J. M. "Sopwith Snipe...the RAF's first fighter: Part 2". Air Enthusiast International, June 1974, Vol 6 No 6. Bromley, Kent, UK: Fine Scroll. pp. 289–299.
Davis, Mick. Sopwith Aircraft. Ramsbury, Malborough, UK: The Crowood Press, 1999. .
Franks, Norman. Dolphin and Snipe Aces of World War I (Aircraft of the Aces). London: Osprey Publishing, 2002. .
Halley, James J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force. Tonbrige, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians), 1980. .
"Honours: Two More VCs". Flight, 5 December 1918, Vol X No 49. p. 1369.
Lumsden, Alec. "On Silver Wings: Part 1". Aeroplane Monthly, October 1990, Vol 18 No 10. London:IPC. ISSN 0143-7240. pp. 586–592.
Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter since 1912. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1992. .
Robertson, Bruce. Sopwith–The Man and His Aircraft. Letchworth, UK: Air Review, 1970. .
Thetford, Owen. "On Silver Wings: Part 2". Aeroplane Monthly, November 1990, Vol 18 No 11. London:IPC. ISSN 0143-7240. pp. 664–670. |
Sopwith Snipe | External links | External links
2018 checkout flight by Kermit Weeks, of his Fantasy of Flight New Zealand-built, rotary-powered Sopwith Snipe reproduction example
Snipe
Category:1910s British fighter aircraft
Category:Aircraft first flown in 1917
Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft
Category:Biplanes
Category:Rotary-engined aircraft |
Sopwith Snipe | Table of Content | Short description, Design and development, Operational history, First World War, Postwar operations, Operators, Survivors and reproductions, Reproductions, Specifications (Snipe), See also, References, Notes, Citations, Bibliography, External links |
Egmont (electoral district) | short description | Egmont is a federal electoral district in Prince Edward Island, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1968. Its population in 2021 was 35,925. |
Egmont (electoral district) | Demographics | Demographics
Ethnic groups: 98.0% White, 1.4% Native Canadian
Languages: 87.9% English, 10.9% French
Religions: 54.1% Catholic, 38.4% Protestant, 1.8% Other Christian, 5.5% no affiliation
Average income: $22,065
According to the 2016 Canadian census
Languages: (2016) 89.6% English, 8.7% French, 0.4% Tagalog, 0.1% Arabic, 0.1% Spanish, 0.1% German, 0.1% Albanian, 0.1% Mandarin, 0.1% Vietnamese, 0.1% Cantonese, 0.1% Dutch |
Egmont (electoral district) | Geography | Geography
The district includes the part of Prince County located in Summerside and west of Summerside. Communities include Summerside, Sherbrooke, Miscouche, Wellington, O'Leary, Alberton, and Tignish. |
Egmont (electoral district) | History | History
The electoral district was created in 1966 from Prince riding. There were no boundary changes as a result of the 2012 federal electoral redistribution.
Following the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, the riding gained the Bedeque area plus some areas east and southeast of Summerside from Malpeque. These changes came into effect following the calling of the 2025 Canadian federal election. |
Egmont (electoral district) | Members of Parliament | Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament: |
Egmont (electoral district) | Election results | Election results
thumb|370x370px|2021 Election by Polling Area |
Egmont (electoral district) | 2025 | 2025 |
Egmont (electoral district) | 2021 | 2021
2021 federal election redistributed results Party Vote % Liberal 9,506 45.94 Conservative 6,422 31.04 Green 1,948 9.41 New Democratic 1,790 8.65 People's 1,026 4.96 |
Egmont (electoral district) | 2019 | 2019 |
Egmont (electoral district) | 2015 | 2015 |
Egmont (electoral district) | 2011 | 2011 |
Egmont (electoral district) | 2008 | 2008 |
Egmont (electoral district) | 2006 | 2006 |
Egmont (electoral district) | 2004 | 2004
2000 federal election redistributed results Party Vote % Liberal 8,999 49.96 Progressive Conservative 6,994 38.83 New Democratic 1,114 6.18 Alliance 907 5.03 |
Egmont (electoral district) | 2000 | 2000 |
Egmont (electoral district) | 1997 | 1997 |
Egmont (electoral district) | 1993 | 1993 |
Egmont (electoral district) | 1988 | 1988 |
Egmont (electoral district) | 1984 | 1984 |
Egmont (electoral district) | 1980 | 1980 |
Egmont (electoral district) | 1979 | 1979 |
Egmont (electoral district) | 1974 | 1974 |
Egmont (electoral district) | 1972 | 1972 |
Egmont (electoral district) | 1968 | 1968 |
Egmont (electoral district) | Student vote results | Student vote results |
Egmont (electoral district) | 2011 | 2011
In 2011, a student vote was conducted at participating Canadian schools to parallel the 2011 Canadian federal election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district then where they were physically located. |
Egmont (electoral district) | See also | See also
List of Canadian electoral districts
Historical federal electoral districts of Canada |
Egmont (electoral district) | References | References
Campaign expense data from Elections Canada |
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