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Service à la française | Notes, references, and sources | Notes, references, and sources |
Service à la française | Notes | Notes |
Service à la française | References | References |
Service à la française | Sources | Sources
|
Service à la française | Further reading | Further reading
All Manners of Food: Eating and Taste in England and France from the Middle Ages to the Present by Stephen Mennell. University of Illinois, 1995.
The Rituals of Dinner: The Origins, Evolution, Eccentricities, and Meaning of Table Manners by Margaret Visser. New York: Penguin Books, 1992.
Food in History by Reay Tannahill. New York: Crown, 1995.
Patrick Rambourg, Histoire de la cuisine et de la gastronomie françaises, Paris, Ed. Perrin (coll. tempus n° 359), 2010, 381 pages.
"A la Française: the Waning of a Long Dining Tradition" by Peter Brears, in Luncheon, Luncheon and Other Meals - Eating with the Victorians, Ed. C. Anne Wilson, 1992. Alan Sutton Publishing, Dover.
Service à la Française by Peter Hertzmann, 2004 on his website: https://www.hertzmann.com/articles/2004/service/
Category:Serving and dining |
Service à la française | Table of Content | Short description, History, Organization of the meal, The "Classical Order" of table service, Modifications, See also, Notes, references, and sources, Notes, References, Sources, Further reading |
Enniaunus | '''Enniaunus''' | Enniaunus (Welsh: Einion mab Arthal) was a legendary king of the Britons as recounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He came to power in 293BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons
He was the son of King Archgallo and brother of Marganus II. According to Geoffrey, he ruled poorly and harshly causing him to be deposed due to tyranny.Sacred Texts website, Histories of the Kings of Britain (Book III), by Geoffry of Monmouth, tr. by Sebastian Evans, (1904) He was replaced with his cousin, Idvallo. |
Enniaunus | References | References
Category:Legendary British kings
Category:3rd-century BC legendary monarchs |
Enniaunus | Table of Content | '''Enniaunus''', References |
Idvallo | Short description | Idvallo (Welsh: Eidwal mab Owain) was a legendary king of the Britons as recounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He came to power in 287BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons
He was the son of King Ingenius and he replaced King Enniaunus. Idvallo is said by Geoffrey to have reigned righteously to mend the ills his cousin had brought. He was succeeded by his cousin, Runo. |
Idvallo | References | References
Category:Legendary British kings
Category:3rd-century BC legendary monarchs |
Idvallo | Table of Content | Short description, References |
King Runo | '''Runo''' | Runo (Welsh: Rhun map Peredyr) was a legendary powerful king of the Britons as recounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He came to power in 281BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons
He was the son of King Peredurus and was succeeded by his cousin Gerennus. |
King Runo | References | References
Category:Legendary British kings
Category:3rd-century BC legendary monarchs |
King Runo | Table of Content | '''Runo''', References |
Gerennus | '''Gerennus''' | Gerennus (Welsh: Geraint map Elidyr) was a legendary king of the Britons as recounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He came to power in 275BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons
He was a son of King Elidurus and was succeeded by his son Catellus. According to Geoffrey, his descendants ruled Britain through the time of the Roman invasion of Britain. |
Gerennus | References | References
Category:Legendary British kings
Category:3rd-century BC legendary monarchs |
Gerennus | Table of Content | '''Gerennus''', References |
Torus bundle | no footnotes | A torus bundle, in the sub-field of geometric topology in mathematics, is a kind of surface bundle over the circle, which in turn is a class of three-manifolds. |
Torus bundle | Construction | Construction
To obtain a torus bundle: let be an orientation-preserving homeomorphism of the two-dimensional torus to itself. Then the three-manifold is obtained by
taking the Cartesian product of and the unit interval and
gluing one component of the boundary of the resulting manifold to the other boundary component via the map .
Then is the torus bundle with monodromy . |
Torus bundle | Examples | Examples
For example, if is the identity map (i.e., the map which fixes every point of the torus) then the resulting torus bundle is the three-torus: the Cartesian product of three circles.
Seeing the possible kinds of torus bundles in more detail requires an understanding of William Thurston's geometrization program. Briefly, if is finite order, then the manifold has Euclidean geometry. If is a power of a Dehn twist then has Nil geometry. Finally, if is an Anosov map then the resulting three-manifold has Sol geometry.
These three cases exactly correspond to the three possibilities for the absolute value of the trace of the action of on the homology of the torus: either less than two, equal to two, or greater than two. |
Torus bundle | References | References
Category:Fiber bundles
Category:Geometric topology
Category:3-manifolds |
Torus bundle | Table of Content | no footnotes, Construction, Examples, References |
Mange | Short description | Mange () is a type of skin disease caused by parasitic mites. Because various species of mites also infect plants, birds and reptiles, the term "mange", or colloquially "the mange", suggesting poor condition of the skin and fur due to the infection, is sometimes reserved for pathological mite-infestation of nonhuman mammals. Thus, mange includes mite-associated skin disease in domestic mammals (cats and dogs), in livestock (such as sheep scab), and in wild mammals (for example, foxes, coyotes, cougars, Tasmanian devils,Russell GG, Wilkinson V, Pefanis S, et al. Sarcoptic Mange in a Tasmanian Devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) and Bennett’s Wallaby (Notamacropus rufogriseus). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2024. |doi=10.7589/jwd-d-23-00192|doi-access=free | and wombats ). Severe mange caused by mites has been observed in wild bears. Since mites belong to the arachnid subclass Acari (also called Acarina), another term for mite infestation is acariasis.
Parasitic mites that cause mange in mammals embed themselves in either skin or hair follicles in the animal, depending upon their genus. Sarcoptes spp. burrow into skin, while Demodex spp. live in follicles.
In humans, these two types of mite infections, which would be known as "mange" in furry mammals, are instead known respectively as scabies and demodicosis. |
Mange | Classification | Classification |
Mange | Demodectic mange | Demodectic mange
thumbnail|A dog with severe demodectic mange
Also called demodicosis or red mange, demodectic mange is caused by a sensitivity to and overpopulation of Demodex spp. The two types of demodectic mange are localized and generalized. Localized consists of four spots or less. Demodex is not zoonotic and is not transferable across species. Each host species has its own species of Demodex. For example, dogs are hosts to Demodex canis and cats are hosts to Demodex cati. A type of demodectic infection in humans is known, but is less commonly symptomatic. See Demodex folliculorum. |
Mange | Sarcoptic mange | Sarcoptic mange
thumb|A street dog in Bali, Indonesia, suffers from demodectic mange.
thumb|Sarcoptes scabiei
thumb|Puppy with sarcoptic mange
Sarcoptic mange, also known as canine scabies, is a highly contagious infestation of Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis, a burrowing mite. The canine sarcoptic mite can also infest cats, pigs, horses, sheep, and various other species. The human analog of burrowing mite infection, due to a closely related species, is called scabies (the "seven-year itch").
Burrowing mites are in the family Sarcoptidae. They dig into and through the skin, causing intense itching from an allergic reaction to the mite's feces, and crusting that can quickly become infected. Hair loss and crusting frequently appear first on elbows and ears. Skin damage can occur from the dog's intense scratching and biting. Secondary skin infection is also common. Dogs with chronic sarcoptic mange are often in poor condition, and in both animals and humans, immune suppression from starvation or any other disease causes this type of mange to develop into a highly crusted form in which the burden of mites is far higher than that in initially-healthy individuals. |
Mange | Diagnosis | Diagnosis
Veterinarians usually attempt diagnosis with skin scrapings from multiple areas, which are then examined under a microscope for mites. Sarcoptes mites, because they may be present in relatively low numbers, and because they are often removed by dogs chewing at themselves, may be difficult to demonstrate. As a result, diagnosis in sarcoptic mange is often based on symptoms rather than actual confirmation of the presence of mites. A common and simple way of determining if a dog has mange is if it displays what is called a "pedal-pinna reflex", which is when the dog moves one of its hind legs in a scratching motion as the ear is being manipulated and scratched gently by the examiner; because the mites proliferate on the ear margins in nearly all cases at some point, this method works over 95% of the time. It is helpful in cases where all symptoms of mange are present but no mites are observed with a microscope. The test is also positive in animals with ear mites, an ear canal infection caused by a different but closely related mite (treatment is often the same). In some countries, an available serologic test may be useful in diagnosis. |
Mange | Treatment | Treatment
Affected dogs are sometimes isolated from other dogs and their bedding, and places they have occupied must be thoroughly cleaned. Other dogs in contact with a diagnosed case should be evaluated and treated. A number of parasitical treatments are useful in treating canine scabies. Sulfurated lime (a mixture of calcium polysulfides) rinses applied weekly or biweekly are effective (the concentrated form for use on plants as a fungicide must be diluted 1:16 or 1:32 for use on animal skin).
Selamectin is licensed for treatment in dogs by veterinary prescription in several countries; it is applied as a dose directly to the skin, once per month (the drug does not wash off). A related and older drug ivermectin is also effective and can be given by mouth for two to four weekly treatments or until two negative skin scrapings are achieved. Oral ivermectin is not safe to use on some collie-like herding dogs, however, due to possible homozygous MDR1 (P-glycoprotein) mutations that increase its toxicity by allowing it into the brain. Ivermectin injections are also effective and given either weekly or every two weeks in one to four doses, although the same MDR1 dog restrictions apply.
Affected cats can be treated with fipronil and milbemycin oxime.
Topical 0.01% ivermectin in oil (Acarexx) has been reported to be effective in humans, and all mite infections in many types of animals (especially in ear mite infections where the animal cannot lick the treated area), and is so poorly absorbed that systemic toxicity is less likely in these sites. Nevertheless, topical ivermectin has not been well enough tested to be approved for this use in dogs, and is theoretically much more dangerous in zones where the animal can potentially lick the treated area. Selamectin applied to the skin (topically) has some of the same theoretical problems in collies and MDR1 dogs as ivermectin, but it has nevertheless been approved for use for all dogs provided that the animal can be observed for eight hours after the first monthly treatment. Topical permethrin is also effective in both dogs and humans, but is toxic to cats.
Afoxolaner (oral treatment with a chewable tablet containing afoxolaner 2.27% w/w) has been shown to be efficient against both sarcoptic and demodectic mange in dogs.
Free-ranging wombats are commonly treated topically with moxidectin by wildlife carers in Australia, because it poses a low risk.
Sarcoptic mange is transmissible to humans who come into prolonged contact with infested animals,Borgman W (June 30, 2006). Dog mange called scabies can transfer to humans. Orlando Sentinel archive . Retrieved February 16, 2015. and is distinguished from human scabies by its distribution on skin surfaces covered by clothing. For treatment of sarcoptic infection in humans, see scabies. For demodetic infection in humans, which is not as severe as it is in animals with thicker coats (such as dogs), see Demodex folliculorum. |
Mange | See also | See also
Cheyletiella – This genus of mites causes dermatitis and itching in many groups of mammals, including pets and humans, but rarely causes hair loss, so is not usually considered clinically to cause "mange".
Demodicosis
Canine Demodicosis |
Mange | References | References |
Mange | Further reading | Further reading
|
Mange | External links | External links
Category:Arthropod infestations
Category:Dog diseases
Category:Veterinary entomology |
Mange | Table of Content | Short description, Classification, Demodectic mange, Sarcoptic mange, Diagnosis, Treatment, See also, References, Further reading, External links |
Catellus | Short description | Catellus () was a legendary king of the Britons, as recounted in Geoffrey of Monmouth's work Historia Regum Britanniae. He came to power in 269BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons
According to Geoffrey, he was the son of King Gerennus and was succeeded by his son, Millus. In some versions of the Brut y Brenhinedd, a series of Welsh versions of Geoffrey's Historia, Catellus is succeeded by his son Coel, who is then succeeded by his own son Porrex II.National Library of Wales, Welsh Classical Dictionary, page 621 |
Catellus | References | References
Category:3rd-century BC legendary monarchs
Category:Legendary British kings |
Catellus | Table of Content | Short description, References |
Millus | Short description | Millus was a legendary king of the Britons as recounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. His father was King Catellus and he was succeeded by his son, Porrex II. |
Millus | References | References
Category:Legendary British kings |
Millus | Table of Content | Short description, References |
Porrex II | short description | Porrex II was a legendary king of the Britons as recounted in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae. He came to power in 257BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons
He was the son of Coel and the grandson of Catellus; he was succeeded by his son, Cherin.Sacred Texts website, Histories of the Kings of Britain (Book III), by Geoffry of Monmouth, tr. by Sebastian Evans, (1904)National Library of Wales, Welsh Classical Dictionary page 584
In some versions of the story, his father was King Millus. |
Porrex II | References | References
Category:2nd-century BC legendary monarchs
Category:Legendary British kings |
Porrex II | Table of Content | short description, References |
Cherin | Short description |
Cherin was a legendary king of the Britons as recounted in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae. He came to power in 251BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons
His father was King Porrex II and he was succeeded by his three sons in turn, Fulgenius, Edadus, and Andragius.Sacred Texts website, Histories of the Kings of Britain (Book III), by Geoffry of Monmouth, tr. by Sebastian Evans, (1904) |
Cherin | References | References
Category:2nd-century BC legendary monarchs
Category:Legendary British kings |
Cherin | Table of Content | Short description, References |
Fort Zeelandia (Paramaribo) | short description | thumb|Fort Zeelandia
thumb|Officers' houses at Fort Zeelandia
Fort Zeelandia is a fortress in Paramaribo, Suriname. In 1640 the French built a wooden fort on the spot which, during British colonial period, was reinforced and became Fort Willoughby. It was taken by the Dutch in 1667 and renamed Fort Zeelandia. |
Fort Zeelandia (Paramaribo) | History | History
Surinam, a small English colony, was established in 1650 by Major Anthony Rowse on behalf of the governor of Barbados, Francis Willoughby. In 1651 the English reinforced the abandoned French fort near present-day Paramaribo, calling it Fort Willoughby.
In 1667 the Dutch Admiral Abraham Crijnssen captured Fort Willoughby from forces under Lieutenant-Governor William Byam. The battle lasted only three hours before British munitions were exhausted. Crijnssen renamed the captured fort Fort Zeelandia, creating the Dutch colony of Surinam. Crijnssen also recaptured the Essequibo-Pomeroon Colony.
Over the years, it started to become obsolete as a military asset and, in 1772, there were even plans to tear it down.
After Surinamese independence in 1975, under the military government of Dési Bouterse in the 1980s, Fort Zeelandia was the location of the "December murders" of 1982 and was used to hold and torture political prisoners.
The Surinamese Museum is located in Fort Zeelandia. The museum has a large collection of ethnographica. Its collections contain archeology, visual arts, colonial furniture, textiles and historical photos.
The Nola Hatterman Art Academy is located in the former commander's house. |
Fort Zeelandia (Paramaribo) | See also | See also
Fort Nieuw-Amsterdam |
Fort Zeelandia (Paramaribo) | References | References |
Fort Zeelandia (Paramaribo) | External links | External links
Fort Zeelandia at the City of Paramaribo
Surinamese Museum (in Dutch)
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1651
Zeelandia
Category:Buildings and structures in Paramaribo
Category:History of Suriname
Category:Tourist attractions in Suriname
Category:1651 establishments in the Dutch Empire
Category:1651 establishments in South America |
Fort Zeelandia (Paramaribo) | Table of Content | short description, History, See also, References, External links |
Pocomoke River | Redirect | The Pocomoke River stretches approximately U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map , accessed April 1, 2011 from southern Delaware through southeastern Maryland in the United States. At its mouth, the river is essentially an arm of Chesapeake Bay, whereas the upper river flows through a series of relatively inaccessible wetlands called the Great Cypress Swamp, largely populated by Loblolly Pine, Red Maple and Bald Cypress. The river is the easternmost river that flows into Chesapeake Bay.
"Pocomoke" , though traditionally interpreted as "dark (or black) water" by local residents, is now agreed by scholars of the Algonquian languages to be derived from the words for "broken (or pierced) ground." |
Pocomoke River | Description | Description
It rises in several forks in the Great Cypress Swamp in southern Sussex County, Delaware. From there, it flows south into Maryland, forming the boundary between Wicomico and Worcester counties and flowing through the swamps that are named for the river. At Porter's Crossing it turns southwest, broadening into a slow meandering river, flowing past the town of Snow Hill, and then through the Pocomoke River State Forest and past Pocomoke River State Park. It then flows past Pocomoke City, and enters Pocomoke Sound on the Chesapeake Bay on the state line between Maryland and Virginia.
It receives Nassawango Creek from the northwest approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) southwest of Snow Hill. It receives Dividing Creek from the north approximately 1 mile northeast of Pocomoke City.
The Pocomoke River is designated as a "Scenic" river by the State of Maryland. |
Pocomoke River | History | History
In 1635 the mouth of the river was the scene of the first recorded battle in North America between Englishmen. The dispute was between the Virginia Company and Lord Baltimore, the proprietor of the Maryland Colony, over the rights to Kent Island at the mouth of the Chester River. The dispute was eventually resolved with a victory for the Maryland colonists.
During the colonial era, various landings grew up along the river, some of which became towns, while others faded into obscurity with the decline of water-borne transport. From the mouth of the river, they are (or were), on the right bank: the landings at Shelltown (called for many years Steamboat Landing) and Rehobeth (both in Somerset County), Puncheon Landing, Stevens Ferry, Cottinghams Ferry, Milburn Landing (now in the Milburn Landing section of the Pocomoke River State Park), and Adams Wharf, all in Worcester County. The landings on the left bank are (or were): Pitts Creek Landing in Accomack County, Virginia, Cedar Hall Landing, Stevens Landing (also called Stevens Ferry, which became in turn Newtown and then Pocomoke City), Cottinghams Ferry, Mattapony Landing (also known as Gibbs Ferry), and finally Snow Hill, at the head of navigation, also all in Worcester County.
In 1785, after years of disputes over fishing in Pocomoke Sound and on the Pocomoke River, Maryland and Virginia entered into an interstate compact that regulated fishing in the area, established a common and free waterway, and covered how criminal trials concerning each other's citizens should be handled.Wennersten, John R. The Oyster Wars of Chesapeake Bay. Washington, D.C.: Eastern Branch Press, 2007, p. 47. In Wharton v. Wise, 153 U.S. 155 (1894), the Supreme Court of the United States determined that Pocomoke Sound was not covered by this famous interstate compact.Sansonetti, Thomas and Quast, Sylvia. "Not Just a Western Issue Anymore: Water Disputes in the Eastern United States." Cumberland Law Review. 2003, p. 188-190; Wennersten, The Oyster Wars of Chesapeake Bay, 2007, p. 47, 95.
In 1913, to provide better navigation, the mouth of the river was dredged by the United States Army Corps of Engineers.
In the 1990s, a microorganism outbreak on the lower river, possibly Pfiesteria piscicida, led to widespread fish kills and illness among the watermen who fish the river and Pocomoke Sound. The illnesses included lesions, respiratory problems, and memory loss. As a result, the lower river and Pocomoke Sound were closed to fishing, boating, and swimming. It is currently hypothesized that the microorganism was present before the outbreak but became toxic due to elevated concentrations of organic waste that had built up in this sprawling coastal plain river. |
Pocomoke River | See also | See also
List of Delaware rivers
List of Maryland rivers |
Pocomoke River | References | References |
Pocomoke River | External links | External links
Pocomoke River State Park
Pocomoke State Forest
Univ. of Delaware: Pocomoke River Swamp
Pocomoke River Watershed at USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service for Delaware
Category:Tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay
Category:Rivers of Delaware
Category:Rivers of Maryland
Category:Rivers of Somerset County, Maryland
Category:Rivers of Wicomico County, Maryland
Category:Rivers of Worcester County, Maryland
Category:Rivers of Accomack County, Virginia
Category:Borders of Maryland
Category:Borders of Virginia
Category:Rivers of Sussex County, Delaware |
Pocomoke River | Table of Content | Redirect, Description, History, See also, References, External links |
Fulgenius | '''Fulgenius''' | Fulgenius was a legendary king of the Britons, mentioned in Geoffrey of Monmouth's pseudohistorical Historia Regum Britanniae. He came to power in 245BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons
He was the first of the three sons of Cherin to succeed his father,Sacred Texts website, Histories of the Kings of Britain (Book III), by Geoffry of Monmouth, tr. by Sebastian Evans, (1904) and was followed by his brothers, first Edadus then Andragius. |
Fulgenius | References | References
Category:Legendary British kings
Category:2nd-century BC legendary monarchs |
Fulgenius | Table of Content | '''Fulgenius''', References |
Edadus | Short description | Edadus was a legendary king of the Britons as recounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his Historia Regum Britanniae. He came to power in 239BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons
He was the second son of King Cherin and succeeded by his brother Andragius. |
Edadus | References | References
Category:2nd-century BC legendary monarchs
Category:Legendary British kings |
Edadus | Table of Content | Short description, References |
Bejam | Short description | Bejam was a British frozen food supermarket chain founded by John Apthorp in 1968, based in Stanmore, London. The business grew to become the biggest frozen food retailer and largest seller of freezers and microwaves in Britain. The business was purchased by smaller rival, Iceland, in a hostile takeover in 1989. |
Bejam | History | History
The concept of selling only frozen foods was a novel idea in 1968. John Apthorp, worked for E. A. D. Apthorp, his family firm of potato merchants, who were bought out by the Ross Group in 1968. Apthorp did not like working within the larger organisation, so he left and opened a single store in Edgware as Bejam Bulk Buying in 1968 selling frozen foods. The name, Bejam was an acronym for Brian, Eric, John and Milly and Marion, the names of the Apthorp family members. At the time Britain was behind continental Europe in freezer ownership with less than 1% of households owning one, but by 1973 it had grown to around 2 million homes. By 1973, Bejam had expanded to 72 stores, not just selling frozen food but also freezers themselves, a pioneer in the marketplace, while in the same year it became listed on the London Stock Exchange. The company had many subsidiaries supplying frozen food to the business, including the jointly owned Meatpak Hampshire. Bejam would also buy 50% of Smeets Diepvries, B.V., a Netherlands wholesale distributor of frozen foods in 1973, eventually opening three Bejam stores in the Netherlands. In 1974, the company opened a new jointly owned cold store in Milton Keynes with the National Freight Corporation.
The company grew very quickly during the 1970s, and by 1978 they had grown to 147 stores with of sales space making £2.34 million of profit on £44.23 million turnover. The appliances division joined up with Barclays Bank in 1976 to offer customers credit on fridges and freezers sold in store. Bejam continued to grow, and in 1979 announced record profits of £6.04 million, and had continued to grow in the interim profits report of 1980 to £4.1 million, with the company's share price sitting at 59p. The company diversified in 1979 by purchasing 38 restaurants from EMI for £4.78 million, mostly operating under Wimpy and Tennessee Pancake fascias, and announced plans to open a fast food chain called Trumps, with the first branch opening in Romford. However, the fast food experiment failed, with 22 of the branches sold in 1980, and in 1981 the business withdrew from the market with a write-down of £1.9 million. It didn't however affect the company's profits, with the company generating pre-tax profits of £9 million. On the freezer shop front, Bejam purchased seven supermarket sites from BAT for £1.37 million in 1980, and 16 freezer centres owned by Fine Fare.
By 1982, the company turnover had on food sales alone had grown to £208 million. In 1984, the company opened its 200th store in Woodley, Berkshire with a ceremony with Anne, Princess Royal and her then husband Mark Phillips. The firm went head to head with Iceland in 1985, to purchase twelve of the failed freezer food chain Orchard Foods, but lost out to a £910,000 bid by the rival chain which saw Iceland gain its first stores in Bejam's territory. By 1986, this had grown to 226 freezer centres, and this was further enhanced by the purchase of
45 Victor Value stores from Tesco in 1986. John Adthorp had contacted Malcolm Walker of Iceland, in 1986 about purchasing the business, which he still held 30% of shares, but nothing further happened after initial conversations. In 1987, the business expanded with the purchases of Lowfreeze, the freezer shop brand of Scottish supermarket chain, Wm Low, nine of the former Sainsbury's Freezer Centres and retailer Wizard Wine. The company's shares rose from 158p to 210p on rumours that both Iceland and Hazelwood Foods were lining up bids, and it was announced that John Adthorp had handed over day-to-day running of the business to Timothy How. The Iceland link was very true, with Adthorp and Walker agreeing a price of 230p per share, however the Bejam board could not agree on the deal and Adthorp would not guarantee to sell his shares to Iceland if he received a higher bid.
In 1988, Iceland made a hostile takeover bid for Bejam, initially in a share offer worth 123p a share at a total of £240 million. Apthorp had stated the offer was inadequate and substantially and undervalues Bejam, with Walker criticising Bejam for not issuing a profit forecast. Iceland then amended their offer to include part cash part share at 187p, but the market were failed to be impressed with Bejam's share price dropping to 170p, and Adthorp said he would not accept the offer. On the 30 December, Lloyd's Bank, the registrar for the share offer declared that 50.09% of the shareholders in Bejam had accepted the offer. |
Bejam | See also | See also
List of companies based in London |
Bejam | References | References |
Bejam | Bibliography | Bibliography
Adrian Room, Corporate Eponymy: A Biographical Dictionary of the Persons Behind the Names, Page 17, McFarland & Co, 1992,
Adrian Room, Dictionary of Trade Name Origins, Page 38, Routledge, 1982,
David Boylan, Antony Head, Corporate Finance: Principles & Practice, Page 314, Pearson Education, 2007,
Category:Retail companies established in 1968
Category:Companies disestablished in 1989
Category:Companies based in the London Borough of Harrow
Category:Defunct supermarkets of the United Kingdom
Category:1968 establishments in the United Kingdom
Category:1989 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Category:Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange |
Bejam | Table of Content | Short description, History, See also, References, Bibliography |
Andragius | Short description |
Andragius was a legendary king of the Britons as accounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He came to power in 233BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons
He was the youngest son of King CherinSacred Texts website, Histories of the Kings of Britain (Book III), by Geoffry of Monmouth, tr. by Sebastian Evans, (1904) and succeeded by his son Urianus. |
Andragius | References | References
Category:Legendary British kings
Category:2nd-century BC legendary monarchs |
Andragius | Table of Content | Short description, References |
Urianus | Short description |
Urianus was a legendary king of the Britons as accounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He came to power in 227BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons
He was the son of King Andragius and was succeeded by Eliud.Sacred Texts website, Histories of the Kings of Britain (Book III), by Geoffry of Monmouth, tr. by Sebastian Evans, (1904) Geoffrey may possibly have based the character on that of Urien Rheged (6th century), although there is no resemblance between them. |
Urianus | References | References
Category:Legendary British kings
Category:2nd-century BC legendary monarchs |
Urianus | Table of Content | Short description, References |
Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan) | Short description | Fort Zeelandia () was a fortress built over ten years from 1624 to 1634 by the Dutch East India Company (VOC), in the town of Anping (now Anping District of Tainan) on Formosa, the former name of central island of Taiwan, during their 38-year rule over the western part of the island. The site had been renamed several times as Fort Orange (奧倫治城; ), Fort Anping (安平城; ), and Taiwan City (臺灣城; ); the current name of the site in Chinese is .
During the seventeenth century, when Europeans from many countries sailed to Asia to develop trade, Formosa became one of East Asia's most important transit sites, and Fort Zeelandia an international business center. As trade at the time depended on "military force to control the markets", the value of Formosa to the Dutch was mainly in its strategic position. "From Formosa the Spanish commerce between Manila and China, and the Portuguese commerce between Macau and Japan could by constant attacks be made so precarious that much of it would be thrown into the hands of the Dutch, while the latter's dealings with China and Japan would be subject to no interruptions."
On behalf of the VOC, ships departing from Formosa could head north to Japan, west to Fujian, or south to Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Cambodia, India, Iran or Europe. |
Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan) | History | History |
Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan) | Arrival and settlement of the Hollanders | Arrival and settlement of the Hollanders
thumb|17th century watercolor of Fort Zeelandia
In August 1624, the Dutch were expelled from the Pescadores, having failed at their attempt to use military force to coerce Ming China into trading with them. Led by Martinus Sonck, who was to be the first Dutch governor of Formosa, they decided to move to Formosa to continue carrying on with trade, and after a day's journey, arrived at the settlement of Taiwan, or Tayouan. Although there were already 25,000 Chinese in the island, and their number increasing due to the war, they did not oppose the large Dutch force. Initially, trade was not as forthcoming as they had expected until, after the departure of Cornelis Reijersen (Reyerszoon) and his succession by Sonck, the Dutch and Chinese came to agreement on trade.
thumb|upright|Stone monument marking "Anping Old Castle" (Fort Zeelandia)|left
As their first priority was to strengthen defenses, the Dutch built a temporary fort on a raised sandy bank at the entrance to Taoyuan harbor, off the coast of modern-day Anping District, Tainan. There existed a series of sandbars extended from south to north; the east side of such sandbars was known colloquially as the Tai-chiang inland sea. Four years later, the Dutch built a more permanent structure they named "Fort Zeelandia", probably after the name of the ship that Sonck arrived in. The new fort was sited on the largest sandbar to control the channel for entering the inner sea. This would allow direct access to the sea and with it, supplies and reinforcements from Batavia in event of a siege.
Another smaller fort was built later, Fort Provintia, not far from Zeelandia. Both forts were at locally high elevations, which enabled the exchange of signals between them.
While of solid construction, the fort and its siting were not so much for the purpose of defense against a major enemy as they were for defending against the islanders and for overseeing trade. In addition, the site lacked adequate supplies of fresh water, which had to be shipped from the Formosan mainland. This later proved to be a critical factor in the ousting of the Dutch by Koxinga. |
Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan) | Koxinga's conquering and the Dutch surrender | Koxinga's conquering and the Dutch surrender
thumb|upright|Bust of Koxinga in Fort Zeelandia Museum
On 30 April 1661, Ming dynasty-loyalist Koxinga laid siege to the fortress (defended by 2,000 Dutch soldiers) with 400 warships and 25,000 men. After nine months and the loss of 1,600 Dutch lives, the Dutch surrendered on 1 February 1662, when it became clear that no reinforcements were forthcoming from Batavia (present day Jakarta, Java, Indonesia) and when the defenders ran short of fresh water.
Under the Koxinga-Dutch Treaty (1662) signed on 1 February between Koxinga and Frederick Coyett, the Dutch governor, the Dutch surrendered the Fortress and left all goods and VOC property behind. In return, all officials, soldiers and civilians were free to leave with their personal belongings and supplies.
On 9 February, Coyett officially surrendered the fort and led the remaining Dutch forces and civilians back to Batavia by sea, ending 38 years of Dutch colonial rule.
After the siege, Koxinga took Antonius Hambroek's teenage daughter as a concubine.(Volume 2 of A History of Christianity in Asia, Samuel H. Moffett Volume 36 of American Society of Missiology series) Other Dutch (or part Dutch) women were sold to Chinese soldiers to become their concubines. |
Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan) | Features | Features |
Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan) | Design and layout | Design and layout
Fort Zeelandia included an "inner fort" and an "outer fort". The inner fort was a square, three-layer construction. The lowest was for storage of ammunition and food. The second features a blank wall. The middle part of each side has a semicircular protruding barrack to strengthen the defense. Above the third story was the administrative center, including offices, garrison and church, all of them independent structures. There were walls on the periphery, with a protruding bastion on each of the four corners, armed with cannons; a watch tower was set at the southwest bastion.
The one-story outer fort was rectangular, with bastions on the northwest and southwest corners, armed with several cannons. Inside the outer fort were residences, a hospital and houses; the plaza was the commercial area. |
Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan) | Construction details | Construction details
thumb|Original wall of red bricks imported from Batavia and laid by the soldiers of the Dutch East India Company
Bricks were brought from Java and the mortar consisted of a mixture of sugar, sand, ground seashells and glutinous rice. The fort was designed to be surrounded by three concentric layers of walls and its four corners were built into protruding bastions for better defense. Its layout was typical of European forts of the 17th century. Inside was the military and administration center, church, garrisons, and jailhouse; outside was the downtown. Between the fort and downtown, there were market, slaughterhouse, gallows, execution ground and city weighing station.
Dutch bond was used for laying bricks to build Fort Zeelandia. It is created by alternately laying headers and stretchers in a single course to avoid gaps. The next course is laid so that a header lies in the middle of the stretcher in the course below. The Dutch bricks should have a 10-days kilning, the texture is solid and compact, and its color is red. |
Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan) | Gallery | Gallery |
Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan) | See also | See also
Fort Provintia
List of museums in Taiwan |
Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan) | References | References |
Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan) | Bibliography | Bibliography |
Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan) | External links | External links
Old print of Fort Zeelandia, Amsterdam 1675 (high resolution zoomable scan)
Category:1624 establishments in Dutch Formosa
Category:1662 disestablishments
Category:17th-century disestablishments in Dutch Formosa
Category:Buildings and structures associated with the Dutch East India Company
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1634
Category:Dutch Formosa
Category:Former properties of the Dutch East India Company
Zeelandia
Category:National monuments of Taiwan
Category:Star forts |
Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan) | Table of Content | Short description, History, Arrival and settlement of the Hollanders, Koxinga's conquering and the Dutch surrender, Features, Design and layout, Construction details, Gallery, See also, References, Bibliography, External links |
Eliud | Short description | Eliud, also known as Elihud, was a legendary king of the Britons, as recounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He came to power in 221BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons
He was preceded by Urianus and succeeded by Cledaucus.Sacred Texts website, Histories of the Kings of Britain (Book III), by Geoffry of Monmouth, tr. by Sebastian Evans, (1904) He is otherwise unattested. |
Eliud | References | References
Geoffrey of Monmouth By Evans, Sebastian
Category:Legendary British kings
Category:2nd-century BC legendary monarchs |
Eliud | Table of Content | Short description, References |
Kenshin | '''Kenshin''' | Kenshin is a Japanese masculine given name. It may refer to: |
Kenshin | Fiction | Fiction
Rurouni Kenshin, a manga series
Rurouni Kenshin (1996 TV series), the first animated series adaptation of the manga
Rurouni Kenshin (2023 TV series), the second animated series adaptation of the manga
Rurouni Kenshin (film), the 2012 film adaptation of the manga
, the main character of Rurouni Kenshin
Kenshin Dragon Quest: Yomigaerishi Densetsu no Ken, a Dragon Quest video-game |
Kenshin | People | People
, Japanese historical figure
, Japanese baseball pitcher
(1961–1987, aka Kenshin), Japanese haiku poet
Category:Japanese masculine given names
Category:Masculine given names |
Kenshin | Table of Content | '''Kenshin''', Fiction, People |
Cledaucus | Short description | Cledaucus () was a legendary king of the Britons as accounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He came to power in 215BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons
He was preceded by Eliud and succeeded by Clotenus. |
Cledaucus | References | References |
Cledaucus | External links | External links
The British History of Geoffrey of Monmouth, see page 59
Category:Legendary British kings |
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