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ANZ Bank New Zealand | Operations | Operations |
ANZ Bank New Zealand | Personal banking | Personal banking
thumb|Former ANZ branch on Lambton Quay, Wellington
As a part of ANZ's personal banking services, the bank offers a number of different bank accounts, personal loans, home loans, a wealth management service, insurance and investment services. |
ANZ Bank New Zealand | Investment | Investment
ANZ Investments, is ANZ's subsidiary (previously ING) that manages investments. Currently it is the largest fund manager in NZ with approximately 745,000 customers. It is one of the nine Kiwisaver scheme managers appointed by the New Zealand Government in 2014. |
ANZ Bank New Zealand | Insurance | Insurance
ANZ offers a number of insurance products through partnerships with different insurance companies including life and living insurance (Cigna Insurance), house insurance (Vero), contents insurance (Vero), car insurance (Vero) and travel insurance (Allianz Australia). The bank used to offer credit card repayment insurance, however since 2020, it no longer provides new policies. |
ANZ Bank New Zealand | Wealth management | Wealth management
ANZ has a wealth management service called private bank. The service provides investment management services, lending services (for personal, investment and commercial property loans), foreign currency accounts and services for foreign investors. |
ANZ Bank New Zealand | Advertising and sponsorship | Advertising and sponsorship
ANZ NZ sponsors a number of sporting entities and charities including New Zealand Cricket, Netball New Zealand, Paralympics New Zealand, the New Zealand Olympic Committee and the New Zealand Cancer Society. As of 2020, ANZ NZ donates NZ$15 million annually.
In 2017, ANZ spent $25 million on advertising annually, higher than any other bank in New Zealand. |
ANZ Bank New Zealand | 2016 Olympic Games | 2016 Olympic Games
For the 2016 Olympic Games, the New Zealand Olympic Committee and ANZ NZ developed a cross platform mobile app to cover the game. During this advertising campaign, which featured heavy ANZ branding, the company experienced a 2 basis point increase in brand consideration. |
ANZ Bank New Zealand | COVID-19 pandemic | COVID-19 pandemic
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, ANZ NZ donated $2 million to the Women’s Refuge, Age Concern New Zealand, the Salvation Army, Red Cross and local charities in the Pacific, in addition to a $1 million grant to cricket and netball. |
ANZ Bank New Zealand | Controversies | Controversies |
ANZ Bank New Zealand | Hisco personal expenses | Hisco personal expenses
An internal review, by ANZ's integrity unit, found that former CEO David Hisco was charging chauffeur driven cars and wine storage as expenses without authorisation. The report also found that the CEO "took actions that reduced the likelihood of the personal expenses being detected, and did not report the benefit associated with the expenses". |
ANZ Bank New Zealand | Hisco family house purchase | Hisco family house purchase
In 2011, ANZ purchased a property in Auckland for $7.5 million and rented it to its then-CEO David Hisco free of charge. In 2017, the property was sold to Hisco's wife for $6.9 million when the property's capital value was $10.7 million according to quotable value data. While a Deloitte review cleared ANZ of wrongdoing, the Financial Markets Authority determined that the sale should have been disclosed in ANZ's financial statements. |
ANZ Bank New Zealand | RBNZ censuring | RBNZ censuring
In May 2019, the Reserve Bank revoked ANZ's accreditation to model its own capital requirements due to "persistent failure in its control and attenuation process". Consequently ANZ is required to use a standardised model and to increase its minimum capital held by approximately 60% to $760 million. A Deloitte review found that "a historically complacent approach, the absence of a comprehensive compliance plan, diffused accountability and inadequate assurance processes, all contributed to the operational risk capital breach not being identified for more than five years". Although the RBNZ placed the responsibility on the directors, ANZ Chairman Sir John Key, maintains that the mistake was made by a junior employee. |
ANZ Bank New Zealand | Credit card repayment insurance | Credit card repayment insurance
The Financial Markets Authority (FMA) accused ANZ NZ of issuing duplicate credit card repayment insurance policies to customers and failing to cancel policies for ineligible customers. The 390 customers with duplicate policies were still charged for the policies even though they provided no benefit. ANZ NZ acknowledged the bank took too long to report the issue to the FMA and attributed the issue to human error and systems issues. The bank has since issued an apology and compensation of NZD $440,000 to affected customers, however the bank still faces High Court proceedings from the FMA. |
ANZ Bank New Zealand | Criticism | Criticism
ANZ has often been a finalist for the Roger Awards, which recognise "The Worst Transnational Corporation[s] operating in New Zealand" and are run by CAFCA and GATT Watchdog. Reports released by CAFCA criticised ANZ NZ for:
The highest gross interest margin in 2009 (in the aftermath of the global financial crisis) out of the largest four banks operating in NZ (ANZ, Westpac, BNZ and ASB Bank). ANZ had a gross interest margin of 35.4% compared to Westpac (31%) and BNZ (30.3%).
A high floating mortgage rate of 6.06% in 2009 compared to Westpac (5.69%) and BNZ (5.59%). |
ANZ Bank New Zealand | See also | See also
List of banks
List of banks in New Zealand |
ANZ Bank New Zealand | References | References |
ANZ Bank New Zealand | External links | External links
ANZ
OnePath
UDC
Category:Banks established in 1951
Category:Australia and New Zealand Banking Group
Category:Banks of New Zealand
Category:New Zealand subsidiaries of foreign companies
Category:New Zealand companies established in 1951 |
ANZ Bank New Zealand | Table of Content | Short description, History, 19th century, 20th century, 21st century, Organisational structure, Subsidiaries, Shareholdings, Operations, Personal banking, Investment, Insurance, Wealth management, Advertising and sponsorship, 2016 Olympic Games, COVID-19 pandemic, Controversies, Hisco personal expenses, Hisco family house purchase, RBNZ censuring, Credit card repayment insurance, Criticism, See also, References, External links |
Tikanga Māori | Short description | Tikanga is a Māori term for practices, customary law,Mikaere, Ani. (2007). Tikanga as the First Law of Aotearoa. Yearbook of New Zealand Jurisprudence, 10, 24-31. attitudes and principles. Te Aka Māori Dictionary defines it as "customary system of values and practices that have developed over time and are deeply embedded in the social context". More broadly, tikanga has often been defined as a concept incorporating practices and values from mātauranga Māori, or Māori knowledge. Tikanga is translated into the English language with a wide range of meanings—culture, custom, ethic, etiquette, fashion, formality, lore, manner, meaning, mechanism, method, protocol, and style. |
Tikanga Māori | Opinions | Opinions
Māori scholar Hirini Moko Mead states that tikanga can be viewed from several perspectives. One view is that tikanga Māori 'controls interpersonal relationships' as it guides the interactions of meetings, and provides identity to individuals. Another view is through ethics, that tikanga Māori is a practised code of conduct. The word tikanga is derived from the Māori word tika meaning 'right' or 'correct' so it follows that it involves moral judgements about what is the right way of doing something. Speaking on the pertinence of tikanga as a legitimate legal system, scholar Carwyn Jones has argued that the Treaty of Waitangi "was signed within the context of Māori legal systems", and that tikanga is inextricably linked to the concept of mana.Jones, Carwyn. (2016). New Treaty, New Tradition: Reconciling New Zealand and Māori law. University of British Columbia Press (pp.8-10)
Scholars of Māori legal history view tikanga as having once been the law of the land.Ruru, Jacinta. 'First laws: Tikanga Maori in/and the law', Victoria University of Wellington law review, 2018-08, Vol.49 (2), pp.211-228Jones, Carywn. 'Lost from Sight: Developing Recognition of Māori Law in Aotearoa New Zealand', Legalities, 2021-09, Vol.1 (2), pp.162-186 Lawyers view contemporary tikanga Māori through the lens of customary law, which comes from an authority rather than a normative system. This is being tested in the New Zealand judicial system through a few legal cases. For an interpretation of the conflicts between Tikanga Maori and Western/Pākehā jurisprudence, see the case of the burial of James Takamore (2011). In the course of her judgement on that case, Chief Justice of New Zealand Sian Elias stated that "Māori custom according to tikanga is... part of the values of the New Zealand common law." Justice Joe Williams has written and studied tikanga and the New Zealand law. In his future vision there is a phase "when tikanga Māori fuses with New Zealand’s common law tradition to form a hybrid law of Aotearoa that could be developed by judges, case by base."
From about the 1980s the word tikanga began to appear in common New Zealand English. This can be attributed to the Māori renaissance as well as acts of the New Zealand government including the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975 and the Resource Management Act (1991) that include the need for separate consultation with local iwi (tribal) representatives.
In March 2001, the New Zealand Law Commission released a report on the influence of tikanga Māori on Pākehā (English) law conventions.
On 2 July 2011, the Waitangi Tribunal released its report into the Wai 262 claim, Ko Aotearoa Tēnei ("This is Aotearoa (New Zealand)"). The report considers more than 20 Government departments and agencies and makes recommendations as to reforms of "laws, policies or practices relating to health, education, science, intellectual property, indigenous flora and fauna, resource management, conservation, the Māori language, arts and culture, heritage, and the involvement of Māori in the development of New Zealand’s positions on international instruments affecting indigenous rights." The second volume of the report contains a glossary of te reo Māori terms, including:
tikanga: traditional rules for conducting life, custom, method, rule, law
tikanga Māori: Māori traditional rules, culture
An example of applied tikanga is an approach by Māori weavers in the gathering of traditional materials such as harakeke. One tikanga is to never cut the inside leaves of the plant, the names of these leaves are the rito and this is metaphorically linked to growth of humans. Practically it ensures the life cycle of the plant, that the harvesting of the fibre does not kill the plant and it also connects the value of the resource to the people that use it. |
Tikanga Māori | See also | See also
Taha Māori
Māori culture
Māoritanga |
Tikanga Māori | References | References
Category:Māori culture
Category:Māori words and phrases
Category:Māori society
Category:Customary legal systems
Category:Religious practices by religion |
Tikanga Māori | Table of Content | Short description, Opinions, See also, References |
Critical graph | Short description | right|thumb|250px|On the left-top a vertex critical graph with chromatic number 6; next all the N-1 subgraphs with chromatic number 5.
In graph theory, a critical graph is an undirected graph all of whose proper subgraphs have smaller chromatic number. In such a graph, every vertex or edge is a critical element, in the sense that its deletion would decrease the number of colors needed in a graph coloring of the given graph. Each time a single edge or vertex (along with its incident edges) is removed from a critical graph, the decrease in the number of colors needed to color that graph cannot be by more than one. |
Critical graph | Variations | Variations
A -critical graph is a critical graph with chromatic number . A graph with chromatic number is -vertex-critical if each of its vertices is a critical element. Critical graphs are the minimal members in terms of chromatic number, which is a very important measure in graph theory.
Some properties of a -critical graph with vertices and edges:
has only one component.
is finite (this is the De Bruijn–Erdős theorem).
The minimum degree obeys the inequality . That is, every vertex is adjacent to at least others. More strongly, is -edge-connected.
If is a regular graph with degree , meaning every vertex is adjacent to exactly others, then is either the complete graph with vertices, or an odd-length cycle graph. This is Brooks' theorem.
.
.
Either may be decomposed into two smaller critical graphs, with an edge between every pair of vertices that includes one vertex from each of the two subgraphs, or has at least vertices. More strongly, either has a decomposition of this type, or for every vertex of there is a -coloring in which is the only vertex of its color and every other color class has at least two vertices.
Graph is vertex-critical if and only if for every vertex , there is an optimal proper coloring in which is a singleton color class.
As showed, every -critical graph may be formed from a complete graph by combining the Hajós construction with an operation that identifies two non-adjacent vertices. The graphs formed in this way always require colors in any proper coloring.
A double-critical graph is a connected graph in which the deletion of any pair of adjacent vertices decreases the chromatic number by two. It is an open problem to determine whether is the only double-critical -chromatic graph. |
Critical graph | See also | See also
Factor-critical graph |
Critical graph | References | References |
Critical graph | Further reading | Further reading
Category:Graph families
Category:Graph coloring |
Critical graph | Table of Content | Short description, Variations, See also, References, Further reading |
Smuggler's Run | short description | Smuggler's Run is a video game developed by Angel Studios and published by Rockstar Games as a launch title for the PlayStation 2 on October 26, 2000. In the game, the player plays as a smuggler who has a number of different vehicles at his disposal including dune buggies, rally cars, and military vehicles. The vehicles are used to smuggle assorted cargo through three different large, open levels. The game, which was an early release for the Sony PlayStation 2, features career and 1- to 2-player arcade modes.
Smuggler's Run became a part of the Sony Greatest Hits series of games that reached a particular sales milestone for the PlayStation 2. |
Smuggler's Run | Gameplay | Gameplay
Smuggler's Mission:
New to a local smuggling gang, the player's job is to smuggle cargo through three consecutive levels (forest, desert, and snow) with about ten missions per level. In nearly all missions they must evade the U.S. border patrol, the CIA, or rival smuggling gangs. This is essentially the career mode of the game. There are a total of 34 missions to complete here.
Turf War:
In this mode, players can play three different mini-games - two of which involve smuggling cargo while fighting against a rival gang. The final mini-game is a race through a popular spot through the level of their choice.
Joyriding:
This is a free roam mode where the player can explore the level of their choice without having to evade the border patrol. This is a good way to become familiar with the levels and find optimal routes through the level during Smuggler's Mission. |
Smuggler's Run | Reception | Reception
The PlayStation 2 version received "generally favorable reviews", while the Game Boy Advance version received "generally unfavorable reviews", according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. David Chen of NextGen said of the former console version, "A truly next-generation launch title, it's fast, fun, and free of constraints – just the way we like our cross-country crime sprees." In Japan, where the same console version was ported for release under the name and published by Syscom on December 28, 2000, Famitsu gave it a score of 28 out of 40.
Jake The Snake of GamePro said in one review that the PlayStation 2 version "has so many variables that no two runs are alike, and you'll enjoy replaying missions over and over. If you're in the market for some highly addictive, heart-pounding action, socre a copy of Smuggler's Run." In another GamePro review, Human Tornado said of the same console version, "Smuggler's Runs go-anywhere experience frees you up to get a bit creative with your driving, and the high speeds combined with rugged off-road courses make for a wild ride." Edge gave the same console version a score of six out of ten, saying that it "smacks of a game which has had a great deal of effort expended on its physics engine and raw playability, but very little on drawing up an overarching design." |
Smuggler's Run | Sequel | Sequel
A sequel to the game was produced: Smuggler's Run 2, which was released for the Sony PlayStation 2 on October 30, 2001. The sequel was later ported to the GameCube on August 7, 2002 and renamed Smuggler's Run: Warzones. |
Smuggler's Run | Notes | Notes |
Smuggler's Run | References | References |
Smuggler's Run | External links | External links
Category:2000 video games
Category:Destination Software games
Category:Game Boy Advance games
Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games
Category:PlayStation 2 games
Category:Racing video games
Category:Rockstar Games franchises
Category:Rockstar Games games
Category:Take-Two Interactive franchises
Category:Take-Two Interactive games
Category:Video games developed in the United States |
Smuggler's Run | Table of Content | short description, Gameplay, Reception, Sequel, Notes, References, External links |
Smuggler's Run 2 | Short description | Smuggler's Run 2: Hostile Territory or simply Smuggler's Run 2 is a video game released for the PlayStation 2 in 2001. It is a sequel to the 2000 game Smuggler's Run. Like the first game, the player is a smuggler trying to deliver illegal cargo to destinations within 3 large maps in the game using several different types of vehicles to make deliveries in a given amount of time. A GameCube version was released in 2002 titled Smuggler's Run: Warzones.
The game was originally supposed to take place in Afghanistan but following the attacks on the World Trade Center and the subsequent invasion of Afghanistan, the developers changed setting to the desert regions of Caucasus.
As in the first one, the police can drive the same cars but with much greater max speeds, the ability to go faster, slower and turn in midair to land on the player off jumps, extreme acceleration, and they can easily outnumber the player. Along with very inflexible time limits, this often leaves no room for mistakes. |
Smuggler's Run 2 | Gameplay | Gameplay
Similar to the original game, the overall objective in most missions is to deliver illegal contraband from a pick-up to a drop-off spot in a given amount of time. The player would also have to avoid the local army and border patrol during these missions. Now, players also have to follow vehicles without being seen, destroy enemy vehicles, and evade police after all other objectives are finished. The player is given a number of vehicles to choose from. |
Smuggler's Run 2 | Plot | Plot
The game takes place in three locations with the player working for a small smuggling company named Exotic Imports (EI or EXO for short). The story focuses on the activities and objectives given by the Colonel to EI. It starts in Russia, where the player finds out who they are working for and the basics of the game. Then, after being told to leave immediately from the area by Shodi (the main client) to Vietnam, Exotic Imports then learns of the CIA being involved after the Russians track 2 kg of Weapons Grade Plutonium. The story switches back to Russia, where Frank (the player's boss) asks the Colonel what is happening with the "nukes" and involvement from the CIA. Frank, only caring for money, agrees to continue smuggling nuclear devices. However, the rest of EI decide not to, and try to stop a missile in order to avert a Third World War. This reveals the Colonel's intentions, and Frank escapes with all the passwords, showing his plans. EI stop Frank, and then it shows the player flying off in a helicopter with a cheque for $100,501,000. |
Smuggler's Run 2 | Reception | Reception
Both Hostile Territory and Warzones received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Jim Preston of NextGen called the former "A small improvement over the original that also smartly retains all the fun."
The D-Pad Destroyer of GamePro said of Hostile Territory, "If you were a fan of the original, you'll probably love Smuggler's Run 2. It's less a sequel and more like what the original should have been. If you couldn't be bothered with Smuggler's Run, this version doesn't really add too much---just leave it in the dirt and go on to the next pick-up." Much later, Four-Eyed Dragon said, "Despite its questionable ethical objectives, Warzones is simply a frantic driver that has you racing from one point to another while trying to avoid the local law."
The latter was nominated for the "Best Driving Game on GameCube" award at GameSpots Best and Worst of 2002 Awards, which went to NASCAR: Dirt to Daytona. |
Smuggler's Run 2 | Notes | Notes |
Smuggler's Run 2 | References | References |
Smuggler's Run 2 | External links | External links
Category:2001 video games
Category:GameCube games
Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games
Category:PlayStation 2 games
Category:Racing video games
Category:Rockstar Games games
Category:Take-Two Interactive games
Category:Video game sequels
Category:Video games developed in the United States
Category:Video games produced by Dan Houser
Category:Video games written by Dan Houser |
Smuggler's Run 2 | Table of Content | Short description, Gameplay, Plot, Reception, Notes, References, External links |
The Pentagon Papers | # | Redirect Pentagon Papers |
The Pentagon Papers | Table of Content | # |
Fort Assinniboine | About | thumb|300px|right|1903 plan of the fort
Fort Assinniboine was a United States Army fort located in present-day north central Montana (historically within the military Department of Dakota). It was built in 1879 and operated by the Army through 1911. The 10th Cavalry Buffalo Soldiers, made up of African-American soldiers, were among the units making up the garrison at the fort. Determining that this fort was no longer needed after the end of the Indian Wars, the US Army closed and abandoned it.
In 1916 Congress authorized a reservation for the Rocky Boy's Band of Chippewa, who were landless. It became known as Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation, named after the chief who had sought the reservation. A portion of the fort was ceded in 1916 for use as a reservation; the land extended in both Hill and Chouteau counties. This was intended for landless Chippewa who had been pushed west out of their traditional territory. In the event, landless Cree and Metis, refugees from Canada, also settled at the reservation. |
Fort Assinniboine | Context | Context
During the Great Sioux War of 1876, U.S. Army forces led by General Custer suffered a disastrous defeat at the Battle of Little Big Horn (known by the Sioux as the Battle of Greasy Grass) on June 25, 1876. The following year, the US Army defeated and captured the Nez Perce band of Chief Joseph in the Battle of Bear Paw.
At that time, General Phil Sheridan suggested that a fort be built on or near the Milk River to ward off possible attacks from the North by the Sioux led by Chief Sitting Bull, who had migrated to the Cypress Hills in Canada, or by the Nez Perce, some of whom were also in Canada. Lt. Col. J.R. Brooke recommended the site where the post was established. The fort is located in Hill County six miles southwest of Havre (the county seat). Today Highway 87 passes near it. It was named for the Siouan-speaking Assinniboine people. Neither the Sioux nor the Nez Perce in Canada ever attacked across the border. |
Fort Assinniboine | Active period | Active period
The fort was located within a massive military reservation stretching south to the Missouri River, north to the Milk River and containing the Bear's Paw Mountains. It encompassed 704,000 acres (1,100 sq. mi., 2850 km2) at its maximum extent in 1880. It later was reduced to encompass 220,000 acres (344 sq. mi., 890 km2). At its peak, it garrisoned more than 750 officers and enlisted men and their families. With 104 buildings, the fort was one of the largest ever built in the United States.
The 10th Cavalry Buffalo Soldiers, made up of African-American soldiers, were part of the Fort Assiniboine garrison during the Indian Wars. They were called into service on the front during the Spanish–American War. They supported the flank of Roosevelt's "Rough Riders" at the Battle of San Juan Hill in 1898 in Cuba. Eyewitnesses noted that the Rough Riders would not have prevailed without the Buffalo Soldiers.
From the late 19th century, the extensive lands of Fort Assiniboine served as a refuge for bands of landless Chippewa and Cree people, who camped within the military reservation. The fort was operated by the Army until 1911, when it was closed and abandoned, determined to no longer be necessary. The US believed that the Indians were peaceful or under control, mostly contained on reservations in the West, and on the decline. By 1912, a few hundred Native Americans were within the grounds. |
Fort Assinniboine | Notable people | Notable people
John Pershing, career officer assigned for a time to Fort Assinboine. Pershing so impressed General-in-chief of the Army Maj. General Nelson A. Miles, who was on a hunting trip in the area, that Miles transferred the younger man to Washington, D.C. as an aide-de-camp. Pershing later served as a tactical officer at West Point. When the Spanish–American War broke out in 1898, he was reassigned, at his request, to the famed Buffalo Soldiers of Fort Assinniboine from the 10th Cavalry. They fought alongside Roosevelt in Cuba at the Battle of San Juan Hill. Pershing later achieved worldwide fame as the leader of the American Expeditionary Force in World War I, and continued to distinguish himself over the course of his career.
Sgt. Horace Bivens, member of the 10th Cavalry Regiment and career soldier, he fought in Indian Wars in the Southwest. As part of the 10th, he served under John Pershing in Cuba during the Spanish American War. He was awarded a Silver Star for valor. In the early 20th century, he received the first Army Distinguished Pistol Shot badge because of his scores in marksmanship competitions. |
Fort Assinniboine | Closure | Closure
By the early twentieth century, the Indian Wars were finished and the Army determined it no longer had a need for Fort Assiniboine. At the same time, Chippewa leader Asiniiwin (Rocky Boy) appealed to the Theodore Roosevelt administration for land and education for his band, who had been pushed out of their traditional territory further east.
Gradually numerous Chippewa and Cree people settled on the large military reservation; the Cree had come as refugees from Canada following the North-West Rebellion. The Chippewa had been pushed west from Wisconsin and Minnesota. Both groups traded with the Army and had no land of their own.
In 1916, Congress authorized establishment of a reservation for the Chippewa, who had been supported in their quest by prominent whites in Montana. The government ceded a portion of Fort Assinniboine to the Rocky Boy Indian Reservation, established for the Chippewa band led by Chief Ahsiniwiin (Rocky Boy, or Stone Child.) He had died several months before the reservation was authorized by Congress, and it was eventually named in his honor. It is the smallest reservation in the state in terms of land area, with a total land area of , which includes extensive off-reservation trust lands. (Some lands were added after the initial authorization.)
Most of the abandoned buildings at the fort were soon razed and hauled away by settlers for building materials. A handful of surviving structures have been adapted for use as both an agricultural research station associated with Montana State University - Bozeman, and as a historical preservation site. The site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
A portion of the Reservation, where the beaver creek ran through the Bears Paw Mountains, was first designated as a national park. The federal government later ceded it to the city of Havre, Montana for the purpose of a city recreation area. When they failed to use it, the Reservation transferred the land to Hill County, which created Beaver Creek Park. With 10,000 acres, it is the largest county park in the United States. |
Fort Assinniboine | Tourism | Tourism
It is possible to visit Fort Assinniboine. The Havre Chamber of Commerce and the Hill County Museum both furnish current visitor information. A tour guide is available during the summer season (June 1 through September 1), Monday through Sunday 9AM to 5PM. Tour guides are on-site. The site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
HWY 87 Overview Local Dirt Roads
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Fort Assinniboine | See also | See also
List of military installations in Montana |
Fort Assinniboine | References | References |
Fort Assinniboine | External links | External links
Old Forts Trail entry
Official Montana state travel site
MHS Historic Sign Texts
Guide to the Fort Assiniboine Records 1879-1906
Fort's Official Homepage (maintained by Havre Chamber of Commerce)
Category:Government buildings completed in 1879
Category:Great Sioux War of 1876
Assinniboine
Category:1879 establishments in Montana Territory
Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Hill County, Montana |
Fort Assinniboine | Table of Content | About, Context, Active period, Notable people, Closure, Tourism, See also, References, External links |
The Man Show | short description | The Man Show is an American sketch comedy television show on Comedy Central that aired from 1999 to 2004. It was created by its two original co-hosts, Adam Carolla and Jimmy Kimmel, and their executive producer Daniel Kellison. The pilot was originally paid for and pitched to ABC, who declined to pick up the show.
The Man Show simultaneously celebrated and lampooned the stereotypical loutish male perspective in a sexually charged, humorous light. The show consisted of a variety of pre-recorded comedy sketches and live in-studio events, usually requiring audience participation. The Man Show was a career breakthrough for Kimmel.
The Man Show is particularly well known for its buxom female models, the Juggy Dance Squad, who would dance in themed, revealing costumes at the opening of every show, in the aisles of the audience just before The Man Show went to commercial break, and during the end segment "Girls on Trampolines".
The first year of The Man Show featured beer-guzzling entertainer Bill "the Fox" Foster as the show's emcee. Foster specialized in chugging two beers in record time (sometimes while suspended upside down) and singing lewd drinking songs. He would close every episode by leading the audience in the German drinking toast Zicke, Zacke, Zicke, Zacke, Hoi, Hoi, Hoi!, a tradition that the show continued after his death from prostate cancer in 2000. |
The Man Show | Episodes | Episodes |
The Man Show | Departure of Kimmel and Carolla | Departure of Kimmel and Carolla
In 2003, Kimmel and Carolla left The Man Show, with the hosting jobs passed down to comedians Joe Rogan and Doug Stanhope. With the hosting change came a re-composition of the show's theme song. The new pair hosted the show for two more seasons before it ceased production in 2004, after its final episode aired on June 19. |
The Man Show | Post-series | Post-series
Kimmel went on to host his own late-night show for ABC, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, which he has hosted since 2003. Carolla stayed with Comedy Central to host Too Late with Adam Carolla in 2005 and then became part of CBS Radio's Free FM experiment after Howard Stern joined Sirius Satellite Radio; his talk show, The Adam Carolla Show, ran until 2009. Carolla continues to do the show as a daily podcast and also co-hosted the Spike show Catch a Contractor. Carolla has appeared on Kimmel's program several times (more so than any other guest) during its run.
Rogan continued to host Fear Factor for three more years after The Man Show was cancelled and eventually became color commentator for the Ultimate Fighting Championship, with which he has been associated since its early days. He also continues to tour as a standup comedian and began a podcast in 2012, eventually featuring influential in-depth interviews that frequently run three hours. Stanhope continues to perform philosophical standup comedy, hosts a podcast in Arizona, and remains one of Rogan's most frequent podcast guests.
In 2012, for the season 4, episode 29 of Tosh.0, titled "Virgin Trampoline Jumper", Daniel Tosh revisited The Man Show with hosts Joe Rogan and Doug Stanhope, in which they made the claim that the show still gets filmed. The hosts gave advice for a man who was 37 and still a virgin; they then set him up with a Juggy Girl.
In October 2017, several clips from the series began to resurface, including clips of Kimmel's impersonations in blackface of Karl Malone. It wasn't until June 2020 that Kimmel issued an apology for the Karl Malone sketches in the wake of the George Floyd protests. "There is nothing more important to me than your respect, and I apologize to those who were genuinely hurt or offended by the makeup I wore or the words I spoke," Kimmel said in a statement, adding that he never realized that it could be viewed as more than "an imitation of a human being." |
The Man Show | Notable Juggy Girls | Notable Juggy Girls
Christy Hemme – American professional wrestler and WWE Diva
Joanna Krupa
Candice Michelle – American professional wrestler and WWE Diva
Nicole Pulliam |
The Man Show | References | References |
The Man Show | External links | External links
Comedy Central site
Pazsaz Entertainment Network - Episode Information And Airdates
Category:2004 American television series endings
Category:1999 American television series debuts
Category:1990s American satirical television series
Category:1990s American sketch comedy television series
Category:2000s American satirical television series
Category:2000s American sketch comedy television series
Category:Comedy Central original programming
Category:American English-language television shows
Category:Television series by Lionsgate Television
Category:Television series by Stone Stanley Entertainment
Category:American television shows featuring puppetry
Category:Jimmy Kimmel
Category:Joe Rogan |
The Man Show | Table of Content | short description, Episodes, Departure of Kimmel and Carolla, Post-series, Notable Juggy Girls, References, External links |
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) | Short description | thumb|Stone relief from the tomb of Wang Chuzhi. National Museum, Beijing
Liang, known in historiography as the Later Liang () (1 June 907 – 19 November 923) or the Zhu Liang (), was an imperial dynasty of China and the first of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was founded by Zhu Wen (Emperor Taizu), after he forced the last emperor of the Tang dynasty to abdicate in his favour (and then murdered him). The Later Liang would last until 923 when it was destroyed by the Later Tang dynasty. |
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) | Formation | Formation
Zhu Wen initially allied himself as Huang Chao's lieutenant. However, he took Huang's best troops and established his own power base as a warlord in Kaifeng. By 904, he had exerted control over both of the twin Tang dynasty capitals of Chang'an and Luoyang. Tang emperor Zhaozong was ordered murdered by Zhu in 904 and the last Tang emperor, Ai Di (Emperor Ai of Tang), was deposed three years later. Emperor Ai of Tang was murdered in 908, also ordered by Zhu.
Meanwhile, Zhu Wen declared himself emperor of the new Later Liang in Kaifeng in 907. The name Liang refers to the Henan region in which the heart of the regime rested. |
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) | Extent of control | Extent of control
The Later Liang controlled most of northern China, though much of Shaanxi (controlled by the Qi) as well as Hebei (controlled by the Yan state) and Shanxi (controlled by Shatuo Turks state Jin) remained largely outside Later Liang control. |
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) | End of the dynasty | End of the dynasty
The Later Liang maintained a tense relationship with the Shatuo Turks, due to the rivalry between Zhu Quanzong and Li Keyong, a relationship that began back in the time of the Tang dynasty. After Li Keyong's death, his son, Li Cunxu, continued to expand his State of Jin. Li was able to destroy the Later Liang in 923 and found Later Tang. |
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) | Conference of the Mandate of Heaven on the Later Liang | Conference of the Mandate of Heaven on the Later Liang
thumb|Two Emperors of the Qi and Liang Dynasties, in Jami al-Tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles), by Rashid al-Din, Iran, 1306 CE
Generally through Chinese history, it was historians of later kingdoms whose histories bestowed the Mandate of Heaven posthumously on preceding dynasties. This was typically done for the purpose of strengthening the present rulers' ties to the Mandate themselves. Song dynasty historian Xue Juzheng did exactly this in his work History of the Five Dynasties.
Several justifications were given for this, and successive Five Dynasties regimes, to be conferred the Mandate of Heaven. Among these was that these dynasties all controlled most of the traditional Chinese heartland. However, the Later Liang was an embarrassment in the brutality it employed, causing many to want to deny it this status, but doing so would break the chain through the other Five Dynasties, and thus to the Song dynasty, which itself was the successor to the last of the Five Dynasties. |
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) | Rulers | Rulers
Temple names Posthumous names Family names and given name Chinese naming conventions Durations of reigns Era names and their according durations Taìzǔ (太祖) Too Tedious;thus unused when referring to this sovereign Zhū Wēn (朱溫) Family name and given name 907–912 Kaīpíng (開平) 907–911 Qiánhuà (乾化) 911–912 Did not exist none Zhu Yougui (朱友珪) Family name and given name 912–913Qiánhuà (乾化) 912–913 Fènglì (鳳曆) 913 Did not exist Mò (末) Zhū Zhèn (朱瑱) Family name and given name 913–923 Qiánhuà (乾化) 913–915 Zhēnmíng (貞明) 915–921 Lóngdé (龍德) 921–923 |
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) | Rulers' family tree | Rulers' family tree |
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) | See also | See also
Huang Chao
Jiedushi
Tang dynasty |
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) | Notes | Notes |
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) | References | References
Category:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Category:Former countries in Chinese history
Category:10th-century establishments in China
Category:907 establishments
Category:923 disestablishments
Category:10th-century disestablishments in China
Category:States and territories established in the 900s
Category:States and territories disestablished in the 920s |
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) | Table of Content | Short description, Formation, Extent of control, End of the dynasty, Conference of the Mandate of Heaven on the Later Liang, Rulers, Rulers' family tree, See also, Notes, References |
Jaganatha | # | redirect Jagannath |
Jaganatha | Table of Content | # |
Fernando L. Ribas-Dominicci | Use mdy dates | Fernando Luis Ribas-Dominicci (June 24, 1952 – April 15, 1986), was a captain and F-111F pilot in the United States Air Force. He was killed in action during the U.S. air raid on Libya, Operation El Dorado Canyon, on April 15, 1986. Ribas Dominicci was awarded the Purple Heart and posthumously promoted to the rank of major. |
Fernando L. Ribas-Dominicci | Early years | Early years
Ribas-Dominicci was born in the town of Utuado, in the mountains of Puerto Rico, where he received his primary and secondary education. As a child, he had always dreamed of becoming a pilot and after he graduated from high school, he entered the University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez where he earned his bachelor's degree in civil engineering. As a student in the university, he was a member of the campus' Air Force ROTC program and upon graduation was commissioned a second lieutenant in the U.S. Air Force. Served in the United States Air Force Reserve from 1975 to 1976. |
Fernando L. Ribas-Dominicci | Military career | Military career
Ribas-Dominicci next completed Undergraduate Pilot Training and was awarded his pilot wings at Laughlin Air Force Base, later he was assigned to Cannon Air Force Base, in New Mexico, where he received advanced training as a General Dynamics F-111 combat pilot. He served as an F-111 Aardvark pilot with the 522nd Fighter Squadron and then the 523d Fighter Squadron of the 27th Fighter Wing at Cannon AFB. By 1983, Ribas-Dominicci was a captain and the recipient of the Air Force Commendation Medal. In 1985, he completed his master's degree in aeronautical science at the Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach, Florida, United States. |
Fernando L. Ribas-Dominicci | Operation El Dorado Canyon | Operation El Dorado Canyon
On April 15, 1986, in response to acts of terrorism sponsored by Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi, the United States attacked key terrorist training facilities in Tripoli, Libya, using 18 USAF F-111F fighter-bombers and 5 EF-111A radar jamming aircraft from bases in England. The attack was code-named Operation El Dorado Canyon. This was part of a joint strike mission in coordination with US Navy aircraft which struck targets in Behghazi, Libya, at the same time. Major Ribas-Dominicci was one of the pilots who participated in the air raid as member of the 48th Tactical Fighter Wing. His F-111F was shot down in action over the disputed Gulf of Sidra off the Libyan coast. Ribas-Dominicci and his weapon systems officer, Captain Paul F. Lorence, were the only U.S. casualties of the mission. |
Fernando L. Ribas-Dominicci | Aftermath | Aftermath
On December 25, 1988, after years of denying that they had the bodies of the two crew members, Gaddafi offered to release the body of Lorence to his family through Pope John Paul II. The body recovered and thought to be that of Lorence was actually that of then-Captain Fernando L. Ribas-Domminici, which was identified by dental records and returned in 1989.
The Libyan government has denied that it holds Lorence's remains and the U.S government does not believe that they are hiding anything. Major Fernando Luis Ribas-Dominicci's remains are buried in his hometown of Utuado. |
Fernando L. Ribas-Dominicci | Honors and legacy | Honors and legacy
Both men's names are engraved in the F-111 "Vark" Memorial Park located in Clovis, New Mexico. Ribas-Dominicci was awarded the Purple Heart and posthumously promoted to the rank of major, effective April 15, 1986.
The Ribas-Dominicci Plaza at Laughlin AFB was Named in Honor of Maj. Fernando Ribas-Dominicci on May 26, 1989. He graduated with Laughlin Undergraduate Pilot Training Class 77-05.United States Armed Forces
To honor his memory, the Government of Puerto Rico renamed the Isla Grande Airport in San Juan to Fernando Ribas Dominicci Airport. The City of Utuado honored the pilot by naming a main avenue as Fernando Ribas-Dominicci Avenue. A monument in Ribas-Dominicci's honor, simulating an F-111, has been placed at the entrance of Utuado. Ribas-Dominicci's name is engraved in El Monumento de la Recordación (Spanish: Monument of Remembrance) dedicated to Puerto Rico's fallen soldiers and situated in front of the Capitol Building in San Juan, Puerto Rico. |
Fernando L. Ribas-Dominicci | Awards and decorations | Awards and decorations
Among Major Ribas-Dominicci's military decorations were the following:
BadgeSenior Pilot Badge 1st RowPurple Heart2nd RowMeritorious Service MedalAir Medal Air Force Commendation Medal3rd RowAir Force Outstanding Unit AwardNavy Meritorious Unit CommendationNational Defense Service Medal4th RowArmed Forces Expeditionary MedalAir Force Overseas Long Tour Service RibbonAir Force Longevity Service Award5th RowCombat Readiness Medalw/ 1 bronze oak leaf clusterSmall Arms Expert Marksmanship RibbonAir Force Training Ribbon |
Fernando L. Ribas-Dominicci | Notes | Notes |
Fernando L. Ribas-Dominicci | See also | See also
List of Puerto Ricans
Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico
List of Puerto Rican military personnel
Hispanics in the United States Air Force
University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez people |
Fernando L. Ribas-Dominicci | References | References |
Fernando L. Ribas-Dominicci | Further reading | Further reading
Puertorriquenos Who Served With Guts, Glory, and Honor. Fighting to Defend a Nation Not Completely Their Own; by Greg Boudonck; |
Fernando L. Ribas-Dominicci | External links | External links
Captain Paul Lorence: An American Patriot Left Behind, In 2001, Lorence's lifelong friend, reference librarian Theodore D. Karantsalis, enlisted the aid of Congressman Wally Herger's office to urge Libya to return Lorence's remains on behalf of his family and friends. The Paul Lorence web blog (posted above) was started in 2005 to get the word out around the 20th anniversary of the raid.
Category:1952 births
Category:1986 deaths
Category:Aviators killed by being shot down
Category:Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University alumni
Category:People from Utuado, Puerto Rico
Category:Puerto Rican military officers
Category:Puerto Rican people of Corsican descent
Category:Puerto Rican United States Air Force personnel
Category:Recipients of the Air Medal
Category:United States Air Force officers
Category:United States Air Force reservists
Category:American military personnel killed in action
Category:Recipients of the Meritorious Service Medal (United States)
Category:University of Puerto Rico alumni |
Fernando L. Ribas-Dominicci | Table of Content | Use mdy dates, Early years, Military career, Operation El Dorado Canyon, Aftermath, Honors and legacy, Awards and decorations, Notes, See also, References, Further reading, External links |
Marganus II | '''Marganus II''' | Marganus II (Welsh: Morgan mab Arthal) was a legendary king of the Britons as recounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He came to power in 299BC.Monarchie Nobelesse website, Bretons
He was the son of King Archgallo and was succeeded by his brother, Enniaunus. He ruled the kingdom in tranquility and without conflict.Sacred Texts website, Histories of the Kings of Britain (Book III), by Geoffry of Monmouth, tr. by Sebastian Evans, (1904) |
Marganus II | References | References
Category:Legendary British kings
Category:3rd-century BC legendary monarchs |
Marganus II | Table of Content | '''Marganus II''', References |
Service à la française | Short description | thumb|Table layout for the second course, in Elizabeth Raffald's The Experienced English Housekeeper, 4th Edition, 1775. Identifiable dishes include three mammal species, four birds, and four of fishes and seafood.
(; "service in the French style") is the practice of serving various dishes of a meal at the same time, with the diners helping themselves from the serving dishes. That contrasts to ("service in the Russian style") in which dishes are brought to the table sequentially and served individually, portioned by servants.
Formal dinners were served à la française from the Middle Ages to the 19th century, but in the modern era it has been largely supplanted by service à la russe in restaurants. Service à la française still exists today in the form of the buffet, and remains popular for small and large gatherings in homes, companies, hotels, and other group settings. It is also similar to the Chinese style of serving large groups in many Chinese restaurants. |
Service à la française | History | History
The formalized was a creation of the Baroque period, helped by the growth of published cookbooks setting out grand dining as it was practiced at the French court, led by François Pierre de la Varenne's Le Cuisinier françois (1651) and Le Pâtissier françois (1653). As in other matters of taste and fashion, France took over from Italy as the leader of Europe, and by the 18th century the French style was diffused across the rest of Europe, and those who could afford them hired French chefs.
Over the course of the 19th century, was replaced by service à la russe in grand dining. This had the advantage of making the food much hotter when it reached the diner, and reducing the huge number of dishes and condiments previously found on the table at the same time. It also ensured that everybody could taste everything they wanted, which in practice the old system often did not allow. On the other hand, the effect of magnificent profusion was reduced, and many more footmen and more tableware were required, making it an option only the rich could afford. It also reduced the time spent at the table, and the amount of food needed. |
Service à la française | Organization of the meal | Organization of the meal
thumb|left|The medieval predecessor of service à la française in the 1410s, Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry
The meal was divided into two, three or four courses, "removes" or "services": soup and fish; meat entrées; and desserts, all with various side dishes. A supper, long after the main dinner, might just have one course, plus dessert. Each course included a variety of dishes, all set at the same time at the table. Guests served themselves and their neighbours; the men were generally supposed to help the ladies next to them. The table was set and the first remove placed on the table before the guests entered the dining room. The serving dishes might be removed after the first course of soup or fish, or not. They were always cleared after the entrées, before serving dessert, except for a period in the mid-18th century, when at grand meals the desserts were placed in the centre of the table from the start of the meal.
There was supposed, by the cookery books, to be a more or less fixed ratio of around four dishes per diner, all different. Unlike today, when doubling the number of diners from say 12 to 24 will normally mean doubling the quantity prepared of each type of food, service à la française doubled the number of different dishes of all types, to about 96. Therefore, in a large dinner, there was no chance for every diner to taste everything on the table, and two diners at different points around the table might well both have a hearty dinner, without tasting any of the same food, as with a large modern buffet. But whereas in the Middle Ages and Renaissance the best food was placed on the table with the most important diners, or the centre of a very large table, the lesser tables or edges of the main table doing rather less well, now the quality of food was even across the table. But now only diners accepted as more or less of the same status eat in the same room at all.
In practice, guests might not be aware of what all the many dishes on the table were, or be able to see or obtain them. The long account in a letter from a young American lady of a dinner for 18 people on New Year's Day 1852 at an aristocratic English country house, includes "I cannot tell you how many kinds of soup there were. Suffice it, that mine was most delicious".
In the Renaissance the dessert course might be served in a different room, or at the other end of a large room, sometimes in buffet style.
Service à la française sometimes required so much food to be set out that it was the custom of some hosts to have a second dinner party the following day, using what was left over for a slightly smaller number of less-important guests. William Makepeace Thackeray's character Major Pendennis (1850) is "indignant at being invited to a 'second-day dinner'".
Until about 1800, no glasses or drinks were on the table at the start of the meal. Footmen were beckoned and brought a salver with a glass of wine, and a decanter of water to dilute it if desired. |
Service à la française | The "Classical Order" of table service | The "Classical Order" of table service
The "Classical Order" of table service emerged in France in the early 17th century and first appeared in print in 1651 in La Varenne’s Le Cuisinier françois. The Classical meal is composed of five stages: potage, entrée, roast, entremets, and dessert. Each stage is characterized by certain types of dishes largely unique to that stage, each distinguished from the other by their ingredients, cooking methods, and serving temperatures. The distinctions between the stages were at first loosely observed, or perhaps more accurately, the "rules" were in a formative stage for several decades. By the early 18th century, though, the stages of the meal were increasingly rigid.
Each stage could be presented in a separate course, or the stages could be grouped together to produce a meal of fewer courses. Regardless of the presentation on the table, the stages of the meal were consumed in the same order, known to those attending the meal but rarely evident in contemporaneous menus or descriptions of meals.
The meal consistently began with potages.
Entrées on meat days included butchers' meats (but not ham), suckling pig, domestic fowl, furred and feathered game, and offal. Entrées were typically cooked in moist heat in preparations such as sautés, ragoûts, and fricassées. Meat or fowl might be roasted, but they were always finished in a sauce. Other common entrées were meat pies and fritters. On lean days, fish and eggs replaced meat and fowl in every course. In Lent, though, eggs were not served at any meal until the 19th century, when eggs became increasingly common in Lent. Vegetables were used only in sauces or garnishes; they were not served as a separate dish in the entrée stage of the meal, even on lean days. All entrées were served hot, which was a salient feature of entrées until the 19th century.
In the 18th century, the bouilli, a joint of boiled beef, was the first entrée consumed at the meal after the potages. By the 1820s, the bouilli was no longer routinely served at fine dinners.
The relevé was in origin an entrée, a spit-roasted joint served in a sauce and consumed after the other entrées. By the late 18th century, relevés had come to be considered a distinct stage of the meal consisting of any large joint consumed after the other entrées. On lean days, relevés were typically whole fish served in a sauce, and in the 19th century, whole fish became a classic relevé, even on meat days. Also in the 19th century, relevés came to be served before the other entrées rather than after, essentially replacing the bouilli formerly consumed at that point in the meal.
In the early 18th century, hors d’œuvres were little extra dishes served alongside both entrées and entremets, typically consumed at the end of the given course. They were at first considered to be small entrées or entremets; but by the late 18th century, hors d’œuvre had come to be considered a distinct stage of the meal that was consumed immediately after the potages and before the entrées and relevés.
Roasts on meat days included domestic fowl, feathered game, and small furred game. The fowl and game were spit-roasted and nicely browned, served "dry" and not in a sauce or ragoût, although sauces might be served separately. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, large cuts of roasted butcher's meat and furred game were not considered appropriate for the roast course and they were instead served as relevés; but in the late 19th century, large joints in the roast course became common. On lean days, whole fish replaced meat-day roasts, but the fish were poached or fried, not roasted. The fish were substitutions or counterparts to the roasts served on meat days, corresponding to their position in the meal but not their cooking method. The fish for the roast course were served "dry", often with the scales still attached, and sauces might be served on the side, as for roasts on meat days.
Salads were served with the roast. Salads were often considered to be a sort of entremets, but they were usually mentioned separately from the other entremets.
Entremets were the last dishes served from the kitchen. They were a varied selection of chilled meats, hot vegetables, hot and cold sweet dishes, and other dishes like vegetable and cheese fritters.
Dessert consisted of items "from the storeroom" (de l'office), including fresh, stewed, preserved, and dried fruits; fruit jellies; cheese and other dairy dishes; dry biscuits (cookies) and wafers; and, beginning in the mid-18th century, ices and petits fours. Because the dishes in the dessert course were not prepared in the kitchen, dessert was often not included on menus or in descriptions of meals, and the stated number of courses was thus often fewer by one than the actual number of courses served.
Beginning in the early 19th century, the meal often included a small glass of chilled spirits or frozen punch between courses at the midpoint of the meal. In a 4-course meal, it was typically served after the roast, and in a 3-course meal, before the roast. The drink, the coup du milieu, was not considered a distinct stage of the meal and was not often included on menus.
The stages of the meal could be presented in 5, 4, or 3 courses. Some meals, particularly meals other than dinner, were presented in a single course, a distinct type of service called an ambigu.
While there are many variations in the details, the following arrangements are characteristic of meals from the mid-17th century to the late 19th-century. Note that hors d'œuvres and relevés in the descriptions were not distinct stages of the meal in the 17th century. Note also that in the 19th century, relevés were increasingly served before the other entrées, not after them.
Meals with five courses are attested from the mid-17th to the mid-18th century by La Varenne (1651), Pierre de Lune (1662), Louis Liger (1711), François Marin (1739), and Menon (1739).
Potage + hors d'œuvre
Entrée + relevé
Roast + salad
Entremets
Dessert
Meals with four courses are attested from the mid-17th to the early-19th century by L.S.R (1674), Jean Ribou (1708), Menon (1739), Menon (1746), Dictionnaire portatif de cuisine, d’office, et de distillation (1767), and Grimod de La Reynière (1805).
Potage + hors d’œuvre + entrée + relevé
Roast + salad
Entremets
Dessert
Meals with three courses are attested from the mid-16th to the late-19th century by François Massialot (1691), Nicolas Audiger (1692), Menon (1746), Manuel de Gastronomie (1825), Urbain Dubois (1856), and Dictionnaire universel de la Vie pratique à la ville et à la campagne (1882). Beginning in the early 19th century, meals of three courses were the most common type of table service.
Potage + hors d’œuvre + entrée + relevé
Roast + salad + entremets
Dessert |
Service à la française | Modifications | Modifications
thumb|Reconstruction of middle-class table set for eight, around 1800
A modified form of service à la française is known as "family-style" in less formal restaurants. This form of service replicates the way in which small family meals are sometimes served.
The buffet style is a variation of the French service in which all of the food is available, at the correct temperature, in a serving space other than the dining table, and guests serve themselves.
Buffets can vary from the informal (a gathering of friends in a home, or the serving of brunch at a hotel) to the formal setting of a wedding reception. The "buffet" format is preferred on occasions where a very large number of guests is to be accommodated efficiently by a small number of service personnel. |
Service à la française | See also | See also
Degustation
Silver service
Small plates
Tasting menu |
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