title
stringlengths 1
80
| section
stringlengths 1
623
| text
stringlengths 0
40.4k
|
|---|---|---|
Teays River | See also | See also
Lake Tight
Lake Monongahela |
Teays River | References | References |
Teays River | External links | External links
NPS.gov: Geology of the New River
USGS:Teays River
Category:Former rivers |
Teays River | Table of Content | Short description, Creation, Course, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Entrenched or ‘deep stage’, Tributaries, Ohio valleys, Preglacial Eel Valley, Illinois valleys, Demise, Present-day remnants, Discovery, Namesakes, See also, References, External links |
Tai-Ping Rebellion | # | Redirect Taiping Rebellion |
Tai-Ping Rebellion | Table of Content | # |
Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart | Short description | General Charles Murray Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart (21 December 1783 – 16 July 1859), styled Lord Greenock between 1814 and 1843, was a British Army general who became Governor General of the Province of Canada (26 November 1845 – 30 January 1847). He was a keen amateur geologist, with enough recognition to warrant being made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. |
Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart | Early life | Early life
Cathcart was born at Walton, Essex, on 21 December 1783, the eldest surviving son of William Cathcart, 10th Lord Cathcart (later the 1st Earl Cathcart). |
Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart | Career | Career
Cathcart entered the army as a cornet in the 2nd Regiment of Life Guards on 2 March 1800. He served on the staff of Sir James Craig in Naples and Sicily. He became heir apparent to the lordship of Cathcart in 1804, after his brother William Cathcart, Master of Cathcart died while commanding a Royal Navy vessel in the West Indies. After his father was elevated to an earldom in 1814 he became known by the courtesy title Lord Greenock.
Cathcart saw service on the ill-fated Walcheren Expedition in 1809 and at the siege of Flushing, after which for some time he was disabled by the injurious effects of the pestilence which cut off so many thousands of his companions. Becoming lieutenant colonel on 30 August 1810, he embarked for the Peninsula, where he was present at the Battle of Barrosa, for which he received a gold medal on 6 April 1812, at the Battle of Salamanca, and the Battle of Vitoria, during which he served as assistant quartermaster-general.
He was next sent to assist Sir Thomas Graham in Holland as the head of the quartermaster-general's staff and was present at the ill-fated Siege of Bergen op Zoom in March 1814. Thereafter he was present at the Battle of Waterloo, where he had three horses shot from under him. He was awarded the Russian Order of St. Vladimir, the Dutch Military William Order, and made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB). In 1823, he was appointed a lieutenant colonel in the royal staff corps at Hythe.
In 1830 he moved to Edinburgh where lived at "Whitehouse villa" on Bruntsfield Links. He became involved in the proceedings of the Highland Society, became a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and where he announced the discovery of a new mineral, a sulphide of cadmium, which was found in excavating the Bishopton tunnel near Port Glasgow and which is now known as Greenockite. On 17 February 1837 he was made Commander-in-Chief, Scotland and Governor of Edinburgh Castle. On 17 June 1838, on the death of his father, he became second earl and eleventh baron Cathcart. On 16 March 1846 he was appointed commander-in-chief in British North America from 16 March 1846 and in 1850 he was appointed to the command of the Northern and Midland District, and in 1855 he retired. |
Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart | Family | Family
On 30 September 1818 he married Henrietta Mather, daughter of Thomas Mather in France. The couple remarried at Portsea, England, 12 February 1819. Lady Cathcart accompanied her husband, and their daughters, to Canada in June, 1845. Lady Cathcart presented colours to one of the militia regiments in Montreal. The family returned to England in May, 1847. His daughter Elizabeth married General Sir John Douglas.Chronicles of the Plumsted Family, Eugene Devereux, Philadelphia, 1887, p. 48-50
Cathcart died at St. Leonard's-on-Sea on 16 July 1859. His wife died on 24 June 1872. |
Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart | Publications | Publications
He was the author of two papers in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1836, On the Phenomena in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh of the Igneous Rocks in their relation to the Secondary Strata, and The Coal Formation of the Scottish Lowlands. |
Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart | References | References |
Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart | Sources | Sources
|
Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart | External links | External links
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
Category:11th Hussars officers
Category:1783 births
Category:1859 deaths
Category:1st King's Dragoon Guards officers
Category:3rd Dragoon Guards officers
Category:British Army generals
Category:British Army personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Category:British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Category:British Life Guards officers
Category:Chancellors of the University of Toronto
Category:Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Category:Governors-general of the Province of Canada
Category:Knights Fourth Class of the Military Order of William
Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Category:People from Walton-on-the-Naze
Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class
Category:Recipients of the Waterloo Medal
Category:Royal Staff Corps officers
Category:Military personnel from Essex
Earl 02 |
Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart | Table of Content | Short description, Early life, Career, Family, Publications, References, Sources, External links |
Trial division | Short description | Trial division is the most laborious but easiest to understand of the integer factorization algorithms. The essential idea behind trial division tests to see if an integer , the integer to be factored, can be divided by each number in turn that is less than or equal to the square root of .
For example, to find the prime factors of , one can try to divide by successive primes: first, ; next, neither nor evenly divides ; finally, , and is itself prime. So .
Trial division was first described by Fibonacci in his book Liber Abaci (1202). |
Trial division | Method | Method
Given an integer n (n refers to "the integer to be factored"), the trial division consists of systematically testing whether n is divisible by any smaller number. Clearly, it is only worthwhile to test candidate factors less than n, and in order from two upwards because an arbitrary n is more likely to be divisible by two than by three, and so on. With this ordering, there is no point in testing for divisibility by four if the number has already been determined not divisible by two, and so on for three and any multiple of three, etc. Therefore, the effort can be reduced by selecting only prime numbers as candidate factors. Furthermore, the trial factors need go no further than because, if n is divisible by some number p, then n = p × q and if q were smaller than p, n would have been detected earlier as being divisible by q or by a prime factor of q.
A definite bound on the prime factors is possible. Suppose is the 'th prime, so that P1 = 2, P2 = 3, P3 = 5, etc. Then the last prime number worth testing as a possible factor of n is where ; equality here would mean that is a factor. Thus, testing with 2, 3, and 5 suffices up to n = 48 not just 25 because the square of the next prime is 49, and below n = 25 just 2 and 3 are sufficient. Should the square root of n be an integer, then it is a factor and n is a perfect square.
The trial division algorithm in pseudocode:
algorithm trial-division is
input: Integer n to be factored
output: List F of prime factors of n
P ← set of all primes ≤
F ← empty list of factors
for each prime p in P do
while n mod p is 0
Add factor p to list F
n ← n/p
if F is empty (Original n is prime?)
Add factor n to list F
Determining the primes less than or equal to is not a trivial task as n gets larger, so the simplest computer programs to factor a number just try successive integers, prime and composite, from 2 to as possible factors. |
Trial division | Speed | Speed
In the worst case, trial division is a laborious algorithm. For a base-2 n digit number a, if it starts from two and works up only to the square root of a, the algorithm requires
trial divisions, where denotes the prime-counting function, the number of primes less than x. This does not take into account the overhead of primality testing to obtain the prime numbers as candidate factors. A useful table need not be large: P(3512) = 32749, the last prime that fits into a sixteen-bit signed integer and P(6542) = 65521 for unsigned sixteen-bit integers. That would suffice to test primality for numbers up to 655372 = 4,295,098,369. Preparing such a table (usually via the Sieve of Eratosthenes) would only be worthwhile if many numbers were to be tested. If instead a variant is used without primality testing, but simply dividing by every odd number less than the square root the base-2 n digit number a, prime or not, it can take up to about:
In both cases, the required time grows exponentially with the digits of the number.
Even so, this is a quite satisfactory method, considering that even the best-known algorithms have exponential time growth. For a chosen uniformly at random from integers of a given length, there is a 50% chance that 2 is a factor of a and a 33% chance that 3 is a factor of a, and so on. It can be shown that 88% of all positive integers have a factor under 100 and that 92% have a factor under 1000. Thus, when confronted by an arbitrary large a, it is worthwhile to check for divisibility by the small primes, since for , in base-2 .
However, many-digit numbers that do not have factors in the small primes can require days or months to factor with the trial division. In such cases other methods are used such as the quadratic sieve and the general number field sieve (GNFS). Because these methods also have superpolynomial time growth a practical limit of n digits is reached very quickly. For this reason, in public key cryptography, values for a are chosen to have large prime factors of similar size so that they cannot be factored by any publicly known method in a useful time period on any available computer system or computer cluster such as supercomputers and computer grids. The largest cryptography-grade number that has been factored is RSA-250, a 250-digit number, using the GNFS and resources of several supercomputers. The running time was 2700 core years. |
Trial division | References | References |
Trial division | External links | External links
Wikiversity offers a lesson on prime factorization using trial division with Python.
Fast JavaScript Prime Factor Calculator using trial division. Can handle numbers up to about 253
Trial Division in Java, C and JavaScript
Category:Integer factorization algorithms
Category:Division (mathematics)
Category:Articles with example Python (programming language) code |
Trial division | Table of Content | Short description, Method, Speed, References, External links |
J. Pinckney Henderson | Short description | James Pinckney Henderson (March 31, 1808 – June 4, 1858) was an American and Texan lawyer, politician, and soldier who served as the first governor of Texas from 1846 to 1847. |
J. Pinckney Henderson | Early years | Early years
He was born in Lincolnton, North Carolina, on March 31, 1808, to Lawson Henderson and his wife, Elizabeth Carruth Henderson. His birthplace Woodside, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. After graduating from Pleasant Retreat Academy, Henderson enrolled as a law student at the University of North Carolina. Upon his graduation, he studied 18 hours a day to pass his bar examination, and was admitted to the North Carolina State Bar in 1829. |
J. Pinckney Henderson | Military service and move to Texas | Military service and move to Texas
After becoming a lawyer, Henderson served in the North Carolina militia, rising to colonel. In 1835, Colonel Henderson moved to Canton, Mississippi, where he opened a law practice. He enslaved people.
His attention soon turned to Texas' struggle against Mexico. Henderson began making speeches to raise money and an army to go to the aid of the Texas cause. Henderson and several volunteers traveled to Texas hoping to participate in the fight for independence. By the time the group arrived in June 1836, many major events had already occurred. The Texas Declaration of Independence had already been signed on March 2, and David G. Burnet was elected interim President of the new Republic of Texas on March 10. The Alamo had fallen on March 6, and Sam Houston had been victorious on April 21 at the Battle of San Jacinto. On May 14, 1836, Antonio López de Santa Anna has signed the Treaties of Velasco agreeing to withdraw his troops from Texas. Interim President Burnet commissioned Henderson as a brigadier general in the Texas Army, with orders to return to North Carolina to raise troops to serve in Texas. This Henderson did at his own expense. |
J. Pinckney Henderson | Government service in the Republic | Government service in the Republic
Sam Houston became President of the Republic of Texas on September 5, 1836, and appointed Henderson the republic's attorney general. In December of that same year, Henderson was named by Houston to replace recently deceased Stephen F. Austin as secretary of state for the republic. In early 1837, Houston decreed Henderson as minister from the Republic of Texas to France at the Tuileries Palace and to England at the Court of St. James's. During his tenure as minister, he was successful in securing the recognition of the independence of the Republic of Texas and negotiated trade agreements with both countries. |
J. Pinckney Henderson | Governor of Texas, war with Mexico, United States Senator | Governor of Texas, war with Mexico, United States Senator
In 1840, Henderson returned to Texas and set up a private law practice in San Augustine. He was sent to Washington, DC, in 1844 to work in coordination with Isaac Van Zandt to secure the annexation of Texas to the United States. Although the annexation treaty was signed, it was rejected by the United States Senate; Henderson was recalled to Texas. An annexation treaty approved the United States Senate was finally passed on December 29, 1845.
In preparation for anticipated statehood, the Texas gubernatorial election, 1845, elected Henderson as its first governor. He took office on February 19, 1846. When the Mexican–American War broke out in April of that year, Henderson took a leave of absence as governor to command a Texas volunteer cavalry division. He served with the rank of major general under Zachary Taylor. He returned home to resume his duties as governor but did not run for a second term. He later served in the United States Senate from November 9, 1857, until his death on June 4, 1858. |
J. Pinckney Henderson | Personal life and death | Personal life and death
thumb|right|Henderson's cenotaph at the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, DC
Henderson met his future wife, Frances Cox, when he represented the Republic of Texas as a minister to France and England. Cox was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and educated in Europe. She was a multilingual literary translator. On October 30, 1839, they were wed at St George's, Hanover Square. In 1840, the new couple established a residence and law office in San Augustine, Texas. The couple had five children: daughters Martha, Fanny, and Julia lived to adulthood.
Henderson died from tuberculosis in Washington, D.C., in 1858, while serving as a senator for the State of Texas. He is buried at the Texas State Cemetery. After his death during the Civil War years, his widow and daughters moved to Europe. Martha died at age 18. Fanny married into the Austrian aristocracy. Julia married an American sugar plantation owner. Frances Cox Henderson died in 1897 and is buried at Rosedale Cemetery in New Jersey, where she lived with daughter Julia and son-in-law Edward White Adams. |
J. Pinckney Henderson | Legacy | Legacy
Henderson County, which was established in 1846, and the city of Henderson, founded in 1843 in Rusk County, are named in his honor. James Pinckney Henderson Elementary School, in Houston, is named for him.Henderson Elementary School, Houston, Texas |
J. Pinckney Henderson | See also | See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899) |
J. Pinckney Henderson | References | References |
J. Pinckney Henderson | External links | External links
Congressional Biographical Directory
Handbook of Texas Online
Category:1808 births
Category:1858 deaths
Category:People from Lincolnton, North Carolina
Category:American people of Scottish descent
Category:Democratic Party United States senators from Texas
Category:Governors of Texas
Category:Democratic Party governors of Texas
Category:North Carolina lawyers
Category:Mississippi lawyers
Category:Texas lawyers
Category:People from Marshall, Texas
Category:People from San Augustine, Texas
Category:University of North Carolina School of Law alumni
Category:United States senators who owned slaves
Category:19th-century United States senators |
J. Pinckney Henderson | Table of Content | Short description, Early years, Military service and move to Texas, Government service in the Republic, Governor of Texas, war with Mexico, United States Senator, Personal life and death, Legacy, See also, References, External links |
It (Pulp album) | Use dmy dates | It is the debut studio album by English rock band Pulp, released on 18 April 1983 by Red Rhino Records. |
It (Pulp album) | Release and aftermath | Release and aftermath
It was originally released as a limited vinyl mini-LP of 2.000 copies in April 1983. The album's odd title is in fact a deliberate pun, as when it added to the name of the band it spells the word "Pulpit".Reed, John. "The Complete History of Pulp". Record Collector. December 1994.
The first reissue on CD was by Cherry Red in February 1994 with three bonus tracks ("Looking for Life", "Everybody's Problem" and "There Was..."). However, this release was soon deleted as Cherry Red did not own the material. Later that year Fire Records made its own re-release in November 1994, but without "Everybody's Problem" and "There Was..." as bonus tracks. The album existed in this form for all subsequent releases.
The album was reissued and remastered by Fire Records in 2012 along with Pulp's 1987's Freaks and 1992's Separations. This re-release took several delays as the first stated release date was 8 August 2011 while the albums finally came out on 13 February 2012. An announcement in the interim stated that the albums would be remastered with new bonus tracks to be added to the track listings as well as new artwork and liner notes from music journalist Everett True. |
It (Pulp album) | Track listing | Track listing
All songs written by Jarvis Cocker, except where noted.
Side 1
"My Lighthouse" – 3:30
"Wishful Thinking" – 4:17
"Joking Aside" – 4:20
"Boats and Trains" – 1:34
Side 2
"Blue Girls" – 5:56
"Love Love" – 3:09
"In Many Ways" – 2:46 |
It (Pulp album) | Bonus tracks | Bonus tracks
Fire Records 1994 reissue
"Looking for Life" – 5:29
Fire Records 2012 reissue
"My Lighthouse" – 3:28
"Please Don't Worry" – 3:24
"Blue Girls" – 6:05
"Sink or Swim" – 4:02 |
It (Pulp album) | Personnel | Personnel
Pulp
Jarvis Cocker: Vocals, guitar
Simon Hinkler: Bass, piano, guitar, mandolin
Peter Boam: Guitar, keyboards, piano
David Hinkler: Keyboards, trombone
Wayne Furniss: Guitar, bass
Garry Wilson (credited as "Beefy Garry O"): Drums
Additional musicians
Mister Barry Thompson: flute, clarinet
Jill Taylor: backing vocals
Saskia Cocker: backing vocals
Jon Short: cello
Joanne, Julie and Alison: chatter and recorders
Artwork
Tony Perrin |
It (Pulp album) | References | References |
It (Pulp album) | External links | External links
It at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)
Category:Pulp (band) albums
Category:1983 debut albums
Category:Red Rhino Records albums
Category:Cherry Red Records albums
Category:Fire Records (UK) albums |
It (Pulp album) | Table of Content | Use dmy dates, Release and aftermath, Track listing, Bonus tracks, Personnel, References, External links |
Heel (professional wrestling) | short description | thumb|Foreign heels The Iron Sheik and Nikolai Volkoff and manager Freddie Blassie taunt an American crowd at Madison Square Garden in the 1980s.
In professional wrestling, a heel (also known as a rudo in lucha libre) is a wrestler who portrays a villain, "bad guy", "baddie", "evil-doer", or "rulebreaker", and acts as an antagonistFoley, Mick. Have A Nice Day: A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks (p. 2). to the faces, who are the heroic protagonist or "good guy" characters. Not everything a heel wrestler does must be villainous: heels need only to be booed or jeered by the audience to be effective characters, although most truly successful heels embrace other aspects of their devious personalities, such as cheating to win or using foreign objects. "The role of a heel is to get 'heat,' which means spurring the crowd to obstreperous hatred, and generally involves cheating and any other manner of socially unacceptable behavior."
To gain heat (with boos and jeers from the audience), heels are often portrayed as behaving in an immoral manner by breaking rules or otherwise taking advantage of their opponents outside the bounds of the standards of the match. Others do not (or rarely) break rules, but instead exhibit unlikeable, appalling, and deliberately offensive and demoralizing personality traits such as arrogance, cowardice, or contempt for the audience. Many heels do both, cheating as well as behaving nastily. No matter the type of heel, the most important role is that of the antagonist, as heels exist to provide a foil to the face wrestlers. If a given heel is cheered over the face, a promoter may opt to turn that heel to face or the other way around, or to make the wrestler do something even more despicable to encourage heel heat. Some performers display a mixture of both positive and negative character traits. In wrestling terminology, these characters are referred to as tweeners (short hand for the "in-between" good and evil actions these wrestlers display). WWE has been cited as a company that is doing away with the traditional heel/face format due in part to audiences' willingness to cheer for heels and boo babyfaces.
In "local" wrestling (e.g., American wrestling) it was common for the faces to be "local" (e.g., Hulk Hogan, John Cena, and Stone Cold Steve Austin) and the heels to be portrayed as "foreign" (e.g., Gunther, Alberto Del Rio, Ivan Koloff, The Iron Sheik, Rusev/Miro, Jinder Mahal, and Muhammad Hassan).
In the world of lucha libre wrestling, most rudos are generally known for being brawlers and for using physical moves that emphasize brute strength or size, often having outfits akin to demons, devils, or other tricksters. This is contrasted with most heroic técnicos that are generally known for using moves requiring technical skill, particularly aerial maneuvers. |
Heel (professional wrestling) | History | History
Common heel behavior includes cheating to win (e.g. using the ropes for leverage while pinning or attacking with a weapon while the referee is looking away), employing dirty tactics such as blatant chokes or raking the eyes, attacking other wrestlers backstage, interfering with other wrestlers' matches, insulting the fans or city they are in (referred to as "cheap heat") and acting in a haughty or superior manner.Foley, Mick. Have A Nice Day: A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks (p. 117).
thumb|With his flamboyant gimmick, Gorgeous George became one of the most famous wrestlers of his era.
More theatrical heels would feature dramatic outfits giving off a nasty or otherwise dangerous look, such as wearing corpse paint over their faces, putting on demonic masks, covering themselves in dark leather and the like. Gorgeous George is generally regarded as one of the first to implement a gimmick, let alone a "heel" gimmick, in professional wrestling. Starting in the 1940s, he invented an extravagant, flamboyant "pretty boy" gimmick who wore wavy blonde hair, colorful robes and ritzy outfits, and was accompanied by beautiful valets to the ring for his matches. The crowd widely jeered his persona, and came out to his matches in hopes of seeing him defeated. George relished this attention, and exploded into one of the most famous (and hated) heels not only of his era, but of all time. Another example of a dramatic heel is the wrestler The Undertaker, who, on many occasions throughout his career, has switched between portraying a heel or a face. During his period as the leader of The Ministry of Darkness, he appeared as a priest of the occult in a hooded black robe and literally sat in a throne, often in the shape of the symbol used to represent him.
Occasionally, faces who have recently turned from being heels still exhibit characteristics from their heel persona. This occurs due to fans being entertained by a wrestler despite (or because of) their heel persona, often due to the performer's charisma or charm in playing the role. Certain wrestlers such as Eddie Guerrero and Ric Flair gained popularity as faces by using tactics that would typically be associated with heels, while others like Stone Cold Steve Austin, Scott Hall and more recently Becky Lynch displayed heelish behavior during their careers yet got big face reactions, leading them to be marketed as antiheroes.
thumb|left|upright|Roman Reigns received negative reactions from the audience despite being promoted as a face.
On other occasions, wrestlers who are positioned as faces receive a negative audience reaction despite their portrayal as heroes. An example is Roman Reigns, who in 2018 was a top face in WWE, but got booed in his matches while his opponents got cheered regardless of their status as face or heel, due to perceived favoritism from WWE executives and a lack of character development. Such characters often (but not always) become nudged into becoming villains over time or retooled to present a different public image, such as The Rock's turn from a clean-cut face to self-absorbed narcissist in the Nation of Domination heel stable, or Tetsuya Naito's fan rejection of his babyface causing him to drastically form Los Ingobernables de Japon. The term "heel" does not, in itself, describe a typical set of attributes or audience reaction, but simply a wrestler's presentation and booking as an antagonist.
Depending on the angle, heels can act cowardly or overpowering to their opponents. For instance, a "closet champion" in particular is a term for a heel in possession of a title belt who consistently dodges top flight competition and attempts to back down from challenges. Examples include Seth Rollins during his first WWE World Heavyweight Championship reign, Charlotte during her Divas/Raw Women's Championship reign, the Honky Tonk Man during his long Intercontinental Championship reign, Tommaso Ciampa during his NXT Championship reign and The IIconics during their WWE Women's Tag Team Championship reign. Brock Lesnar's character in WWE had heel aspects, and was well known for failing to regularly defend his title (especially during his first Universal Championship reign), often only performing on pay-per-view events and not on SmackDown or especially Raw as he was only on a part-time appearance contract with WWE. This sort of behavior supports the intended kayfabe opinion that the face (or faces) the heel is feuding with is actually more deserving of the title than the title-holding heel is. Heels may beg for mercy during a beat down at the hands of faces, even if they have delivered similar beat downs with no mercy. Ric Flair in particular has been well known for begging an opponent off, then hitting a low blow on his distracted opponent. Other heels may act overpowering to their opponents to play up the scrappy underdog success story for the face. |
Heel (professional wrestling) | Notes | Notes |
Heel (professional wrestling) | References | References
Category:Professional wrestling slang
es:Anexo:Términos de lucha libre profesional#H
pl:Wrestling#Podział na postacie i style walki |
Heel (professional wrestling) | Table of Content | short description, History, Notes, References |
Face (professional wrestling) | Short description | thumb|Hulk Hogan became one of wrestling's most famous faces during the 1980s professional wrestling boom.
In professional wrestling, a face (babyface) is a heroic, "good guy", "good-doer", or "fan favorite" wrestler, booked (scripted) by the promotion with the aim of being cheered by fans. They are portrayed as heroes relative to the heel wrestlers, who are analogous to villains.Foley, Mick. Have A Nice Day: A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks (p.2) Traditionally, face characters wrestle within the rules and avoid cheating while behaving positively towards the referee and the audience. Such characters are also referred to as blue-eyes in British wrestling and técnicos in lucha libre. Not everything a face wrestler does must be heroic: faces need only to be clapped or cheered by the audience to be effective characters. When the magazine Pro Wrestling Illustrated went into circulation in the late 1970s, the magazine referred to face wrestlers as "fan favorites" or "scientific wrestlers", while heels were referred to as simply "rulebreakers".
The vast majority of wrestling storylines involve pitting faces against heels, although more elaborate set-ups (such as two faces being manipulated by a nefarious outside party into fighting, or simply having a clean sportsmanly contest) Whatever Happened to Gorgeous George by Joe Jares, Tempo Books, 1974, p. 85, description of clean match in early 1970s Texas between Dory Dixon and José Lothario often happen as well. In the world of lucha libre wrestling, most técnicos are generally known for using moves requiring technical skill, particularly aerial maneuvers and wearing outfits using bright colors with positive associations (such as solid white). This is contrasted with most villainous rudos who are generally known for being brawlers, using physical moves that emphasize brute strength or size while often having outfits akin to demons or other nasty characters. |
Face (professional wrestling) | History | History
Traditional faces are classic "good guy" characters who rarely break the rules, follow instructions of those in authority such as the referee, are polite and well-mannered towards the fans and often overcome the rule-breaking actions of their heel opponents to cleanly win matches. While many modern faces still fit this model, other versions of the face character are now also common. A good example would be Stone Cold Steve Austin, who despite playing a heel early on in his career would start to be seen more of an antihero because of his popularity with the fans. While clearly not championing rule following, nor submission to authority, Austin was still regarded as the face in many of his duels such as his rivalry with World Wrestling Federation (WWF, later WWE) owner Mr. McMahon.
thumb|upright|During the 1990s, some faces, such as Sting (pictured), used tactics more commonly associated with heels.
The portrayal of face wrestlers changed in the 1990s with the birth of Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), the start of World Championship Wrestling's (WCW) New World Order (nWo) storyline, and the Attitude Era of the WWF. During this time, wrestlers like Stone Cold Steve Austin and Sting used tactics traditionally associated with heels, but remained popular with the fans. Professional wrestling had just come off a huge steroid scandal and was facing poor ratings compared to the 1980s, and as a result, professional wrestling transformed into an edgier, more mature product. In this new era of professional wrestling, the standard face was more profane, violent, and uncontrollable.
In contrast to the emerging new breed of faces, Kurt Angle was introduced to the then-WWF with an American hero gimmick based on his gold medal win at the 1996 Summer Olympics. Angle presented himself as a role model and stressed the need to work hard to realize one's dreams. Although such a personality appears appropriate for a face wrestler, Angle's character was arrogant and constantly reminded people of his Olympic glory, behaving as if he thought he was better than the fans. Angle's character served as a meta-reference to how wrestling had changed. Although his character was intended to be a heel and behaved accordingly, some commentators speculated that if Angle attempted to get over as a face using a more heroic version of the same character, he would have failed. Unusually, Angle did not use any of these heroic mannerisms when playing a face character, instead acting as somewhat of an antihero with a few elements of the "lovable loser" character archetype.
The majority of the time, faces who are low-carders, or lesser known, are used as jobbers. These wrestlers usually lose matches against established wrestlers, often heels that then lose to the top faces. |
Face (professional wrestling) | Fan reactions | Fan reactions
Fans sometimes dislike face wrestlers despite the way they are promoted. Some reasons for this include repetitive in-ring antics, a limited moveset, a lengthy title reign, lack of selling their opponents' moves, or an uninteresting character. This often results in wrestlers who are supposed to be cheered receiving a negative or no reaction from the fans. When this happens, it can prompt a change in character for the wrestler in question. For example, Batista's run as a face upon his return to the WWE in 2014 was met with overwhelmingly negative reactions from the fans. Because of this unexpected reaction, Batista turned heel within just a few months of his return.
The reaction of the fans can also influence a wrestler's booking and position on the card. Faces that get more support than expected sometimes move closer towards the main event scene, while those getting less of a reaction than hoped might move down on the card. While Batista was getting bad reactions in 2014, another face Daniel Bryan, was getting incredibly positive support. Loud "Yes!" chants that had become synonymous with Bryan were present at any show he was on, and eventually the main event of WrestleMania XXX would be changed from Batista vs Randy Orton for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship, to a triple threat match with Daniel Bryan which he would go on to win. |
Face (professional wrestling) | Mannerisms | Mannerisms
thumb|upright|Wrestler Rey Mysterio is an example of a pure face who has played heroic roles for almost his entire career, with his lucha libre inspired outfit prominently displaying Christian crosses.
Some face wrestlers often give high fives or give out merchandise to fans while entering the ring before their match, such as T-shirts, sunglasses, hats and masks. Bret Hart was one of the first superstars to make this popular, as he would drape his signature sunglasses on a child in the audience. Rey Mysterio, who has been a face in WWE since his debut, would go to any fan (frequently a child) wearing a replica of his mask and touch their head with his head for good luck before wrestling. Other examples include John Cena throwing his shirts and caps in the crowd before entering a match and Big Show giving his hat to a fan when he was a face.
Some faces, such as Bret Hart and Ricky Steamboat, promoted an image as a "family man" and supported their persona by appearing with their family members before and after matches. Steamboat famously carried his 8-month-old son Richard Jr. into the ring with him at WrestleMania IV before his match with Greg "The Hammer" Valentine, then handing him to his wife Bonnie before the match started, and was accompanied to the ring by his family during his rivalry with Ric Flair in Jim Crockett Promotions to contrast with Flair's party animal "Nature Boy" persona. These actions often relate to wrestlers promoting charity work or other actions outside the ring, blurring the lines between scripted wrestling and their personal lives.
In the ring, traditional faces are expected to abide by the rules and win matches by their own skill rather than by cheating, outside interference etc. Because heel wrestlers take little issues with using such tactics, the face enters many matches already at a disadvantage to the heel. By putting the face in a difficult situation, it can help to draw out sympathy and support from the audience. Traditional faces similar to Hulk Hogan tend to draw on support from the crowd when it's time for them to make their big comeback.
In addition to wrestlers, commentators also portray face and heel dynamics. It is the job of the face commentator to criticize the tactics and behavior of the heel wrestler and gather support for the face wrestler. The face commentator gathers support for the face wrestler by mentioning how much of a disadvantage he is at, or by praising the hero's morality and valor. |
Face (professional wrestling) | Notes | Notes |
Face (professional wrestling) | References | References
Category:Professional wrestling slang |
Face (professional wrestling) | Table of Content | Short description, History, Fan reactions, Mannerisms, Notes, References |
Tathwell | Short description | Tathwell is a village in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England.
Tathwell is situated approximately south from the market town of Louth. The hamlet of Dovendale, alongside the A153 road to the west of the village is in the parish. The hamlet of Haugham lies about south-east of Tathwell. Cadwell Park motor racing circuit is about south of Tathwell.
thumb|left|150px|St Vedast's Church, Tathwell
thumb|left|150px|Tathwell War Memorial
The parish church, dedicated to Saint Vedast, also houses The Hamby Monument, a wall monument originally constructed around 1620, and later restored by their descendants, the Chaplin family.Tathwell, A Topographical Dictionary of England, Samuel Lewis, pp. 303-310, 1848, Institute of Historical Research, British History Online (Sir John Hamby's daughter Elizabeth married in 1657 John Chaplin, son of Sir Francis Chaplin.A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain, Bernard Burke, Harrison, Pall Mall, London, 1858)
Tathwell Hall at Tathwell was the longtime home of the Chaplin family, a branch of the Chaplin family of Baronets of Blankney, who served as MPs for Lincolnshire and who were descended from Sir Francis Chaplin, Lord Mayor of London in 1677.Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry, Vol. I, John Burke, Bernard Burke, Peter Townend, Published by H. Colburn, London, 1875 The family originated at Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. It was through a marriage with the Hamby family that the Chaplins acquired Tathwell. The family became active in Lincolnshire, and in subsequent years many members of the Chaplin family stood for Parliament from Lincolnshire.The House of Commons, 1690-1715, David Hayton, Eveline Cruickshanks, Stuart Handley, Cambridge University Press, 2002
Near Cadwell and in Tathwell parish is Tathwell Long barrow. It is surrounded by trees, and in the middle of a field with no footpath, but visible from the road.
Tathwell's war memorial cross is sited on a corner of the village main crossroads. |
Tathwell | See also | See also |
Tathwell | References | References |
Tathwell | External links | External links
East Lindsey District Council website
Category:Villages in Lincolnshire
Category:Civil parishes in Lincolnshire
Category:East Lindsey District |
Tathwell | Table of Content | Short description, See also, References, External links |
Adetomyrma | Short description | Adetomyrma is a genus of ants endemic to Madagascar. Workers of this genus are blind. The type species Adetomyrma venatrix was described in 1994, with the genus being an atypical member of its tribe, the Amblyoponini. This tribe includes the Dracula ants, members of which can feed on the hemolymph of larvae and pupae. |
Adetomyrma | Taxonomy | Taxonomy
Adetomyrma was first described as a Malagasy endemic monotypic genus by Ward in 1994. Ward (1994) assigned this genus to Amblyoponini within the subfamily Ponerinae on the basis of the worker morphology of the type species Adetomyrma venatrix. Later, Bolton (2003) raised this tribe to subfamily status as Amblyoponinae. |
Adetomyrma | Biology | Biology
The colonies, the first of which was found in a rotting log, may contain as many as 10,000 workers, winged males and several wingless queens (the majority of ant species feature winged queens). The workers use venom to stun their prey which are brought back to the colony for the larvae to feed upon. The colour of the winged males, a darker orange than the workers, suggests they disperse by flying to other colonies before mating. |
Adetomyrma | Known species | Known species
Adetomyrma aureocuprea Yoshimura & Fisher, 2012
Adetomyrma bressleri Yoshimura & Fisher, 2012
Adetomyrma caputleae Yoshimura & Fisher, 2012
Adetomyrma cassis Yoshimura & Fisher, 2012
Adetomyrma caudapinniger Yoshimura & Fisher, 2012
Adetomyrma cilium Yoshimura & Fisher, 2012
Adetomyrma clarivida Yoshimura & Fisher, 2012
Adetomyrma goblin Yoshimura & Fisher, 2012
Adetomyrma venatrix Ward, 1994 |
Adetomyrma | References | References |
Adetomyrma | External links | External links
Category:Amblyoponinae
Category:Ant genera
Category:Blind animals
Category:Hymenoptera of Africa
Category:Endemic fauna of Madagascar |
Adetomyrma | Table of Content | Short description, Taxonomy, Biology, Known species, References, External links |
Mashantucket, Connecticut | Use mdy dates | Mashantucket is a census-designated place (CDP) in the northeastern part of the town of Ledyard, New London County, Connecticut, United States. It consists of land held by the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe. The Foxwoods Resort Casino is in the northeast part of the CDP, along Connecticut Route 2. As of the 2010 census, the CDP had a population of 299. |
Mashantucket, Connecticut | Education | Education
The CDP, along with the rest of Ledyard Town, is in the Ledyard School District. - Text list |
Mashantucket, Connecticut | References | References
Category:Census-designated places in New London County, Connecticut
Category:Census-designated places in Connecticut
Category:Mashantucket Pequot Tribe |
Mashantucket, Connecticut | Table of Content | Use mdy dates, Education, References |
Freaks (Pulp album) | Use dmy dates | Freaks (released with the subtitle Ten Stories About Power, Claustrophobia, Suffocation and Holding Hands) is the second studio album by English rock band Pulp, released on 11 May 1987 by Fire Records. |
Freaks (Pulp album) | Release and aftermath | Release and aftermath
Freaks was released in 1987 to little commercial success and features a much darker sound than its predecessor, It. Russell Senior sings lead vocals on "Fairground" and "Anorexic Beauty". "Master of the Universe" was released as a single in an alternative version called the "sanitised version"; it replaces the word "masturbates" with "vegetates".
"I Want You" is the only song from the album to have been performed live regularly, most notably during the UK Forest Tour in the Summer of 2002.
The album was reissued and remastered by Fire Records in 2012 along with 1983's It and 1992's Separations. This re-release took several delays as the first stated release date was 8 August 2011 while the albums finally came out on 13 February 2012. An announcement in the interim stated that the albums would be remastered with new bonus tracks to be added to the track listings as well as new artwork and liner notes from music journalist Everett True.
The reissue bonus disc is in fact Masters of the Universe compilation aside from two tracks: "They Suffocate at Night" which appears on the album itself and "Master of the Universe (sanitised version)" which again appears on the album without censorship. |
Freaks (Pulp album) | Track listing | Track listing |
Freaks (Pulp album) | Personnel | Personnel
Pulp
Jarvis Cocker – lead vocals, guitar, drums on "Anorexic Beauty"
Russell Senior – violin, guitar, lead vocals on "Fairground" and "Anorexic Beauty"
Candida Doyle – organ, piano, backing vocals on "There's No Emotion"
Peter Mansell – bass, guitar on "Life Must Be So Wonderful"
Magnus Doyle – drums, percussion, guitar on "Anorexic Beauty"
Additional personnel
Jonathon Kirk – mixing assistance
Graeme Durham – mastering
The Robert Winterman Design Group – sleeve design |
Freaks (Pulp album) | References | References
Truth and Beauty: The Story of Pulp by Mark Sturdy (Omnibus Press)
AcrylicAfternoons |
Freaks (Pulp album) | External links | External links
Freaks at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)
Category:1987 albums
Category:Pulp (band) albums
Category:Fire Records (UK) albums |
Freaks (Pulp album) | Table of Content | Use dmy dates, Release and aftermath, Track listing, Personnel, References, External links |
Charfield | Short description | Charfield is a village and civil parish in Gloucestershire, England, south-west of Wotton-under-Edge near the Little Avon River and the villages of Falfield and Cromhall. The parish includes the hamlet of Churchend. |
Charfield | Village | Village
Charfield is a medium-sized village of about 2,500 residents with two pubs, The Railway Tavern and The Plough Inn, a convenience store with Post Office, a cafe, a petrol station with a small shop, a Co-op (opened December 2023) as well as two churches. There are seven main housing areas. Farm Lees, Longs View, Manor Lane and Woodlands have existed for some time. Two new housing developments were built in 2018-2019: St James Mews, opposite St John's Church, and Charfield Village, at the eastern end of the village near the Renishaw PLC site, as well as the Posket Way development, which includes the Bridge Cafe. The primary school has around 250 students.
The Church of St James, in Churchend, dates from the 13th century and is a grade I listed building. |
Charfield | Governance | Governance
An electoral ward with the same name exists. This ward starts in the east in Charfield and then stretches west to Falfield. The ward's population at the 2011 census was 4,678.
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, such as the Memorial Hall and playing field and playground, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also of interest to the council.
The parish council is also a burial authority, and has its own burial ground in nearby Churchend. |
Charfield | Railway | Railway
The Bristol-Birmingham main railway line runs through the village. Charfield railway station closed in January 1965 but still stands, and discussions continue about the viability of re-opening it. The costs of re-opening would be shared between Gloucestershire and South Gloucestershire Councils since, although the station would be in South Gloucestershire, the nearby Gloucestershire town of Wotton-under-Edge would be a principal beneficiary.
The railway line marks the division of the village between two different telephone areas (01453-54x based on Wotton-under-Edge, and 01454-26x based on Falfield). The village is on the outer limits of both areas. The village has now been fibre-enabled, allowing FTTC connections.
On 11 October 2022 it was announced that South Gloucestershire Council and Network Rail have submitted a planning application for a new train station in Charfield. The proposed station, to be built on land off Station Road in the centre of the village, will include two platforms serving north and southbound journeys, a pedestrian footbridge, a bus stop, covered cycle parking, and car parking.https://www.networkrailmediacentre.co.uk/news/planning-application-submitted-for-charfield-station |
Charfield | Railway history | Railway history
The Charfield railway disaster was a fatal train crash which occurred on 13 October 1928. The Leeds to Bristol LMS night mail train crashed under a road bridge near Charfield railway station, killing 15 and injuring 23. Amongst the dead were two children whose remains remain unidentified. |
Charfield | Charfield Memorial Hall and Playing Field | Charfield Memorial Hall and Playing Field
Charfield Memorial Hall and Playing Field is in the centre of Charfield. The Hall has recently been refurbished and the play area upgraded with new equipment.Charfield Community website |
Charfield | See also | See also
St James' Church, Charfield |
Charfield | References | References |
Charfield | External links | External links
Charfield Community Website
Charfield Parish Council Web Site
Charfield Burial Ground
Category:Villages in Gloucestershire
Category:Civil parishes in Gloucestershire |
Charfield | Table of Content | Short description, Village, Governance, Railway, Railway history, Charfield Memorial Hall and Playing Field, See also, References, External links |
William Somerset, 3rd Earl of Worcester | Short description | William Somerset, 3rd Earl of Worcester, KG (c. 1526/1527 – 21 February 1589) was an English courtier, nobleman, and politician. He was the eldest son of Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester and his second wife Elizabeth Browne. |
William Somerset, 3rd Earl of Worcester | Earl of Worcester | Earl of Worcester
thumb|243px|Quartered arms of Sir William Somerset, 3rd Earl of Worcester|leftOn 26 November 1549, he succeeded his father and became the 3rd Earl of Worcester.
Worcester supported Lady Jane Grey in 1553. He was invested as Knight, Order of the Garter (K.G.) in 1570. He was a patron of the arts, and sponsored - among others - the Elizabethan actor Edward Alleyn. |
William Somerset, 3rd Earl of Worcester | Marriages and children | Marriages and children
Before 19 May 1550, Worcester married Christiana North, daughter of Edward North, 1st Baron North and his wife Alice Squire. They were parents to three children:
Edward Somerset, 4th Earl of Worcester (d. 3 March 1628).
Elizabeth Somerset. Married William Windsor. He was a namesake son of William Windsor, 2nd Baron Windsor by his wife Margaret Sambourne.
Lucy Somerset. Married Henry Herbert, Esquire.
William Somerset re-married (2nd) before 1567 Theophila Newton, daughter of John Newton (otherwise Cradock), Knt., of East Harptree, Somerset, by Margaret, daughter of Anthony Poyntz, Knt. A portrait of Countess Theophila by an unknown artist of that date is mentioned by Ashelford, Visual History of Costume (1983): 72. |
William Somerset, 3rd Earl of Worcester | Death | Death
William Somerset died at his house Hackney on 21 February 1589 and was buried in the Church of St Cadoc, Raglan, Monmouthshire.Newman, John (2002). Gwent/Monmouthshire. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. p. 305. . |
William Somerset, 3rd Earl of Worcester | Ancestry | Ancestry |
William Somerset, 3rd Earl of Worcester | Notes | Notes |
William Somerset, 3rd Earl of Worcester | External links | External links
Category:Knights of the Garter
*03
*05
Category:1520s births
Category:1589 deaths
Category:Somerset family
Category:16th-century English nobility |
William Somerset, 3rd Earl of Worcester | Table of Content | Short description, Earl of Worcester, Marriages and children, Death, Ancestry, Notes, External links |
Rupert Cross | For | Sir Alfred Rupert Neale Cross (15 June 1912 in Chelsea, London – 12 September 1980, Oxford) was an English legal scholar. He was the second of two sons of Arthur George Cross, an architect in Hastings,H. L. A. Hart, 'Arthur Rupert Neale Cross', Proceedings of the British Academy, LXX, 1984, London : Oxford University Press, 1985, pp. 405–407. and Mary Elizabeth (née Dalton).Who Was Who, 1971–80, London : A. & C. Black, 1981, p. 186. |
Rupert Cross | Biography | Biography
He was born with cancer of the eyes and was completely blind after an operation at the age of 1. Worcester College for the Blind provided his education before he went to Worcester College, Oxford in 1930 where he took a Second in Modern History in 1933.Oxford University Calendar 1935, Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1935, p. 717.
Cross remained at Oxford to read for a second school, that of Jurisprudence. He received great help and encouragement from Theo Tyler, Fellow and Tutor in Law at Balliol College, Oxford. Tyler himself was nearly blind. Under his stimulus and rigour, Cross gained a First in Jurisprudence in 1935. '[H]ad he not been overstanding for honours he would have obtained a First in BCL, which he took in 1937', according to H. L. A. Hart. He was awarded the degree of D.C.L. in 1958.
Cross became a solicitor in 1939 and was a tutor, Law Society, from 1945 to 1948.
From 1948 to 1964 he was a Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. He held a Visiting Professorship in the University of Adelaide, Australia, 1962, and in the University of Sydney, 1968. On the retirement of Harold Hanbury, Cross was elected Vinerian Professor of English Law in the University of Oxford, a position he held from 1964 to 1979. The Vinerian Professorship carried a Fellowship at All Souls College. He was a Fellow of the British Academy from 1967 and received a knighthood in 1973.
In 1937 he married Aline Heather Chadwick, the daughter of a Leeds solicitor; they had no children.
As an undergraduate Cross represented Oxford University four times (1931–34) on the top board in the prestigious annual Varsity chess match against Cambridge University. He played several times in the top section of the British Chess Championship in the 1930s (for which only an elite group of twelve players qualified).
Cross's elder brother, Geoffrey, also became a lawyer and achieved distinction. He was a Prize Fellow at Trinity College, Cambridge, and became in succession a Judge of the Chancery Division, a Lord Justice of Appeal, and a Lord Appeal in Ordinary. |
Rupert Cross | Works | Works
His best-known work is probably Cross on Evidence, first published in 1959. In 1976 Cross published Statutory Interpretation. This book has been sufficiently well regarded that two posthumous editions have been produced, under the editorship of John Bell and George Engle. In recognition of Cross's great prestige, his name has remained in the predominant spot on the title page. |
Rupert Cross | References | References |
Rupert Cross | External links | External links
Braillechess.org: full account of Cross's chess and legal careers
Category:1912 births
Category:1980 deaths
Category:Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford
Category:Blind scholars and academics
Category:English blind people
Category:English chess players
Category:Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford
Category:English legal scholars
Category:Vinerian Professors of English Law
Category:Fellows of the British Academy
Category:Knights Bachelor
Category:Lawyers awarded knighthoods
Category:English solicitors
Category:20th-century British chess players
Category:20th-century English lawyers
Category:Blind lawyers
Category:British lawyers with disabilities |
Rupert Cross | Table of Content | For, Biography, Works, References, External links |
House (disambiguation) | Wiktionary | A house is a structure used for habitation by people.
House(s) may also refer to: |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.